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	<title>bioRxiv Channel: Institut Pasteur</title>
	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
	<description>
	This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Institut Pasteur"
	</description>

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	<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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	<title>bioRxiv</title>
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	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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	<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/001198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic architecture of human neuroanatomical diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/001198v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain anatomy is strikingly diverse and highly inheritable: genetic factors may explain up to 80% of its variability. Prior studies have tried to detect genetic variants with a large effect on neuroanatomical diversity, but those currently identified account for <5% of the variance. Here we show, based on our analyses of neuroimaging and whole-genome genotyping data from 1,765 subjects, that up to 54% of this heritability is captured by large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms of small effect spread throughout the genome, especially within genes and close regulatory regions. The genetic bases of neuroanatomical diversity appear to be relatively independent of those of body size (height), but shared with those of verbal intelligence scores. The study of this genomic architecture should help us better understand brain evolution and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberto Toro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Baptiste Poline</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillaume Huguet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eva Loth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent Frouin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias Banaschewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gareth J Barker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun Bokde</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Büchel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabiana Carvalho</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patricia Conrod</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mira Fauth-Bühler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herta Flor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jürgen Gallinat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugh Garavan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penny Gowloan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Heinz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernd Ittermann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire Lawrence</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hervé Lemaître</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl Mann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frauke Nees</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomá Paus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdenka Pausova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcella Rietschel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevor Robbins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Smolka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Ströhle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter Schumann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Bourgeron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic architecture of human neuroanatomical diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/002691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroanatomical diversity of corpus callosum and brain volume in the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (Abide) project 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/002691v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The corpus callosum - the main pathway for long-distance inter-hemispheric integration in the human brain - has been frequently reported to be smaller among autistic patients compared with non-autistic controls. We conducted a meta-analysis of the literature which suggested a statistically significant difference. However, the studies included were heavily underpowered: on average only 20% power to detect differences of 0.3 standard deviations, which makes it difficult to establish the reality of such a difference. We therefore studied the size of the corpus callosum among 694 subjects (328 patients, 366 controls) from the Abide cohort. Despite having achieved 99% power to detect statistically significant differences of 0.3 standard deviations, we did not observe any. To better understand the neuroanatomical diversity of the corpus callosum, and the possible reasons for the previous findings, we analysed the relationship between its size, the size of the brain, intracranial volume and intelligence scores. The corpus callosum appeared to scale non-linearly with brain size, with large brains having a proportionally smaller corpus callosum. Additionally, intelligence scores correlated with brain volume among controls but the correlation was significantly weaker among patients. We used simulations to determine to which extent these two effects could lead to artefactual differences in corpus callosum size within populations. We observed that, were there a difference in brain volume between cases and controls, normalising corpus callosum size by brain volume would not eliminate the brain volume effect, but adding brain volume as a covariate in a linear model would. Finally, we observed that because of the weaker correlation of intelligence scores and brain volume among patients, matching populations by intelligence scores could result in a bias towards including more patients with large brain volumes, inducing an artificial difference. Overall, our results highlight the necessity for open data sharing efforts such as Abide to provide a more solid ground for the discovery of neuroimaging biomarkers, within the context of the wide human neuroanatomical diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aline Lefebvre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anita Beggiato</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Bourgeron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto Toro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroanatomical diversity of corpus callosum and brain volume in the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (Abide) project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/011783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social communication in mice – Are there optimal cage conditions? 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/011783v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social communication is heavily affected in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. Accordingly, mouse models designed to study the mechanisms leading to these disorders are tested for this phenotypic trait. Test conditions vary between different models, and the effect of these test conditions on the quantity and quality of social interactions and ultrasonic communication is unknown. The present study examines to which extent the habituation time to the test cage as well as the shape / size of the cage influence social communication in freely interacting mice. We tested 8 pairs of male mice in free dyadic social interactions, with two habituation times (20 min and 30 min) and three cage formats (rectangle, round, square). We tested the effect of these conditions on the different types of social contacts, approach-escape sequences, follow behavior, and the time each animal spent in the vision field of the other one, as well as on the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations and their contexts of emission. We provide for the first time an integrated analysis of the social interaction behavior and ultrasonic vocalizations. Surprisingly, we did not highlight any significant effect of habituation time and cage shape / size on the behavioral events examined. There was only a slight increase of social interactions with the longer habituation time in the round cage. Remarkably, we also showed that vocalizations were emitted during specific behavioral sequences especially during close contact or approach behaviors. The present study provides a protocol reliably eliciting social contacts and ultrasonic vocalizations in male mice. This protocol is therefore well adapted for standardized investigation of social interactions in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allain-Thibeault FERHAT</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne-Marie Le Sourfd</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabrice de Chamont</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Christophe Olivo- Marin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Bourgeron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elodie Ey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social communication in mice – Are there optimal cage conditions?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/021311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical morphogenesis and the development of neocortical organisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/021311v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development and evolution of complex neocortical organisations is thought to result from the interaction of genetic and activity-dependent processes. Here we propose that a third type of process - mechanical morphogenesis - may also play an important role. We review recent theoretical and experimental results in non-linear physics showing how homogeneous growth can produce a rich variety of forms, in particular neocortical folding. The mechanical instabilities that produce these forms also induce heterogeneous patterns of stress at the scale of the organ. We review the evidence showing how these stresses can influence cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, cell differentiation and shape, migration and axonal guidance, and could thus be able to influence regional neocortical identity and connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ophélie Foubet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto Toro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical morphogenesis and the development of neocortical organisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/021741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARTools: a DESeq2- and edgeR-based R pipeline for comprehensive differential analysis of RNA-Seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/021741v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSeveral R packages exist for the detection of differentially expressed genes from RNA-Seq data. The analysis process includes three main steps, namely normalization, dispersion estimation and test for differential expression. Quality control steps along this process are recommended but not mandatory, and failing to check the characteristics of the dataset may lead to spurious results. In addition, normalization methods and statistical models are not exchangeable across the packages without adequate transformations the users are often not aware of. Thus, dedicated analysis pipelines are needed to include systematic quality control steps and prevent errors from misusing the proposed methods.nnResultsSARTools is an R pipeline for differential analysis of RNA-Seq count data. It can handle designs involving two or more conditions of a single biological factor with or without a blocking factor (such as a batch effect or a sample pairing). It is based on DESeq2 and edgeR and is composed of an R package and two R script templates (for DESeq2 and edgeR respectively). Tuning a small number of parameters and executing one of the R scripts, users have access to the full results of the analysis, including lists of differentially expressed genes and a HTML report that (i) displays diagnostic plots for quality control and model hypotheses checking and (ii) keeps track of the whole analysis process, parameter values and versions of the R packages used.nnConclusionsSARTools provides systematic quality controls of the dataset as well as diagnostic plots that help to tune the model parameters. It gives access to the main parameters of DESeq2 and edgeR and prevents untrained users from misusing some functionalities of both packages. By keeping track of all the parameters of the analysis process it fits the requirements of reproducible research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hugo Varet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Yves Coppée</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Agnès Dillies</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARTools: a DESeq2- and edgeR-based R pipeline for comprehensive differential analysis of RNA-Seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/030619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common and phylogenetically widespread coding for peptides by bacterial small RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/030619v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While eukaryotic noncoding RNAs have recently received intense scrutiny, it is becoming clear that bacterial transcription is at least as pervasive. Bacterial small RNAs and antisense RNAs (sRNAs) are often assumed to be noncoding, due to their lack of long open reading frames (ORFs). However, there are numerous examples of sRNAs encoding for small proteins, whether or not they also have a regulatory role at the RNA level. Here, we apply flexible machine learning techniques based on sequence features and comparative genomics to quantify the prevalence of sRNA ORFs under natural selection to maintain protein-coding function in phylogenetically diverse bacteria. A majority of annotated sRNAs have at least one ORF between 10 and 50 amino acids long, and we conservatively predict that 188{+/-}25.5 unannotated sRNA ORFs are under selection to maintain coding, an average of 13 per species considered here. This implies that overall at least 7.5 {+/-}0.3% of sRNAs have a coding ORF, and in some species at least 20% do. 84 {+/-} 9.8 of these novel coding ORFs have some antisense overlap to annotated ORFs. As experimental validation, many of our predictions are translated according to ribosome profiling data and are identified via mass spectrometry shotgun proteomics. B. subtilis sRNAs with coding ORFs are enriched for high expression in biofilms and confluent growth, and two S. pneumoniae sRNAs with coding ORFs are involved in virulence. sRNA coding ORFs are enriched for transmembrane domains and many are novel components of type I toxin/antitoxin systems. Our predictions for sRNA coding ORFs, including novel type I toxins, are freely available in a user-friendly format at http://disco-bac.web.pasteur.fr.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robin C Friedman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefan Kalkhof</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivia Doppelt-Azeroual</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Mueller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martina Chovancova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin von Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benno Schwikowski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common and phylogenetically widespread coding for peptides by bacterial small RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/031039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of protein secretion systems in bacterial genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/031039v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria with two cell membranes (diderms) have evolved complex systems for protein secretion. These systems were extensively studied in some model bacteria, but the characterisation of their diversity has lagged behind due to lack of standard annotation tools. We built models for accurate identification of protein secretion systems and related appendages in bacteria with LPS-containing outer membranes. They can be used with MacSyFinder (standalone program) or online (http://mobyle.pasteur.fr/cgi-bin/portal.py#forms::txsscan). They include protein profiles and information on the systems composition and genetic organisation. They can be used to search for T1SS-T6SS, T9SS, and accessorily for flagella, Type IV and Tad pili. We identified ~10,000 systems in bacterial genomes, where T1SS and T5SS were by far the most abundant and widespread. The recently described T6SSiii and T9SS were restricted to Bacteroidetes, and T6SSii to Francisella. T2SS, T3SS, and T4SS were frequently encoded in single-copy in one locus, whereas most T1SS were encoded in two loci. The secretion systems of diderm Firmicutes were similar to those found in other diderms. Novel systems may remain to be discovered, since some clades of environmental bacteria lacked all known protein secretion systems. Our models can be fully customized, which should facilitate the identification of novel systems.Introduction
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sophie S Abby</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Cury</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien Guglielmini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand Néron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie Touchon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eduardo PC Rocha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of protein secretion systems in bacterial genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/048454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zika virus, a new threat for Europe? 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/048454v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSince its emergence in 2007 in Micronesia and Polynesia, the arthropod-borne flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) has spread in the Americas and the Caribbean, following first detection in Brazil in May 2015. The risk of ZIKV emergence in Europe increases as imported cases are repeatedly reported. Together with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV), ZIKV is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Any countries where these mosquitoes are present could be potential sites for future ZIKV outbreak.nnMethodology/Principal FindingsMosquito females were challenged with an Asian genotype of ZIKV. Fully engorged mosquitoes were then maintained in insectary conditions (28{degrees}{+/-}1{degrees}C, 16h:8h light:dark cycle and 80% humidity). 16-24 mosquitoes from each population were examined at 3, 6, 9 and 14 days postinfection to estimate the infection, disseminated infection and transmission rates. Based on these experimental infections, we demonstrated that Ae. albopictus from France were not very susceptible to ZIKV.nnConclusions/SignificanceIn combination with the restricted distribution and lower population densities of European Ae. albopictus, our results corroborate the low risk for ZIKV to expand into most parts of Europe with the possible exception of the warmest regions bordering the Mediterranean coastline.nnAuthor summaryIn May 2015, local transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) was reported in Brazil and since then, more than 1.5 million human cases have been reported in Latin America and the Caribbean. This arbovirus, primarily found in Africa and Asia, is mainly transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Viremic travelers returning from America to European countries where Ae. albopictus is established can become the source for local transmission of ZIKV. In order to estimate the risk of seeding ZIKV into local mosquito populations, the ability of European Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to transmit ZIKV was measured using experimental infections. We demonstrated that Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti from Europe were not very susceptible to ZIKV. The threat for a Zika outbreak in Europe should be limited.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henri JUPILLE</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalo SEIXAS</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurence MOUSSON</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carla SOUSA</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna-Bella FAILLOUX</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zika virus, a new threat for Europe?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/064907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of flavivirus-derived endogenous viral elements in two Anopheles mosquito genomes supports the existence of Anopheles-associated insect-specific flaviviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/064907v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Flavivirus genus encompasses several arboviruses of public health significance such as dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. It also includes insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) that are only capable of infecting insect hosts. The vast majority of mosquito-infecting flaviviruses have been associated with mosquito species of the Aedes and Culex genera in the Culicinae subfamily, which also includes most arbovirus vectors. Mosquitoes of the Anophelinae subfamily are not considered significant arbovirus vectors, however flaviviruses have occasionally been detected in field-caught Anopheles specimens. Whether such observations reflect occasional spillover or laboratory contamination or whether Anopheles mosquitoes are natural hosts of flaviviruses is unknown. Here, we provide in silico and in vivo evidence of transcriptionally active, flavivirus-derived endogenous viral elements (EVEs) in the genome of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles sinensis. Such non-retroviral endogenization of RNA viruses is consistent with a shared evolutionary history between flaviviruses and Anopheles mosquitoes. Phylogenetic analyses of the two newly described EVEs support the existence of a distinct clade of Anopheles-associated ISFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Lequime</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis Lambrechts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of flavivirus-derived endogenous viral elements in two Anopheles mosquito genomes supports the existence of Anopheles-associated insect-specific flaviviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/092478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection and characterization of low and high genome coverage regions using an efficient running median and a double threshold approach. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/092478v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationNext Generation Sequencing (NGS) provides researchers with powerful tools to investigate both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genetics. An accurate assessment of reads mapped to a specific genome consists of inspecting the genome coverage as number of reads mapped to a specific genome location. Most current methods use the average of the genome coverage (sequencing depth) to summarize the overall coverage. This metric quickly assess the sequencing quality but ignores valuable biological information like the presence of repetitive regions or deleted genes. The detection of such information may be challenging due to a wide spectrum of heterogeneous coverage regions, a mixture of underlying models or the presence of a non-constant trend along the genome. Using robust statistics to systematically identify genomic regions with unusual coverage is needed to characterize these regions more precisely.nnResultsWe implemented an efficient running median algorithm to estimate the genome coverage trend. The distribution of the normalized genome coverage is then estimated using a Gaussian mixture model. A z-score statistics is then assigned to each base position and used to separate the central distribution from the regions of interest (ROI) (i.e., under and over-covered regions). Finally, a double threshold mechanism is used to cluster the genomic ROIs. HTML reports provide a summary with interactive visual representations of the genomic ROIs.nnAvailabilityAn implementation of the genome coverage characterization is available within the Sequana project. The standalone application is called sequana_coverage. The source code is available on GitHub (http://github.com/sequana/sequana), and documentation on ReadTheDocs (http://sequana.readtheodcs.org). An example of HTML report is provided on http://sequana.github.io.nnContactdimitri.desvillechabrol@pasteur.fr, thomas.cokelaer@pasteur.fr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desvillechabrol, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection and characterization of low and high genome coverage regions using an efficient running median and a double threshold approach.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/096826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choreography of budding yeast chromosomes during the cell cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/096826v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To ensure the proper transmission of the genetic information, DNA molecules must be faithfully duplicated and segregated. These processes involve dynamic modifications of chromosomes internal structure to promote their individualization, as well as their global repositioning into daughter cells (Guacci et al., 1994; Kleckner et al., 2014; Mizuguchi et al., 2014). In eukaryotes, these events are regulated by conserved architectural proteins, such as structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC i.e. cohesin and condensin) complexes (Aragon et al., 2013a; Uhlmann, 2016). Although the roles of these factors have been actively investigated, the genome-wide chromosomal architecture and dynamics both at small and large-scales during cell division remains elusive. Here we report a comprehensive Hi-C (Dekker et al., 2002; Lieberman-Aiden et al., 2009) analysis of the dynamic changes of chromosomes structure over the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. We uncover specific SMC-dependent structural transitions between the different phases of the mitotic cycle. During replication, cohesion establishment promotes the increase of long-range intra-chromosomal contacts. This process correlates with the individualization of chromosomes, which culminates at metaphase. Mitotic chromosomes are then abruptly reorganized in anaphase by the mechanical forces exerted by the mitotic spindle on the centromere cluster. The formation of a condensin-dependent loop, that bridges centromere cluster with the cenproximal flanking region of the rDNA, suggests that these forces may directly facilitate nucleolus segregation. This work provides a comprehensive overview of chromosome dynamics during the cell cycle of a unicellular eukaryote that recapitulates and unveils new features of highly conserved stages of the cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazar-Stefanita, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scolari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozziconacci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choreography of budding yeast chromosomes during the cell cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/104695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of the variance ratio 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/104695v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe most commonly used effect size when using meta-analysis to compare a measurement of interest in two different populations is the standardised mean difference. This is the mean difference of the measurement divided by the pooled standard deviation in the two groups. The standard deviation is usually supposed to be the same for both groups, although this assumption is often made without any particular evidence. It is possible, however, that the difference of the measurement in the two populations resides precisely in their standard deviations. This could be the case, for example, if a population of patients exhibited more "abnormal" values than a control population - both large and small - even if the mean values were the same. Fishers test of equality of variance is designed to compare standard deviations. A variance ratio is a Fishers ratio and Fisher distribution can be used to give confidence intervals to the estimate for one study. However, confidence interval for one study can be very wide if the study does not contain enough subjects. Here we present an approach to combine variance ratios of different studies in a meta-analytic way which produces more robust estimates under these circumstances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Traut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of the variance ratio]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/104984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebellar volume in autism: Meta-analysis and analysis of the ABIDE cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/104984v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebellar volume abnormalities have been often suggested as a possible endophenotype for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We aimed at objectifying this possible alteration by performing a systematic meta-analysis of the literature, and an analysis of the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) cohort. Our meta-analysis sought to determine a combined effect size of ASD diagnosis on different measures of the cerebellar anatomy, as well as the effect of possible factors of variability across studies. We then analysed the cerebellar volume of 328 patients and 353 controls from the ABIDE project. The meta-analysis of the literature suggested a weak but significant association between ASD diagnosis and increased cerebellar volume (p=0.049, uncorrected), but the analysis of ABIDE did not show any relationship. The studies in the literature were generally underpowered, however, the number of statistically significant findings was larger than expected. Although we could not provide a conclusive explanation for this excess of significant findings, our analyses would suggest publication bias as a possible reason. Finally, age, sex and IQ were important sources of cerebellar volume variability, however, independent of autism diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Traut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beggiato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delorme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rondi-Reig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradis, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebellar volume in autism: Meta-analysis and analysis of the ABIDE cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/108100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhageTerm: a Fast and User-friendly Software to Determine Bacteriophage Termini and Packaging Mode using randomly fragmented NGS data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/108100v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages are the most abundant viruses on earth and display an impressive genetic as well as morphologic diversity. Among those, the most common order of phages is the Caudovirales, whose viral particles packages linear double stranded DNA (dsDNA). In this study we investigated how the information gathered by high throughput sequencing technologies can be used to determine the DNA termini and packaging mechanisms of dsDNA phages. The wet-lab procedures traditionally used for this purpose rely on the identification and cloning of restriction fragment which can be delicate and cumbersome. Here, we developed a theoretical and statistical framework to analyze DNA termini and phage packaging mechanisms using next-generation sequencing data. Our methods, implemented in the PhageTerm software, work with sequencing reads in fastq format and the corresponding assembled phage genome.nnPhageTerm was validated on a set of phages with well-established packaging mechanisms representative of the termini diversity: 5cos (lambda), 3cos (HK97), pac (P1), headful without a pac site (T4), DTR (T7) and host fragment (Mu). In addition, we determined the termini of 9 Clostridium difficile phages and 6 phages whose sequences where retrieved from the sequence read archive (SRA).nnA direct graphical interface is available as a Galaxy wrapper version at https://galaxy.pasteur.fr and a standalone version is accessible at https://sourceforge.net/projects/phageterm/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garneau, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depardieu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortier, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhageTerm: a Fast and User-friendly Software to Determine Bacteriophage Termini and Packaging Mode using randomly fragmented NGS data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/117978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A framework to identify modifier genes in patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/117978v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a variety of clinical symptoms with heterogeneous degrees of severity, including intellectual disability, speech impairment, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). It results from a deletion of the 22q13 locus that in most cases includes the SHANK3 gene. SHANK3 is considered a major gene for PMS, but the factors modulating the severity of the syndrome remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated 85 PMS patients with different 22q13 rearrangements (78 deletions, 7 duplications). We first explored their clinical features and provide evidence for frequent corpus callosum abnormalities. We then mapped candidate genomic regions at the 22q13 locus associated with risk of clinical features, and suggest a second locus associated with absence of speech. Finally, in some cases, we identified additional rearrangements at loci associated with ASD, potentially modulating the severity of the syndrome. We also report the first SHANK3 deletion transmitted to five affected daughters by a mother without intellectual disability nor ASD, suggesting that some individuals could compensate for such mutations. In summary, we shed light on the genotype-phenotype relationship of PMS, a step towards the identification of compensatory mechanisms for a better prognosis and possibly treatments of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tabet, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducloy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buratti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haye, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passemard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verloes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drunat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marey, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipiras, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benzacken, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantot-Bastaraud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afenjar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Caignec, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beneteau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isidor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemeny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vago, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosca-Boidron, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faivre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missirian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanlaville, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edery, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satre, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coutton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devillard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieterich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuillaume, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooryck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacombe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinso</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/117978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A framework to identify modifier genes in patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/124032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering The Repertoire Of Endogenous Flaviviral Elements In Aedes Mosquito Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/124032v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endogenous viral elements derived from non-retroviral RNA viruses were described in various animal genomes. Whether they have a biological function such as host immune protection against related viruses is a field of intense study. Here, we investigated the repertoire of endogenous flaviviral elements (EFVEs) in Aedes mosquitoes, the vectors of arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya viruses. Previous studies identified three EFVEs from Ae. albopictus and one from Ae. aegypti cell lines. However, in-depth characterization of EFVEs in wild-type mosquito populations and individuals in vivo has not been performed. We detected the full-length DNA sequence of the previously described EFVEs and their respective transcripts in several Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti populations from geographically distinct areas. However, EFVE-derived proteins were not detected by mass spectrometry. Using deep sequencing, we detected the production of piRNA-like small RNAs in antisense orientation, targeting the EFVEs and their flanking regions in vivo. The EFVEs were integrated in repetitive regions of the mosquito genomes, and their flanking sequences varied among mosquito populations from different geographical regions. We bioinformatically predicted several new EFVEs from a Vietnamese Ae. albopictus population and observed variation in the occurrence of those elements among mosquito populations. Phylogenetic analysis of an Ae. aegypti EFVE suggested that it integrated prior to the global expansion of the species and subsequently diverged among and within populations. Together, this study revealed substantial structural and nucleotide diversity of flaviviral integrations in Aedes genomes. Unraveling this diversity will help to elucidate the potential biological function of these EFVEs.nnImportanceEndogenous viral elements (EVEs) are whole or partial viral sequences integrated in host genomes. Interestingly, some EVEs have important functions for host fitness and antiviral defense. Because mosquitoes also have EVEs in their genomes, we decided to thoroughly characterized them to lay the foundation of the potential use of these EVEs to manipulate the mosquito antiviral response. Here, we focused on EVEs related to the Flavivirus genus, to which dengue and Zika viruses belong, in Aedes mosquito individuals from geographically distinct areas. We showed the existence in vivo of flaviviral EVEs previously identified in mosquito cell lines and we detected new ones. We showed that EVEs have evolved differently in each mosquito population. They produced transcripts and small RNAs, but not proteins, suggesting a function at the RNA level. Our study uncovers the diverse repertoire of flaviviral EVEs in Aedes mosquito populations and suggests a role in the host antiviral system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering The Repertoire Of Endogenous Flaviviral Elements In Aedes Mosquito Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/131219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The demographic history and mutational load of African hunter-gatherers and farmers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/131219v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distribution of deleterious genetic variation across human populations is a key issue in evolutionary biology and medical genetics. However, the impact of different modes of subsistence on recent changes in population size, patterns of gene flow, and deleterious mutational load remains unclear. Here, we report high-coverage exome sequencing data from various populations of rainforest hunter-gatherers and farmers from central Africa. We find that the recent demographic histories of hunter-gatherers and farmers differed considerably, with population collapses for hunter-gatherers and expansions for farmers, accompanied by increased gene flow. We show that purifying selection against deleterious alleles is of similar efficiency across African populations, in contrast with Europeans where we detect weaker purifying selection. Furthermore, the per-individual mutation load of rainforest hunter-gatherers is similar to that of farmers, under both additive and recessive models. Our results indicate that differences in the cultural practices and demographic regimes of African populations have not resulted in large differences in mutational burden, and highlight the beneficial role of gene flow in reshaping the distribution of deleterious genetic variation across human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kousathanas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouguiama-Daouda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hombert, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froment, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The demographic history and mutational load of African hunter-gatherers and farmers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/135814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative And Conjugative Elements And Their Hosts: Composition, Distribution, And Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/135814v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conjugation of single-stranded DNA drives horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and was widely studied in conjugative plasmids. The organization and function of integrative and conjugative elements (ICE), even if they are more abundant, was only studied in a few model systems. Comparative genomics of ICE has been precluded by the difficulty in finding and delimiting these elements. Here, we present the results of a method that circumvents these problems by requiring only the identification of the conjugation genes and the species pan-genome. We delimited 200 ICEs and this allowed the first large-scale characterization of these elements. We quantified the presence in ICEs of a wide set of functions associated with the biology of mobile genetic elements, including some that are typically associated with plasmids, such as partition and replication. Protein sequence similarity networks and phylogenetic analyses show that ICEs are modular and that their gene repertoires can be grouped in function of their conjugation types, even if integrases were shown to be paraphyletic relative to the latter. We show that there are general trends in the functional organization of genes within ICEs and of ICEs within the bacterial chromosome paving the way for future functional and evolutionary analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative And Conjugative Elements And Their Hosts: Composition, Distribution, And Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/139048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Parameters Of Host Cell Vulnerability During Salmonella Infection By Quantitative Image Analysis And Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/139048v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella target and enter epithelial cells at permissive entry sites: some cells are more likely to be infected than others. However the parameters that lead to host cell heterogeneity are not known. Here, we quantitatively characterized host cell "vulnerability" towards Salmonella infection based on imaged parameters. We performed successive infections of the same host cell population followed by automated high-throuput microscopy and observed that infected cells have higher probability of being re-infected. Establishing a predictive model we identified two combined origins of host cell vulnerability: the pathogen-induced cellular vulnerability emerging from Salmonella uptake and persisting at later stage of the infection, and the host cell-inherent vulnerability. We linked the host cell inherent vulnerability with its morphological attributes such as the local cell crowding, and with host cell cholesterol content. This showed that the probability of Salmonella infection success can be forecast from morphological or molecular host cell parameters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voznica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardella, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belotserkovsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Parameters Of Host Cell Vulnerability During Salmonella Infection By Quantitative Image Analysis And Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/143503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimenting with reproducibility in bioinformatics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/143503v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproducibility has been shown to be limited in many scientific fields. This question is a fundamental tenet of the scientific activity, but the related issues of reusability of scientific data are poorly documented. Here, we present a case study of our attempt to reproduce a promising bioinformatics method [1] and illustrate the challenges to use a published method for which code and data were available. First, we tried to re-run the analysis with the code and data provided by the authors. Second, we reimplemented the method in Python to avoid dependency on a MATLAB licence and ease the execution of the code on HPCC (High-Performance Computing Cluster). Third, we assessed reusability of our reimplementation and the quality of our documentation. Then, we experimented with our own software and tested how easy it would be to start from our implementation to reproduce the results, hence attempting to estimate the robustness of the reproducibility. Finally, in a second part, we propose solutions from this case study and other observations to improve reproducibility and research efficiency at the individual and collective level.nnAvailabilitylast version of StratiPy (Python) with two examples of reproducibility are available at GitHub [2].nnContactyang-min.kim@pasteur.fr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poline, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimenting with reproducibility in bioinformatics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/157537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ICM conversion to epiblast by FGF/ERK inhibition is limited in time and requires transcription and protein degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/157537v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abbreviations used in this studynnAbstractInner cell Mass (ICM) specification into epiblast (Epi) and primitive endoderm (PrE) is an asynchronous and progressive process taking place between E3.0 to E3.75 under the control of the FGF/ERK signaling pathway. Here, we have analyzed in details the kinetics of specification and found that ICM cell responsiveness to the up and down regulation of FGF signaling activity are temporally distinct. We also showed that PrE progenitors are generated later than Epi progenitors. We further demonstrated that, during this late phase of specification, a 4 hours period of FGF/ERK inhibition prior E3.75 is sufficient to convert ICM cells into Epi. Finally, we showed that ICM conversion into Epi in response to inhibition during this short time window requires both transcription and proteasome degradation. Collectively, our data give new insights into the timing and mechanisms involved in the process of ICM specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bessonnard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coqueran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandormael-Pournin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Tannoudji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ICM conversion to epiblast by FGF/ERK inhibition is limited in time and requires transcription and protein degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/162701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequanix: A Dynamic Graphical Interface for Snakemake Workflows 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/162701v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryWe designed a PyQt graphical user interface - Sequanix - aiming at democratizing the use of Snakemake pipelines. Although the primary goal of Sequanix was to facilitate the execution of NGS Snakemake pipelines available in the Sequana project (http://sequana.readthedocs.io), it can also handle any Snakemake pipelines. Therefore, Sequanix should be useful to all Snakemake developers willing to expose their pipelines to a wider audience.nnAvailabilitySource code available on http://github.com/sequana/sequana and standalone on http://bioconda.github.io (sequana package).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desvillechabrol, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rioualen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Helden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequanix: A Dynamic Graphical Interface for Snakemake Workflows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/164384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 system enables noiseless, fine-tuned and multiplexed repression of bacterial genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/164384v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past few years, tools that make use of the Cas9 nuclease have led to many breakthroughs, including in the control of gene expression. The catalytically dead variant of Cas9 known as dCas9 can be guided by small RNAs to block transcription of target genes, in a strategy also known as CRISPRi. Here, we reveal that the level of complementarity between the guide RNA and the target controls the rate at which dCas9 successfully blocks the RNA polymerase. We use this mechanism to precisely and robustly reduce gene expression by defined relative amounts. We demonstrate broad applicability of this method to the study of genetic regulation and cellular physiology. First, we characterize feedback strength of a model auto-repressor. Second, we study the impact of copy-number variations of cell-wall synthesizing enzymes on cell morphology. Finally, we demonstrate that this system can be multiplexed to obtain any combination of fractional repression of two genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vigouroux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldewurtel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Teeffelen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 system enables noiseless, fine-tuned and multiplexed repression of bacterial genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/166223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GDSCTools for Mining Pharmacogenomic Interactions in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/166223v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationLarge pharmacogenomic screenings integrate heterogeneous cancer genomic data sets as well as anti-cancer drug responses on thousand human cancer cell lines. Mining this data to identify new therapies for cancer sub-populations would benefit from common data structures, modular computational biology tools and user-friendly interfaces.nnResultsWe have developed GDSCTools: a software aimed at the identification of clinically relevant genomic markers of drug response. The Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database (www.cancerRxgene.org) integrates heterogeneous cancer genomic data sets as well as anti-cancer drug responses on a thousand cancer cell lines. Including statistical tools (ANOVA) and predictive methods (Elastic Net), as well as common data structures, GDSCTools allows users to reproduce published results from GDSC, to analyse their own drug responses or genomic datasets, and to implement new analytical methods.nnContactthomas.cokelaer@pasteur.fr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iorio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menden, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightfoot, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GDSCTools for Mining Pharmacogenomic Interactions in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/169847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redesigning chromosomes to optimize conformation capture (Hi-C) assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/169847v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In all chromosome conformation capture based experiments the accuracy with which contacts are detected varies considerably because of the uneven distribution of restriction sites along genomes. In addition, repeated sequences as well as homologous, large identical regions remain invisible to the assay because of the ambiguities they introduce during the alignment of the sequencing reads along the genome. As a result, the investigation of homologs during meiosis prophase through 3C studies has been limited. Here, we redesigned and reassembled in yeast a 145kb region with regularly spaced restriction sites for various enzymes. Thanks to this Syn-3C design, we enhanced the signal to noise ratio and improved the visibility of the entire region. We also improved our understanding of Hi-C data and definition of resolution. The redesigned sequence is now distinguishable from its native homologous counterpart in an isogenic diploid strain. As a proof of principle, we track the establishment of homolog pairing during meiotic prophase in a synchronized population. This provides new insights on the individualization and pairing of homologs, as well as on their internal restructuration into arrays of loops during meiosis prophase. Overall, we show the interest of redesigned genomic regions to explore complex biological questions otherwise difficult to address.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scolari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descorps-Declere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozziconacci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redesigning chromosomes to optimize conformation capture (Hi-C) assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/170647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of NHEJ repair by type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/170647v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems introduce double strand breaks into DNA of invading genetic material and use DNA fragments to acquire novel spacers during adaptation. Double strand breaks are the substrate of several bacterial DNA repair pathways, paving the way for interactions between them and CRISPR-Cas systems. Here, we hypothesized that non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) interferes with type II CRISPR-Cas systems. We tested this idea by studying the patterns of co-occurrence of the two systems in bacterial genomes. We found that NHEJ and type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems only co-occur once among 5563 fully sequenced prokaryotic genomes. We investigated experimentally the possible molecular interactions causing this negative association using the NHEJ pathway from Bacillus subtilis and the type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems from Streptococcus thermophilus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Our results suggest that the NHEJ system has no effect on type II-A CRISPR-Cas interference and adaptation. On the other hand, we provide evidence for the inhibition of NHEJ repair by the Csn2 protein from type II-A CRISPR-Cas system. Our findings give insights on the complex interactions between CRISPR- Cas systems and repair mechanisms in bacteria and contribute to explain the scattered distribution of CRISPR-Cas systems in bacterial genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo Villamanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of NHEJ repair by type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/174177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Numerous cultivated and uncultivated viruses encode ribosomal proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/174177v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Text Text METHODS References Viruses modulate ecosystems by directly altering host metabolisms through auxiliary metabolic genes, which are obtained through random  sampling of the host genome and rise to fixation, presumably through improved viral fitness by alleviating key metabolic bottlenecks during infection. Conspicuously, however, viral genomes are not known to encode the core components of translation machinery, such as ribosomal proteins (RPs), though genes for RPs S1 and S21 have been detected in viral metagenomes1,2. Here we augment this little-noticed observation using available reference genomes, global-scale viral metagenomic datasets, and functional assays for select proteins. We identify 15 different RPs across diverse viral genomes arising from cultivated viral isolates (5 RPs in 16 genomes) and metag ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizuno, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyomar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavigne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Valera, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forterre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Numerous cultivated and uncultivated viruses encode ribosomal proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/191668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of environmental and genetic factors important for Cryptococcus neoformans titan cell formation using new in vitro inducing conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/191668v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans exhibits morphological changes in cell size during lung infection, producing both typical size 5 to 7 {micro}m cells and large titan cells (> 10 {micro}m and up to 100 {micro}m). We found and optimized in vitro conditions that produce titan cells in order to identify the ancestry of titan cells, the environmental determinants, and the key gene regulators of titan cell formation. Titan cells generated in vitro harbor the main characteristics of titan cells produced in vivo including their large cell size (>10 {micro}m), polyploidy with a single nucleus, large vacuole, dense capsule, and thick cell wall. Here we show titan cells derived from the enlargement of progenitor cells in the population independent of yeast growth rate. Change in the incubation medium, hypoxia, nutrient starvation and low pH were the main factors that trigger titan cell formation, while quorum sensing factors like the initial inoculum concentration, pantothenic acid, and the quorum sensing peptide Qsp1p also impacted titan cell formation. Inhibition of ergosterol, protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis altered titan cell formation, as did serum, phospholipids and anti-capsular antibodies in our settings. We explored genetic factors important for titan cell formation using three approaches. Using H99-derivative strains with natural genetic differences, we showed that titan cell formation was dependent on LMP1 and SGF29 genes. By screening a gene deletion collection, we also confirmed that GPR4/5-RIM101, and CAC1 genes were required to generate titan cells and that the PKR1, TSP2, USV101 genes negatively regulated titan cell formation. Furthermore, analysis of spontaneous Pkr1 loss-of-function clinical isolates confirmed the important role of the Pkr1 protein as a negative regulator of titan cell formation. Through development of a standardized and robust in vitro assay, our results provide new insights into titan cell biogenesis with the identification of multiple important factors/pathways.nnAuthor SummaryCryptococcus neoformans is a yeast that is capable of morphological change upon interaction with the host. Particularly, in the lungs of infected mice, a subpopulation of yeast enlarges, producing cells up to 100 {micro}m in cell body diameter - referred to as titan cells. Along with their large size, the titan cells have other unique characteristics such as thickened cell wall, dense capsule, polyploidization, large vacuole with peripheral nucleus and cellular organelles. The generation of a large number of such cells outside the lungs of mice has been described but was not reproducible nor standardized. Here we report standardized, reproducible, robust conditions for generation of titan cells and explored the environmental and genetic factors underlying the genesis of these cells. We showed that titan cells were generated upon stresses such as change in the incubation medium, nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and low pH. Using collections of well characterized reference strains and clinical isolates, we validated with our model that the cAMP/PKA/Rim101 pathway is a major genetic determinant of titan cell formation. This study opens the way for a more comprehensive picture of the ontology of morphological changes in Cryptococcus neoformans and its impact on pathobiology of this deadly pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hommel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukaremera, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, R. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desjardins, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturny-Leclere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfect, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dromer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of environmental and genetic factors important for Cryptococcus neoformans titan cell formation using new in vitro inducing conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.18.880773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SHAMAN: a user-friendly website for metataxonomic analysis from raw reads to statistical analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.18.880773v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparing the composition of microbial communities among groups of interest (e.g., patients vs healthy individuals) is a central aspect in microbiome research. It typically involves sequencing, data processing, statistical analysis and graphical representation of the detected signatures. Such an analysis is normally obtained by using a set of different applications that require specific expertise for installation, data processing and in some case, programming skills. Here, we present SHAMAN, an interactive web application we developed in order to facilitate the use of (i) a bioinformatic workflow for metataxonomic analysis, (ii) a reliable statistical modelling and (iii) to provide among the largest panels of interactive visualizations as compared to the other options that are currently available. SHAMAN is specifically designed for non-expert users who may benefit from using an integrated version of the different analytic steps underlying a proper metagenomic analysis. The application is freely accessible at http://shaman.pasteur.fr/, and may also work as a standalone application with a Docker container (aghozlane/shaman), conda and R. The source code is written in R and is available at https://github.com/aghozlane/shaman. Using two datasets (a mock community sequencing and published 16S metagenomic data), we illustrate the strengths of SHAMAN in quickly performing a complete metataxonomic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woringer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motreff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malabat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghozlane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.880773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SHAMAN: a user-friendly website for metataxonomic analysis from raw reads to statistical analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.20.885459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal maturation of the SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after primary infection is associated with natural control of SIV. ANRS SIC study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.20.885459v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly efficient virus-specific CD8+ T-cells are associated with immune control of HIV infection, but it remains unclear how these cells are generated and maintained over time. We used a macaque model of spontaneous control of SIVmac251 infection to monitor the development and evolution of potent antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses. SIV-specific CD8+ T-cells emerged during primary infection in all animals. However, the ability of CD8+ T cells to suppress SIV replication was low in early stages but increased after a period of maturation, temporally linked with the establishment of sustained low-level viremia in controller macaques. SIV-specific CD8+ T-cells with a central memory phenotype expressed higher levels of survival markers in controllers versus non-controllers. In contrast, a persistently skewed differentiation phenotype was observed among central memory SIV-specific CD8+ T-cells in non-controllers since primary infection, typified by relatively high expression levels of T-bet.

Collectively, these data show that the phenotype of SIV-specific CD8+ T-cells defined early after SIV infection favor the gain of antiviral potency as a function of time in controllers, whereas SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in non-controllers fail to gain antiviral potency due to early defects imprinted in the central memory pool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Passaes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madelain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monceaux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versmisse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gostick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blancher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosquet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pancino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Grand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambotte, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller-Trutwin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouzioux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedj, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avettand-Fenoel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaslin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Cirion, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal maturation of the SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after primary infection is associated with natural control of SIV. ANRS SIC study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.22.886234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide Approximate Bayesian Computation approach suggests only limited numbers of soft sweeps in humans over the last 100,000 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.22.886234v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last 100,000 years, humans have spread across the globe and encountered a highly diverse set of environments to which they have had to adapt. Genome-wide scans of selection are powerful to detect selective sweeps. However, because of unknown fractions of undetected sweeps and false discoveries, the numbers of detected sweeps often poorly reflect actual numbers of selective sweeps in populations. The thousands of soft sweeps on standing variation recently evidenced in humans have also been interpreted as a majority of mis-classified neutral regions. In such a context, the extent of human adaptation remains little understood. We present a new rationale to estimate these actual numbers of sweeps expected over the last 100,000 years (denoted by X) from genome-wide population data, both considering hard sweeps and selective sweeps on standing variation. We implemented an approximate Bayesian computation framework and showed, based on computer simulations, that such a method can properly estimate X. We then jointly estimated the number of selective sweeps, their mean intensity and age in several 1000G African, European and Asian populations. Our estimations of X, found weakly sensitive to demographic misspecifications, revealed very limited numbers of sweeps regardless the frequency of the selected alleles at the onset of selection and the completion of sweeps. We estimated [~]80 sweeps in average across fifteen 1000G populations when assuming incomplete sweeps only and [~]140 selective sweeps in non-African populations when incorporating complete sweeps in our simulations. The method proposed may help to address controversies on the number of selective sweeps in populations, guiding further genome-wide investigations of recent positive selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laval, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutillier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.22.886234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide Approximate Bayesian Computation approach suggests only limited numbers of soft sweeps in humans over the last 100,000 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.03.893669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic building of protein atomic models from cryo-EM density maps using residue co-evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.03.893669v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) has emerged as a powerful method to obtain three-dimensional (3D) structures of macromolecular complexes at atomic or near-atomic resolution. However, de novo building of atomic models from near-atomic resolution (3-5 [A]) cryo-EM density maps is a challenging task, in particular since poorly resolved side-chain densities hamper sequence assignment by automatic procedures at a lower resolution. Furthermore, segmentation of EM density maps into individual subunits remains a difficult problem when no three-dimensional structures of these subunits exist, or when significant conformational changes occur between the isolated and complexed form of the subunits. To tackle these issues, we have developed a graph-based method to thread most of the C- trace of the protein backbone into the EM density map. The EM density is described as a weighted graph such that the resulting minimum spanning tree encompasses the high-density regions of the map. A pruning algorithm cleans the tree and finds the most probable positions of the C- atoms, using side-chain density when available, as a collection of C- trace fragments. By complementing experimental EM maps with contact predictions from sequence co-evolutionary information, we demonstrate that our approach can correctly segment EM maps into individual subunits and assign amino acids sequence to backbone traces to generate full-atom models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardiaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellarin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapisarda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.03.893669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic building of protein atomic models from cryo-EM density maps using residue co-evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.07.897694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local retinoic acid directs emergence of the extraocular muscle functional unit 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.07.897694v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordinated development of muscles, tendons, and their attachment sites ensures emergence of functional musculoskeletal units that are adapted to diverse anatomical demands among different species. How these different tissues are patterned and functionally assembled during embryogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the morphogenesis of extraocular muscles (EOMs), an evolutionary conserved cranial muscle group that is crucial for the coordinated movement of the eyeballs and for visual acuity. By means of lineage analysis, we redefined the cellular origins of periocular connective tissues interacting with the EOMs, which do not arise exclusively from neural crest mesenchyme as previously thought. Using 3D imaging approaches, we established an integrative blueprint for the EOM functional unit. By doing so, we identified a developmental time window where individual EOMs emerge from a unique muscle anlage and establish insertions in the sclera, which sets these muscles apart from classical muscle-to-bone type of insertions. Further, we demonstrate that the eyeballs are a source of diffusible retinoic acid that allow their targeting by the EOMs in a temporal and dose dependent manner. Using genetically modified mice and inhibitor treatments, we find that endogenous local variations in the concentration of retinoids contribute to the establishment of tendon condensations and attachment sites that precede the initiation of muscle patterning. Collectively, our results highlight how global and site-specific programs are deployed for the assembly of muscle functional units with precise definition of muscle shapes and topographical wiring of their tendon attachments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Comai, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesarova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupe, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallecillo Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feret, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exelby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolle, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pryce, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stricker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zikmund, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briscoe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schedl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghyselinck, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweitzer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local retinoic acid directs emergence of the extraocular muscle functional unit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.14.905968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Streptococcus pneumoniae infection promotes histone H3 dephosphorylation by modulating host PP1 phosphatase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.14.905968v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic bacteria can alter host gene expression through post-translational modifications of histones. We show for the first time that a natural colonizer, Streptococcus pneumoniae, also induces specific histone modifications, including robust dephosphorylation of histone H3 on serine 10, during infection of respiratory epithelial cells. Two bacterial factors are important for the induction of this modification: the bacterial toxin PLY, a pore-forming toxin, and the pyruvate oxidase SpxB, an enzyme responsible for H2O2 production. The combined effects of PLY and H2O2 lead to host signaling which culminates in H3S10 dephosphorylation, mediated by the host cell phosphatase PP1. Strikingly, S. pneumoniae infection induces dephosphorylation and associated activation of PP1 catalytic activity. Colonization of cells, which lacked active PP1, resulted in the impairment of intracellular S. pneumoniae survival. Interestingly, PP1 activation mediating H3S10 dephosphorylation is not restricted to S. pneumoniae and appears to be a general epigenomic mechanism favoring intracellular survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.905968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Streptococcus pneumoniae infection promotes histone H3 dephosphorylation by modulating host PP1 phosphatase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.16.907410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New virus isolates from Italian hydrothermal environments underscore the biogeographic pattern in archaeal virus communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.16.907410v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses of hyperthermophilic archaea represent one of the least understood parts of the virosphere, showing little genomic and morphological similarity to viruses of bacteria or eukaryotes. Here, we investigated virus diversity in the active sulfurous fields of the Campi Flegrei volcano in Pozzuoli, Italy. Virus-like particles displaying eight different morphotypes, including lemon-shaped, droplet-shaped and bottle-shaped virions, were observed and five new archaeal viruses proposed to belong to families Rudiviridae, Globuloviridae and Tristromaviridae were isolated and characterized. Two of these viruses infect neutrophilic hyperthermophiles of the genus Pyrobaculum, whereas the remaining three have rod-shaped virions typical of the family Rudiviridae and infect acidophilic hyperthermophiles belonging to three different genera of the order Sulfolobales, namely, Saccharolobus, Acidianus and Metallosphaera. Notably, Metallosphaera rod-shaped virus 1 is the first rudivirus isolated on Metallosphaera species. Phylogenomic analysis of the newly isolated and previously sequenced rudiviruses revealed a clear biogeographic pattern, with all Italian rudiviruses forming a monophyletic clade, suggesting geographical structuring of virus communities in extreme geothermal environments. Furthermore, we propose a revised classification of the Rudiviridae family, with establishment of five new genera. Collectively, our results further show that high-temperature continental hydrothermal systems harbor a highly diverse virome and shed light on the evolution of archaeal viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baquero, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contursi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piochi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolucci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvirkaite-Krupovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prangishvili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.907410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New virus isolates from Italian hydrothermal environments underscore the biogeographic pattern in archaeal virus communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.17.911107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation Dependent Assembly of a 14-3-3 Mediated Signaling Complex During Red Blood Cell Invasion by Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.17.911107v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Red blood cell (RBC) invasion by Plasmodium merozoites requires multiple steps that are regulated by signaling pathways. Exposure of P. falciparum merozoites to the physiological signal of low K+, as found in blood plasma, leads to a rise in cytosolic Ca2+, which mediates microneme secretion, motility, and invasion. We have used global phosphoproteomic analysis of merozoites to identify signaling pathways that are activated during invasion. Using quantitative phosphoproteomics we found 394 protein phosphorylation site changes in merozoites subjected to different ionic environments (high K+/ low K+) out of which 143 were Ca2+-dependent. These included a number of signaling proteins such as catalytic and regulatory subunits of protein kinase A (PfPKAc and PfPKAr) and calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (PfCDPK1). Proteins of the 14-3-3 family interact with phosphorylated target proteins to assemble signaling complexes. Here, using co-immunoprecipitation and gel filtration chromatography, we demonstrate that Pf14-3-3I binds phosphorylated PfPKAr and PfCDPK1 to mediate the assembly of a multi-protein complex in P. falciparum merozoites. A phospho-peptide, P1, based on the Ca2+ dependent phosphosites of PKAr, binds Pf14-3-3I and disrupts assembly of the Pf14-3-3I-mediated multi-protein complex. Disruption of the multi-protein complex with P1 inhibits microneme secretion and RBC invasion. This study thus identifies a novel signaling complex that plays a key role in merozoite invasion of RBCs. Disruption of this signaling complex could serve as a novel approach to inhibit blood stage growth of malaria parasites.

ImportanceInvasion of red blood cells (RBCs) by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites is a complex process that is regulated by intricate signaling pathways. Here, we have used phosphoproteomic profiling to identify the key proteins involved in signaling events during invasion. We found changes in the phosphorylation of various merozoite proteins including multiple kinases previously implicated in the process of invasion. We also found that a phosphorylation dependent multi-protein complex including signaling kinases assembles during the process of invasion. Disruption of this multi-protein complex impairs merozoite invasion of RBCs providing a novel approach for the development of inhibitors to block the growth of blood stage malaria parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>More, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Invergo, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutenbrunner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langsley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitnis, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.17.911107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation Dependent Assembly of a 14-3-3 Mediated Signaling Complex During Red Blood Cell Invasion by Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.24.918383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remodeling of the core leads HIV-1 pre-integration complex in the nucleus of human lymphocytes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.24.918383v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retroviral replication proceeds through obligate integration of the viral DNA into the host genome. To enter the nucleus, the viral DNA must be led through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). During HIV-1 cytoplasmic journey, the viral core acts like a shell to protect the viral genetic material from antiviral sensors and ensure an adequate environment for the reverse transcription. However, the relatively narrow size of the nuclear pore channel requires that the HIV-1 core reshapes into a structure that fits the pore. On the other hand, the organization of the viral CA proteins that remain associated to the pre-integration complex (PIC) during and after nuclear translocation, in particular, in human lymphocytes, the main target cells of HIV-1, is still enigmatic. In this study, we analysed the progressive organizational changes of viral CA proteins within the cytoplasm and the nucleus by immuno-gold labelling. Furthermore, we set up a novel technology, HIV-1 ANCHOR, which enables specific detection of the retrotranscribed DNA by fluorescence microscopy, thereby uncovering the architecture of the potential HIV-1 PIC. Thus, we revealed DNA- and CA-positive complexes by correlated light- and electron microscopy (CLEM). During and after nuclear translocation, HIV-1 appears as a complex of viral DNA decorated by multiple viral CA proteins remodelled in a "pearl necklace" shape. Thus, we observed how CA proteins reshape around the viral DNA to permit the entrance of the HIV-1 in the nucleus. This particular CA protein complex composed by the integrase and the retrotranscribed DNA leads HIV-1 genome inside the host nucleus to potentially replicate.

Our findings contribute to the understanding of the early steps of HIV-1 infection and provide new insights into the organization of HIV-1 CA proteins during and after viral nuclear entry.

ImportanceHow the reverse transcribed genome reaches the host nucleus remains a main open question related to the infectious cycle of HIV-1. HIV-1 core has a size of [~]100 nm, largely exceeding that of the NPC channel ([~]39 nm). Thus, a rearrangement of the viral CA proteins organization is required to achieve effective nuclear translocation. The mechanistic of this process remains undefined due to the lack of a technology capable to visualize potential CA sub-complexes in association with the viral DNA in the nucleus of HIV-1-infected cells.

By the means of state-of-the-art technologies (HIV-1 ANCHOR system combined with CLEM), our study shows that remodeled viral complexes retain multiple CA proteins but not intact core or only a single CA monomer. These viral CA complexes associated with the retrotranscribed DNA can be observed in the outer and inner side of the NE, and they represent potential PIC.

Thus, our study shed light on critical early steps characterizing HIV-1 infection, thereby revealing novel, therapeutically exploitable points of intervention. Furthermore, we developed and provided a powerful tool enabling direct, specific and high-resolution visualization of intracellular and intranuclear HIV-1 subviral structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frabetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scoca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>krijnse-locker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charneau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Nunzio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remodeling of the core leads HIV-1 pre-integration complex in the nucleus of human lymphocytes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.27.922070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anopheles gambiae maternal age and parous state control offspring susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.27.922070v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal effects have been reported in many organisms whereby exposure to environmental stress, either toxics or pathogens will impact on progeny response to these stresses. Here we show that Anopheles gambiae susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum is dependent upon maternal effects driven by females not previously exposed to the parasite. The maternal effect involved both mother age and reproductive state. Offspring of old females or from a 4th gonotrophic cycle are more susceptible than offspring from young females. These maternal effects also contribute to overall better fitness of the offspring. As mosquito population age structure contributes heavily shaping malaria transmission, consequences of this novel finding should be taken into account in further strategies for controlling malaria transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isabelle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoq, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thouvenot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgouin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.922070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anopheles gambiae maternal age and parous state control offspring susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.31.928580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population variation of miRNAs and isomiRs and their impact on human immunity to infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.31.928580v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key epigenetic regulators of the immune system, yet their variation and contribution to intra- and inter-population differences in immune responses is poorly characterized. Here, we generated 977 miRNA-sequencing profiles from primary monocytes, from individuals of African and European ancestry, following activation of three TLR pathways (TLR4, TLR1/2 and TLR7/8) or infection with Influenza A virus. We find that immune activation leads to important modifications in the miRNA and isomiR repertoire, particularly in response to viral challenges. These changes are, however, much weaker than those observed for protein-coding genes, suggesting stronger selective constraints on the miRNA response to stimulation. This is supported by the limited genetic control of miRNA expression variability (miR-QTLs) -- and the lower occurrence of GxE interactions -- in stark contrast with eQTLs that are largely context-dependent. We also detect marked differences in miRNA expression between populations, which are mostly driven by non-genetic factors. Yet, on average, miR-QTLs explain ~60% of population differences in expression of their cognate miRNAs, and, in some cases, evolve adaptively, as shown in Europeans for a miRNA-rich cluster on chromosome 14. Finally, integrating miRNA and mRNA data from the same individuals, we provide evidence that the canonical model of miRNA-driven transcript degradation has a minor impact on miRNA-mRNA correlations, which are, in our setting, mainly driven by co-transcription. Together, our results shed new light onto the factors driving miRNA and isomiR diversity at the population level, and constitute a useful resource for evaluating their role in host differences of immunity to infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rotival, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddle, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pothlichet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.31.928580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population variation of miRNAs and isomiRs and their impact on human immunity to infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.03.919597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Argonaute catalytic activity is required for maternal mRNA clearance in embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.03.919597v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inheritance and clearance of maternal mRNAs are two of the most critical events required for animal early embryonic development. However, the mechanisms regulating this process are still largely unknown. Here, we show that together with maternal mRNAs, C. elegans embryos inherit a complementary pool of small non-coding RNAs capable of triggering the cleavage and removal of hundreds of maternal mRNAs. These antisense small RNAs are loaded into the maternal catalytically-active Argonaute CSR-1 and cleave complementary mRNAs no longer engaged in translation in somatic blastomeres. Induced depletion of CSR-1 specifically during embryonic development leads to embryonic lethality in a slicer-dependent manner and impairs the degradation of CSR-1 embryonic mRNA targets. Given the conservation of Argonaute catalytic activity, we propose that a similar mechanism operates to clear maternal mRNAs during the maternal-to-zygotic transition across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quarato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.919597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Argonaute catalytic activity is required for maternal mRNA clearance in embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.03.931907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic High-Content Imaging Reveals Surface Exposure Of Virulent Leishmania Amastigotes In Infected Macrophages Undergoing Pyroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.03.931907v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leishmania spp are obligate intracellular parasites that infect vertebrate phagocytes, notably macrophages. We previously reported that Leishmania amazonensis (L. am) subvert the host cell pro-inflammatory response by dampening the macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome. No information is available on how Leishmania infection affects inflammatory cell death termed pyroptosis, known to limit microbial infection. Here, we provide first evidence that L. amazonensis-infected macrophages can undergo pyroptosis when subjected to pro-inflammatory stimuli. We analyzed the dynamics of the pyroptotic process and the fate of intracellular amastigotes at the single cell level using spinning disk confocal microscopy and high-content, real-time imaging. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were infected with L. am amastigotes isolated from footpad lesions and sequentially treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for canonical NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation. Real-time monitoring was performed for 240 min post ATP addition. Longitudinal analyses revealed distinct phases of the pyroptotic process, including rapid decay of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) as monitored by the pH-sensitive lysotracker fluid phase marker, progressive decrease in macrophage viability as monitored by accumulation of the nuclear dye YO-PRO-1, followed by translocation of the luminal PV membrane to the cell surface observed for 40% of macrophages, resulting in the extracellular exposure of amastigotes that remained anchored to the PV membrane. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed a highly polarized orientation of parasites with exclusive exposure of the anterior pole toward the extracellular milieu, and an attachment site forming a potential biological junction between the parasite posterior pole and the PV membrane. We showed that the exposed parasites are resistant to the cytolytic host cell activities linked to pyroptosis and retain their full infectious potential in reinfection experiments using naive macrophages. Together these data uncover a novel Leishmania immune subversion strategy that may allow stealthy parasite dissemination via the uptake of pyroptotic host debris by uninfected phagocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosazza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoeur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blisnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya-Nilges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pescher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.931907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic High-Content Imaging Reveals Surface Exposure Of Virulent Leishmania Amastigotes In Infected Macrophages Undergoing Pyroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.05.935486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RIG-I and PKR, but not stress granules, mediate the pro-inflammatory response to Yellow fever virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.05.935486v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an RNA virus primarily targeting the liver. Severe YF cases are responsible for hemorrhagic fever, plausibly precipitated by excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), such as the cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and the viral RNA sensor PKR are known to initiate a pro-inflammatory response upon recognition of viral genomes. Here, we sought to reveal the main determinants responsible for the acute cytokine expression occurring in human hepatocytes following YFV infection. Using a RIG-I-defective human hepatoma cell line, we found that RIG-I largely contributes to cytokine secretion upon YFV infection. In infected RIG-I-proficient hepatoma cells, RIG-I was localized in stress granules. These granules are large aggregates of stalled translation preinitiation complexes known to concentrate RLRs and PKR, and are so far recognized as hubs orchestrating RNA virus sensing. Using PKR-deficient hepatoma cells, we found that PKR contributes to both stress granule formation and cytokine induction upon YFV infection. However, stress granules disruption did not affect the cytokine response to YFV infection, as assessed by siRNA-knockdown-mediated inhibition of stress granule assembly. Finally, no viral RNA was detected in stress granules using a fluorescence in situ hybridization approach coupled with immunofluorescence. Our findings suggest that both RIG-I and PKR mediate pro-inflammatory cytokine induction in YFV-infected hepatocytes, in a stress granule-independent manner. Therefore, by showing the uncoupling of the early cytokine response from the stress granules formation, our model challenges the current view by which stress granules are required for the mounting of the acute antiviral response.

ImportanceYellow fever is a mosquito-borne acute hemorrhagic disease caused by yellow fever virus (YFV). The mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis remain largely unknown, although increased inflammation has been linked to worsened outcome. YFV targets the liver, where it primarily infects hepatocytes. We found that two RNA-sensing proteins, RIG-I and PKR, participate in the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators in human hepatocytes infected with YFV. We show that YFV infection promotes the formation of cytoplasmic structures, termed stress granules, in a PKR-, but not RIG-I-dependent manner. Whilst stress granules were previously postulated to be essential platforms for immune activation, we found that they are not required for pro-inflammatory mediators production upon YFV infection. Collectively, our work uncovered molecular events triggered by the replication of YFV, which could prove instrumental in clarifying the pathogenesis of the disease, with possible repercussions on disease management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beauclair, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streicher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinigaglia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meurs, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jouvenet, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.935486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RIG-I and PKR, but not stress granules, mediate the pro-inflammatory response to Yellow fever virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.27.968230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yolk sac erythromyeloid progenitors sustain erythropoiesis throughout embryonic life 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.27.968230v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first hematopoietic cells are produced in the yolk sac and are thought to be rapidly replaced by the progeny of hematopoietic stem cells. Here we document that hematopoietic stem cells do not contribute significantly to erythrocyte production up until birth. Lineage tracing of yolk sac-derived erythromyeloid progenitors, that also contribute to tissue resident macrophages, shows a progeny of highly proliferative erythroblasts, that after intra embryonic injection, rapidly differentiate. These progenitors, similar to hematopoietic stem cells, are c-Myb dependent and are developmentally restricted as they are not found in the bone marrow. We show that erythrocyte progenitors of yolk sac origin require lower concentrations of erythropoietin than their hematopoietic stem cell-derived counterparts for efficient erythrocyte production. Consequently, fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells fail to generate megakaryocyte and erythrocyte progenitors. We propose that large numbers of yolk sac-derived erythrocyte progenitors have a selective advantage and efficiently outcompete hematopoietic stem cell progeny in an environment with limited availability of erythropoietin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soares-da-Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlen-Defranoux, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsaid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-do-O, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Perdiguero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.968230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yolk sac erythromyeloid progenitors sustain erythropoiesis throughout embryonic life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.28.969741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The low complexity regions in the C-terminus are essential for the subcellular localisation of Leishmania casein kinase 1 but not for its activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.28.969741v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) family members are serine/threonine protein kinases ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic organisms. They are involved in a wide range of important cellular processes, such as membrane trafficking, or vesicular transport in organisms from yeast to humans. Due to its broad spectrum of action, CK1 activity and expression is tightly regulated by a number of mechanisms, including subcellular sequestration. Defects in CK1 regulation, localisation or the introduction of mutations in the CK1 coding sequence are often associated with important diseases such as cancer. Increasing evidence suggest that the manipulation of host cell CK1 signalling pathways by intracellular pathogens, either by exploiting the host CK1 or by exporting the CK1 of the pathogen into the host cell may play an important role in infectious diseases. Leishmania CK1.2 is essential for parasite survival and released into the host cell, playing an important role in host pathogen interactions. Although Leishmania CK1.2 has dual role in the parasite and in the host cell, nothing is known about its parasitic localisation and organelle-specific functions. In this study, we show that CK1.2 is a ubiquitous kinase, which is present in the cytoplasm, associated to the cytoskeleton and localised to various organelles, indicating potential roles in kinetoplast and nuclear segregation, as well as ribosomal processing and motility. Furthermore, using truncated mutants, we show for the first time that the two low complexity regions (LCR) present in the C-terminus of CK1.2 are essential for the subcellular localisation of CK1.2 but not for its kinase activity, whereas the deletion of the N-terminus leads to a dramatic decrease in CK1.2 abundance. In conclusion, our data on the localisation and regulation of Leishmania CK1.2 contribute to increase the knowledge on this essential kinase and get insights into its role in the parasite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RACHIDI, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.969741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The low complexity regions in the C-terminus are essential for the subcellular localisation of Leishmania casein kinase 1 but not for its activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.29.971051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The immune system fails to mount a protective response to Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterial prostatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.29.971051v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial prostatitis affects 1% of men, with increased incidence in the elderly. It is defined by the frequency and urgency to urinate, localized pain, and positive bacterial cultures in expressed seminal fluids. Acute bacterial prostatitis frequently progresses to chronicity, which is marked by recurrent acute episodes interspersed with asymptomatic periods of variable duration. Up to 80% of bacterial prostatitis cases are caused by Gram-negative uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) or Gram-positive E. faecalis. Antibiotic treatment is standard of care, however, global dissemination of antimicrobial resistant uropathogens threatens efficacy of therapy. Thus, development of non-antibiotic-based approaches to treat bacterial prostatitis is a priority. One challenge is that the immune response to infection in the prostate is incompletely understood. We used a mouse model of transurethral bacterial instillation to study the immune response to UPEC or E. faecalis prostate infection. Both uropathogens exhibited tropism for the prostate over the bladder early post-infection. UPEC infection induced greater proinflammatory cytokine expression and neutrophil and monocyte infiltration compared to E. faecalis infection. Following challenge infection, cytokine responses and myeloid cell infiltration were largely comparable to primary infection. Characteristic of memory responses, more lymphoid cells infiltrating the prostate in the second infection compared to the primary infection. Unexpectedly, however, bacterial burden in prostates challenged with either UPEC or E. faecalis was equal or greater than in primary infection, despite that an adaptive response to UPEC infection was evident in the bladder of the same animals. Thus, an immune response to primary infection is initiated, however it does not protect against reinfection. Our findings support the idea that chronic or recurrent prostatitis develops in the absence of efficacious immunity to infection. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying this observation may point to actionable targets for immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lupo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.971051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The immune system fails to mount a protective response to Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterial prostatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.17.994905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RAD50 promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination and restrains antigenic variation in African trypanosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.17.994905v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination dominates as the major form of DNA repair in Trypanosoma brucei, and is especially important for recombination of the subtelomeric variant surface glycoprotein during antigenic variation. RAD50, a component of the MRN complex (MRE11, RAD50, NBS1), is central to homologous recombination through facilitating resection and governing the DNA damage response. The function of RAD50 in trypanosomes is untested. Here we report that RAD50 is required for RAD51-dependent homologous recombination, phosphorylation of histone H2A and controlled resection following a DNA double strand break (DSB). Perhaps surprisingly, DSB resection in the rad50 nulls was not impaired and appeared to peak earlier than in the parental strains. Finally, we show that RAD50 suppresses DNA repair using donors with short stretches of homology at a subtelomeric locus, with null strains producing a greater diversity of expressed VSG variants following DSB repair. We conclude that RAD50 promotes stringent homologous recombination at subtelomeric loci and restrains antigenic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glover, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehnert, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.994905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RAD50 promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination and restrains antigenic variation in African trypanosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.25.005728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capsular polysaccharides cross-regulation modulates Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron biofilm formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.25.005728v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is one of the most abundant gut symbiont species, whose contribution to host health through its ability to degrade diet polysaccharides and mature the immune system is under untense scrutiny. By contrast, adhesion and biofilm formation, which are potentially involved in gut colonization, microbiota structure and stability, have hardly been investigated in this intestinal bacterium. To uncover B. thetaiotaomicron biofilm-related functions, we performed a transposon mutagenesis in the poor biofilm-forming reference strain VPI 5482 and showed that capsule 4, one of the eight B. thetaiotaomicron capsules, hinders biofilm formation. We then showed that the production of capsules 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 also inhibits biofilm formation and that decreased capsulation of the population correlated with increased biofilm formation, suggesting that capsules could be masking adhesive surface structures. We also showed that, by contrast, capsule 8 displayed intrinsic adhesive properties. Finally, we demonstrated that BT2934, the wzx homolog of B. thetaiotaomicron glycosylation locus, competes with capsule production and therefore impacts its adhesion capacity. This study identified regulation of capsular polysaccharides as a major determinant of B. thetaiotaomicron biofilm formation, providing new insights into how modulation of different B. thetaiotaomicron surface structures affect in vitro biofilm formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BECHON, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MIHAJLOVIC, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VENDRELL-FERNANDEZ, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHAIN, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LANGELLA, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.005728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capsular polysaccharides cross-regulation modulates Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron biofilm formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.03.015982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The adaptive transcriptional response of pathogenic Leptospira to peroxide reveals new defenses against infection-related oxidative stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.03.015982v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic Leptospira spp. are the causative agents of the waterborne zoonotic disease leptospirosis. During infection, Leptospira are confronted with dramatic adverse environmental changes such as deadly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Withstanding ROS produced by the host innate immunity is an important strategy evolved by pathogenic Leptospira for persisting in and colonizing hosts. In L. interrogans, genes encoding defenses against ROS are repressed by the peroxide stress regulator, PerR. In this study, RNA sequencing was performed to characterize both the L. interrogans adaptive response to low and high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and the PerR regulon. We showed that Leptospira solicit three main peroxidase machineries (catalase, cytochrome C peroxidase and peroxiredoxin) and heme to detoxify oxidants produced during a peroxide stress. In addition, canonical molecular chaperones of the heat shock response and DNA repair proteins from the SOS response were required for Leptospira recovering from oxidative damages. Determining the PerR regulon allowed to identify the PerR-dependent mechanisms of the peroxide adaptive response and has revealed a PerR-independent regulatory network involving other transcriptional regulators, two-component systems and sigma factors as well as non-coding RNAs that putatively orchestrate, in concert with PerR, this adaptive response. In addition, we have identified other PerR-regulated genes encoding a TonB-dependent transport system, a lipoprotein (LipL48) and a two-component system (VicKR) involved in Leptospira tolerance to superoxide and that could represent the first defense mechanism against superoxide in L. interrogans, a bacterium lacking canonical superoxide dismutase. Our findings provide a comprehensive insight into the mechanisms required by pathogenic Leptospira to overcome infection-related oxidants during the arm race with a host. This will participate in framing future hypothesis-driven studies to identify and decipher novel virulence mechanisms in this life-threatening pathogen.

Author summaryLeptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease responsible for over one million of severe cases and 60 000 fatalities annually worldwide. This neglected and emerging disease has a worldwide distribution, but it mostly affects populations from developing countries in sub-tropical areas. The causative agents of leptospirosis are pathogenic bacterial Leptospira spp. There is a considerable deficit in our knowledge of these atypical bacteria, including their virulence mechanisms. During infection, Leptospira are confronted with the deadly oxidants produced by the host tissues and immune response. Here, we have identified the cellular factors necessary for Leptospira to overcome the oxidative stress response. We found that Leptospira solicit peroxidases to detoxify oxidants as well as chaperones of the heat shock response and DNA repair proteins of the SOS response to recover from oxidative damage. Moreover, our study indicates that adaptation to oxidative stress is orchestrated by a regulatory network involving PerR and other transcriptional regulators, sigma factors, two component systems, and putative non-coding RNAs. These findings provide a comprehensive insight into the mechanisms required by pathogenic Leptospira to tolerate infection-related oxidants, helping identify novel virulence factors, developing new therapeutic targets and vaccines against leptospirosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zavala-Alvarado, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussotti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayram, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Huete, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaroudj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.015982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The adaptive transcriptional response of pathogenic Leptospira to peroxide reveals new defenses against infection-related oxidative stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.06.028860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-apoptotic clone 11 derived peptides induce in vitro death of CD4+ T cells susceptible to HIV-1 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.06.028860v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 successfully establishes long-term infection in its target cells despite viral cytotoxic effects. We have recently shown that cell metabolism is an important factor driving CD4+ T-cell susceptibility to HIV-1 and the survival of infected cells. We show here that expression of anti-apoptotic clone 11 (AAC-11), an anti-apoptotic factor upregulated in many cancers, increased with progressive CD4+ T cell memory differentiation in association with the expression of cell cycle, activation and metabolism genes and correlated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Synthetic peptides based on the LZ domain sequence of AAC-11, responsible for its interaction with molecular partners, were previously shown to be cytotoxic to cancer cells. Here we observed that these peptides also blocked HIV-1 infection by inducing cell death of HIV-1 susceptible primary CD4+ T-cells across all T-cell subsets. The peptides targeted metabolically active cells and had the greatest effect on effector and transitional CD4+ T cell memory subsets. Our results suggest that AAC-11 survival pathway is potentially involved in the survival of HIV-1 infectable cells and provide a proof of principle that some cellular characteristics can be targeted to eliminate the cells offering the best conditions to sustain HIV-1 replication.

IMPORTANCEAlthough antiretroviral treatment efficiently blocks HIV multiplication, it cannot eliminate the cells already carrying integrated proviruses. In the search for a HIV cure the identification of new potential targets to selectively eliminate infected cells is of the outmost importance. We show here that peptides derived from the anti-apoptotic clone 11 (AAC-11), which expression levels correlated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T-cells, induced cytotoxicity in CD4+ T-cells showing the highest levels of activation and metabolic activity, conditions known to favor HIV-1 infection. Accordingly, CD4+ T-cells that survived the cytotoxic action of the AAC-11 peptides were resistant to HIV-1 replication. Our results identify a new potential molecular pathway to target HIV-1 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mikhailova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle-Casuso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monceaux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira-Bittencourt Passaes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elfidha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller-Trutwin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poyet, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Cirion, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.028860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-apoptotic clone 11 derived peptides induce in vitro death of CD4+ T cells susceptible to HIV-1 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.07.029090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats and dogs in close contact with a cluster of COVID-19 patients in a veterinary campus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.07.029090v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in Wuhan, China, in 2019, is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals. We tested 21 domestic pets (9 cats and 12 dogs) living in close contact with their owners (belonging to a veterinary community of 20 students) in which two students tested positive for COVID-19 and several others (n = 11/18) consecutively showed clinical signs (fever, cough, anosmia, etc.) compatible with COVID-19 infection. Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay. These original data can serve a better evaluation of the host range of SARS-CoV-2 in natural environment exposure conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Temmam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbarino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behillil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enouf, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaraud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevallier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verwaerde, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiret, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eloit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.029090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats and dogs in close contact with a cluster of COVID-19 patients in a veterinary campus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.07.029264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating functional protein variants with variational autoencoders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.07.029264v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The design of novel proteins with specified function and controllable biochemical properties is a longstanding goal in bio-engineering with potential applications across medicine and nanotechnology. The vast expansion of protein sequence databases over the last decades provides an opportunity for new approaches which seek to learn the sequence-function relationship directly from natural sequence variation. Advances in deep generative models have led to the successful modelling of diverse kinds of high-dimensional data, from images to molecules, allowing the generation of novel, realistic samples. While deep models trained on protein sequence data have been shown to learn biologically meaningful representations helpful for a variety of downstream tasks, their potential for direct use in protein engineering remains largely unexplored. Here we show that variational autoencoders trained on a dataset of almost 70000 luciferase-like oxidoreductases can be used to generate novel, functional variants of the luxA bacterial luciferase. We propose separate VAE models to work with aligned sequence input (MSA VAE) and raw sequence input (AR-VAE), and offer evidence that while both are able to reproduce patterns of amino acid usage characteristic of the family, the MSA VAE is better able to capture long-distance dependencies reflecting the influence of 3D structure. To validate the practical utility of the models, we used them to generate variants of luxA whose function was tested experimentally. As further evidence of the practicality of these methods for design, we showed that conditional variants of both models could be used to increase the solubility of luxA without disrupting function. Altogether 18/24 of the variants generated using the AR-VAE and 21/23 variants generated using the MSA VAE retained some luminescence activity, despite containing as many as 35 differences relative to any training set sequence. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using deep generative models to explore the space of possible protein sequences and generate useful variants, providing a method complementary to rational design and directed evolution approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawkins-Hooker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depardieu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couairon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.029264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating functional protein variants with variational autoencoders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.12.038067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustering and reverse transcription of HIV-1 genomes in nuclear niches of macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.12.038067v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to replicate, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) reverse transcribes its RNA genome into DNA, which subsequently integrates into host cell chromosomes. These two key events of the viral life cycle are commonly viewed as separate not only in time but also in cellular space, since reverse transcription (RT) is thought to be completed in the cytoplasm before nuclear import and integration. However, the spatiotemporal organization of the early replication cycle in macrophages, natural non-dividing target cells that constitute reservoirs of HIV-1 and an obstacle to curing AIDS, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that infected macrophages display large nuclear foci of viral DNA and viral RNA, in which multiple genomes cluster together. These clusters form in the absence of chromosomal integration, sequester the paraspeckle protein CPSF6 and localize to nuclear speckles. Strikingly, we show that viral RNA clusters consist mostly of genomic, incoming RNA, both in cells where RT is pharmacologically suppressed and in untreated cells. We demonstrate that, after temporary inhibition, RT can resume in the nucleus and lead to vDNA accumulation in these clusters. We further show that nuclear RT can result in transcription competent viral DNA. These findings change our understanding of the early HIV-1 replication cycle, and may have implications for understanding HIV-1 persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rensen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scoca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parmar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Nunzio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.12.038067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustering and reverse transcription of HIV-1 genomes in nuclear niches of macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.18.048074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionally distinct resident macrophage subsets differentially shape responses to infection in the bladder 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.18.048074v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resident macrophages are abundant in the bladder, playing key roles in immunity to uropathogens. Yet, whether they are heterogeneous, where they come from, and how they respond to infection remain largely unknown. We identified two macrophage subsets in mouse bladders, MacM in the muscle and MacL in the lamina propria, with distinct protein expression and transcriptomes. Using a urinary tract infection model, we validated our transcriptomic analyses, finding that MacM macrophages phagocytosed more bacteria and polarized to a more anti-inflammatory profile, whereas the MacL subset died rapidly during infection. During resolution, monocyte-derived cells contributed to tissue-resident macrophage pools and both subsets acquired transcriptional profiles distinct from naive macrophages. Depletion of these altered macrophages resulted in the induction of a type 1 biased immune response to a second urinary tract infection, improving bacterial clearance. Our study uncovers the biology of resident macrophages and their response to an exceedingly common infection in a largely overlooked organ, the bladder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lacerda Mariano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenz Coronilla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajenoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Perdiguero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.18.048074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionally distinct resident macrophage subsets differentially shape responses to infection in the bladder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.23.058222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mining zebrafish microbiota reveals key community-level resistance against fish pathogen infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.23.058222v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long-known resistance to pathogens provided by host-associated microbiota fostered the notion that adding protective bacteria could prevent or attenuate infection. However, the identification of endogenous or exogenous bacteria conferring such protection is often hindered by the complexity of host microbial communities. Here, we used zebrafish and the fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare as a model system to study the determinants of microbiota-associated colonization resistance. We compared infection susceptibility in germ-free, conventional and re-conventionalized larvae and showed that a consortium of 10 culturable bacterial species are sufficient to protect zebrafish. Whereas survival to F. columnare infection does not rely on host innate immunity, we used antibiotic dysbiosis to alter zebrafish microbiota composition, leading to the identification of two different protection strategies. We first identified that the bacterium Chryseobacterium massiliae individually protects both larvae and adult zebrafish. We also showed that an assembly of 9 endogenous zebrafish species that do not otherwise protect individually confer a community-level resistance to infection. Our study therefore provides a rational approach to identify key endogenous protecting bacteria and promising candidates to engineer resilient microbial communities. It also shows how direct experimental analysis of colonization resistance in low-complexity in vivo models can reveal unsuspected ecological strategies at play in microbiota-based protection against pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>STRESSMANN, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BERNAL-BAYARD, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PEREZ-PASCUAL, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AUDRAIN, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RENDUELES, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BRIOLAT, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BRUCHMANN, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VOLANT, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHOZLANE, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HAUSSLER, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUCHAUD, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LEVRAUD, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.058222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mining zebrafish microbiota reveals key community-level resistance against fish pathogen infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.24.059576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Introductions and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in France 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.24.059576v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following the emergence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China in December 2019, specific COVID-19 surveillance was launched in France on January 10, 2020. Two weeks later, the first three imported cases of COVID-19 into Europe were diagnosed in France. We sequenced 97 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes from samples collected between January 24 and March 24, 2020 from infected patients in France. Phylogenetic analysis identified several early independent SARS-CoV-2 introductions without local transmission, highlighting the efficacy of the measures taken to prevent virus spread from symptomatic cases. In parallel, our genomic data reveals the later predominant circulation of a major clade in many French regions, and implies local circulation of the virus in undocumented infections prior to the wave of COVID-19 cases. This study emphasizes the importance of continuous and geographically broad genomic sequencing and calls for further efforts with inclusion of asymptomatic infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gambaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidaliuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behillil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanpeene, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisebarre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derrar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enouf, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.059576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Introductions and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in France]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.08.084418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic Analysis Uncovers Measles Virus Protein C Interaction with p65/iASPP/p53 Protein Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.08.084418v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses manipulate central machineries of host cells to their advantage. They prevent host cell antiviral responses to create a favorable environment for their survival and propagation. Measles virus (MV) encodes two non-structural proteins MV-V and MV-C known to counteract the host interferon response and to regulate cell death pathways. Several molecular mechanisms underlining MV-V regulation of innate immunity and cell death pathways have been proposed, whereas MV-C host protein partners are less studied. We suggest that some cellular factors that are controlled by MV-C protein during viral replication could be components of innate immunity and the cell death pathways. To determine which host factors are targeted by MV-C, we captured both direct and indirect host protein partners of MV-C protein. For this, we used a strategy based on recombinant viruses expressing tagged viral proteins followed by affinity purification and a bottom-up mass spectrometry analysis. From the list of host proteins specifically interacting with MV-C protein in different cell lines we selected the host targets that belong to immunity and cell death pathways for further validation. Direct protein partners of MV-C were determined by applying protein complementation assay (PCA) and the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) approach. As a result, we found that MV-C protein specifically interacts with p65/iASPP/p53 protein complex that controls both cell death and innate immunity pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meignie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combredet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santolini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grailhe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komarova, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic Analysis Uncovers Measles Virus Protein C Interaction with p65/iASPP/p53 Protein Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.12.090142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing the dynamics of exported bacterial proteins with the chemogenetic fluorescent reporter FAST 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.12.090142v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial proteins exported to the cell surface play key cellular functions. However, despite the interest to study the localization of surface proteins such as adhesins, transporters or hydrolases, monitoring their dynamics in live imaging remains challenging, due to the limited availability of fluorescent probes remaining functional after secretion. In this work, we used the Escherichia coli intimin and the Listeria monocytogenes InlB invasin as surface exposed scaffolds fused with the recently developed chemogenetic fluorescent reporter protein FAST. Using both membrane permeant (HBR-3,5DM) and non-permeant (HBRAA-3E) fluorogens that fluoresce upon binding to FAST, we demonstrated that fully functional FAST can be exposed at the cell surface and specifically tagged on the external side of the bacterial envelop in both diderm and monoderm bacteria. Our work opens new avenues to study of the organization and dynamics of the bacterial cell surface proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chekli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peron-Cane, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell'Arciprete, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allemand, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebreton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desprat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.090142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing the dynamics of exported bacterial proteins with the chemogenetic fluorescent reporter FAST]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.18.101857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptospiral LPS escapes mouse TLR4 internalization and TRIF?associated antimicrobial responses through O antigen and associated lipoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.18.101857v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptospirosis is a worldwide re-emerging zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. All vertebrate species can be infected; humans are sensitive hosts whereas other species, such as rodents, may become long-term renal carrier reservoirs. Upon infection, innate immune responses are initiated by recognition of Microbial Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Among MAMPs, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized by the Toll-Like-Receptor 4 (TLR4) and activates both the MyD88-dependent pathway at the plasma membrane and the TRIF-dependent pathway after TLR4 internalization. We previously showed that leptospiral LPS is not recognized by the human TLR4, whereas it signals through murine TLR4, which mediates mouse resistance to acute leptospirosis. However, leptospiral LPS has low endotoxicity in mouse cells and is an agonist of TLR2, the sensor for bacterial lipoproteins. Here, using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we showed that the LPS of L. interrogans did not induce internalization of TLR4 in mouse macrophages, unlike the LPS of Escherichia coli. Consequently, the LPS failed to induce the production of the TRIF-dependent nitric oxide and RANTES, both important antimicrobial responses. Using shorter O antigen LPS and repurified leptospiral LPS with reporter HEK cells, we further found this TLR4-TRIF escape to be dependent on both the co-purifying lipoproteins and the full-length O antigen. Furthermore, our data suggest that the O antigen could alter the binding of the leptospiral LPS to the co-receptor CD14 that is essential for TLR4-TRIF activation. Overall, we describe here a novel immune escape mechanism linked to leptospiral LPS. We hypothesize that the LPS, already known as a virulence factor, plays a major role in the innate immune evasion of the leptospires, thereby contributing to their stealthiness and chronicity in mice.

Author summaryLeptospira interrogans is a bacterial pathogen, responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide neglected reemerging disease. L. interrogans may cause an acute severe disease in humans, whereas rodents and other animals asymptomatically carry the leptospires in their kidneys. They can therefore excrete live bacteria in urine and contaminate the environment. Leptospires are stealth pathogens known to escape the innate immune defenses of their hosts. They are covered in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial motif recognized in mammals through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which triggers two different signaling pathways. We showed previously that pathogenic leptospires escape TLR4 recognition in humans. Here we show in mice that the leptospiral LPS triggers only one arm of the TLR4 pathway and escapes the other, hence avoiding production of antimicrobial compounds. Removing the lipoproteins that always co-purify with the leptospiral LPS, or using shorter LPS, restores the stimulation of both pathways. This suggests a novel escape mechanism linked to the LPS and involving lipoproteins that could be instrumental for leptospires to escape the mouse defense and allows for their chronic renal colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santecchia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernel-Pauillac, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caroff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boneca, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptospiral LPS escapes mouse TLR4 internalization and TRIF?associated antimicrobial responses through O antigen and associated lipoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.19.101030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genomics and antimicrobial resistance in Corynebacterium diphtheriae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.19.101030v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the agent of diphtheria, is a genetically diverse bacterial species. Although antimicrobial resistance has emerged against several drugs including first-line penicillin, the genomic determinants and population dynamics of resistance are largely unknown for this neglected human pathogen.

Here we analyzed the associations of antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes, diphtheria toxin production and genomic features in C. diphtheriae. We used 247 strains collected over several decades in multiple world regions, including the 163 clinical isolates collected prospectively from 2008 to 2017 in France mainland and overseas territories.

Phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple deep-branching sublineages, grouped into a Mitis lineage strongly associated with diphtheria toxin production, and a tox-negative Gravis lineage with few tox+ exceptions including the 1990s ex-Soviet Union outbreak strain. The distribution of susceptibility phenotypes allowed proposing ecological cutoffs for most of the 19 agents tested, thereby defining acquired antimicrobial resistance. Penicillin resistance was found in 17.2% of prospective isolates. Four isolates were multidrug resistant (>8 agents), including to penicillin and macrolides. Homologous recombination was frequent (r/m = 5) and horizontal gene transfer contributed to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in multiple sublineages. Genome-wide association mapping uncovered genetic factors of resistance, including an accessory penicillin-binding protein (PBP2m) located in diverse genomic contexts. Gene pbp2m is widespread in other Corynebacterium species and its expression in C. glutamicum demonstrated its effect against several beta-lactams. A novel 73-kb C. diphtheriae multi-resistance plasmid was discovered.

This work uncovers the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in C. diphtheriae in the context of phylogenetic structure, biovar and diphtheria toxin production, and provides a blueprint to analyze re-emerging diphtheria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hennart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panunzi, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaday, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baines, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barros-Pinkelnig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi-Leroy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dazas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehenkel, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didelot, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.101030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genomics and antimicrobial resistance in Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.20.107219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome and epigenome diversity and plasticity of muscle stem cells following transplantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.20.107219v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult skeletal muscles are maintained during homeostasis and regenerated upon injury by muscle stem cells (MuSCs). A heterogeneity in self-renewal, differentiation and regeneration properties has been reported for MuSCs based on their anatomical location. Although MuSCs derived from extraocular muscles (EOM) have a higher regenerative capacity than those derived from limb muscles, the molecular determinants that govern these differences remain undefined. Here we show that EOM and limb MuSCs have distinct DNA methylation signatures associated with enhancers of location-specific genes, and that the EOM transcriptome is reprogrammed following transplantation into a limb muscle environment. Notably, EOM MuSCs expressed host-site specific positional Hox codes after engraftment and self-renewal within the host muscle. However, about 10% of EOM-specific genes showed engraftment-resistant expression, pointing to cell-intrinsic molecular determinants of the higher engraftment potential of EOM MuSCs. Our results underscore the molecular diversity of distinct MuSC populations and molecularly define their plasticity in response to microenvironmental cues. These findings provide insights into strategies designed to improve the functional capacity of MuSCs in the context of regenerative medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernando-Herraez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubbs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reik, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.107219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome and epigenome diversity and plasticity of muscle stem cells following transplantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.26.116806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging the mechanisms of anti-CD20 therapy in vivo uncovers spatiotemporal bottlenecks in antibody-dependent phagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.26.116806v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) represents an effective strategy for the treatment of B cell malignancies that may involve complement activity, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADP). While ADP mediated by Kupffer cells is essential to deplete circulating tumors, the relative contribution of each mechanism to the elimination of non-circulating targets has yet to be clarified. Using intravital imaging in a model of MYC-driven B cell lymphoma, we establish here the dominance and limitations of ADP in the bone marrow (BM). We found that tumor cells were stably residing in the BM with little evidence for recirculation. To quantify the contribution of different cytotoxic mechanisms in situ, we designed a dual fluorescent reporter to track phagocytosis and apoptosis in real-time. ADP by BM-associated macrophages was the primary mode of tumor elimination but was no longer active after one hour, resulting only in partial depletion. Moreover, macrophage density was strongly reduced in tumor-rich regions. Given their sessile phenotype, macrophages primarily targeted neighboring tumors, resulting in a substantial spatial constraint. Overcoming spatiotemporal bottlenecks in tumor-targeting Ab therapy represents a critical path towards the design of optimized therapies.

Key pointsO_LIFunctional intravital imaging establishes antibody-dependent phagocytosis as the major mechanism acting at the tumor site during anti-CD20 therapy.
C_LIO_LIA transient wave of phagocytosis and a limited macrophage density restrict the efficiency of anti-CD20 anti-tumor activity.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grandjean, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breart, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.116806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging the mechanisms of anti-CD20 therapy in vivo uncovers spatiotemporal bottlenecks in antibody-dependent phagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.29.122770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A peptide-level multiple imputation strategy accounting for the different natures of missing values in proteomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.29.122770v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationQuantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics data are characterized by high rates of missing values, which may be of two kinds: missing completely-at-random (MCAR) and missing not-at-random (MNAR). Despite numerous imputation methods available in the literature, none account for this duality, for it would require to diagnose the missingness mechanism behind each missing value.

ResultsA multiple imputation strategy is proposed by combining MCAR-devoted and MNAR-devoted imputation algorithms. First, we propose an estimator for the proportion of MCAR values and show it is asymptotically unbiased under assumptions adapted to label-free proteomics data. This allows us to estimate the number of MCAR values in each sample and to take into account the nature of missing values through an original multiple imputation method. We evaluate this approach on simulated data and shows it outperforms traditionally used imputation algorithms.

AvailabilityThe proposed methods are implemented in the R package imp4p (available on the CRAN Giai Gianetto (2020)), which is itself accessible through Prostar software.

Contactquentin.giaigianetto@pasteur.fr; thomas.burger@cea.fr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieczorek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coute, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.122770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A peptide-level multiple imputation strategy accounting for the different natures of missing values in proteomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.30.121202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escape of TLR5 Recognition by Leptospira spp: A Rationale for Atypical Endoflagella 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.30.121202v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptospira interrogans are invasive bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonosis. They possess two periplasmic endoflagella that allow their motility. L. interrogans are stealth pathogens that escape the innate immune responses of the NOD-like receptors NOD1/2, and the human Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, sensing peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. TLR5 is another receptor of bacterial cell wall components, recognizing flagellin subunits.

To study the contribution of TLR5 in the host defense against leptospires, we infected WT and TLR5 deficient mice with pathogenic L. interrogans and tracked the infection by in vivo live imaging of bioluminescent bacteria or by q-PCR. We did not identify any protective or inflammatory role of murine TLR5 to control pathogenic Leptospira. Likewise, subsequent in vitro experiments showed that infections with different live strains of L. interrogans and L. biflexa did not trigger TLR5. However, unexpectedly, heat-killed bacteria stimulated human and bovine TLR5, although barely mouse TLR5. Abolition of TLR5 recognition required extensive boiling time of the bacteria or proteinase K treatment, showing an unusual high stability of the leptospiral flagellins. Interestingly, using antimicrobial peptides to destabilize live leptospires, we detected some TLR5 activity, suggesting that TLR5 could participate in the fight against leptospires in humans or cattle. Using different Leptospira strains with mutations in flagellin proteins, we further showed that neither FlaAs nor Fcps participated in the recognition by TLR5, suggesting a role for the FlaBs. These have structural homology to Salmonella FliC, and conserved residues important for TLR5 activation, as shown by in silico analyses. Accordingly, we found that leptospires regulate the expression of FlaB mRNA according to the growth phase in vitro, and that infection with L. interrogans in hamsters and in mice downregulated the expression of the FlaBs but not the FlaAs subunits.

Altogether, in contrast to different bacteria that modify their flagellin sequences to escape TLR5 recognition, our study suggests that the peculiar central localization and stability of the FlaB monomers in the periplasmic endoflagella, associated with the downregulation of FlaB subunits in hosts, constitute an efficient strategy of leptospires to escape TLR5 recognition and the immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holzapfel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagliero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernel-Pauillac, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanton d'Andon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolussi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goarant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomberts Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.121202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escape of TLR5 Recognition by Leptospira spp: A Rationale for Atypical Endoflagella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.04.131722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteriocin production in Streptococcus gallolyticus by a complex 4-component regulatory system with activator and anti-activator activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.04.131722v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriocins are natural antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria to kill closely related competitors. The opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus gallolyticus (Sgg) was recently shown to outcompete commensal enterococci of the murine microbiota in tumoral conditions thanks to the production of a two-peptide bacteriocin named gallocin. We here identified 4 genes involved in the regulatory control of gallocin in Sgg UCN34, respectively encoding a histidine kinase/response regulator two-component system (BlpH/BlpR), a secreted peptide (GSP), and a putative regulator of unknown function (BlpS). While BlpR is a typical 243-aa response regulator possessing a phospho-receiver domain and a LytTR DNA-binding domain, BlpS is a 108-aa protein containing only a LytTR domain. Our results showed that the secreted peptide GSP activates the dedicated two-component system BlpH/BlpR to induce gallocin transcription. A genome-wide transcriptome analysis indicates that this regulatory system (GSP-BlpH/BlpR) is highly specific for bacteriocin production. Importantly, as opposed to BlpR, BlpS was shown to repress gallocin gene transcription. A conserved operator DNA sequence of 30-bp was found in all promoter regions regulated by BlpR and BlpS. EMSA assays showed direct and specific binding of the two gallocin regulators to various regulated promoter regions in a dose dependent manner. Gallocin expression appears tightly controlled in Sgg by quorum sensing and antagonistic activity of 2 LytTR-containing proteins.

SignificanceStreptococcus gallolyticus (Sgg), formely known as S. bovis biotype I, is an opportunistic pathogen causing septicemia and endocarditis in the elderly often associated with asymptomatic colonic neoplasia. We previously showed that Sgg produces a bacteriocin, termed gallocin, enabling colonization of the colon in tumoral conditions by outcompeting commensal members of the gut. Here we characterized a 4-component regulatory system that regulates gallocin transcription, which is activated by the response regulator BlpR. BlpR itself is activated by a quorum sensing peptide GSP and a dedicated histidine kinase BlpH. Interestingly, BlpS, a small DNA-binding protein co-transcribed with BlpR was found to repress gallocin genes transcription, likely by antagonizing BlpR. Understanding gallocin regulation is crucial to prevent Sgg colon colonization in tumoral conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Proutiere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perichon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Merle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieu-Cuot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dramsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.131722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteriocin production in Streptococcus gallolyticus by a complex 4-component regulatory system with activator and anti-activator activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.04.133652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secretion, maturation and activity of a quorum-sensing peptide (GSP) inducing bacteriocins transcription in Streptococcus gallolyticus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.04.133652v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (Sgg) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen responsible for septicemia and endocarditis in the elderly. Invasive infections by Sgg are strongly linked to the occurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC). It was previously shown that increased secondary bile salts in CRC-conditions enhances the bactericidal activity of gallocin, a bacteriocin produced by Sgg, enabling it to colonize the mouse colon by outcompeting resident enterococci. In a separate study, we have shown that Sgg produces and secretes a 21-mer peptide that activates bacteriocin production. This peptide was named CSP because of its sequence similarity with competence stimulating peptides found in other streptococci. Here we demonstrate that CSP is a bona fide quorum-sensing peptide involved in activation of gallocin gene transcription. We therefore refer to CSP as GSP (gallocin stimulating peptide). GSP displays some unique features since its N-terminal amino-acid lies three residues after the double glycine leader sequence. Herein, we set out to investigate the processing and export pathway that leads to mature GSP. We also conducted the first comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of Sgg GSP to identify its key structural features.

SignificanceStreptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (Sgg) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) and endocarditis. Sgg utilizes quorum-sensing (QS) to regulate the production of a bacteriocin (gallocin) and gain selective advantage in colonizing the colon. In this manuscript, we report 1) the first structure-activty relationship study of the Sgg QS pheromone that regulates gallocin production; 2) evidence that the active QS pheromone is processed to its mature form by a unique ABC transporter and not processed by an extracellular protease; and 3) supporting evidence of interspecies interactions between streptococci pheromones. Our results revealed the minimal pheromone scaffold needed for gallocin activation and uncovered unique interactions between two streptococci species QS signals that warrant further studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrington, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proutiere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal-Gan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dramsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.133652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secretion, maturation and activity of a quorum-sensing peptide (GSP) inducing bacteriocins transcription in Streptococcus gallolyticus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.07.127274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCHNAPPs - Single Cell sHiNy APPlication(s) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.07.127274v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSingle-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) experiments are becoming a standard tool for bench-scientists to explore the cellular diversity present in all tissues. On one hand, the data produced by scRNASeq is technically complex, with analytical workflows that are still very much an active field of bioinformatics research, and on the other hand, a wealth of biological background knowledge is often needed to guide the investigation. Therefore, there is an increasing need to develop applications geared towards bench-scientists to help them abstract the technical challenges of the analysis, so that they can focus on the Science at play. It is also expected that such applications should support closer collaboration between bioinformaticians and bench-scientists by providing reproducible science tools.

ResultsWe present SCHNAPPs, a computer program designed to enable bench-scientists to autonomously explore and interpret single cell RNA-seq expression data and associated annotations. The Shiny-based application allows selecting genes and cells of interest, performing quality control, normalization, clustering, and differential expression analyses, applying standard workflows from Seurat (Stuart et al., 2019) or Scran (Lun et al., 2016) packages, and most of the common visualizations. An R-markdown report can be generated that tracks the modifications, and selected visualizations facilitating communication and reproducibility between bench-scientist and bioinformatician. The modular design of the tool allows to easily integrate new visualizations and analyses by bioinformaticians. We still recommend that a data analysis specialist oversees the analysis and interpretation.

AvailabilityThe SCHNAPPs application, docker file, and documentation are available on GitHub: https://c3bi-pasteur-fr.github.io/UTechSCB-SCHNAPPs; Example contribution are available at the following GitHub site: https://github.com/baj12/SCHNAPPsContributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jagla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouilly, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puceat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.07.127274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCHNAPPs - Single Cell sHiNy APPlication(s)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.19.161471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gnotobiotic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) model reveals endogenous bacteria that protect against Flavobacterium columnare infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.19.161471v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The health and environmental risks associated with antibiotic use in aquaculture have promoted bacterial probiotics as an alternative approach to control fish infections in vulnerable larval and juvenile stages. However, evidence-based identification of probiotics is often hindered by the complexity of bacteria-host interactions and host variability in microbiologically uncontrolled conditions. While these difficulties can be partially resolved using gnotobiotic models harboring no or reduced microbiota, most host-microbe interaction studies are carried out in animal models with little relevance for fish farming. Here we studied host-microbiota-pathogen interactions in a germ-free and gnotobiotic model of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), one of the most widely cultured salmonids. We demonstrated that germ-free larvae raised in sterile conditions displayed no significant difference in growth after 35 days compared to conventionally-raised larvae, but were extremely sensitive to infection by Flavobacterium columnare, a common freshwater fish pathogen causing major economic losses worldwide. Furthermore, re-conventionalization with 11 culturable species from the conventional trout microbiota conferred resistance to F. columnare infection. Using mono-re-conventionalized germ-free trout, we identified that this protection is determined by a commensal Flavobacterium strain displaying antibacterial activity against F. columnare. Finally, we demonstrated that use of gnotobiotic trout is a suitable approach for the systematic identification of both endogenous and exogenous probiotic bacterial strains that may protect teleostean hosts against F. columnare and other pathogens. This study establishes a novel and ecologically-relevant gnotobiotic model that will improve the sustainability and health of aquaculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PEREZ-PASCUAL, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VENDRELL-FERNANDEZ, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AUDRAIN, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BERNAL-BAYARD, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PATINO-NAVARRETE, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PETIT, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RIGAUDEAU, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.161471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gnotobiotic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) model reveals endogenous bacteria that protect against Flavobacterium columnare infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.19.161554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of sex differences in tumor-specific T cell infiltration in bladder tumor-bearing mice treated with BCG immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.19.161554v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer for men. However, women are often diagnosed with later stage disease and have poorer outcomes. Whether immune-based sex differences contribute to this discrepancy is unclear. In addition, models to investigate tumor-specific immunity in bladder cancer, in the context of tumor development or response to therapy, are lacking. To address this specific unmet need, we incorporated a commonly used model antigen, ovalbumin, into two well-established models of bladder cancer; the orthotopic MB49 cell line model and the carcinogenic BBN bladder cancer model. We tested the utility of these models to investigate tumor-specific immunity in the context of immunotherapy in both sexes. We found that BCG vaccination, prior to weekly BCG instillation does not impart an immune-specific benefit to tumor-bearing mice in the context of multiple BCG instillations. Furthermore, tumors developed in the testes in male mice, precluding the use of the MB49 model to directly investigate sex-based immune differences. In the BBN model, we observed that more tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells infiltrated male bladders compared to female bladders in the context of BCG immunotherapy and that these cells had the highest levels of the exhaustion marker PD-1. We propose our modified BBN model will contribute to our understanding of how tumor-specific immunity arises in bladder cancer. Additionally, the BBN bladder cancer model may help to uncover sex differences in tumor-specific immunity, which would provide valuable information for the development of new treatments or combination therapies for bladder cancer in women and men.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, C. J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antequera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zdimerova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cansever, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zychlinsky Scharff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.161554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of sex differences in tumor-specific T cell infiltration in bladder tumor-bearing mice treated with BCG immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.26.163105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An exon DNA element modulates heterochromatin spreading in the master regulator for sexual commitment in malaria parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.26.163105v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatin is essential in all eukaryotes to maintain genome integrity, long-term gene repression and to help chromosome segregation during mitosis. However, heterochromatin regions must be restricted by boundary elements to avoid its spreading over actively transcribed loci. In Plasmodium falciparum, facultative heterochromatin is important to regulate parasite virulence, antigenic variation and transmission. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating repressive regions remain unknown. To investigate this topic, we chose the ap2-g gene, which forms a strictly delimited and independent heterochromatin island. Using electrophoretic motility shift assay (EMSA) we identified an ap2-g exon element at the 3 end binding nuclear protein complexes. Upon replacement of this region by a gfp gene, we observed a shift in the heterochromatin boundary resulting in HP1 (Heterochromatin Protein 1) spreading over [~]2 additional kb downstream. We used this DNA element to purify candidate proteins followed by proteomic analysis. The identified complexes were found to be enriched in RNA-binding proteins, pointing to a potential role of RNA in the regulation of the ap2-g 3 heterochromatin boundary. Our results provide insight into the unexplored topic of heterochromatin biology in P. falciparum and identify a DNA element within the master regulator of sexual commitment modulating heterochromatin spreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordon-Obras, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcons-Simon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheidig- Benatar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.163105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An exon DNA element modulates heterochromatin spreading in the master regulator for sexual commitment in malaria parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.26.172999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multitrait genetic-phenotype associations to connect disease variants and biological mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.26.172999v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) uncovered a wealth of associations between common variants and human phenotypes. These results, widely shared across the scientific community as summary statistics, fostered a flurry of secondary analysis: heritability and genetic correlation assessment, pleiotropy characterization and multitrait association test. Amongst these secondary analyses, a rising new field is the decomposition of multitrait genetic effects into distinct profiles of pleiotropy.

ResultsWe conducted an integrative analysis of GWAS summary statistics from 36 phenotypes to decipher multitrait genetic architecture and its link to biological mechanisms. We started by benchmarking multitrait association tests on a large panel of phenotype sets and established the Omnibus test as the most powerful in practice. We detected 322 new associations that were not previously reported by univariate screening. Using independent significant associations, we investigated the breakdown of genetic association into clusters of variants harboring similar multitrait association profile. Focusing on two subsets of immunity and metabolism phenotypes, we then demonstrate how SNPs within clusters can be mapped to biological pathways and disease mechanisms, providing a putative insight for numerous SNPs with unknown biological function. Finally, for the metabolism set, we investigate the link between gene cluster assignment and success of drug targets in random control trials. We report additional uninvestigated drug targets classified by clusters.

ConclusionsMultitrait genetic signals can be decomposed into distinct pleiotropy profiles that reveal consistent with pathways databases and random control trials. We propose this method for the mapping of unannotated SNPs to putative pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaw, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziyatdinov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menager, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Goff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dube, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilhjalmsson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.172999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multitrait genetic-phenotype associations to connect disease variants and biological mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.03.173997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational analysis to explore long-range allosteric coupling and decoupling in a pentameric channel receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.03.173997v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) mediate chemical signaling through a succession of allosteric transitions that are yet not completely understood. On the prototypic bacterial channel GLIC, we explored the conformational landscape of the protein during pH-gating. To this aim, we introduced a series of allosteric mutations, and characterized the protein conformation over a broad pH range. We combined electrophysiological recordings, fluorescence quenching experiments monitoring key quaternary reorganizations, and simulations by normal mode analysis. Moderate loss-of-function mutations and the allosteric modulator propofol displace allosteric equilibria involved in pre-activation and pore opening processes, highlighting long-range allosteric coupling between distant regions of the protein. In contrast, total loss-of-function mutations stabilize the protein in unique intermediate conformations where motions are decoupled. Altogether, our data show that the protein can access a wide conformational landscape, raising the possibility of multiple conformational pathways during gating.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medjebeur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corringer, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.173997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational analysis to explore long-range allosteric coupling and decoupling in a pentameric channel receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.09.195362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous social communication in laboratory mice - placing ultrasonic vocalizations in their behavioral context 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.09.195362v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In their natural habitat, mice interact and communicate to regulate major functions, such as reproduction, group coordination, and protection. Nevertheless, little is currently known about their spontaneous emission of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), despite their broad use as a phenotypic marker in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we investigated mouse spontaneous communication by coupling automatic recording, segmentation, and analysis of USVs to the tracking of complex behaviors. We continuously recorded undisturbed same-sex pairs of C57BL/6J males and females at 5 weeks and 3 and 7 months of age over three days. Males emitted only a few short USVs, mainly when isolated from their conspecific, whereas females emitted a high number of USVs, especially when engaged in intense dynamic social interactions. The context-specific use of call types and acoustic variations emerged with increasing age. The emission of USVs also reflected a high level of excitement in social interactions. Finally, mice lacking Shank3, a synaptic protein associated with autism, displayed atypical USV usage and acoustic structure, which did not appear in classical protocols, highlighting the importance of studying spontaneous communication. The methods are freely available for the research community (https://usv.pasteur.cloud).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elodie Ey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabrice de Chaumont</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Bourgeron</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.195362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous social communication in laboratory mice - placing ultrasonic vocalizations in their behavioral context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.14.202028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2 infected cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.14.202028v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe cases of COVID-19 are associated with extensive lung damage and the presence of infected multinucleated syncytial pneumocytes. The viral and cellular mechanisms regulating the formation of these syncytia are not well understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infected cells express the viral Spike protein (S) at their surface and fuse with ACE2-positive neighbouring cells. Expression of S without any other viral proteins triggers syncytia formation. Type-I interferon (IFN)-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), a family of restriction factors that block the entry of many viruses, inhibit S-mediated fusion, with IFITM1 being more active than IFITM2 and IFITM3. On the contrary, the TMPRSS2 serine protease, which is known to enhance infectivity of cell-free virions, processes both S and ACE2 and increases syncytia formation by accelerating the fusion process. TMPRSS2 thwarts the antiviral effect of IFITMs. Our results show that the pathological effects of SARS-CoV-2 are modulated by cellular proteins that either inhibit or facilitate syncytia formation.

One Sentence SummarySyncytia produced by SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and regulation of their formation by IFITMs and TMPRSS2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufloo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajah, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casartelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.202028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2 infected cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.16.206524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental adaptation of dengue virus 1 to Aedes albopictus mosquitoes by in vivo selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.16.206524v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most of the world, Dengue virus (DENV) is mainly transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti while in Europe, Aedes albopictus is responsible for human DENV cases since 2010. Identifying mutations that make DENV more competent for transmission by Ae. albopictus will help to predict emergence of epidemic strains. Ten serial passages in vivo in Ae. albopictus led to select DENV-1 strains with greater infectivity for this vector in vivo and in cultured mosquito cells. These changes were mediated by multiple adaptive mutations in the virus genome, including a mutation at position 10,418 in the DENV 3UTR within an RNA stem-loop structure involved in subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) production. Using reverse genetics, we showed that the 10,418 mutation alone does not confer a detectable increase in transmission efficiency in vivo. These results reveal the complex adaptive landscape of DENV transmission by mosquitoes and emphasize the role of epistasis in shaping evolutionary trajectories of DENV variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bellone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lequime, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jupille, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goertz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piorkowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, P.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabiane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazeille, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pijlman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakuntabhai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lamballerie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Failloux, A.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental adaptation of dengue virus 1 to Aedes albopictus mosquitoes by in vivo selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.24.212647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actinobacteria challenge the paradigm: a unique protein architecture for a well-known central metabolic complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.24.212647v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes are large, tripartite enzymatic machineries carrying out key reactions in central metabolism. Extremely conserved across the tree of life, they have so far all considered to be structured around a high molecular weight hollow core, consisting of up to 60 subunits of the acyltransferase component. We provide here evidence that Actinobacteria break the rule by possessing an acetyltranferase component reduced to its minimally active, trimeric unit, characterized by a unique C-terminal helix that affects the oligomerization and the full 3D architecture of the complex. We show that this unique feature is characterized by an insertion, which together with OdhA is found spread over Actinobacteria. This phylum includes organisms or great interest for agriculture, industrial bio-production and many human pathogens as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Moreover, components of this complex are key for M. tuberculosis survival in the human host, and its unique core and protein-protein interactions represent potentially "druggable" targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruch, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilela, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lexa-Sapart, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellinzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.212647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actinobacteria challenge the paradigm: a unique protein architecture for a well-known central metabolic complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.17.253716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New insights into Cryptococcus extracellular vesicles suggest a new structural model and an antifungal vaccine strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.17.253716v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas extracellular vesicle (EV) research has become commonplace in different biomedical fields, this field of research is still in its infancy in mycology. Here we provide a robust set of data regarding the structural and compositional aspects of EVs isolated from the fungal pathogenic species Cryptococcus neoformans, C. deneoformans and C. deuterogattii. Using cutting-edge methodological approaches including cryogenic electron microscopy and cryogenic electron tomography, proteomics, and flow cytometry, we revisited cryptococcal EV features and suggest a new EV structural model, in which the vesicular lipid bilayer is covered by mannoprotein-based fibrillar decoration, bearing the capsule polysaccharide as its outer layer. About 10% of the EV population is devoid of fibrillar decoration, adding another aspect to EV diversity. By analyzing EV protein cargo from the three species, we characterized the typical Cryptococcus EV proteome. It contains several membrane-bound protein families, including some Tsh proteins bearing a SUR7/PalI motif. The presence of known protective antigens on the surface of Cryptococcus EVs, resembling the morphology of encapsulated virus structures, suggested their potential as a vaccine. Indeed, mice immunized with EVs obtained from an acapsular C. neoformans mutant strain rendered a strong antibody response in mice and significantly prolonged their survival upon C. neoformans infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazi, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyrand, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PEHAU-ARNAUDET, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimrichter, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AIMANIANDA, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janbon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.253716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New insights into Cryptococcus extracellular vesicles suggest a new structural model and an antifungal vaccine strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.01.277673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High transmissibility and fetal pathogenicity of recent Zika virus strains from the African lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.01.277673v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the last decade revealed the unprecedented ability for a mosquito-borne virus to cause congenital birth defects such as microcephaly. A puzzling aspect of ZIKV emergence is that all human outbreaks and birth defects to date have been exclusively associated with the Asian ZIKV lineage, despite a growing body of laboratory evidence pointing towards higher transmissibility and pathogenicity of the African ZIKV lineage. Whether this apparent paradox reflects the use of relatively old African ZIKV strains in most laboratory studies is unclear. Here, we experimentally compared the transmissibility and pathogenicity of seven low-passage ZIKV strains representing the recently circulating viral genetic diversity. We found that recent African ZIKV strains largely outperformed their Asian counterparts in mosquito transmission kinetics experiments, which translated into a markedly higher epidemic potential in outbreak computer simulations. In addition, African ZIKV strains were significantly more lethal than Asian ZIKV strains in immunocompromised adult mice. Finally, prenatal infection of immunocompetent mouse embryos with an African ZIKV strain resulted in embryonic death whereas it caused microcephaly with Asian ZIKV strains. Together, our results demonstrate the high epidemic potential and pathogenicity of recent ZIKV strains from Africa. Importantly, they also imply that the African ZIKV lineage could more easily go unnoticed by public health surveillance systems than the Asian ZIKV lineage due to its propensity to cause fetal loss rather than birth defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aubry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmuzey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lequime, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jupatanakul, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miot, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidaliuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilsoul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Vivas, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao-Lormeau, V.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarman, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diagne, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sall, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaptein, S. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.277673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High transmissibility and fetal pathogenicity of recent Zika virus strains from the African lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.01.278374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of an optimized annotation pipeline to the Cryptococcus deuterogattii genome reveals dynamic primary metabolic gene clusters and genomic impact of RNAi loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.01.278374v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluating the quality of a de novo annotation of a complex fungal genome based on RNA-seq data remains a challenge. In this study, we sequentially optimized a Cufflinks-CodingQuary based bioinformatics pipeline fed with RNA-seq data using the manually annotated model pathogenic yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus deneoformans as test cases. Our results demonstrate that the quality of the annotation is sensitive to the quantity of RNA-seq data used and that the best quality is obtained with 5 to 10 million reads per RNA-seq replicate. We also demonstrated that the number of introns predicted is an excellent a priori indicator of the quality of the final de novo annotation. We then used this pipeline to annotate the genome of the RNAi-deficient species Cryptococcus deuterogattii strain R265 using RNA-seq data. Dynamic transcriptome analysis revealed that intron retention is more prominent in C. deuterogattii than in the other RNAi-proficient species C. neoformans and C. deneoformans. In contrast, we observed that antisense transcription was not higher in C. deuterogattii than in the two other Cryptococcus species. Comparative gene content analysis identified 21 clusters enriched in transcription factors and transporters that have been lost. Interestingly, analysis of the subtelomeric regions in these three annotated species identified a similar gene enrichment, reminiscent of the structure of primary metabolic clusters. Our data suggest that there is active exchange between subtelomeric regions, and that other chromosomal regions might participate in adaptive diversification of Cryptococcus metabolite assimilation potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrareze, P. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Aroujo Streit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staats, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janbon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of an optimized annotation pipeline to the Cryptococcus deuterogattii genome reveals dynamic primary metabolic gene clusters and genomic impact of RNAi loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.04.282863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translation and codon usage regulate Argonaute slicer activity to trigger small RNA biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.04.282863v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the Caenorhabditis elegans germline, thousands of mRNAs are concomitantly expressed with antisense 22G-RNAs, which are loaded into the Argonaute CSR-1. Despite their essential functions for animal fertility and embryonic development, how CSR-1 22G-RNAs are produced remains unknown. Here, we show that CSR-1 slicer activity is primarily involved in triggering the synthesis of small RNAs on the coding sequences of germline mRNAs and post-transcriptionally regulates a fraction of targets. CSR-1-cleaved mRNAs prime the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, EGO-1, to synthesize 22G-RNAs in phase with ribosome translation in the cytoplasm, in contrast to other 22G-RNAs mostly synthesized in germ granules. Moreover, codon optimality and efficient translation antagonize CSR-1 slicing and 22G-RNAs biogenesis. We propose that codon usage differences encoded into mRNA sequences might be a conserved strategy in eukaryotes to regulate small RNA biogenesis and Argonaute targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quarato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.282863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translation and codon usage regulate Argonaute slicer activity to trigger small RNA biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.11.293472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PanACoTA: A modular tool for massive microbial comparative genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.11.293472v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of the gene repertoires of microbial species, their pangenomes, has become a key topic of study in microbial evolution and genomics. Yet, the increasing number of genomes available complicates the establishment of the basic building blocks of comparative genomics. Here, we present PanACoTA (https://github.com/gem-pasteur/PanACoTA), a tool that allows to download all genomes of a species, build a database with those passing quality and redundancy controls, uniformly annotate, and then build their pangenome, several variants of core genomes, their alignments, and a rapid but accurate phylogenetic tree. While many programs building pangenomes have become available in the last few years, we have focused on a modular method, that tackles all the key steps of the process, from download to phylogenetic inference. While all steps are integrated, they can also be run separately and multiple times to allow rapid and extensive exploration of the parameters of interest. The software is built in Python3 and includes features to facilitate its future development. We believe PanACoTa is an interesting addition to the current set of comparative genomics tools, since it will accelerate and standardize the more routine parts of the work, allowing microbial genomicists to more quickly tackle their specific questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PERRIN, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ROCHA, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.293472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PanACoTA: A modular tool for massive microbial comparative genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.14.296129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-affinity calmodulin-binding site in the CyaA toxin translocation domain is essential for invasion into eukaryotic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.14.296129v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular mechanisms and forces involved in the translocation of bacterial toxins into host cells have thus far remained elusive. The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin from Bordetella pertussis displays a unique intoxication pathway in which its catalytic domain is directly translocated across target cell membranes. We have previously identified a translocation region in CyaA that contains a segment, P454 (residues 454-484), exhibiting membrane-active properties related to antimicrobial peptides. Herein, we show that this peptide is able to translocate across membranes and interact with calmodulin. Structural and biophysical analyses have revealed the key residues of P454 involved in membrane destabilization and calmodulin binding. Mutational analysis demonstrated that these residues play a crucial role in CyaA translocation into target cells. We have also shown that calmidazolium, a calmodulin inhibitor, efficiently blocks CyaA internalization. We propose that after CyaA binding to target cells, the P454 segment destabilizes the plasma membrane, translocates across the lipid bilayer and binds calmodulin. Trapping of the CyaA polypeptide chain by the CaM:P454 interaction in the cytosol may assist the entry of the N-terminal catalytic domain by converting the stochastic process of protein translocation into an efficient vectorial chain transfer into host cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voegele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raoux-Barbot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brule, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.296129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-affinity calmodulin-binding site in the CyaA toxin translocation domain is essential for invasion into eukaryotic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.29.318139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lifestyle-specific S-nitrosylation of protein cysteine thiols regulates Escherichia coli biofilm formation and resistance to oxidative stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.29.318139v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communities of bacteria called biofilms are characterized by reduced diffusion, steep oxygen and redox gradients and specific properties compared to individualized planktonic bacteria. In this study, we investigated whether signaling via nitrosylation of protein cysteine thiols (S-nitrosylation), regulating a wide range of functions in eukaryotes, could also specifically occur in biofilms and contribute to bacterial adaptation to this widespread lifestyle. We used a redox proteomic approach to compare cysteine S-nitrosylation in aerobic and anaerobic biofilm and planktonic Escherichia coli cultures and we identified proteins with biofilm-specific S-nitrosylation status. Using bacterial genetics and various phenotypic screens, we showed that impairing S-nitrosylation in proteins involved in redox homeostasis and amino acid synthesis such as OxyR, KatG and GltD altered important biofilm properties, including motility, biofilm maturation or resistance to oxidative stress. Our study therefore revealed that S-nitrosylation constitutes a physiological basis underlying functions critical for E. coli adaptation to the biofilm environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BARRAUD, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LETOFFE, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VINH, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHIAPPETTA, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.318139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lifestyle-specific S-nitrosylation of protein cysteine thiols regulates Escherichia coli biofilm formation and resistance to oxidative stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.04.325191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigation of RNA metabolism through large-scale genetic interaction profiling in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.04.325191v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene deletion and gene expression alteration can lead to growth defects that are amplified or reduced when a second mutation is present in the same cells. We performed 154 genetic interaction mapping (GIM) screens with mutants related with RNA metabolism and measured growth rates of about 700 000 Saccharomyces cerevisiae double mutant strains. The screens used the gene deletion collection in addition to a set of 900 strains in which essential genes were affected by mRNA destabilization (DAmP). To analyze the results we developed RECAP, a strategy that validates genetic interaction profiles by comparison with gene co-citation frequency, and identified links between 1 471 genes and 117 biological processes. To validate specific results, we tested and confirmed a link between an inositol polyphosphate hydrolase complex and mRNA translation initiation. Altogether, the results and the newly developed analysis strategy should represent a useful resource for discovery of gene function in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Decourty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malabat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frachon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saveanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.04.325191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigation of RNA metabolism through large-scale genetic interaction profiling in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.06.328369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection damages airway motile cilia and impairs mucociliary clearance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.06.328369v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 spreads within the respiratory tract is important to define the parameters controlling the severity of COVID-19. We examined the functional and structural consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a reconstituted human bronchial epithelium model. SARS-CoV-2 replication caused a transient decrease in epithelial barrier function and disruption of tight junctions, though viral particle crossing remained limited. Rather, SARS-CoV-2 replication led to a rapid loss of the ciliary layer, characterized at the ultrastructural level by axoneme loss and misorientation of remaining basal bodies. The motile cilia function was compromised, as measured in a mucociliary clearance assay. Epithelial defense mechanisms, including basal cell mobilization and interferon-lambda induction, ramped up only after the initiation of cilia damage. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian hamsters further demonstrated the loss of motile cilia in vivo. This study identifies cilia damage as a pathogenic mechanism that could facilitate SARS-CoV-2 spread to the deeper lung parenchyma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias de Melo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levallois, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellenoncourt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigaud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgette, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thouvenot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trebeau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumenil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etournay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lledo, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 infection damages airway motile cilia and impairs mucociliary clearance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.07.328385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human USP18 is regulated by miRNAs via the 3'UTR, a sequence duplicated in lincRNA genes residing in chr22q11.21 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.07.328385v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) acts as gatekeeper of type I interferon (IFN) responses by binding to the IFN receptor subunit IFNAR2 and preventing activation of the downstream JAK/STAT pathway. In any given cell type, the level of USP18 is a key determinant of the output of interferon-stimulated transcripts. How the baseline level of USP18 is finely tuned in different cell types remains ill defined. Here we explored post-transcriptional regulation of USP18 by microRNAs (miRNAs) and identified four miRNAs (miR-24-3p, miR-191-5p, miR-423-5p and miR-532-3p) that efficiently target USP18 through binding to the 3UTR. Among these, three miRNAs are particularly enriched in circulating monocytes which exhibit low baseline USP18. Intriguingly, the USP18 3UTR sequence is duplicated in human and chimpanzee genomes. In human, we found several copies of the 3UTR that are embedded in long intergenic non-coding (linc) RNA genes residing in chr22q11.21 and exhibiting a tissue-specific expression pattern. Interestingly, one of these lincRNAs (here named linc-UR-B1) is uniquely and highly expressed in testis. RNA-seq data analyses from testicular cell subsets revealed a positive correlation between linc-UR-B1 and USP18 expression in spermatocytes and spermatids. Overall, our findings uncover a set of miRNAs and lincRNAs, which may be part of a network evolved to fine-tune baseline USP18, particularly in cell types where IFN responsiveness needs to be tightly controlled.

SIGNIFICANT STATEMENTUSP18 is a non-redundant negative feedback regulator of type I IFN signaling and a key determinant of cell responsiveness to IFN. How baseline USP18 is set in different human cell types is ill defined. We identified three microRNAs that restrain USP18 level notably in primary monocytes through binding the 3UTR. We found several copies of the USP18 3UTR embedded in long intergenic non-coding (linc) RNAs which reside in a complex region of human chromosome 22. These lincRNAs are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. We describe one lincRNA expressed only in testis, and most notably in germ cells. Correlative analyses suggest that microRNAs and lincRNAs may form a network controlling baseline USP18 and IFN responsiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruciani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchitchek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Tortorec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaggi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejucq-Rainsford, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.328385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human USP18 is regulated by miRNAs via the 3'UTR, a sequence duplicated in lincRNA genes residing in chr22q11.21]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.11.335026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acquisition of a type 3 secretion signal in an housekeeping enzyme shaped glycogen metabolism in Chlamydia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.11.335026v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis store glycogen in the lumen of the vacuoles in which they grow. Glycogen catabolism generates glucose-1-phosphate (Glc1P), while the bacteria are capable of taking up only glucose-6-phosphate (Glc6P). We tested whether the conversion of Glc1P into Glc6P could be catalyzed by a phosphoglucomutase (PGM) of host or bacterial origin. We found no evidence for the presence of the host enzyme in the vacuole. In C. trachomatis, two proteins are potential PGMs. By reconstituting the reaction, and by complementing PGM deficient fibroblasts, we demonstrated that only CT295 displayed robust PGM activity. Furthermore, we showed that glycogen accumulation by a subset of Chlamydia species correlated with the presence of a type three secretion (T3S) signal in their PGM. In conclusion, we established that the conversion of Glc1P into Glc6P was accomplished by a bacterial PGM, through the acquisition of a T3S signal in a "housekeeping" gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triboulet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N'Gadjaga, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niragire, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köstlbacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subtil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.11.335026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acquisition of a type 3 secretion signal in an housekeeping enzyme shaped glycogen metabolism in Chlamydia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.13.337162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Klebsiella MALDI TypeR: a web-based tool for Klebsiella identification based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.13.337162v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationKlebsiella species are increasingly multidrug resistant pathogens affecting human and animal health and are widely distributed in the environment. Among these, the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (KpSC), which includes seven phylogroups, is an important cause of community and hospital infections. In addition, the Klebsiella oxytoca species complex (KoSC) also causes hospital infections and antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic colitis. The unsuitability of widely used clinical microbiology methods to distinguish species within each of these species complexes leads to high rates of misidentifications that are masking the true clinical significance and potential epidemiological specificities of individual species.

ResultsWe developed a web-based tool, Klebsiella MALDI TypeR, a platform-independent and user-friendly application that enables uploading raw data from MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer to identify Klebsiella isolates at the species complex and phylogroup levels. The tool is based on a database of previously identified biomarkers that are specific for either the species complex, individual phylogroups, or related phylogroups, and is available at https://maldityper.pasteur.fr.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridel, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judd, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harshegyi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Klebsiella MALDI TypeR: a web-based tool for Klebsiella identification based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.22.350033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Shape a Transmissible Gut Microbiota that Protects from Metabolic Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.22.350033v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excess of chronic contact between microbial motifs and intestinal immune cells are known to trigger a low-grade inflammation involved in many pathologies such as obesity and diabetes.

The important skewing of intestinal adaptive immunity in the context of diet-induced obesity (DIO) is well described but how dendritic cells (DCs) participate to these changes is still poorly documented. To address this question, transgenic mice with enhanced DCs lifespan and immunogenicity (DChBcl-2 mice), are challenged with a high fat diet.

Those mice display resistance to DIO and metabolic alterations. The DIO resistant phenotype is associated with healthier parameters of intestinal barrier function and lower intestinal inflammation. DChBcl-2 DIO-resistant mice demonstrate a particular increase in tolerogenic DC numbers and function which is associated with strong intestinal IgA, Th17 and T regulatory immune responses.

Microbiota composition and function analyses reveal that the DChBcl-2 mice microbiota is characterized by a lower immunogenicity and an enhanced butyrate production. Cohousing experiments and fecal microbial transplantations are sufficient to transfer the DIO resistance status to WT mice demonstrating that maintenance of DCs tolerogenic ability sustains a microbiota able to drive DIO resistance. DCs tolerogenic function is revealed as a new potent target in metabolic diseases management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lecuyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacombe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponnaiah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hure, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fradet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudebbouze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huby, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venteclef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garlatti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chassaing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesnik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.350033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Shape a Transmissible Gut Microbiota that Protects from Metabolic Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.29.360313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ser/Thr kinase-dependent phosphorylation of the peptidoglycan hydrolase CwlA controls its export and modulates cell division in Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.29.360313v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell growth and division require a balance between synthesis and hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan (PG). Inhibition of PG synthesis or uncontrolled PG hydrolysis can be lethal for the cells, making it imperative to control peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) activity. The serine/threonine kinases (STKs) of the Hanks family control cell division and envelope homeostasis, but only a few kinase substrates and associated molecular mechanisms have been identified. In this work, we identified CwlA as the first STK-PrkC substrate in the human pathogen Clostridiodes difficile and showed that CwlA is an endopeptidase involved in daughter cell separation. We demonstrated that PrkC-dependent phosphorylation inhibits CwlA export, therefore controlling the hydrolytic activity in the cell wall. High level of CwlA at the cell surface led to cell elongation, whereas low level caused cell separation defects. We thus provided evidence that the STK signaling pathway regulates PGH homeostasis to precisely control PG hydrolysis during cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Garcia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poncet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuenot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PELTIER, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapot-Chartier, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Verstraete, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.360313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ser/Thr kinase-dependent phosphorylation of the peptidoglycan hydrolase CwlA controls its export and modulates cell division in Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.06.371039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The oxidative stress response and virulence of pathogenic Leptospira are controlled by the interplay of two peroxide stress regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.06.371039v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic Leptospira are the causative agents of leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonotic infectious disease. Leptospirosis is a potentially severe and life-threatening emerging disease with highest burden in sub-tropical areas and impoverished populations. Mechanisms allowing pathogenic Leptospira to survive inside a host and induce acute leptospirosis are not fully understood. The ability to resist deadly oxidants produced by the host during infection is pivotal for Leptospira virulence. We have previously shown that genes encoding defenses against oxidants in L. interrogans are repressed by PerRA (encoded by LIMLP_10155), a peroxide stress regulator of the Fur family. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of another putative PerR-like regulator (LIMLP_05620) in L. interrogans. Protein sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that LIMLP_05620 displayed all the canonical PerR amino acid residues and is restricted to pathogenic Leptospira clades. We therefore named this PerR-like regulator PerRB. In L. interrogans, the PerRB regulon is distinct from that of PerRA. While a perRA mutant had a greater tolerance to peroxide, inactivating perRB led to a higher tolerance to superoxide, suggesting that these two regulators have a distinct function in the adaptation of L. interrogans to oxidative stress. The concomitant inactivation of perRA and perRB resulted in a higher tolerance to both peroxide and superoxide and, unlike the single mutants, a double perRAperRB mutant was avirulent. Interestingly, this correlated with major changes in gene and non-coding RNA expression. Notably, several virulence-associated genes (clpB, ligA/B, and lvrAB) were repressed. By obtaining a double mutant in a pathogenic Leptospira strain, our study has uncovered an interplay of two PerRs in the adaptation of Leptospira to oxidative stress with a putative role in virulence and pathogenicity, most likely through the transcriptional control of a complex regulatory network.

Author summaryLeptospirosis is a widespread infectious disease responsible for over one million of severe cases and 60 000 fatalities annually worldwide. This neglected and emerging disease has a worldwide distribution, but it mostly affects populations from developing countries in sub-tropical areas. The causative agents of leptospirosis are pathogenic bacterial Leptospira spp. There is a considerable deficit in our knowledge of these atypical bacteria, including their virulence mechanisms. In addition to the Leptospira PerRA regulator that represses defenses against peroxide, we have identified and characterized a second PerR regulator in pathogenic Leptospira species (PerRB) that participates in Leptospira tolerance to superoxide. Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of single PerRA and PerRB mutants suggest that the two PerRs fulfill distinct functions in the adaptation to oxidative stress. Concomitant inactivation of PerRA and PerRB resulted in a higher tolerance to both peroxide and superoxide. Moreover, the perRAperRB mutant lost its virulence. Major changes in gene expression, including a decreased expression of several virulence factors, were observed in the double perRAperRB mutant. Our study suggests that PerRA and PerRB cooperate to orchestrate a complex regulatory network involved in Leptospira virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zavala-Alvarado, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussotti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorioux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyrier, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaroudj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.06.371039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The oxidative stress response and virulence of pathogenic Leptospira are controlled by the interplay of two peroxide stress regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.09.375378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria have numerous phage-plasmid families with conserved phage and variable plasmid gene repertoires. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.09.375378v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids and temperate phages are mobile genetic elements driving bacterial evolution. They are usually regarded as very distinct. However, some elements, termed phage-plasmids, are known to be both plasmids and phages, e.g. P1, N15 or SSU5. The number, distribution, relatedness and characteristics of these phage-plasmids are poorly known. Here, we screened for these elements among ca. 14000 phages and plasmids and identified 780 phage-plasmids across very diverse bacterial phyla. We grouped 92% of them by similarity of gene repertoires to define 8 families and 18 other broader communities of elements. The existence of these large groups suggests that phage-plasmids are ancient. Their gene repertoires are large, the average element is larger than an average phage or plasmid, and they include slightly more homologs to phages than to plasmids. We analyzed the pangenomes and the genetic organization of each group of phage-plasmids and found the key phage genes to be conserved and co-localized within families, whereas genes with homologs in plasmids are much more variable and include most accessory genes. Phage-plasmids are a sizeable fraction of all phages and plasmids and could have key roles in bridging the genetic divide between phages and other mobile genetic elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sousa, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.375378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria have numerous phage-plasmid families with conserved phage and variable plasmid gene repertoires.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.14.382689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salmonella endorses a dormant state within human epithelial cells for persistent infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.14.382689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an enteric bacterium capable of invading a wide range of hosts, including rodents and humans. It targets different host cell types showing different intracellular lifestyles. Within the infected cells S. Typhimurium colonizes multiple intracellular niches, and it is able to either actively divide at various rates, or remain dormant to persist. A comprehensive tool to monitor these distinct S. Typhimurium lifestyles has not been available so far. Here we developed a novel fluorescent reporter, Salmonella Intracellular Analyzer (SINA), compatible for fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry for quantification at the single-bacterium level. Using SINA, we identified a S. Typhimurium subpopulation in infected epithelial cells that exhibits a unique phenotype in comparison to the previously documented vacuolar or cytosolic S. Typhimurium. This newly identified subpopulation remained dormant within a vesicular compartment distinct from either conventional Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCV) or the previously reported niche of dormant S. Typhimurium inside macrophages. The dormant S. Typhimurium inside enterocytes were viable and expressed Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI-2) virulence factors at later infection time points. We found that the formation of these dormant S. Typhimurium is not triggered by the loss of SPI-2 expression but it is regulated by (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response through RelA and SpoT. We predict that intraepithelial dormant S. Typhimurium represents an important pathogen niche as it provides an alternative strategy for S. Typhimurium pathogenicity and persistence.

Author SummarySalmonella Typhimurium is a clinically relevant bacterial pathogen that causes Salmonellosis. It can actively or passively invade various host cell types and reside in a Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) within host cells. The SCV can be remodeled into a replicative niche with the aid of Salmonella Type III Secretion System 2 (T3SS2) effectors or else, the SCV is ruptured for the access of the nutrient-rich host cytosol. Depending on the infected host cell type, S. Typhimurium undertake different lifestyles that are distinct by their subcellular localization, replication rate and metabolic rate. We present here a novel fluorescent reporter system that rapidly detects S. Typhimurium lifestyles using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. We identified a dormant S. Typhimurium population within enterocytes that displays capacities in host cell persistence, dormancy exit and antibiotic tolerance. We found that the molecular pathway suppressing S. Typhimurium dormancy in enterocytes is the one that has been shown to promote dormancy in macrophages. This suggests a divergent physiological consequence regulated by the same set of S. Typhimurium molecular mediators depending on the challenged host cell type. Altogether, our work demonstrates the potential of fluorescence reporters in facile bacterial characterization, and revealed a dormant S. Typhimurium population in human enterocytes that is distinct from those observed in macrophages and fibroblasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luk, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.14.382689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salmonella endorses a dormant state within human epithelial cells for persistent infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.15.383372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salmonella subverts autophagy balancing bacterial fate and cellular inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.15.383372v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an enteric bacterium capable of invading a wide range of host cell types and adopting different intracellular lifestyles for survival. Host endocytic trafficking and autophagy have been implied to regulate the S. Typhimurium subcellular localization and survival. To reveal alternative host regulators on S. Typhimurium lifestyle, we combined a novel fluorescent reporter, Salmonella Intracellular Analyzer (SINA) with haploid forward genetic screening. This identified transcription factor c-MYC as a negative regulator of S. Typhimurium cytosolic lifestyle via stabilizing the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). We further confirmed that c-MYC downstream regulated LC3 acts to maintain SCV stability and limits S. Typhimurium cytosolic lifestyle. We demonstrated that LC3 is recruited to the SCV prior to the endomembrane damage marker Galectin 3, and it regulates SCV stability independent of the autophagosome adaptor NDP52. The LC3 processing enzymes ATG3 and ATG4 reciprocally act on SCV stability, where the loss of LC3-PE conjugation in the absence of ATG3 limits SCV damages. We further identified the dosage-dependent function of the S. Typhimurium effector SopF in mediating SCV stability by actively avoiding LC3 recruitment to the proximity of the SCV to reduce its catastrophic rupture and host cell death. Altogether, we offer insights on the significance of cellular transcription profile in the determination of S. Typhimurium pathophysiology as well as the underlying host-evasion strategy of S. Typhimurium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luk, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deriano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salmonella subverts autophagy balancing bacterial fate and cellular inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.17.385567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct tracking of single proviruses reveals HIV-1/LEDGF complexes excluded from virus-induced membraneless organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.17.385567v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV integration occurs in chromatin sites that favor the release of high levels of viral progeny, alternatively the virus is also able to discreetly coexist with the host. The viral infection perturbs the cellular environment inducing the remodeling of the nuclear landscape. Indeed, HIV-1 triggers the nuclear clustering of the host factor CPSF6, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Our data indicate that HIV usurps a recently discovered biological phenomenon, called liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), to hijack the host cell. We observed CPSF6 clusters as part of HIV-induced membraneless organelles (HIV-1 MLOs) in macrophages, which are one of the main HIV target cells. We describe that HIV-1 MLOs follow phase separation rules and represent functional biomolecular condensates. We highlight HIV-1 MLOs as hubs of nuclear reverse transcription, while the double stranded viral DNA, once formed, rapidly migrates outside these structures. Transcription-competent proviruses localize outside, but near HIV-1 MLOs, in LEDGF-abundant regions, known to be active chromatin sites. Therefore, HIV-1 MLOs orchestrate viral events prior to the integration step and create a favorable environment for the viral replication. This study uncovers single functional host-viral complexes in their nuclear landscape, which is markedly restructured by HIV-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scoca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louveaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ershov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Nunzio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.385567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct tracking of single proviruses reveals HIV-1/LEDGF complexes excluded from virus-induced membraneless organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.20.384974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial inhibition of CD8+ T-cells mediated cell death promotes neuroinvasion and within-host persistence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.20.384974v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central nervous system infections are amongst the most severe1,2, yet the mechanisms by which pathogens access the brain remain poorly understood. The model microorganism Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a major foodborne pathogen that causes neurolisteriosis, one of the deadliest central nervous system infections3,4. While immunosuppression is a well-established host risk factor for neurolisteriosis3,5, little is known regarding the bacterial factors underlying Lm neuroinvasion. We have developed a clinically-relevant experimental model of neurolisteriosis, using hypervirulent neuroinvasive strains6 inoculated in a humanized mouse model of infection7, and we show that the bacterial protein InlB protects infected monocytes from CD8+ T-cells Fas-mediated cell death, in a c-Met/PI3-kinase/FLIP-dependent manner. This blockade of anti-Lm specific cellular immune response lengthens infected monocytes lifespan, favoring Lm transfer from infected monocytes to the brain. The intracellular niche created by InlB-mediated cell-autonomous immunosuppression also promotes Lm fecal shedding, accounting for its selection as a Lm core virulence gene. Here, we have uncovered an unanticipated specific mechanism by which a bacterial pathogen confers to the cells it infects an increased lifespan by rendering them resistant to cell-mediated immunity. This promotes Lm within-host persistence and dissemination to the central nervous system, and transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maudet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheloufi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levallois, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaillard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaultier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.384974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial inhibition of CD8+ T-cells mediated cell death promotes neuroinvasion and within-host persistence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.21.392597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patient-derived Glioblastoma Stem cells transfer mitochondria through Tunneling Nanotubes in Tumor Organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.21.392597v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain cancer and its relapse after surgery, chemo and radiotherapy appears to be led by GBM stem cells (GSLCs). Also, tumor networking and intercellular communication play a major role in driving GBM therapy-resistance. Tunneling Nanotubes (TNTs), thin membranous open-ended channels connecting distant cells, have been observed in several types of cancer, where they emerge to drive a more malignant phenotype. Here, we investigated whether GBM cells are capable to intercommunicate by TNTs. Two GBM stem-like cells (GSLCs) were obtained from the external and infiltrative zone of one GBM from one patient. We show, for the first time, that both GSLCs, grown in classical 2D culture and in 3D-tumor organoids, formed functional TNTs which allowed mitochondria transfer. In the organoid model, recapitulative of several tumors features, we observed the formation of a network between cells constituted of both Tumor Microtubes (TMs), previously observed in vivo, and TNTs. In addition, the two GSLCs exhibited different responses to irradiation in terms of TNT induction and mitochondria transfer, although the correlation with the disease progression and therapy-resistance needs to be further addressed. Thus, TNT-based communication is active in different GSLCs derived from the external tumoral areas associated to GBM relapse, and we propose that they participate together with TMs in tumor networking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ZURZOLO, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PINTO, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SAENZ DE SANTA MARIA, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHASTAGNER, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perthame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DELMAS, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TOULAS, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyal-Jonathan-Cohen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BROU, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.21.392597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patient-derived Glioblastoma Stem cells transfer mitochondria through Tunneling Nanotubes in Tumor Organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.21.392639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-COVID-19 efficacy of ivermectin in the golden hamster 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.21.392639v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The devastating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to SARS-CoV-2, has caused more than 47 million confirmed cases and more than 1.2 million human deaths around the globe1, and most of the severe cases of COVID-19 in humans are associated with neurological symptoms such as anosmia and ageusia, and uncontrolled inflammatory immune response2-5. Among therapeutic options6-8, the use of the anti-parasitic drug ivermectin (IVM), has been proposed, given its possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity9. Ivermectin is a positive allosteric modulator of the -7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor10, which has been suggested to represent a target for the control of Covid-19 infection11, with a potential immunomodulatory activity12. We assessed the effects of IVM in SARS-CoV-2-intranasally-inoculated golden Syrian hamsters. Even though ivermectin had no effect on viral load, SARS-Cov-2-associated pathology was greatly attenuated. IVM had a sex-dependent and compartmentalized immunomodulatory effect, preventing clinical deterioration and reducing olfactory deficit in infected animals. Importantly, ivermectin dramatically reduced the Il-6/Il-10 ratio in lung tissue, which likely accounts for the more favorable clinical presentation in treated animals. Our data support IVM as a promising anti-COVID-19 drug candidate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Melo, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feige, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergoat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lledo, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changeux, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.21.392639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-COVID-19 efficacy of ivermectin in the golden hamster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.24.395434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cassette recruitment in the chromosomal Integron of Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.24.395434v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrons are genetic systems conferring to bacteria a rapid adaptation capability. The integron integrase is able to capture, stockpile and shuffle novel functions embedded in cassettes. This involves the recognition of both substrates, the attI site, and the cassette associated attC sites. Integrons can be sedentary and chromosomally located (SCI) or, carried by conjugative plasmids (Mobile Integron, MI), hence favoring their dissemination among bacteria. Here, for the first time, we investigate the cassette recruitment in the Vibrio cholerae SCI during conjugation and natural transformation. We demonstrated that horizontally transferred cassette can be recruited inside the chromosomal integron. The endogenous integrase expression is sufficiently triggered, after SOS response induction mediated by the entry of single-stranded cassettes during conjugation and natural transformation, to mediate significant cassette insertion. We demonstrate that the attIA insertion is preferential, despite the presence of 180 attC sites in the integron array. Thanks to the presence of a promoter in the attIA site vicinity, all these newly inserted cassettes are expressed and prone to adaptive selection. We also show that the RecA protein is critical for cassette recruitment in V. cholerae SCI but not in MIs. Moreover, a contrario to MIs, the V. cholerae SCI is not active in others bacterial hosts. MIs might have evolved from the SCIs by overcoming host factors, which would explain their large dissemination in bacteria and their role in the antibioresistance expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vit, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyer, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapaillerie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parissi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.395434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cassette recruitment in the chromosomal Integron of Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.26.399667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-Leptospira immunoglobulin profiling in mice reveals strain specific IgG and persistent IgM responses associated with virulence and renal colonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.26.399667v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptospira interrogans is a pathogenic spirochete responsible for leptospirosis, a neglected, zoonotic reemerging disease. Humans are sensitive hosts and may develop severe disease. Some animal species, such as rats and mice can become asymptomatic renal carriers. More than 350 leptospiral serovars have been identified, classified on the basis of the antibody response directed against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similarly to whole inactivated bacteria used as human vaccines, this response is believed to confer only short-term, serogroup-specific protection. The immune response of hosts against leptospires has not been thoroughly studied and correlates of protection would be required to test vaccine candidates. In this work, we studied the immunoglobulin (Ig) profiles in mice infected with L. interrogans over time to determine whether this humoral response confers long-term protection after homologous challenge six months post-infection.

Groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2x107 leptospires of one of three pathogenic serovars (Manilae, Copenhageni or Icterohaemorrhagiae), attenuated mutants or heat-killed bacteria. Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM, IgG and 4 subclasses) produced in the first weeks up to 6 months post-infection were measured by ELISA. Strikingly, we found sustained high levels of IgM in mice infected with the pathogenic Manilae and Copenhageni strains, both colonizing the kidney. In contrast, the Icterohaemorrhagiae strain did not lead to kidney colonization, even at high dose, and triggered a classical IgM response that peaked at day 8 post-infection and disappeared. The virulent Manilae and Copenhageni serovars elicited high levels and similar profiles of IgG subclasses in contrast to Icterohaemorrhagiae strains that stimulated weaker antibody responses. Inactivated heat-killed Manilae strains elicited very low responses. However, all mice pre-injected with leptospires challenged with high doses of homologous bacteria did not develop acute leptospirosis, and all antibody responses were boosted after challenge. Furthermore, we showed that 2 months post challenge, mice pre-infected with the M895 Manilae LPS mutant or heat-killed bacterin were completely protected against renal colonization. In conclusion, we observed a sustained IgM response potentially associated with chronic leptospiral renal infection. We also demonstrated in mice different profiles of protective antibody response after L. interrogans infection, depending on the serovar and virulence of strains.

Author summaryLeptospira interrogans is a pathogenic spirochete responsible for leptospirosis, a neglected zoonotic reemerging disease. The immune response of hosts against these bacteria has not been thoroughly studied. Here, we studied over 6 months the immunoglobulin (Ig) profiles in mice infected with L. interrogans and determined whether this humoral response confers long-term protection after homologous challenge six months after primary infection. Groups of mice were infected intraperitoneally with 2x107 bacteria of one of three different pathogenic serovars (Manilae, Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae) and some corresponding attenuated avirulent mutants. We measured by ELISA each type of Leptospira-specific Ig (IgA, IgM, IgG and 4 subclasses) produced in the first weeks up to 6 months post-infection. We showed different profiles of antibody response after L. interrogans challenge in mice, depending on the serovar and virulence of strains. However, all infected mice, including the ones harboring low antibody levels, like mice vaccinated with an inactivated, heat-killed strain, were protected against leptospirosis after challenge. Notably, we also showed an unusual sustained IgM response associated with chronic leptospiral colonization. Altogether, this long-term immune protection is different from what is known in humans and warrants further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vernel-Pauillac, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boneca, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.399667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-Leptospira immunoglobulin profiling in mice reveals strain specific IgG and persistent IgM responses associated with virulence and renal colonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.07.414151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Basal Expression of Interferon-Stimulated Genes Drives Population Differences in Monocyte Susceptibility to Influenza Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.07.414151v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is considerable inter-individual and inter-population variability in response to viruses. The potential of monocytes to elicit type-I interferon responses has attracted attention to their role in viral infections. Here, we use an ex vivo model to characterize the role of cellular heterogeneity in human variation of monocyte responses to influenza A virus (IAV) exposure. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we show widespread inter-individual variability in the percentage of IAV-infected monocytes. We show that cells escaping viral infection display increased mRNA expression of type-I interferon stimulated genes and decreased expression of ribosomal genes, relative to both infected cells and those never exposed to IAV. While this host defense strategy is shared between CD16+/CD16- monocytes, we also uncover CD16+-specific mRNA expression of IL6 and TNF in response to IAV, and a stronger resistance of CD16+ monocytes to IAV infection. Notably, individuals with high cellular susceptibility to IAV are characterized by a lower activation at basal state of an IRF/STAT-induced transcriptional network, which includes antiviral genes such as IFITM3, MX1, and OAS3. Finally, using flow cytometry and bulk RNA-sequencing across 200 individuals of African and European ancestry, we observe a higher number of CD16+ monocytes and lower susceptibility to IAV infection among monocytes from individuals of African-descent. Collectively, our results reveal the effects of IAV infection on the transcriptional landscape of human monocytes and highlight previously unappreciated differences in cellular susceptibility to IAV infection between individuals of African and European ancestry, which may account for the greater susceptibility of Africans to severe influenza.

Significance StatementMonocytes may play a critical role during severe viral infections. Our study tackles how heterogeneity in monocyte subsets and activation contributes to shape individual differences in the transcriptional response to viral infections. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we reveal heterogeneity in monocyte susceptibility to IAV infection, both between CD16+/CD16- monocytes and across individuals, driven by differences in basal activation of an IRF/STAT-induced antiviral program. Furthermore, we show a decreased ability of IAV to infect and replicate in monocytes from African-ancestry individuals, with possible implications for antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation. These results highlight the importance of early cellular activation in determining an individuals innate immune response to viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pothlichet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisiaux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zidane, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deschamps, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matuozzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanova, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naffakh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotival, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.414151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Basal Expression of Interferon-Stimulated Genes Drives Population Differences in Monocyte Susceptibility to Influenza Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.17.423316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redistribution of FLAgellar Member 8 during the trypanosome life cycle: consequences for cell fate prediction. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.17.423316v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The single flagellum of African trypanosomes is essential in multiple aspects of the parasite development. The FLAgellar Member 8 protein (FLAM8), localised to the tip of the flagellum in cultured insect forms, was identified as a marker of the locking event that controls flagellum length. Here, we investigated whether FLAM8 could also reflect the flagellum maturation state in other stages. We observed that FLAM8 distribution extended along the entire flagellar cytoskeleton in mammalian infective forms. Then, a rapid FLAM8 concentration to the distal tip occurs during differentiation into early insect forms, illustrating for the first time the remodeling of an existing flagellum in trypanosomes. In the tsetse cardia, FLAM8 further localizes to the entire length of the new flagellum during an asymmetric division. Strikingly, in parasites dividing in the tsetse midgut and in the salivary glands, the amount and distribution of FLAM8 in the new flagellum was seen to predict the daughter cell fate. We propose and discuss how FLAM8 could be considered as a meta-marker of the flagellum stage and maturation state in trypanosomes.

Summary statementThe trypanosome protein FLAM8 displays a dynamic and stage-specific distribution during the entire parasite cycle, representing a novel marker of the flagellum stage and maturation state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>CALVO ALVAREZ, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BONNEFOY, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SALLES, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BENSON, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKEAN, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BASTIN, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ROTUREAU, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redistribution of FLAgellar Member 8 during the trypanosome life cycle: consequences for cell fate prediction.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.18.423387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence and global spread of Listeria monocytogenes main clinical clonal complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.18.423387v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retracing microbial emergence and spread is essential to understanding the evolution and dynamics of pathogens. The bacterial foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes clonal complex 1 (Lm-CC1) is the most prevalent clonal group associated with listeriosis, and is strongly associated with cattle and dairy products. Here we analysed 2,021 Lm-CC1 isolates collected from 40 countries, since the first Lm isolation to the present day, to define its evolutionary history and population dynamics. Our results suggest that Lm-CC1 spread worldwide from North America following the Industrial Revolution through two waves of expansion, coinciding with the transatlantic livestock trade in the second half of the 19th century and the rapid growth of cattle farming in the 20th century. Lm-CC1 then firmly established at a local level, with limited inter-country spread. This study provides an unprecedented insight into Lm-CC1 phylogeography and dynamics and can contribute to effective disease surveillance to reduce the burden of listeriosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefrancq, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclercq, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilpin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pightling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howden, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarr, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerner-Smidt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauchemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listeria CC1 Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence and global spread of Listeria monocytogenes main clinical clonal complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.21.423491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in pyrethroid resistance phenotypes in Anopheles darlingi from residual malaria transmission area: warning on suspected resistance built-up in French Guiana. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.21.423491v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles darlingi is the major vector of malaria in South America. In French Guiana, malaria transmission occurs inland and along the rivers with a particular reemergence in the lower Oyapock area. Control against malaria vector is performed using deltamethrin indoor residual spraying and long lasting impregnated bednets. For four years, the level of resistance to pyrethroids was monitored using CDC bottle tests in An. darlingi populations. Resistance built-up was suspected in a mosquito population in malaria endemic area but did not sustained, supposably due to the reintroduction of susceptible alleles. No mutation on the insecticide target genes was found, metabolic resistance is then suspected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vezenegho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carinci, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issaly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaborit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacour, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosnier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pommier de Santi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epelboin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briolant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusfour, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in pyrethroid resistance phenotypes in Anopheles darlingi from residual malaria transmission area: warning on suspected resistance built-up in French Guiana.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.21.423736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of myogenic differentiation using a novel Myogenin knock-in reporter mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.21.423736v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMyogenin is a transcription factor that is expressed during terminal myoblast differentiation in embryonic development and adult muscle regeneration. Investigation of this cell state transition has been hampered by the lack of a sensitive reporter to dynamically track cells during differentiation.

ResultsHere, we report a knock-in mouse line expressing the tdTOMATO fluorescent protein from the endogenous Myogenin locus. Expression of tdTOMATO in MyogntdTom mice recapitulated endogenous Myogenin expression during embryonic muscle formation and adult regeneration and enabled the isolation of the Myogenin+ cell population. We also show that tdTOMATO fluorescence allows tracking of differentiating myoblasts in vitro and by intravital imaging in vivo. Lastly, we monitored by live imaging the cell division dynamics of differentiating myoblasts in vitro and showed that a fraction of the MYOGENIN+ population can undergo one round of cell division, albeit at a much lower frequency than MYOGENIN- myoblasts.

ConclusionsWe expect that this reporter mouse will be a valuable resource for researchers investigating skeletal muscle biology in developmental and adult contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benavente-Diaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Girolamo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of myogenic differentiation using a novel Myogenin knock-in reporter mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.24.424302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlapping Definitive Progenitor Waves Divide and Conquer to Build a Layered Hematopoietic System 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.24.424302v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult innate immune cells are part of a layered hematopoietic system constructed from definitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) with diverse origins during development. One source of HSPC are fetal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that provide long-term reconstitution throughout life. However, the extent to which HSC produce mature cells in utero is only recently being uncovered. This is in part due to the added complexity of an overlapping wave of definitive progenitors that derive from yolk sac erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMP). HSC and EMP are generated from spatiotemporally distinct hemogenic endothelia, yet they both migrate to the fetal liver niche where they co-habitate and are presumed to reach their full potential. Delineation of the respective HSC and EMP pathways towards developmental immune cell differentiation has been confounded by challenges in ontogeny-specific cell labeling. In this study, in vivo inducible pulse chase labeling revealed that HSC contribute little to fetal myelopoiesis and that EMP are the predominant source of mature myeloid cells until birth. This is similar to what has been reported for the erythroid branch of hematopoiesis thereby establishing a developmentally-restricted privilege for erythro-myeloid differentiation from EMP compared to HSC. Tracing the origins of mature cells to the progenitor level by immunophenotyping and single cell RNA sequencing uncovered a dichotomy in the allocation of fetal liver EMP and HSC to myeloid progenitor subsets, both in timing and lineage bias. This has exposed an uncoupling between developmental granulopoiesis and monopoiesis from EMP and HSC pathways, and provides a framework for future studies of HSC-dependent and -independent hematopoiesis.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIEMP-to-HSC switch in fetal liver myelopoiesis occurs late in gestation
C_LIO_LIEMP are efficient at producing early transit amplifying erythroid and myeloid intermediates
C_LIO_LIscRNA-seq reveals three trajectories of EMP myelopoiesis
C_LIO_LIMyeloid lineage commitment during development is cell type and ontogeny specific
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Perdiguero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.24.424302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlapping Definitive Progenitor Waves Divide and Conquer to Build a Layered Hematopoietic System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.27.424467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing multi-bioreactor platforms for automated measurements and reactive experiment control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.27.424467v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New small-scale, low-cost bioreactors provide researchers with exquisite control of environmental parameters of microbial cultures over long durations, allowing them to perform sophisticated, high-quality quantitative experiments that are particularly useful in systems biology, synthetic biology and bioengineering. However, existing setups are limited in their automated measurement capabilities, primarily because sensitive and specific measurements require bulky, expensive, stand-alone instruments. Here, we present ReacSight, a generic and flexible strategy to enhance bioreactor arrays for automated measurements and reactive experiment control. On the hardware side, ReacSight leverages a pipetting robot for sample collection, handling and loading. On the software side, ReacSight provides a versatile instrument control architecture and a generic event system for reactive experiment control. ReacSight is ideally suited to integrate open-source, open-hardware components but can also accommodate closed-source, GUI-only components (e.g. cytometers). We use ReacSight to assemble a platform for cytometry-based characterization and reactive optogenetic control of parallel yeast continuous cultures. Using a dedicated bioreactor array, we showcase its capabilities on three applications. First, we achieve parallel real-time control of gene expression with light in different bioreactors. Second, we explore the impact of nutrient scarcity on fitness and cellular stress using well-controlled, high-information content competition assays. Third, we exploit nutrient scarcity to achieve dynamic control over the composition of a two-strain consortium. To illustrate the genericity of ReacSight, we also assemble an equivalent platform using the optogenetic-ready, open-hardware and commercially available Chi.Bio bioreactors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertaux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa Carillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraisse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aditya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furstenheim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.27.424467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing multi-bioreactor platforms for automated measurements and reactive experiment control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.08.425862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLAgellum Member 8 modulates extravascular trypanosome distribution in the mammalian host 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.08.425862v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The African trypanosome flagellum is an essential organelle in multiple aspects of the parasites development. Here, we investigated the role of a flagellar protein termed FLAgellar Member 8 (FLAM8) that is specifically distributed along the entire flagellum in trypanosomes stages of the vertebrate host. Analyses of knockdown and knockout trypanosomes demonstrated that FLAM8 is not essential in vitro for survival, growth, motility and slender to stumpy differentiation. Functional investigations in experimental infections showed that FLAM8-deprived trypanosomes are able to establish and maintain the infection in the blood circulation, and to differentiate into insect transmissible forms. However, quantitative bioluminescence imaging revealed that FLAM8-null parasites exhibit an impaired dissemination in the extravascular compartment, that is partially restored by the addition of a single rescue copy of FLAM8. Interestingly, among all dissected organs scrutinized individually, only the skin of mice infected with FLAM8-deprived parasites showed a significant reduction in extravascular trypanosome population as compared to mice infected with parental controls. To our knowledge, FLAM8 is the first example of a flagellar protein that modulates T. brucei parasite distribution in the host tissues, contributing to the maintenance of extravascular parasite populations in mammalian anatomical niches, especially in the skin.

Take awayO_LIFLAM8 is dispensable in vitro for survival, growth, motility and differentiation of T. brucei.
C_LIO_LIFLAM8 depletion does not affect parasitemia and bloodstream form differentiation in vivo.
C_LIO_LIFLAM8 modulates the extravascular dissemination of trypanosomes in the mammalian host, especially in the skin.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calvo Alvarez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouzols, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotureau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLAgellum Member 8 modulates extravascular trypanosome distribution in the mammalian host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.15.426809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DProj: A toolbox for local 2D projection and accurate morphometrics of large 3D microscopy images. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.15.426809v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BO_SCPLOWACKGROUNDC_SCPLOWQuantitative imaging of epithelial tissues prompts for bioimage analysis tools that are widely applicable and accurate. In the case of imaging 3D tissues, a common pre-processing step consists in projecting the acquired 3D volume on a 2D plane mapping the tissue surface. Indeed, while segmenting the tissue cells is amenable on 2D projections, it is still very difficult and cumbersome in 3D. However, for many specimen and models used in Developmental and Cell Biology, the complex content of the image volume surrounding the epithelium in a tissue often reduces the visibility of the biological object in the projection, compromising its subsequent analysis. In addition, the projection may distort the geometry of the tissue and can lead to strong artifacts in the morphology measurement.

RO_SCPLOWESULTSC_SCPLOWHere we introduce a user-friendly toolbox built to robustly project epithelia on their 2D surface from 3D volumes, and to produce accurate morphology measurement corrected for the projection distortion, even for very curved tissues. Our toolbox is built upon two components. LocalZProjector is a user-friendly and configurable Fiji plugin that generates 2D projections and height-maps from potentially large 3D stacks (larger than 40 GB per time-point) by only incorporating signal of the planes with local highest variance/mean intensity, despite a possibly complex image content. DeProj is a MATLAB tool that generates correct morphology measurements by combining the height-map output (such as the one offered by LocalZProjector) and the results of a cell segmentation on the 2D projection, hence effectively deprojecting the 2D segmentation in 3D. In this paper we demonstrate their effectiveness over a wide range of different biological samples. We then compare its performance and accuracy against similar existing tools.

CO_SCPLOWONCLUSIONSC_SCPLOWWe find that LocalZProjector performs well even in situations where the volume to project also contains un-wanted signal in other layers. We show that it can process large images without a pre-processing step. We study the impact of geometrical distortions on morphological measurements induced by the projection. We measured very large distortions which are then corrected by DeProj, providing accurate outputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldarelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorte, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DProj: A toolbox for local 2D projection and accurate morphometrics of large 3D microscopy images.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.25.428120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CovR regulatory network drives the evolution of Group B Streptococcus virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.25.428120v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virulence of the neonatal pathogen Group B Streptococcus depends on the master regulator CovR. Inactivation of CovR leads to large-scale transcriptome remodeling and impairs almost every step of the interaction between the pathogen and the host. However, comparative analyses suggested a plasticity of the CovR signalling pathway in clinical isolates, probably due to the host selective pressure and leading to phenotypic heterogeneity in the bacterial population. Here, we characterize the CovR regulatory network in a strain representative of the hypervirulent lineage responsible of the majority of late-onset meningitidis. Genome-wide binding and transcriptome analysis demonstrated that CovR acts as a direct and global repressor of virulence genes, either as a primary regulator or with specialized co-regulators. Remarkably, CovR directly regulates genes of the pan-genome, including the two specific hypervirulent adhesins and horizontally acquired genes, as well as core-genes showing mutational biases in the population. Parallel analysis of the CovR network in a second isolate links strain-specificities to micro-evolutions in CovR-regulated promoters and to broad difference due to variability in CovR activation by phosphorylation. Our results highlight the direct, coordinated, and strain-specific regulation of virulence genes by CovR. This intra-species evolution of the signalling network reshapes bacterial-host interactions, increasing the potential for adaptation and the emergence of clone associated with specific diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazzuoli, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daunesse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosinski-Chupin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gominet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieu-Cuot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CovR regulatory network drives the evolution of Group B Streptococcus virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.28.428594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-associated gut microbiota impairs hippocampus-dependent memory in a vagus dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.28.428594v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is known to be associated with hippocampus-dependent memory decline, but the underlying causes of the age-related memory impairment remain yet highly debated. Here we showed that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from aged, but not young, animal donors in young mice is sufficient to trigger profound hippocampal alterations including astrogliosis, decreased adult neurogenesis, decreased novelty-induced neuronal activation and impairment in hippocampus-dependent memory. Furthermore, similar alterations were reported when mice were subjected to an FMT from aged human donors. To decipher the mechanisms involved in mediating these microbiota-induced effects on brain function, we mapped the vagus nerve (VN)-related neuronal activity patterns and report that aged-mice FM transplanted animals showed a reduction in neuronal activity in the ascending VN output brain structure, both in basal condition and following VN stimulation. Targeted pharmacogenetic manipulation of VN-ascending neurons demonstrated that the decrease in vagal activity is detrimental to hippocampal functions. In contrast, increasing vagal ascending activity alleviated the adverse effects of aged mice FMT on hippocampal functions, and had a pro-mnesic effect in aged mice. Thus, pharmacogenetic VN stimulation is a potential therapeutic strategy to lessen microbiota-dependent age-associated impairments in hippocampal functions.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=168 SRC="FIGDIR/small/428594v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (32K):
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider Rubio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungeheuer, M.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokol, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lledo, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-associated gut microbiota impairs hippocampus-dependent memory in a vagus dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.01.429176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host PDZ-containing proteins targeted by SARS-Cov-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.01.429176v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small linear motif targeting protein interacting domains called PDZ have been identified at the C-terminus of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins E, 3a, and N. Using a high-throughput approach of affinity-profiling against the full human PDZome, we identified sixteen human PDZ binders of SARS-CoV-2 proteins E, 3A and N showing significant interactions with dissociation constants values ranging from 3 M to 82 M. Six of them (TJP1, PTPN13, HTRA1, PARD3, MLLT4, LNX2) are also recognized by SARS-CoV while three (NHERF1, MAST2, RADIL) are specific to SARS-CoV-2 E protein. Most of these SARS-CoV-2 protein partners are involved in cellular junctions/polarity and could be also linked to evasion mechanisms of the immune responses during viral infection. Seven of the PDZ-containing proteins among binders of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins E, 3a or N affect significantly viral replication under knock-down gene expression in infected cells. This PDZ profiling identifying human proteins potentially targeted by SARS-CoV-2 can help to understand the multifactorial severity of COVID19 and to conceive effective anti-coronaviral agents for therapeutic purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caillet-Saguy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbesson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>REZELJ, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, Q. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twizere, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignuzzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincentelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host PDZ-containing proteins targeted by SARS-Cov-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.02.429342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ChIPuana: from raw data to epigenomic dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.02.429342v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present ChIPflow, a Snakemake-based pipeline for epigenomic data from the raw fastq files to the differential analysis. It can be applied to any chromatin factor, e.g. histone modification or transcription factor, which can be profiled with ChIP-seq. ChIPflow streamlines critical steps like the quality assessment of the immunoprecipitation using cross-correlation and the replicate comparison for both narrow and broad peaks. For the differential analysis ChIPflow provides linear and nonlinear methods for normalisation between samples as well as conservative and stringent models for estimating the variance and testing the significance of the observed binding/marking differences.

ChIPflow can process in parallel multiple chromatin factors with different experimental designs, number of biological replicates and/or conditions. It also facilitates the specific parametrisation of each dataset allowing both narrow or broad peak calling, as well as comparisons between the conditions using multiple statistical settings. Finally, complete reports are produced at the end of the bioinformatic and the statistical part of the analysis, which facilitate the data quality control and the interpretation of the results.

We explored the discriminative power of the statistical settings for the differential analysis, using a published dataset of three histone marks (H3K4me3, H3K27ac and H3K4me1) and two transcription factors (Oct4 and Klf4) profiled with ChIP-seq in two biological conditions (shControl and shUbc9). We show that distinct results are obtained depending on the sources of ChIP-seq variability and the dynamics of the chromatin factor under study. We propose that ChIPflow can be used to measure the richness of the epigenomic landscape underlying a biological process by identifying diverse regulatory regimes and the associated genes sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daunesse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ChIPuana: from raw data to epigenomic dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.03.429211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Full Brain and Lung Prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 by Intranasal Lentiviral Vaccination in a New hACE2 Transgenic Mouse Model or Golden Hamsters 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.03.429211v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-integrative, non-cytopathic and non-inflammatory lentiviral vectors are particularly suitable for mucosal vaccination and recently emerge as a promising strategy to elicit sterilizing prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 in preclinical animal models. Here, we demonstrate that a single intranasal administration of a lentiviral vector encoding a prefusion form of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein induces full protection of respiratory tracts and totally avoids pulmonary inflammation in the susceptible hamster model. More importantly, we generated a new transgenic mouse strain, expressing the human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2, with unprecedent brain permissibility to SARS-CoV-2 replication and developing a lethal disease in <4 days post infection. Even though the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 is now well established, so far other vaccine strategies under development have not taken into the account the protection of central nervous system. Using our highly stringent transgenic model, we demonstrated that an intranasal booster immunization with the developed lentiviral vaccine candidate achieves full protection of both respiratory tracts and brain against SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ku, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Authie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noirat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moncoq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chardenoux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafosse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemirov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langa Vives, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majlessi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charneau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Full Brain and Lung Prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 by Intranasal Lentiviral Vaccination in a New hACE2 Transgenic Mouse Model or Golden Hamsters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.04.429604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitive visualization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA with CoronaFISH 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.04.429604v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus contains a single linear RNA segment that serves as a template for transcription and replication, leading to the synthesis of positive and negative-stranded viral RNA (vRNA) in infected cells. Tools to visualize viral RNA directly in infected cells are critical to analyze its replication cycle, screen for therapeutic molecules or study infections in human tissue. Here, we report the design, validation and initial application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes to visualize positive or negative RNA of SARS-CoV-2 (CoronaFISH). We demonstrate sensitive visualization of vRNA in African green monkey and several human cell lines, in patient samples and human tissue. We further demonstrate the adaptation of CoronaFISH probes to electron microscopy (EM). We provide all required oligonucleotide sequences, source code to design the probes, and a detailed protocol. We hope that CoronaFISH will complement existing techniques for research on SARS-CoV-2 biology and COVID-19 pathophysiology, drug screening and diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rensen, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietropaoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souquere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isnard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibier, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameix-Welti, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barba-Spaeth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitive visualization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA with CoronaFISH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.08.430197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
POPULATION GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF CRYPTOCOCCUS BRAZILIAN STRAINS REVEALS AN AFRICAN TYPE SUBCLADES DISTRIBUTION 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.08.430197v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomes of a large number of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates have been sequenced and analyzed in recent years. These genomes have been used to understand the global population structure of this opportunistic pathogen. However, only a small number of South American isolates have been considered in these studies, and the population structure of C. neoformans in this part of the world remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the genomic sequences of 53 Brazilian Cryptococcus isolates and deciphered the C. neoformans population structure in this country. Our data reveal an African-like structure that suggested repeated intercontinental transports from Africa to South America. We also identified a mutator phenotype in one VNBII Brazilian isolate, exemplifying how fast-evolving isolates can shape the Cryptococcus population structure. Finally, phenotypic analyses revealed wide diversity but not lineage specificity in the expression of classical virulence traits within the set of isolates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Oliveira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyrand, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josefowicz, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janbon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[POPULATION GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF CRYPTOCOCCUS BRAZILIAN STRAINS REVEALS AN AFRICAN TYPE SUBCLADES DISTRIBUTION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.09.430445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Archaeal extracellular vesicles are produced in an ESCRT-dependent manner and promote gene transfer and nutrient cycling in extreme environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.09.430445v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted by cells from all three domains of life, transport various molecules and act as agents of intercellular communication in diverse environments. Here we demonstrate that EVs produced by a hyperthermophilic and acidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus islandicus carry not only diverse proteins but also chromosomal and plasmid DNA, and can transfer this DNA to recipient cells. Furthermore, we show that EVs can support the heterotrophic growth of Sulfolobus in minimal medium, implicating EVs in carbon and nitrogen fluxes in extreme environments. Finally, our results suggest that, similar to eukaryotes, production of EVs in S. islandicus depends on the archaeal ESCRT machinery. Using synchronized S. islandicus cultures, we show that EV production is linked to cell division and appears to be triggered by increased expression of ESCRT proteins during this cell cycle phase. Using a CRISPR-based knockdown system, we show that archaeal ESCRT-III and AAA+ ATPase Vps4 are required for EV production, whereas archaea-specific component CdvA appears to be dispensable. Collectively, our results suggest that ESCRT-mediated EV biogenesis has deep evolutionary roots, likely predating the divergence of eukaryotes and archaea, and that EVs play an important role in horizontal gene transfer and nutrient cycling in extreme environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvirkaite-Krupovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forterre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Archaeal extracellular vesicles are produced in an ESCRT-dependent manner and promote gene transfer and nutrient cycling in extreme environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.12.430472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.12.430472v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants emerged respectively in United Kingdom and South Africa and spread in many countries. Here, we isolated infectious B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 strains and examined their sensitivity to anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies present in sera and nasal swabs, in comparison with a D614G reference virus. We established a novel rapid neutralization assay, based on reporter cells that become GFP+ after overnight infection. B.1.1.7 was neutralized by 79/83 sera from convalescent patients collected up to 9 months post symptoms, almost similar to D614G. There was a mean 6-fold reduction in titers and even loss of activity against B.1.351 in 40% of convalescent sera after 9 months. Early sera from 19 vaccinated individuals were almost as potent against B.1.1.7 but less efficacious against B.1.351, when compared to D614G. Nasal swabs from vaccine recipients were not neutralizing, except in individuals who were diagnosed COVID-19+ before vaccination. Thus, faster-spreading variants acquired a partial resistance to humoral immunity generated by natural infection or vaccination, mostly visible in individuals with low antibody levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzelak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajah, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behillil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enouf, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marianne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Seze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pere, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fafi-Kremer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocqueloux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prazuck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.430472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.15.431210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cuban history of CRF19 recombinant subtype of HIV-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.15.431210v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRF19 is a recombinant form of HIV-1 subtypes D, A1 and G, which was first sampled in Cuba in 1999, but was already present there in 1980s. CRF19 was reported almost uniquely in Cuba, where it accounts for ~25% of new HIV-positive patients and causes rapid progression to AIDS (~ 3 years).

We analyzed a large data set comprising ~ 350 pol and env sequences sampled in Cuba over the last 15 years and ~ 350 from Los Alamos database. This data set contained both CRF19 (~ 315), and A1, D and G sequences. We performed and combined analyses for the three A1, G and D regions, using fast maximum likelihood approaches, including: (1) phylogeny reconstruction, (2) spatio-temporal analysis of the virus spread, and ancestral character reconstruction for (3) transmission mode and (4) drug resistance mutations (DRMs). This allowed us to acquire new insights on the CRF19 origin and transmission patterns. We showed that CRF19 recombined between 1966 and 1977, most likely in Cuban community stationed in Congo region. We further investigated CRF19 spread on the Cuban province level, and discovered that the epidemic started in 1970s, most probably in Villa Clara, that it was at first carried by heterosexual transmissions, and then quickly spread in the 1980s within the "men having sex with men" (MSM) community, with multiple transmissions back to heterosexuals. The analysis of the transmission patterns of common DRMs showed mostly acquired drug resistance rather than transmitted one.

Our results show a very early introduction of CRF19 in Cuba, which could explain its local epidemiological success. Ignited by a major founder event, the epidemic then followed a similar pattern as other subtypes and CRFs in Cuba. The reason for the short time to AIDS remains to be understood and requires specific surveillance, in Cuba and elsewhere.

Author summaryCRF19 is a recombinant form of HIV-1, which causes rapid progression to AIDS (~ 3 years versus 5 - 10 years for other subtypes and CRFs). CRF19 is reported almost uniquely in Cuba, where it is highly prevalent (~ 25%) among newly detected HIV-1 patients. In this study, we found that CRF19 most likely recombined around the 1970s in the Cuban community that was stationed in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola at that time. It was introduced very early into the Cuban province of Villa Clara, from where it had several introductions to La Habana in the 1980s and then further spread to other Cuban provinces. The CRF19 epidemic most probably started with heterosexual transmissions, followed in the 1980s by multiple introductions into "men having sex with men" (MSM) community, followed by multiple transmissions back to heterosexuals (often females). The early introduction of CRF19 into Cuba most likely explains its success, not observed in other parts of the world. However, importantly, its rapid progression to AIDS makes it crucial to survey CRF19 sub-epidemics not only in Cuba, but also in other parts of the world having regular exchanges with Cuba.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ZHUKOVA, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voznica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila Felipe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintos, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascuel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cuban history of CRF19 recombinant subtype of HIV-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.17.431630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A measles-vectored COVID-19 vaccine induces long-term immunity and protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.17.431630v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In light of the expanding SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, developing efficient vaccines that can provide sufficient coverage for the world population is a global health priority. The measles virus (MV)-vectored vaccine is an attractive candidate given the measles vaccines extensive safety history, well-established manufacturing process, and induction of strong, long-lasting immunity. We developed an MV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine using either the full-length spike (S) or S2 subunit as the antigen. While the S2 antigen failed to induce neutralizing antibodies, the prefusion-stabilized, full-length S (MV-ATU2-SF-2P-dER) construct proved to be an attractive vaccine candidate, eliciting strong Th1-dominant T-cell and neutralizing antibody responses against the S antigen while minimizing reactivity to the vector itself. Neutralizing antibody titers remained high three months after homologous prime-boost immunization, and infectious virus was undetectable in all animals after challenge with a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frantz, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barinov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combredet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najburg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teeravechyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jongkaewwattana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conquet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strick-Marchand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Santo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A measles-vectored COVID-19 vaccine induces long-term immunity and protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.24.429166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated strain separation in low-complexity metagenomes using long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.24.429166v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput short-read metagenomics has enabled large-scale species-level analysis and functional characterization of microbial communities. Microbiomes often contain multiple strains of the same species, and different strains have been shown to have important differences in their functional roles. Despite this, strain-level resolution from metagenomic sequencing remains challenging. Recent advances on long-read based methods enabled accurate assembly of bacterial genomes from complex microbiomes and an as-yet-unrealized opportunity to resolve strains. Here we present Strainberry, a metagenome assembly method that performs strain separation in single-sample low-complexity metagenomes and that relies uniquely on long-read data. We benchmarked Strainberry on mock communities and showed it consistently produces strain-resolved assemblies with near-complete reference coverage and 99.9% base accuracy. We also applied Strainberry on real datasets for which it improved assemblies generating 20-118% additional genomic material than conventional metagenome assemblies on individual strain genomes. Our results hence demonstrate that strain separation is possible in low-complexity microbiomes using a single regular long read dataset. We show that Strainberry is also able to refine microbial diversity in a complex microbiome, with complete separation of strain genomes. We anticipate this work to be a starting point for further methodological improvements aiming to provide better strain-resolved metagenome assemblies in environments of higher complexities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vicedomini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quince, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darling, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.429166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated strain separation in low-complexity metagenomes using long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.24.432612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synaptic novelty signal in the dentate gyrus supports switching hippocampal attractor networks from generalization to discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.24.432612v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory formation and recall are complementary processes that put conflicting requirements on neuronal computations in the hippocampus. How this challenge is resolved in hippocampal circuits is unclear. To address this question, we obtained in vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from dentate gyrus granule cells in head-fixed mice trained to explore and distinguish between familiar and novel virtual environments. We find that granule cells consistently show a small transient depolarization of their membrane potential upon transition to a novel environment. This synaptic novelty signal is sensitive to local application of atropine, indicating that it depends on metabotropic acetylcholine receptors. A computational model suggests that the observed transient synaptic response to novel environments may lead to a bias in the granule cell population activity, which can in turn drive the downstream attractor networks to a new state, thereby favoring the switch from generalization to discrimination when faced with novelty. Such a novelty-driven cholinergic switch may enable flexible encoding of new memories while preserving stable retrieval of familiar ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Ocadiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trippa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monasson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt-Hieber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.432612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synaptic novelty signal in the dentate gyrus supports switching hippocampal attractor networks from generalization to discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.02.433680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of VIM-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a hospital outbreak reveals the genetic bases of the loss of the urease-positive identification character 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.02.433680v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outbreaks of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKp) represent a major threat for hospitals. We molecularly characterized the first outbreak of VIM-1 producing K. pneumoniae in Spain, that raised fears about the spread of this strain or of the plasmid carrying blaVIM-1. Through in-depth genomic analysis of 18 isolates recovered between October 2005 and September 2007, we show that 17 ST39 isolates were clonal, whereas the last isolate had acquired the VIM-1 plasmid from the epidemic clone. The index isolate carried 31 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and was resistant to almost all antibiotics tested. Later isolates further gained mutations in efflux pumps regulators ramR and opxR, deletion of mgrB (colistin resistance) and frameshift mutations in ompK36 ({beta}-lactam resistance) likely selected by antibiotic usage. Comparison with publicly available genome sequences and literature review revealed no sign of dissemination of this CPKp strain. However, the VIM-1 plasmid was found in diverse Enterobacterales species, although restricted to Spain. One isolate became urease negative following IS5075 transposition into ureC. Analysis of 9755 K. pneumoniae genomes showed the same ureC::IS5075 insertion in 14.1% of the isolates and explained why urease activity is a variable identification trait for K pneumoniae. Transposition into ureC results from the similarity of its 3-end and the terminal inverted repeats of Tn21 like transposons, the targets of IS5075 and related ISs. As these transposons frequently carry ARGs, this might explain the frequent chromosomal invasion by these ISs and ureC inactivation in multidrug resistant isolates.

IMPORTANCEEvolution of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens occurs at multiple scales, in the patient, locally in the hospital or more globally. Some mutations or gene acquisitions, for instance in response to antibiotic treatment, may be restricted to a single patient due to their high fitness cost. However, some events are more general. By analyzing the evolution of a hospital acquired multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae strain producing the carbapenemase VIM-1, we showed a likely environmental source in the hospital and identified mutations contributing to a further decrease in antibiotic susceptibility. By combining the genomic analysis of this outbreak with literature data and genome sequences available in databases, we showed that the VIM-1 plasmid has been acquired by different Enterobacterales but is only endemic in Spain. We also discovered that urease loss in K. pneumoniae results from the specific transposition of an IS element into the ureC gene and was more frequent in fluoroquinolone resistant isolates and carrying a carbapenemase gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cabanel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosinski-Chupin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of VIM-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a hospital outbreak reveals the genetic bases of the loss of the urease-positive identification character]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.04.433900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential levels of IFNα subtypes in autoimmunity and viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.04.433900v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type I interferons are essential for host response to viral infections, while dysregulation of their response can result in autoinflammation or autoimmunity. Among IFN (alpha) responses, 13 subtypes exist that signal through the same receptor, but have been reported to have different effector functions. However, the lack of available tools for discriminating these closely related subtypes, in particular at the protein level, has restricted the study of their differential roles in disease. We developed a digital ELISA with specificity and high sensitivity for the IFN2 subtype. Application of this assay, in parallel with our previously described pan-IFN assay, allowed us to study different IFN protein responses following cellular stimulation and in diverse patient cohorts. We observed different ratios of IFN protein responses between viral infection and autoimmune patients. This analysis also revealed a small percentage of autoimmune patients with high IFN2 protein measurements but low pan-IFN measurements. Correlation with an ISG score and functional activity showed that in this small sub group of patients, IFN2 protein measurements did not reflect its biological activity. This unusual phenotype was partly explained by the presence of anti-IFN auto-antibodies in a subset of autoimmune patients. This study reports ultrasensitive assays for the study of IFN proteins in patient samples and highlights the insights that can be obtained from the use of multiple phenotypic readouts in translational and clinical studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bondet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodero, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posseme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bost, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decalf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haljasmagi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekaddour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upasani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbeuval, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwikowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariette, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenberg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantaert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottenberg, J.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kisand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential levels of IFNα subtypes in autoimmunity and viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.04.433924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combination of in vivo phage therapy data with in silico model highlights key parameters for treatment efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.04.433924v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clinical (re)development of phage therapy to treat antibiotic resistant infections requires grasping specific biological properties of bacteriophages (phages) as antibacterial. However, identification of optimal dosing regimens is hampered by the poor understanding of phage-bacteria interactions in vivo. Here we developed a general strategy coupling in vitro and in vivo experiments with a mathematical model to characterize the interplay between phage and bacterial dynamics during pneumonia induced by a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. The model estimates some key parameters for phage therapeutic efficacy, in particular the impact of dose and route of administration on phage dynamics and the synergism of phage and the innate immune response on the bacterial clearance rate. Simulations predict a low impact of the intrinsic phage characteristics in agreement with the current semi-empirical choices of phages for compassionate treatments. Model-based approaches will foster the deployment of future phage therapy clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delattre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seurat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaborieau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricard, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedj, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarbieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combination of in vivo phage therapy data with in silico model highlights key parameters for treatment efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.18.436013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The B1.351 and P.1 variants extend SARS-CoV-2 host range to mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.18.436013v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receptor recognition is a major determinant of viral host range, infectivity and pathogenesis. Emergences have been associated with serendipitous events of adaptation upon encounters with novel hosts, and the high mutation rate of RNA viruses may explain their frequent host shifts. SARS-CoV-2 extensive circulation in humans results in the emergence of variants, including variants of concern (VOCs) with diverse mutations notably in the spike, and increased transmissibility or immune escape. Here we show that, unlike the initial and Delta variants, the three VOCs bearing the N501Y mutation can infect common laboratory mice. Contact transmission occurred from infected to naive mice through two passages. This host range expansion likely results from an increased binding of the spike to the mouse ACE2. Together with the observed contact transmission, it raises the possibility of wild rodent secondary reservoirs enabling the emergence of new variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levillayer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baquero Salazar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conquet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behillil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enouf, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousset, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaubert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The B1.351 and P.1 variants extend SARS-CoV-2 host range to mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.22.436378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional regulation of Leishmania fitness gain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.22.436378v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani causes fatal human visceral leishmaniasis in absence of treatment. Genome instability has been recognized as a driver in Leishmania fitness gain in response to environmental change or chemotherapy. How genome instability generates beneficial phenotypes despite potential deleterious gene dosage effects is unknown. Here we address this important open question applying experimental evolution and integrative systems approaches on parasites adapting to in vitro culture. Phenotypic analyses of parasites from early and late stages of culture adaptation revealed an important fitness tradeoff, with selection for accelerated growth in promastigote culture (fitness gain) impairing infectivity (fitness costs). Comparative genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics analyses revealed a complex regulatory network driving parasite fitness, with genome instability causing highly reproducible, gene dosage-dependent changes in protein abundance linked to post-transcriptional regulation. These in turn were associated with a gene dosage-independent reduction in abundance of flagellar transcripts and a coordinated increase in abundance of coding and non-coding RNAs implicated in ribosomal biogenesis and protein translation. We correlated differential expression of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) with changes in rRNA modification, providing first evidence that Leishmania fitness gain in culture may be controlled by post-transcriptional and epitranscriptomic regulation. Our findings propose a novel model for Leishmania fitness gain in culture, where differential regulation of mRNA stability and the generation of fitness-adapted ribosomes may potentially filter deleterious from beneficial gene dosage effects and provide proteomic robustness to genetically heterogenous, adapting parasite populations. This model challenges the current, genome-centric approach to Leishmania epidemiology and identifies the Leishmania transcriptome and non-coding small RNome as potential novel sources for the discovery of biomarkers that may be associated with parasite phenotypic adaptation in clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussotti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojtkova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon-Bar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doniger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Chalamish, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rengaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadlova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleuze, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volf, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pescher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-transcriptional regulation of Leishmania fitness gain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.26.437132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human herpesvirus 8 molecular mimicry of ephrin ligands facilitates cell entry and triggers EphA2 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.26.437132v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is an oncogenic virus that enters cells by fusion of the viral and endosomal cellular membranes in a process mediated by viral surface glycoproteins. One of the cellular receptors hijacked by HHV-8 to gain access to cells is the EphA2 tyrosine kinase receptor, and the mechanistic basis of EphA2-mediated viral entry remains unclear. Using X-ray structure analysis, targeted mutagenesis and binding studies, we here show that the HHV-8 envelope glycoprotein complex gH/gL binds with sub-nanomolar affinity to EphA2 via molecular mimicry of the receptors cellular ligands, ephrins, revealing a pivotal role for the conserved gH residue E52 and the amino-terminal peptide of gL. Using FSI-FRET and cell contraction assays, we further demonstrate that the gH/gL complex also functionally mimics ephrin ligand by inducing EphA2 receptor association via its dimerization interface, thus triggering receptor signaling for cytoskeleton remodeling. These results now provide novel insight into the entry mechanism of HHV-8, opening avenues for the search of therapeutic agents that could interfere with HHV-8 related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Light, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardado-Calvo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederzoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neipel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human herpesvirus 8 molecular mimicry of ephrin ligands facilitates cell entry and triggers EphA2 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.30.437493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
To catch a hijacker: abundance, evolution and genetic diversity of P4-like bacteriophage satellites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.30.437493v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages (phages) are bacterial parasites that can themselves be parasitized by phage satellites. The molecular mechanisms used by satellites to hijack phages are sometimes understood in great detail, but the origins, abundance, distribution, and composition of these elements are poorly known. Here, we show that P4-like elements are present in more than 10% of the genomes of Enterobacterales, and in almost half of those of Escherichia coli, sometimes in multiple distinct copies. We identified over 1000 P4-like elements with very conserved genetic organization of the core genome and a few hotspots with highly variable genes. These elements are never found in plasmids and have very little homology to known phages, suggesting an independent evolutionary origin. Instead, they are scattered across chromosomes, possibly because their integrases are often exchanged with other elements. The rooted phylogenies of hijacking functions are correlated and suggest longstanding co-evolution. They also reveal broad host ranges in P4-like elements, since almost identical elements can be found in distinct bacterial genuses. Our results show that P4-like phage satellites constitute a very distinct, widespread and ancient family of mobile genetic elements. They pave the way for studying the molecular evolution of antagonistic interactions between phages and their satellites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sousa, J. M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[To catch a hijacker: abundance, evolution and genetic diversity of P4-like bacteriophage satellites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.05.438447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of DIM-2-dependent repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) by the recombination-independent homologous DNA pairing in Neurospora crassa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.05.438447v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) is a genetic process that creates cytosine-to-thymine (C-to-T) transitions in duplicated genomic sequences in fungi. RIP detects duplications irrespective of their origin, particular sequence, coding capacity, or genomic positions. Previous studies suggested that RIP involves a cardinally new mechanism of sequence recognition that operates on intact double-stranded DNAs. In the fungus Neurospora crassa, RIP can be mediated by a putative C5-cytosine methyltransferase (CMT) RID or/and a canonical CMT DIM-2. These distinct RIP pathways feature opposite substrate preferences: RID-dependent RIP is largely limited to the duplicated sequences, whereas DIM-2-dependent RIP preferentially mutates adjacent non-repetitive regions. Using DIM-2-dependent RIP as a principal readout of repeat recognition, here we show that GC-rich repeats promote stronger RIP compared to AT-rich repeats (independently of their intrinsic propensities to become mutated), with the relative contribution of AT base-pairs being close to zero. We also show that direct repeats promote much more efficient DIM-2-dependent RIP than inverted repeats; both the spacer DNA between the repeat units (the linker) and the flanking regions are similarly affected by this process. These and other results support the idea that repeat recognition for RIP involves formation of many short interspersed quadruplexes between homologous double-stranded DNAs, which need to undergo concomitant changes in their linking number to accommodate pairing.

SUMMARYDuring repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) gene-sized duplications of genomic DNA are detected by a mechanism that likely involves direct pairing of homologous double-stranded DNAs. We show that DIM-2-dependent RIP, triggered by closely-positioned duplications, is strongly affected by their relative orientations (direct versus inverted). We also show that GC-rich repeats promote RIP more effectively than AT-rich repeats. These results support a model in which homologous dsDNAs can pair by establishing interspersed quadruplex-based contacts with concomitant changes in their supercoiling status.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazur, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladyshev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of DIM-2-dependent repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) by the recombination-independent homologous DNA pairing in Neurospora crassa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.08.439059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring zebrafish larvae as a COVID-19 model: probable SARS-COV-2 replication in the swim bladder 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.08.439059v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal models are essential to understand COVID-19 pathophysiology and for pre-clinical assessment of drugs and other therapeutic or prophylactic interventions. We explored the small, cheap and transparent zebrafish larva as a potential host for SARS-CoV-2. Bath exposure, as well as microinjection in the coelom, pericardium, brain ventricle, bloodstream, or yolk, did not result in detectable SARS-CoV-2 replication in wild-type larvae. However, when the virus was inoculated in the swim bladder, a modest increase in viral RNA was observed after 24 hours, suggesting a successful infection in some animals. This was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, with cells positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein observed in the swim bladder. Several variants of concern were also tested with no evidence of increased infectivity in our model. Low infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in zebrafish larvae was not due to the host type I interferon response, as comparable viral loads were detected in type I interferon-deficient animals. Mosaic overexpression of human ACE2 was not sufficient to increase SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in zebrafish embryos or in fish cells in vitro. In conclusion, wild-type zebrafish larvae appear mostly non-permissive to SARS-CoV-2, except in the swim bladder, an aerial organ sharing similarities with the mammalian lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laghi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezelj, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucontet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudinot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutfalla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignuzzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levraud, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring zebrafish larvae as a COVID-19 model: probable SARS-COV-2 replication in the swim bladder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.14.439816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational and biochemical analysis of type IV Pilus dynamics and stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.14.439816v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type IV pili (T4P) are distinctive dynamic filaments at the surface of many bacteria that can rapidly extend, retract and withstand strong forces. T4P are important virulence factors in many human pathogens, including Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). The structure of the EHEC T4P has been determined by integrating Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and cryo-electron microscopy data. To better understand pilus assembly, stability and function, we performed a total of 108 s all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of wild-type and mutant T4P. Extensive characterization of the conformational landscape of T4P in different conditions of temperature, pH and ionic strength was complemented by targeted mutagenesis and biochemical analyses. Our simulations and NMR experiments revealed a conserved set of residues defining a novel calcium-binding site at the interface between three pilin subunits. Calcium binding enhanced T4P stability ex vivo and in vitro, supporting the role of this binding site as a potential pocket for drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Castilla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomassin, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardiaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malliavin, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izadi-Pruneyre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francetic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational and biochemical analysis of type IV Pilus dynamics and stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.30.442174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a triad of genes in cyanophage S-2L sufficient to replace adenine by 2-aminoadenine in bacterial DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.30.442174v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanophage S-2L is known to profoundly alter the biophysical properties of its DNA by replacing all adenines (A) with 2-aminoadenines (Z), which still pair with thymines but with a triple hydrogen bond. It was recently demonstrated that a homologue of adenylosuccinate synthase (PurZ) and a dATP triphosphohydrolase (DatZ) are two important pieces of the metabolism of 2-aminoadenine, participating in the synthesis of ZTGC-DNA. Here, we determine that S-2L PurZ can use either dATP or ATP as a source of energy, thereby also depleting the pool of nucleotides in dATP. Furthermore, we identify a conserved gene (mazZ) located between purZ and datZ genes in Siphoviridae phage genomes, and show that it encodes a (d)GTP-specific diphosphohydrolase, thereby providing the substrate of PurZ in the 2-aminoadenine synthesis pathway. High-resolution crystal structures of S-2L PurZ and MazZ with their respective substrates provide a rationale for their specificities. The Z-cluster made of these three genes - datZ, mazZ and purZ - was expressed in E. coli, resulting in a successful incorporation of 2-aminoadenine in the bacterial chromosomal and plasmidic DNA. This work opens the possibility to study synthetic organisms containing ZTGC-DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Czernecki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a triad of genes in cyanophage S-2L sufficient to replace adenine by 2-aminoadenine in bacterial DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.05.442454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The dengue virus NS1 protein conveys pro-inflammatory signals by docking onto human high-density lipoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.05.442454v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nonstructural NS1 protein is a virulence factor secreted by dengue virus (DENV)-infected cells. NS1 is known to alter the complement system, activate immune cells and perturb endothelial barriers. Here we show that pro-inflammatory signals are triggered by a high affinity complex formed between NS1 and human high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Electron microscopy images of the NS1-HDL complexes show spherical HDL particles with rod-shaped NS1 protrusions on their surface. These complexes are readily detectable in the plasma of hospitalized dengue patients using anti-apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) antibodies specific of the HDL moiety. The functional reprogramming of HDL particles by the NS1 protein as a means to exacerbate systemic inflammation during DENV infection provides a new paradigm linking the human lipoprotein network to dengue pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benfrid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.-H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellarole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamietti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehau-Arnaudet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brule, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhailova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungeheuer, M.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakuntabhai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulibaly, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bontems, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The dengue virus NS1 protein conveys pro-inflammatory signals by docking onto human high-density lipoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.05.442720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SILAKin: A novel high throughput SILAC and mass spectrometry-based assay to identify the substratome of kinases secreted by pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.05.442720v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important reversible post-translational modifications. It affects every cellular process including differentiation, metabolism and cell cycle. Eukaryotic protein kinases (ePK) catalyse the transfer of a phosphate from ATP onto proteins, which regulates fast changes in protein activity, structure or subcellular localisation. The systematic identification of substrates is thus crucial to characterise the functions of kinases and determine the pathways they regulate, and even more so when studying the impact of pathogens-excreted kinases on the host cell signal transduction. Several strategies and approaches have been used to identify substrates, but all show important limitations thus calling for the development of new efficient and more convenient approaches for kinase substrate identification.

Herein, we present SILAkin, a novel and easy method to identify substrates that is applicable to most kinases. It combines phosphatase treatment, pulse heating, in vitro kinase assay (IVKA) and SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino acids in Cell culture)-based quantitative mass spectrometry (MS). We developed SILAkin using the Leishmania casein kinase 1 (L-CK1.2) as experimental model. Leishmania, an intracellular parasite causing Leishmaniasis, releases L-CK1.2 in its host cell. Applying this novel assay allowed us to gain unprecedented insight into host-pathogen interactions through the identification of host substrates phosphorylated by pathogen-excreted kinases. We identified 225 substrates, including 85% previously unknown that represent novel mammalian CK1 targets, and defined a novel CK1 phosphorylation motif. The substratome was validated experimentally by L-CK1.2 and human CK1{delta}, demonstrating the efficiency of SILAkin to identify new substrates and revealing novel regulatory pathways. Finally, SILAkin was instrumental in highlighting host pathways potentially regulated by L-CK1.2 in Leishmania-infected host cells, described by the GO terms  viral & symbiotic interaction,  apoptosis,  actin cytoskeleton organisation, and  RNA processing and splicing. SILAkin thus can generate important mechanistic insights into the signalling of host subversion by these parasites and other microbial pathogen adapted for intracellular survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smirlis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knippchild, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SILAKin: A novel high throughput SILAC and mass spectrometry-based assay to identify the substratome of kinases secreted by pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.12.443790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverting the mode of action of the mitochondrial FOF1-ATPase by Legionella pneumophila preserves its replication niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.12.443790v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires disease, a severe pneumonia, injects via a type-IV-secretion-system (T4SS) more than 300 proteins into macrophages, its main host cell in humans. Certain of these proteins are implicated in reprogramming the metabolism of infected cells by reducing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) early after infection. Here we show that despite reduced OXPHOS, the mitochondrial membrane potential ({Delta}{psi}m) is maintained during infection of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs). We reveal that L. pneumophila reverses the ATP-synthase activity of the mitochondrial FOF1-ATPase to ATP-hydrolase activity in a T4SS-dependent manner, which leads to a conservation of the {Delta}{psi}m, preserves mitochondrial polarization and prevents macrophage cell death. Analyses of T4SS effectors known to target mitochondrial functions revealed that LpSpl is partially involved in conserving the {Delta}{psi}m, but not LncP and MitF. The inhibition of the L. pneumophila-induced "reverse mode" of the FOF1-ATPase collapsed the {Delta}{psi}m and caused cell death in infected cells. Single-cell analyses suggested that bacterial replication occurs preferentially in hMDMs that conserved the {Delta}{psi}m and showed delayed cell death. This direct manipulation of the mode of activity of the FOF1-ATPase is a newly identified feature of L. pneumophila allowing to delay host cell death and thereby to preserve the bacterial replication niche during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Escoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drame, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusniok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverting the mode of action of the mitochondrial FOF1-ATPase by Legionella pneumophila preserves its replication niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.20.444942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosquito-bacteria interactions during larval development trigger metabolic changes with carry-over effects on adult fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.20.444942v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals with distinct life stages such as holometabolous insects, adult phenotypic variation is often shaped by the environment of immature stages, including their interactions with microbes colonizing larval habitats. Such carry-over effects were previously observed for several adult traits of the mosquito Aedes aegypti after larval exposure to different bacteria, but the mechanistic underpinnings are unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular changes triggered by gnotobiotic larval exposure to different bacteria in Ae. aegypti. We initially screened a panel of 16 bacterial isolates from natural mosquito breeding sites to determine their ability to influence adult life-history traits. We subsequently focused on four bacterial isolates (belonging to Flavobacterium, Lysobacter, Paenibacillus, and Enterobacteriaceae) with significant carry-over effects on adult survival and found that they were associated with distinct transcriptomic profiles throughout mosquito development. Moreover, we detected carry-over effects at the level of gene expression for the Flavobacterium and Paenibacillus isolates. The most prominent transcriptomic changes in gnotobiotic larvae reflected a profound remodeling of lipid metabolism, which translated into phenotypic differences in lipid storage and starvation resistance at the adult stage. Together, our findings indicate that larval exposure to environmental bacteria trigger substantial physiological changes that impact adult fitness, uncovering a mechanism underlying carry-over effects of mosquito-bacteria interactions during larval development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiente Moro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LAMBRECHTS, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.444942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosquito-bacteria interactions during larval development trigger metabolic changes with carry-over effects on adult fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.22.445253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of resource provisioning on the epidemiological responses of different parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.22.445253v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIEvents such as anthropogenic activities and periodic tree masting can alter resource provisioning in the environment, directly affecting animals, and potentially impacting the spread of infectious diseases in wildlife. The effect of these supplemental resources on infectious diseases can manifest through different pathways, affecting host susceptibility, transmission and host demography.
C_LIO_LITo date however, empirical research has tended to examine these different pathways in isolation, for example by quantifying the effects of provisioning on host behaviour in the wild or changes in immune responses in controlled laboratory studies. Further, while theory has investigated the interactions between these pathways, thus far this work has focussed on a narrow subset of pathogen types, typically directly-transmitted microparasites. Given the diverse ways that provisioning can affect host susceptibility, contact patterns or host demography, we may expect the epidemiological consequences of provisioning to depend on key aspects of parasite life-history, such as the duration of infection and transmission mode.
C_LIO_LIWe developed a suite of generic epidemiological models to compare how resource provisioning alters responses for different parasites that vary in their biology (micro- and macro-parasite), transmission mode (direct, environmental, and vector transmitted) and duration of infection (acute, latent, and chronic). Next, we parameterised these different parasite types using data from the diverse parasite community of wild wood mice as a case study.
C_LIO_LIWe show there are common epidemiological responses to host resource provisioning across all parasite types examined. In particular, the response to provisioning could be driven in opposite directions, depending on which host pathways (contact rate, susceptibility or host demography) are most altered by the addition of resources to the environment. Broadly, these responses were qualitatively consistent across all parasite types, emphasising the importance of identifying general trade-offs between provisioning-altered parameters.
C_LIO_LIDespite the qualitative consistency in responses to provisioning across parasite types, we found notable quantitative differences between parasites, suggesting specific epidemiological outcomes could strongly depend on parasite type, infection duration and permanency of recovery, and whether the parasite is directly, environmentally, or vector transmitted. These analyses therefore highlight the importance of knowing key specific aspects of host-parasite biology, such as host contact behaviours, parasite interactions with the host immune system, and how resource availability shapes host demographics, in order to understand and predict epidemiological responses to provisioning for any specific host-parasite system.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erazo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.22.445253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of resource provisioning on the epidemiological responses of different parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.23.445308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic signature of the progeroid Cockayne syndrome exposes distinct and common features with physiological ageing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.23.445308v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cockayne syndrome (CS) and UV-sensitivity syndrome (UVSS) are rare genetic disorders caused by mutation of the DNA repair and chromatin remodelling proteins CSA or CSB, but only CS patients display a progeroid and neurodegenerative phenotype. As epigenetic modifications constitute a well-established hallmark of ageing, we characterized genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) of fibroblasts from CS versus UVSS patients and healthy donors. The analysis of differentially methylated positions and regions revealed a CS-specific epigenetic signature, enriched in developmental transcription factors, transmembrane transporters, and cell adhesion factors. The CS-specific signature compared to DNAm changes in other progeroid diseases and regular ageing, identifyied commonalities and differences in epigenetic remodelling. CS shares DNAm changes with normal ageing more than other progeroid diseases do, and according to the methylation clock CS samples show up to 13-fold accelerated ageing. Thus, CS is characterized by a specific epigenomic signature that partially overlaps with and exacerbates DNAm changes occurring in physiological aging. Our results unveil new genes and pathways that are potentially relevant for the progeroid/degenerative CS phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crochemore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garagnani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lattanzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarasin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacalini, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricchetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.23.445308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic signature of the progeroid Cockayne syndrome exposes distinct and common features with physiological ageing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.26.445757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of bipotent progenitors that give rise to myogenic and connective tissues in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.26.445757v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How distinct cell fates are manifested by direct lineage ancestry from bipotent progenitors, or by specification of individual cell types within a field of cells is a key question for understanding the emergence of tissues. The interplay between skeletal muscle progenitors and associated connective tissues cells provides a model for examining how muscle functional units are established. Most craniofacial structures originate from the vertebrate-specific neural crest cells except in the dorsal portion of the head, where they arise from cranial mesoderm. Here, using multiple lineage-traced single cell RNAseq, advanced computational methods and in situ analyses, we identify Myf5+ bipotent progenitors that give rise to both muscle and juxtaposed connective tissue. Following this bifurcation, muscle and connective tissue cells retain complementary signalling features and maintain spatial proximity. Interruption of upstream myogenic identity shifts muscle progenitors to a connective tissue fate. Interestingly, Myf5-derived connective tissue cells, which adopt a novel regulatory signature, were not observed in ventral craniofacial structures that are colonised by neural crest cells. Therefore, we propose that an ancestral program gives rise to bifated muscle and connective tissue cells in skeletal muscles that are deprived of neural crest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grimaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comai, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of bipotent progenitors that give rise to myogenic and connective tissues in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.26.445838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617.2 to monoclonal antibodies and sera from convalescent and vaccinated individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.26.445838v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 lineage emerged in October 2020 in India1-6. It has since then become dominant in some indian regions and further spread to many countries. The lineage includes three main subtypes (B1.617.1, B.1617.2 and B.1.617.3), which harbour diverse Spike mutations in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) which may increase their immune evasion potential. B.1.617.2 is believed to spread faster than the other versions. Here, we isolated infectious B.1.617.2 from a traveller returning from India. We examined its sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and to antibodies present in sera from COVID-19 convalescent individuals or vaccine recipients, in comparison to other viral lineages. B.1.617.2 was resistant to neutralization by some anti-NTD and anti-RBD mAbs, including Bamlanivimab, which were impaired in binding to the B.1.617.2 Spike. Sera from convalescent patients collected up to 12 months post symptoms and from Pfizer Comirnaty vaccine recipients were 3 to 6 fold less potent against B.1.617.2, relative to B.1.1.7. Sera from individuals having received one dose of AstraZeneca Vaxzevria barely inhibited B.1.617.2. Thus, B.1.617.2 spread is associated with an escape to antibodies targeting non-RBD and RBD Spike epitopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidaliuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robillard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puech, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallais, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gantner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Guen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassis-Chikhani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edriss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belec, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pere, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtellemenont, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocqueloux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fafi-Kremer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prazuck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617.2 to monoclonal antibodies and sera from convalescent and vaccinated individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.28.446219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential transcriptomic response of Anopheles arabiensis to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.28.446219v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium vivax malaria is now recognized as the second most dangerous parasitic threat to human health with the regular decrease of Plasmodium falciparum worldwide over recent decades. A very limited numbers of studies address the interaction of P. vivax with its Anopheles mosquito vectors. Those studies were conducted in P. vivax endemic countries with P.vivax local major vectors for which limited genomic and genetic tools are available. Despite the presence of P. vivax in several African countries and increasing reports on its occurrence in many others, there is virtually no data on the molecular responses of Anopheles arabiensis, a major African mosquito vector, to P. vivax, which limits the development of further "mosquito-targeted" interventions aimed at reducing P. vivax transmission. Taking advantage of the situation of Madagascar where P. falciparum, P. vivax and An. arabiensis are present, we explore the molecular responses of An. arabiensis towards these two human malaria parasites. RNA sequencing on RNAs isolated from mosquito midguts dissected at the early stage of infection (24 hours) was performed using mosquitoes fed on the blood of P. vivax and P. falciparum gametocyte carriers in a field station. From a de novo assembly of An. arabiensis midgut total RNA transcriptome, the comparative analysis revealed that a greater number of genes were differentially expressed in the mosquito midgut in response to P. vivax (209) than to P. falciparum (81). Among these, 15 common genes were identified to be significantly expressed in mosquito midgut 24 hours after ingesting P. vivax and P. falciparum gametocytes, including immune responsive genes and genes involved in amino-acid detoxification pathways. Importantly, working with both wild mosquitoes and field circulating parasites, our analysis revealed a strong mosquito genotype by parasite genotype interaction. Our study also identified 51 putative long non-coding RNAs differentially expressed in An. arabiensis mosquito infected midgut. Among these, several mapped to the published An. arabiensis genome at genes coding immune responsive genes such as gambicin 1, leucine-rich repeat containing genes, either on sense or antisense strands.

This study constitutes the first comparison of An. arabiensis molecular interaction with P. vivax and P. falciparum, investigating both coding and long non-coding RNAs for the identification of potential transcripts, that could lead to the development of novel approaches to simultaneously block the transmission of vivax and falciparum malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tchioffo Tsapi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puchot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goupeyou-Youmsi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakuntabhai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillies, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randrianarivelojosia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndiath, M. o.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgouin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential transcriptomic response of Anopheles arabiensis to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.31.446374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species-specific molecular barriers to SARS-CoV-2 replication in bat cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.31.446374v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are natural reservoirs of numerous coronaviruses, including the potential ancestor of SARS-CoV-2. Knowledge concerning the interaction between coronaviruses and bat cells is sparse. We investigated the susceptibility of primary cells from Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Myotis species, as well as of established and novel cell lines from Myotis myotis, Eptesicus serotinus, Tadarida brasiliensis and Nyctalus noctula, to SARS-CoV-2 infection. None of these cells were sensitive to infection, not even the ones expressing detectable levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which serves as the viral receptor in many mammalian species. The resistance to infection was overcome by expression of human ACE2 (hACE2) in three cell lines, suggesting that restriction to viral replication was due to a low expression of bat ACE2 (bACE2) or absence of bACE2 binding in these cells. Infectious virions were produced but not released from hACE2-transduced M. myotis brain cells. E. serotinus brain cells and M. myotis nasal epithelial cells expressing hACE2 efficiently controlled viral replication. This ability to control viral replication correlated with a potent interferon response. Our data highlight the existence of species-specific molecular barriers to viral replication in bat cells. These novel chiropteran cellular models are valuable tools to investigate the evolutionary relationships between bats and coronaviruses.

Author summaryBats host ancestors of several viruses that cause serious disease in humans, as illustrated by the on-going SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Progress in investigating bat-virus interactions have been hampered by a limited number of bat cell lines. We have generated primary cells and cell lines from several bat species that are relevant for coronavirus research. The varying susceptibilities of the cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection offered the opportunity to uncover some species-specific molecular restrictions to viral replication. All bat cells exhibited a potent entry-dependent restriction. Once this block was overcome by over-expression of human ACE2, which serves at the viral receptor, two bat cell lines controlled well viral replication, which correlated with the inability of the virus to counteract antiviral responses. Other cells potently inhibited viral release. Our novel bat cellular models contribute to a better understanding of the molecular interplays between bats and viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aicher, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streicher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemcova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zukal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra-Cobo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikula, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dacheux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvenet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.446374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species-specific molecular barriers to SARS-CoV-2 replication in bat cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.03.446953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverse-Complement Equivariant Networks for DNA Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.03.446953v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As DNA sequencing technologies keep improving in scale and cost, there is a growing need to develop machine learning models to analyze DNA sequences, e.g., to decipher regulatory signals from DNA fragments bound by a particular protein of interest. As a double helix made of two complementary strands, a DNA fragment can be sequenced as two equivalent, so-called Reverse Complement (RC) sequences of nucleotides. To take into account this inherent symmetry of the data in machine learning models can facilitate learning. In this sense, several authors have recently proposed particular RC-equivariant convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, it remains unknown whether other RC-equivariant architectures exist, which could potentially increase the set of basic models adapted to DNA sequences for practitioners. Here, we close this gap by characterizing the set of all linear RC-equivariant layers, and show in particular that new architectures exist beyond the ones already explored. We further discuss RC-equivariant pointwise nonlinearities adapted to different architectures, as well as RC-equivariant embeddings of k-mers as an alternative to one-hot encoding of nucleotides. We show experimentally that the new architectures can outperform existing ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vert, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverse-Complement Equivariant Networks for DNA Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.09.447586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimizer-space de Bruijn graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.09.447586v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA sequencing data continues to progress towards longer reads with increasingly lower sequencing error rates. We focus on the problem of assembling such reads into genomes, which poses challenges in terms of accuracy and computational resources when using cutting-edge assembly approaches, e.g. those based on overlapping reads using minimizer sketches. Here, we introduce the concept of minimizer-space sequencing data analysis, where the minimizers rather than DNA nucleotides are the atomic tokens of the alphabet. By projecting DNA sequences into ordered lists of minimizers, our key idea is to enumerate what we call k-min-mers, that are k-mers over a larger alphabet consisting of minimizer tokens. Our approach, mdBG or minimizer-dBG, achieves orders-of-magnitude improvement in both speed and memory usage over existing methods without much loss of accuracy. We demonstrate three uses cases of mdBG: human genome assembly, metagenome assembly, and the representation of large pangenomes. For assembly, we implemented mdBG in software we call rust-mdbg, resulting in ultra-fast, low memory and highly-contiguous assembly of PacBio HiFi reads. A human genome is assembled in under 10 minutes using 8 cores and 10 GB RAM, and 60 Gbp of metagenome reads are assembled in 4 minutes using 1 GB RAM. For pangenome graphs, we newly allow a graphical representation of a collection of 661,405 bacterial genomes as an mdBG and successfully search it (in minimizer-space) for anti-microbial resistance (AMR) genes. We expect our advances to be essential to sequence analysis, given the rise of long-read sequencing in genomics, metagenomics and pangenomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ekim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimizer-space de Bruijn graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.09.447704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gotree/Goalign : Toolkit and Go API to facilitate the development of phylogenetic workflows 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.09.447704v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Besides computer intensive steps, phylogenetic analysis workflows are usually composed of many small, reccuring, but important data manipulations steps. Among these, we can find file reformatting, sequence renaming, tree re-rooting, tree comparison, bootstrap support computation, etc. These are often performed by custom scripts or by several heterogeneous tools, which may be error prone, uneasy to maintain and produce results that are challenging to reproduce. For all these reasons, the development and reuse of phylogenetic workflows is often a complex task. We identified many operations that are part of most phylogenetic analyses, and implemented them in a toolkit called Gotree/Goalign. The Gotree/Goalign toolkit implements more than 120 user-friendly commands and an API dedicated to multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree manipulations. It is developed in Go, which makes executables efficient, easily installable, integrable in workflow environments, and parallelizable when possible. This toolkit is freely available on most platforms (Linux, MacOS and Windows) and most architectures (amd64, i386). Sources and binaries are available on GitHub at https://github.com/evolbioinfo/gotree, Bioconda, and DockerHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascuel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gotree/Goalign : Toolkit and Go API to facilitate the development of phylogenetic workflows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.11.448011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variants display enhanced Spike-mediated fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.11.448011v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by lung abnormalities, including the presence of syncytial pneumocytes. Syncytia form when SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expressed on the surface of infected cells interacts with the ACE2 receptor on neighbouring cells. The syncytia forming potential of spike variant proteins remain poorly characterized. Here, we first assessed Alpha and Beta spread and fusion in cell cultures. Alpha and Beta replicated similarly to D614G reference strain in Vero, Caco-2, Calu-3 and primary airway cells. However, Alpha and Beta formed larger and more numerous syncytia. Alpha, Beta and D614G fusion was similarly inhibited by interferon induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs). Individual mutations present in Alpha and Beta spikes differentially modified fusogenicity, binding to ACE2 and recognition by monoclonal antibodies. We further show that Delta spike also triggers faster fusion relative to D614G. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants display enhanced syncytia formation.

SynopsisThe Spike protein of the novel SARS-CoV-2 variants are comparative more fusogenic than the earlier strains. The mutations in the variant spike protein differential modulate syncytia formation, ACE2 binding, and antibody escape.

O_LIThe spike protein of Alpha, Beta and Delta, in the absence of other viral proteins, induce more syncytia than D614G
C_LIO_LIThe ACE2 affinity of the variant spike proteins correlates to their fusogenicity
C_LIO_LIVariant associated mutations P681H, D1118H, and D215G augment cell-cell fusion, while antibody escape mutation E484K, K417N and {Delta}242-244 hamper it.
C_LIO_LIVariant spike-mediated syncytia formation is effectively restricted by IFITMs
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajah, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzelak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zivaljic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variants display enhanced Spike-mediated fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.11.448168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A TPR scaffold couples signal detection to OdhI phosphorylation in metabolic control by the protein kinase PknG 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.11.448168v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signal transduction is essential for bacteria to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Among many forms of post-translational modifications, reversible protein phosphorylation has evolved as a ubiquitous molecular mechanism of protein regulation in response to specific stimuli. The Ser/Thr protein kinase PknG modulates the fate of intracellular glutamate by controlling the phosphorylation status of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase regulator OdhI, a function that is conserved among diverse actinobacteria. PknG has a modular organization characterized by the presence of regulatory domains surrounding the catalytic domain. Here we present an investigation through in vivo experiments as well as biochemical and structural methods of the molecular bases of the regulation of PknG from C. glutamicum (CgPknG), in the light of previous knowledge available for the kinase from M. tuberculosis (MtbPknG). We found that OdhI phosphorylation by CgPknG is regulated by a conserved mechanism that depends on a C-terminal domain composed of tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR) essential for metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, we identified a conserved structural motif that physically connects the TPR domain and a flexible N-terminal extension of the kinase that is involved in docking interactions with OdhI. Based on our results and previous reports, we propose a model in which the TPR domain of PknG couples signal detection to the specific phosphorylation of OdhI. Overall, the available data indicate that conserved PknG domains in distant actinobacteria retain their roles in kinase regulation in response to nutrient availability.

IMPORTANCEBacteria control the metabolic processes by which they obtain nutrients and energy in order to adapt to the environment. In this way, the metabolic characteristics of a microorganism determine its ecological role and its usefulness in industrial processes. Here, we use genetic, biochemical, and structural approaches to study a key component in a system that regulates glutamate production in C. glutamicum, a species that is used for the industrial production of amino acids. We elucidated molecular mechanisms involved in metabolic control in C. glutamicum, which are conserved in related pathogenic bacteria. The findings have broader significance for diverse actinobacteria, including microorganisms that cause disease as well as environmental species used to produce billions of dollars of amino acids and antibiotics every year.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lisa, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogues, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barilone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biondi, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellinzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A TPR scaffold couples signal detection to OdhI phosphorylation in metabolic control by the protein kinase PknG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.15.448517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome instability drives epistatic adaptation in the human pathogen Leishmania 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.15.448517v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How genome instability is harnessed for fitness gain despite its potential deleterious effects is largely elusive. An ideal system to address this important open question is provided by the protozoan pathogen Leishmania, which exploits frequent variations in chromosome and gene copy number to regulate expression levels. Using ecological genomics and experimental evolution approaches we provide first evidence that Leishmania adaptation relies on epistatic interactions between functionally associated gene copy number variations in pathways driving fitness gain in a given environment. We further uncover post-transcriptional regulation as a key mechanism that compensates for deleterious gene dosage effects and provides phenotypic robustness to genetically heterogenous parasite populations. Finally, we correlate dynamic variations in snoRNA gene dosage with changes in rRNA 2-O-methylation and pseudouridylation, suggesting translational control is an additional layer of parasite adaptation. Leishmania genome instability is thus harnessed for fitness gain by genome-dependent variations in gene expression, and genome-independent, compensatory mechanisms. This allows for polyclonal adaptation and maintenance of genetic heterogeneity despite strong selective pressure. The epistatic adaptation described here needs to be considered in Leishmania epidemiology and biomarker discovery, and may be relevant to other fast evolving, eukaryotic cells that exploit genome instability for adaptation, such as fungal pathogens or cancer.

One Sentence SummaryEpistatic interactions harness genome instability for Leishmania fitness gain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bussotti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pescher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domagalska, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doniger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiregange, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myler, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome instability drives epistatic adaptation in the human pathogen Leishmania]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.15.448580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GIP: An open-source computational pipeline for mapping genomic instability from protists to cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.15.448580v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome instability has been recognized as a key driver for microbial and cancer adaptation and thus plays a central role in many human pathologies. Even though genome instability encompasses different types of genomic alterations, most available genome analysis software are limited to just one kind mutation or analytical step. To overcome this limitation and better understand the role of genetic changes in enhancing pathogenicity we established GIP, a novel, powerful bioinformatic pipeline for comparative genome analysis. Here we show its application to whole genome sequencing datasets of Leishmania, Plasmodium, Candida, and cancer. Applying GIP on available data sets validated our pipeline and demonstrated the power of our analysis tool to drive biological discovery. Applied to Plasmodium vivax genomes, our pipeline allowed us to uncover the convergent amplification of erythrocyte binding proteins and to identify a nullisomic strain. Re-analyzing genomes of drug adapted Candida albicans strains revealed correlated copy number variations of functionally related genes, strongly supporting a mechanism of epistatic adaptation through interacting gene-dosage changes. Our results illustrate how GIP can be used for the identification of aneuploidy, gene copy number variations, changes in nucleic acid sequences, and chromosomal rearrangements. Altogether, GIP can shed light on the genetic bases of cell adaptation and drive disease biomarker discovery.

One Sentence SummaryGIP - a novel pipeline for detecting, comparing and visualizing genome instability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussotti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GIP: An open-source computational pipeline for mapping genomic instability from protists to cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.27.450080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candida albicans Isolates 529L and CHN1 Exhibit Stable Colonization of the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.27.450080v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is a pathobiont that colonizes multiple niches in the body including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but is also responsible for both mucosal and systemic infections. Despite its prevalence as a human commensal, the murine GI tract is generally refractory to colonization with the C. albicans reference isolate SC5314. Here, we identify two C. albicans isolates, 529L and CHN1, that stably colonize the murine GI tract in three different animal facilities under conditions where SC5314 is lost from this niche. Analysis of the bacterial microbiota did not show notable differences between mice colonized with the three C. albicans strains. We compared the genotypes and phenotypes of these three strains and identified thousands of SNPs and multiple phenotypic differences, including their ability to grow and filament in response to nutritional cues. Despite striking filamentation differences under laboratory conditions, however, analysis of cell morphology in the GI tract revealed that the three isolates exhibited similar filamentation properties in this in vivo niche. Notably, we found that SC5314 is more sensitive to the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP, and the use of CRAMP-deficient mice increased the ability of SC5314 to colonize the GI tract relative to CHN1 and 529L. These studies provide new insights into how strain-specific differences impact C. albicans traits in the host and advance CHN1 and 529L as relevant strains to study C. albicans pathobiology in its natural host niche.

IMPORTANCEUnderstanding how fungi colonize the GI tract is increasingly recognized as highly relevant to human health. The animal models used to study Candida albicans commensalism commonly rely on altering the host microbiome (via antibiotic treatment or defined diets) to establish successful GI colonization by the C. albicans reference isolate SC5314. Here, we characterize two C. albicans isolates that can colonize the murine GI tract without antibiotic treatment and can therefore be used as tools for studying fungal commensalism. Importantly, experiments were replicated in three different animal facilities and utilized three different mouse strains. Differential colonization between fungal isolates was not associated with alterations in the bacterial microbiome but rather with distinct responses to CRAMP, a host antimicrobial peptide. This work emphasizes the importance of C. albicans intra-species variation as well as host anti-microbial defense mechanisms in defining commensal interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonough, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penumutchu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taur, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belenky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohl, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ene, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.27.450080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candida albicans Isolates 529L and CHN1 Exhibit Stable Colonization of the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.29.450355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analyses of immune thrombocytopenic patients reveal multiorgan dissemination of high-affinity autoreactive plasma cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.29.450355v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The major therapeutic goal for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is to restore normal platelet counts using drugs to promote platelet production or by interfering with mechanisms responsible for platelet destruction. 80% of patients possess anti-integrin IIb{beta}3 (GPIIbIIIa) IgG autoantibodies causing platelet opsonization and phagocytosis. The spleen is considered the primary site of autoantibody production by autoreactive B cells and platelet destruction. The immediate failure in ~50% of patients to recover a normal platelet count after anti-CD20 Rituximab-mediated B cell depletion and splenectomy suggest that autoreactive, rituximab-resistant, IgG-secreting B cells (IgG-SC) reside in other anatomical compartments. We analyzed >3,300 single IgG-SC from spleen, bone marrow and/or blood of 27 patients with ITP revealing high inter-individual variability in affinity for GPIIbIIIa with variations over 3 logs. IgG-SC dissemination and range of affinities were however similar per patient. Longitudinal analysis of autoreactive IgG-SC upon treatment with anti-CD38 mAb daratumumab demonstrated variable outcomes, from complete remission to failure with persistence of high-affinity anti-GPIIbIIIa IgG-SC in the bone marrow. This study demonstrates the existence and dissemination of high-affinity autoreactive plasma cells in multiple anatomical compartments of patients with ITP that may cause the failure of current therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canales Herrerias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crickx, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broketa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzaoui, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberghe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perima, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannascoli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard-Le Goff, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castrillon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mottet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterlin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millot, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahevas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruhns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analyses of immune thrombocytopenic patients reveal multiorgan dissemination of high-affinity autoreactive plasma cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.03.450759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic evolution of the globally disseminated multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clonal group 147 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.03.450759v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is largely driven by the spread of specific clonal groups (CG). Of these, CG147 includes 7-gene MLST sequence types ST147, ST273 and ST392. CG147 has caused nosocomial outbreaks across the world, but its global population dynamics remain unknown. Here, we report a pandrug-resistant ST147 clinical isolate from India (strain DJ) and define the evolution and global emergence of CG147.

MethodsAntimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST guidelines) and genome sequencing (Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies, Unicycler assembly) were performed on strain DJ. Additionally, we collated 217 publicly available CG147 genomes (NCBI, May 2019). CG147 evolution was inferred within a temporal phylogenetic framework (BEAST) based on a recombination-free sequence alignment (Roary/Gubbins). Comparative genomic analyses focused on resistance and virulence genes and other genetic elements (BIGSdb, Kleborate, PlasmidFinder, PHASTER, ICEFinder and CRISPRCasFinder).

ResultsStrain DJ had a pandrug resistance phenotype. Its genome comprised 7 plasmids and 1 linear phage-plasmid. Four carbapenemase genes were detected: blaNDM-5 and 2 copies of blaOXA-181 in the chromosome, and a second copy of blaNDM-5 on an 84 kb IncFII plasmid. CG147 genomes carried a mean of 13 acquired resistance genes or mutations; 63% carried a carbapenemase gene and 83% harbored blaCTX-M. All CG147 genomes presented GyrA and ParC mutations and a common subtype IV-E CRISPR-Cas system. ST392 and ST273 emerged in 2005 and 1995, respectively. ST147, the most represented phylogenetic branch, was itself divided into two main clades with distinct capsular loci: KL64 (74%, DJ included, emerged in 1994 and disseminated worldwide, with carbapenemases varying among world regions) and KL10 (20%, 2002, predominantly found in Asian countries, associated with carbapenemases NDM and OXA-48-like). Further, subclades within ST147-KL64 differed in the yersiniabactin locus, OmpK35/K36 mutations, plasmid replicons and prophages. The absence of IncF plasmids in some subclades was associated with a possible activity of a CRISPR-Cas system.

ConclusionsK. pneumoniae clonal group CG147 comprises pandrug- or extensively-resistant isolates and carries multiple and diverse resistance genes and mobile genetic elements, including chromosomal blaNDM-5. Its emergence is driven by the spread of several phylogenetic clades marked by their own genomic features and specific temporo-spatial dynamics. These findings highlight the need for precision surveillance strategies to limit the spread of particularly concerning CG147 subsets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajjar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.03.450759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic evolution of the globally disseminated multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clonal group 147]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.05.451151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory control of synaptic signals preceding motor action in mouse frontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.05.451151v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preparatory activity in the frontal cortex preceding movement onset is thought to represent a neuronal signature of motor planning. However, how excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to frontal neurons are integrated during movement preparation remains unclear. Here we address this question by performing in vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the secondary motor cortex (MOs) of head-fixed mice moving on a treadmill. We find that both superficial and deep principal neurons show slowly increasing (~10 s) membrane potential and spike rate ramps preceding the onset of spontaneous, self-paced running periods. By contrast, in animals trained to perform a goal-directed task, both membrane potential and spike ramps are characterized by larger amplitudes and accelerated kinetics during preparation of goal-driven movement. To determine the role of local inhibitory neurons in shaping these task-dependent preparatory signals, we chemogenetically suppressed the activity of specific interneuron subpopulations in untrained animals. Inactivation of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons leads to depolarized membrane potential ramps with increased amplitudes during preparation of movement, while inactivation of somatostatin-positive (SOM+) interneurons abolishes membrane potential ramps. A computational model of the local MOs circuit shows that SOM+-mediated inhibition of PV+ interneurons in conjunction with recurrent connectivity among the principal neurons can reproduce slow ramping signals, while plasticity of excitatory synapses on SOM+ interneurons can explain the acceleration of these signals in trained animals. Together, our data reveal that local inhibitory neurons play distinct roles in controlling task-dependent preparatory ramping signals when MOs neurons integrate external inputs during motor planning.

HighlightsO_LIPrincipal neurons in MOs show slow preparatory membrane potential and firing rate ramps preceding the onset of spontaneous, self-paced running periods.
C_LIO_LIIn animals trained to perform a goal-directed task, both membrane potential and spike ramps are faster and larger in amplitude.
C_LIO_LIInactivation of PV+ interneurons disinhibits MOs principal neurons and increases the amplitude of membrane potential ramps, while inactivation of SOM+ interneurons abolishes membrane potential ramps.
C_LIO_LIOur modeling results suggest that the concerted action of external inputs and local inactivation shapes task-dependent preparatory motor signals in MOs neurons.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koukouli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maskos, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changeux, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt-Hieber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory control of synaptic signals preceding motor action in mouse frontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.08.451715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo synthesized polyunsaturated fatty acids operate as both host immunomodulators and nutrients for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.08.451715v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection by macrophages relies on immunometabolic reprogramming, where the role of fatty acids (FAs) remains poorly understood. Recent studies unraveled Mtbs capacity to acquire saturated and monounsaturated FAs via the Mce1 importer. However, upon activation macrophages produce polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), mammal-specific FAs mediating the generation of key immunomodulatory eicosanoids. Here, we asked whether de novo synthesis of PUFAs is modulated in Mtb-infected macrophages and benefits host or pathogen. Quantitative lipidomics revealed that Mtb infection activates the early PUFA biosynthetic pathway for production of eicosanoids. While PUFA synthesis blockade significantly impaired the inflammatory and antimicrobial responses of infected macrophages, it had no effect on Mtb growth in vivo. Using a click-chemistry approach, we found that Mtb efficiently imports PUFAs of the {omega}6 subset via Mce1 in axenic culture, including the eicosanoid precursor arachidonic acid (AA). Notably, Mtb preferentially internalized AA over all other FAs within infected macrophages, but here Mtbs import of AA was largely Mce1-independent and correlated with elevated AA uptake by host cells. Together, these findings reveal AA as a major FA substrate for intracellular Mtb. They suggest that Mtbs hijacking of host-derived AA may counteract its stimulatory effect on anti-mycobacterial immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laval, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro-Cos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaga, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenin-Mace, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahia-Cherbal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigui, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand-Michel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilhot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demangel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo synthesized polyunsaturated fatty acids operate as both host immunomodulators and nutrients for Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.10.451880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain replicating in standard laboratory mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.10.451880v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 has infected almost 200 million humans and caused over 4 million deaths worldwide. Evaluating countermeasures and improving our understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology require access to animal models that replicate the hallmarks of human disease. Mouse infection with SARS-CoV-2 is limited by poor affinity between the virus spike protein and its cellular receptor ACE2. We have developed by serial passages the MACo3 virus strain which efficiently replicates in the lungs of standard mouse strains and induces age-dependent lung lesions. Compared to other mouse-adapted strains and severe mouse models, infection with MACo3 results in mild to moderate disease and will be useful to investigate the role of host genetics and other factors modulating COVID-19 severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levillayer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conquet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaubert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain replicating in standard laboratory mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.15.452463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA double strand break position leads to distinct gene expression changes and regulates VSG switching pathway choice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.15.452463v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antigenic variation is an immune evasion strategy used by Trypanosoma brucei that results in the periodic exchange of the surface protein coat. Underlying this process is the movement of variant surface glycoprotein genes in or out of a specialized locus known as bloodstream form expression site by homologous recombination, facilitated by blocks of repetitive sequence known as the 70-bp repeats, that provide homology for gene conversion events. DNA double strand breaks are potent drivers of antigenic variation, however where these breaks must fall to elicit a switch is not well understood. To understand how the position of a break influences antigenic variation we established a series of cell lines to study the effect of an I-SceI meganuclease break in the active expression site. We found that a DNA break within repetitive regions is not productive for VSG switching, and show that the break position leads to a distinct gene expression profile and DNA repair response which dictates how antigenic variation proceeds in African trypanosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thivolle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehnert, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tihon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dujeancourt-Henry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA double strand break position leads to distinct gene expression changes and regulates VSG switching pathway choice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.16.452470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate immune pathways act synergistically to constrain RNA virus evolution in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.16.452470v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-pathogen interactions impose recurrent selective pressures that lead to constant adaptation and counter-adaptation in both competing species. Here, we sought to study this evolutionary arms-race and assessed the impact of the innate immune system on viral population diversity and evolution, using D. melanogaster as model host and its natural pathogen Drosophila C virus (DCV). We first isogenized eight fly genotypes generating animals defective for RNAi, Imd and Toll innate immune pathways and also pathogen sensing and gut renewal pathways. Wild-type or mutant flies were then orally infected and DCV was serially passaged ten times. Viral population diversity was studied after each viral passage by high-throughput sequencing, and infection phenotypes were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the passaging scheme. We found that the absence of any of the various immune pathways studied increased viral genetic diversity and attenuated the viruses. Strikingly, these effects were observed in both host factors with antiviral properties and host factors with antibacterial properties. Together, our results indicate that the innate immunity system as a whole, and not specific antiviral defense pathways in isolation, generally constrains viral diversity and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mongelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lequime, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kousathanas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gausson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate immune pathways act synergistically to constrain RNA virus evolution in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.16.452630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone H3 deacetylation promotes host cell viability for efficient infection by Listeria monocytogenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.16.452630v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For many intracellular bacterial pathogens manipulating host cell survival is essential for maintaining a replicative niche, and is a common strategy used to promote infection. The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is well known to hijack host machinery for its own benefit, such as targeting the host histone H3 for modification by SIRT2. However, in what way this modification benefits infection, as well as the molecular players involved, remain unknown. Here we show that SIRT2 activity supports Listeria intracellular survival by maintaining genome integrity and host cell viability. This protective effect is dependent on H3K18 deacetylation, which safeguards the host genome by counteracting infection-induced DNA damage. Mechanistically, infection causes SIRT2 to interact with the nucleic acid binding protein TDP-43 and localise to genomic R-loops, where H3K18 deacetylation occurs. This work highlights novel functions of TDP-43 and R-loops during bacterial infection and identifies the mechanism through which L. monocytogenes co-opts SIRT2 to allow efficient infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, M. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone H3 deacetylation promotes host cell viability for efficient infection by Listeria monocytogenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.18.452871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic epidemiology and strain taxonomy of Corynebacterium diphtheriae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.18.452871v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCorynebacterium diphtheriae is highly transmissible and can cause large diphtheria outbreaks where vaccination coverage is insufficient. Sporadic cases or small clusters are observed in high-vaccination settings. The phylogeography and short timescale evolution of C. diphtheriae are not well understood, in part due to a lack of harmonized analytical approaches of genomic surveillance and strain tracking.

MethodsWe combined 1,305 genes with highly reproducible allele calls into a core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) scheme. We analyzed cgMLST genes diversity among 602 isolates from sporadic clinical cases, small clusters or large outbreaks. We defined sublineages based on the phylogenetic structure within C. diphtheriae and strains based on the highest number of cgMLST mismatches within documented outbreaks. We performed time-scaled phylogenetic analyses of major sublineages.

ResultsThe cgMLST scheme showed high allele call rate in C. diphtheriae and the closely related species C. belfantii and C. rouxii. We demonstrate its utility to delineate epidemiological case clusters and outbreaks using a 25 mismatches threshold, and reveal a number of cryptic transmission chains, most of which are geographically restricted to one or a few adjacent countries. Subcultures of the vaccine strain PW8 differed by up to 20 cgMLST mismatches. Phylogenetic analyses revealed short timescale evolutionary gain or loss of the diphtheria toxin and biovar-associated genes. We devised a genomic taxonomy of strains and deeper sublineages (defined using a 500 cgMLST mismatches threshold), currently comprising 151 sublineages, only a few of which are geographically widespread based on current sampling. The cgMLST genotyping tool and nomenclature was made publicly accessible at https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/diphtheria.

ConclusionsStandardized genome-scale strain genotyping will help tracing transmission and geographic spread of C. diphtheriae. The unified genomic taxonomy of C. diphtheriae strains provides a common language for studies into the ecology, evolution and virulence heterogeneity among C. diphtheriae sublineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guglielmini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic epidemiology and strain taxonomy of Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.19.452908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Megasatellite formation and evolution in vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.19.452908v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the formation of the first proto-eukaryotes, more than 1.5 billion years ago, eukaryotic gene repertoire as well as genome complexity has significantly increased. Among genetic elements that are responsible for this increase in genome coding capacity and plasticity are tandem repeats such as microsatellites, minisatellites and their bigger brothers, megasatellites. Although microsatellites have been thoroughly studied in many organisms for the last 20 years, little is known about the distribution and evolution of mini- and megasatellites. Here, we describe the first genome-wide analysis of megasatellites in 58 vertebrate genomes, belonging to 12 monophyletic groups. We show that two bursts of megasatellite formation occurred, one after the radiation between agnatha et gnathostomata fishes and the second one later, in therian mammals. Megasatellites are frequently encoded in genes involved in transcription regulation (zinc-finger proteins) and intracellular trafficking, but also in cell membrane metabolism, reminiscent of what was observed in fungi genomes. The presence of many introns within young megasatellites suggests a model in which an exon-intron DNA segment is first duplicated and amplified before the accumulation of mutations in intronic parts partially erase the tandem repeat in such a way that it becomes detectable only in exonic regions. In addition, evidence for the genetic transfer of megasatellites between unrelated genes suggests that megasatellite formation and evolution is a very dynamic and still ongoing process in vertebrate genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Descorps-Declere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Megasatellite formation and evolution in vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.20.453024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FISH-quant v2: a scalable and modular analysis tool for smFISH image analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.20.453024v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of RNA abundance and localization is a key step in gene expression control. Single-molecule RNA fluorescence in-situ hybridization (smFISH) is a widely used single-cell-single-molecule imaging technique enabling a quantitative understanding of gene expression and its regulatory mechanisms. Recent progress in experimental techniques provides larger data-sets, requiring adequate tools for data analysis and exploration. Here, we present FISH-quant v2, a highly modular analysis tool accessible both for non-experts and experts, which we validated and applied on large-scale smFISH image datasets. Our package allows the user to detect isolated and clustered mRNA spots, segment nuclei and cells, quantify RNA localization patterns and visualize these results at the single-cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imbert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safieddine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FISH-quant v2: a scalable and modular analysis tool for smFISH image analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.20.453077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of genes that modulate flavivirus replication in an interferon-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.20.453077v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Establishment of the interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral state provides a crucial initial line of defense against viral infection. Numerous genes that contribute to this antiviral state remain to be identified. Using a loss-of-function strategy, we screened an original library of 1156 siRNAs targeting 386 individual curated human genes in stimulated microglial cells infected with Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging RNA virus that belongs to the flavivirus genus. The screen recovered twenty-one potential host proteins that modulate ZIKV replication in an IFN-dependent manner, including the previously known IFITM3 and LY6E. Further characterization contributed to delineate the spectrum of action of these genes towards other pathogenic RNA viruses, including Hepatitis C virus and SARS-CoV-2. Our data revealed that APOL3 acts as a proviral factor for ZIKV and several other related and unrelated RNA viruses. In addition, we showed that MTA2, a chromatin remodeling factor, possesses potent flavivirus-specific antiviral functions. Our work identified previously unrecognized genes that modulate the replication of RNA viruses in an IFN-dependent way, opening new perspectives to target weakness points in the life cycle of these viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lesage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauclair, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couderc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lescure, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Nery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jouvenet, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of genes that modulate flavivirus replication in an interferon-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.23.453470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDZ-containing proteins targeted by the ACE2 receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.23.453470v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a main receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry to the host cell. Indeed, the first step in viral entry is the binding of the viral trimeric spike protein to ACE2. Abundantly present in human epithelial cells of many organs, ACE2 is also expressed in the human brain. ACE2 is a type I membrane protein with an extracellular N-terminal peptidase domain and a C-terminal collectrin-like domain that ends with a single transmembrane helix and an intracellular 44-residues segment. This C-terminal segment contains a PDZ-binding motif (PBM) targeting protein interacting domains called PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ).

Here, we identified the human PDZ specificity profile of the ACE2 PBM using the high throughput holdup assay and measuring the binding intensities of the PBM of ACE2 against the full human PDZome. We discovered 14 human PDZ binders of ACE2 showing significant binding with dissociation constants values ranging from 3 to 81 M. NHERF, SHANK, and SNX27 proteins found in this study are involved in protein trafficking. The PDZ/PBM interactions with ACE2 could play a role on ACE2 internalization and recycling that could benefit for the virus entry. Interestingly, most of the ACE2 partners we identified are expressed in neuronal cells, such as SHANK and MAST families, and modifications of the interactions between ACE2 and these neuronal proteins may be involved in neurological symptoms of COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caillet-Saguy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDZ-containing proteins targeted by the ACE2 receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.26.453802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type specific innate immune responses shape rabies virus tropism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.26.453802v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral tropism, or the specificity of a particular virus to infect a certain cell type, is crucial in determining virus replication, viral spread, and ultimately host survival. Rabies, one of the deadliest known zoonotic diseases, is still causing 60.000 human deaths annually. Upon central nervous system (CNS) entry, neurotropic rabies virus (RABV) preserves the neural network by limiting apoptosis and inflammation. To date, we do not fully understand the factors determining RABV tropism and why glial cells are unable to clear RABV from the infected brain. Here, we compare susceptibilities and innate immune responses of CNS cell types towards infection with virulent dog RABV Tha and less virulent Th2P-4M in vitro, highlighting differences in cellular susceptibility and antiviral responses. Less virulent Th2P-4M bears mutations introduced in viral phosphoprotein (P-protein) and matrix protein (M-protein) thereby hindering viral immune evasion of the host nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-{kappa}B) and Janus kinase (JAK) - signal transducer and activator of transcription protein (STAT) pathways. Our results reveal that human neural stem cell (hNSC)-derived neurons and astrocytes, in contrast to human iPSC-derived microglia, are highly susceptible to Tha and Th2P-4M infection in vitro. Surprisingly, Th2P-4M presents a stronger neurotropism in hNSC-derived CNS cultures compared to Tha suggesting that NF-{kappa}B- and JAK-STAT-mediated antiviral host responses are defining RABV replication and thereby its tropism. Further, we show that astrocyte-like (SVGp12) and microglia-like (HMC3) cells protect neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) from Tha infection in vitro. Transcription profiles and quantification of intracellular protein levels revealed major differences in antiviral immune responses mediated by neurons, astrocytes (IFNB1, CCL5, CXCL10, IL1B, IL6, LIF), and microglia (CCL5, CXCL10, ISG15, MX1, IL6) upon virulent Tha infection. Overall, we provide evidence that RABV tropism depends on its capability to evade cell-type specific immune responses via P- and M-proteins.

Author summaryRabies virus (RABV) neurotropism is widely reported as a unique feature of rabies, and still the exact mechanism underlying RABV susceptibility remains to be elucidated. Several receptors are known to accelerate RABV entry to the cell (1-4) and yet, none of them seems to be essential for successful infection (5,6) questioning a marked cellular tropism. Although RABV is classically reported as strictly neurotropic (7), recent studies report profound infection of glial cells in vivo depending on the viral strain and the infection route used (8,9). Here, we provide evidence that human neural stem cell (hNSC)-derived neurons (hiNeurons) and astrocytes (hiAstrocytes) are highly susceptible towards infection with the virulent field RABV strain Tha and less virulent Th2P-4M. In contrast, human iPSC-derived microglia-like cells (hiMicros) are resistant to viral replication in vitro. Whereas hiNeurons are immunologically quiescent upon Tha infection, fetal astrocytes and hiMicros establish strong antiviral responses. In contrast to Tha, Th2P-4M, which is unable to evade NF-{kappa}B and JAK-STAT pathways (10), shows a more profound neurotropism suggesting that cell-type specific responses shape RABV tropism. Hence, we conclude that viral evasion mechanisms mediated by P- and M-proteins partly determine Tha tropism of human CNS cell types in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feige, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias de Melo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginhoux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.26.453802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type specific innate immune responses shape rabies virus tropism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.26.453808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dual barcoding approach to bacterial strain nomenclature: Genomic taxonomy of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.26.453808v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sublineages within microbial species can differ widely in their ecology and pathogenicity, and their precise definition is important in basic research and industrial or public health applications. Whereas the classification and naming of prokaryotes is unified at the species level and higher taxonomic ranks, universally accepted definitions of sublineages within species are largely missing, which introduces confusion in population biology and epidemiological surveillance.

Here we propose a broadly applicable genomic classification and nomenclature approach for bacterial strains, using the prominent public health threat Klebsiella pneumoniae as a model. Based on a 629-gene core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) scheme, we devised a dual barcoding system that combines multilevel single linkage (MLSL) clustering and life identification numbers (LIN). Phylogenetic and clustering analyses of >7,000 genome sequences captured population structure discontinuities, which were used to guide the definition of 10 infra-specific genetic dissimilarity thresholds. The widely used 7-gene multilocus sequence typing (MLST) nomenclature was mapped onto MLSL sublineages (threshold: 190 allelic mismatches) and clonal group (threshold: 43) identifiers for backwards nomenclature compatibility. The taxonomy is publicly accessible through a community-curated platform (https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/klebsiella), which also enables external users genomic sequences identification.

The proposed strain taxonomy combines two phylogenetically informative barcodes systems that provide full stability (LIN codes) and nomenclatural continuity with previous nomenclature (MLSL). This species-specific dual barcoding strategy for the genomic taxonomy of microbial strains is broadly applicable and should contribute to unify global and cross-sector collaborative knowledge on the emergence and microevolution of bacterial pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hennart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guglielmini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiden, M. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolley, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.26.453808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dual barcoding approach to bacterial strain nomenclature: Genomic taxonomy of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.28.453974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
InDeep : 3D fully convolutional neural networks to assist in silico drug design on protein-protein interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.28.453974v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSMotivationC_ST_ABSProtein-protein interactions (PPIs) are key elements in numerous biological pathways and the subject of a growing number of drug discovery projects including against infectious diseases. Designing drugs on PPI targets remains a difficult task and requires extensive efforts to qualify a given interaction as an eligible target. To this end, besides the evident need to determine the role of PPIs in disease-associated pathways and their experimental characterization as therapeutics targets, prediction of their capacity to be bound by other protein partners or modulated by future drugs is of primary importance.

ResultsWe present InDeep, a tool for predicting functional binding sites within proteins that could either host protein epitopes or future drugs. Leveraging deep learning on a curated data set of PPIs, this tool can proceed to enhanced functional binding site predictions either on experimental structures or along molecular dynamics trajectories. The benchmark of InDeep demonstrates that our tool outperforms state of the art ligandable binding sites predictors when assessing PPI targets but also conventional targets. This offers new opportunities to assist drug design projects on PPIs by identifying pertinent binding pockets at or in the vicinity of PPI interfaces.

AvailabilityThe tool is available on GitHub3 along with a PyMol plugin for visualization. Predictions of InDeep can be consulted at iPPI-DB4
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruano, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moine-Franel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperandio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.453974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[InDeep : 3D fully convolutional neural networks to assist in silico drug design on protein-protein interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.29.453957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viruses of Asgard archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.29.453957v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asgardarchaeota encode many eukaryotic signature proteins and are widely considered to represent the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes. Whether similarities between Asgard archaea and eukaryotes extend to their viromes remains unknown. Here we present 20 metagenome-assembled genomes of Asgardarchaeota from deep-sea sediments of the basin off the Shimokita Peninsula, Japan. By combining CRISPR spacer search of metagenomic sequences with phylogenomic analysis, we identify three family-level groups of viruses associated with Asgard archaea. The first group, Verdandiviruses, includes tailed viruses of the realm Duplodnaviria, the second one, Skuldviruses, consists of viruses with predicted icosahedral capsids that belong to the realm Varidnaviria, and the third group, Wyrdviruses, is related to spindle-shaped viruses previously identified in other archaea. More than 90% of the proteins encoded by these putative viruses of Asgard archaea show no sequence similarity to proteins encoded by other known viruses. Nevertheless, all three proposed families consist of viruses typical of prokaryotes, providing no indication of a specific evolutionary relationship between viruses infecting Asgard archaea and eukaryotes. Verdandiviruses and skuldviruses are likely to be lytic, whereas wyrdviruses, similar to all other known spindle-shaped viruses, probably establish chronic infection and are released without host cell lysis. All three groups of viruses were identified in sediment samples from distinct geographical locations and are expected to play important roles in controlling the Asgard archaea populations in deep-sea ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medvedeva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yutin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunoura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.453957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viruses of Asgard archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.29.454301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficiency in cytosine DNA methylation leads to high chaperonin expression and tolerance to aminoglycosides in Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.29.454301v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance has become a major global issue. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying microbial adaptation to antibiotics is of keen importance to fight Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that target the small subunit of the bacterial ribosome, disrupting translational fidelity and increasing the levels of misfolded proteins in the cell. In this work, we investigated the role of VchM, a DNA methyltransferase, in the response of the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae to aminoglycosides. VchM is a V. cholerae specific orphan m5C DNA methyltransferase that generates cytosine methylation at 5'-RCCGGY-3' motifs. We show that deletion of vchM, although causing a growth defect in absence of stress, allows V. cholerae cells to cope with aminoglycoside stress at both sub-lethal and lethal concentrations of these antibiotics. Through transcriptomic and genetic approaches, we show that groESL-2 (a specific set of chaperonin-encoding genes located on the second chromosome of V. cholerae), are upregulated in cells lacking vchM and are needed for the tolerance of vchM mutant to lethal aminoglycoside treatment, likely by fighting aminoglycoside-induced misfolded proteins. Interestingly, preventing VchM methylation of the four RCCGGY sites located in groESL-2 region, leads to a higher expression of these genes in WT cells, showing that VchM modulates the expression of these chaperonins in V. cholerae directly through DNA methylation.

AUTHOR SUMMARYBacteria are organisms with a remarkable ability to adapt to several stress conditions, including to the presence of antibiotics. The molecular mechanisms underlying such adaptation lead, very often, to phenomena like antimicrobial tolerance and resistance, responsible for the frequent failure of antibiotic treatment. The study of these molecular mechanisms is thus an important tool to understand development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. In this work, we show that abrogating cytosine DNA methylation in Vibrio cholerae increases its tolerance to aminoglycosides, a class of antibiotics that cause protein misfolding. DNA methylation is known to affect gene expression and regulate several cellular processes in bacteria. Here we provide evidence that DNA methylation also has a more direct role in controlling antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria. Consequently, the study of bacterial DNA methyltransferases and DNA methylation should not be overlooked when addressing the problem of antimicrobial tolerance/resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharoglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficiency in cytosine DNA methylation leads to high chaperonin expression and tolerance to aminoglycosides in Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.02.454739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concentration of intraflagellar transport proteins at the ciliary base is required for proper train injection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.02.454739v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Construction of cilia and flagella relies on Intraflagellar Transport (IFT). Although IFT proteins can be found in multiple locations in the cell, transport has only been reported along the axoneme. Here, we reveal that IFT concentration at the base of the flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei is required for proper assembly of IFT trains. Using live cell imaging at high resolution and direct optical nanoscopy with axially localized detection (DONALD) of fixed trypanosomes, we demonstrate that IFT proteins are localised around the 9 doublet microtubules of the proximal portion of the transition zone, just on top of the transition fibres. Super-resolution microscopy and photobleaching studies reveal that knockdown of the RP2 transition fibre protein results in reduced IFT protein concentration and turnover at the base of the flagellum. This in turn is accompanied by a 4- to 8-fold drop in the frequency of IFT train injection. We propose that the flagellum base provides a unique environment to assemble IFT trains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santi-Rocca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fort, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schietroma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BASTIN, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concentration of intraflagellar transport proteins at the ciliary base is required for proper train injection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.03.454899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection for non-specific adhesion is a driver of FimH evolution increasing Escherichia coli biofilm capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.03.454899v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial interactions with surfaces rely on the coordinated expression and interplay of surface exposed adhesion factors. However, how bacteria dynamically modulate their vast repertoire of adhesins to achieve surface colonization is not yet well-understood. We used experimental evolution and positive selection for improved adhesion to investigate how an initially poorly adherent Escherichia coli strain increased its adhesion capacities to abiotic surfaces. We showed that all identified evolved clones acquired mutations located almost exclusively in the lectin domain of fimH, the gene coding for the -D-mannose-specific tip adhesin of type 1 fimbriae. While most of these fimH mutants showed reduced mannose- binding ability, they all displayed enhanced binding to abiotic surfaces, indicating a trade-off between FimH-mediated specific and non-specific adhesion properties. Several of the identified mutations were already reported in FimH lectin domain of pathogenic and environmental E. coli, suggesting that, beyond patho-adaptation, FimH microevolution favoring non-specific surface adhesion could constitute a selective advantage for natural E. coli isolates. Consistently, although E. coli deleted for the fim operon still evolves an increased adhesion capacity, mutants selected in the {Delta}fim background are outcompeted by fimH mutants revealing clonal interference for adhesion. Our study therefore provides insights into the plasticity of E. coli adhesion potential and shows that evolution of type 1 fimbriae is a major driver of the adaptation of natural E. coli to colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>YOSHIDA, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>THIRIET-RUPERT, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MAYER, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection for non-specific adhesion is a driver of FimH evolution increasing Escherichia coli biofilm capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.09.455706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NAD kinase controls antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenic potential in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.09.455706v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is the primary electron donor for reductive reactions that are essential for the biosynthesis of major cell components in all organisms. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NADK) is the only enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of NADP(H) from NAD(H). While the enzymatic properties and physiological functions of NADK have been thoroughly studied, the role of NADK in bacterial pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we used CRISPR interference to knockdown NADK gene expression to address the role of this enzyme in Staphylococcus aureus pathogenic potential. We find that NADK inhibition drastically decreases mortality of zebrafish infected with S. aureus. Further, we show that NADK promotes S. aureus survival in infected macrophages by protecting bacteria from antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Proteome-wide data analysis revealed that production of major virulence associated factors is sustained by NADK. We demonstrate that NADK is required for expression of the quorum-sensing response regulator AgrA, which controls critical S. aureus virulence determinants. These findings support a key role for NADK in bacteria survival within innate immune cells and the host during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leseigneur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucontet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgette, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thouvenot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colucci-Guyon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussurget, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NAD kinase controls antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenic potential in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.13.454991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A screening pipeline identifies a broad-spectrum inhibitor of bacterial AB toxins with cross protection against influenza A virus H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.13.454991v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A challenge for the development of host-targeted anti-infectives against a large spectrum of AB-like toxin-producing bacteria encompasses the identification of chemical compounds corrupting toxin transport through both endolysosomal and retrograde pathways. Here, we performed a high-throughput screening of small chemical compounds blocking active Rac1 proteasomal degradation triggered by the Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor-1 (CNF1) toxin, followed by orthogonal screens against two AB toxins hijacking defined endolysosomal (Diphtheria toxin) or retrograde (Shiga-like toxin 1) pathways to intoxicate cells. This led to the identification of the molecule N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-1-propyl-4-piperidinamine, referred to as C910. This compound induces the swelling of EEA1-positive early endosomes, in absence of PIKfyve kinase inhibition, and disturbs the trafficking of CNF1 and the B-subunit of Shiga toxin along the endolysosomal or retrograde pathways, respectively. Together, we show that C910 protects cells against 8 bacterial AB toxins including large clostridial glucosylating toxins from Clostridium difficile. Of interest, C910 also reduced viral infection in vitro including influenza A virus subtype H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, parenteral administration of C910 to the mice resulted in its accumulation in lung tissues and reduced lethal influenza infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahtal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swistak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagadiev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van der Werf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petracchini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mettouchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paillares, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caramelle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvineau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machelart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sencio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trottein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chicanne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payrastre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ville, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popoff, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cintrat, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemichez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.454991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A screening pipeline identifies a broad-spectrum inhibitor of bacterial AB toxins with cross protection against influenza A virus H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.01.458503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomic signatures of natural selection in admixed human populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.01.458503v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture has been a pervasive phenomenon in human history, shaping extensively the patterns of population genetic diversity. There is increasing evidence to suggest that admixture can also facilitate genetic adaptation to local environments, i.e., admixed populations acquire beneficial mutations from source populations, a process that we refer to as adaptive admixture. However, the role of adaptive admixture in human evolution and the power to detect it are poorly characterized. Here, we use extensive computer simulations to evaluate the power of several neutrality statistics to detect natural selection in the admixed population, accounting for background selection and assuming different admixture scenarios. We show that two statistics based on admixture proportions, Fadm and LAD, show high power to detect mutations that are beneficial in the admixed population, whereas iHS and FST falsely detect neutral mutations that have been selected in the source populations only. By combining Fadm and LAD into a single statistic, we scanned the genomes of 15 worldwide, admixed populations for signatures of adaptive admixture. We confirm that lactase persistence and resistance to malaria have been under adaptive admixture in West Africa and in Madagascar, North Africa and South Asia, respectively. Our approach also uncovers new cases of adaptive admixture, including the APOL1/MYH9 locus in the Fulani nomads and PKN2 in East Indonesians, involved in resistance to infection and metabolism, respectively. Collectively, our study provides new evidence that adaptive admixture has occurred in multiple human populations, whose genetic history is characterized by periods of isolation and spatial expansions resulting in increased gene flow.

Author summaryAdaptive introgression, i.e., the acquisition of adaptive traits through hybridization with another species, is a well-documented phenomenon in evolution. Conversely, adaptive admixture, i.e., the acquisition of adaptive traits through admixture between populations of the same species, is poorly described. In this study, we evaluate the importance of adaptive admixture in human recent evolutionary history. We first determine the expected signatures of adaptive admixture on patterns of genomic diversity, using realistic simulations. We then identify the methods that are the most powerful to detect such molecular signatures. Finally, by using the methods identified as the most powerful, we search for cases of adaptive admixture in the genomes of 15 admixed populations from around the globe. We find evidence that adaptive admixture has occurred in several populations from Northeast Africa, Southeast Asia and Oceania. This study suggests that admixture has indeed facilitated human genetic adaptation, particularly at genes involved in metabolism and resistance against pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuadros-Espinoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laval, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomic signatures of natural selection in admixed human populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.01.458621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amphiregulin mediates non-cell-autonomous effect of senescence on reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.01.458621v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is an irreversible growth arrest with a highly dynamic secretome, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescence has been implicated in somatic reprogramming to pluripotency. The cell-intrinsic proliferation arrest is a barrier for reprogramming, whereas the SASP facilitates the cell fate conversion in nonsenescent cells. However, the mechanisms by which reprogramming-induced senescence regulates cell plasticity are not well understood. Here, we have further investigated how the heterogeneity of paracrine senescence impacts reprogramming. We show that senescence promotes in vitro reprogramming in a stress-dependent manner. We identified a catalog of SASP factors and pathways potentially involved in the cell fate conversion using an unbiased proteomic analysis. Amphiregulin (AREG), a growth factor frequently secreted by the senescent cells, promotes in vitro reprogramming by accelerating proliferation and MET via the EGFR signaling pathway. Of note, AREG treatment diminished the negative effect of donor age on reprogramming. Finally, AREG enhances in vivo reprogramming in the skeletal muscle. Hence, senescence could facilitate cellular plasticity via various SASP factors to promote reprogramming and tissue repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Joest, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amphiregulin mediates non-cell-autonomous effect of senescence on reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.05.459026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Sec61 translocon is a therapeutic vulnerability in Multiple Myeloma 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.05.459026v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow. While proteasome inhibitors like bortezomib efficiently halt MM progression, drug resistance or toxicity inevitably develop. Here, we used a recently discovered inhibitor, mycolactone, to assess the interest of targeting the Sec61 translocon in MM. In human cell lines and tumors from MM patients, mycolactone triggered pro-apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum stress responses synergizing with bortezomib for induction of MM cell death, irrespective of their resistance to proteasome inhibition. Notably, this synergy was selective of cancer cells and extended to B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sec61 blockade also caused collateral defects in MM secretion of immunoglobulins and expression of pro-survival interleukin (IL)-6 receptor and CD40, whose activation stimulates IL-6 production. Further, the mycolactone-bortezomib combination demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy over single drug treatments in immunodeficient mice engrafted with MM cells, without inducing toxic side effects. Collectively, these findings establish Sec61 blockers as novel anti-MM agents and reveal the interest of targeting both the translocon and the proteasome in proteostasis-addicted tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Domenger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choisy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deriano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnulf, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bories, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadaglio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demangel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.05.459026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Sec61 translocon is a therapeutic vulnerability in Multiple Myeloma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.07.459323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OCT4 activates a Suv39h1-repressive antisense lncRNA to couple histone H3 Lysine 9 methylation to pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.07.459323v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone H3 Lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation, a characteristic mark of heterochromatin, is progressively implemented during development to contribute to cell fate restriction as differentiation proceeds. For instance, in pluripotent mouse Embryonic Stem (ES) cells the global levels of H3K9 methylation are rather low and increase only upon differentiation. Conversely, H3K9 methylation represents an epigenetic barrier for reprogramming somatic cells back to pluripotency. How global H3K9 methylation levels are coupled with the acquisition and loss of pluripotency remains largely unknown. Here, we identify SUV39H1, a major H3K9 di- and tri-methylase, as an indirect target of the pluripotency network of Transcription Factors (TFs). We find that pluripotency TFs, principally OCT4, activate the expression of an uncharacterized antisense long non-coding RNA to Suv39h1, which we name Suv39h1as. In turn, Suv39h1as downregulates Suv39h1 transcription in cis via a mechanism involving the modulation of the chromatin status of the locus. The targeted deletion of the Suv39h1as promoter region triggers increased SUV39H1 expression and H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 levels, leading to accelerated and more efficient commitment into differentiation. We report, therefore, a simple genetic circuitry coupling the global levels of H3K9 methylation to pluripotency in mouse ES cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernard, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUBOIS, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heurtier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachtsidi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandormael-Pournin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Tannoudji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OCT4 activates a Suv39h1-repressive antisense lncRNA to couple histone H3 Lysine 9 methylation to pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.08.459385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ShareLoc - an open platform for sharing localization microscopy data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.08.459385v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel insights and more powerful analytical tools can emerge from the reanalysis of existing data sets, especially via machine learning methods. Despite the widespread use of single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) for super-resolution bioimaging, the underlying data are often not publicly accessible. We developed ShareLoc (https://shareloc.xyz), an open platform designed to enable sharing, easy visualization and reanalysis of SMLM data. We discuss its features and show how data sharing can improve the performance and robustness of SMLM image reconstruction by deep learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leterrier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthelemy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, S. F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchanawong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelandais, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ShareLoc - an open platform for sharing localization microscopy data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.09.459577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A virus-encoded microRNA contributes to evade innate immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.09.459577v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection results in impaired interferon response in severe COVID-19 patients. However, how SARS-CoV-2 interferes with host immune response is incompletely understood. Here, we sequenced small RNAs from SARS-CoV-2-infected human cells and identified a micro-RNA (miRNA) encoded in a recently evolved region of the viral genome. We show that the virus-encoded miRNA produces two miRNA isoforms in infected cells by the enzyme Dicer and they are loaded into Argonaute proteins. Moreover, the predominant miRNA isoform targets the 3UTR of interferon-stimulated genes and represses their expression in a miRNA-like fashion. Finally, the two viral miRNA isoforms were detected in nasopharyngeal swabs from COVID-19 patients. We propose that SARS-CoV-2 employs a virus-encoded miRNA to hijack the host miRNA machinery and evade the interferon-mediated immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quarato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malabat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignuzzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behillil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauvonnet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvenet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.09.459577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A virus-encoded microRNA contributes to evade innate immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.19.460967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optineurin links Hace1-dependent Rac ubiquitylation to integrin-mediated mechanotransduction to control bacterial invasion and cell division 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.19.460967v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix (ECM) elasticity is perceived by cells via focal adhesion structures, which transduce mechanical cues into chemical signalling to conform cell behaviour. Although the contribution of ECM compliance to the control of cell migration or division has been extensively studied, little has been reported regarding infectious processes. We have studied how mechanical properties of the ECM impact invasion of cells by the extraintestinal Escherichia coli pathogen UTI89. We show that UTI89 takes advantage, via its CNF1 toxin, of integrin mechanoactivation to trigger its invasion into cells. We identified OPTN as a protein regulated by ECM stiffness whose function is required for bacterial invasion and integrin mechanical coupling and for stimulation of HACE1 E3 ligase activity towards the Rac1 GTPase. We showed that OPTN knockdown cells display enhanced Rac1 activation, strong mechanochemical adhesion signalling and increased cyclin D1 translation, together with enhanced cell proliferation independent of ECM stiffness. Despite such features, OPTN knockdown cells displayed defective traction force buildup associated with limited cellular invasion by UTI89. Together, our data indicate that OPTN, through a new role in mechanobiology, supports CNF1-producing uropathogenic E. coli invasion and links HACE1-mediated ubiquitylation of Rac1 to ECM mechanical properties and integrin mechanotransduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petracchini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamaoui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asnacios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fage, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitiello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balland, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafont, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladoux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilleron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maia, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Impens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnoux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemichez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mettouchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.19.460967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optineurin links Hace1-dependent Rac ubiquitylation to integrin-mediated mechanotransduction to control bacterial invasion and cell division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.08.463661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-organized tissue mechanics underlie embryonic regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.08.463661v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early amniote development is a highly regulative and self-organized process, capable to adapt to interference through cell-cell interactions, which are widely believed to be mediated by molecules. Analyzing intact and mechanically perturbed avian embryos, we show that the mechanical forces that drive embryogenesis self-organize in an analog of Turings molecular reaction-diffusion model, with contractility locally self-activating and the ensuing tension acting as a long-range inhibitor. This mechanical feedback governs the persistent pattern of tissue flows that shape the embryo and steers the concomitant emergence of embryonic territories by modulating gene expression, ensuring the formation of a single embryo under normal conditions, yet allowing the emergence of multiple, well-proportioned embryos upon perturbations. Thus, mechanical forces are a central signal in embryonic self-organization, feeding back onto gene expression to canalize both patterning and morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caldarelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamolly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegria-Prevot, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-organized tissue mechanics underlie embryonic regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.12.464051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localization of the putative recombinase Pf-int to the apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.12.464051v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites, such as malaria and toxoplasmosis cause [~]200 million (worldwide) and 1 million (Europe) infections, respectively, every year. Apicomplexa possess a non-photosynthetic organelle homologous to the plant chloroplast, the so-called apicoplast, that is essential for their growth and survival. This study focused on the Int recombinase, the first protein discovered in Plasmodium spp. with the features of a site-specific recombinase, and which has an apicoplast targeting leader sequence at its amino-terminus. Int is conserved amongst several apicomplexan parasites. In the human toxoplasmosis parasite, Toxoplasma, Int localizes to the apicoplast and Pf-Int, the P. falciparum member, belongs to the group of non-mutable essential genes in P. falciparum. A conserved protein that has been shown to be essential at least in one species and that localizes to an essential organelle may become a novel drug target. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm the sub-cellular localization of Int in the human malaria parasite P. falciparum. Using western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy of P. falciparum asexual blood stages, we observed that Int partially co-localized with the apicoplast (to discrete foci adjacent to the nucleus).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berglar, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vembar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopaul, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localization of the putative recombinase Pf-int to the apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.13.464032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cnf1 gene is associated to an expanding Escherichia coli ST131 H30Rx/C2 sublineage and confers a competitive advantage for host colonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.13.464032v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epidemiological projections point to acquisition of ever-expanding multidrug resistance (MDR) by Escherichia coli, a commensal of the digestive tract acting as a source of urinary tract pathogens. We performed a high-throughput genetic screening of predominantly clinical E. coli isolates from wide geographical origins. This revealed a preferential distribution of the Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1)-toxin encoding gene, cnf1, in four sequence types encompassing the pandemic E. coli MDR lineage ST131. This lineage is responsible for a majority of extraintestinal infections that escape first-line antibiotic treatment and has known enhanced capacities to colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Statistical modeling uncovered a dominant global expansion of cnf1-positive strains within multidrug-resistant ST131 subclade H30Rx/C2. Despite the absence of phylogeographical signals, cnf1-positive isolates adopted a clonal distribution into clusters on the ST131-H30Rx/C2 phylogeny, sharing a similar profile of virulence factors and the same cnf1 allele. Functional analysis of the cnf1-positive clinical strain EC131GY ST131-H30Rx/C2, established that a cnf1-deleted EC131GY is outcompeted by the wildtype strain in a mouse model of competitive infection of the bladder while both strains behave similarly during monoinfections. This points for positive selection of cnf1 during UTI rather than urovirulence. Wildtype EC131GY also outcompeted the mutant when concurrently inoculated into the gastrointestinal tract, arguing for selection within the gut. Whatever the site of selection, these findings support that the benefit of cnf1 enhancing host colonization by ST131-H30Rx/C2 in turn drives a worldwide dissemination of the cnf1 gene together with extended spectrum of antibiotic resistance genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>TSOUMTSA MEDA, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LANDRAUD, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PETRACCHINI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DESCORPS-DECLERE, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PERTHAME, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NAHORI, M.-a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RAMIREZ FINN, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>INGERSOLL, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PATINO-NAVARETE, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GLASER, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUSSURGET, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DENAMUR, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>METTOUCHI, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LEMICHEZ, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cnf1 gene is associated to an expanding Escherichia coli ST131 H30Rx/C2 sublineage and confers a competitive advantage for host colonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.18.464513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zebrafish larvae as a powerful model to dissect protective innate immunity in response to Legionella pneumophila infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.18.464513v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The zebrafish has become a powerful model organism to study host-pathogen interactions. Here, we developed a zebrafish model of Legionella pneumophila infection to dissect innate immune responses. We show that L. pneumophila cause zebrafish larvae death in a dose dependent manner, and that macrophages are the first line of defence, with neutrophils cooperating to clear the infection. When either macrophages or neutrophils are depleted, these "immunocompromised" larvae become lethally sensitive to L. pneumophila similar to what is known for humans that develop pneumonia. Also as observed in human infections, the adaptor signalling molecule Myd88 is not required to control disease in the larvae. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokine genes il1{beta} and tnf were upregulated during infection, recapitulating key immune responses seen in human infection. Strikingly, we uncovered a previously undescribed infection phenotype in zebrafish larvae, whereby bloodborne, wild type L. pneumophila invade and grow in the larval yolk region, a phenotype not observed with a type IV secretion system deficient mutant that cannot translocate effectors into its host cell. Thus, zebrafish larva represents an innovative L. pneumophila infection model that that on one hand mimics important aspects of the human immune response to L. pneumophila infection and that on the other hand will allow to elucidate the mechanisms by which type IV secretion effectors allow L. pneumophila to cross membranes and to obtain nutrients from nutrient rich environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viana, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucontet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schator, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laghi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibranosyan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarraud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colucci-Guyon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zebrafish larvae as a powerful model to dissect protective innate immunity in response to Legionella pneumophila infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.19.464995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specificities and commonalities of carbapenemase producing Escherichia coli isolated in France from 2012 to 2015. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.19.464995v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli (CP-Ec) represent a major public health threat with a risk of dissemination in the community as it has occurred for lineages producing extended spectrum {beta}-lactamases. To characterize the extend of CP-Ec spread in France, isolates from screening and infection samples received at the French National Reference Centre laboratory (F-NRC) for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales were investigated. Six hundred and ninety one CP-Ec isolates collected between 2012 and 2015 and 22 before were fully sequenced. Analysis of their genome sequences revealed some disseminating multidrug resistant (MDR) lineages frequently acquiring diverse carbapenemase genes mainly belonging to clonal complex (CC) 23 (ST 410) and CC10 (ST10, ST167) and sporadic isolates including rare ST131 isolates (n=17). However, the most represented ST was ST38 (n=92) with four disseminated lineages carrying blaOXA-48-like genes inserted in the chromosome. Globally, the most frequent carbapenemase gene (n=457) was blaOXA-48. It was also less frequently associated with MDR isolates being the only resistance gene in 119 isolates. Thus, outside the ST38 clades, its acquisition was frequently sporadic with no sign of dissemination, reflecting the circulation of the IncL plasmid pOXA-48 in France and its high frequency of conjugation. In contrast blaOXA-181 or blaNDM genes were often associated with the evolution of MDR E. coli lineages characterized by mutations in ftsI and ompC.

IMPORTANCECarbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli (CP-Ec) might be difficult to detect, as minimal inhibitory concentrations can be very low. However, their absolute number and their proportion among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales have been increasing, as reported by WHO and national surveillance programs. This suggests a still largely uncharacterized community spread of these isolates. Here we have characterized the diversity and evolution of CP-Ec isolated in France before 2016. We show that carbapenemase genes are associated with a wide variety of E. coli genomic backgrounds and a small number of dominant phylogenetic lineages. In a significant proportion of CP-Ec, the most frequent carbapenemase gene blaOXA-48, was detected in isolates lacking any other resistance gene, reflecting the dissemination of pOXA-48 plasmids, likely in the absence of any antibiotic pressure. In contrast carbapenemase gene transfer may also occur in multi-drug resistant E. coli, ultimately giving rise to at-risk lineages encoding carbapenemases with a high potential of dissemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patino-Navarrete, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosinski-Chupin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabanel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zongo, p.-d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oueslati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girlich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dortet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.464995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specificities and commonalities of carbapenemase producing Escherichia coli isolated in France from 2012 to 2015.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.19.465038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dual involvement of Protocadherin-18a in stromal cell development guides the formation of a functional hematopoietic niche. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.19.465038v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) emerge from the aorta and migrate to the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT) of zebrafish larvae, the hematopoietic equivalent of the mammalian fetal liver, for their proliferation and differentiation. We previously reported that somite-derived stromal cells were a key component of the CHT niche. Here we found that the cell adhesion protein protocadherin-18a (Pcdh18a) is expressed in the stromal cell progenitors (SCPs) emigrating from somites toward the future CHT. Deletion of most of the intracellular domain of Pcdh18a caused a decrease in the number of SCPs, the directionality of their migration, and the cell-contact mediated repulsion that normally occurs between migrating SCPs. These defects were followed by abnormal morphogenesis of the venous plexus that forms the CHT framework, and the inability of the resulting CHT to function as a niche for HSPCs. Finally, we found that the extracellular domain of Pcdh18a mediates trans heterophilic adhesion of stromal cells to endothelial cells in vivo and thereby the reticular vs. perivascular fate of SCPs. Our study demonstrates that Pcdh18a expression in SCPs is essential for the proper development of the hematopoietic niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Touret, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbomel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murayama, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.465038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dual involvement of Protocadherin-18a in stromal cell development guides the formation of a functional hematopoietic niche.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.28.466224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bladder tissue-resident memory T cells are necessary and sufficient to mediate immunity to recurrent UTI 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.28.466224v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most prevalent human bacterial infections. New therapeutic approaches, including vaccination and immunotherapy, are urgently needed to combat the rapid global dissemination of multidrug-resistant uropathogens. Development of therapies is impeded by an incomplete understanding of memory development during UTI. Here, we found that reducing bacterial load early in infection, by reducing the inoculum or with antibiotics after infection, completely abrogated the protective memory response. We observed a mixed T helper cell polarization, comprised of Th1, Th2, and Th17 T cells, among T cells infiltrating the bladder during primary infection. Thus, we hypothesized that reducing antigen load altered T helper cell polarization leading to poor memory. Surprisingly, however, T helper cell polarization was unchanged in these scenarios. Instead, we uncovered a population of tissue resident memory (TRM) T cells that was significantly reduced in the absence of sufficient antigen. Demonstrating that TRM cells are necessary for immune memory, transfer of lymph node or spleen-derived infection-experienced T cells to naive animals did not confer protection against infection. Supporting that TRM cells are sufficient to protect against recurrent UTI, animals depleted of systemic T cells, or treated with FTY720 to block memory lymphocyte migration from lymph nodes to infected tissue, were equally protected compared to unmanipulated mice against a second UTI. Thus, we uncovered an unappreciated key role for TRM cells in the memory response to bacterial infection in this mucosa, providing a target for non-antibiotic-based immunotherapy and/or new vaccine strategies to prevent recurrent UTI.

One Sentence SummaryTRM are necessary and sufficient for memory to recurrent UTI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacerda Mariano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bladder tissue-resident memory T cells are necessary and sufficient to mediate immunity to recurrent UTI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.15.468633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunneling nanotubes provide a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 spreading between permissive cells and to non-permissive neuronal cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.15.468633v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is mediated by the binding of its spike glycoprotein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, highly expressed in several organs, but very low in the brain. The mechanism through which SARS-CoV-2 infects neurons is not understood. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), actin-based intercellular conduits that connect distant cells, allow the transfer of cargos, including viruses. Here, we explored the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 and whether TNTs are involved in its spreading between cells in vitro. We report that neuronal cells, not permissive to SARS-CoV-2 through an exocytosis/endocytosis dependent pathway, can be infected when co-cultured with permissive infected epithelial cells. SARS-CoV-2 induces TNTs formation between permissive cells and exploits this route to spread to uninfected permissive cells in co-culture. Correlative Cryo-electron tomography reveals that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with the plasma membrane of TNTs formed between permissive cells and virus-like vesicular structures are inside TNTs established both between permissive cells and between permissive and non-permissive cells. Our data highlight a potential novel mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 spreading which could serve as route to invade non-permissive cells and potentiate infection in permissive cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pepe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietropaoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barba-Spaeth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunneling nanotubes provide a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 spreading between permissive cells and to non-permissive neuronal cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.16.468835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmodium-encoded murine IL-6 impairs liver stage infection and elicits long-lasting sterilizing immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.16.468835v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium sporozoites inoculated by Anopheles mosquitoes into the skin of the mammalian host migrate to the liver before infecting hepatocytes. Previous work demonstrated that early production of IL-6 in the liver is detrimental for the parasite growth, contributing to the acquisition of a long-lasting immune protection after immunization with live attenuated parasites. Considering that IL-6 ais a critical pro-inflammatory signal, we explored a novel approach whereby the parasite itself encodes for the murine IL-6 gene. We generated transgenic P. berghei parasites that express murine IL-6 during liver stage development. Though IL-6 transgenic sporozoites develop into exo-erythrocytic forms in cultured hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo, these parasites were not capable of inducing a blood stage infection in mice. Furthermore, immunization of mice with transgenic IL-6-expressing P. berghei sporozoites elicited a long-lasting CD8+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against a subsequent infectious sporozoite challenge. Collectively, this study demonstrates that parasite-encoded IL-6 attenuates parasite virulence with abortive liver stage of Plasmodium infection, forming the basis of a novel suicide vaccine strategy to elicit protective antimalarial immunity.

SummaryIL-6 was shown to control Plasmodium parasite development in the liver. Here, Belhimeur et al. generated a murine IL-6 transgenic Plasmodium berghei. These parasites show an arrest in hepatocyte development and protect mice against homologous and heterologous parasite challenge in a CD8-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belhimeur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briquet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peronet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvie, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MECHERI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmodium-encoded murine IL-6 impairs liver stage infection and elicits long-lasting sterilizing immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.24.469859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in European food products: a multicentric study comparing culture and molecular detection methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.24.469859v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (KpSC) is a leading cause of multidrug-resistant human infections. To better understand the potential contribution of food as a vehicle of KpSC, we conducted a multicentric study to define an optimal culture method for its recovery from food matrices, and to characterize food isolates phenotypically and genotypically. Chicken meat (n=160) and salad (n=145) samples were collected in five European countries and screened for KpSC presence using culture-based and ZKIR qPCR methods. Enrichment using buffered peptone water followed by streaking on Simmons citrate agar with inositol (44{degrees}C/48h) was defined as the most suitable selective culture method for KpSC recovery. High prevalence of KpSC was found in chicken meat (60% and 52% by ZKIR qPCR and culture approach, respectively) and salad (30% and 21%, respectively) samples. Genomic analyses revealed high genetic diversity with the dominance of phylogroups Kp1 (91%) and Kp3 (6%). 82% of isolates presented a natural antimicrobial susceptibility phenotype and genotype, with only four CTX-M-15-producing isolates detected. Notably, identical genotypes were found across samples: same food type and same country (15 cases); different food types and same country (1); same food type and two countries (1), suggesting high rates of transmission of KpSC within the food sector. Our study provides a novel isolation strategy for KpSC from food matrices and reinforces the view of food as a potential source of KpSC colonization in humans.

ImportanceBacteria of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (KpSC) are ubiquitous and K. pneumoniae (Kp) is a leading cause of antibiotic-resistant infections in humans and animals. Despite the urgent public health threat represented by Kp, there is a lack of knowledge on the contribution of food sources to colonization and subsequent infection in humans. This is partly due to the absence of standardized methods for characterizing KpSC presence in food matrices. Our multicentric study provides and implements a novel isolation strategy for KpSC from food matrices and shows that KpSC members are highly prevalent in salads and chicken meat, reinforcing the view of food as a potential source of KpSC colonization in humans. Despite the large genetic diversity and the low-levels of resistance detected, the occurrence of identical genotypes across samples suggests high rates of transmission of KpSC within the food sector, which need to be further explored to define possible control strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligowska-Marzeta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Centorotola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornacchia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Fierro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haenni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller Nielsen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piveteau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomilio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in European food products: a multicentric study comparing culture and molecular detection methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.04.471219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 protein E with cell junctions and polarity PDZ-containing proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.04.471219v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The C-terminus of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) protein E contains a PBM (PDZ binding motif) targeting PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domains identical to the PBM of SARS-CoV. The latter is involved in the pathogenicity of the virus. Recently, we identified ten human PDZ-containing proteins showing significant interactions with SARS-CoV-2 protein E PBM. We selected several of them involved in cellular junctions and cell polarity (TJP1, PARD3, MLLT4, LNX2) and MPP5/Pals1 previously shown to interact with SARS-CoV E PBM. Targeting cellular junctions and polarity components is a common strategy by viruses to hijack cell machinery to their advantage. In this study, we showed that these host PDZ domains TJP1, PARD3, MLLT4, LNX2 and MPP5/PALS1 interact in a PBM-dependent manner in vitro and colocalize with the full-length E protein in cellulo, sequestrating the PDZ domains to the Golgi compartment. We solved three crystal structures of complexes between human LNX2, MLLT4 and MPP5 PDZs and SARS-CoV-2 E PBM highlighting its binding preferences for several cellular targets. Finally, we showed different affinities for the PDZ domains with the original SARS-CoV-2 C-terminal sequence containing the PBM and the one of the beta variant that contains a mutation close to the PBM. The acquired mutations in E protein localized near the PBM might have important effects both on the structure and the ion-channel activity of the E protein and on the host machinery targeted by the variants during the infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brule, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neitthoffer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeda, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caillet-Saguy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.04.471219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 protein E with cell junctions and polarity PDZ-containing proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.09.471905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable oxygen environments and DNMT2 determine the DNA cytosine epigenetic landscape of Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.09.471905v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA cytosine methylation and its oxidized products are important epigenetic modifications in mammalian cells. Although 5-methylcytosine (5mC) was detected in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the presence of oxidized 5mC forms remain to be characterized. Here we establish a protocol to optimize nuclease-based DNA digestion for the extremely AT-rich genome of P. falciparum (>80% A+T) for quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). We demonstrate the presence of 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC cytosine modifications in a DNMT2-only organism and observe striking ratio changes between 5mC and 5hmC during the 48-hour blood stage parasite development. Parasite-infected red blood cells cultured in different physiological oxygen concentrations revealed a shift in the cytosine modifications distribution towards the oxidized 5hmC and 5caC forms. In the absence of the canonical C5-DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1 and DNMT3A/B) in P. falciparum, we show that all cytosine modifications depend on the presence of DNMT2. We conclude that DNMT2 and oxygen levels are critical determinants that shape the dynamic cytosine epigenetic landscape in this human pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scherf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miled, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcangioli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arimondo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.09.471905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable oxygen environments and DNMT2 determine the DNA cytosine epigenetic landscape of Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.14.472630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron to antibody neutralization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.14.472630v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was first identified in November 2021 in Botswana and South Africa1,2. It has in the meantime spread to many countries and is expected to rapidly become dominant worldwide. The lineage is characterized by the presence of about 32 mutations in the Spike, located mostly in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor binding domain (RBD), which may enhance viral fitness and allow antibody evasion. Here, we isolated an infectious Omicron virus in Belgium, from a traveller returning from Egypt. We examined its sensitivity to 9 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) clinically approved or in development3, and to antibodies present in 90 sera from COVID-19 vaccine recipients or convalescent individuals. Omicron was totally or partially resistant to neutralization by all mAbs tested. Sera from Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccine recipients, sampled 5 months after complete vaccination, barely inhibited Omicron. Sera from COVID-19 convalescent patients collected 6 or 12 months post symptoms displayed low or no neutralizing activity against Omicron. Administration of a booster Pfizer dose as well as vaccination of previously infected individuals generated an anti-Omicron neutralizing response, with titers 5 to 31 fold lower against Omicron than against Delta. Thus, Omicron escapes most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and to a large extent vaccine-elicited antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhassine, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pere, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puech, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodary, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolland, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baele, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellicour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymenants, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorissen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geenen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanmechelen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wawina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuypers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocqueloux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prazuck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loriere, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>REY, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron to antibody neutralization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.20.473455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule imaging reveals distinct effects of ligands on CCR5 dynamics depending on its dimerization status 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.20.473455v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are present at the cell surface in different conformational and oligomeric states. However, how these states impact GPCRs biological function and therapeutic targeting remains incompletely known. Here, we investigated this issue in living cells for the CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), a major receptor in inflammation and the principal entry co-receptor for Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV-1). We used TIRF microscopy and an original statistical method to track and classify the motion of different receptors subpopulations. We showed a diversity of ligand-free forms of CCR5 at the cell surface constituted of various oligomeric states and exhibiting transient Brownian and restricted motions. These forms were stabilized differently by distinct ligands. In particular, agonist stimulation restricted the mobility of CCR5 and led to its clustering, a feature depending on {beta}-arrestin, while inverse agonist stimulation exhibited the opposite effect. These results suggest a link between receptor activation and immobilization. Applied to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins gp120, our quantitative analysis revealed agonist-like properties of gp120s. Distinct gp120s influenced CCR5 dynamics differently, suggesting that they stabilize different CCR5 conformations. Then, using a dimerization-compromized mutant, we showed that dimerization (i) impacts CCR5 precoupling to G proteins, (ii) is a pre-requisite for the immobilization and clustering of receptors upon activation, and (iii) regulates receptor endocytosis, thereby impacting the fate of activated receptors. This study demonstrates that tracking the dynamic behavior of a GPCR is an efficient way to link GPCR conformations to their functions, therefore improving the development of drugs targeting specific receptor conformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Momboisse, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordeiro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauvonnet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arenzana-Seisdedos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagache, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagane, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivo-Marin, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brelot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule imaging reveals distinct effects of ligands on CCR5 dynamics depending on its dimerization status]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.07.475248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fusogenicity and neutralization sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta sublineage AY.4.2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.07.475248v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 lineages are continuously evolving. As of December 2021, the AY.4.2 Delta sub-lineage represented 20 % of sequenced strains in UK and has been detected in dozens of countries. It has since then been supplanted by the Omicron variant. AY.4.2 displays three additional mutations (T95I, Y145H and A222V) in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike when compared to the original Delta variant (B.1.617.2) and remains poorly characterized. Here, we analyzed the fusogenicity of the AY.4.2 spike and the sensitivity of an authentic AY.4.2 isolate to neutralizing antibodies. The AY.4.2 spike exhibited similar fusogenicity and binding to ACE2 than Delta. The sensitivity of infectious AY.4.2 to a panel of monoclonal neutralizing antibodies was similar to Delta, except for the anti-RBD Imdevimab, which showed incomplete neutralization. Sensitivity of AY.4.2 to sera from individuals having received two or three doses of Pfizer or two doses of AstraZeneca vaccines was reduced by 1.7 to 2.1 fold, when compared to Delta. Our results suggest that mutations in the NTD remotely impair the efficacy of anti-RBD antibodies. The temporary spread of AY.4.2 was not associated with major changes in spike function but rather to a partially reduced neutralization sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saunders, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolland, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pere, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robillard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidaliuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocqueloux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prazuck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlotsky, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fusogenicity and neutralization sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta sublineage AY.4.2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.10.475623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomic landscape of contemporary western Remote Oceanians 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.10.475623v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Vanuatu archipelago served as a gateway to Remote Oceania during one of the most extensive human migrations to uninhabited lands, ~3,000 years ago. Ancient DNA studies suggest an initial settlement by East Asian-related peoples that was quickly followed by the arrival of Papuan-related populations, leading to a major population turnover. Yet, there is uncertainty over the population processes and the sociocultural factors that have shaped the genomic diversity of ni-Vanuatu, who present nowadays among the worlds highest linguistic and cultural diversity. Here, we report new genome-wide data for 1,433 contemporary ni-Vanuatu from 29 different islands, including 287 couples. We find that ni-Vanuatu derive their East Asian- and Papuan-related ancestry from the same source populations and descend from relatively synchronous, sex-biased admixture events that occurred ~1,700-2,300 years ago, indicating a peopling history common to all the archipelago. However, East Asian-related ancestry proportions differ markedly across islands, suggesting that the Papuan-related population turnover was geographically uneven. Furthermore, we detect Polynesian ancestry arriving ~600-1,000 years ago to South Vanuatu in both Polynesian- and non-Polynesian-speaking populations. Lastly, we provide evidence for a tendency of spouses to carry similar genetic ancestry, when accounting for relatedness avoidance. The signal is not driven by strong genetic effects of specific loci or trait-associated variants, suggesting that it results instead from social assortative mating. Altogether, our findings provide insight into both the genetic history of ni-Vanuatu populations and how sociocultural processes have shaped the diversity of their genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arauna, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstedt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Revilla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mas-Sandoval, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colleran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gessain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomic landscape of contemporary western Remote Oceanians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.13.476284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The AAA+ ATPase RavA-ViaA complex sensitizes Escherichia coli to aminoglycosides under anaerobic low energy conservation conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.13.476284v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aminoglycosides have been used against Gram-negative bacteria for decades. Yet, uncertainties remain about various aspects of their uptake mechanism. Moreover their killing efficiency is well known to vary as a function of growth conditions and types of metabolism used by the targeted bacterium. Here we show that RavA, an AAA+ ATPase from the MoxR subfamily, associated with its VWA-containing partner, ViaA sensitize E. coli to lethal concentrations of AG, including gentamycin (Gm) and tobramycin, but not of antibiotics of other classes. We show this sensitizing effect to be due to enhanced Gm uptake in a proton motive force dependent manner. We evaluated the influence of RavA ViaA throughout a series of growth conditions, including aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. This led us to observe that the sensitizing effect of RavA ViaA varies with the respiratory chain used, i.e. RavA ViaA influence was prominent in the absence of exogenous electron acceptor or with fumarate, i.e. in poor energy conservation conditions, and dispensable in the presence of nitrate or oxygen, i.e. in high level of energy conservation. We propose RavA ViaA to be able to sense energetic state of the cell and to be used under low energy conditions for facilitating uptake of chemicals across the membrane, including Gm.

Author SummaryAntibiotic resistance is a major public health, social and economic problem. Aminoglycosides are known for their high efficiency against Gram-negative bacteria but their use is restricted to life threatening infections because of their nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity at therapeutic dose. Elucidation of AG sensitization mechanisms in bacteria will allow the use of a decreased effective dose of AGs. Here we identified new molecular actors, RavA and ViaA, which sensitize E. coli to AG under anaerobiosis. RavA belongs to the AAA+ ATPase family while ViaA bears a VWA motif. Moreover we show here that the influence of RavA ViaA on AG sensitivity varies with growth conditions and respiratory metabolism used by E. coli. This is a significant step forward as anaerobiosis is well known to reduce antibacterial activity of AG. This study emphasizes the crucial importance of the relationships between culture conditions, metabolism and antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El Khoury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamarreno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huguenot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Py, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The AAA+ ATPase RavA-ViaA complex sensitizes Escherichia coli to aminoglycosides under anaerobic low energy conservation conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.14.476295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional variability in adhesion and flocculation of yeast megasatellite genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.14.476295v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Megasatellites are large tandem repeats found in all fungal genomes but especially abundant in the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata. They are encoded in genes involved in cell-cell interactions, either between yeasts or between yeast and human cells. In the present work, we have been using an iterative genetic system to delete several C. glabrata megasatellite-containing genes and found that two of them were positively involved in adhesion to epithelial cells, whereas three genes controlled negatively adhesion. Two of the latter, CAGL0B05061g or CAGL0A04851g, are also negative regulators of yeast-to-yeast adhesion, making them central players in controlling C. glabrata adherence properties. Using a series of synthetic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in which the FLO1 megasatellite was replaced by other tandem repeats of similar length but different sequences, we showed that the capacity of a strain to flocculate in liquid culture was unrelated to its capacity to adhere to epithelial cells or to invade agar. Finally, in order to understand how megasatellites were initially created and subsequently expanded, an experimental evolution system was set up, in which modified yeast strains containing different megasatellite seeds were grown in bioreactors for more than 200 generations and selected for their ability to sediment at the bottom of the culture tube. Several flocculation-positive mutants were isolated. Functionally relevant mutations included general transcription factors as well as a 230 kb segmental duplication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viterbo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descorps-Declere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cormack, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dujon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional variability in adhesion and flocculation of yeast megasatellite genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.19.474921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics and structural changes of calmodulin upon interaction with its potent antagonist calmidazolium 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.19.474921v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calmodulin (CaM) is a eukaryotic multifunctional, calcium-modulated protein that regulates the activity of numerous effector proteins involved in a variety of physiological processes. Calmidazolium (CDZ) is a potent small molecule antagonist of CaM and one the most widely used inhibitors of CaM in cell biology. Here, we report the structural characterization of CaM:CDZ complexes using combined SAXS, X-ray crystallography, HDX-MS and NMR approaches. Our results provide molecular insights into the CDZ-induced dynamics and structural changes of CaM leading to its inhibition. CDZ-binding induces an open-to-closed conformational change of CaM and results in a strong stabilization of its structural elements associated with a reduction of protein dynamics over a large time range. These CDZ-triggered CaM changes mimic those induced by CaM-binding peptides derived from protein targets, despite their distant chemical nature. CaM residues in close contact with CDZ and involved in the stabilization of the CaM:CDZ complex have been identified. These results open the way to rationally design new CaM-selective drugs.

Figure and text for the Table of Contents (ToC)

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=127 SRC="FIGDIR/small/474921v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (40K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b0c76org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15f462forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f8e57forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a33575_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Calmidazolium is a potent and widely used inhibitor of calmodulin, a major mediator of calcium-signaling in eukaryotic cells. Structural characterization of calmidazolium-binding to calmodulin reveals that it triggers open-to-closed conformational changes similar to those induced by calmodulin-binding peptides derived from enzyme targets. These results open the way to rationally design new and more selective inhibitors of calmodulin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raoux Barbot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guijarro, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHENAL, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.474921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics and structural changes of calmodulin upon interaction with its potent antagonist calmidazolium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.20.475763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic library of Bordetella 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.20.475763v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe re-emergence of whooping cough and geographic disparities in vaccine escape or antimicrobial resistance dynamics, underline the importance of a unified definition of Bordetella pertussis strains. Understanding of the evolutionary adaptations of Bordetella pathogens to humans and animals requires comparative studies with environmental bordetellae.

MethodsWe have set-up a unified library of Bordetella genomes by merging previously existing Oxford and Pasteur databases, importing genomes from public repositories, and developing harmonized genotyping schemes. We developed a genus-wide cgMLST genotyping scheme and incorporated a previous B. pertussis cgMLST scheme. Specific schemes were developed to define antigenic, virulence and macrolide resistance profiles. Genomic sequencing of 83 French B. bronchiseptica isolates and of B. tumulicola, B. muralis and B. tumbae type strains was performed.

ResultsThe public library currently includes 2,581 Bordetella isolates and their provenance data, and 2,084 genomes. The "classical Bordetella" (B. bronchiseptica, B. parapertussis and B. pertussis), which form a single genomic species (B. bronchiseptica genomic species, BbGS), were overrepresented (n=2,382). The phylogenetic analysis of Bordetella genomes associated the three novel species B. tumulicola, B. muralis and B. tumbae in a clade with B. petrii and revealed 18 yet undescribed species. A sister lineage of the classical bordetellae, provisionally named Bbs lineage II, was uncovered and may represent a novel species (average nucleotide identity with BbGS strains: [~]95%). It comprised strain HT200 from India, two strains of  genogroup 6 from the USA and six clinical isolates from France; this lineage lacked ptxP and its fim2 gene was divergent. Within B. pertussis, vaccine antigen sequence types marked important phylogenetic subdivisions, and macrolide resistance markers (23S_rRNA allele 13 and fhaB3) confirmed the current restriction of this phenotype in China with few exceptions.

ConclusionsThe genomic platform provides an expandable resource for unified genotyping of Bordetella strains and will facilitate collective evolutionary and epidemiological understanding of the re-emergence of whooping cough and other Bordetella infections.

Data summaryBordetella genomes list and accession numbers: Supplementary Table S4

Bordetella genus phylogeny dataset (92 isolates): https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/cgi-bin/bigsdb/bigsdb.pl?db=pubmlst_bordetella_isolates&page=query&project_list=23&submit=1

B. bronchiseptica phylogeny dataset (213 isolates): https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/cgi-bin/bigsdb/bigsdb.pl?db=pubmlst_bordetella_isolates&page=query&project_list=24&submit=1

B. pertussis phylogeny (124 isolates): https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/cgi-bin/bigsdb/bigsdb.pl?db=pubmlst_bordetella_isolates&page=query&project_list=25&submit=1

iTOL interactive trees: https://itol.embl.de/shared/1l7Fw0AvKOoCF
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brancotte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armatys, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiden, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolley, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.475763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic library of Bordetella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.30.478159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An intranasal lentiviral booster broadens immune recognition of SARS-CoV-2 variants and reinforces the waning mRNA vaccine-induced immunity that it targets to lung mucosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.30.478159v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues and new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern emerge, the adaptive immunity initially induced by the first-generation COVID-19 vaccines wains and needs to be strengthened and broadened in specificity. Vaccination by the nasal route induces mucosal humoral and cellular immunity at the entry point of SARS-CoV-2 into the host organism and has been shown to be the most effective for reducing viral transmission. The lentiviral vaccination vector (LV) is particularly suitable for this route of immunization because it is non-cytopathic, non-replicative and scarcely inflammatory. Here, to set up an optimized cross-protective intranasal booster against COVID-19, we generated an LV encoding stabilized Spike of SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant (LV::SBeta-2P). mRNA vaccine-primed and -boosted mice, with waning primary humoral immunity at 4 months post-vaccination, were boosted intranasally with LV::SBeta-2P. Strong boost effect was detected on cross-sero-neutralizing activity and systemic T-cell immunity. In addition, mucosal anti-Spike IgG and IgA, lung resident B cells, and effector memory and resident T cells were efficiently induced, correlating with complete pulmonary protection against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, demonstrating the suitability of the LV::SBeta-2P vaccine candidate as an intranasal booster against COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vesin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noirat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Authie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Chevalier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moncoq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemirov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MAJLESSI, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charneau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.478159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An intranasal lentiviral booster broadens immune recognition of SARS-CoV-2 variants and reinforces the waning mRNA vaccine-induced immunity that it targets to lung mucosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.01.478639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding rRNA Sequences for Improved Metagenomics in Sylvatic Mosquito Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.01.478639v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As mosquito-borne virus epidemics are often preceded by undetected spillover events, surveillance and virus discovery studies in non-urban mosquitoes informs pre-emptive and responsive public health measures. RNA-seq metagenomics is a popular methodology but it is constrained by overabundant rRNA. The lack of reference sequences for most mosquito species is a major impediment against physical and computational removal of rRNA reads.

We describe a strategy to assemble novel rRNA sequences from mosquito specimens, producing an unprecedented dataset of 234 full-length 28S and 18S rRNA sequences of 33 medically important species from countries with known histories of mosquito-borne virus circulation (Cambodia, the Central African Republic, Madagascar, and French Guiana). We also evaluate the utility of rRNA sequences as molecular barcodes relative to the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. We show that rRNA sequences can be used for species identification when COI sequences are ambiguous or unavailable, revealing evolutionary relationships concordant with contemporary mosquito systematics.

This expansion of the rRNA reference library improves mosquito RNA-seq metagenomics by permitting the optimization of species-specific rRNA depletion protocols for a broader species range and streamlined species identification by rRNA barcoding. In addition, rRNA barcodes could serve as an additional tool for mosquito taxonomy and phylogeny.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngoagouni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchemin, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.01.478639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding rRNA Sequences for Improved Metagenomics in Sylvatic Mosquito Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.04.479088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type B and Type A influenza polymerases have evolved distinct binding interfaces to recruit the RNA polymerase II CTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.04.479088v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During annual influenza epidemics, influenza B viruses (IBVs) co-circulate with influenza A viruses (IAVs), can become predominant and cause severe morbidity and mortality. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that IAVs (primarily avian viruses) and IBVs (primarily human viruses) have diverged over long time scales. Identifying their common and distinctive features is an effective approach to increase knowledge about the molecular details of influenza infection. The virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (FluPolB and FluPolA) are PB1-PB2-PA heterotrimers that perform transcription and replication of the viral genome in the nucleus of infected cells. Initiation of viral mRNA synthesis requires a direct association of FluPol with the host RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), in particular the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of the major RNAP II subunit, to enable "cap-snatching" whereby 5-capped oligomers derived from nascent RNAP II transcripts are pirated to prime viral transcription. Here, we present the first high-resolution co-crystal structure of FluPolB bound to a CTD mimicking peptide at a binding site crossing from PA to PB2. By performing structure-based mutagenesis of FluPolB and FluPolA followed by a systematic investigation of FluPol-CTD binding, FluPol activity and viral phenotype, we demonstrate that IBVs and IAVs have evolved distinct binding interfaces to recruit the RNAP II CTD, despite the CTD sequence being highly conserved across host species. We find that the PB2 627 subdomain, a major determinant of FluPol-host cell interactions and IAV host-range, is involved in CTD-binding for IBVs but not for IAVs, and we show that FluPolB and FluPolA bind to the host RNAP II independently of the CTD. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that the CTD-binding modes of IAV and IBV represent avian- and human-optimized binding modes, respectively, and that their divergent evolution was shaped by the broader interaction network between the FluPol and the host transcriptional machinery.

Authors summaryDuring seasonal influenza epidemics, influenza B viruses (IBVs) co-circulate with influenza A viruses (IAVs) and can cause severe outcomes. The influenza polymerase is a key drug target and it is therefore important to understand the common and distinctive molecular features of IBV and IAV polymerases. To achieve efficient transcription and replication in the nucleus of infected cells, influenza polymerases closely cooperate with the cellular RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interact with the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its major subunit. Here we gained new insights into the way IBV and IAV polymerases interact with the CTD of RNAP II. High-resolution structural data was used to perform structure-based mutagenesis of IBV and IAV polymerases followed by a systematic investigation of their interaction with RNAP II, transcription/replication activity and viral phenotype. Strikingly, we found that IBVs and IAVs have evolved distinct interfaces to interact with the host transcriptional machinery, in particular with the CTD of RNAP II. We provide evidence that these differences may have evolved as a consequence of the differences in IBV and IAV host range. Our findings are of significant importance with regard to the development of broad-spectrum antivirals that target the virus-host interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krischuns, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drncova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukarska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pflug, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navratil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naffakh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type B and Type A influenza polymerases have evolved distinct binding interfaces to recruit the RNA polymerase II CTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.06.479318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-essential tRNA and rRNA modifications impact the bacterial response to sub-MIC antibiotic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.06.479318v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) develops as a major problem in infectious diseases treatment. While antibiotic resistance mechanisms are usually studied using lethal antibiotic doses, lower doses allowing bacterial growth are now considered as factors influencing the development and selection of resistance. Based on high throughput transposon insertion sequencing (TN-seq) in V. cholerae, we have undertaken the phenotypic characterization of 23 transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) modifications deletion mutants, for which growth is globally not affected in the absence of stress. We uncover a specific involvement of different RNA modification genes in the response to aminoglycosides (tobramycin (TOB), gentamicin (GEN)), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin (CIP)), {beta}-lactams (carbenicillin (CRB)), chloramphenicol (CM) and trimethoprim (TRM). Our results identify t/rRNA modification genes, not previously associated to any antibiotic resistance phenotype, as important factors affecting the bacterial response to sub-MIC antibiotics from different families. This suggests differential translation and codon decoding as critical factors involved in the bacterial response to stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babosan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruchard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharoglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.06.479318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-essential tRNA and rRNA modifications impact the bacterial response to sub-MIC antibiotic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.12.480187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relevance study of vector competence and insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti laboratory lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.12.480187v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The urban mosquito species Aedes aegypti is the main vector of arboviruses worldwide. Mosquito control with insecticides is the most prevalent method for preventing transmission in the absence of effective vaccines and available treatments; however, the extensive use of insecticides has led to the development of resistance in mosquito populations throughout the world, and the number of epidemics caused by arboviruses has increased.

Three mosquito lines with different resistance profiles to deltamethrin were isolated in French Guiana, including one with the I1016 knock-down resistant allele. Significant differences were observed in the cumulative proportion of mosquitoes with a disseminated chikungunya virus infection over time. In addition, certain genes (CYP6BB2, CYP6N12, GST2, trypsin) were variably overexpressed in the midgut at 7 days after an infectious blood meal in these three lines. Therefore, detoxification enzymes and kdr mutations may contribute to an enhanced midgut barrier and reduced dissemination rate.

Our work shows that vector competence for chikungunya virus varied between Ae. aegypti laboratory lines with different deltamethrin-resistance profiles. More accurate verification of the functional association between insecticide resistance and vector competence remains to be demonstrated.

ImportanceThree Ae. aegypti lines, isolated from the same collection site, underwent different insecticide selection pressures against deltamethrin under laboratory conditions. As a result, they developed different resistant profiles. In this study, when these lines were fed an artificial infectious blood meal containing chikungunya virus, all three lines including the reference strain showed a high infection rate. There was no statistical difference in infection rate found; however, the dissemination rate of the virus from midgut to head were significantly different. A higher resistance level detected by the WHO test was correlated with a lower viral dissemination rate for each strain. This study presented evidence that the insecticide selection pressure or the existence of insecticide resistance could lead to differences in viral dissemination or even transmission in mosquito populations. We hope that our study can give more insights into understanding the roles of mosquito insecticide resistance on viral transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaborit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issaly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazanji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousset, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignuzzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epelboin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusfour, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.12.480187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relevance study of vector competence and insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti laboratory lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.15.480545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is it the same strain? Defining genomic epidemiology thresholds tailored to individual outbreaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.15.480545v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEpidemiological surveillance relies on microbial strain typing, which defines genomic relatedness among isolates to identify case clusters and their potential sources. No consensus exists on the choice of thresholds of genomic relatedness to define clusters. While a priori defined thresholds are often applied, outbreak-specific features such as pathogen mutation rate and duration of source contamination should be considered.

MethodsWe developed a forward model of bacterial evolution to simulate mutation within a population diversifying at a specific mutation rate, with specific outbreak duration and sample isolation dates. Based on the resulting expected distribution of genetic distances we define a threshold beyond which isolates are considered as not part of the outbreak. We additionally embedded the model into a Markov Chain Monte Carlo inference framework to estimate, from data including sampling dates or isolates genetic variation, the most credible mutation rate or time since source contamination.

FindingsA simulation study validated the model over realistic durations and mutation rates. When applied to 16 published datasets describing foodborne outbreaks, our framework consistently identified outliers. Appropriate thresholds for grouping cases were obtained for 14 outbreaks. For the remaining two outbreaks, re-estimation of the duration of outbreak lead to updated threshold values and was more likely, given our model, to result in the observed genetic distances.

InterpretationWe propose an evolutionary approach to the  single strain conundrum by defining the genetic threshold based on individual outbreak properties. The framework provides an informed estimation of the likelihood of a cluster given the samples epidemiological and microbiological context. This forward model, applicable to foodborne or environmental-source single point case clusters or outbreaks, will be useful for epidemiological surveillance and to guide control measures.

FundingThis work was supported financially by the MedVetKlebs project, a component of European Joint Programme One Health EJP, which has received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 773830. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Research in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSWe searched PubMed for studies published between database inception and April 3, 2021, with the term (threshold OR cut-off OR genetic relatedness) AND (outbreak) AND (cgMLST OR wgMLST OR SNPs) AND (microbial OR bacteria OR bacterial OR pathogen). We found 222 related articles. Most studies define a fixed SNP threshold that relate outbreak strains based on previous observations. One original study identifies outbreak clusters based on transmission events. However, it relies on strong assumptions about molecular clock and transmission processes.

Added value of this studyOur study describes a new method based on a forward Wright-Fisher model to find the most credible genetic distance threshold. This method is fast and simple to use with only few assumptions, informed by outbreak duration and pathogen mutation rate. By using SNP or cgMLST pairwise distances and sample collection dates of the outbreak of interest, the algorithm provides context-based guidance to separate outbreak strains from outliers.

Implications of all the available evidenceThe fast and easy method developed here enables to move away from a priori defined thresholds. Defining clusters more accurately based on the specific features of outbreaks, and the ability to estimate outbreak duration, will provide the needed precision for epidemiological surveillance and should contribute to leverage molecular epidemiology data more efficiently for the purpose of uncovering contamination sources.

Data Availability StatementAll data and code used for this manuscript is available online at https://gitlab.pasteur.fr/BEBP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duval, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>opatowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is it the same strain? Defining genomic epidemiology thresholds tailored to individual outbreaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.16.480693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic basis of a sub-second representation of time 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.16.480693v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal sequences of neural activity are essential for driving well-timed behaviors, but the underlying cellular and circuit mechanisms remain elusive. We leveraged the well-defined architecture of the cerebellum, a brain region known to support temporally precise actions, to explore theoretically whether the experimentally observed diversity of short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) at the input layer could generate neural dynamics sufficient for subsecond temporal learning. Simulated synaptic input generated a diverse set of transient, firing patterns in granule cells (GCs) that provided a temporal basis set for learning precisely timed pauses of Purkinje cell activity associated with delayed eyelid conditioning and Bayesian interval estimation. The learning performance across time intervals was influenced by the temporal bandwidth of the GC basis, which was determined by the input layer synaptic properties. The ubiquity of STP throughout the brain positions it as a general, tunable cellular mechanism for sculpting neural dynamics and fine-tuning behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiechart, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiGregorio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic basis of a sub-second representation of time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.20.481195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic bookmarking by CTCF controls selected genes during the fast post-mitotic genome reactivation of ES cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.20.481195v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitosis leads to a global downregulation of transcription that then needs to be efficiently restored. In somatic cells, this is mediated by a transient hyper-active state that first leads to the reactivation of genes necessary to rebuild the interphasic cell and then of those executing specific cell functions. Here, we hypothesized that cells displaying rapid cell cycles may display accelerated gene reactivation dynamics. To test this, we focused on mouse Embryonic Stem (ES) cells, which have a short cell cycle and spend a minor time in G1. Compared to previous studies, we observed a uniquely fast global reactivation, which displays little specificity towards housekeeping versus cell identity genes. Such lack of specificity may enable the restoration of the entirety of regulatory functions before the onset of DNA replication. Genes displaying the fastest reactivation dynamics are associated with binding of CTCF, a transcription factor that largely maintains binding to its targets on DNA during mitosis. Nevertheless, we show that the post-mitotic global burst is robust and largely insensitive to CTCF depletion. There are, however, around 350 genes that respond to CTCF depletion rapidly after mitotic exit. Remarkably, these are characterised by promoter-proximal mitotic bookmarking by CTCF. We propose that the structure of the cell cycle imposes distinct constrains to post-mitotic gene reactivation dynamics in different cell types, via mechanisms that are yet to be identified but that can be modulated by mitotic bookmarking factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Festuccia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.20.481195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic bookmarking by CTCF controls selected genes during the fast post-mitotic genome reactivation of ES cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.25.481978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic landscapes of SARS-CoV-2-infected and bystander lung cells reveal a selective upregulation of NF-κB-dependent coding and non-coding proviral transcripts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.25.481978v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigations of cellular responses to viral infection are commonly performed on mixed populations of infected and uninfected cells or using single-cell RNA sequencing, leading to inaccurate and low-resolution gene expression interpretations. Here, we performed deep polyA+ transcriptome analyses and novel RNA profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infected lung epithelial cells, sorted based on the expression of the viral spike (S) protein. Infection caused a massive reduction in mRNAs and lncRNAs, including transcripts coding for antiviral factors, such as interferons (IFN). This absence of IFN signaling probably explained the poor transcriptomic response of bystander cells co-cultured with S+ ones. NF-{kappa}B pathway and the inflammatory response escaped the global shutoff in S+ cells. Functional investigations revealed the proviral function of the NF-{kappa}B pathway and the antiviral activity of CYLD, a negative regulator of the pathway. Thus, our transcriptomic analysis on sorted cells revealed additional genes that modulate SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szachnowski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foretek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aicher, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipoli da Fonseca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeannin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauclair, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morillon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvenet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.481978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic landscapes of SARS-CoV-2-infected and bystander lung cells reveal a selective upregulation of NF-κB-dependent coding and non-coding proviral transcripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.28.482270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IntegronFinder 2.0: identification and analysis of integrons across Bacteria, with a focus on antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.28.482270v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrons are mobile genetic elements that contain multiple cassettes encoding accessory genes whose order is shuffled by a specific integrase. Integrons within mobile genetic elements often contain multiple antibiotic resistance genes that they spread among nosocomial pathogens and contribute to the current antibiotic resistance crisis. However, most integrons are presumably sedentary and encode a much broader diversity of functions. IntegronFinder is a widely used software to identify novel integrons in bacterial genomes, but has aged and lacks some useful functionalities to handle very large datasets of draft genomes or metagenomes. Here, we present IntegronFinder version 2. We have updated the code, improved its efficiency and usability, adapted the output to incomplete genome data, and added a few novel functions. We describe these changes and illustrate the relevance of the program by analyzing the distribution of integrons across more than 20,000 fully sequenced genomes. We also take full advantage of its novel capabilities to analyze close to 4 thousand Klebsiella pneumoniae genomes for the presence of integrons and antibiotic resistance genes within them. Our data shows that K. pneumoniae has a large diversity of integrons and the largest mobile integron in our database of plasmids. The pangenome of these integrons contains a total of 165 different gene families with most of the largest families being related with resistance to numerous types of antibiotics. IntegronFinder is a free and open-source software available at https://github.com/gem-pasteur/Integron_Finder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PERRIN, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haudiquet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IntegronFinder 2.0: identification and analysis of integrons across Bacteria, with a focus on antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.02.482709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alcam-a and Pdgfr-α are essential for the development of sclerotome derived stromal cells that support hematopoiesis in vivo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.02.482709v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stromal cells are essential components of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) niches, regulating HSPC proliferation and fate decisions. Their developmental origins are largely unknown. In zebrafish, we previously found that the stromal cells of the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT), a niche functionally homologous to the fetal liver in mammals, arise from the ventral part of caudal somites. We have now discovered that this ventral domain is actually the sclerotome, and that two typical markers of mammalian mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, Alcam and Pdgfr-, are distinctively expressed there and instrumental for the emergence and migration of stromal cell progenitors, which in turn conditions the proper assembly of the vascular component of the CHT niche. Furthermore, we find that the trunk somites are similarly dependent on Alcam and Pdgfr- to produce mesenchymal stromal cells that foster the initial emergence of HSPCs from the dorsal aorta. Thus the sclerotome contributes essential stromal cells for each of the key steps of developmental hematopoiesis, and likely is the embryological origin of most if not all mesenchymal stem/stromal cells found in non-cephalic tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murayama, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touret, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbomel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alcam-a and Pdgfr-α are essential for the development of sclerotome derived stromal cells that support hematopoiesis in vivo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.07.483337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gender-based disparities and biases in science: observational study of a virtual conference 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.07.483337v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Success in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) remains influenced by race, gender, and socioeconomic status. Here, we focus on the impact of gender on question-asking behavior during the 2021 JOBIM virtual conference (Journees Ouvertes en Biologie et Mathematiques). We gathered quantitative and qualitative data including : demographic information, question asking motivations, live observations and interviews of participants. Quantitative analyses include unprecedented figures such as the fraction of the audience identifying as LGBTQIA+ and an increased attendance of women in virtual conferences. Although parity was reached in the audience, women asked half as many questions as men. This under-representation persisted after accounting for seniority of the asker. Interviews of participants highlighted several barriers to oral expression encountered by women and gender minorities : negative reactions to their speech, discouragement to pursue a career in research, and gender discrimination/sexual harassment. Informed by the study, guidelines for conference organizers have been written.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torchet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.07.483337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gender-based disparities and biases in science: observational study of a virtual conference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.23.485572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First description of a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis clonal outbreak in France, confirmed using a new core genome multilocus sequence typing method 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.23.485572v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an enteric pathogen causing mild enteritis that can lead to mesenteric adenitis and septicemia in elderly patients. Most cases are sporadic, but outbreaks have already been described in different countries. We report for the first time a Y. pseudotuberculosis clonal outbreak in France, that occurred in 2020. An epidemiological investigation pointed towards the consumption of tomatoes as the likely source of contamination. The Yersinia National Reference Laboratory (YNRL) developed a new cgMLST scheme with 1,921 genes specific to Y. pseudotuberculosis that identified the clustering of isolates associated to the outbreak and allowed to perform molecular typing in real time. In addition, this method allowed to retrospectively identify isolates belonging to this cluster from earlier in 2020. This method, which does not require specific bioinformatic skills, is now used systematically at the YNRL and proves to display an excellent discriminatory power and is available to the scientific community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Guern, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chereau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guglielmini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeure, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro-Cerda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First description of a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis clonal outbreak in France, confirmed using a new core genome multilocus sequence typing method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.24.484598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volatile hydrogen cyanide released by Pseudomonas aeruginosa provides a competitive advantage over Staphylococcus aureus in biofilm and in vivo lung environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.24.484598v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse bacterial volatile compounds alter bacterial stress responses and physiology, but their contribution to population dynamics in polymicrobial communities is not well known. In this study, we showed that airborne volatile hydrogen cyanide (HCN) produced by a wide range of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains leads to at-a-distance inhibition of the growth of a wide array of Staphylococcus aureus strains. We determined that low oxygen level environments not only enhance P. aeruginosa HCN production but also increase S. aureus sensitivity to HCN, which impacts P. aeruginosa-S. aureus competition in microaerobic in vitro mixed biofilms as well as in an in vitro cystic fibrosis lung sputum medium. Consistently, we demonstrated that production of HCN provides a competitive advantage to P. aeruginosa in a mouse model of airways co-infected by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Our study therefore demonstrates that P. aeruginosa HCN contributes to local and distant airborne competition against S. aureus and potentially other HCN-sensitive bacteria in contexts relevant to cystic fibrosis and other polymicrobial infectious diseases.

IMPORTANCEAirborne volatile compounds produced by bacteria are often only considered as attractive or repulsive scents, but they also directly contribute to bacterial physiology. Here we showed that volatile hydrogen cyanide (HCN) released by a wide range of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth in low oxygen in vitro biofilms or aggregates and in vivo lung environments. These results are of pathophysiological relevance, since lungs of cystic fibrosis patients are known to present microaerophilic areas and to be commonly associated with the presence of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa in polymicrobial communities. Our study therefore provides insights into how a bacterial volatile compound can contribute to the exclusion of S. aureus and other HCN-sensitive competitors from P. aeruginosa ecological niches. It opens new perspectives for the management or monitoring of P. aeruginosa infections in lower lung airway infections and other polymicrobial disease contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Letoffe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darch, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beloin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touqui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.484598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volatile hydrogen cyanide released by Pseudomonas aeruginosa provides a competitive advantage over Staphylococcus aureus in biofilm and in vivo lung environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.24.485606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recognition of copy-back defective interfering rabies virus genomes by RIG-I triggers the antiviral response against vaccine strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.24.485606v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rabies virus (RABV) is a lethal neurotropic virus that causes 60,000 human deaths every year around the world. A typical feature of RABV infection is the suppression of type I and III interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response. However, molecular mechanisms leading to RABV sensing by RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) to initiate IFN signaling remain elusive. Here, we showed that RABV RNAs are recognized by RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) sensor resulting in an IFN response of the infected cells but that this global feature was differently modulated according to the type of RABV used. RNAs from pathogenic RABV strain, THA, were poorly detected in the cytosol by RIG-I and therefore mediated a weak antiviral response. On the opposite, we revealed a strong interferon activity triggered by the RNAs of the attenuated RABV vaccine SAD strain mediated by RIG-I. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) combined with bioinformatics tools, we characterized two major 5copy-back defective interfering (5cb DI) genomes generated during SAD replication. Furthermore, we identified a specific interaction of 5cb DI genomes and RIG-I that correlated with a high stimulation of the type I IFN signaling. This study indicates that RNAs from a wild-type RABV poorly activate the RIG-I pathway, while the presence of 5cb DIs in vaccine SAD strain serves as an intrinsic adjuvant that strengthens its efficiency by enhancing RIG-I detection and therefore strongly stimulates the IFN response.

HighlightsO_LIRABV pathogenic strain replication in vitro is characterized by the absence of defective interfering genomes thus induces a weak RLR-mediated innate immunity antiviral response.
C_LIO_LIRABV vaccine attenuated strain shows a high release of 5 copy-back defective interfering genomes during replication in vitro and therefore enhances a strong antiviral response upon infection.
C_LIO_LIRIG-I is the main sensor for RABV RNA detection within cells.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>AOUADI, w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najburg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergoat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komarova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recognition of copy-back defective interfering rabies virus genomes by RIG-I triggers the antiviral response against vaccine strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.31.486631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small Molecules Restore Azole Activity Against Drug-Tolerant and Drug-Resistant Candida Isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.31.486631v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each year, fungi cause more than 1.5 billion infections worldwide and have a devastating impact on human health, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or patients in intensive care units. The limited antifungal arsenal and emerging multidrug resistant species necessitate the development of new therapies. One strategy for combating drug resistant pathogens is the administration of molecules that restore fungal susceptibility to approved drugs. Accordingly, we carried out a screen to identify small molecules that could restore the susceptibility of pathogenic Candida species to azole antifungals. This screening effort led to the discovery of novel 1,4-benzodiazepines that restore fluconazole susceptibility in resistant isolates of Candida albicans, as evidenced by 100-1000-fold potentiation of fluconazole activity. This potentiation effect was also observed in azole-tolerant strains of C. albicans and in other pathogenic Candida species. The 1,4-benzodiazepines selectively potentiated different azoles, but not other approved antifungals. A remarkable feature of the potentiation was that the combination of the compounds with fluconazole was fungicidal, whereas fluconazole alone is fungistatic. Interestingly, the potentiators were not toxic to C. albicans in the absence of fluconazole, but inhibited virulence-associated filamentation of the fungus. We found that the combination of the potentiators and fluconazole significantly enhanced host survival in a Galleria mellonella model of systemic fungal infection. Taken together, these observations validate a strategy wherein small molecules can restore the activity of highly used anti-infectives that have lost potency.

IMPORTANCEIn the last decade, we have been witnessing a higher incidence of fungal infections, due to an expansion of the fungal species capable of causing disease (e.g., Candida auris), as well as increased antifungal drug resistance. Among human fungal pathogens, Candida species are a leading cause of invasive infections and are associated with high mortality rates. Infections by these pathogens are commonly treated with azole antifungals, yet the expansion of drug-resistant isolates have reduced their clinical utility. In this work, we describe the discovery and characterization of small molecules that potentiate fluconazole and restore the susceptibility of azole-resistant and azole-tolerant Candida isolates. Interestingly, the potentiating 1,4-benzodiazepines were not toxic to fungal cells but inhibited their virulence-associated filamentous growth. Furthermore, combinations of the potentiators and fluconazole decreased fungal burdens and enhanced host survival in a Galleria mellonella model of systemic fungal infections. Accordingly, we propose the use of novel antifungal potentiators as a powerful strategy for addressing the growing resistance of fungi to clinically approved drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alabi, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sello, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ene, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small Molecules Restore Azole Activity Against Drug-Tolerant and Drug-Resistant Candida Isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.01.486719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent Human Broadly SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing IgA and IgG Antibodies Effective Against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.01.486719v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory B-cell and antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contribute to long-term immune protection against severe COVID-19, which can also be prevented by antibody-based interventions. Here, wide SARS-CoV-2 immunoprofiling in COVID-19 convalescents combining serological, cellular and monoclonal antibody explorations, revealed humoral immunity coordination. Detailed characterization of a hundred SARS-CoV-2 spike memory B-cell monoclonal antibodies uncovered diversity in their repertoire and antiviral functions. The latter were influenced by the targeted spike region with strong Fc-dependent effectors to the S2 subunit and potent neutralizers to the receptor binding domain. Amongst those, Cv2.1169 and Cv2.3194 antibodies cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including Omicron BA.1 and BA.2. Cv2.1169, isolated from a mucosa-derived IgA memory B cell, demonstrated potency boost as IgA dimers and therapeutic efficacy as IgG antibodies in animal models. Structural data provided mechanistic clues to Cv2.1169 potency and breadth. Thus, potent broadly neutralizing IgA antibodies elicited in mucosal tissues can stem SARS-CoV-2 infection, and Cv2.1169 and Cv2.3194 are prime candidates for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias de Melo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beretta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardado-Calvo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufloo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinos-Albert, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaravalli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conquet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzelak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes-Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French COVID Cohort Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CORSER Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungeheuer, M.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charneau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent Human Broadly SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing IgA and IgG Antibodies Effective Against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.03.486879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of drug response in single mycobacterial cells by microfluidic dose-response assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.03.486879v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preclinical analysis of drug efficacy is critical for drug development. However, conventional bulk-cell assays statically assess the mean population behavior, lacking resolution on drugescaping cells. Inaccurate estimation of efficacy can lead to overestimation of compounds, whose efficacy will not be confirmed in the clinic, or lead to rejection of valuable candidates. Time-lapse microfluidic microscopy is a powerful approach to characterize drugs at high spatiotemporal resolution, but hard to apply on a large scale. Here we report the development of a microfluidic platform based on a pneumatic operating principle, which is scalable and compatible with long-term live-cell imaging and with simultaneous analysis of different drug concentrations. We tested the platform with mycobacterial cells, including the tubercular pathogen, providing the first proof of concept of a single-cell dose-response assay. This dynamic in-vitro model will prove useful to probe the fate of drug-stressed cells, providing improved predictions of drug efficacy in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mistretta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangneux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.03.486879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of drug response in single mycobacterial cells by microfluidic dose-response assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.05.487201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High frequency spike inference with particle Gibbs sampling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.05.487201v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium-sensitive fluorescent indicators enable monitoring of spiking activity in large neuronal populations in animal models. Despite the plethora of algorithms developed over the past decades, accurate spike-time inference methods for spike rates exceeding 20 Hz are lacking. More importantly, little attention has been devoted to the quantification of statistical uncertainties in spike time estimation, which is essential for assigning confidence levels to inferred spike patterns. To address these challenges, we introduce (1) a statistical model that accounts for bursting neuronal activity and baseline fluorescence modulation and (2) apply a Monte Carlo strategy (particle Gibbs with ancestor sampling) to estimate the joint posterior distribution of spike times and model parameters. Our method is competitive with state-of-the-art supervised and unsupervised algorithms, as evaluated on the CASCADE benchmark datasets. Analysis of fluorescence transients recorded with the ultrafast genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP8f demonstrates that our method can resolve interspike intervals as short as 5 ms. Overall, our study describes a Bayesian inference method for detecting neuronal spiking patterns and quantifying their uncertainty. The use of particle Gibbs samplers enables unbiased estimates of spike times and all model parameters, and provides a flexible statistical framework for testing more specific models of calcium indicators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diana, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sermet, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiGregorio, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High frequency spike inference with particle Gibbs sampling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.06.487382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trim33 conditions the lifespan of primitive macrophages and onset of definitive macrophage production 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.06.487382v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TRIM33 (Tif1-{gamma}) is a transcriptional regulator notably involved in several aspects of hematopoiesis. It is essential for the production of erythrocytes in zebrafish, and for the proper functionning and aging of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in mice. Here we have found that in zebrafish development, Trim33 is essential cell-autonomously for the lifespan of the yolk sac derived primitive macrophages, as well as for the initial production of definitive (HSPC-derived) macrophages in the first niche of definitive hematopoiesis, the caudal hematopoietic tissue. Moreover, Trim33 deficiency leads to an excess production of definitive neutrophils and thrombocytes. Our data indicate that Trim33 radically conditions the differentiation ouput of aorta-derived HSPCs in all four erythro-myeloid cell types, in a niche-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demy, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touret, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauzin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capuana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbomel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trim33 conditions the lifespan of primitive macrophages and onset of definitive macrophage production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.08.487599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pneumococcus triggers NFkB degradation in COMMD2 aggresome-like bodies. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.08.487599v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NF-{kappa}B driven cellular immunity is essential for both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to microbes, which makes it one of the most frequently targeted pathways by bacteria during pathogenesis. How NF-{kappa}B tunes the epithelial response to Streptococcus pneumoniae across the spectrum of commensal to pathogenic outcomes is not fully understood. In this study, we compare a commensal-like 6B ST90 strain to an invasive TIGR4 isolate and demonstrate, through comparative mass spectrometry of the p65 interactome, TIGR4 challenge triggers a novel interaction of COMMD2 with p65 and p62. Mechanistically, we show this complex mediates export of p65 for degradation and COMMD2 is necessary for altering host cellular immunity. With these results, we reveal for the first time a new bacterial pathogenesis mechanism to repress host inflammatory response though COMMD2 and p65 degradation while presenting a paradigm for diverging NF-{kappa}B responses to pneumococcus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connor, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, M. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weight, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyderman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pneumococcus triggers NFkB degradation in COMMD2 aggresome-like bodies.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.11.487825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A maximum mean discrepancy approach reveals subtle changes in α-synuclein dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.11.487825v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous models have been developed to account for the complex properties of the random walks of biomolecules. However, when analysing experimental data, conditions are rarely met to ensure model identification. The dynamics may simultaneously be influenced by spatial and temporal heterogeneities of the environment, out-of-equilibrium fluxes and conformal changes of the tracked molecules. Recorded trajectories are often too short to reliably discern such multi-scale dynamics, which precludes unambiguous assessment of the type of random walk and its parameters. Furthermore, the motion of biomolecules may not be well described by a single, canonical random walk model. Here, we develop a methodology for comparing biomolecule dynamics observed in different experimental conditions without beforehand identifying the model generating the recorded random walks. We introduce a two-step statistical testing scheme. We first use simulation-based inference to train a graph neural network to learn a fixed-length latent representation of recorded random walks. As a second step, we use a maximum mean discrepancy statistical test on the vectors of learnt features to compare biological conditions. This procedure allows us to characterise sets of random walks regardless of their generating models. We initially tested our approach on numerical trajectories. We then demonstrated its ability to detect changes in -synuclein dynamics at synapses in cultured cortical neurons in response to membrane depolarisation. Using our methodology, we identify the domains in the latent space where the variations between conditions are the most significant, which provides a way of interpreting the detected differences in terms of single trajectory characteristics. Our data show that changes in -synuclein dynamics between the chosen conditions are largely driven by increased protein mobility in the depolarised state.

Author summaryThe continuous refinement of methods for single molecule tracking in live cells advance our understanding of how biomolecules move inside cells. Analysing the trajectories of single molecules is complicated by their highly erratic and noisy nature and thus requires the use of statistical models of their motion. However, it is often not possible to unambiguously determine a model from a set of short and noisy trajectories. Furthermore, the heterogeneous nature of the cellular environment means that the molecules motion is often not properly described by a single model. In this paper we develop a new statistical testing scheme to detect changes in biomolecule dynamics within organelles without needing to identify a model of their motion. We train a graph neural network on large-scale simulations of random walks to learn a latent representation that captures relevant physical properties of a trajectory. We use a kernel-based statistical test within that latent space to compare the properties of two sets of trajectories recorded under different biological conditions. We apply our approach to detect differences in the dynamics of -synuclein, a presynaptic protein, in axons and boutons during synaptic stimulation. This represents an important step towards automated single-molecule-based read-out of pharmacological action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verdier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vestergaard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A maximum mean discrepancy approach reveals subtle changes in α-synuclein dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.11.487889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human peroxiredoxin 6 is essential for malaria parasites and provides a host-based drug target 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.11.487889v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The uptake and digestion of host hemoglobin by malaria parasites during blood stage growth leads to significant oxidative damage of membrane lipids. Repair of lipid peroxidation damage is crucial for parasite survival. Here, we demonstrate that Plasmodium falciparum imports a host antioxidant enzyme, peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), during hemoglobin uptake from the red blood cell cytosol. PRDX6 is a lipid peroxidation repair enzyme with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. Inhibition of PRDX6 with a PLA2 inhibitor, Darapladib, increases lipid peroxidation damage in the parasite and disrupts transport of hemoglobin-containing vesicles to the food vacuole, causing parasite death. Furthermore, inhibition of PRDX6 synergistically reduces the survival of artemisinin-resistant parasites following co-treatment of parasite cultures with artemisinin and Darapladib. Thus, PRDX6 is a unique host-derived drug target for development of antimalarial drugs that could help overcome artemisinin resistance.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgette, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziekan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berneburg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahlfs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barale, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinstein, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozdech, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touqui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitnis, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human peroxiredoxin 6 is essential for malaria parasites and provides a host-based drug target]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.20.488924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota-induced active translocation of peptidoglycan across the intestinal barrier dictates its within-host dissemination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.20.488924v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptidoglycan, the major structural polymer forming the cell wall of bacteria, is an important mediator of physiological and behavioral effects in mammalian hosts. These effects are frequently linked to its translocation from the intestinal lumen to host tissues. However, the modality and regulation of this translocation across the gut barrier has not been precisely addressed. In this study, we characterized the absorption of peptidoglycan across the intestine and its systemic dissemination. We report that peptidoglycan has a distinct tropism for host organs when absorbed via the gut, most notably by favoring access to the brain. We demonstrate that intestinal translocation of peptidoglycan occurs through a microbiota-induced active process. This process is regulated by the parasympathetic pathway via the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Together, this study reveals fundamental parameters concerning the uptake of a major microbiota molecular signal from the steady-state gut.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, P. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifflet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spielbauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boneca, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota-induced active translocation of peptidoglycan across the intestinal barrier dictates its within-host dissemination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.29.490004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Core genome sequencing and genotyping of Leptospira interrogans in clinical samples by target capture sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.29.490004v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The life-threatening pathogen Leptospira interrogans is the most common agent of leptospirosis, an emerging zoonotic disease. However, little is known about the strains that are circulating worldwide due to the fastidious nature of the bacteria and its difficulty to be culture isolated. In addition, the paucity of bacteria in blood and other clinical samples has proven to be a considerable challenge for directly genotyping the agent of leptospirosis directly from patient material.

Here, to elucidate the genomic diversity of Leptospira circulating strains, hybridization capture followed by Illumina sequencing of the core genome was performed directly from 20 biological samples that were PCR positive for pathogenic Leptospira. A set of samples subjected to capture with RNA probes covering the L. interrogans core genome resulted in 72 to 13,000-fold increase in pathogen reads when compared to standard sequencing without capture. A SNP analysis of the genomes sequenced from the biological samples using 273 Leptospira reference genome was then performed in order to determine the genotype of the infecting strain. For samples with sufficent coverage (19/20 samples with coverage >8X), we could unambigously identify L. interrogans sv Icterohaemorrhagiae (14 samples), L. kirschneri sv Grippotyphosa (4 samples) and L. interrogans sv Pyrogenes (1 sample) as the infecting strain.

In conclusion, we obtained for most of our biological samples high quality genomic data at suitable coverage for confident core genome genotyping of the agent of leptospirosis. The ability to generate culture-free genomic data opens new opportunities to better understand the epidemiology and evolution of this fastidious pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grillova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariet, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipoli da Fonseca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PICARDEAU, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Core genome sequencing and genotyping of Leptospira interrogans in clinical samples by target capture sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.29.490119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased in vitro dihydroartemisinin sensitivity in malaria parasites infecting sickle cell disease patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.29.490119v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPartial ACTs treatment failure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been previously reported in sickle cell patients. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates to DHA to find out hypothesis backing up the reason of this poor therapeutic response.

ResultsA total of 134 clinical isolates from patients attending health centers in Abidjan with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were selected. Hemoglobin HbAS, HbSS, HbAC, HbSC and HbAA were identified. Parasitemia and hemoglobin level at inclusion were lower in sickle cell patients with major forms than in patients with normal phenotype. A significant number of parasites with survival rates ranging from 14.68 to 33.75% were observed in clinical isolates from the SS phenotype. At inclusion, these resistant clinical isolates showed lower parasite densities, and patients had lower red blood cell count and hematocrit levels compared to those with susceptible clinical isolates. A low rate of parasitic growth has more often occurred with AS sickle cell phenotype. However, the decrease in in vitro sensitivity to DHA was not associated with Kelch 13-Propeller gene polymorphism.

ConclusionThis study highlights an in vitro decreased sensitivity to DHA, for clinical isolates collected from sickle cell SS patients living in Abidjan (Cote dIvoire), which is not related to the Pfkelch13 gene mutations. These clinical isolates may represent a health threat for sickle cell disease patients especially during crisis. Moreover, these results could suggest additional mechanisms of artemisinin resistance that need to be explored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gnondjui, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toure, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ako, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koui, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assohoun, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gbessi, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N'guessan, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beorou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assi, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanogo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jambou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased in vitro dihydroartemisinin sensitivity in malaria parasites infecting sickle cell disease patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.02.490304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leishmania allelic selection during experimental sand fly infection correlates with mutational signatures of oxidative DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.02.490304v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosomatid pathogens are transmitted by blood-feeding insects, causing devastating human infections. Survival of these parasites in their vertebrate and invertebrate hosts relies on their capacity to differentiate into distinct stages that are the result of a co-evolutionary process. These stages show in addition important phenotypic shifts that often impacts infection, affecting for example parasite pathogenicity, tissue tropism, or drug susceptibility. Despite their clinical relevance, the evolutionary mechanisms that allow for the selection of such adaptive phenotypes remain only poorly investigated. Here we use Leishmania donovani as a trypanosomatid model pathogen to shed first light on parasite evolutionary adaptation during experimental sand fly infection. Applying a comparative genomics approach on hamster- isolated amastigotes and derived promastigotes before (input) and after (output) infection of Phlebotomus orientalis revealed a strong bottleneck effect on the parasite population as judged by principal component and phylogenetic analyses of input and output parasite DNA sequences. Despite random genetic drift caused by the bottleneck effect, our analyses revealed various genomic signals that seem under positive selection given their convergence between independent biological replicates. While no significant fluctuations in gene copy number were revealed between input and output parasites, convergent selection was observed for karyotype, haplotype and allelic changes during sand fly infection. Our analyses further uncovered signature mutations of oxidative DNA damage in the output parasite genomes, suggesting that Leishmania suffers from oxidative stress inside the insect digestive tract. Our results propose a new model of Leishmania genomic adaptation during sand fly infection, where oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair processes drive haplotype and allelic selection. The experimental and computational framework presented here provides a useful blueprint to assess evolutionary adaptation of other eukaryotic pathogens inside their insect vectors, such as Plasmodium spp, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bussotti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pescher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojtkova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louradour, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruzinova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadlova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volf, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leishmania allelic selection during experimental sand fly infection correlates with mutational signatures of oxidative DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.03.490393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbapenem heteroresistance of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae results from tolerance, persistence and resistance. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.03.490393v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKp) have disseminated globally and represent a major threat in hospitals with few therapeutic options and high mortality rates. Isolates producing the carbapenemase KPC (KPC-Kp) might be classified as susceptible according to clinical breakpoints by antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), allowing the use of imipenem or meropenem for treatment of infections. However, some KPC-Kp show heteroresistance (HR) to carbapenems, with colonies growing in the inhibition halo of agar-based AST. HR KPC-Kp have been associated with a higher risk of treatment failure. Here, we characterized the diversity of mechanisms behind HR to imipenem of these isolates. By analyzing a diverse collection of CPKp, we showed that HR is frequent among KPC-Kp. By monitoring single HR colony appearance using the ScanLag setup, we discriminated surviving cells in two subpopulations leading to a Gaussian-like distribution of early-appearing colonies, with a delayed emergence compared to colonies arising in the absence of antibiotics, and a long tail of late-appearing colonies. A subset of colonies showed a reduced growth rate. Characterization of surviving populations by AST and whole-genome sequencing of 333 colonies revealed a majority of parental genotypes and a broad landscape of genetic alterations in 28% of the colonies, including gene loss, DNA amplification and point mutations. This unveils the complexity of imipenem HR among KPC-Kp isolates, which involves tolerant and persistent cells, but also resistant bacteria. These observations contribute to a better understanding of reasons behind carbapenem treatment failure of KPC-Kp isolates.

IMPORTANCEThe ability of a bacterium to defeat antibiotics not only depends upon resistance, but also on tolerance and persistence, which allow a bacterial population to temporarily survive high drug doses. Carbapenems are antibiotics of last resort and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing the carbapenemase KPC are a threat to hospitals, although they might remain susceptible to carbapenems. However, seemingly homogeneous populations of KPC-K. pneumoniae isolates frequently show varying degrees of susceptibility to carbapenem, i.e., a phenomenon called heteroresistance. We characterized bacteria surviving a high dose of imipenem, progressively degraded by the released carbapenemase, by monitoring the growth of the resulting colonies using the ScanLag system, their genome sequence and carbapenem susceptibility. We show that the observed phenotypic diversity combines tolerance, persistence and resistance making the treatment with high doses of carbapenems frequently inefficient.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabanel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosinski-Chupin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruimy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbapenem heteroresistance of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae results from tolerance, persistence and resistance.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.03.490405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intermittent antibiotic treatment of bacterial biofilms favors the rapid evolution of resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.03.490405v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rise of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens is a major health concern and the determinants of this emergence are actively studied. By contrast, although biofilms are an important cause of infections due to their high tolerance to a broad range of antimicrobials, much less is known on the development of antibiotic resistance within the biofilm environment, an issue potentially aggravating the current antibiotic crisis. Here, we compared the occurrence of resistance mutations in pathogenic Escherichia coli planktonic and biofilm populations exposed to clinically relevant cycles of lethal treatments with the aminoglycoside antibiotic amikacin. This experimental evolution approach revealed that mutations in sbmA and fusA are rapidly selected in biofilm but not in planktonic populations. The apparition of these bona fide resistance --and not tolerance-- mutations is favored by the biofilm preexisting tolerance and high mutation rate. Moreover, we showed that while fusA mutations displayed a high fitness cost in planktonic conditions, these mutations were maintained in biofilms, a phenomenon further possibly amplified by the selection of fimH mutations favoring biofilm formation itself. Our study therefore provides new insights into the dynamic evolution of antibiotic resistance in biofilms, which could lead to clinically practical antibiotic regimen limiting biofilm-associated infections, while mitigating the emergence of worrisome antibiotic resistance mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Usui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshii, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiriet-Rupert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intermittent antibiotic treatment of bacterial biofilms favors the rapid evolution of resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.05.490805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACE2 nanoparticles prevent cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.05.490805v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The continual evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has challenged the efficacy of many COVID19 vaccines and treatment options. One strategy that evades viral escape is using the entry receptor, human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2). Soluble hACE2 receptor domains show potential as decoys but genetic modifications are necessary to provide sufficient efficacy. However, these engineered constructs are potentially susceptible to viral escape. We combined native hACE2 with viral vectors to form nanoparticles presenting hACE2 analogous to human cells. Cell-based viral infection assays and cryogenic in-situ tomography show that hACE2 nanoparticles sequester viruses through aggregation, efficiently blocking entry of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in model cell systems and human respiratory tract explants using native hACE2. Thus, we show that hACE2 nanoparticles have high potential as pan-variant COVID19 therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauvanet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez de Francisco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholls, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACE2 nanoparticles prevent cell entry of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.14.491935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parvimonas micra, an oral pathobiont associated with colorectal cancer, epigenetically reprograms human primary intestinal epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.14.491935v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, an intestinal dysbiotic microbiota with enrichment in oral cavity bacteria has been described in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Here we characterized and investigated one of these oral pathobionts, the Gram-positive anaerobic coccus Parvimonas micra. We identified two phylotypes (A and B) exhibiting different phenotypes and adhesion capabilities. We observed a strong association of phylotype A with CRC, with its higher abundance in feces and in tumoral tissue compared with the normal homologous colonic mucosa, which was associated with a distinct methylation status of patients. By developing an in vitro hypoxic co-culture system of human primary colonic cells with anaerobic bacteria, we showed that P. micra phylotype A alters the DNA methylation profile promoters of key tumor-suppressor genes, oncogenes, and genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In colonic mucosa of CRC patients carrying P. micra phylotype A, we found similar DNA methylations alterations, together with significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in pathways involved in inflammation, cell adhesion, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton, providing evidence of P. micra possible role in the carcinogenic process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergsten, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mestivier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnadieu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoumtsa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemichez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgette, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doukani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansonetti, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobhani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.14.491935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parvimonas micra, an oral pathobiont associated with colorectal cancer, epigenetically reprograms human primary intestinal epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.25.493369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The selection of antibiotic- and bacteriophage-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is prevented by their combination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.25.493369v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesBacteria developing resistance compromise the efficacy of antibiotics or bacteriophages (phages). We tested the association of these two antibacterials to circumvent resistance.

MethodsWith the Hollow Fiber Infection Model (HFIM), we mimicked the concentration profile of ciprofloxacin in the lungs of patients treated orally for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and independently, mimicked a single inhaled administration of phages (one or two phages).

ResultsEach treatment selects for antibiotic-or phage-resistant clones in less than 30 h. By contrast, no bacteria were recovered from the HFIM at 72 h when ciprofloxacin was started 4 h post-phage administration, even when increasing the initial bacterial concentration by a 1000 fold.

ConclusionThe combination of phages with antibiotics used according to clinical regimens prevents the growth of resistant clones, providing opportunities to downscale the use of multiple antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferran, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacroix, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourbeyre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huesca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaborieau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarbieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousquet-Melou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The selection of antibiotic- and bacteriophage-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is prevented by their combination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.09.495444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IRF8 regulates efficacy of therapeutic anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.09.495444v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab, Ofatumumab and Obinutuzumab are widely used to treat lymphomas and autoimmune diseases. They act by depleting B cells, mainly through Fc-dependent effectors functions. Some patients develop resistance to treatment but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify genes regulating the efficacy of anti-CD20 antibodies. We used as a model the killing of RAJI B cells by Rituximab through complement-dependent-cytotoxicity (CDC). As expected, the screen identified MS4A1, encoding CD20, the target of Rituximab. Among other identified genes, the role of Interferon Regulatory Factor 8 (IRF8) was validated in two B-cell lines. IRF8 knockout also decreased the efficacy of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis (ADCC and ADCP) induced by anti-CD20 antibodies. We further show that IRF8 is necessary for efficient CD20 transcription. Levels of IRF8 and CD20 RNA or proteins correlated in normal B cells and in hundreds of malignant B cells. Therefore, IRF8 regulates CD20 expression and controls the depleting-capacity of anti-CD20 antibodies. Our results bring novel insights into the pathways underlying resistance to CD20-targeting immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grzelak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roesch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignuzzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IRF8 regulates efficacy of therapeutic anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.15.496243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single locus phosphoproteomics reveals phosphorylation of RPA-1 is required for generation of single-strand DNA following a break at a subtelomeric locus. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.15.496243v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Damage to the genetic material of the cell poses a universal threat to all forms of life. Central to the DNA damage response (DDR) is a phosphorylation signalling cascade that leads to the co-ordination of the cellular response to a DNA break. Identifying the proteins that are phosphorylated is crucial to understanding the mechanisms underlying this DDR. We have used SILAC-based quantitative phosphoproteomics to profile changes in phosphorylation site abundance following a single double strand break (DSB) at a chromosome internal locus and the subtelomeric bloodstream form expression site in Trypanosoma brucei. We report >6500 phosphorylation sites, including a core set of 211 DSB responsive phosphorylation sites. Along with phosphorylation of canonical DNA damage factors, we find that there is a striking distinction between the proteins phosphorylated in response to a chromosome internal DSB and one at the active BES and describe a single phosphorylation event on Replication factor A (RPA) 1 that is required for efficient resection at a bloodstream form expression site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mclaughlin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dujeancourt-Henry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianetto, Q. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbaniak, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single locus phosphoproteomics reveals phosphorylation of RPA-1 is required for generation of single-strand DNA following a break at a subtelomeric locus.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.23.497315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-PKcs regulates myogenesis in an AKT-dependent manner independent of induced DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.23.497315v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle regeneration relies on muscle stem (satellite) cells. We previously demonstrated that satellite cells efficiently and accurately repair radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) via the DNA-dependent kinase DNA-PKcs. We show here that DNA-PKcs affects myogenesis independently of its role in DSB repair. Consequently, this process does not require the accumulation of DSBs and it is also independent of caspase-induced DNA damage. We report that in myogenic cells DNA-PKcs is essential for the expression of the differentiation factor Myogenin in an Akt2-dependent manner. DNA-PKcs interacts with the p300-containing complex that activates Myogenin transcription. We show also that SCID mice that are deficient in DNA-PKcs, and are used for transplantation and muscle regeneration studies, display altered myofiber composition and delayed myogenesis upon injury. These defects are exacerbated after repeated injury/regeneration events resulting in reduced muscle size. We thus identify a novel regulator of myogenic differentiation, and define a differentiation phase that does not involve the DNA damage/repair process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutcu, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricchetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.23.497315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-PKcs regulates myogenesis in an AKT-dependent manner independent of induced DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.24.497495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage-plasmids spread antibiotic resistance genes through infection and lysogenic conversion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.24.497495v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance is rapidly spreading by horizontal transfer of resistance genes in mobile genetic elements. While plasmids are key drivers of this process, very few integrative phages encode antibiotic resistance genes. Here, we find that phage-plasmids, elements that are both phages and plasmids, often carry antibiotic resistance genes. We found 60 phage-plasmids with 184 antibiotic resistance genes, including broad-spectrum-cephalosporins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and colistin. These genes are in a few hotspots, seem to have been co-translocated with transposable elements, and are often in class I integrons, which had not been previously found in phages. We tried to induce six phage-plasmids with resistance genes (including four with resistance integrons) and succeeded in five cases. Other phage-plasmids and integrative prophages were co-induced in these experiments. As a proof of principle, we focused on a P1-like element encoding an extended spectrum {beta}-lactamase, blaCTX-M-55. After induction, we confirmed that its capable to infect and convert four other E. coli strains. Its re-induction led to further conversion of a sensitive strain, confirming its a fully functional phage. This study shows that phage-plasmids carry a large diversity of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes that they transfer across bacteria. As plasmids, these elements seem very plastic and capable of acquiring genes from other plasmids. As phages, they may provide novel paths of transfer for resistance genes, because they can infect bacteria distant in time and space from the original host. As a matter of alarm, they may also eventually mediate transfer to other types of phages.

ImportanceDissemination of antimicrobial resistances is a major threat to global health. Here, we show that a group of temperate bacterial viruses (=phages), termed phage-plasmids, commonly encode different and multiple types of resistance genes of high clinical importance, often in integrons. This is unexpected since phages typically do not carry resistance genes and, hence, do not confer their hosts with resistance upon infection and genome integration. Our experiments with phage-plasmids isolated from clinical settings confirmed they infect sensitive strains, rendering them antibiotic resistant. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes by phage-plasmids is worrisome because it dispenses cell-to-cell contact, necessary for the canonical plasmid transfer (=conjugation). Furthermore, their integrons are now genetic platforms for the acquisition of novel resistance genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage-plasmids spread antibiotic resistance genes through infection and lysogenic conversion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.02.498543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic adaptation to pathogens and increased risk of inflammatory disorders in post-Neolithic Europe 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.02.498543v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient genomics can directly detect human genetic adaptation to environmental cues. However, it remains unclear how pathogens have exerted selective pressures on human genome diversity across different epochs and affected present-day inflammatory disease risk. Here, we use an ancestry-aware approximate Bayesian computation framework to estimate the nature, strength, and time of onset of selection acting on 2,879 ancient and modern European genomes from the last 10,000 years. We found that the bulk of genetic adaptation occurred after the start of the Bronze Age, <4,500 years ago, and was enriched in genes relating to host-pathogen interactions. Furthermore, we detected directional selection acting on specific leukocytic lineages and experimentally demonstrated that the strongest negatively selected immunity gene variant -- the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein gene (LBP) D283G -- is hypomorphic. Finally, our analyses suggest that the risk of inflammatory disorders has progressively increased in post-Neolithic Europeans, partly due to antagonistic pleiotropy following genetic adaptation to pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neehus, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanova, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laval, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.02.498543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic adaptation to pathogens and increased risk of inflammatory disorders in post-Neolithic Europe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.04.498229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards solving the conundrum of plasmid mobility: networks of functional dependencies shape plasmid transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.04.498229v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids are key drivers of bacterial evolution by transferring genes between cells via conjugation. Yet, half of the plasmids lack all protein coding genes for this process. We searched to solve this conundrum by identifying conjugative origins of transfer over thousands of plasmids and chromosomes of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We found that plasmids carrying these sequences are very abundant and have the highest densities of antimicrobial resistance genes. They are hyper-parasites that directly hijack conjugative or mobilizable elements, but not both. These functional dependencies explain the co-occurrence of each type of plasmid in cells and illuminate the evolutionary relationships between the elements. We characterized systematically the genetic traits of plasmids in relation to conjugation and alternative mechanisms of transfer, and can now propose a confident putative mechanism of transfer for ca. 90% of them. The few exceptions could be passively mobilized by other processes. We conclude there is no conundrum concerning plasmid mobility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ares-Arroyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coluzzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards solving the conundrum of plasmid mobility: networks of functional dependencies shape plasmid transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.06.498978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
stuart: an R package for the curation of SNP genotypes from experimental crosses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.06.498978v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic mapping in two-generation crosses requires genotyping, usually performed with SNP markers arrays which provide high-density genetic information. However, genetic analysis on raw genotypes can lead to spurious or unreliable results due to defective SNP assays or wrong genotype interpretation. Here we introduce stuart, an open-source R package which analyzes raw genotyping data to filter SNP markers based on informativeness, Mendelian inheritance pattern and consistency with parental genotypes. Functions of this package provide a curation pipeline and formatting adequate for genetic analysis with the R/qtl package. stuart is available with detailed documentation from https://gitlab.pasteur.fr/mouselab/stuart/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bourdon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[stuart: an R package for the curation of SNP genotypes from experimental crosses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.07.498932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact and mitigation of sampling bias to determine viral spread: evaluating discrete phylogeography through CTMC modeling and structured coalescent model approximations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.07.498932v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bayesian phylogeographic inference is a powerful tool in molecular epidemiological studies that enables reconstructing the origin and subsequent geographic spread of pathogens. Such inference is, however, potentially affected by geographic sampling bias. Here, we investigated the impact of sampling bias on the spatiotemporal reconstruction of viral epidemics using Bayesian discrete phylogeographic models and explored different operational strategies to mitigate this impact. We considered the continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) model and two structured coalescent approximations (BASTA and MASCOT). For each approach, we compared the estimated and simulated spatiotemporal histories in biased and unbiased conditions based on simulated epidemics of rabies virus (RABV) in dogs in Morocco. While the reconstructed spatiotemporal histories were impacted by sampling bias for the three approaches, BASTA and MASCOT reconstructions were also biased when employing unbiased samples. Increasing the number of analyzed genomes led to more robust estimates at low sampling bias for CTMC. Alternative sampling strategies that maximize the spatiotemporal coverage greatly improved the inference at intermediate sampling bias for CTMC, and to a lesser extent, for BASTA and MASCOT. In contrast, allowing for time-varying population sizes in MASCOT resulted in robust inference. We further applied these approaches to two empirical datasets: a RABV dataset from the Philippines and a SARS-CoV-2 dataset describing its early spread across the world. In conclusion, sampling biases are ubiquitous in phylogeographic analyses but may be accommodated by increasing sample size, balancing spatial and temporal composition in the samples, and informing structured coalescent models with reliable case count data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Layan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellicour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Maio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauchemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baele, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.498932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact and mitigation of sampling bias to determine viral spread: evaluating discrete phylogeography through CTMC modeling and structured coalescent model approximations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.11.499539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between phage-resistance mechanisms determines the outcome of bacterial co-existence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.11.499539v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacterial species carry multiple prophages. Despite their potential cost, these elements can provide multiple fitness advantages to the host, such as the elimination of direct competitors. However, the long-term efficiency of prophage induction to displace competitors has received little attention. We experimentally coevolved a polylysogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (ST14) with a phage-sensitive strain (BJ1) in several environments resulting in different phage pressures. We then followed the adaptation process and the emergence of resistance. After 30 days, population yield remained stable, and although BJ1 was present in all conditions, its frequency was higher when phage pressure was stronger. Resistance to phages emerged quickly through mutations that prevent capsule biosynthesis. In contrast to our expectation, lysogenic conversion was rare and costly because new BJ1 lysogens exhibited exacerbated death rates and were easily outcompeted. Unexpectedly, the adaptation process changed at longer time scales, where BJ1 populations adapted by fine-tuning the production of capsule, reducing the ability of phage to absorb, while remaining capsulated. These resistant clones are pan-resistant to a large panel of phages. Most intriguingly, some clones exhibited transient non-genetic resistance to phages. Our experimental and modelling results highlight the diversity, dynamics and competition between phage-resistance mechanisms during coevolution and how these are driven by phage pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rendueles, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sousa, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between phage-resistance mechanisms determines the outcome of bacterial co-existence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.21.500927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin is involved in transcriptional repression of stage-specific genes in the human malaria parasite 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.21.500927v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most virulent human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has a complex life cycle between its human host and mosquito vector. Each stage is driven by a specific transcriptional program, but with a relatively high ratio of genes to specific transcription factors, it is unclear how genes are activated or silenced at specific times. The P. falciparum genome is relatively euchromatic compared to the mammalian genome, except for specific genes that are uniquely heterochromatinized via HP1. There seems to be an association between gene activity and spatial organization; however, the molecular mechanisms behind genome organization are unclear. While P. falciparum lacks key genome-organizing proteins found in metazoans, it does have all core components of the cohesin complex. In other eukaryotes, cohesin is involved in sister chromatid cohesion, transcription, and genome organization. To investigate the role of cohesin in P. falciparum, we combined genome editing, mass spectrometry, chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-seq), and RNA sequencing to functionally characterize the cohesin subunit Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes protein 3 (SMC3). SMC3 knockdown in early stages of the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) resulted in significant upregulation of a subset of genes involved in erythrocyte egress and invasion, which are normally expressed at later stages. ChIP-seq of SMC3 revealed that over the IDC, enrichment at the promoter regions of these genes inversely correlates with their expression and chromatin accessibility levels. These data suggest that SMC3 binding helps to repress specific genes until their appropriate time of expression, revealing a new mode of stage-specific, HP1-independent gene repression in P. falciparum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preiser, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedon, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin is involved in transcriptional repression of stage-specific genes in the human malaria parasite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.25.501344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
L.interrogans prevents macrophage death and pyroptotic IL1β release through its lipopolysaccharide 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.25.501344v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptospira interrogans are bacteria that can infect all vertebrates and are responsible for leptospirosis, a neglected zoonosis. Some hosts are susceptible to leptospirosis whereas mice are resistant and get chronically colonized. Although leptospires escape recognition by some immune receptors, they activate NLRP3-inflammasome and trigger IL1{beta} secretion. Classically, IL1{beta} secretion is associated with lytic inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis, resulting from cytosolic LPS binding to inflammatory caspases. Interestingly, we showed that L. interrogans do not trigger cell death in either murine, human, hamster, or bovine macrophages, escaping both pyroptosis and apoptosis. Strikingly, we also revealed in murine cells, a potent antagonistic effect of leptospires and their atypical LPS on spontaneous and E. coli LPS-induced cell death. The leptospiral LPS efficiently prevents caspase 11 dimerization and subsequent gasdermin D cleavage. Finally, we showed that pyroptosis escape by leptospires prevents massive IL1 {beta} release, and we consistently found no major role of IL1-Receptor in controlling experimental leptospirosis in vivo. Overall, our findings described a novel mechanism by which leptospires dampen inflammation, thus potentially contributing to their stealthiness.

Graphical abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Trejo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pigache, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanton d'Andon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Outlioua, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GOMPERTS BONECA, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[L.interrogans prevents macrophage death and pyroptotic IL1β release through its lipopolysaccharide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.25.501370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poor sensitivity of iPSC-derived neural progenitors and glutamatergic neurons to SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.25.501370v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease affecting multiple organs including the central nervous system (CNS), with a characteristic loss of smell and taste. Although frequently reported, the neurological symptoms remain enigmatic. There is no consensus on the extent of CNS infection. Here, we derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and cortical excitatory neurons to study their permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis indicated that NPCs and neurons do not express detectable levels of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2. We thus generated cells expressing ACE2 by lentiviral transduction to analyze in a controlled manner the properties of SARS-CoV-2 infection relative to ACE2 expression. Sensitivity of parental and ACE2 expressing cells was assessed with GFP- or luciferase-carrying pseudoviruses and with authentic SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, D614G, Alpha or Delta variants. SARS-CoV-2 replication was assessed by microscopy, RT-qPCR and infectivity assays. Pseudoviruses infected only cells overexpressing ACE2. Neurons and NPCs were unable to efficiently replicate SARS-CoV-2, whereas ACE2 overexpressing neurons were highly sensitive to productive infection. Altogether, our results indicate that primary NPCs and cortical neurons remain poorly permissive to SARS-CoV-2 across the variants spectrum, in the absence of ACE2 expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zivaljic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzelak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maskos, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poor sensitivity of iPSC-derived neural progenitors and glutamatergic neurons to SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.27.501771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MEPSi: A tool for simulating tomograms of membrane-embedded proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.27.501771v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The throughput and fidelity of cryogenic cellular electron tomography (cryo-ET) is constantly increasing through advances in cryogenic electron microscope hardware, direct electron detection devices, and powerful image processing algorithms. However, the need for careful optimization of sample preparations and for access to expensive, high-end equipment, make cryo-ET a costly and time-consuming technique. Generally, only after the last step of the cryo-ET workflow, when reconstructed tomograms are available, it becomes clear whether the chosen imaging parameters were suitable for a specific type of sample in order to answer a specific biological question. Tools for a-priory assessment of the feasibility of samples to answer biological questions and how to optimize imaging parameters to do so would be a major advantage. Here we describe MEPSi (Membrane Embedded Protein Simulator), a simulation tool aimed at rapid and convenient evaluation and optimization of cryo-ET data acquisition parameters for studies of transmembrane proteins in their native environment. We demonstrate the utility of MEPSi by showing how to detangle the influence of different data collection parameters and different orientations in respect to tilt axis and electron beam for two examples: (1) simulated plasma membranes with embedded single-pass transmembrane IIb{beta}3 integrin receptors and (2) simulated virus membranes with embedded SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITool to simulate tomograms of membrane-embedded proteins
C_LIO_LIDetangles influence of data acquisition parameters from sample quality issues
C_LIO_LIRapid evaluation and optimization of cryo-ET data acquisition parameters
C_LIO_LIProof-of-concept provided with integrins and SARS-CoV-2 spike simulations
C_LI

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=132 SRC="FIGDIR/small/501771v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@120b44eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d9056org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ef327aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1daf773_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez de Francisco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MEPSi: A tool for simulating tomograms of membrane-embedded proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.28.501900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of heterogeneity in nanodisc samples using Feret signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.28.501900v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanodiscs have become a popular tool in structure determination of membrane proteins using cryogenic electron microscopy and single particle analysis. However, the structure determination of small membrane proteins remains challenging. When the embedded protein is in the same size range as the nanodisc, the nanodisc can significantly contribute to the alignment and classification during the structure determination process. In those cases, it is crucial to minimize the heterogeneity in the nanodisc preparations to assure maximum accuracy in the classification and alignment steps of single particle analysis. Here, we introduce a new in-silico method for the characterization of nanodisc samples that is based on analyzing the Feret diameter distribution of their particle projection as imaged in the electron microscope. We validated the method with comprehensive simulation studies and show that Feret signatures can detect subtle differences in nanodisc morphologies and composition that might otherwise go unnoticed. We used the method to identify a specific biochemical nanodisc preparation with low size variations, allowing us to obtain a structure of the 23-kDa single-span membrane protein Bcl-xL while embedded in a nanodisc. Feret signature analysis can steer experimental data collection strategies, allowing more efficient use of high-end data collection hardware, as well as image analysis investments in studies where nanodiscs significantly contribute to the total volume of the full molecular species.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=88 SRC="FIGDIR/small/501900v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19ea37aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fed1aeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@781962org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ca7859_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LINew methodology to characterize nanodiscs based on Feret signatures
C_LIO_LIFeret signatures distinguish nanodisc morphologies and compositions
C_LIO_LIAnalysis is highly sensitive to sample quality
C_LIO_LIMethod selected condition to solve structure of small membrane protein Bcl-xL
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilela, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues de Francisco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauvanet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrasi, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of heterogeneity in nanodisc samples using Feret signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.03.502626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic drivers of chromosomal integron stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.03.502626v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrons are adaptive bacterial devices that rearrange promoter less gene cassettes into variable ordered arrays under stress conditions, to sample combinatorial phenotypic diversity. Chromosomal integrons often carry hundreds of silent gene cassettes, with integrase-mediated recombination leading to rampant DNA excision and integration, posing a potential threat to genome integrity. How this activity is regulated and controlled, particularly through selective pressures, to maintain such large cassette arrays is unknown. Here we show a key role of promoter-containing toxin-antitoxin (TA) cassettes as abortive systems that kill the cell when the overall cassette excision rate is too high. These results highlight the importance of TA cassettes regulating the cassette recombination dynamics and provide insight into the evolution and success of integrons in bacterial genomes.

TeaserThe accumulation of cassette functions in integrons is ensured by toxin-antitoxin systems which kill the cell when the cassette excision rate is too high.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darracq, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vit, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garriss, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapaillerie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parissi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousset, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skovgaard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.03.502626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic drivers of chromosomal integron stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.04.502604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phages against non-capsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae: broader host range, slower resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.04.502604v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundKlebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is an ecologically generalist bacterium but also an opportunistic pathogen responsible for hospital-acquired infections and a major contributor to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance. In the last decades, few advances have been made in the use of virulent phages as alternative or complement to antibiotics to treat Kp infections. The efficiency of phages relies on their ability to recognize and attach to the bacterial surface structure, and in the case of Kp, capsule (K) is the main surface structure. However, Kp capsule is highly polymorphic and the majority of classically isolated phages are specific for unique K-types, limiting therapy prospects. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of an innovative strategy consisting in isolating phages that target capsule-deficient mutant Kp strains, and compare such phages with anti-capsulated cells phages phylogenetically and through in vitro and in vivo experiments.

MethodsWe isolated 27 phages using 7 capsule-deficient Kp strains as hosts (anti-Kd phages), and 41 phages against 7 wild-type (wt) Kp strains (anti-K phages). We evaluated and compared phenotypically and genotypically their host range, resistance emergence and selected mutations and in-vivo activity.

ResultsIn vitro, anti-Kd phages showed a broader host-range, with most phages being able to infect non-capsulated mutants of multiple sublineages and O-antigen locus types. Besides, the emergence of bacterial subpopulations non-susceptible to anti-Kd phages was slower when compared to anti-K phages and with a different range of genomic differences. One anti-Kd phage (mtp5) was shown to infect non-capsulated Kp strains belonging to 10 of the 12 known O-antigen types. Moreover, this phage was able to replicate in the gut of mice colonised with the wt (capsulated) parent strain.

ConclusionsThis work demonstrates the potential value of an anti-Klebsiella phage isolation strategy that addresses the issue of narrow host-range of anti-K phages. Anti Kd-phages may be active in infection sites where capsule expression is intermittent or repressed, or in combination with anti-K phages, which often induce loss of capsule escape mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osbelt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strowig, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phages against non-capsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae: broader host range, slower resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.08.503267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COVID-19 pandemic responses may impact the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: a modelling study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.08.503267v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented to block SARS-CoV-2 transmission in early 2020 led to global reductions in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). By contrast, most European countries reported an increase in antibiotic resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from 2019 to 2020, while an increasing number of studies reported stable pneumococcal carriage prevalence over the same period. To disentangle the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on pneumococcal epidemiology in the community setting, we propose a mathematical model formalizing simultaneous transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant strains of S. pneumoniae. To test hypotheses underlying these trends five mechanisms were built in into the model and examined: (1) a population-wide reduction of antibiotic prescriptions in the community, (2) lockdown effect on pneumococcal transmission, (3) a reduced risk of developing an IPD due to the absence of common respiratory viruses, (4) community azithromycin use in COVID-19 infected individuals, (5) and a longer carriage duration of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal strains. Among 31 possible pandemic scenarios involving mechanisms individually or in combination, model simulations surprisingly identified only two scenarios that reproduced the reported trends in the general population. They included factors (1), (3), and (4). These scenarios replicated a nearly 50% reduction in annual IPD, and an increase in antibiotic resistance from 20% to 22%, all while maintaining a relatively stable pneumococcal carriage. Exploring further, higher SARS-CoV-2 R0 values and synergistic within-host virus- bacteria interaction mechanisms could have additionally contributed to the observed antibiotic resistance increase. Our work demonstrates the utility of the mathematical modeling approach in unraveling the complex effects of the COVID-19 pandemic responses on AMR dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahbe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temime, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.08.503267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COVID-19 pandemic responses may impact the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: a modelling study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.15.503946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collateral impacts of pandemic COVID-19 drive the nosocomial spread of antibiotic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.15.503946v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulation of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MRB) in healthcare facilities is a major public health problem. These settings have been greatly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, notably due to surges in COVID-19 caseloads and the implementation of infection control measures. Yet collateral impacts of pandemic COVID-19 on MRB epidemiology remain poorly understood. Here, we present a dynamic transmission model in which SARS-CoV-2 and MRB co-circulate among patients and staff in a hospital population in an early pandemic context. Responses to SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks are captured mechanistically, reflecting impacts on factors relevant for MRB transmission, including contact behaviour, hand hygiene compliance, antibiotic prescribing and population structure. In a first set of simulations, broad parameter ranges are accounted for, representative of diverse bacterial species and hospital settings. On average, COVID-19 control measures coincide with MRB prevention, including fewer incident cases and fewer cumulative person-days of patient MRB colonization. However, surges in COVID-19 caseloads favour MRB transmission and lead to increased rates of antibiotic resistance, especially in the absence of concomitant control measures. In a second set of simulations, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli are simulated in specific hospital wards and pandemic response scenarios. Antibiotic resistance dynamics are highly context-specific in these cases, and SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks significantly impact bacterial epidemiology only in facilities with high underlying risk of bacterial transmission. Crucially, antibiotic resistance burden is reduced in facilities with timelier, more effective implementation of COVID-19 control measures. This highlights the control of antibiotic resistance as an important collateral benefit of robust pandemic preparedness.

Significance StatementImpacts of COVID-19 on the spread of antibiotic resistance are poorly understood. Here, an epidemiological model accounting for the simultaneous spread of SARS-CoV-2 and antibiotic-resistant bacteria is presented. The model is tailored to healthcare settings during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and accounts for hand hygiene, inter-individual contact behaviour, and other factors relevant for pathogen spread. Simulations demonstrate that public health policies enacted to slow the spread of COVID-19 also tend to limit bacterial transmission. However, surges in COVID-19 cases simultaneously select for higher rates of antibiotic resistance. Selection for resistance is thus mitigated by prompt implementation of effective COVID-19 prevention policies. This highlights the control of antibiotic resistance as an important collateral benefit of pandemic preparedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirreff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temime, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.503946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collateral impacts of pandemic COVID-19 drive the nosocomial spread of antibiotic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.21.504684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D reconstruction of the cerebellar germinal layer reveals intercytoplasmic connections between developing granule cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.21.504684v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe difficulty of retrieving high-resolution, in vivo evidence of the proliferative- and migratory processes occurring in neural germinal zones has limited our understanding of neurodevelopmental mechanisms. Here, we employed a connectomic approach using a high-resolution, serial-sectioning scanning electron microscopy volume to investigate the laminar cytoarchitecture of the transient external granular layer (EGL) of the developing cerebellum, where granule cells coordinate a series of mitotic and migratory events. By integrating image segmentation, 3D reconstruction, and deep learning approaches, we discovered and characterized anatomically complex intercellular connections bridging pairs of cerebellar granule cells throughout the EGL. Connected cells were either mitotic, migratory, or transitioning between these two cell stages, displaying a chronological continuum of proliferative and migratory events never previously observed in vivo at this resolution. This unprecedented ultra-structural characterization poses intriguing hypotheses about intercellular connectivity between developing progenitors, and its possible role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordero Cervantes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulon--Mahdi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.21.504684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D reconstruction of the cerebellar germinal layer reveals intercytoplasmic connections between developing granule cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.24.505079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide dampens inflammation through upregulation of autophagy adaptor p62 and NRF2 signaling in macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.24.505079v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptospira interrogans are pathogenic bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonosis. All vertebrates can be infected, and some species like humans are susceptible to the disease whereas rodents such as mice are resistant and become asymptomatic renal carriers. Leptospires are stealth bacteria that are known to escape several immune recognition pathways and resist killing mechanisms. We recently published that leptospires may survive intracellularly and exit macrophages, in part by escaping xenophagy, a pathogen-targeting form of autophagy. Interestingly, autophagy is one of the antimicrobial mechanisms often highjacked by bacteria to evade the host immune response. In this study we therefore explored whether leptospires subvert the key molecular players of autophagy to facilitate the infection. We showed in macrophages that leptospires triggered a specific accumulation of autophagy-adaptor p62 in puncta-like structures, without major alteration of autophagy flux. Unlike active bacterial mechanisms described to date, we demonstrated that leptospires trigger p62 accumulation using a passive mechanism of LPS signaling via TLR4/TLR2. p62 is a central pleiotropic protein, not only involved in autophagy, but also mediating cell stress and death, via the translocation of transcription factors. We demonstrated that Leptospira-driven accumulation of p62 induced the translocation of transcription factor NRF2. However, NRF2 translocation upon Leptospira infection did not result as expected in antioxydant response, but dampened the production of inflammatory mediators such as iNOS/NO, TNF and IL6. Overall, these findings highlight a novel passive bacterial mechanism linked to p62/NRF2 signaling that decreases inflammation and contributes to the stealthiness of leptospires.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santecchia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escoll Guerrero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernel-Pauillac, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boneca, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide dampens inflammation through upregulation of autophagy adaptor p62 and NRF2 signaling in macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.31.505985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroinvasion and anosmia are independent phenomena upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.31.505985v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYAnosmia was identified as a hallmark of COVID-19 early in the pandemic, however, with the emergence of variants of concern, the clinical profile induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection has changed, with anosmia being less frequent. Here, we assessed the clinical, olfactory and neuroinflammatory conditions of golden hamsters infected with the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain, its isogenic ORF7-deletion mutant and three variants: Gamma, Delta, and Omicron/BA.1. We show that infected animals developed a variant-dependent clinical disease including anosmia, and that the ORF7 of SARS-CoV-2 contributes to the induction of olfactory dysfunction. Conversely, all SARS- CoV-2 variants were found to be neuroinvasive, regardless of the clinical presentation they induce. Taken together, this confirms that neuroinvasion and anosmia are independent phenomena upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using newly generated nanoluciferase-expressing SARS-CoV-2, we validated the olfactory pathway as a major entry point into the brain in vivo and demonstrated in vitro that SARS-CoV-2 travels retrogradely and anterogradely along axons in microfluidic neuron-epithelial networks.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=151 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/505985v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Melo, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perraud, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieites-Prado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergoat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trueb, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tichit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lledo, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.505985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroinvasion and anosmia are independent phenomena upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.01.506217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable effects on virulence of bacteriophage resistance mechanisms in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.01.506217v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWBacteria exposed to killing agents such as antibiotics or viruses develop resistance. While phage therapy, the use of bacteriophages (phages) for treating bacterial infections, is proposed to answer the antibiotic resistance crisis, bacterial resistance to phages remains poorly characterized during phage treatment. We studied a large population of phage-resistant extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli 536 clones emerging from both in vitro (non-limited liquid medium) and in vivo (murine pneumonia) conditions. Genome sequencing revealed a mutational convergence of phage resistance mechanisms towards the modification of two cell-wall components, the K15 capsule and the LPS, whatever the condition, showing that their identification could be predicted from the in vitro conditions. The fitness cost of all phage resistant clones was broad in terms of growth rate and resistance to grazing by amoeba and could not discriminate K15 capsule to LPS mutants. By contrast, the virulence of the clones tested in mice showed that K15 capsule mutants were as virulent as the wildtype strain while LPS mutants were strongly attenuated. We also found that resistance to one phage led to the sensitization to other phages. In clinics, to control phage-resistant clones that remains virulent phage cocktail should include phages infecting both phage susceptible and future phage resistant clones.

ImportanceEscherichia coli is a leading cause of life-threatening infections, including pneumonia acquired during ventilatory assistance for patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit, and a major multidrug resistant pathogen. A century-old concept, phage therapy (i.e. using specific anti-bacterial viruses), is being clinically re-evaluated supported with hundreds of successful compassionate phage treatments. However, along billions of years of coevolution bacteria have developed many ways to resist to phages. Phage resistance occurring during phage therapy remains often overlooked despite its critical role for a successful outcome. During this work we characterized phage resistant mutants in a virulent extra-intestinal pathogenic E coli strain and found that (1) phage resistance taking place during a phage treatment in vivo could be predicted from an in vitro assay; (2) phage resistance has, often but not always, a major fitness cost in terms of virulence; and (3) could be countered by appropriate cocktails of phages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaborieau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delattre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adiba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clermont, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denamur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricard, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarbieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable effects on virulence of bacteriophage resistance mechanisms in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.07.506808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid emergence of extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei in France 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.07.506808v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shigella sonnei, the main cause of bacillary dysentery in high-income countries, has become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. We monitored the antimicrobial susceptibility of 7,121 S. sonnei isolates collected in France between 2005 and 2021. We identified a dramatic increase in the proportion of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates (i.e., simultaneously resistant to ciprofloxacin, third-generation cephalosporins and azithromycin), to 22.3% of all S. sonnei isolates in 2021. Our genomic analysis identified 13 different clusters of XDR isolates descended from a ciprofloxacin-resistant sublineage originating from South Asia. The 164 XDR isolates detected were resistant to azithromycin, principally through a pKSR100-like plasmid, and to third-generation cephalosporins through various genes and plasmids. This rapid emergence of XDR S. sonnei in different transmission networks, particularly among men who have sex with men, is a matter of concern, and good laboratory-based surveillance of Shigella infections will be crucial for informed decision-making and appropriate public health action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lefevre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njamkepo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruckly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejay-Collin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassine, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frezal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardos de la Gandara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weill, F.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid emergence of extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei in France]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.07.506920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of TelD, an LXG effector of Streptococcus gallolyticus, antagonized by a non-canonical immunity protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.07.506920v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen strongly associated with colorectal cancer. Here, through comparative genomics analysis, we demonstrated that the genetic locus encoding the Type VIIb Secretion System (T7SSb) machinery is uniquely present in SGG in two different arrangements. SGG UCN34 carrying the most prevalent T7SSb genetic arrangement was chosen as the reference strain. To identify the effectors secreted by this secretion system, we inactivated the essC gene encoding the motor of this machinery. Comparison of the proteins secreted by UCN34 WT and its isogenic {Delta}essC mutant revealed six T7SSb effector proteins, including the expected WXG effector EsxA and three LXG-containing proteins. In this work, we characterized an LXG-family toxin named herein TelE displaying pore-forming activity. Seven homologs of TelE harboring a conserved glycine zipper motif at the C-terminus were identified in different SGG isolates. Scanning mutagenesis of this motif showed that the glycine residue at position 470 was crucial for TelE pore-forming activity. Unlike other pore-forming toxins commonly antagonized by a membrane protein, TelE activity was antagonized by a small protein TipE belonging to the DUF5085 family. Overall, we report herein a unique SGG T7SSb effector exhibiting a pore-forming activity against non-immune bacteria.

IMPORTANCEIn this study, 38 clinical isolates of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG) were sequenced and a genetic locus encoding the Type VIIb secretion system (T7SSb) was found conserved and absent from 16 genomes of the closely related S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus (SGP). The T7SSb is a bona fide pathogenicity island. Here, we report that the model organism SGG strain UCN34 secretes six T7SSb effectors. One of the six effectors named TelE displayed a strong toxicity when overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Our results indicate that TelE is a pore forming toxin whose activity can be antagonized by a non-canonical immunity protein named TipE. Overall, we report a unique toxin-immunity protein pair and our data expand the range of effectors secreted through T7SSb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teh, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubellini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filloux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poyart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dramsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givskov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of TelD, an LXG effector of Streptococcus gallolyticus, antagonized by a non-canonical immunity protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.08.507100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunometabolic profiling of in vitro and ex vivo Leishmania-infected macrophages (LIMs) reveals unique polarization and bioenergetic signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.08.507100v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are the major host cells of the protozoan parasite Leishmania in mammalian infection. These key innate immune cells display remarkable phenotypic plasticity ranging from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages that can control infection and tissue homeostasis, respectively. It has been recognized that Leishmania exploits macrophage phenotypic plasticity to establish chronic infection. However, the current notion that these parasites simply trigger an M2-like phenotype seems over-simplified considering the immunopathology observed during leishmaniasis - in particular in response to Leishmania amazonensis - which is often characterized by a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Here we combined a series of systems-level analyses to shed new light on the phenotype of Leishmania-infected macrophages (LIMs) during short- and long-term infection, in vitro and in vivo. Immuno-metabolic profiling by RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, cytokine immunoassays, and real-time bioenergetic flux analysis of L. amazonensis-infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) revealed a highly complex and unique phenotypic and bioenergetic signature. In vitro LIMs were characterized by co-expression of both M1 and M2 markers at RNA and protein levels and increased expression of glycolytic genes that matched a progressive metabolic switch from a M2-like respiratory to a M1-like glycolytic energy production observed for both long-term in vitro and in vivo infected macrophages. Unlike in M1 macrophages, glycolytic gene expression did not correlate with increased expression of its key regulatory HIF-1. In contrast, siRNA knock down experiments in primary BMDMs uncovered an essential role of the m6A reader protein IGF2BP2 in stabilizing m6A modified transcripts of the glycolytic pathway, contributing to HIF-1-independent induction of glycolysis. In conclusion, L. amazonensis establishes a complex and unique phenotypic shift in infected macrophages in vitro and in vivo that combines M1-like and M2-like immuno-metabolomic characteristics and implicates differential mRNA stability in induction of aerobic glycolysis. Our data thus uncover epi-transcriptomic regulation as a novel target for Leishmania immune subversion to establish a host cell phenotype beneficial for intracellular parasite development and chronic infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoeur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahtal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandjean, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunometabolic profiling of in vitro and ex vivo Leishmania-infected macrophages (LIMs) reveals unique polarization and bioenergetic signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.11.507474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new route for integron cassette dissemination among bacterial genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.11.507474v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrons are genetic elements involved in bacterial adaptation. They can capture, shuffle and express adaptive functions embedded in cassettes. These events are governed by the integron integrase through site-specific recombination between attC and attI integron sites. Here, we demonstrated that the integrase can efficiently catalyze insertion of cassettes in bacterial genomes, outside the att sites. We showed that, once inserted in genomes, cassettes can be expressed, if located near bacterial promoters, and can be excised at the insertion point and even outside, inducing chromosomal modifications in the latter case. Analysis of more than 5 x 105 independent insertion events revealed a very large genomic insertion landscape with recombination sites greatly different, in terms of sequence and structure, from classical att sites. We named these new sites attG. These results unveil a new efficient route for dissemination of adaptive functions and expand the role of integrons in bacterial evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darracq, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vit, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parissi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niault, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.11.507474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new route for integron cassette dissemination among bacterial genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.14.507851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leishmania amazonensis controls macrophage-regulated cell death to establish chronic infection in vitro and in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.14.507851v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic protists of the genus Leishmania have evolved various strategies to exploit macrophages as host cells and subvert their immuno-metabolic functions to favour intracellular parasite survival. Surprisingly little is known on how Leishmania affects regulated cell death (RCD) pathways of its host cell, even though increased survival of in vitro infected macrophages has been reported, and chronic macrophage infection in vivo causes the devastating immunopathologies of leishmaniasis. To overcome this limitation and gain first systems-level insight into the interaction between intracellular Leishmania and the host cell RCD pathways, including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis, we applied transcriptomic analyses on L. amazonensis-infected, primary macrophages (termed LIMs) and used YO-PRO-1 to monitor cell death by fluorescent microscopy. RNAseq analyses at day 3 post-infection (PI) revealed dichotomic dysregulation of more than 60% of RCD-related genes in LIMs, characterized by up-regulation of anti-RCD and down-regulation of pro-RCD markers, including key regulators common to the three forms of cell death such as casp8, fadd, tradd, tnfaip3, tax1bp1, birc3, and itch. This profile correlated with expression changes of transcription factors known to regulate RCD, including AP1 and NF-{kappa}B family members, ppar{gamma} and cebp{beta}. Consequently, LIMs showed remarkable longevity in culture for at least 50 days, despite a constant increase of parasite burden to about 100 parasites per cell, while non-infected cells were cleared from the culture in just a few days. Longitudinal expression analysis of LIMs at days 0, 3, 15, and 30 PI by RT-qPCR confirmed stable maintenance of this high longevity profile with the dichotomic decrease and increase of RCD-activators and -inhibitors, respectively. LIMs further showed significant resistance to RCD-inducing signals compared to non-infected cells, including CSF-1 deprivation (intrinsic apoptosis), actinomycin D treatment (extrinsic apoptosis), LPS/ATP stimulation (pyroptosis). Significantly, we extended the anti-RCD expression pattern and RCD resistance phenotype to L. amazonensis-infected macrophages recovered from lesions, thus validating our long-term in vitro infection system as an easily accessible model to study chronic macrophage infection. In conclusion, our analyses firmly document the pan-anti RCD effect of L. amazonensis on its macrophage host cell in vitro and in vivo and shed important new light on mechanisms underlying Leishmania chronic infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lecoeur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granjean, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leishmania amazonensis controls macrophage-regulated cell death to establish chronic infection in vitro and in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.14.508007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of thousands of bacteriophage satellites across bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.14.508007v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophage-bacteria interactions are affected by phage satellites, elements that exploit phages for transfer between bacterial cells. Satellites can encode defense systems, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence factors, but their number and diversity are unknown for lack of a tool to identify them. We developed a flexible and updateable program to identify satellites in bacterial genomes - SatelliteFinder - and use it to identify the best described families: P4-like, phage inducible chromosomal islands (PICI), capsid-forming PICI, and phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements (PLE). We vastly expanded the number of described elements to [~]5000, finding hundreds of bacterial genomes with two different families of satellites, and dozens of Escherichia coli genomes with three. Most satellites were found in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, but some are in novel taxa such as Actinobacteria. We characterized the gene repertoires of satellites, which are variable in size and composition, and their genomic organization, which is very conserved. With the partial exception of PICI and cfPICI, there are few homologous core genes between families of satellites, and even fewer homologous to phages. Hence, phage satellites are ancient, diverse, and probably evolved multiple times independently. Occasionally, core genes of a given family of satellites are found in another, suggesting gene flow between different satellites. Given the many elements found in spite of our conservative approach, the many bacteria infected by phages that still lack known satellites, and the recent proposals for novel families, we speculate that we are at the beginning of the discovery of massive numbers and types of satellites. SatelliteFinder is accessible for the community as a Galaxy service at https://galaxy.pasteur.fr/root?tool_id=toolshed.pasteur.fr/repos/fmareuil/satellitefinder/SatelliteFinder/0.9
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Sousa, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fillol-Salom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penades, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.508007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of thousands of bacteriophage satellites across bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.16.507559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional units form the elementary constraining building blocks of the bacterial chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.16.507559v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription generates local topological and mechanical constraints along the DNA fiber, driving for instance the generation of supercoiled chromosomal domains in bacteria. However, the global impact of transcription-based regulation of chromosome organization remains elusive. Notably, the scale of genes and operons in bacteria remains well below the resolution of chromosomal contact maps generated using Hi-C (~ 5 - 10 kb), preventing to resolve the impact of transcription on genomic organization at the fine-scale. Here, we combined sub-kb Hi-C contact maps and chromosome engineering to visualize individual transcriptional units (TUs) while turning off transcription across the rest of the genome. We show that each TU forms a discrete, transcription-induced 3D domain (TIDs). These local structures impose mechanical and topological constraints on their neighboring sequences at larger scales, bringing them closer together and restricting their dynamics. These results show that the primary building blocks of bacteria chromosome folding consists of transcriptional domains that together shape the global genome structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bignaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockram, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allemand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozziconacci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.507559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional units form the elementary constraining building blocks of the bacterial chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.21.508927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periplasmic coiled coil formed by assembly platform proteins PulL and PulM is critical for function of the Klebsiella type II secretion system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.21.508927v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria use type II secretion systems (T2SS) to secrete to their surface folded proteins that confer diverse functions, from nutrient acquisition to virulence. In the Klebsiella species, T2SS-mediated secretion of pullulanase (PulA) requires assembly of a dynamic filament called pseudopilus. The inner membrane assembly platform (AP) complex is essential for PulA secretion and pseudopilus assembly. The AP components PulL and PulM form an inner membrane complex interacting through their C-terminal globular domains and transmembrane segments. Here we investigated the roles of periplasmic helices and cytoplasmic domains of PulL and PulM in their assembly. We found that PulL and PulM variants lacking periplasmic helices were defective for interactions in the bacterial two-hybrid (BACTH) assay. Their function in PulA secretion and assembly of PulG subunits into pseudopilus filaments were strongly reduced. In addition, deleting the cytoplasmic peptide of PulM in variant PulM{Delta}N nearly abolished interaction with PulG in the BACTH assay, without affecting the interaction with PulL. Nevertheless, PulL was degraded in the presence of the PulM{Delta}N variant, suggesting that PulM N-terminal peptide interacts with PulL in the cytoplasm and plays a stabilizing role. We discuss the implication of these results for the mechanism of T2S and type IV pilus assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos Moreno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francetic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periplasmic coiled coil formed by assembly platform proteins PulL and PulM is critical for function of the Klebsiella type II secretion system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.26.509455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Queuosine modification of tRNA-Tyrosine elicits translational reprogramming and enhances growth of Vibrio cholerae with aminoglycosides. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.26.509455v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tgt is the enzyme modifying the guanine (G) in tRNAs with GUN anticodon to queuosine (Q). tgt is required for optimal growth of Vibrio cholerae in the presence of sub-lethal aminoglycoside concentrations. We further explored here the role of the Q34 in the efficiency of codon decoding upon tobramycin exposure. We characterized its impact on the overall bacterial proteome, and elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of Q34 modification in antibiotic translational stress response. Using molecular reporters, we showed that Q34 impacts the efficiency of decoding at tyrosine TAT and TAC codons. Proteomics analyses revealed that the anti-SoxR factor RsxA is better translated in the absence of tgt. RsxA displays a codon bias towards tyrosine TAT and overabundance of RsxA leads to decreased expression of genes belonging to SoxR oxidative stress regulon. We also identified conditions that regulate tgt expression. We propose that regulation of Q34 modification in response to environmental cues leads to translational reprogramming of transcripts bearing a biased tyrosine codon usage. In silico analysis further identified candidate genes which could be subject to such translational regulation, among which DNA repair factors. Such transcripts, fitting the definition of modification tunable transcripts, are central in the bacterial response to antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fruchard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babosan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchateau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NAMY, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Crecy-Lagard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharoglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Queuosine modification of tRNA-Tyrosine elicits translational reprogramming and enhances growth of Vibrio cholerae with aminoglycosides.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.27.509635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caveolae govern plasma membrane mechanics to protect cells against EDIN B-induced transcellular tunnel formation and lethality from S. aureus septicaemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.27.509635v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large transcellular pores elicited by bacterial mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase (mART) exotoxins inhibiting the small RhoA GTPase compromise the endothelial barrier. Recent advances in biophysical modeling point towards membrane tension and bending rigidity as the minimal set of mechanical parameters determining the nucleation and maximal size of transendothelial cell macroaperture (TEM) tunnels induced by bacterial RhoA-targeting mART exotoxins. We report that cellular depletion of caveolin-1, the membrane-embedded building block of caveolae, and depletion of cavin-1, the master regulator of caveolae invaginations, increase the number of TEMs per cell. The enhanced occurrence of TEM nucleation events correlates with a reduction of cell height, due to the increase of cell spreading and decrease of cell volume, which, together with the disruption of RhoA-driven F-actin meshwork, favor membrane apposition for TEM nucleation. Strikingly, caveolin-1 specifically controls the opening speed of TEMs leading to their dramatic 5.4-fold larger widening. Consistent with the increase of TEM density and width in siCAV1 cells, we record a higher lethality in caveolin-1-deficient mice subjected to a catalytically active mART exotoxin targeting RhoA during staphylococcal bloodstream infection. Combined theoretical modeling with independent biophysical measurements of plasma membrane bending rigidity point toward a specific contribution of caveolin-1 to membrane stiffening in addition to the role of cavin-1/caveolin-1-dependent caveolae in the control of membrane tension homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemerle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marechal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamaze, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassilopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassereau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leduc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemichez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caveolae govern plasma membrane mechanics to protect cells against EDIN B-induced transcellular tunnel formation and lethality from S. aureus septicaemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.04.509876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The crystal structure of a simian Foamy Virus receptor binding domain provides clues about entry into host cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.04.509876v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The surface envelope glycoprotein (Env) of all retroviruses mediates virus binding to cells and fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. A structure-function relationship for the HIV Env that belongs to the Orthoretrovirus subfamily has been well established. Structural information is however largely missing for the Env of Foamy viruses (FVs), the second retroviral subfamily. FV Envs lack sequence similarity with their HIV counterpart. We present the X-ray structure of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of a simian FV Env at 2.6 [A] resolution, revealing two subdomains and an unprecedented fold. We have generated a model for the organization of the RBDs within the trimeric Env which indicates that the upper subdomain is important for stabilization of the full-length Env, and have demonstrated that residues K342, R343, R359 and R369 in the lower subdomain play key roles in the interaction of the RBD and viral particles with heparan sulfate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tofdal Dynesen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coquin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederzoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gessain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buseyne, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.509876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The crystal structure of a simian Foamy Virus receptor binding domain provides clues about entry into host cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.16.512414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Legionella para-effectors target chromatin and promote bacterial replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.16.512414v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Legionella pneumophila replicates intracellularly by secreting effectors via a type IV secretion system. One of these effectors is a eukaryotic methyltransferase (RomA) that methylates K14 of histone H3 (H3K14me3) to counteract host immune responses. However, it is not known how L. pneumophila infection catalyses H3K14 methylation as this residue is usually acetylated. Here we show that L. pneumophila secretes a eukaryotic-like histone deacetylase (LphD) that specifically targets H3K14ac and works in synergy with RomA. Both effectors target host chromatin and bind the HBO1 histone acetyltransferase complex that acetylates H3K14. Full activity of RomA is dependent on the presence of LphD as H3K14 methylation levels are significantly decreased in a {Delta}lphD mutant. The dependency of these two chromatin-modifying effectors on each other is further substantiated by mutational and virulence assays revealing that the presence of only one of these two effectors impairs intracellular replication, while a double knockout ({Delta}lphD{Delta}romA) can restore intracellular replication. Uniquely, we present evidence for "para-effectors", an effector pair, that actively and coordinately modify host histones to hijack the host response. The identification of epigenetic marks modulated by pathogens opens new vistas for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to counteract bacterial infection and strengthening host defences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schator, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthelet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Silvestre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Asssya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusniok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodreigues-Lima, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehenkel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolando, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.512414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Legionella para-effectors target chromatin and promote bacterial replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.23.512725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic epidemiology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in New Caledonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.23.512725v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesAn increasing number of isolations of Corynebacterium diphtheriae has been observed in recent years in the archipelago of New Caledonia. We aimed to analyze the clinical and microbiological features of samples with C. diphtheriae.

MethodsAll C. diphtheriae isolates identified in New Caledonia from May 2015 to May 2019 were included. For each case, a retrospective consultation of the patient files was conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes, tox gene and diphtheria toxin expression, biovar and the genomic sequence were determined. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), 7-gene MLST and search of genes of interest were performed from genomic assemblies.

Results58 isolates were included, with a median age of patients of 28 years (range: 9 days to 78 years). Cutaneous origin accounted for 51 of 58 (87.9%) isolates, and C. diphtheriae was associated with Staphylococcus aureus and/or Streptococcus pyogenes in three quarters of cases. Half of cases came either from the main city Noumea (24%, 14/58) or from the sparsely populated island of Lifou (26%, 15/58). Six tox-positive isolates were identified, associated with recent travel to Vanuatu; 5 of these cases were linked and cgMLST confirmed recent transmission. Two cases of endocarditis in young female patients with a history of rheumatic fever involved tox-negative isolates. The 58 isolates were mostly susceptible to commonly used antibiotics. In particular, no isolate was resistant to the first-line molecules amoxicillin or erythromycin. Resistance to tetracycline was found in a genomic cluster of 17 (29%) isolates, 16 of which carried the tetO gene. There were 13 cgMLST sublineages, most of which were also observed in the neighboring country Australia.

ConclusionsCutaneous infections may harbor non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae isolates, which circulate largely silently in non-specific wounds. The possible introduction of tox-positive strains from a neighboring island illustrates that diphtheria surveillance should be maintained in New Caledonia, and that immunization in neighboring islands must be improved. Genomic sequencing uncovers how genotypes circulate locally and across neighboring countries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tessier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badell-Ocando, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourinat, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.512725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic epidemiology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in New Caledonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.06.515319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralization of zoonotic simian foamy viruses: genotype-specific epitopes within the receptor-binding domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.06.515319v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infection with viruses of animal origin pose a significant threat to human populations. Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are frequently transmitted to humans, in which they establish a life-long infection, with the persistence of replication-competent virus. However, zoonotic SFVs do not induce severe disease nor are they transmitted between humans. Thus, SFVs represent a model of zoonotic retroviruses that lead to a chronic infection successfully controlled by the human immune system. We previously showed that infected humans develop potent neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). Within the viral envelope (Env), the surface protein (SU) carries a variable region that defines two genotypes, overlaps with the receptor binding domain (RBD), and is the exclusive target of nAbs. However, its antigenic determinants are not understood. Here, we characterized nAbs present in plasma samples from SFV-infected individuals living in Central Africa. Neutralization assays were carried out in the presence of recombinant SU that compete with SU at the surface of viral vector particles. We defined the regions targeted by the nAbs using mutant SU proteins modified at the glycosylation sites, RBD functional subregions, and genotype-specific sequences that present properties of B-cell epitopes. We observed that nAbs target conformational epitopes. We identified three major epitopic regions: the loops at the apex of the RBD, which likely mediate interactions between Env protomers to form Env trimers, a loop located in the vicinity of the heparan binding site, and a region proximal to the highly conserved glycosylation site N8. We provide information on how nAbs specific for each of the two viral genotypes target different epitopes. Two common immune escape mechanisms, sequence variation and glycan shielding, were not observed. We propose a model according to which the neutralization mechanisms rely on the nAbs to block the Env conformational change and/or interfere with binding to susceptible cells. As the SFV RBD is structurally different from known retroviral RBDs, our data provide fundamental knowledge on the structural basis for the inhibition of viruses by nAbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dynesen, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coquin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaplace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montange, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njouom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilounga-Ndongo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gessain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buseyne, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralization of zoonotic simian foamy viruses: genotype-specific epitopes within the receptor-binding domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.17.516888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resistance of Omicron subvariants BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6 and BQ.1.1 to neutralizing antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.17.516888v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 lineages has led to the emergence of several new subvariants, including BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6. and BQ.1.1. The subvariants BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1 are expected to become predominant in many countries in November 2022. They carry an additional and often redundant set of mutations in the spike, likely responsible for increased transmissibility and immune evasion. Here, we established a viral amplification procedure to easily isolate Omicron strains. We examined their sensitivity to 6 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and to 72 sera from Pfizer BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals, with or without BA.1/BA.2 or BA.5 breakthrough infection. Ronapreve (Casirivimab and Imdevimab) and Evusheld (Cilgavimab and Tixagevimab) lost any antiviral efficacy against BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1, whereas Xevudy (Sotrovimab) remained weakly active. BQ.1.1 was also resistant to Bebtelovimab. Neutralizing titers in triply vaccinated individuals were low to undetectable against BQ.1.1 and BA.2.75.2, 4 months after boosting. A BA.1/BA.2 breakthrough infection increased these titers, which remained about 18-fold lower against BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1, than against BA.1. Reciprocally, a BA.5 breakthrough infection increased more efficiently neutralization against BA.5 and BQ.1.1 than against BA.2.75.2. Thus, the evolution trajectory of novel Omicron subvariants facilitated their spread in immunized populations and raises concerns about the efficacy of most currently available mAbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzelak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puech, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahraoui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Femy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufloo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanjuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocqueloux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prazuck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pere, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resistance of Omicron subvariants BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6 and BQ.1.1 to neutralizing antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.22.517073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental and genetic drivers of population differences in SARS-CoV-2 immune responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.22.517073v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans display vast clinical variability upon SARS-CoV-2 infection1-3, partly due to genetic and immunological factors4. However, the magnitude of population differences in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms underlying such variation remain unknown. Here we report single-cell RNA-sequencing data for peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 222 healthy donors of various ancestries stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A virus. We show that SARS-CoV-2 induces a weaker, but more heterogeneous interferon-stimulated gene activity than influenza A virus, and a unique pro-inflammatory signature in myeloid cells. We observe marked population differences in transcriptional responses to viral exposure that reflect environmentally induced cellular heterogeneity, as illustrated by higher rates of cytomegalovirus infection, affecting lymphoid cells, in African-descent individuals. Expression quantitative trait loci and mediation analyses reveal a broad effect of cell proportions on population differences in immune responses, with genetic variants having a narrower but stronger effect on specific loci. Additionally, natural selection has increased immune response differentiation across populations, particularly for variants associated with SARS-CoV-2 responses in East Asians. We document the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which Neanderthal introgression has altered immune functions, such as its impact on the myeloid response in Europeans. Finally, colocalization analyses reveal an overlap between the genetic architecture of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 severity. Collectively, these findings suggest that adaptive evolution targeting immunity has also contributed to current disparities in COVID-19 risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aquino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisiaux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Revilla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Cevins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menager, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barba-Spaeth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietropaoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroux-Roels, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiris, J. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruzzone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanova, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valkenburg, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotival, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental and genetic drivers of population differences in SARS-CoV-2 immune responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.23.517724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rasputin/G3BP mediates o-nyong-nyong virus subversion of antiviral immunity in Anopheles coluzzii 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.23.517724v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The G3BP proteins in vertebrates and Aedes mosquito ortholog, Rasputin, are essential for alphavirus infection, but the underlying mechanism of Rasputin/G3BP proviral activity is poorly understood. It has been suggested that G3BP could influence host immune signaling, but this has not been functionally demonstrated. Here, we find that depletion of Rasputin activity in Anopheles mosquitoes, the primary vectors of the alphavirus onyong-nyong (ONNV), provokes dysregulation of the antiviral Imd, JAK/STAT and RNAi pathways, indicating that Rasputin is required for expression of normal basal immunity in uninfected mosquitoes. Depletion of Rasputin during ONNV bloodmeal infection causes increased transcript abundance of genes in the Imd pathway including positive regulator Rel2, and decreases ONNV infection in mosquitoes. Loss of Rasputin is complemented by co-depletion of Imd pathway positive regulator, Rel2, which restores normal ONNV infection levels. Thus, the presence of Rasputin is required for ONNV inhibition of Imd activity, and viral inhibition of Imd explains much of the Rasputin proviral activity. The viral non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) binds to Rasputin and alters the profile of cellular proteins binding to Rasputin. In the presence of nsP3, 48 Rasputin-binding proteins are unchanged but seven binding proteins are excluded and eight new proteins bind Rasputin. The Rasputin binding partners altered by nsP3 are candidate factors for ONNV immune manipulation and subversion through Rasputin. Overall, these results are consistent with and strongly suggest a mechanism in which ONNV, probably nsP3, co-opts the normal Rasputin function assuring basal cellular immune activity in order to inhibit antiviral immunity and promote infection. These observations may be generalizable for Rasputin function during alphavirus infection of other mosquitoes, as well as for G3BP function in the mammalian host, and could offer a target for vector-based control of arbovirus transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cottis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blisnick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito-Fravallo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Failloux, A.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernick, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rasputin/G3BP mediates o-nyong-nyong virus subversion of antiviral immunity in Anopheles coluzzii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.29.518320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cell wall lipoprotein CD1687 acts as a DNA binding protein during deoxycholate-induced biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.29.518320v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of bacterial pathogens to establish recurrent and persistent infections is frequently associated with their ability to form biofilms. Clostridioides difficile infections have a high rate of recurrence and relapses and it is hypothesised that biofilms are involved in its pathogenicity and persistence. Biofilm formation by C. difficile is still poorly understood. It has been shown that specific molecules such as deoxycholate (DCA) or metronidazole induce biofilm formation, but the mechanisms involved remain elusive. In this study, we describe the role of the C. difficile lipoprotein CD1687 during DCA-induced biofilm formation. We showed that the expression of CD1687, which is part of an operon within the CD1685-CD1689 gene cluster, is controlled by multiple transcription starting sites and some are induced in response to DCA. Only CD1687 is required for biofilm formation and the overexpression of CD1687 is sufficient to induce biofilm formation. Using RNAseq analysis, we showed that CD1687 affects the expression of transporters and metabolic pathways and we identified several potential binding partners by pull-down assay, including transport-associated extracellular proteins. We then demonstrated that CD1687 is surface exposed in C. difficile, and that this localization is required for DCA-induced biofilm formation. Given this localization and the fact that C. difficile forms eDNA-rich biofilms, we confirmed that CD1687 binds DNA in a non-specific manner. We thus hypothesize that CD1687 is a component of the downstream response to DCA leading to biofilm formation by promoting interaction between the cells and the biofilm matrix by binding eDNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auria, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunault, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ENGLAND, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipoli Da Fonseca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchateau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cell wall lipoprotein CD1687 acts as a DNA binding protein during deoxycholate-induced biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.01.518541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice Humanized for Major Histocompatibility Complex and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 with High Permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.01.518541v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2) is the major receptor enabling host cell invasion by SARS-CoV-2 via interaction with Spike glycoprotein. The murine ACE2 ortholog does not interact efficiently with SARS-CoV-2 Spike and therefore the conventional laboratory mouse strains are not permissive to SARS-CoV-2 replication. Here, we generated new hACE2 transgenic mice, which harbor the hACE2 gene under the human keratin 18 promoter, in C57BL/6 "HHD-DR1" background. HHD-DR1 mice are fully devoid of murine Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules of class-I and -II and express only MHC molecules from Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) HLA 02.01, DRA01.01, DRB1.01.01 alleles, widely expressed in human populations. We selected three transgenic strains, with various hACE2 mRNA expression levels and distinctive profiles of lung and/or brain permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 replication. Compared to the previously available B6.K18-ACE22Prlmn/JAX mice, which have limited permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron replication, these three new hACE2 transgenic strains display higher levels of hACE2 mRNA expression, associated with high permissiveness to the replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-variants. As a first application, one of these MHC- and ACE2-humanized strains was successfully used to show the efficacy of a lentiviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Chevalier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Authie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chardenoux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cussigh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noirat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemirov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ANNA, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BERARD, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charneau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemonnier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langa-Vives, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MAJLESSI, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice Humanized for Major Histocompatibility Complex and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 with High Permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.05.519244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gallocin A, an atypical two-peptide bacteriocin secreted by Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.05.519244v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG) is an opportunistic gut pathogen associated with colorectal cancer. We previously showed that colonization of the murine colon by SGG in tumoral conditions was strongly enhanced by the production of gallocin A, a two-peptide bacteriocin. Here, we aimed at characterizing the mechanisms of its action and resistance. Using a genetic approach, we demonstrated that gallocin A is composed of two peptides, GllA1 and GllA2, which are inactive alone and act together to kill "target" bacteria. We showed that gallocin A can kill phylogenetically close relatives. Importantly, we demonstrated that gallocin A peptides can insert into membranes and permeabilize lipid bilayer vesicles. Next, we showed that the third gene of the gallocin A operon named GIP, is necessary and sufficient to confer immunity to gallocin A. Structural modelling of GllA1 and GllA2 mature peptides suggested that both peptides form alpha-helical hairpins stabilized by intramolecular disulfide bridges. The presence of a disulfide bond in GllA1 and GllA2 was confirmed experimentally. Addition of disulfide reducing agents abrogated gallocin A activity. Likewise, deletion of a gene encoding a surface protein with a thioredoxin-like domain impaired gallocin A ability to kill Enterococcus faecalis. Structural modelling of GIP revealed a hairpin-like structure strongly resembling that of the GllA1 and GllA2 mature peptides, suggesting a mechanism of immunity by competition with GllA1/2. Finally, identification of other class IIb bacteriocins exhibiting a similar alpha-helical hairpin fold stabilized with an intramolecular disulfide bridge suggests the existence of a new subclass of class IIb bacteriocins.

IMPORTANCEStreptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG), previously named Streptococcus bovis biotype I, is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for invasive infections (septicemia, endocarditis) in elderly people and often associated with asymptomatic colon tumors. SGG is one of the first bacteria to be associated with the occurrence of colorectal cancer in humans. Previously, we showed that tumor-associated conditions in the colon provide to SGG with the ideal environment to proliferate at the expense of phylogenetically and metabolically closely related commensal bacteria such as enterococci (Aymeric et al., 2017). SGG takes advantage of CRC-associated conditions to outcompete and substitute commensal members of the gut microbiota using a specific bacteriocin named gallocin and renamed gallocin A recently following the discovery of gallocin D in a peculiar SGG isolate. Here, we showed that gallocin A is a two-peptide bacteriocin and that both GllA1 and GllA2 peptides are required for antimicrobial activity. Gallocin A was shown to permeabilize bacterial membranes and to kill phylogenetically closely related bacteria such as most streptococci, lactococci and enterococci, probably through membrane pore formation. GllA1 and GllA2 secreted peptides are unusually long (42 and 60 amino acids long) and with very few charged amino acids compared to well-known class IIb bacteriocins. In silico modelling revealed that both GllA1 and GllA2 exhibit a similar hairpin-like conformation stabilized by an intramolecular disulfide bond. We also showed that the GIP immunity peptide also forms a hairpin like structure like GllA1/GllA2. Thus, we hypothesize that GIP blocks the formation of the GllA1/GllA2 complex by interacting with GllA1 or GllA2. Gallocin A may constitute the first class IIb bacteriocin displaying disulfide bridges important for its structure and activity and the founding member of a subtype of class IIb bacteriocins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Proutiere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Merle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voegele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal-Gan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieu-Cuot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dramsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gallocin A, an atypical two-peptide bacteriocin secreted by Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.13.519450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunneling nanotubes between neuronal and microglial cells allow bi-directional transfer of α-Synuclein and mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.13.519450v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tunneling Nanotubes (TNTs) facilitate contact-mediated intercellular communication over long distances. Material transfer via TNTs can range from ions and intracellular organelles to protein aggregates and pathogens. Prion-like toxic protein aggregates accumulating in several disorders, such as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons diseases have been shown to spread via TNTs not only between neurons, but also between neurons-astrocytes, and neurons-pericytes, indicating the importance of TNTs in mediating neuron-glia interactions. TNT-like structures were also reported between microglia, however their roles in neuron-microglia interaction remain elusive. In this work, we quantitatively characterise microglial TNTs and their cytoskeletal composition, and demonstrate that TNTs form between human neuronal and microglial cells. We show that -Synuclein (-Syn) aggregates increase the global TNT-mediated connectivity between cells, along with the number of TNT connections per cell pair. Homotypic TNTs formed between microglial cells, and heterotypic TNTs between neuronal and microglial cells are furthermore shown to be functional, allowing movement of both -Syn and mitochondria. Quantitative analysis shows that -Syn aggregates are transferred predominantly from neuronal to microglial cells, possibly as a mechanism to relieve the burden of accumulated aggregates. By contrast, microglia transfer mitochondria preferably to -Syn burdened neuronal cells over the healthy ones, likely as a potential rescue mechanism. Besides describing novel TNT-mediated communication between neurons and microglia, this work allows us to better understand the cellular mechanisms of spreading of neurodegenerative diseases, shedding light on the role of microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.519450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunneling nanotubes between neuronal and microglial cells allow bi-directional transfer of α-Synuclein and mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.14.520471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B2LiVe, a label-free 1D-NMR method to quantify the binding of amphitropic peptides or proteins to membrane vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.14.520471v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amphitropic proteins and peptides reversibly partition from solution to membrane, a key process that regulates their functions. Experimental approaches, such as fluorescence and circular dichroism, are classically used to measure the partitioning of amphitropic peptides and proteins into lipid bilayers, yet hardly usable when the peptides or proteins do not exhibit significant polarity and/or conformational changes upon membrane binding. Here, we describe B2LiVe (i.e., Binding to Lipid Vesicles), a simple, robust, and widely applicable NMR method to determine the solution-to-membrane partitioning of unlabeled proteins or peptides. The experimental strategy proposed here relies on previously described proton 1D NMR fast pulsing techniques with selective adiabatic pulses. Membrane partitioning induces a large line broadening leading to a progressive loss of protein signals, and therefore, the decrease of the NMR signal directly measures the fraction of membrane-bound protein. The B2LiVe method uses low polypeptide concentrations and has been validated on several membrane-interacting peptides and proteins, ranging from 3 to 54 kDa, with membrane vesicles of different sizes and various lipid compositions.

MotivationCharacterization of the interaction of peptides and proteins with lipid membranes is involved in various biological processes and is often challenging for polypeptides which do not possess intrinsic fluorophores, do not exhibit significant structural content changes, as well as for those characterized by low affinities for membranes. To meet these challenges, we have developed a simple and robust label-free NMR-based experimental approach, named B2LiVe, to measure the binding of polypeptides to lipid vesicles. The experimental strategy relies on previously described proton 1D NMR fast pulsing techniques with selective adiabatic pulses to excite the amide resonances. B2LiVe is a label-free method based on the observation of amide hydrogen nuclei which are naturally present in all protein and peptide backbones. Our results validate the B2LiVe method and indicate that it compares well with established technics to quantify polypeptide-membrane interactions. Overall, B2LiVe should efficiently complement the arsenal of label-free biophysical assays available to characterize protein-membrane interactions.

In briefWe describe a robust label-free NMR-based experimental approach (B2LiVe) to measure interactions between peptides or proteins with membranes. The validity of this approach has been established on several polypeptides and on various membrane vesicles. The B2LiVe method efficiently complements the arsenal of label-free biophysical techniques to characterize protein-membrane interactions.

HighlightsB2LiVe is a simple and robust NMR-based method to quantify affinity of proteins and peptides for membranes

B2LiVe is a label-free approach that relies on proton 1D NMR fast pulsing techniques with selective excitation of amide resonances

B2LiVe has been validated on several membrane-interacting peptides and proteins

B2LiVe coupled to DOSY can pinpoint the presence within a membrane-bound protein of polypeptide segments remaining in solution
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitorge, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guijarro, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHENAL, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B2LiVe, a label-free 1D-NMR method to quantify the binding of amphitropic peptides or proteins to membrane vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.23.521809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mapquik: Efficient low-divergence mapping of long reads in minimizer space 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.23.521809v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA sequencing data continues to progress towards longer reads with increasingly lower sequencing error rates. We focus on the critical problem of mapping, or aligning, low-divergence sequences from long reads (PacBio HiFi) to a reference genome, which poses challenges in terms of accuracy and computational resources when using cutting-edge read mapping approaches that are designed for all types of alignments. A natural idea would be to optimize efficiency with longer seeds to reduce the probability of extraneous matches; however, contiguous exact seeds quickly reach a sensitivity limit. We introduce mapquik, a novel strategy that creates accurate longer seeds by anchoring alignments through matches of k consecutively-sampled minimizers (k-min-mers) and only indexing k-min-mers that occur once in the reference genome, thereby unlocking ultra-fast mapping while retaining high sensitivity. We demonstrate that mapquik significantly accelerates the seeding and chaining steps -- fundamental bottlenecks to read mapping -- for both the human and maize genomes with > 96% sensitivity and near-perfect specificity. On the human genome, mapquik achieves a 30x speed-up over the state-of-the-art tool minimap2, and on the maize genome, a 350x speed-up over minimap2, making mapquik the fastest mapper to date. These accelerations are enabled not only by minimizer-space seeding but also a novel heuristic [O](n) pseudo-chaining algorithm, which improves over the long-standing [O](n log n) bound. Minimizer-space computation builds the foundation for achieving real-time analysis of long-read sequencing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ekim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahlin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medvedev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mapquik: Efficient low-divergence mapping of long reads in minimizer space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.30.522292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity and evolution of cerebellar folding in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.30.522292v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of brain folding is thought to play an important role in the development and organisation of the cerebrum and the cerebellum. The study of cerebellar folding is challenging due to the small size and abundance of its folia. In consequence, little is known about its anatomical diversity and evolution. We constituted an open collection of histological data from 56 mammalian species and manually segmented the cerebrum and the cerebellum. We developed methods to measure the geometry of cerebellar folia and to estimate the thickness of the molecular layer. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to study the diversity and evolution of cerebellar folding and its relationship with the anatomy of the cerebrum. Our results show that the evolution of cerebellar and cerebral anatomy follows a stabilising selection process. Ancestral estimations indicate that size and folding of the cerebrum and cerebellum increase and decrease concertedly through evolution. Our analyses confirm the strong correlation between cerebral and cerebellar volumes across species, and show that large cerebella are disproportionately more folded than smaller ones. Compared with the extreme variations in cerebellar surface area, folial wavelength and molecular layer thickness varied only slightly, showing a much smaller increase in the larger cerebella. These findings provide new insights into the diversity and evolution of cerebellar folding and its potential influence on brain organisation across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heuer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sousa, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.30.522292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity and evolution of cerebellar folding in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.02.522461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular succinate induces spatially organized biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.02.522461v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile is the major cause of nosocomial diarrhea, which are associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis. Biofilms of C. difficile have been progressively linked to the pathogenesis of this bacterium and the recurrences of its infections. Though the number of conditions in which C. difficile biofilms are being produced is increasing, little is known about how and when biofilms are formed in the gut. Here we report that succinate, a metabolite abundantly produced by the dysbiotic gut microbiota, induces in vitro biofilm formation of C. difficile strains. We characterized the morphology and spatial composition of succinate-induced biofilms, and compared to non-induced or deoxycholate-induced biofilms, biofilms induced by succinate are significantly thicker, structurally more complex, and poorer in proteins and exopolysaccharides (EPS). We then applied transcriptomics and genetics to characterize the early stages of succinate-induced biofilm formation and we showed that succinate-induced biofilm results from major metabolic shifts and cell-wall composition changes. Similar to deoxycholate-induced biofilms, biofilms induced by succinate depend on the presence of a rapidly metabolized sugar. Finally, although succinate can be consumed by the bacteria, we found that the extracellular succinate is in fact responsible for the induction of biofilm formation through complex regulation involving global metabolic regulators and the osmotic stress response. In the context of human gut dysbiosis, succinate can limit bacterial infections through the control of innate immune responses. Collectively, our results suggest that succinate is an intestinal signal which can drive the biofilm formation and persistence of C. difficile in the gut and increase the risk of relapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auria, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deschamps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briandet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular succinate induces spatially organized biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.03.522562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of nanobodies acting as silent and positive allosteric modulators of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.03.522562v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a potential drug target for treating cognitive disorders, mediates communication between neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Although many competitive antagonists, agonists, and partial-agonists have been found and synthesized, they have not led to effective therapeutic treatments. In this context, small molecules acting as positive allosteric modulators binding outside the orthosteric, acetylcholine, site have attracted considerable interest. Two single-domain antibody fragments, C4 and E3, against the extracellular domain of the human 7-nAChR were generated through alpaca immunization with cells expressing a human 7-nAChR/mouse 5-HT3A chimera, and are herein described. They bind to the 7-nAChR but not to the other major nAChR subtypes, 4{beta}2 and 3{beta}4. E3 acts as a slowly associating positive allosteric modulator, strongly potentiating the acetylcholine-elicited currents, while not precluding the desensitization of the receptor. An E3-E3 bivalent construct shows similar potentiating properties but displays very slow dissociation kinetics conferring quasi-irreversible properties. Whereas, C4 does not alter the receptor function, but fully inhibits the E3-evoked potentiation, showing it is a silent allosteric modulator competing with E3 binding. Both nanobodies do not compete with -bungarotoxin, localizing at an allosteric extracellular binding site away from the orthosteric site. The functional differences of each nanobody, as well as the alteration of functional properties through nanobody modifications indicate the importance of this extracellular site. The nanobodies will be useful for pharmacological and structural investigations; moreover, they, along with the extracellular site, have a direct potential for clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemecz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayme, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejean de la Batie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barilone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baachaoui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maskos, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corringer, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of nanobodies acting as silent and positive allosteric modulators of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.04.522820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corynebacterium of the diphtheriae complex in companion animals: clinical and microbiological characterization of 64 cases from France 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.04.522820v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesCorynebacteria of the diphtheriae complex (Cdc) can cause diphtheria in humans and have been reported from companion animals. We aimed to describe animal infection cases caused by Cdc isolates.

Methods18 308 animals (dogs, cats, horses and small mammals) with rhinitis, dermatitis, non-healing wounds and otitis were sampled in metropolitan France (August 2019 to August 2021). Data on symptoms, age, breed, and the administrative region of origin were collected. Cultured bacteria were analyzed for tox gene presence, for production of the diphtheria toxin, for antimicrobial susceptibility, and genotyped by multilocus sequence typing.

ResultsC. ulcerans was identified in 51 cases, 24 of which were toxigenic. Rhinitis was the most frequent presentation (18/51). Eleven cases (6 cats, 4 dogs, 1 rat) were mono-infections. Large breed dogs, especially German Shepherds (9 of 28 dogs; p < 0.00001) were overrepresented. C. ulcerans isolates were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. tox-positive C. diphtheriae was identified in 2 horses. Last, 11 infections cases (9 dogs, 2 cats; mostly chronic otitis, and 2 sores) had tox-negative C. rouxii, a recently defined species. C. rouxii and C. diphtheriae isolates were susceptible to most antibiotics tested, and almost all of these infections were polymicrobial.

ConclusionsMonoinfections with C. ulcerans point towards a primary pathogenic potential to animals. C. ulcerans represents an important zoonotic risk, and C. rouxii may represent a novel zoonotic agent. This case series provides novel clinical and microbiological data on Cdc infections, and underlines the need for management of animals and their human contacts.

ImportanceWe report on the occurrence, clinical and microbiological characteristics of infections caused by members of the Corynebacteria of the diphtheriae complex (Cdc) in companion animals. This is the first study based on the systematic analysis of a very large animal cohort (18 308 samples), which provides data on the frequency of Cdc isolates in various types of clinical samples from animals. Awareness of this zoonotic bacterial group remains low among veterinarians and veterinary laboratories, among which it is often considered a commensal bacteria of animals. We suggest that in case of Cdc detection in animals, the veterinary laboratories should be encouraged to send the samples to a reference laboratory for analysis of the presence of the tox gene. This work is relevant to the development of guidelines in case of Cdc infections in animals, and underlines their public health relevance given the zoonotic transmission risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Museux, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badell-Ocando, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corynebacterium of the diphtheriae complex in companion animals: clinical and microbiological characterization of 64 cases from France]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.06.522979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOBEC3F is the main source of editing identified during the 2022 outbreak of human monkeypox virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.06.522979v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
On May 6, 2022, a powerful outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) had been reported outside of Africa, with many continuing new cases being reported around the world. Analysis of mutations among the two different lineages present in the 2021 and 2022 outbreaks revealed the presence of G->A mutations occurring in the 5GpA context, indicative of APOBEC3 cytosine deaminase activity. By using a sensitive PCR (3D-PCR) method allowing differential amplification of AT-rich DNA, we demonstrate that G->A hypermutated MPXV genomes can be recovered experimentally from APOBEC3 transfection followed by MPXV infection. Here, among the 7 human APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases (A3A-A3C, A3DE, A3F-A3H), only APOBEC3F was capable of extensively deaminating cytidine residues in MPXV genomes. Hyperedited genomes were also recovered in ~42% of analyzed patients, indicating that editing is part of the natural cycle of MPXV infection. Moreover, we demonstrate that substantial repair of these mutations occurs. Upon selection, corrected G->A mutations escaping drift loss contribute to the MPXV evolution observed in the current epidemics. Thus, stochastic or transient overexpression of APOBEC3F gene exposes the MPXV genome to a broad spectrum of mutations that may be modeling the mutational landscape after multiple cycles of viral replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suspene, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraris, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tournier, J.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iseni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vartanian, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.522979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOBEC3F is the main source of editing identified during the 2022 outbreak of human monkeypox virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.10.523392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-Cadherin and alpha-catenin regulate formation of functional tunneling nanotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.10.523392v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-to-cell communication it is a fundamental mechanism by which unicellular and multicellular organisms maintain relevant functions as development or homeostasis. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are a type of contact-mediated cell-to-cell communication defined by being membranous structures based on actin that allow the exchange of different cellular material. TNTs have been shown to have unique structural features compared with other cellular protrusions and to contain the cell adhesion molecule N-Cadherin. Here, we investigated the possible role of N-Cadherin and of its primary linker to the actin cytoskeleton, -Catenin in regulating the formation and transfer function of TNTs. Our data indicate that N-Cadherin through its downstream effector -Catenin is a major regulator of TNT formation, ultrastructure, as well as of their ability to transfer material to other cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pepe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notario Manzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartori-Rupp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-Cadherin and alpha-catenin regulate formation of functional tunneling nanotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deadenylation rate is not a major determinant of RNA degradation in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524186v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression and its regulation depend on mRNA degradation. In eukaryotes, degradation is controlled by deadenylation rates, since a short poly(A) tail is considered to be the signal that activates decapping and triggers mRNA degradation. In contrast to this view, we show that global stability of mRNAs can be explained by variations in decapping speed alone. Rapid decapping of unstable mRNAs, for example, allows little time for deadenylation, which explains their longer than average poly(A) tails. As predicted by modeling of RNA degradation kinetics, mRNA stabilization in the absence of decapping led to a decrease in the length of the poly(A) tail, while depletion of deadenylases only increased the tail length. Our results suggest that decapping activation dictates mRNA stability independent of the deadenylation speed.

One-Sentence SummaryUnstable mRNAs are characterized by rapid 5 cap removal, independent of a prior shortening of the poly(A) tail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Audebert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feuerbach, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decourty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saveanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deadenylation rate is not a major determinant of RNA degradation in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nr5a2 is essential for morula development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524255v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early embryogenesis is driven by transcription factors (TFs) that first activate the zygotic genome and then specify the lineages constituting the blastocyst. While the TFs specifying the blastocysts lineages are well characterised, those playing earlier roles are ill-defined. Using mouse models of the TF Nr5a2, we show that Nr5a2-/- embryos arrest at the early morula stage and exhibit overt phenotypical problems such as altered lineage specification, frequent mitotic failure and substantial chromosome segregation defects. Transcriptomic profiling shows that NR5A2 is a master regulator required for appropriate expression of thousands of genes at the 8-cells stage, including lineage-specifying TFs and genes involved in mitosis, telomere maintenance and DNA repair. We conclude that NR5A2 coordinates proliferation, genome stability and lineage specification to ensure proper morula development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Festuccia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandormael-Pournin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiselmann, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langa-Vives, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coux, R.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Tannoudji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nr5a2 is essential for morula development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.26.525439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
decOM: Similarity-based microbial source tracking of ancient oral samples using k-mer-based methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.26.525439v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe analysis of ancient oral metagenomes from archaeological human and animal samples is largely confounded by contaminant DNA sequences from modern and environmental sources. Existing methods for Microbial Source Tracking (MST) estimate the proportions of environmental sources, but do not perform well on ancient metagenomes. We developed a novel method called decOM for Microbial Source Tracking and classification of ancient and modern metagenomic samples using k-mer matrices.

ResultsWe analysed a collection of 360 ancient oral, modern oral, sediment/soil and skin metagenomes, using stratified five-fold cross-validation. decOM estimates the contributions of these source environments in ancient oral metagenomic samples with high accuracy, outperforming two state-of-the-art methods for source tracking, FEAST and mSourceTracker.

ConclusionsdecOM is a high-accuracy microbial source tracking method, suitable for ancient oral metagenomic data sets. The decOM method is generic and could also be adapted for MST of other ancient and modern types of metagenomes. We anticipate that decOM will be a valuable tool for MST of ancient metagenomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duitama Gonzalez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicedomini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rascovan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[decOM: Similarity-based microbial source tracking of ancient oral samples using k-mer-based methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.26.525815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Streptococcus pneumoniae drives specific and lasting Natural Killer cell memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.26.525815v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NK cells are important mediators of innate immunity and play an essential role for host protection against infection, although their responses to bacteria are poorly understood. Recently NK cells were shown to display memory properties, as characterized by an epigenetic signature leading to a stronger secondary response. Although NK cell memory could be a promising mechanism to fight against infection, it has not been described upon bacterial infection. Here, we reveal that NK cells develop specific and long-term memory following sub-lethal infection with the extracellular pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Memory NK cells display intrinsic sensing and response to bacteria in vitro, in a manner that is enhanced post-bacterial infection. In addition, their transfer into naive mice confer protection from lethal infection for at least 12 weeks. Interestingly, NK cells display enhanced cytotoxic molecule production upon secondary stimulation and their protective role is dependent on Perforin and independent of IFN{gamma}. Thus, our study identifies a new role for NK cells during bacterial infection, opening the possibility to harness innate immune memory for therapeutic purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camarasa, T. M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Streptococcus pneumoniae drives specific and lasting Natural Killer cell memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.30.526212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles production regulates fluconazole resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.30.526212v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to fluconazole (FLC), the most widely used antifungal drug, is typically achieved by altering the azole drug target and/or drug efflux pumps. Recent reports have suggested a link between vesicular trafficking and antifungal resistance. Here, we identified novel Cryptococcus neoformans regulators of extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis that impact FLC resistance. In particular, the transcription factor Hap2 does not affect the expression of the drug target or efflux pumps, yet it impacts the cellular sterol profile. Subinhibitory FLC concentrations also downregulate EV production. Moreover, in vitro spontaneous FLC-resistant colonies showed altered EV production, and the acquisition of FLC resistance was associated with decreased EV production in clinical isolates. Finally, the reversion of FLC resistance was associated with increased EV production. These data suggest a model in which fungal cells can regulate EV production in place of regulating the drug target gene expression as a first line of defense against antifungal assault in this fungal pathogen.

IMPORTANCEExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enveloped particles that are released by cells into the extracellular space. Fungal EVs can mediate community interactions and biofilm formation but thier functions remain poorly understood. Here, we report the identification of the first regulators of EV production in the major fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Surprisingly, we uncover a novel role of EVs in modulating antifungal drug resistance. Disruption of EV production was associated with altered lipid composition and changes in fluconazole susceptibility. Spontaneous azole-resistant mutants were deficient in EV production, while loss of resistance restored initial EV production levels. These findings were recapitulated in C. neoformans clinical isolates, indicating that azole resistance and EV production are coregulated in diverse strains. Our study reveals a new mechanism of drug resistance in which cells adapt to azole stress by modulating EV production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trottier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyrand, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimbres, A. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, T. T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desnos-Ollivier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouyna, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PEHAU-ARNAUDET, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ene, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimrichter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janbon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular vesicles production regulates fluconazole resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.01.526586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eukaryotic-like gephyrin and cognate membrane receptor coordinate corynebacterial cell division and polar elongation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.01.526586v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The order Corynebacteriales includes major industrial and pathogenic actinobacteria such as Corynebacterium glutamicum or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Their elaborate multi-layered cell wall, composed primarily of the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, and their polar growth mode impose a stringent coordination between the septal divisome, organized around the tubulin-like protein FtsZ, and the polar elongasome, assembled around the tropomyosin-like protein Wag31. Here, we report the identification of two new divisome members, a gephyrin-like repurposed molybdotransferase (GLP) and its membrane receptor (GLPR). We show that the interplay between the GLPR/GLP module, FtsZ and Wag31 is crucial for orchestrating cell cycle progression. Our results provide a detailed molecular understanding of the crosstalk between two essential machineries, the divisome and elongasome, and reveal that Corynebacteriales have evolved a protein scaffold to control cell division and morphogenesis similar to the gephyrin/GlyR system that in higher eukaryotes mediates synaptic signaling through network organization of membrane receptors and the microtubule cytoskeleton.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogues Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megrian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaday, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Assaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portela, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grangeasse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehenkel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eukaryotic-like gephyrin and cognate membrane receptor coordinate corynebacterial cell division and polar elongation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing vector competence of mosquitoes from northeastern France to West Nile virus and Usutu virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527438v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are two arthropod-borne viruses that circulate in mainland France. Assessing vector competence has only been conducted so far with mosquitoes from southern France while an increasingly active circulation of WNV and USUV has been reported in the last years. The main vectors are mosquitoes of the Culex genus and the common mosquito Culex pipiens. Here, we measure the vector competence of five mosquito species (Aedes rusticus, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles plumbeus, Culex pipiens and Culiseta longiareolata) present in northeastern France. Field-collected populations were exposed to artificial infectious blood meal containing WNV or USUV and examined at different days post-infection. We show that (i) Cx. pipiens transmitted WNV and USUV, (ii) Ae. rusticus only WNV, and (iii) unexpectedly, Ae. albopictus transmitted both WNV and USUV. Less surprising, An. plumbeus was not competent for both viruses. Combined with data on distribution and population dynamics, these assessments of vector competence will help in developing a risk map and implementing appropriate prevention and control measures.

Author summaryWest Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are on the rise in Europe and in France. WNV is reported in France as early as the 1960s in the Camargue and USUV more recently, in 2015 in eastern France. The re-emergence of WNV infections in the Camargue is associated with an expansion towards the North which is also favorable to maintain a viral transmission cycle. USUV frequently co-circulates with WNV sharing the same mosquito vectors. Culex pipiens, able to feed on birds and humans, is considered to be the main vector in France. Our study is the first to investigate the vector competence to WNV and USUV of five different mosquito species collected in northeastern France. We ascertain that French Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are competent to both WNV and USUV. More surprisingly, the mosquito Aedes albopictus from northeastern France was able to transmit WNV and USUV. Based on our result, we propose that surveillance of mosquitoes combined with viral detections must be implemented in northeastern France to allow early viral detection and timely intervention to prevent outbreaks of these two neurological diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinet, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazeille, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferte, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depaquit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Failloux, A.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing vector competence of mosquitoes from northeastern France to West Nile virus and Usutu virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.13.526957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellWalker: A user-friendly and modular computational pipeline for morphological analysis of microscopy images 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.13.526957v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The implementation of computational tools for analysis of microscopy images has been one of the most important technological innovations in biology, providing researchers unmatched capabilities to comprehend cell shape and connectivity. Most available tools frequently focus either on segmentation or morphological analysis, thus not providing an inclusive pipeline. We introduce CellWalker, a computational pipeline that streamlines and connects the segmentation step with the morphological analysis in a modular manner. This python-based pipeline starts with  visible-source IPython notebooks for segmentation of 2D/3D microscopy images using deep learning and visualization of the segmented images. The next module of CellWalker runs inside Blender, an open-source computer graphics software. This addon provides several morphometric analysis tools that can be used to calculate distances, volume, surface areas and to determine cross-sectional properties. It also includes tools to build skeletons, calculate distributions of sub-cellular organelles. Overall, CellWalker provides practical tools for segmentation and morphological analysis of microscopy images in the form of an open-source and modular pipeline which allows a complete access to fine-tuning of algorithms through visible source code while still retaining a result-oriented interface.

Contactharshkhare@gmail.com, chiara.zurzolo@pasteur.fr

Availability and implementationCellWalker source code is available on GitHub (https://github.com/utraf-pasteur-institute/CellWalker-notebooks and https://github.com/utraf-pasteur-institute/CellWalker-blender) under a GPL-3 license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khare, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongo Mendoza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.526957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellWalker: A user-friendly and modular computational pipeline for morphological analysis of microscopy images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.14.528454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escherichia coli aggregates mediated by native or synthetic adhesins exhibit both core and adhesin-specific transcriptional responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.14.528454v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria can rapidly tune their physiology and metabolism to adapt to environmental fluctuations. In particular, they can adapt their lifestyle to the close proximity of other bacteria or presence of different surfaces. However, whether these interactions trigger transcriptomic responses is poorly understood. We used a specific set up of E. coli strains expressing native or synthetic adhesins mediating bacterial aggregation to study the transcriptomic changes of aggregated compared to non-aggregated bacteria. Our results show that following aggregation, bacteria exhibit a core response independent of the adhesin type, with differential expression of 56.9% of the coding genome, including genes involved in stress response and anaerobic lifestyle. Moreover, when aggregates were formed via a naturally expressed E. coli adhesin (Antigen 43), the transcriptomic response of the bacteria was more exaggerated compared to aggregates formed via a synthetic adhesin. This suggests that the response to aggregation induced by native E. coli adhesins could have been finely tuned during bacterial evolution. Our study therefore provides insights on the effect of self-interaction in bacteria and allows a better understanding of why bacterial aggregates exhibit increased stress tolerance.

ImportanceFormation of bacterial aggregates has an important role in both clinical and ecological contexts. Although these structures have been previously shown to be more resistant to stressful conditions, the genetic basis of this stress tolerance associated with the aggregate lifestyle is poorly understood. Surface sensing mediated by different adhesins can result in varying changes on bacterial physiology. However, whether adhesin-adhesin interactions as well as the type of adhesin mediating aggregation affects bacterial cell physiology is unknown. By sequencing the transcriptomes of aggregated and non-aggregated cells expressing native or synthetic adhesins, we characterized the effects of aggregation and adhesin type on E. coli physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chekli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevick, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briolat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escherichia coli aggregates mediated by native or synthetic adhesins exhibit both core and adhesin-specific transcriptional responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.17.528913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The oncogenic role of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus is linked to activation of multiple cancer-related signaling pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.17.528913v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG), an opportunistic gram-positive pathogen responsible for septicemia and endocarditis in the elderly, is often associated with colon cancer (CRC). In this work, we investigated the oncogenic role of SGG strain UCN34 using the azoxymethane (AOM)-induced CRC model in vivo, organoid formation ex vivo and proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses from murine colons. We showed that SGG UCN34 accelerates colon tumor development in the murine CRC model. Full proteome and phosphoproteome analysis of murine colons chronically colonized by SGG UCN34 or the closely related non-pathogenic S. gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (SGM) revealed that 164 proteins and 725 phosphorylation sites were differentially regulated following colonization by SGG UCN34. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) indicates a pro-tumoral shift specifically induced following colonization by SGG UCN34, as most proteins and phosphoproteins identified were associated with digestive cancer. Comprehensive analysis of the altered phosphoproteins using ROMA software revealed significantly elevated activities in several cancer hallmark pathways affecting tumoral cells and their microenvironment, i.e. MAPK (ERK, JNK and p38), mTOR and integrin/ILK/actin signaling, in SGG UCN34 colonized colon. Importantly, analysis of protein arrays of human colon tumors colonized with SGG showed up-regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways, providing clinical relevance to our findings. To test SGGs capacity to induce pre-cancerous transformation of the murine colonic epithelium, we grew ex vivo organoids which revealed unusual structures with compact morphology following exposure to SGG. Taken together, our results reveal that the oncogenic role of SGG UCN34 is associated with activation of multiple cancer-related signaling pathways.

Author SummaryColorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The colon is a very singular organ, colonized by a vast and complex community of microorganisms, known as the gut microbiota. Strong evidence supports a role of the microbiota in colon cancer development. Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG), a gut commensal, was one of the first bacteria to be associated with colorectal cancer. A better understanding of the role of SGG in colon cancer development is critical to developing novel strategies to improve clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Here, using a global proteomic analysis of mouse colonic tissue colonized by SGG, we show that over 90% of the proteins with altered levels are involved in cancer. SGG colonization promotes autocrine and paracrine pro-tumor signals contributing to transformation of the colonic epithelium but also modifying the stromal microenvironment, which in turn sustains tumor development. Importantly, two tumor hallmark pathways (PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK) identified in our mouse model were also found in human colon tumor biopsies colonized by SGG, strengthening the clinical relevance to our study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasquereau-Kotula, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poullet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopetz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peduto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbe-Masselot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansonetti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieu-Cuot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dramsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.528913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The oncogenic role of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus is linked to activation of multiple cancer-related signaling pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.20.529124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global Corynebacterium diphtheriae genomic framework sheds light on current diphtheria reemergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.20.529124v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDiphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, reemerges in Europe since 2022. Genomic sequencing can inform on transmission routes and genotypes of concern, but currently, no standard approach exists to detect clinically important genomic features and to interpret emergence in the global C. diphtheriae population framework.

MethodsWe developed the bioinformatics pipeline DIPHTOSCAN (available at https://gitlab.pasteur.fr/BEBP/diphtoscan) to extract from genomes of Corynebacteria of the diphtheriae species complex, medically relevant features including tox gene presence and disruption. We analyzed 101 human C. diphtheriae isolates collected in 2022 in metropolitan and overseas France (France-2022). To define the population background of this emergence, we sequenced 379 additional isolates (mainly from France, 2018-2021) and collated 870 publicly-available genomes.

ResultsThe France-2022 isolates comprised 45 tox-positive (44 toxigenic) isolates, mostly imported, belonging to 10 sublineages (<500 distinct core genes). The global dataset comprised 245 sublineages and 33.9% tox- positive genomes, with DIPHTOSCAN predicting non-toxigenicity in 16.0% of these. 12% of the global isolates, and 43.6% of France-2022 ones, were multidrug resistant. Convergence of toxigenicity with penicillin and erythromycin resistance was observed in 2 isolates from France-2022. Phylogenetic lineages Gravis and Mitis contrasted strikingly in their pathogenicity-associated genes.

ConclusionsThis work provides a bioinformatics tool and global population framework to analyze C. diphtheriae genomes, revealing important heterogeneities in virulence and resistance features. Emerging genotypes combining toxigenicity and first-line antimicrobial resistance represent novel threats. Genomic epidemiology studies of C. diphtheriae should be intensified globally to improve understanding of reemergence and spatial spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hennart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crestani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armatys, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi-Leroy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonteneau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badell-Ocando, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global Corynebacterium diphtheriae genomic framework sheds light on current diphtheria reemergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.20.529185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLAgellum Member 8 modulates extravasation and extravascular distribution of African trypanosomes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.20.529185v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the mammalian host, the biology of tissue-dwelling Trypanosoma brucei parasites is not completely understood, especially the mechanisms involved in their extravascular colonization. The trypanosome flagellum is an essential organelle in multiple aspects of the parasites development. The flagellar protein termed FLAgellar Member 8 (FLAM8) acts as a docking platform for a pool of Cyclic AMP response protein 3 (CARP3) that is involved in signaling. FLAM8 exhibits a stage-specific distribution suggesting specific functions in the mammalian and vector stages of the parasite. Analyses of knockdown and knockout trypanosomes in their mammalian forms demonstrated that FLAM8 is not essential in vitro for survival, growth, motility and stumpy differentiation. Functional investigations in experimental infections showed that FLAM8-deprived trypanosomes can establish and maintain an infection in the blood circulation and differentiate into insect transmissible forms. However, quantitative bioluminescence imaging and gene expression analysis revealed that FLAM8-null parasites exhibit a significantly impaired dissemination in the extravascular compartment, that is restored by the addition of a single rescue copy of FLAM8. In vitro trans-endothelial migration assays revealed significant defects in trypanosomes lacking FLAM8. FLAM8 is the first flagellar component shown to modulate T. brucei distribution in the host tissues, possibly through sensing functions, contributing to the maintenance of extravascular parasite populations in mammalian anatomical niches, especially in the skin.

Author SummaryTrypanosoma brucei parasites cause neglected tropical diseases termed human and animal African trypanosomiases. Transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly, upon deposition in the skin of a mammalian host, these parasites occupy both the vasculature and extravascular tissues. Currently, the biology of tissue-resident parasites is not well understood, and the parasite factors that mediate extravascular colonization are not known. Using quantitative in vivo bioluminescence imaging and ex vivo gene expression quantification in host infected tissues and blood, we reveal that the flagellar parasite protein FLAM8 modulates the extravascular dissemination of trypanosomes in the mammalian host. FLAM8 is known to act as a docking platform for signaling complexes in the flagellum, but we observe that it does not influence parasite differentiation into transmissible stages. However, we show that the absence of FLAM8 results in the loss of a key component of the flagellar adenylate cyclase signaling complexes, and reduces parasite migration through endothelial cell monolayers, suggesting that FLAM8 is important for parasite exchanges between the intravascular and the extravascular compartments. This work identifies a key trypanosome flagellar component involved in host-parasite interactions, including the modulation of parasite tropism and extravascular dissemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngoune, J. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaille, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouzols, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLeod, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotureau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLAgellum Member 8 modulates extravasation and extravascular distribution of African trypanosomes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.23.529587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High resolution cryo-EM and crystallographic snapshots of the large actinobacterial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase: an all-in-one fusion with unique properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.23.529587v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actinobacteria possess unique ways to regulate the oxoglutarate node located in the central position of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a crossroad between energy conservation and nitrogen metabolism. Here, we studied the decarboxylative oxidation route that leads, through the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (ODH) complex, to the generation of succinyl-CoA and reduced equivalents to feed the respiratory chain. Compared to most organisms in which the oxidative decarboxylation and reductive acylation steps are carried out by different enzymes within the ODH complex, actinobacteria rely on an all-in-one protein (OdhA) in which both activities are carried out by the same polypeptide. We describe high-resolution cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography snapshots of representative enzymes from Mycobacterium smegmatis and Corynebacterium glutamicum, showing that OdhA is an 800-kDa homohexamer that folds into a three-blade propeller shape. The obligate trimeric and dimeric states of the acyltransferase and dehydrogenase domains, respectively, are critical for maintaining the overall assembly, where both domains interact via subtle readjustments of their interfaces. Complexes obtained with substrate analogues, reaction products and allosteric regulators illustrate how these domains operate. Furthermore, we provide additional insights into the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of this enzymatic machinery by the FHA (Fork-Head Associated) signalling protein OdhI, delivering new molecular details on how this actinobacterial-specific switching mechanism operates. Overall, the quaternary organization of OdhA represents a new piece of the fascinating puzzle of the synergistic, mixed pyruvate dehydrogenase/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase actinobacterial supercomplex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruch, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megrian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubellini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellinzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High resolution cryo-EM and crystallographic snapshots of the large actinobacterial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase: an all-in-one fusion with unique properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.532455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BioConvert: a comprehensive format converter for life sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.532455v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWBioinformatics is a field known for the numerous standards and formats that have been developed over the years. This plethora of formats, sometimes complementary, and often redundant, poses many challenges to bioinformatics data analysts. They constantly need to find the best tool to convert their data into the suitable format, which is often a complex, technical and time consuming task. Moreover, these small yet important tasks are often difficult to make reproducible. To over-come these difficulties, we initiated BioConvert, a collaborative project to facilitate the conversion of life science data from one format to another. BioConvert aggregates existing software within a single framework and complemented them with original code when needed. It provides a common interface to make the user experience more streamlined instead of having to learn tens of them. Currently, BioConvert supports about 50 formats and 100 direct conversions in areas such as alignment, sequencing, phylogeny, and variant calling. In addition to being useful for end-users, BioConvert can also be utilized by developers as a universal benchmarking framework for evaluating and comparing numerous conversion tools. Additionally, we provide a web server implementing an online user-friendly interface to BioConvert, hence allowing direct use for the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dollin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brancotte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desvillechabrol, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufresne, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PERRIN, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BioConvert: a comprehensive format converter for life sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.15.532739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of the Escherichia coli ubiquinone-synthesizing UbiUVT pathway in adaptation to changing respiratory conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.15.532739v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isoprenoid quinones are essential for cellular physiology. They act as electron and proton shuttles in respiratory chains and in various biological processes. Escherichia coli and many , {beta}, and {gamma} proteobacteria possess two types of isoprenoid quinones: ubiquinone (UQ) is mainly used under aerobiosis, while (demethyl)menaquinones ((D)MK) are mostly used under anaerobiosis. Yet, we recently established the existence of an anaerobic O2- independent UQ biosynthesis pathway controlled by ubiT, ubiU, and ubiV genes. Here, we characterize the regulation of ubiTUV genes in E. coli. We show that the three genes are transcribed as two divergent operons that are both under the control of the O2 sensing Fnr transcriptional regulator. Phenotypic analyses using a menA mutant devoid of (D)MK revealed that UbiUV-dependent UQ synthesis is essential for nitrate respiration and for uracil biosynthesis under anaerobiosis, while it contributes, though modestly, to bacterial multiplication in the mouse gut. Moreover, we showed by genetic study and 18O2 labelling that UbiUV contribute to hydroxylation of ubiquinone precursors through a unique O2 - independent process. Last, we report a crucial role of ubiT in allowing E. coli to shift efficiently from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. Overall, this study uncovers a new facet of the strategy used by E. coli to adjust its metabolism upon changing O2 levels and respiratory conditions. This work links respiratory mechanisms to phenotypic adaptation, a major driver in the capacity of E. coli to multiply in gut microbiota, and of facultative anaerobic pathogens to multiply in their host.

ABSTRACT IMPORTANCEEnterobacteria multiplication in the gastrointestinal tract is linked to microaerobic respiration and associated to various inflammatory bowel diseases. Our study focuses on biosynthesis of ubiquinone (UQ), a key player in respiratory chains, under anaerobiosis. The importance of this study stems from the fact that UQ usage was for long considered to be restricted to aerobic conditions. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism allowing UQ synthesis in the absence of O2 and searched for the anaerobic processes that UQ is fueling in such conditions. We found that UQ biosynthesis involves anaerobic hydroxylases, i.e. enzymes able to insert a O atom in the absence of O2. We also found that anaerobically synthesized UQ can be used for respiration on nitrate and synthesis of pyrimidine. Our findings are likely to be applicable to most facultative anaerobes, which count many pathogens (Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio) and will help in unravelling microbiota dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arias-Cartin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazemzadeh Ferizhendi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sechet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelosi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeuillet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierrel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouveret, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of the Escherichia coli ubiquinone-synthesizing UbiUVT pathway in adaptation to changing respiratory conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.23.533931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPN3 with Viral and Cellular Partners through its PDZ Domain: Insights into Structural Determinants and Phosphatase Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.23.533931v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 3 (PTPN3) is a phosphatase containing a PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domain that has been found to play both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting roles in various cancers, despite limited knowledge of its cellular partners and signaling functions. Notably, the high-risk genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 and the hepatitis B virus (HBV) target the PDZ domain of PTPN3 through PDZ-binding motifs (PBMs) in their E6 and HBc proteins respectively.

This study focuses on the interactions between the PTPN3 PDZ domain (PTPN3-PDZ) and PBMs of viral and cellular protein partners. The solved X-ray structures of complexes between PTPN3-PDZ and PBMs of E6 of HPV18 and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) reveal two novel interactions. We provide new insights into key structural determinants of PBM recognition by PTPN3 by screening the selectivity of PTPN3-PDZ recognition of PBMs, and by comparing the PDZome binding profiles of PTPN3-recognized PBMs and the interactome of PTPN3-PDZ.

The PDZ domain of PTPN3 was known to auto-inhibit the proteins phosphatase activity. We discovered that the linker connecting the PDZ and phosphatase domains is involved in this inhibition, and that the binding of PBMs does not impact this catalytic regulation.

Overall, the study sheds light on the interactions and structural determinants of PTPN3 with its cellular and viral partners, as well as on the inhibitory role of its PDZ domain on its phosphatase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Genera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colcombet-Cazenave, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croitoru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caillet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caillet-Saguy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPN3 with Viral and Cellular Partners through its PDZ Domain: Insights into Structural Determinants and Phosphatase Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.27.534491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collaborative Cross strains reveal that Irf3 deficiency results in uncontrolled Zika virus replication in vitro but is insufficient to induce disease susceptibility in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.27.534491v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a Flavivirus responsible for recent epidemics in Pacific Islands and in the Americas. In humans, the consequences of ZIKV infection range from asymptomatic infection to severe neurological disease such as Guillain-Barre syndrome or fetal neurodevelopmental defects, suggesting, among other factors, the influence of host genetic variants. We previously reported similar diverse outcomes of ZIKV infection in mice of the Collaborative Cross (CC), a collection of inbred strains with large genetic diversity. CC071/TauUnc (CC071) was the most susceptible CC strain with severe symptoms and lethality. Notably, CC071 has been recently reported to be also susceptible to other flaviviruses including dengue virus, Powassan virus, West Nile virus, and to Rift Valley fever virus. To identify the genetic origin of this broad susceptibility, we investigated ZIKV replication in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from CC071 and two resistant strains. CC071 showed uncontrolled ZIKV replication associated with delayed induction of type-I interferons (IFN-I). Genetic analysis identified a mutation in the Irf3 gene specific to the CC071 strain which prevents the protein phosphorylation required to activate interferon beta transcription. We demonstrated that this mutation induces the same defective IFN-I response and uncontrolled viral replication in MEFs as an Irf3 knock-out allele. By contrast, we also showed that Irf3 deficiency did not induce the high plasma viral load and clinical severity observed in CC071 mice and that susceptibility alleles at other genes, not associated with the IFN-I response, are required. Our results provide new insight into the in vitro and in vivo roles of Irf3, and into the genetic complexity of host responses to flaviviruses.

Author summaryRecent ZIKV outbreaks led to millions of infected people, with rare but severe complications such as Guillain-Barre syndrome and encephalitis in adults suggesting that host genes influence the susceptibility to severe forms of infection. We previously reported the importance of host genes in ZIKV pathogenesis using a panel of genetically diverse mouse strains and identified CC071 as the most susceptible strain. Importantly, this mouse strain has been shown by others to be also susceptible to several other RNA viruses. Through a combination of functional and genetic approaches in a cellular model, we identified a mutation in the Irf3 gene which plays a key role in activating the expression of interferon beta to induce the type I interferon response, the first line of host defense against the virus. This mutation fully explains the high viral replication observed in CC071 cells. However, it was not able to induce the elevated viremia and the symptoms displayed by CC071 ZIKV-infected mice, unraveling the implication of other host genes which are not associated with the type I interferon response. Because of the broad susceptibility of CC071 to multiple viruses, our results have implications beyond ZIKV infection and contribute to shedding light on the plurality of host mechanisms fighting infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bourdon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MANET, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conquet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramauge-Parra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KORNOBIS, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnefoy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collaborative Cross strains reveal that Irf3 deficiency results in uncontrolled Zika virus replication in vitro but is insufficient to induce disease susceptibility in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.534531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ChoruMM: a versatile multi-components mixed model for bacterial-GWAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.534531v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) have been central to studying the genetics of complex human outcomes, and there is now tremendous interest in implementing GWAS-like approaches to study pathogenic bacteria. A variety of methods have been proposed to address the complex linkage structure of bacterial genomes, however, some questions remain about to optimize the genetic modelling of bacteria to decipher causal variations from correlated ones. Here we examined the genetic structure underlying whole-genome sequencing data from 3,824 Listeria monocytogenes strains, and demonstrate that the standard human genetics model, commonly assumed by existing bacterial GWAS methods, is inadequate for studying such highly structured organisms. We leverage these results to develop ChoruMM, a robust and powerful approach that consists of a multi-component linear mixed model, where components are inferred from a hierarchical clustering of the bacteria genetic relatedness matrix. Our ChoruMM approach also includes post-processing and visualization tools that address the pervasive long-range correlation observed in bacteria genome and allow to assess the type I error rate calibration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frouin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laporte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaw, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henches, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ChoruMM: a versatile multi-components mixed model for bacterial-GWAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.30.534874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic characterization of the antiviral arsenal of Actinobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.30.534874v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phages are ubiquitous in nature, and bacteria with very different genomics, metabolisms, and lifestyles are subjected to their predation. Yet, the defense systems that allow bacteria to resist their phages have rarely been explored experimentally outside a very limited number of model organisms. Actinobacteria are a phylum of GC-rich gram-positive bacteria, which often produce an important diversity of secondary metabolites. Despite being ubiquitous in a wide range of environments, from soil to fresh and sea water but also the gut microbiome, relatively little is known about the anti-phage arsenal of Actinobacteria. In this work, we used DefenseFinder to systematically detect 131 anti-phage defense systems in 22,803 fully sequenced prokaryotic genomes, among which 2,253 Actinobacteria of more than 700 species. We show that, like other bacteria, Actinobacteria encode many diverse anti-phage systems that are often encoded on mobile genetic elements. We further demonstrate that most detected defense systems are absent or rarer in Actinobacteria than in other bacteria, while a few rare systems are enriched (notably gp29-gp30 and Wadjet). We characterize the spatial distribution of anti-phage systems on Streptomyces chromosomes and show that some defense systems (e.g. RM systems) tend to be encoded in the core region, while others (e.g. Lamassu and Wadjet) are enriched towards the extremities. Overall, our results suggest that Actinobacteria might be a source of novel anti-phage systems and provide clues to characterize mechanistic aspects of known anti-phage systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Georjon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.534874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic characterization of the antiviral arsenal of Actinobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.31.535085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic microfluidic single-cell screening identifies pheno-tuning compounds to potentiate tuberculosis therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.31.535085v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug-recalcitrant infections are a leading global-health concern. Bacterial cells benefit from phenotypic variation, which can suggest effective anti-microbial strategies. However, probing phenotypic variation entails spatiotemporal analysis of individual cells that is technically challenging, and hard to integrate into drug discovery. To address this, we developed a flow-controlled multi-condition microfluidic platform suitable for imaging two-dimensional growth of bacterial cells, compressed inside separate microchambers by a soft hydro-pneumatic membrane. With this platform, we implemented a dynamic single-cell screening for compounds that induce a phenotypic change while decreasing cell-to-cell variation, aiming to undermine the bacterial population, making it more vulnerable to other drugs. We first applied this strategy to mycobacteria, as tuberculosis poses a major public-health threat. Our top hit impairs Mycobacterium tuberculosis via a peculiar mode of action and enhances other anti-tubercular drugs. This work proves that pheno-tuning compounds represent a successful approach to tackle pathogens that are increasingly difficult to treat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mistretta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campagne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallemagne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoutey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisnerat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepailleur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayotte, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPlante, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangneux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahorszka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordulakova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vichier-Guerre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokorny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.31.535085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic microfluidic single-cell screening identifies pheno-tuning compounds to potentiate tuberculosis therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.06.535679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent evolution of biofilm formation depends on life-history and genetic background 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.06.535679v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptation to one environment can often generate phenotypic and genotypic changes which impact the future ability of an organism to thrive in other environmental conditions. In the context of host-microbe interactions, biofilm formation can increase survival rates in vivo upon exposure to stresses, like the hosts immune system or antibiotic therapy. However, how the generic process of adaptation impacts the ability to form biofilm and how it may change through time has seldomly been studied. To do so, we used a previous evolution experiment with three strains of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex, in which we did not specifically select for biofilm formation. We observed that changes in the ability to form biofilm happened very fast at first and afterwards reverted to ancestral levels in many populations. Biofilm changes were associated to phenotypic changes in population yield and surface polysaccharide production. Genotypically, mutational targets in the tip adhesin of type III fimbriae (mrkD) or the fim switch of type I fimbriae were driven by nutrient availability during evolution, and their impact on biofilm formation was dependent on capsule production. Analyses of natural isolates revealed similar mutations in mrkD, suggesting that they also play an important role in adaptation outside the laboratory. Our work reveals that the latent evolution of biofilm formation, and its evolutionary dynamics, depend on nutrient availability, the genetic background and other intertwined phenotypic and genotypic changes. Ultimately, it suggests that small differences in the environment can alter an organisms fate in more complex niches like the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendueles, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent evolution of biofilm formation depends on life-history and genetic background]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coexistence of state, choice, and sensory integration coding in barrel cortex LII/III 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536289v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During perceptually guided decisions, correlates of choice are found as upstream as in the primary sensory areas. However, how well these choice signals align with early sensory representations, a prerequisite for their interpretation as feedforward substrates of perception, remains an open question. We designed a two alternative forced choice task (2AFC) in which mice compared stimulation frequencies applied to two adjacent vibrissae. The optogenetic silencing of individual columns in the primary somatosensory cortex (wS1) resulted in predicted shifts of psychometric functions, demonstrating that perception depends on focal, early sensory representations. Functional imaging of layer II/III single neurons revealed sensory, choice and engagement coding. From trial to trial, these three varied substantially, but independently from one another. Thus, coding of sensory and non-sensory variables co-exist in orthogonal subspace of the population activity, suggesting that perceptual variability does not originate from wS1 but rather from state or choice fluctuations in downstream areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garderes, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganea, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiss, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coexistence of state, choice, and sensory integration coding in barrel cortex LII/III]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.12.536574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capsules and their traits shape phage susceptibility and plasmid conjugation efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.12.536574v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial evolution is affected by mobile genetic elements such as phages and conjugative plasmids, which may provide novel adaptive traits but also incur in fitness costs. Infection by these elements is affected by the bacterial capsule. Yet, its importance has been difficult to quantify and characterise because of the high diversity of bacterial genomes regarding confounding mechanisms such as anti-viral systems. We swapped capsule loci between Klebsiella pneumoniae strains to quantify their effect on transfer of conjugative plasmids and phages independently of the genetic background. Capsule swaps systematically invert phage susceptibility, demonstrating that serotypes are key determinants of phage infection. Capsule types also affect conjugation efficiency in both donor and recipient cells depending on the serotype, a mechanism shaped by the capsule volume and depending on the structure of the conjugative pilus. Comparative genomics confirmed that more permissive serotypes in the lab correspond to the strains acquiring more conjugative plasmids in nature. The pili least sensitive to capsules (F-like) are also the most frequent in the species plasmids, and are the only ones associated with both antibiotic resistance and virulence factors, driving the convergence between virulence and antibiotics resistance in the population. These results show how the traits of cellular envelopes define slow and fast lanes of infection by mobile genetic elements, with implications for population dynamics and horizontal gene transfer.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=139 SRC="FIGDIR/small/536574v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haudiquet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Bris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingo-Calap, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendueles, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capsules and their traits shape phage susceptibility and plasmid conjugation efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.18.537295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-diarrheal drug loperamide induces dysbiosis in zebrafish microbiota via bacterial inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.18.537295v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPerturbations of animal-associated microbiomes from chemical stress can affect host physiology and health. While dysbiosis induced by antibiotic treatments and disease are well known, chemical, non-antibiotic drugs have recently been shown to induce changes in microbiome composition, warranting further exploration. Loperamide is an opioid-receptor agonist drug widely prescribed drug for treating acute diarrhea in humans. Loperamide is also used as a tool to study the impact of bowel dysfunction in animal models by inducing constipation, but its effect on host-associated microbiota is poorly characterized.

ResultsWe used conventional and gnotobiotic larval zebrafish models to show that in addition to host-specific effects, loperamide also has anti-bacterial activities that directly induce changes in microbiota diversity. This dysbiosis is due to changes in bacterial colonization, since germ-free zebrafish mono-reconventionalized with bacterial strains sensitive to loperamide are colonized up to 100-fold lower when treated with loperamide. Consistently, the bacterial diversity of gnotobiotic zebrafish colonized by a mix of representative bacterial strains is affected by loperamide treatment.

ConclusionOur results demonstrate that loperamide, in addition to host effects, also induces dysbiosis in a vertebrate model, highlighting that established treatments can have underlooked secondary effects on microbiota structure and function. This study further provides a insights for future studies exploring how common medications directly induce changes in host-associated microbiota.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>STEVICK, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BEDU, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DRAY, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PEREZ-PASCUAL, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-diarrheal drug loperamide induces dysbiosis in zebrafish microbiota via bacterial inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.15.540789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differentiating Agonists and Competitive Antagonists of the Serotonin Type 3A (5-HT3A) Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.15.540789v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What makes an agonist and a competitive antagonist? In this work, we aim to answer this question by performing parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulations on the serotonin type 3A (5-HT3A) receptor. We use linear response theory to predict conformational changes in the 5-HT3A receptor active site after applying weak perturbations to its allosteric binding sites. A covariance tensor is built from conformational sampling of its apo state, and a harmonic approximation allows us to substitute the calculation of ligand-induced forces with the binding sites displacement vector. We show that it is possible to differentiate between agonists and competitive antagonists for multiple ligands while running computationally expensive calculations only once for the protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davolio, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankowski, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varnai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, B. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differentiating Agonists and Competitive Antagonists of the Serotonin Type 3A (5-HT3A) Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.16.540927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome profiling of human colonic cells exposed to the gut pathobiont Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.16.540927v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus gallolyticus sp. gallolyticus (SGG) is a gut pathobiont involved in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). To decipher the contribution of SGG in tumor initiation and/or acceleration respectively, a global transcriptome was performed in normal colonic cells (FHC) and in tumoral colonic cells (HT29). To identify SGG-specific alterations, we chose the phylogenetically closest relative, Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (SGM) as the control bacterium. We show that SGM, a bacterium generally considered as safe, did not induce any transcriptional changes on the two human colonic cells. The transcriptional reprogramming induced by SGG was significantly different in FHC and HT29 cells, with most of the up- and down-regulated genes associated with cancer disease. Top up-regulated genes related to cancer were: (i) IL-20, CLK1, SORBS2, ERG1, PIM1, SNORD3A for normal FHC cells and (ii) TSLP, BHLHA15, LAMP3, ZNF27B, KRT17, ATF3 for cancerous HT29 cells. SGG induces much stronger transcriptional changes in cancerous than in normal colonic cells (2,090 vs 128 genes being affected, respectively). Gene set enrichment analysis reveals that SGG-induced strong ER- (endoplasmic reticulum) stress and UPR- (unfolded protein response) activation in colonic epithelial cells. Our results suggest that SGG induces a pro-tumoral shift in human colonic cells, particularly in transformed cells potentially accelerating tumor development in the colon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasquereau-Kotula, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Merle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrosemoli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieu-Cuot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dramsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.16.540927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome profiling of human colonic cells exposed to the gut pathobiont Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.19.541441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial cells maintain memory of prior infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae through di-methylation of histone H3 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.19.541441v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cells are the first point of contact for bacteria entering the respiratory tract. Streptococcus pneumoniae is an obligate human pathobiont of the nasal mucosa, carried asymptomatically but also the cause of severe pneumonia. The role of the epithelium in maintaining homeostatic interactions or mounting an inflammatory response to invasive S. pneumoniae is currently poorly understood. However, studies have shown that chromatin modifications, at the histone level, induced by bacterial pathogens interfere with the host transcriptional program and promote infection. In this study, we demonstrate that S. pneumoniae actively induces di-methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me2), which persists for at least 9 days upon clearance of bacteria with antibiotics. We show that infection establishes a unique epigenetic program affecting the transcriptional response of epithelial cells, rendering them more permissive upon secondary infection. Our results establish H3K4me2 as a unique modification induced by infection, distinct from H3K4me3, which localizes to enhancer regions genome-wide. Therefore, this study reveals evidence that bacterial infection leaves a memory in epithelial cells after bacterial clearance, in an epigenomic mark, thereby altering cellular responses for subsequent infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.541441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial cells maintain memory of prior infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae through di-methylation of histone H3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.22.540987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shigella generates distinct IAM subpopulations during epithelial cell invasion to promote efficient intracellular niche formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.22.540987v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The facultative intracellular pathogen Shigella flexneri invades non-phagocytic epithelial gut cells. Through a syringe-like apparatus called type 3 secretion system, it injects effector proteins into the host cell triggering actin rearrangements leading to its uptake within a tight vacuole, termed the bacterial-containing vacuole (BCV). Simultaneously, Shigella induces the formation of large vesicles around the entry site, which we refer to as infection- associated macropinosomes (IAMs). After entry, Shigella ruptures the BCV and escapes into the host cytosol by disassembling the BCV remnants. Previously, IAM formation has been shown to be required for efficient BCV escape, but the molecular events associated with BCV disassembly have remained unclear. To identify host components required for BCV disassembly, we performed a microscopy-based screen to monitor the recruitment of BAR domain-containing proteins, which are a family of host proteins involved in membrane shaping and sensing (e.g. endocytosis and recycling) during Shigella epithelial cell invasion. We identified endosomal recycling BAR protein Sorting Nexin-8 (SNX8) localized to IAMs in a PI(3)P-dependent manner before BCV disassembly. At least two distinct IAM subpopulations around the BCV were found, either being recycled back to cellular compartments such as the plasma membrane or transitioning to become RAB11A positive "contact-IAMs" involved in promoting BCV rupture. The IAM subpopulation duality was marked by the exclusive recruitment of either SNX8 or RAB11A. Finally, hindering PI(3)P production at the IAMs led to an inhibition of SNX8 recruitment at these compartments and delayed both, the step of BCV rupture time and successive BCV disassembly. Overall, our work sheds light on how Shigella establishes its intracellular niche through the subversion of a specific set of IAMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.540987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shigella generates distinct IAM subpopulations during epithelial cell invasion to promote efficient intracellular niche formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.19.545537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual proteomic signature of immune cells and Yersinia pestis upon blood infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.19.545537v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases represent major public health concerns. The urgent need for infection control measures requires deep understanding of molecular pathogenesis. Global approaches to study biological systems such as mass-spectrometry based proteomics benefited from groundbreaking physical and bioinformatical technological developments over recent years. However, dual proteomic study of highly pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts in complex matrices encountered during infection remains challenging due to high protein dynamic range of samples and requirements imposed in biosafety level 3 or 4 laboratories. Here, we constructed a dual proteomic pipeline of Yersinia pestis in human blood and plasma, mirroring bacteremic phase of plague. We provide the most complete Y. pestis proteome revealing a major reshaping of important bacterial path-ways such as methionine biosynthesis and iron acquisition in human plasma. Remarkably, proteomic profiling in human blood highlights a greater Yersinia outer proteins intoxication of monocytes than neutrophils. Our study unravels global expression changes and points to a specific pathogenic signature during infection, paving the way for future exploration of proteomes in the complex context of host-pathogen interactions.

Subject CategoriesMicrobiology, Virology and Host Pathogen Interaction, Proteomics
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le-Bury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro-Cerda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussurget, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.545537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual proteomic signature of immune cells and Yersinia pestis upon blood infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.20.545734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chance favors the prepared genomes: horizontal transfer shapes the emergence of antibiotic resistance mutations in core genes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.20.545734v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial lineages vary in the frequency with which they acquire novel traits, like antibiotic resistance or virulence. While previous studies have highlighted the impact of the genetic background on the successful acquisition of novel traits through horizontal gene transfer, the impact of the latter on the subsequent evolution of bacterial genomes by point mutations remains poorly understood. Here, we studied the evolution of resistance to quinolones in thousands of Escherichia coli genomes. Resistance-conferring point mutations in the core genes are frequent and accumulate very quickly. We searched for gene gains and losses significantly associated with the subsequent acquisition of these resistance mutations. This revealed 60 groups of genes in genetic linkage whose gain or loss induced a change in the probability of subsequently becoming resistant to quinolones by point mutations in gyrA and parC. Although some of these chronologies may reflect epidemiological trends, most of these groups encoded functions that were previously associated with antibiotic resistance, tolerance, or persistence, often specifically under quinolone treatment. A lot of the largest groups were found in prophages or plasmids, and they usually increased the likelihood of subsequent resistance mutations. Conversely groups of lost genes were typically small and chromosomal. Quinolone resistance was among the first resistances acquired in the extant lineages of E. coli and its acquisition was associated with an increased likelihood of acquiring other types of resistances, including to aminoglycosides and beta-lactams. Our findings suggest that gene flow shapes the subsequent fixation rate of adaptive mutations in core genes. Given the substantial gene flow within bacterial genomes, interactions between horizontal transfer and point mutations in core genes may be key to the success of adaptation processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coluzzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzamurro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfroid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achaz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chance favors the prepared genomes: horizontal transfer shapes the emergence of antibiotic resistance mutations in core genes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.21.545867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI3K/AKT signalling orchestrates ICM maturation and proper epiblast and primitive endoderm specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.21.545867v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inner cell mass (ICM) of early mouse embryos is specified into Epiblast (Epi) and primitive endoderm (PrE) lineages during blastocyst formation. The antagonistic transcription factors (TFs) NANOG and GATA6 in combination with FGF/ERK signalling are central actors in ICM fate choice. However, what initiates the specification of ICM progenitors and whether other factors are involved in this process is not fully understood yet. Here, we show that PI3K/AKT is constitutively active during preimplantation development. Using pharmacological inhibition, we demonstrate that PI3K/AKT enables the formation of a functional ICM capable of giving rise to both the EPI and the PrE: it maintains the expression of the TF NANOG, which specifies the EPI, and confers responsiveness to FGF4, which is essential for PrE specification. Our observations thus identify PI3K/AKT signalling as an upstream regulator orchestrating the molecular events required for both EPI and PrE specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geiselmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micouin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandormael-Pournin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Tannoudji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI3K/AKT signalling orchestrates ICM maturation and proper epiblast and primitive endoderm specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.23.543262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First genome-based characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in Costa Rica 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.23.543262v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic data on the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes from Central America are scarse. We analysed 92 isolates collected in Costa Rica over a decade from different regions, compared them to publicly available genomes and identified unnoticed outbreaks. This study calls for mandatory reporting of listeriosis to improve pathogen surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giralt-Zuniga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redondo-Solano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessaud-Rita, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracq-Dieye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vales, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thouvenot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclercq, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves-Ulate, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez-Montero, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen-Watson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas-Solano, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanto-Chacon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte-Martinez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Blanco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro-Cerda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.543262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First genome-based characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in Costa Rica]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.23.546248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-trait GWAS for diverse ancestries: Mapping the knowledge gap 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.23.546248v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundApproximately 95% of samples analyzed in univariate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are of European ancestry. This bias toward European ancestry populations in association screening also exists for other analyses and methods that are often developed and tested on European ancestry only. However, existing data in non-European populations, which are often of modest sample size, could benefit from innovative approaches as recently illustrated in the context of polygenic risk scores.

MethodsHere, we extend and assess the potential limitations and gain of our multi-trait GWAS pipeline, JASS (Joint Analysis of Summary Statistics), for the analysis of non-European ancestries. To this end, we conducted the joint GWAS of 19 hematological traits and glycemic traits across five ancestries (European (EUR), admixed American (AMR), African (AFR), East Asian (EAS), South-East Asian (SAS)).

ResultsWe detected 367 new genome-wide significant associations in non-European populations (15 in Admixed American (AMR), 72 in African (AFR) and 280 in East Asian (EAS)). New associations detected represent 5%, 17% and 13% of associations in the AFR, AMR and EAS populations, respectively. Overall, multi-trait testing increases the replication of European associated loci in non-European ancestry by 15%. Pleiotropic effects were highly similar at significant loci across ancestries (e.g. the mean correlation between multi-trait genetic effects of EUR and EAS ancestries was 0.88). For hematological traits, strong discrepancies in multitrait genetic effects are tied to known evolutionary divergences: the ARKC1 loci, which is adaptive to overcome the p.vivax induced malaria.

ConclusionsMulti-trait GWAS can be a valuable tool to narrow the genetic knowledge gap between European and non-European populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troubat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fettahoglu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-trait GWAS for diverse ancestries: Mapping the knowledge gap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.30.547184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridges instead of boats? The Mla system of diderm Firmicute Veillonella parvula reveals an ancestral transenvelope core of phospholipid trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.30.547184v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite extensive characterisation of envelope biogenesis systems in diderm bacteria, glycerophospholipid (GPL) trafficking remains poorly understood, and has only been studied in a handful of model species. Within the Proteobacteria, the maintenance of lipid asymmetry (Mla) system facilitates retrograde GPL trafficking via six proteins, MlaA-F. GPLs are extracted from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane by the lipoprotein MlaA which associates with porin trimers, then shipped through the periplasmic space by the chaperone MlaC, which finally delivers GPLs to the inner membrane complex formed by MlaBDEF. Here, we investigate GPL trafficking in Veillonella parvula, a diderm member of the Firmicutes which encodes an Mla system devoid of MlaA and MlaC. V. parvula {Delta}mla mutants display phenotypes characteristic of disrupted lipid asymmetry such as hypervesiculation and detergent hypersensitivity, and lipid content analysis from outer membrane vesicles reveals an enrichment for the major lipid component phosphatidylethanolamine. Interestingly, suppressor analysis identifies mutations in tamB that rescue detergent hypersensitivity and hypervesiculation of {Delta}mla strains, supporting the involvement of these two systems in antagonistic GPL trafficking functions across diverse bacterial lineages. A combination of structural modeling and subcellular localisation assays shows that MlaDVp is longer than in classical diderm models and forms a transenvelope bridge, encoding both an inner membrane-localised MCE domain and an outer membrane {beta}-barrel. These results strongly suggest that V. parvula possesses a minimal Mla system for GPL trafficking, replacing the need for chaperones and outer membrane lipoproteins by directly connecting the two membranes. Finally, phylogenomic analysis indicates that this MlaEFD self-contained architecture is widely distributed in diderm bacteria and most likely represents the ancestral functional core of the Mla system, which subsequently increased in complexity in Proteobacteria and closely related phyla following the emergence of MlaABC. Our work broadens the diversity of current models of GPL trafficking in diderm bacteria, challenging the paradigm set by classical models and shedding light on the evolution of a crucial system in the biogenesis and maintenance of the bacterial outer membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasekamp, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audrain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardiaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IZADI-PRUNEYRE, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejeune, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouit, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerardel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridges instead of boats? The Mla system of diderm Firmicute Veillonella parvula reveals an ancestral transenvelope core of phospholipid trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.10.548335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of novel non-aggregative variants under negative frequency-dependent selection in Klebsiella variicola 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.10.548335v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Klebsiella variicola is an emergent human pathogen causing diverse infections, including in the urinary tract. However, little is known about the evolution and maintenance of genetic diversity in this species, the molecular mechanisms and their population dynamics. Here, we characterized the emergence of a novel rdar-like morphotype which is contingent both on the genetic background and the environment. We show that mutations in either the nitrogen assimilation control gene (nac) or the type III fimbriae regulator, mrkH, suffice to generate rdar-like colonies. These morphotypes are primarily selected for the reduced inter-cellular aggregation as a result of loss-of-function yielding reduced fimbriae expression. Additionally, these clones also display increased growth rate and reduced biofilm formation. Direct competitions between rdar and wild type clone show that mutations in mrkH provide large fitness advantages. In artificial urine, the morphotype is under strong negative frequency-dependent selection and is able to socially exploit wild type strains. An exhaustive search for mrkH mutants in public databases revealed that ca 8% of natural isolates analysed had truncated MrkH proteins many of which were due to insertions of IS elements, including a reported clinical isolate with rdar morphology. These strains were all isolated from human, mostly from urine. The decreased aggregation of these mutants could have important clinical implications as such clones could better disperse within the host allowing colonisation of other body sites and leading to systemic infections.

One-sentence SummaryReport of the emergence of a novel non-aggregative colony morphology in K. variicola and the first example of social exploitation in the Klebsiella genus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janaszkiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendueles, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of novel non-aggregative variants under negative frequency-dependent selection in Klebsiella variicola]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tur1 regulates alternative TSS usage in Cryptococcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549460v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative transcription start site (TSS) usage regulation has been identified as a major means of gene expression regulation in metazoans. However, in fungi, its impact remains elusive as its study has thus far been restricted to model yeasts. Here, we first re-analysed TSS-seq data to define genuine TSS clusters in two species of pathogenic Cryptococcus. We identified two types of TSS clusters associated with specific DNA sequence motifs. Our analysis also revealed that alternative TSS usage regulation in response to environmental cues is widespread in Cryptococcus, altering gene expression and protein targeting. Importantly, we performed a forward genetic screen to identify a unique transcription factor (TF) named Tur1, which regulates alternative TSS (altTSS) usage genome-wide when cells switch from exponential phase to stationary phase. ChiP-Seq and DamID-Seq analyses suggest that at some loci the role of Tur1 might be direct. Tur1 has been previously shown to be essential for virulence in C. neoformans. We demonstrated here that a tur1{Delta} mutant strain is more sensitive to superoxide stress and phagocytosed more efficiently by macrophages than the wild-type (WT) strain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dang, T. T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyrand, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouyna, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onyishi, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipecka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrera, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janbon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tur1 regulates alternative TSS usage in Cryptococcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA polymerase III is involved in regulating Plasmodium falciparum virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549525v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While often undetected and untreated, persistent seasonal asymptomatic malaria infections remain a global public health problem. Despite the presence of parasites in the peripheral blood, no symptoms develop. Disease severity is correlated with the levels of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) adhering within blood vessels. Changes in iRBC adhesion capacity have been linked to seasonal asymptomatic malaria infections, however how this is occurring is still unknown. Here we present evidence that RNA polymerase III (RNA Pol III) transcription in Plasmodium falciparum is downregulated in field isolates obtained from asymptomatic individuals during the dry season. Through experiments with in vitro cultured parasites, we have uncovered an RNA Pol III-dependent mechanism that controls pathogen proliferation and expression of a major virulence factor in response to external stimuli. Our findings establish a connection between P. falciparum cytoadhesion and a non-coding RNA family transcribed by Pol III. Additionally, we have identified P. falciparum Maf1 as a pivotal regulator of Pol III transcription, both for maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding adaptively to external signals. These results introduce a novel perspective that contributes to our understanding of P. falciparum virulence. Furthermore, they establish a connection between this regulatory process and the occurrence of seasonal asymptomatic malaria infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diffendall, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcons-Simon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyarko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claessens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA polymerase III is involved in regulating Plasmodium falciparum virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.19.549689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xrn1 biochemically associates to the eisosome after the post diauxic shift in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.19.549689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA degradation is one of the main steps of gene expression, and a key player is the 5-3 exonuclease Xrn1. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was previously shown, by a microscopy approach, that Xrn1 is located to different cellular compartments, depending on physiological state. During exponential growth, Xrn1 is distributed in the cytoplasm, while it is present in the eisosomes after the post-diauxic shift (PDS). Here, we biochemically characterized the Xrn1-associated complexes in different cellular states. We demonstrate that, after PDS, Xrn1 but not the decapping (DCP), nor Lsm1-7/Pat1 complexes, was sequestered in the eisosomes, thus preserving mRNAs from degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Courtin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromont-Racine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xrn1 biochemically associates to the eisosome after the post diauxic shift in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.21.549986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An oxadiazole-based compound potentiates anti- tuberculosis treatment by increasing host resistance via zinc poisoning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.21.549986v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-tuberculosis drugs, mostly developed over 60 years ago, combined with a poorly effective vaccine, have failed to eradicate tuberculosis. More worryingly, multi-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are constantly emerging. Innovative strategies are thus urgently needed to improve tuberculosis treatment. Recently, host-directed therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to be used in adjunct with existing or future antibiotics, by improving innate immunity or limiting immunopathology. Here, using high content imaging, we identified novel 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based compounds, that allow human macrophages to control MTB replication. Genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed that these molecules induced zinc remobilization inside cells, resulting in bacterial zinc intoxication. More importantly, we also demonstrated that, upon treatment with these novel compounds, M. tuberculosis became even more sensitive to anti-tuberculosis drugs, in vitro and in vivo, in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Manipulation of heavy metal homeostasis holds thus great promise to be exploited to develop host-directed therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maure, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawaree, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorentino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud-Gatineau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, M. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danckaert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigui, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tailleux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.549986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An oxadiazole-based compound potentiates anti- tuberculosis treatment by increasing host resistance via zinc poisoning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.24.550339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MiniBAR/KIAA0355 is a dual Rac and Rab effector required for ciliogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.24.550339v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cilia protrude from the cell surface and play critical roles in in-tracellular signaling, environmental sensing and development. Actin-dependent contractility and intracellular trafficking are both required for ciliogenesis, but little is known about how these processes are coordinated. Here, we identified a Rac1-and Rab35-binding protein with a truncated BAR domain that we named MiniBAR (aka KIAA0355/GARRE) which plays a key role in ciliogenesis. MiniBAR colocalizes with Rac1 and Rab35 at the plasma membrane and on intracellular vesicles traffick-ing to the ciliary base and exhibits remarkable fast pulses at the ciliary membrane. MiniBAR depletion leads to short cilia resulting from abnormal Rac-GTP/Rho-GTP levels, increased acto-myosin-II-dependent contractility together with defective trafficking of IFT88 and ARL13B into cilia. MiniBAR-depleted zebrafish embryos display dysfunctional short cilia and hall-marks of ciliopathies including left-right asymmetry defects. Thus, MiniBAR is a unique dual Rac and Rab effector that con-trols both actin cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking for cili-ogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaughnessy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuvelier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocancourt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdon, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffuri, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sourigues, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malherbe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velikovsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chardon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callebaut, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formstecher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houdusse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pylypenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MiniBAR/KIAA0355 is a dual Rac and Rab effector required for ciliogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.27.550830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond 40 fluorescent probes for deep phenotyping of blood mononuclear cells, using spectral technology. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.27.550830v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The analytical capability of flow cytometry is crucial for differentiating the growing number of cell subsets found in human blood. This is important for accurate immunophenotyping of patients with few cells and a large number of parameters to monitor.

Here, we present a 43-parameter panel to analyze peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals using 41 fluorescence-labelled monoclonal antibodies, an autofluorescent channel, and a viability dye. We demonstrate minimal population distortions that lead to optimized population identification and reproducible results. We have applied an advanced approach in panel design, in selection of sample acquisition parameters and in data analysis. Appropriate autofluorescence identification and integration in the unmixing matrix, allowed for resolution of unspecific signals and increased dimensionality. Addition of one laser without assigned fluorochrome resulted in decreased fluorescence spill over and improved discrimination of cell subsets. It also increased staining index when autofluorescence was integrated in the matrix. We conclude that spectral flow cytometry is highly valuable tool for high-end immunophenotyping, and that fine-tuning of major experimental steps is key for taking advantage of its full capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montcuquet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ait-Mansour, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond 40 fluorescent probes for deep phenotyping of blood mononuclear cells, using spectral technology.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prodomain-driven enzyme dimerization, a potent pH-dependent autoinhibition mechanism to control Plasmodium Sub1 subtilisin-like activity prior to prime merozoite egress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551325v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria symptoms are associated with the asexual multiplication of Plasmodium falciparum within human red blood cells (RBC) and fever peaks coincide with the egress of daughter merozoites following the rupture of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and the RBC membranes (RBC). Over the last two decades it has emerged that the release of competent merozoites is tightly regulated by a complex cascade of events, including the unusual multi- step activation mechanism of the pivotal subtilisin-like protease 1 (Sub1) that takes place in three different cellular compartments and remains poorly understood. Following an initial auto- maturation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) between its pro- and catalytic domains, the Sub1 prodomain (PD) undergo further cleavages by the parasite aspartic protease plasmepsin X (PmX) within acidic secretory organelles that ultimately lead to full Sub1 activation upon discharge into the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Here we report the crystal structure of full- length P. falciparum Sub1 (PfS1FL) and demonstrate, through structural, biochemical and biophysical studies, that the atypical Plasmodium-specific Sub1 PD directly triggers the assembly of inactive enzyme homodimers at acidic pH, whereas Sub1 is primarily monomeric at neutral pH. Our results shed new light into the finely tuned Sub1 spatiotemporal activation during secretion, particularly the different compartmentalization of PmX processing and full Sub1 activation, and uncover a robust mechanism of pH-dependent subtilisin autoinhibition involved in the tight regulation of P. falciparum merozoites egress from host infected cells.

SignificanceMalaria fever spikes are due to the rupture of infected erythrocytes, allowing the egress of Plasmodium sp. merozoites and further parasite propagation. This fleeting tightly regulated event involves a cascade of enzymes, culminating with the complex activation of the subtilisin- like protease 1, Sub1. Differently than other subtilisins, Sub1 activation strictly depends upon the processing by a parasite aspartic protease within acidic merozoite secretory organelles. However, Sub1 biological activity is requested in the pH neutral parasitophorous vacuole, to prime effectors involved in the rupture of the vacuole and erythrocytic membranes. Here we show that the unusual, parasite specific Sub1 prodomain is directly responsible for its acidic- dependent dimerization and autoinhibition, required for protein secretion, before its full activation at neutral pH in a monomeric form. pH-dependent Sub1 dimerization defines a novel, essential regulatory element involved in the finely tuned spatiotemporal activation of the egress of competent Plasmodium merozoites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barale, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastien, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prodomain-driven enzyme dimerization, a potent pH-dependent autoinhibition mechanism to control Plasmodium Sub1 subtilisin-like activity prior to prime merozoite egress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic reprogramming during Candida albicans planktonic-biofilm transition is modulated by the ZCF15 and ZCF26 paralogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551767v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is a commensal of the human microbiota that can form biofilms on implanted medical devices. These biofilms are tolerant to antifungals and to the host immune system. To identify novel genes modulating C. albicans biofilm formation, we performed a large-scale screen with 2454 C. albicans doxycycline-dependent overexpression strains and identified 16 genes whose overexpression significantly hampered biofilm formation. Among those, overexpression of the ZCF15 and ZCF26 paralogs that encode transcription factors and have orthologs only in biofilm-forming species of the Candida clade, caused impaired biofilm formation both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, overexpression of ZCF15 specifically impeded biofilm formation without any defect in hyphal growth. Transcript profiling, transcription factor binding, and phenotypic microarray analyses conducted upon overexpression of ZCF15 and ZCF26 demonstrated their direct role in reprogramming cellular metabolism by regulating glycolytic cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle genes. Taken together, this study has identified a new set of biofilm regulators, including ZCF15 and ZCF26, that appear to control biofilm development through their specific role in metabolic remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rai, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wijlick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sertour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legrand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andes, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachellier-Bassi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Enfert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic reprogramming during Candida albicans planktonic-biofilm transition is modulated by the ZCF15 and ZCF26 paralogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.08.552325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage-plasmids promote genetic exchanges between phages and plasmids and create novel ones. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.08.552325v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phages and plasmids have key roles in bacterial evolution and are usually very different. Yet, they must recombine, since they sometimes carry nearly identical accessory genes. Phage-plasmids are both plasmids and phages and we found they connect them by being at their interface in the network of gene repertoire relatedness. We searched for recombining genes in all three types of elements and found that phage-plasmid exchange rates are between those of plasmids (highest) and phages (lowest). Phage-plasmids drive gene flow between phages and plasmids, including that of antibiotic resistances and defense systems. Genetic exchanges and gene inactivation resulted in P1-like phage-plasmids turning into integrative prophages or just plasmids. The latter acquired conjugation-related functions thereby transitioning from viral to conjugation-driven horizontal transfer. Phage-plasmids have thus a key role in spreading traits across mobile genetic elements and their hosts, while facilitating conversions of one type of element into another.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage-plasmids promote genetic exchanges between phages and plasmids and create novel ones.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel roles for the LRRC56 protein, an IFT cargo protein, in docking of dynein arms in Trypanosoma brucei 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552631v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outer dynein arms (ODAs) are responsible for ciliary beating in eukaryotes. They are assembled in the cytoplasm and shipped by intraflagellar transport (IFT) before attachment to microtubule doublets via the docking complex. The LRRC56 protein has been proposed to contribute to ODAs maturation. Mutations or deletion of the LRRC56 gene lead to reduced ciliary motility in all species investigated so far, but with variable impact on dynein arm presence. Here, we investigated the role of LRRC56 in the protist Trypanosoma brucei, where its absence results in distal loss of ODAs, mostly in growing flagella. We show that LRRC56 is a transient cargo of IFT trains during flagellum construction and surprisingly, is required for efficient attachment of a subset of docking complex proteins present in the distal portion of the organelle. This relation is interdependent since the knockdown of the distal docking complex prevents LRRC56s association with the flagellum. Intriguingly, lrrc56-/- cells display shorter flagella whose maturation is delayed. Inhibition of cell division compensates for the distal ODAs absence thanks to the redistribution of the proximal docking complex, restoring ODAs attachment but not the flagellum length phenotype. This work reveals an unexpected connection between LRRC56 and the docking complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BONNEFOY, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertiaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel roles for the LRRC56 protein, an IFT cargo protein, in docking of dynein arms in Trypanosoma brucei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.10.552778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three Accessory Gene Clusters Drive Host-Adaptation in Group B Streptococcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.10.552778v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a major pathogen of humans and animals, posing a threat to human health as well as food security. Here, we investigate the role of genomic mechanisms, including homologous recombination and horizontal gene transfer, in shaping the population structure of GBS and its adaptation to three major host groups (humans, cattle, fishes). We demonstrate that the GBS population comprises host-specialist, host-adapted lineages as well as host generalists, and that these categories differ in their level or recombination. Although the accessory genome at large varies by lineage rather than host, genome wide association studies show that host association is driven by three accessory genome clusters, regardless of lineage or breadth of the host spectrum. These genomic clusters (scpB in human GBS, lactose operon in bovine GBS, Locus 3 in fish GBS) are known (scpB, Lac.2) or shown here (Locus 3) to be functionally relevant and are shared with other streptococcal species occupying the same host niche. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering the role of non-human host species in the evolution of GBS, including high risk clones that may lead to interspecies transmission and affect efficacy of future GBS vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crestani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lycett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobo-Angel, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos-Marquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuoc, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirimanapong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamrozy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadoks, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three Accessory Gene Clusters Drive Host-Adaptation in Group B Streptococcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.13.553120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYC and MAX drive the reactivation of the genome after mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.13.553120v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shortly after cell division, a robust wave of hyper-transcription reactivates the genome1-3. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in pluripotent cells4, which necessitate rapid transcrip-tome reactivation to maintain their undifferentiated state and prevent premature differentiation. While recent work has illuminated how specific groups of genes are reactivated4-8, the mechanisms enabling the global, efficient and accurate post-mitotic reactivation of the genome remain unknown. Here we elucidate the direct involvement of the MYC/MAX transcription factors in the post-mitotic reactivation of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells. While MYC undergoes extensive phosphorylation and largely dissociates from its DNA binding sites during mitosis, we report that MAX remains bound to its targets, preferentially at promoters, and facilitates early recruitment of MYC following mitosis. Through the application of MYC/MAX heterodimerization inhibitors, we demonstrate their indispensable role in sustaining hyper-transcription in ES cells, including during the critical transition from mitosis to G1 phase. Our findings uncover a novel role for MAX in mitotic book-marking, highlighting its pivotal role in post-mitotic MYC recruitment and the re-establishment of high global transcription levels. These findings hold significant implications for medically relevant contexts, particularly when cell proliferation is of paramount importance9. We anticipate that the study of mitotic bookmarking by MYC and MAX and of the effects of anticancer drugs targeting MYC/MAX interactions in such process10-12 will be relevant for our understanding of cancer and its potential treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escoll Guerrero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altamirano-Pacheco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYC and MAX drive the reactivation of the genome after mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between Pitx2 and Pax7 temporally governs specification of extraocular muscle progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554745v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks that act upstream of skeletal muscle fate determinants are distinct in different anatomical locations. Despite recent efforts, a clear understanding of the cascade of events underlying the emergence and maintenance of the stem cell pool in specific muscle groups remains unresolved and debated. Here, we invalidated Pitx2 with multiple Cre-driver mice prenatally, postnatally, and during lineage progression and showed that this gene becomes progressively dispensable for specification and maintenance of the extraocular muscle (EOM) stem cell pool, yet it is the major EOM upstream regulator during early development. Moreover, constitutive inactivation of Pax7 postnatally showed a greater loss of muscle stem cells in the EOM compared to the limb, pointing to a relay between Pitx2, Myf5 and Pax7 for maintenance of the EOM stem cells. Further, we demonstrate that EOM stem cells adopt a quiescent state earlier that those in limb muscles and do not spontaneously re-enter in proliferation in the adult as previously suggested, yet EOMs have a significantly higher content of Pax7+ muscle stem cells per area pre- and post-natally. This unique feature could result from different dynamics of lineage progression in vivo, given the lower fraction of committed and differentiating EOM myoblasts. Finally, significantly less MuSCs are present in EOM compared to the limb in the mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive in vivo characterization of muscle stem cell heterogeneity along the body axis and brings further insights into the unusual sparing of EOM during muscular dystrophy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuriki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between Pitx2 and Pax7 temporally governs specification of extraocular muscle progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.29.555304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A short sequence in the tail of SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein controls accessibility of its PDZ Binding Motif to the cytoplasm. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.29.555304v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The carboxy terminal tail of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) envelope protein (E) contains a PDZ-binding motif (PBM) which is crucial for coronavirus pathogenicity. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the viral E protein is expressed within the Golgi apparatus membrane of host cells with its PBM facing the cytoplasm. In this work we study the molecular mechanisms controlling the presentation of the PBM to host PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domain-containing proteins. We show that at the level of the Golgi apparatus, the PDZ-binding motif of the E protein is not detected by E C-terminal specific antibodies neither by PDZ domain-containing protein binding partner. Four alanine substitutions upstream of the PBM in the central region of the E protein tail is sufficient to generate immunodetection by anti-E antibodies and trigger robust recruitment of the PDZ domain-containing protein into the Golgi organelle. Overall, this work suggests that the presentation of the PBM to the cytoplasm is under conformational regulation mediated by the central region of the E protein tail and that PBM presentation probably does not occur at the surface of Golgi cisternae but likely at post-Golgi stages of the viral cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neitthoffer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caillet-Saguy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeda, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A short sequence in the tail of SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein controls accessibility of its PDZ Binding Motif to the cytoplasm.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.30.555461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stumpy forms are the predominant transmissible forms of Trypanosoma brucei. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.30.555461v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schuster et al. demonstrated that bloodstream slender forms of African trypanosomes are readily transmissible to young tsetse flies where they can complete their complex life cycle (1). In their experimental conditions, a single slender parasite was sufficient for productive infection. Here, we compared the infectivity of slender and stumpy bloodstream forms in adult flies with a mature immune system, and without using any chemical compounds that would alter the insect immune response and/or promote the infection. After ingestion of slender forms, infected flies were observed only in one out of 24 batches of non-immunocompetent teneral flies and with a high number of parasites. In contrast, infected flies were detected in 75% (18/24) of the batches infected with stumpy parasites, and as few as 10 stumpy parasites produced mature infections in immune adult flies. We discuss that, although Schuster et al. have demonstrated the intrinsic capacity of slender form trypanosomes to infect young and naive tsetse flies, highlighting the remarkable plasticity and adaptability of these protists, this phenomenon is unlikely to significantly contribute to the epidemiology of African trypanosomiases. According to both experimental and field observations, stumpy forms appear to be the most adapted forms for African trypanosome transmission from the mammalian host to the tsetse fly vector in natural conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngoune, J. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SHARMA, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouzols, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotureau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stumpy forms are the predominant transmissible forms of Trypanosoma brucei.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.31.555669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Belt and braces: two escape ways to maintain the cassette reservoir of large chromosomal integrons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.31.555669v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrons are adaptive devices that capture, stockpile, shuffle and express gene cassettes thereby sampling combinatorial phenotypic diversity. Some integrons called sedentary chromosomal integrons (SCIs) can be massive structures containing hundreds of cassettes. Since most of these cassettes are non-expressed, it is not clear how they remain stable over long evolutionary timescales. Recently, it was found that the experimental inversion of the SCI of Vibrio cholerae led to a dramatic increase of the cassette excision rate associated to a fitness defect. Here, we question the evolutionary sustainability of this apparently counter selected genetic context through experimental evolution. We find that the integrase is rapidly inactivated and that the inverted SCI can recover its original orientation by homologous recombination between two insertion sequences (ISs) present in the array. These two outcomes of SCI inversion restore the normal growth and prevent the loss of cassettes, enabling SCIs to retain their roles as reservoirs of functions. These results illustrate an interesting interplay between gene orientation, genome rearrangement, bacterial fitness and demonstrate how integrons can benefit from their embedded ISs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darracq, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelstaedter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Belt and braces: two escape ways to maintain the cassette reservoir of large chromosomal integrons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.06.556548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High fusion and cytopathy of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.640.1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.06.556548v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 variants with undetermined properties have emerged intermittently throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Some variants possess unique phenotypes and mutations which allow further characterization of viral evolution and spike functions. Around 1100 cases of the B.1.640.1 variant were reported in Africa and Europe between 2021 and 2022, before the expansion of Omicron. Here, we analyzed the biological properties of a B.1.640.1 isolate and its spike. Compared to the ancestral spike, B.1.640.1 carried 14 amino acid substitutions and deletions. B.1.640.1 escaped binding by some anti-NTD and -RBD monoclonal antibodies, and neutralization by sera from convalescent and vaccinated individuals. In cell lines, infection generated large syncytia and a high cytopathic effect. In primary airway cells, B.1.640.1 replicated less than Omicron BA.1 and triggered more syncytia and cell death than other variants. The B.1.640.1 spike was highly fusogenic when expressed alone. This was mediated by two poorly characterized and infrequent mutations located in the spike S2 domain, T859N and D936H. Altogether, our results highlight the cytopathy of a hyper-fusogenic SARS-CoV-2 variant, supplanted upon the emergence of Omicron BA.1.

ImportanceOur results highlight the plasticity of SARS-CoV-2 spike to generate highly fusogenic and cytopathic strains with the causative mutations being uncharacterized in previous variants. We describe mechanisms regulating the formation of syncytia and the subsequent consequences in cell lines and a primary culture model, which are poorly understood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bolland, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N'Debi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocqueloux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prazuck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlotsky, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High fusion and cytopathy of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.640.1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.07.556670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tick-borne flavivirus NS5 antagonizes interferon signaling by inhibiting the catalytic activity of TYK2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.07.556670v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms utilized by different flaviviruses to evade antiviral functions of interferons are varied and incompletely understood. Using virological approaches, biochemical assays and mass spectrometry analysis, we report here that the NS5 protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Louping Ill virus (LIV), two related tick-borne flaviviruses, antagonize JAK-STAT signaling through interactions with tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments, yeast gap-repair assays, computational protein-protein docking and functional studies identified a stretch of 10 residues of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase domain of tick-borne flavivirus NS5, but not mosquito-borne NS5, that is critical for interaction with the TYK2 kinase domain. Additional co-IP assays performed with several TYK2 orthologs revealed that the interaction was conserved across mammal species. In vitro kinase assays showed that TBEV and LIV NS5 reduced the catalytic activity of TYK2. Our results thus illustrate a novel mechanism by which viruses suppress the interferon response.

TeaserInhibition of the catalytic activity of a key kinase of the JAK/STAT pathway by a viral protein
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gracias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decombe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterfinger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogues, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruvost, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemasson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sourisseau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decroly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caval, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvenet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tick-borne flavivirus NS5 antagonizes interferon signaling by inhibiting the catalytic activity of TYK2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.13.557418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viperin immunity evolved across the tree of life through serial innovations on a conserved scaffold 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.13.557418v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary arms races between cells and viruses drive the rapid diversification of antiviral genes in diverse life forms. Recent discoveries have revealed the existence of shared immune genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, showing molecular and mechanistic similarities in their response to viruses. However, the underlying evolutionary dynamics that explain the conservation and adaptation of these antiviral genes remain mostly unexplored. Here, we show that viperins constitute a highly conserved family of immune genes across diverse prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and uncover mechanisms by which they diversified in eukaryotes. Our findings indicate that viperins are enriched in Asgard archaea and widely distributed in all major eukaryotic clades, suggesting their presence in the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA). We show that viperins maintain their immune function by producing antiviral nucleotide analogs. We demonstrate that eukaryotic viperins diversified through serial innovations on the viperin gene, such as the emergence and selection of substrate specificity towards pyrimidine nucleotides, and through partnerships with genes maintained through genetic linkage, notably with nucleotide kinases. These findings unveil biochemical and genomic transitions underlying the adaptation of immune genes shared by prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Our study paves the way for the understanding of the conservation of immunity across domains of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shomar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georjon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olympio, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viperin immunity evolved across the tree of life through serial innovations on a conserved scaffold]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.14.557728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The multiplicity of Thioredoxin systems meets the specific needs of Clostridia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.14.557728v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxidative stress is a highly common stress for cells, which targets proteins with oxidation of cysteine residues. The thioredoxin (Trx) system, which is a ubiquitous system for thiol- and protein-repair, is composed of a thioredoxin (TrxA) and a thioredoxin-reductase (TrxB). TrxAs reduce disulfide bonds of oxidized proteins and are then usually recycled by a single pleiotropic NAD(P)H-dependent TrxB (NTR). However, some Clostridia have also ferredoxin-dependent TrxBs.

In this work, we first analyzed the composition of Trx systems across Bacteria. Most of bacteria have only one NTR, but organisms in some Phyla including Firmicutes have several TrxBs. In Firmicutes, this multiplicity of TrxBs is observed only in Clostridia. We thus used Clostridioides difficile as a model to investigate the biological relevance of TrxB multiplicity by studying the physiological roles of the Trx systems in this gut pathogen. Three TrxAs and three TrxBs are present in the 630{Delta}erm strain. We showed that two systems were involved in response to infection-related stresses, allowing survival of vegetative cells to exposure to oxygen, inflammation-related molecules and bile salts. A supplementary TrxB copy present in some C. difficile strains also contributes to this stress-response arsenal. One of the conserved stress-response Trx system was also found to be present in the spore via a dual transcriptional control by different sigma factors. This system contributes to spore survival to hypochlorite and ensure proper germination in the presence of oxygen. Finally, we found that the third Trx system was contributing to sporulation. This involvement was likely linked to the recycling of the glycine-reductase, a Stickland pathway enzyme that allows consumption of glycine, a spore co-germinant.

Altogether, our results showed that the multiplicity of Trx systems produced under the control of different regulatory signals and networks and the diversity of TrxBs meet specific needs of Clostridia, i.e., adaptation to strong stress exposure, sporulation and Stickland pathways. More broadly, this multiplicity responds to cell compartmentation and differentiation, which can be transposed to other multiple-TrxBs organisms such as Cyanobacteria or eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anjou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotoux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhukova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caulat, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capuzzo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morvan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Verstraete, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The multiplicity of Thioredoxin systems meets the specific needs of Clostridia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.16.558055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TcdE holin drives toxin secretion and virulence in Clostridioides difficile. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.16.558055v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of healthcare associated infections. The Pathogenicity Locus (PaLoc) toxins TcdA and TcdB promote host disease. These toxins lack canonical N-terminal signal sequences for translocation across the bacterial membrane, suggesting alternate mechanisms of release, which have included targeted secretion and passive release from cell lysis. While the holin TcdE has been implicated in TcdA and TcdB release, its role in vivo remains unknown. Here, we show profound reductions in toxin secretion in tcdE mutants in the highly virulent strains UK1 (epidemic ribotype 027, Clade 3) and VPI10463 (ribotype 087, Clade 1). Notably, tcdE deletion in either strain rescued highly susceptible gnotobiotic mice from lethal infection by reducing acute extracellular toxin to undetectable levels, limiting mucosal damage, and enabling long-term survival, in spite of continued toxin gene expression in tcdE mutants. Our findings confirm TcdEs critical functions in vivo for toxin secretion and C. difficile virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiBenedetto, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberkampf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cersosimo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeliseyev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.16.558055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TcdE holin drives toxin secretion and virulence in Clostridioides difficile.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.20.558234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multivariate outcome test of covariance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.20.558234v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multivariate analysis is becoming central in studies investigating high-throughput molecular data, yet, some important features of these data are seldom explored. Here, we present MANOCCA (Multivariate Analysis of Conditional CovAriance), a powerful method to test for the effect of a predictor on the covariance matrix of a multivariate outcome. The proposed test is by construction orthogonal to tests based on the mean and variance, and is able to capture effects that are missed by both approaches. We first compare the performances of MANOCCA with existing correlation-based methods and show that MANOCCA is the only test correctly calibrated in simulation mimicking omics data. We then investigate the impact of reducing the dimensionality of the data using principal component analysis when the sample size is smaller than the number of pairwise covariance terms analysed. We show that, in many realistic scenarios, the maximum power can be achieved with a limited number of components. Finally, we apply MANOCCA to 1,000 healthy individuals from the Milieu Interieur cohort, to assess the effect of health, lifestyle and genetic factors on the covariance of two sets of phenotypes, blood biomarkers and flow cytometry-based immune phenotypes. Our analyses identify significant associations between multiple factors and the covariance of both omics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boetto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frouin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henches, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auvergne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bredon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milieu Interieur Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokol, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multivariate outcome test of covariance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.21.557191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A monoclonal antibody collection for C. difficile typing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.21.557191v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in adults. Various C. difficile strains circulate currently, associated with different outcomes and antibiotic resistance profiles. However, most studies still focus on the reference strain 630 that does not circulate anymore, partly due to the lack of immunological tools to study current clinically important C. difficile PCR ribotypes. Herein, we immunized mice expressing human variable antibody genes with the Low Molecular Weight (LMW) subunit of the surface layer protein SlpA from various C. difficile strains. Monoclonal antibodies purified from hybridomas bound LMW with high-affinity and whole bacteria from current C. difficile ribotypes with different cross-specificities. This first collection of anti-C. difficile mAbs represent valuable tools for basic and clinical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunault, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbut, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannascoli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejardin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorochov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterlin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruhns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.557191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A monoclonal antibody collection for C. difficile typing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.28.559960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the molecular motions of 5-HT3 serotonin-gated channel by Voltage-Clamp Fluorometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.28.559960v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The serotonin-gated ion channel (5-HT3R) mediates excitatory neuronal communication in the gut and the brain. It is the target for setrons, a class of competitive antagonists widely used as antiemetics, and is involved in several neurological diseases. Cryo-electron microscopy of the 5-HT3R in complex with serotonin or setrons revealed that the protein has access to a wide conformational landscape. However, assigning known high-resolution structures to actual states contributing to the physiological response remains a challenge.

In the present study, we used voltage-clamp fluorometry (VCF) to measure simultaneously, for 5-HT3R expressed at a cell membrane, conformational changes by fluorescence and channel opening by electrophysiology. Four positions identified by mutational screening report motions around and outside the serotonin-binding site through incorporation of cysteine-tethered rhodamine dyes with or without a nearby quenching tryptophan. VCF recordings show that the 5-HT3R has access to four families of conformations endowed with distinct fluorescence signatures: "resting-like" without ligand, "inhibited-like" with setrons, "pre-active-like" with partial agonists and "active-like" (open channel) with partial and strong agonists. Data are remarkably consistent with cryo-EM structures, the fluorescence partners matching respectively Apo, setron-bound, 5-HT bound-closed and 5-HT-bound-open conformations. Data show that strong agonists promote a concerted motion of all fluorescently labelled sensors during activation, while partial agonists, especially when loss-of-function mutations are engineered, stabilize both active and pre-active conformations.

In conclusion, VCF, though the monitoring of electrophysiologically silent conformational changes, illuminates allosteric mechanisms contributing to signal transduction and their differential regulation by important classes of physiological and clinical effectors.

Significance StatementHigh-resolution structures of serotonin-gated receptors (5-HT3AR) have evidenced a wide range of conformations that are challenging to annotate to physiologically relevant states. Voltage-clamp fluorometry allows to investigate the activation of 5-HT3AR by simultaneously following molecular motions and electrophysiological states at the plasma membrane. Here, we developed four fluorescent sensors reporting conformational changes at the serotonin binding site and at the extracellular domain and transmembrane domain interface. Investigation of a series of agonists, partial agonists and antagonists show that strong agonists promote a concerted motion of the whole protein during activation, while antagonists and partial agonists stabilize distinct closed-channel conformations. Data offer insights into allosteric mechanisms, unravelling the conformational dynamics of the receptors and helping to annotate high-resolution static structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peverini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medjebeur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corringer, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the molecular motions of 5-HT3 serotonin-gated channel by Voltage-Clamp Fluorometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.29.560133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of the macrophage demethylase LSD1 reverses Leishmania amazonensis-induced transcriptomic changes and causes a decrease in parasite load 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.29.560133v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular pathogens exploit host cell functions to favor their own survival. In recent years, the subversion of epigenetic regulation has emerged as a key microbial strategy to modify host cell gene expression and evade antimicrobial immune responses. Using the protozoan parasite Leishmania as a model system, we have recently demonstrated that infection causes histone H3 hypomethylation, which is associated with the establishment of an anti-inflammatory phenotype, suggesting that host cell demethylases may play a role in the intracellular survival of these parasites. In this study, we combined pharmacological inhibition with RNA sequencing and quantitative immune-precipitation analysis to investigate the role of the macrophage lysine demethylase LSD1 (KDM1a) in Leishmania intracellular infection in vitro. Treatment of infected macrophages with validated, LSD1-specific inhibitors resulted in a significant reduction in parasite burden. We confirmed the impact of these inhibitors on LSD1 activity within macrophage nuclear extracts using an in vitro demethylase assay and established their LSD1 target engagement in situ by cellular thermal shift assay. RNA-seq analysis of infected and inhibitor-treated macrophages linked parasite killing to a partial reversion of infection-dependent expression changes, restoring the macrophage anti-microbial response and limiting cholesterol biosynthesis. While we ruled out any impact of Leishmania on LSD1 expression or localization, we uncovered significant alterations in LSD1 complex formation within infected macrophages, involving unique interactions with host cell regulatory proteins such as Rcor-1. Our study sheds important new light on the epigenetic mechanisms of macrophage immuno-metabolic subversion by intracellular Leishmania and identifies LSD1 as a potential candidate for host-directed, anti-leishmanial therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharsallah, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamotte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valente, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loiseau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoeur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of the macrophage demethylase LSD1 reverses Leishmania amazonensis-induced transcriptomic changes and causes a decrease in parasite load]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.559477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using a micro-device with a deformable ceiling to probe stiffness heterogeneities within 3D cell aggregates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.559477v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in the field of mechanobiology have led to the development of methods to characterize single-cell or monolayer mechanical properties and link them to their functional behaviour. However, there remains a strong need to establish this link for three-dimensional multicellular aggregates, which better mimic tissue function. Here we present a platform to actuate and observe many such aggregates within one deformable micro-device. The platform consists of a single PDMS piece cast on a 3D-printed mold and bonded to a glass slide or coverslip. It consists of a chamber containing cell spheroids, which is adjacent to air cavities that are fluidically independent. Controlling the air pressure in these air cavities leads to a vertical displacement of the chambers ceiling. The device can be used in static or dynamic modes over time-scales of seconds to hours, with displacement amplitudes from a few m to several tens of microns. Further, we show how the compression protocols can be used to obtain measurements of stiffness heterogeneities within individual co-culture spheroids, by comparing image correlations of spheroids at different levels of compression with finite element simulations. The labeling of the cells and their cytoskeleton is combined with image correlation methods to relate the structure of the co-culture spheroid with its mechanical properties at different locations. The device is compatible with various microscopy techniques, including confocal microscopy, which can be used to observe the displacements and rearrangements of single cells and neighborhoods within the aggregate. The complete experimental and imaging platform can now be used to provide multi-scale measurements that link single-cell behavior with the global mechanical response of the aggregates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.559477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using a micro-device with a deformable ceiling to probe stiffness heterogeneities within 3D cell aggregates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A polarized cell system amenable to subcellular resolution imaging of influenza virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560780v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The life cycle of influenza A viruses (IAV), and notably intracellular trafficking of the viral genome, depend on multiple interactions with the cellular cytoskeleton and endomembrane system. A limitation of the conventional cellular models used for mechanistic study and subcellular imaging of IAV infection is that they are cultured in two dimensions (2D) under non-polarizing conditions, and therefore they do not recapitulate the intracellular organization of the polarized respiratory epithelial cells naturally targeted by IAVs. To overcome this limitation, we developed an IAV-infection assay in a 3D cell culture system which allows imaging along the baso-lateral axis of polarized cells, with subcellular resolution. Here we describe a protocol to grow polarized monolayers of Caco2-TC7 cells on static Cytodex-3 microcarrier beads, infect them with IAV, and subsequently perform immunostaining and confocal imaging, or electron microscopy, on polarized IAV-infected cells. This method can be extended to other pathogens that infect human polarized epithelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naffakh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brault, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thouvenot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannata-Serio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danglot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A polarized cell system amenable to subcellular resolution imaging of influenza virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.04.558402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anchoring of parasitic plasmids to inactive regions of eukaryotic chromosomes through nucleosome signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.04.558402v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural plasmids are common in prokaryotes but few have been documented in eukaryotes. The natural 2{micro} plasmid present in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most well characterized. This highly stable genetic element coexists with its host for millions of years, efficiently segregating at each cell division through a mechanism that remains poorly understood. Using proximity ligation (Hi-C, Micro-C) to map the contacts between the 2{micro} and yeast chromosomes under dozens of different biological conditions, we found that the plasmid tether preferentially on regions with low transcriptional activity, often corresponding to long inactive genes. Common players in chromosome structure such as members of the structural maintenance of chromosome complexes (SMC) are not involved in these contacts which depend instead on a nucleosomal signal associated with a depletion of RNA Pol II. These contacts are stable throughout the cell cycle, and can be established within minutes. This strategy may involve other types of DNA molecules and species other than S. cerevisiae, as suggested by the binding pattern of the natural plasmid along the silent regions of the chromosomes of Dictyostelium discoideum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Girard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meneu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adiba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taddei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.558402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anchoring of parasitic plasmids to inactive regions of eukaryotic chromosomes through nucleosome signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunneling nanotubes enable intercellular transfer in zebrafish embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562005v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are thin intercellular connections facilitating the transport of diverse cargoes, ranging from ions to organelles. While TNT studies have predominantly been conducted in cell cultures, the existence of open-ended TNTs within live organisms remains unverified. Despite the observation of intercellular connections during embryonic development across various species, their functional role has not been confirmed. In this study, we performed mosaic labeling of gastrula cells in zebrafish embryos to demonstrate the coexistence of TNT-like structures alongside other cellular protrusions. These embryonic TNT-like connections exhibited similar morphology to TNTs described in cell culture, appeared to have similar formation mechanisms and could be induced by Eps8 overexpression and CK666 treatment. Most notably, to classify them as TNTs, we demonstrated their capability to transfer both soluble cargoes and organelles, which is a defining feature of open-ended TNTs. This study marks the first demonstration of functional TNTs in a living embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korenkova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prlesi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bene, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunneling nanotubes enable intercellular transfer in zebrafish embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.14.562330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TALEN-induced contraction of CTG trinucleotide repeats in myotonic dystrophy type 1 cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.14.562330v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trinucleotide repeat expansions are the cause of two dozen neurodegenerative and developmental disorders. One of these, myotonic dystrophy type 1 (Steinert disease, or DM1) is due to the expansion of a CTG triplet in the 3 UTR of the DMPK gene. We used highly specific DNA endonucleases to induce a double-strand break in the repeat tract to contract it below pathological length. Expression of a TALE Nuclease (TALEN) in human DM1 cells induced moderate CTG repeat contractions in 27% of the clones analyzed. These clones exhibited large internal deletions within the TALEN, occurring by homologous recombination between internal TALE repeats, inactivating the nuclease, and explaining its reduced efficacy. Taking advantage of the degeneracy of the genetic code, we recoded the TALEN sequence, to decrease internal redundancy and optimize codon usage. The new recoded TALEN showed increased efficacy in DM1 cells, with 68% of clones exhibiting a moderate to large contraction of the CTG repeat tract. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) was unable to contract the CTG repeat tract. In parallel, we completely sequenced to very high coverage the DM1 genome using the PacBio technology. Several clones in which the TALEN was induced were also totally sequenced. In some of them, length changes of other long CTG repeats were detected, possibly corresponding to off-target effects, all of them in introns or intergenic regions. Repeat contractions were never associated with recombination of flanking markers, suggesting that contractions most probably occur by an intra-allelic mechanism such as single-strand annealing. TALENs should now be considered as a promising gene therapy approach, not only for DM1 but also for many other microsatellite expansion disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Betemps, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descorps-Declere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenoy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poggi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosbach, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tome, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viterbo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.14.562330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TALEN-induced contraction of CTG trinucleotide repeats in myotonic dystrophy type 1 cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.18.562710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate model and ensemble refinement using cryo-electron microscopy maps and Bayesian inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.18.562710v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Converting cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) data into high-quality structural models is a challenging problem of outstanding importance. Current refinement methods often generate unbalanced models in which physico-chemical quality is sacrificed for excellent fit to the data. Furthermore, these techniques struggle to represent the conformational heterogeneity averaged out in low-resolution regions of density maps. Here we introduce EMMIVox, a Bayesian inference approach to determine single-structure models as well as structural ensembles from cryo-EM maps. EMMIVox automatically balances experimental information with accurate physico-chemical models of the system and the surrounding environment, including waters, lipids, and ions. Explicit treatment of data correlation and noise as well as inference of accurate B-factors enable determination of structural models and ensembles with both excellent fit to the data and high stereochemical quality, thus outperforming state-of-the-art refinement techniques. EMMIVox represents a flexible approach to determine high-quality structural models that will contribute to advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoff, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomasen, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindorff-Larsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate model and ensemble refinement using cryo-electron microscopy maps and Bayesian inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.01.564329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking the genetic structure of neuroanatomical phenotypes with psychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.01.564329v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is increasing evidence of shared genetic factors between psychiatric disorders and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phenotypes. However, deciphering the joint genetic architecture of these outcomes has proven challenging, and new approaches are needed to infer potential genetic structure underlying those phenotypes. Here, we demonstrate how multivariate analyses can help reveal links between MRI phenotypes and psychiatric disorders missed by univariate approaches. We first conducted univariate and multivariate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for eight MRI-derived brain volume phenotypes in 20K UK Biobank participants. We performed various enrichment analyses to assess whether and how univariate and multitrait approaches can distinguish disorder-associated and non-disorder-associated variants from six psychiatric disorders: bipolarity, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depressive disorder. Univariate MRI GWAS displayed only negligible genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders at all the levels we investigated. Multitrait GWAS identified multiple new associations and showed significant enrichment for variants related to both ADHD and schizophrenia. We further clustered top associated variants based on their MRI multitrait association using an optimized k-medoids approach and detected two clusters displaying not only enrichment for association with ADHD and schizophrenia, but also consistent direction of effects. Functional annotation analyses pointed to multiple potential mechanisms, suggesting in particular a role of neurotrophin pathways on both MRI and schizophrenia. Altogether our results show that multitrait association signature can be used to infer genetically-driven latent MRI variables associated with psychiatric disorders, opening paths for future biomarker development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auvergne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henches, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troubat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frouin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boetto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.564329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking the genetic structure of neuroanatomical phenotypes with psychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.03.565523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling the Hidden Viromes Across the Animal Tree of Life: Insights from a Taxonomic Classification Pipeline Applied to Invertebrates of 31 Metazoan Phyla 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.03.565523v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invertebrates constitute the majority of animal species on Earth, including most disease-causing agents or vectors, with more diverse viromes when compared to vertebrates. Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing have significantly expanded our understanding of invertebrate viruses, yet this knowledge remains biased toward a few well-studied animal lineages. In this study, we analyze invertebrate DNA and RNA viromes for 31 phyla using 417 publicly available RNA-Seq datasets from diverse environments in the marine-terrestrial and marine-freshwater gradients. This study aims to (i) estimate virome compositions at the family level for the first time across the Animal Tree of Life, including the first exploration of the virome in several phyla, (ii) quantify the diversity of invertebrate viromes and characterize the structure of invertebrate-virus interaction networks, and (iii) investigate host phylum and habitat influence on virome differences. Results showed that a set of few viral families of eukaryotes, comprising Retroviridae, Flaviviridae and several families of giant DNA viruses, were ubiquitous and highly abundant. Nevertheless, some differences emerged between phyla, revealing for instance a less diverse virome in Ctenophora compared to the other animal phyla. Compositional analysis of the viromes showed that the host phylum explained over five times more variance in composition than its habitat. Moreover, significant similarities were observed between the viromes of some phylogenetically related phyla, which could highlight the influence of co-evolution in shaping invertebrate viromes.

ImportanceThis study significantly enhances our understanding of the global animal virome by characterizing the viromes of previously unexamined invertebrate lineages from a large number of animal phyla. It showcases the great diversity of viromes within each phylum and investigates the role of habitat shaping animal viral communities. Furthermore, our research identifies dominant virus families in invertebrates and distinguishes phyla with analogous viromes. This study sets the road towards a deeper understanding of the virome across the Animal Tree of Life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alfonso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesgo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling the Hidden Viromes Across the Animal Tree of Life: Insights from a Taxonomic Classification Pipeline Applied to Invertebrates of 31 Metazoan Phyla]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.05.565667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenges in the Biotechnological Implementation of Oral RNA Interference as an Antiviral Strategy in Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.05.565667v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti, are critical vectors for globally significant pathogenic viruses. This study examines the limitations of oral RNA interference (RNAi) as a strategy to disrupt viral transmission by Ae. aegypti. We hypothesized that double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting the Zika virus (ZIKV) or chikungunya virus (CHIKV) genomes produced by engineered bacterial symbionts could trigger an antiviral response. Mosquitoes mono-colonized with Escherichia coli producing dsZIK or dsCHIK did not display reduced viral titers following exposure to virus-contaminated bloodmeals and failed to generate dsZIK- or dsCHIK-derived small interfering RNAs. To address potential limitations of bacterial dsRNA release, we explored dsRNA inoculation via feeding and injection. While viral replication was impeded in mosquitoes injected with dsZIK or dsCHIK, no antiviral effect was observed in dsRNA-fed mosquitoes. These findings highlight complexities of implementing oral RNAi as an antiviral strategy in Ae. aegypti and warrant further exploration of local and systemic RNAi mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romoli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrion-Lacritick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenges in the Biotechnological Implementation of Oral RNA Interference as an Antiviral Strategy in Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.06.565790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intragenomic conflicts with plasmids and chromosomal mobile genetic elements drive the evolution of natural transformation within species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.06.565790v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural transformation is the only mechanism of genetic exchange controlled by the recipient bacteria. We quantified its rates in 1282 strains of the human pathogens Legionella pneumophila (Lp) and Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) and found that transformation rates evolve by large quick changes as a jump process across six orders of magnitude. Close to half of the strains are non-transformable in standard conditions. Transitions to non-transformability were frequent and recent, suggesting that they are deleterious and subsequently purged by natural selection. Accordingly, we find that transformation decreases genetic linkage in both species, which often accelerates adaptation. Intragenomic conflicts with chromosomal mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and plasmids could explain these transitions and a GWAS confirmed systematic negative associations between transformation and MGEs: plasmids and other conjugative elements in Lp, prophages in Ab, and transposable elements in both. In accordance with the modulation of transformation rates by genetic conflicts, transformable strains have fewer MGEs. Defense systems against the latter are associated with lower transformation except the adaptive CRISPR-Cas systems which show the inverse trend. The two species have different lifestyles and gene repertoires, but they exhibit very similar trends in terms of variation of transformation rates and its determinants, suggesting that genetic conflicts could drive the evolution of natural transformation in many bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazzamurro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirakadavil, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poire, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plantade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginevra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarraud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilharm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charpentier, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intragenomic conflicts with plasmids and chromosomal mobile genetic elements drive the evolution of natural transformation within species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.16.567400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral infection disrupts intestinal homeostasis via Sting-dependent NF-kB signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.16.567400v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-microbe interactions influence intestinal stem cell (ISC) activity to modulate epithelial turnover and composition. Here we investigated the functional impacts of viral infection on intestinal homeostasis and the mechanisms by which viral infection alters ISC activity. We report that Drosophila A virus (DAV) infection disrupts intestinal homeostasis in Drosophila by inducing sustained ISC proliferation, resulting in intestinal dysplasia, loss of gut barrier function, and reduced lifespan. We found that additional viruses common in laboratory-reared Drosophila also promote ISC proliferation. The mechanism of DAV-induced ISC proliferation involves progenitor-autonomous EGFR signaling, JNK activity in enterocytes, and requires Sting-dependent NF-kB (Relish) activity. We further demonstrate that activating Sting-Relish signaling is sufficient to induce ISC proliferation, promote intestinal dysplasia, and reduce lifespan in the absence of infection. Our results reveal that viral infection can significantly disrupt intestinal physiology, highlight a novel role for Sting-Relish signaling, and support a role for viral infection in aging.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/567400v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (40K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1925c83org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f7b9fcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d36c18org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5dd16c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nigg, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godron, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral infection disrupts intestinal homeostasis via Sting-dependent NF-kB signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.29.569232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An unusual two-strain cholera outbreak in Lebanon, 2022-2023: a genomic epidemiology study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.29.569232v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCholera is a bacterial infection caused by the ingestion of contaminated water or food. It principally affects the gastrointestinal system and spreads easily, causing outbreaks. The first case of cholera in this outbreak was detected in Lebanon in October 2022. The outbreak lasted three months, with 8,007 suspected cases (671 laboratory-confirmed) and 23 deaths. We characterised the Vibrio cholerae strain responsible for this cholera outbreak.

MethodsIn total, 34 Vibrio cholerae isolates collected by random sampling of stools, water and plant samples throughout the outbreak and over the affected regions were studied by phenotypic methods and microbial genomics.

FindingsAll isolates were V. cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa strains from wave 3 of the seventh pandemic El Tor (7PET) lineage. Phylogenomic analysis unexpectedly revealed the presence of two different 7PET strains, a highly unusual finding outside the Bay of Bengal, where several sublineages circulate together. The dominant strain had a narrow antibiotic resistance profile and was phylogenetically related to South Asian V. cholerae isolates. The second strain, which was found exclusively in South Lebanon and Beqaa, was resistant to multiple antibiotics, including macrolides, third-generation cephalosporins and cotrimoxazole. It belonged to the AFR13 sublineage and clustered with V. cholerae isolates collected in Yemen from 2016 to 2019. This second Lebanese strain also harboured the same multidrug-resistance (MDR) IncC-type plasmid found in Yemeni isolates from 2018.

InterpretationThe 2022-2023 Lebanese cholera outbreak was caused by the simultaneous introduction of two different 7PET strains. The MDR strain was geographically limited, but the spread of this clone or the horizontal transfer of the MDR plasmid to more susceptible clones could affect epidemic cholera case management. Genomic surveillance is crucial to prevent further spread, and to ensure a prompt and effective response to outbreaks.

FundingThe study was funded by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) award number BAA 75D301-21-C-12132, a grant awarded to the American University of Beirut, WHO country office Lebanon, the Lebanese University, and Institut Pasteur.

RESEARCH IN CONTEXT PANELO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSWhole-genome sequencing (WGS) has greatly advanced our understanding and the characterisation of Vibrio cholerae outbreaks. However, few studies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have used this powerful technology. We searched PubMed for studies investigating the molecular epidemiology of V. cholerae by WGS in the MENA region, including Lebanon, with the terms "cholera*" AND "a country name of MENA countries" with no restrictions on language or date. The very small number of studies identified concerned Yemen and Algeria. All the outbreaks in the MENA region investigated to date and many others worldwide were caused by a single strain introduced once, contrasting with the endemic setting (the Bay of Bengal) in which several lineages circulate together. One manuscript addressing the history of cholera in Africa from a genomic perspective assigned three Lebanese strains from past outbreaks in 1970 and 1993 as O1 Ogawa isolates from waves 1 and 2 of the seventh pandemic lineage (7PET).

Added value of the studyWe provide the first comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology of the V. cholerae strains responsible for the 2022-2023 Lebanese cholera outbreak. The use of WGS made it possible to distinguish clearly between two phylogenetically distant strains from genomic wave 3 of the 7PET lineage responsible for the Lebanese outbreak and to assign their putative origins to South Asia and Yemen. Based on their different susceptibility patterns (a predominant strain with a narrow resistance profile and a minor strain with an extended resistance profile), WGS excluded the hypothesis of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) minor strain emerging from the susceptible dominant strain through the acquisition of the MDR plasmid, instead clearly demonstrating the seeding of the outbreak by two different introductions.

Implications of all available evidenceThis study demonstrates the importance of WGS associated with national surveillance for obtaining new insights and perspectives, modifying our perception of V. cholerae outbreak. This unexpected occurrence of a two-strain outbreak in a setting considered non-endemic for V. cholerae requires tight control by the local health authorities to prevent the sporadic introduction and spread of additional strains. Our findings raise the question of the extent to which the strains identified, particularly those from South Asia, spread in Iraq and Syria, neighbouring countries that declared cholera outbreaks before Lebanon. It is difficult to answer this question due to the lack of strains collected from these countries. Regional surveillance of the causal agent of cholera is therefore essential, to unravel transmission events and monitor the emergence of antimicrobial drug-resistant strains observed in many countries around the world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abou Fayad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njamkepo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezzeddine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerges, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleiman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baakliny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamedeh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahfouz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabboussi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feghali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abiad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abubakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barakat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wauquier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quilici, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weill, F.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matar, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An unusual two-strain cholera outbreak in Lebanon, 2022-2023: a genomic epidemiology study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.08.570810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cryptocococcus extracellular vesicle transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.08.570810v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now recognized as key players in the biology of numerous organisms, including pathogenic fungi. However, studying EVs in these organisms remains challenging. The recent implementation of new protocols to purify EVs in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans has resulted in a more detailed description of their structure and protein composition. Although a few publications describing RNA molecules associated with EVs have already been published, we reasoned that these new protocols would be beneficial for gaining a deeper understanding of the EV transcriptome. We thus purified EVs and confirmed that some RNAs were associated with these EV extracts. Iodixanol gradient analyses also revealed that these RNAs co-sedimented with EVs. We then sequenced these RNAs in parallel with RNAs extracted from the very cells producing these EVs using different types of sequencing libraries. Our data confirm the presence of siRNAs and tRFs associated with EVs, some of which are enriched. We also identified some snoRNAs, which in Cryptococcus are mostly borne by coding gene or lncRNA introns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taheraly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyrand, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janbon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cryptocococcus extracellular vesicle transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.11.571115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of two modules controlling the interaction between SKAP1 and SRC kinasesComparison with SKAP2 architecture and consequences for evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.11.571115v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractSRC kinase associated phosphoprotein 1 (SKAP1), an adaptor for protein assembly, plays an important role in the immune system such as stabilizing immune synapses. Understanding how these functions are controlled at the level of the protein-protein interactions is necessary to describe these processes and to develop therapeutics. Here, we dissected the SKAP1 modular organization to recognize SRC kinases and compared it to that of its paralog SRC kinase associated phosphoprotein 2 (SKAP2). Different conserved motifs common to either both proteins or specific to SKAP2 were found using this comparison. Two modules harboring different binding properties between SKAP1 and SKAP2 were identified: one composed of two conserved motifs located in the second interdomain interacting at least with the SH2 domain of SRC kinases and a second one composed of the DIM domain modulated by the SH3 domain and the activation of SRC kinases. This work suggests a convergent evolution of the binding properties of some SRC kinases interacting specifically with either SKAP1 or SKAP2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levillayer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brighelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakuntabhai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bureau, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of two modules controlling the interaction between SKAP1 and SRC kinasesComparison with SKAP2 architecture and consequences for evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.12.571148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNAseq reveals the pro-regenerative role of senescent FAPs in muscle regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.12.571148v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle regeneration is associated with transient induction of cellular senescence. However, the role of senescence in muscle regeneration of young mice remains unclear. Using a mouse model deficient in both Cdkn1a and Cdkn2a, we find that a marked reduction in senescent cells correlates with delayed muscle regeneration. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a heterogeneous senescence program composing of multiple cell types. Notably, senescent fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) upregulate Mcl-1 to acquire apoptosis resistance. Moreover, removing senescent FAPs using a Mcl-1 inhibitor S63845 impairs muscle regeneration. Furthermore, we find that senescent FAPs promotes myogenic differentiation in a paracrine manner. Hence, these results highlight the beneficial role of senescent stromal cells in supporting muscle regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saclier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantrel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNAseq reveals the pro-regenerative role of senescent FAPs in muscle regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.14.571617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive variation and strain-specificity in dengue virus susceptibility among African Aedes aegypti populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.14.571617v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
African populations of the mosquito Aedes aegypti are usually considered less susceptible to infection by human-pathogenic flaviviruses than globally invasive populations found outside Africa. Although this contrast has been well documented for Zika virus (ZIKV), it is unclear to what extent it is true for dengue virus (DENV), the most prevalent flavivirus of humans. Addressing this question is complicated by substantial genetic diversity among DENV strains, most notably in the form of four genetic types (DENV1 to DENV4), that can lead to genetically specific interactions with mosquito populations. Here, we carried out a continent-wide survey of DENV susceptibility using a panel of field-derived Ae. aegypti colonies from across the African range of the species and a colony from Guadeloupe, French West Indies as non-African reference. We found considerable variation in the ability of African Ae. aegypti populations to acquire and replicate a panel of six DENV strains spanning the four DENV types. Although African Ae. aegypti populations were generally less susceptible than the reference non-African population from Guadeloupe, in several instances some African populations were equally or more susceptible than the Guadeloupe population. Moreover, the relative level of susceptibility between African mosquito populations depended on the DENV strain, indicating genetically specific interactions. We conclude that unlike ZIKV susceptibility, there is no clear-cut dichotomy in DENV susceptibility between African and non-African Ae. aegypti. DENV susceptibility of African Ae. aegypti populations is highly heterogeneous and largely governed by the specific pairing of mosquito population and DENV strain.

Author summaryAfrican populations of the mosquito Aedes aegypti are usually thought to be less likely to get infected by flaviviruses compared to Ae. aegypti mosquitoes found outside Africa. While this has been well-demonstrated for Zika virus, it is not clear if the same is true for dengue virus, which is the most common flavivirus in humans. Studying this is complicated by the strain diversity of dengue virus, including four main genetic types, potentially causing different interactions. In this study, we compared several mosquito populations and found that, in general, African mosquitoes were less likely to get infected by dengue virus compared to mosquitoes from outside Africa. However, in some cases, African mosquitoes were just as or even more likely to get infected. The specific strain of dengue virus also influenced how likely African mosquitoes were to get infected, showing that the relationship between African mosquitoes and dengue virus is complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dabo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrion-Lacritick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiolle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paupy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Veiga Leal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rua, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akorli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutomiah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutebi, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.14.571617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive variation and strain-specificity in dengue virus susceptibility among African Aedes aegypti populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.15.575522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin remodeling initiates transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing in Neurospora 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.15.575522v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, repetitive DNA can become silenced de novo, either transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally, by processes independent of strong sequence-specific cues. The mechanistic nature of such processes remains poorly understood. We found that in the fungus Neurospora crassa, de novo initiation of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing was linked to perturbed chromatin, which was produced experimentally by the aberrant activity of transcription factors at the tetO operator array. Transcriptional silencing was mediated by canonical constitutive heterochromatin. On the other hand, post-transcriptional silencing resembled repeat-induced quelling but occurred normally when homologous recombination was inactivated. All silencing of the tetO array was dependent on SAD-6 (a fungal ortholog of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler ATRX), which was required to maintain nucleosome occupancy at the perturbed locus. In addition, we found that two other types of sequences (the lacO array and native AT-rich DNA) could also undergo recombination-independent quelling associated with perturbed chromatin. These results suggested a model in which the de novo initiation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing is coupled to the remodeling of perturbed chromatin.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study addresses an enigmatic question of how transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing can be initiated de novo in the absence of strong sequence-specific cues. Using the fungus Neurospora crassa as a model organism, we found that both types of silencing can be triggered in mitotic cells by the remodeling of a transiently perturbed (nucleosome-depleted) chromatin state. In this system, the initiation of silencing requires SAD-6, a conserved SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler orthologous to ATRX that has been already implicated in repetitive DNA silencing in fungi, plants, and animals. Thus, the model proposed in this study may underpin a range of gene-silencing phenomena observed in other eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro Ramirez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chehboub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladyshev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.15.575522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin remodeling initiates transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing in Neurospora]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.16.575879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophage-induced reduction of bacteriophage density limits the efficacy of in vivo pulmonary phage therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.16.575879v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rise of antimicrobial resistance has led to renewed interest in evaluating phage therapy. In murine models highly effective treatment of acute pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa relies on the synergistic antibacterial activity of bacteriophages with neutrophils. Here, we show that depletion of alveolar macrophages (AM) shortens the survival of mice without boosting the P. aeruginosa load in the lungs. Unexpectedly, upon bacteriophage treatment, pulmonary levels of P. aeruginosa were significantly lower in AM-depleted than in immunocompetent mice. To explore potential mechanisms underlying the benefit of AM-depletion in treated mice, we developed a mathematical model of phage, bacteria, and innate immune system dynamics. Simulations from the model fitted to data suggest that AM reduce bacteriophage density in the lungs. We experimentally confirmed that the in vivo decay of bacteriophage is faster in immunocompetent compared to AM-depleted animals and that AM phagocytize therapeutic bacteriophage. These findings demonstrate the involvement of feedback between bacteriophage, bacteria, and the immune system in shaping the outcomes of phage therapy in clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zborowsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seurat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacheff, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minh, C. N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titecat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evrard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Gonzalez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarbieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.16.575879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophage-induced reduction of bacteriophage density limits the efficacy of in vivo pulmonary phage therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.30.577996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel origins of transfer across bacterial plasmids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.30.577996v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conjugative plasmids are important drivers of bacterial evolution, but most plasmids lack genes for conjugation. It is currently not known if the latter can transfer because origins of transfer by conjugation (oriT), which would allow their mobilization by conjugative plasmids, are poorly known. Here, we identify and characterize occurrences of known oriT families across thousands of plasmids confirming that most conjugative and mobilizable plasmids still lack identifiable families of oriTs. They reveal clear patterns in terms of intergenic position, distance to the relaxases, and MOB-type association. This allowed to develop a computational method to discover novel oriTs. As a proof of concept, we identify 21 novel oriTs from the nosocomial pathogens Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii, some of them responsible for the mobility of critical antimicrobial resistance genes. These 21 oriT families share key characteristics of the others and fill most of the missing diversity of oriTs in relaxase-encoding plasmids both in terms of frequency and phylogeny. We confirmed experimentally the function of six of them. The ability to identify novel oriTs paves the way to explore conjugation across bacterial plasmids, notably among the majority lacking conjugation-related genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ares-Arroyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.30.577996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel origins of transfer across bacterial plasmids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.02.578617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Triplex real-time PCR ZKIR-T assay for simultaneous detection of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex and identification of K. pneumoniae sensu stricto 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.02.578617v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (KpSC) members, including the most important species K. pneumoniae (phylogroup Kp1 of the KpSC), are important opportunistic pathogens which display increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. As they are widespread in food and the environment, there is a need for fast, sensitive and reliable methods to detect KpSC members in complex matrices. Previously, the ZKIR real-time PCR assay was developed to detect all KpSC members without distinction. Given that Kp1 is the clinically most significant phylogroup of the KpSC, here we aimed to simultaneously identify Kp1 while detecting all KpSC members. Three TaqMan probes were developed and used: the zkir P1 probe to detect phylogroups Kp1 to Kp5 and Kp7; the zkir P2 probe to detect phylogroup Kp6; and the Kp1 probe to specifically identify this phylogroup. The new assay was tested on a total of 95 KpSC and 19 non-KpSC strains from various sources, representing the different phylogroups as defined by whole genome sequencing. The results showed almost complete specificity, as the expected PCR results were obtained for 112 (98%) strains. The new triplex real-time PCR assay, called ZKIR-T, enables detection of all KpSC taxa while discriminating Kp1, which will be useful for rapid screening and to focus downstream analyses on chosen phylogroups of the KpSC.

ImportanceThe pathogens of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex are widespread in food and animals and are amongst the main pathogens responsible for multidrug resistant infections in humans. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive detection assay that enables detection of this group of bacteria, with the simultaneous identification of the most common and clinically important species. This triplex one-reaction assay was shown to be highly sensitive and precise, enabling fast screening of varied samples for the presence of KpSC and K. pneumoniae sensu stricto.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ligowska-Marzeta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piveteau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder Hansen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller-Nielsen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Triplex real-time PCR ZKIR-T assay for simultaneous detection of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex and identification of K. pneumoniae sensu stricto]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.07.579293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical landscape of transposable elements in the large genome of Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.07.579293v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) contribute significantly to variation in genome size among eukaryotic species, but the factors influencing TE accumulation and diversification are only partially understood. Most of our current knowledge about TE organization, dynamics and evolution derives from investigations in model organisms with a relatively small genome size such as Drosophila melanogaster or Arabidopsis thaliana. Whether the observed patterns hold true in larger genomes remains to be determined. The Diptera order is an ideal taxon to address this question, because it includes a forty-year model of TE biology (D. melanogaster) as well as mosquito species with significantly larger genomes. Here, we use a comparative genomics approach to characterize the genomic forces that have shaped the TE content of the Aedes aegypti genome (1.3 Gb) relative to the Anopheles coluzzii genome (300 Mb) and the D. melanogaster genome (180 Mb). Leveraging a newly developed high-quality TE library for Ae. aegypti, our results reveal a contrasted pattern of TE organization in Ae. aegypti compared to An. coluzzii and D. melanogaster. Our analyses suggest that the substantial TE fraction observed in the Ae. aegypti genome reflect both a high rate of TE transposition and a low rate of TE elimination. Together, our results indicate that TE organization and evolutionary dynamics in the large genome of Ae. aegypti are distinct from those of other dipterans with smaller genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Maestre, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LAMBRECHTS, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.07.579293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical landscape of transposable elements in the large genome of Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.09.579661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of the Foamy virus fusion protein reveal an unexpected link with the F protein of paramyxo- and pneumoviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.09.579661v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foamy viruses (FVs) constitute a subfamily of retroviruses. Their envelope glycoprotein (Env) drives the merger of viral and cellular membranes during entry into cells. The only available structures of retroviral Envs are those from human and simian immunodeficiency viruses from the subfamily of orthoretroviruses, which are only distantly related to the FVs. We report here the cryo-EM structures of the FV Env ectodomain in the pre- and post-fusion states, which demonstrate structural similarity with the fusion protein (F) of paramyxo- and pneumoviruses, implying an evolutionary link between the two viral fusogens. Based on the structural information on the FV Env in two states, we propose a mechanistic model for its conformational change, highlighting how the interplay of its structural elements could drive the structural rearrangement. The structural knowledge on the FV Env now provides a framework for functional investigations such as the FV cell tropism and molecular features controlling the Env fusogenicity, which can benefit the design of FV Env variants with improved features for use as gene therapy vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bontems, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coquin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goverde, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gessain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buseyne, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.09.579661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of the Foamy virus fusion protein reveal an unexpected link with the F protein of paramyxo- and pneumoviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.21.581378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of TMPRSS2 zymogen activation and recognition by the HKU1 seasonal coronavirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.21.581378v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human seasonal coronavirus HKU1-CoV, which causes common colds worldwide, relies on the sequential binding to a cell-surface glycan and to TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells. TMPRSS2 is a cell surface protease synthesized as a zymogen that undergoes autolytic activation to process its substrates. Several respiratory viruses - in particular coronaviruses - use TMPRSS2 for proteolytic priming of their surface spike protein to drive membrane fusion upon receptor binding. We describe the crystal structure of the HKU1-CoV receptor binding domain in complex with TMPRSS2, showing that it recognizes residues lining the catalytic groove. Combined mutagenesis of interface residues and comparison across species highlight positions 417 and 469 as determinants of HKU1-CoV host tropism. The structure of a receptor- blocking nanobody in complex with zymogen or activated TMPRSS2 further provides the structural basis of the TMPRSS2 activating conformational change, altering loops recognized by HKU1-CoV and dramatically increasing its binding affinity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duquerroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolland, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbabian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baquero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of TMPRSS2 zymogen activation and recognition by the HKU1 seasonal coronavirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.11.583933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Symmetry breaking and fate divergence during lateral inhibition in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.11.583933v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lateral inhibition by Notch mediates the adoption of alternative cell fates amongst groups of initially equipotent cells, leading to the formation of regular patterns of cell fates in many tissues across species. Genetic and molecular studies have established a model whereby an intercellular negative feedback loop serves to amplify small stochastic differences in Notch activity, thereby generating ordered salt-and-pepper patterns. In Drosophila, lateral inhibition selects Sensory Organ Precursor cells (SOPs) from clusters of proneural cells that are competent to become neural through the expression of proneural transcription factors. When and how symmetry breaking occurs during lateral inhibition remains, however, to be addressed. Here, we have used the pupal abdomen as an experimental model to study the dynamics of lateral inhibition in Drosophila. Using quantitative live imaging, we monitored the accumulation of the transcription factor Scute (Sc), used as a surrogate for proneural competence and adoption of the SOP fate. We found that fate symmetry breaking occurred at low Sc levels and that fate divergence was not preceded by a prolonged phase of low or intermediate level of Sc accumulation. The relative size of the apical area did not appear to bias this fate choice. Unexpectedly, we observed at low frequency (10%) pairs of cells that are in direct contact at the time of SB and that adopt the SOP fate. These lateral inhibition defects were corrected via cellular rearrangements. Analysis of Sc dynamics in wild-type and genetically mosaic pupae further revealed that cell-to-cell variations in Sc levels promoted fate divergence, thereby providing experimental support for the intercellular negative feedback loop model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>phan, m.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>picciotto, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>couturier, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>veits, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazouni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>schweisguth, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.583933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Symmetry breaking and fate divergence during lateral inhibition in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.11.584534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial strain nomenclature in the genomic era: Life Identification Numbers using a gene-by-gene approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.11.584534v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unified strain taxonomies are needed for the epidemiological surveillance of bacterial pathogens and international communication in microbiological research. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) holds great promise for standardized high-resolution strain genotyping. However, this approach faces challenges including classification instability and disconnection of new nomenclature from widely adopted classical MLST identifiers. This essay discusses the cgMLST-based Life Identification Number (LIN) method, recently proposed as a stable multilevel strain taxonomy system applicable to most bacterial pathogens. We describe how LIN codes are implemented and used in practice for precise strain definitions and epidemiological tracking.

Glossary

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)A genotyping method applied mostly to microbial strains to study population structure and epidemiology, based on comparing the nucleotide sequences of a small number (typically seven) of housekeeping protein-coding genes. In MLST, allele numbers are assigned to each sequence variant (allele) of a given gene. The MLST genotype of a bacterial strain is defined by the combination of the allele numbers observed at the genes that are included in the genotyping scheme. A sequence type (ST) is assigned to each unique combination of alleles, called an MLST profile. MLST was invented in 1998 and became a de-facto standard taxonomy of bacterial strains, albeit at low resolution.

Core genome MLSTAn extension of MLST that analyzes sequence variation across hundreds to thousands of conserved (core) genes, shared by all strains of a species, providing higher resolution typing for genomic epidemiology and evolutionary studies. cgMLST schemes typically comprise 2000 to 4000 genes, depending on the genome size and genetic variation (in terms of presence/absence of genes) within bacterial species. A core genome sequence type (cgST) can be assigned to unique cgMLST profiles, i.e., a unique combination of cgMLST allelic numbers.

Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)A method that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organisms genome in a single process, providing comprehensive information for comparative genetic analyses based on cgMLST or other analytic methods.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)Variations at a single base position in the DNA sequence among individuals isolates, strains or species, used as genetic markers for studying for example, evolutionary relationships or strain identity.

Average nucleotide identity (ANI)A measure of genomic similarity between two organisms, calculated as the average percentage of identical nucleotides in orthologous genomic regions; commonly used to assess species-level relatedness in prokaryotes.

TaxonomyHere, we apply the word taxonomy to bacterial strains as a system of classifying, naming and identifying strains based on shared genetic characteristics as defined by e.g., cgMLST.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolley, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crestani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyres, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeats, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brancotte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffestin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izdebski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rethoret-Pasty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiden, M. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aanensen, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial strain nomenclature in the genomic era: Life Identification Numbers using a gene-by-gene approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.13.584751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent gene expression in epithelial cells illuminates the evolution of uterine receptivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.13.584751v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epithelium of the uterine endometrium is the first maternal interface encountered by the embryo, and plays crucial roles in the maternal-embryonic crosstalk necessary to embryo implantation. Mechanisms of embryo implantation are highly variable between mammals: humans and mice have convergently evolved similar embryo implantation phenotypes, where the embryo embeds in the maternal mucosa, which differs from the ancestral mammalian and primate phenotypes. This phenomenon is thought to be partly controlled by maternal epithelial receptivity signals during the window of implantation. Here, we combined endometrial epithelial organoid models and single-cell transcriptomics to investigate how gene expression has evolved in endometrial epithelial cells between human, non-human primates and mouse at key time points in the hormonal cycle. We discovered that many maternal genes involved in uterine receptivity and embryo implantation exhibit more similar expression patterns between human and mouse compared to macaque and marmoset. In particular, we show that the endometrial expression of LIF, a crucial actor of endometrial receptivity in both human and mouse, is likely an evolutionary convergence rather than a conserved feature as previously hypothesised.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brulport, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazda, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daunesse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liorzou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raquillet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepelletier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sopena-Rios, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regnard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faccin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cermolacce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raliou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcellin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doridot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthelot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent gene expression in epithelial cells illuminates the evolution of uterine receptivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LarvaTagger: Manual and automatic tagging of Drosophila larval behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585197v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationAs more behavioural assays are carried out in large-scale experiments on Drosophila larvae, the definitions of the archetypal actions of a larva are regularly refined. In addition, video recording and tracking technologies constantly evolve. Consequently, automatic tagging tools for Drosophila larval behaviour must be retrained to learn new representations from new data. However, existing tools cannot transfer knowledge from large amounts of previously accumulated data. We introduce LarvaTagger, a piece of software that combines a pre-trained deep neural network, providing a continuous latent representation of larva actions for stereotypical behaviour identification, with a graphical user interface to manually tag the behaviour and train new automatic taggers with the updated ground truth.

ResultsWe reproduced results from an automatic tagger with high accuracy, and we demonstrated that pre-training on large databases accelerates the training of a new tagger, achieving similar prediction accuracy using less data.

AvailabilityAll the code is free and open source. Docker images are also available. See git-lab.pasteur.fr/nyx/LarvaTagger.jl.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laurent, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocanougher, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hague, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vestergaard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LarvaTagger: Manual and automatic tagging of Drosophila larval behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.21.586064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consensus Clustering for Robust Bioinformatics Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.21.586064v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustering plays an important role in a multitude of bioinformatics applications, including protein function prediction, population genetics, and gene expression analysis. The results of most clustering algorithms are sensitive to variations of the input data, the clustering algorithm and its parameters, and individual datasets. Consensus clustering (CC) is an extension to clustering algorithms that aims to construct a robust result from those clustering features that are invariant under the above sources of variation. As part of CC, stability scores can provide an idea of the degree of reliability of the resulting clustering. This review structures the CC approaches in the literature into three principal types, introduces and illustrates the concept of stability scores, and illustrates the use of CC in applications to simulated and real-world gene expression datasets. Open-source R implementations for each of these CC algorithms are available in the GitHub repository: https://github.com/behnam-yousefi/ConsensusClustering
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousefi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwikowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consensus Clustering for Robust Bioinformatics Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.24.586456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAPPING CHANGES OF MIRNA-MRNA NETWORKS IN LEISHMANIA-INFECTED MACROPHAGES PREDICTS REGULATORY MIRNA-TF LOOPS AS NOVEL TARGETS OF PARASITE IMMUNE SUBVERSION 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.24.586456v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play a crucial role in numerous disease processes, including infections. Although intracellular microbial pathogens are known to modulate host cell gene expression to establish permissive conditions for infection, the specific role of host-encoded miRNAs underlying such subversion remains poorly understood. In this study, we employed the protozoan parasite Leishmania amazonensis as a model system to investigate how infection of macrophages modifies the host cell miRNA profile to evade antimicrobial functions and to establish permissive conditions for intracellular proliferation. Dual RNA-seq analyses using matched mRNA and miRNA-enriched samples from uninfected and L. amazonensis-infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) revealed 102 differentially expressed miRNAs (padj<0.05), with 18 miRNAs showing reduced and 84 miRNAs showing increased abundance in infected BMDMs. Mapping putative networks of miRNA-mRNA interactions based on the observed expression changes, combined with Gene Ontology enrichment analyses, allowed us to identify potential miRNA target genes involved in key biological processes and metabolic pathways that permit parasite intracellular survival and proliferation. Our analyses predict the existence of a large miRNA-mRNA network affecting the expression level of numerous transcription factors that indicates inhibition of the NF-{kappa}B-dependent inflammatory response or the promotion of cholesterol biosynthesis during infection. In particular, the over 10e3-fold increase in the abundance of mmu-miR-686 in infected BMDMs was correlated with a reduced abundance of putative target transcripts implicated in miRNA biogenesis itself, in RNA binding, and in regulation of apoptosis, such as Caspase 12, the mRNA decay activator protein Zfp36l1 or Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor Alpha. Likewise, the over 200-fold increase in abundance of mmu-miR-6546-3p was associated with a reduced abundance of putative target mRNAs implicated in cytokine-mediated signaling, positive regulation of apoptotic process and regulation of gene expression, affecting, for example, the MADS box transcription enhancer factor 2, the transformation related protein 53 inducible nuclear protein 1, or the G protein-coupled receptor 35. Interestingly, both miRNAs are predicted to simultaneously target 32 mRNAs that showed reduced abundance in infected BMDMs, including Maturin Neural Progenitor Differentiation Regulator (Mturn), a regulator of NF-{kappa}B transcription factor activity. In conclusion, our approach provides novel insight into molecular mechanisms that may govern macrophage subversion and intracellular Leishmania survival. Our results shed new light on the complex relationship among miRNAs, macrophage gene expression and Leishmania infection, proposing regulatory feed-forward loops (FFLs) and feedback loops (FBLs) between miRNAs and TFs as a novel target of Leishmania immune subversion. These findings open exciting new avenues for the development of intervention strategies aimed at disrupting such crucial interactions, for example using an anti-miR (antagomir) approach against mmu-miR-686 and mmu-miR-6546-3p.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gharsallah, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoeur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.24.586456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAPPING CHANGES OF MIRNA-MRNA NETWORKS IN LEISHMANIA-INFECTED MACROPHAGES PREDICTS REGULATORY MIRNA-TF LOOPS AS NOVEL TARGETS OF PARASITE IMMUNE SUBVERSION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.25.586543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch3 is a genetic modifier of NODAL signalling for patterning asymmetry during mouse heart looping 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.25.586543v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The TGF{beta} secreted factor NODAL is a major left determinant required for the asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs, including the heart. Yet, when this signalling is absent, shape asymmetry, for example of the embryonic heart loop, is not fully abrogated, indicating that there are other factors regulating left-right patterning. Here, we used a tailored transcriptomic approach to screen for genes asymmetrically expressed in the field of heart progenitors. We thus identify Notch3 as a novel left-enriched gene and validate, by quantitative in situ hybridization, its transient asymmetry in the lateral plate mesoderm and node crown, overlapping with Nodal. In mutant embryos, we analysed the regulatory hierarchy and demonstrate that Nodal in the lateral plate mesoderm amplifies Notch3 asymmetric expression. The function of Notch3 was uncovered in an allelic series of mutants. In single neonate mutants, we observe that Notch3 is required with partial penetrance for the development of ventricles, in addition to its known role in coronary arteries. In compound mutants, we reveal that Notch3 acts as a genetic modifier of Nodal, able to modulate heart looping direction and the curvature of the outflow tract. Whereas Notch3 was previously associated with the CADASIL syndrome, its contribution to asymmetric organogenesis is now relevant to severe laterality defects such as the heterotaxy syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holm Bonnelykke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabry, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perthame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desgrange, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meilhac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch3 is a genetic modifier of NODAL signalling for patterning asymmetry during mouse heart looping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.25.586565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mixed clonal-aggregative multicellularity entrained by extreme salinity fluctuations in a close relative of animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.25.586565v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellularity evolved multiple times independently during eukaryotic diversification1-4. Two distinct mechanisms underpin multicellularity5: clonality (serial cell division without sister-cell separation) and aggregation (whereby independent cells assemble into a multicellular entity). Clonal and aggregative multicellularity are traditionally considered mutually exclusive1,6-9, with rare exceptions10, and evolutionary hypotheses have addressed why multicellularity might diverge toward one or the other extreme3,4. Both animals and their sister group, the choanoflagellates, are currently only known to acquire multicellularity clonally4,11-13. Here, we show that the choanoflagellate Choanoeca flexa14 forms motile and contractile cell monolayers (or "sheets") through multiple mechanisms: C. flexa sheets can form purely clonally, purely aggregatively, or by a combination of both processes. We characterise the life history of C. flexa in its natural environment - ephemeral splash pools on the island of Curacao - and show that C. flexa undergoes reversible transitions between unicellularity and multicellularity during cycles of evaporation and refilling. Different splash pools house genetically distinct strains of C. flexa, between which aggregation is constrained by kin recognition15-18. We show that clonal-aggregative multicellularity serves as a versatile strategy for the robust re-establishment of multicellularity in this variable and fast-fluctuating environment. Our findings challenge former generalisations about choanoflagellates and expand the option space of choanozoan multicellularity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ros-Rocher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroughijabbari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combredet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtepen, E. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeij, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mixed clonal-aggregative multicellularity entrained by extreme salinity fluctuations in a close relative of animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.27.586946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated regulation of osmotic imbalance by c-di-AMP shapes beta-lactam tolerance in Group B Streptococcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.27.586946v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus agalactiae is among the few pathogens that have not developed resistance to {beta}-lactam antibiotics despite decades of clinical use. The molecular basis of this long-lasting susceptibility has not been investigated, and it is not known whether specific mechanisms constrain the emergence of resistance. In this study, we report the conserved role of the signaling nucleotide cyclic-di-AMP in susceptibility to {beta}-lactams, demonstrating that inactivation of the phosphodiesterase GdpP in S. agalactiae confers {beta}-lactam tolerance. Characterization of the c-di-AMP signaling pathway reveals antagonistic regulation by the transcriptional factor BusR, which is activated by c-di-AMP and negatively regulates {beta}-lactam susceptibility through the BusAB transporter and AmaP/Asp23 cell envelope stress complex. Furthermore, we show that the simultaneous inhibition of osmolyte transporters activity and transcription by c-di-AMP has an additive effect, sustaining {beta}-lactam tolerance. Finally, we expanded the analysis of {beta}-lactam tolerance using random transposon mutagenesis, uncovering a convergent pattern of mutations involving the KhpAB small RNA chaperone and the S protein immunomodulator. Overall, our results demonstrate that c-di-AMP acts as a turgor pressure rheostat, coordinating an integrated response to cell wall weakening due to {beta}-lactam activity, and identify mechanisms that may foster antibiotic resistance in S. agalactiae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brissac, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyonnet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadouni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Montoya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieu-Cuot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanotte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.586946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated regulation of osmotic imbalance by c-di-AMP shapes beta-lactam tolerance in Group B Streptococcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.27.586975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type 1 diabetes and parasite infection: an exploratory study in the NOD mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.27.586975v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms have long been suspected to influence the outcome of immune-related syndromes, particularly autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic islets insulin-producing beta cells, causing high glycemia levels. Genetics is part of its etiology, but environmental factors, particularly infectious microorganisms, also play a role.

It was shown that bacteria, viruses, and parasites, influence the outcome of T1D in mice and humans. We have used the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse that spontaneously develops T1D to address the influence of a parasitic infection, leishmaniasis. Leishmania amazonensis are intracellular eukaryotic parasites replicating predominantly in macrophages and are responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis. The implication of Th1 immune responses in T1D and leishmaniasis led us to study this parasite in the NOD mouse model. We have previously constructed osteopontin knockout mice in an NOD genetic background and demonstrated that this protein plays a role in the T1D phenotype. In addition, osteopontin (OPN) has been found i) to play a role in the immune response to various infectious microorganisms and ii) to be implicated in other autoimmune conditions, such as multiple sclerosis in humans and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice.

We present herein data demonstrating the implication of OPN in the response to Leishmania in the NOD mouse and the influence of this parasitic infection on T1D. This exploratory study aims to investigate the environmental infectious component of the autoimmune response, including through Th1 immunity, common to both T1D and leishmaniasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanitou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.586975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type 1 diabetes and parasite infection: an exploratory study in the NOD mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary insights into the emergence of virulent Leptospira spirochetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587687v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic Leptospira are spirochete bacteria which cause leptospirosis, a re-emerging zoonotic disease of global importance. Here, we use a recently described lineage of environmental-adapted leptospires, which are evolutionarily the closest relatives of the highly virulent Leptospira species, to explore the key phenotypic traits and genetic determinants of Leptospira virulence. Through a comprehensive approach integrating phylogenomic comparisons with in vitro and in vivo phenotyping studies, we show that the evolution towards pathogenicity is associated with both a decrease of the ability to survive in the environment and the acquisition of strategies that enable successful host colonization. This includes the evasion of the human complement system and the adaptations to avoid activation of the innate immune cells. Moreover, our analysis reveals specific genetic determinants that have undergone positive selection during the course of evolution in Leptospira, contributing directly to virulence and host adaptation as demonstrated by gain-of-function and knock-down studies. Taken together, our findings define a new vision on Leptospira pathogenicity, identifying virulence attributes associated with clinically relevant species, and provide insights into the evolution and emergence of these life-threatening pathogens.

AUTHOR SUMMARYLeptospira is a highly heterogeneous bacterial genus and leptospires are ubiquitous bacteria found as free-living saprophytes or as pathogens that can cause disseminated infections, from asymptomatic carriage in rats to lethal acute infection in both humans and animals. Leptospirosis is thus causing over one million cases and nearly 60,000 deaths annually. Despite leptospirosis being a re-emerging zoonosis, little is known about the ability of the etiologic agent to adapt to different hosts and cause disease. Here, combining genome analysis and phenotyping studies of representative species and mutant strains, we show that only a small group of species have the ability to evade the host immune system and cause disease. In addition, our findings provide key insight into the emergence of pathogens from a saprophytic ancestor through events of gene gain and genome reduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraud-Gatineau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaroudj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyrier, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary insights into the emergence of virulent Leptospira spirochetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colonization of Anopheles coustani, a neglected malaria vector in Madagascar 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589755v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles coustani has long be recognized as a secondary malaria vector in Africa. It has recently been involved in the transmission of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in Madagascar. As most secondary malaria vector, An. coustani is mainly biting outdoor, which renders the control of this mosquito species difficult by the classical malaria control measures as the use of bed nets or indoor residual spraying of insecticides. The absence of a colony hinders a better understanding of its biology and vector competence towards the development of adapted mosquito control strategies. Here, we report the first successful establishment of an An. coustani colony from mosquito collected in Madagascar. We used a forced copulation procedure as this mosquito species will not mate in cages. We describe our mosquito colonization procedure with detailed biological features as larval to adult development and survival, recorded over the first six critical generations. The procedure should be easily applicable to An. coustani from different African countries, facilitating local investigation on An. coustani vector competence and insecticide resistance using the colony as a reference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrianinarivomanana, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randrianaivo, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andriamiarimanana, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razafimamonjy, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velonirina, H. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puchot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgouin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colonization of Anopheles coustani, a neglected malaria vector in Madagascar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.19.590044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical Audio-Visual Neural Synchrony and Speech Processing in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.19.590044v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChildren with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) often exhibit communication difficulties that may stem from basic auditory temporal integration impairment but also be aggravated by an audio-visual integration deficit, resulting in a lack of interest in face-to-face communication. This study addresses whether speech processing anomalies in young (mean age 3.09-year-old) children with ASD are associated with alterations of audio-visual temporal integration.

MethodsWe used high-density electroencephalography (HD-EEG) and eye tracking to record brain activity and gaze patterns in 31 children (6 females) with ASD and 33 typically developing (TD) children (11 females), while they watched cartoon videos. Neural responses to temporal audio-visual stimuli were analyzed using Temporal Response Functions model and phase analyses for audiovisual temporal coordination.

ResultsThe reconstructability of speech signals from auditory responses was reduced in children with ASD compared to controls, but despite more restricted gaze patterns in ASD it was similar for visual responses in both groups. Speech reception was most strongly affected when visual speech information was also present, an interference that was not seen in TD children. These differences were associated with a broader phase angle distribution (exceeding pi/2) in the EEG theta range in autistic children, signaling reduced reliability of audio-visual temporal alignment.

ConclusionThese findings show that speech processing anomalies in ASD do not stand alone and that they are associated already at a very early development stage with audio-visual imbalance with lousier auditory response encoding and disrupted audio-visual temporal coordination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojovic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical Audio-Visual Neural Synchrony and Speech Processing in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.19.590207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential alpha-Synuclein-induced Autophagy Dysfunction in Neuronal and Microglial Cells drives Tunneling Nanotubes and Aggregate Spread to Microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.19.590207v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication, enabling a dynamic network for the transfer of molecular cargo over long distances between connected cells. Previous studies have demonstrated efficient, directional transfer of -Synuclein (-Syn) aggregates from neurons to microglia, with endosomal trafficking and lysosomal processing identified as the primary events following -Syn internalization. Using human neuronal and microglial cell lines, we found that microglia exhibit higher lysosomal turnover, particularly through lysophagy, whereas neuronal lysosomes display compromised degradative capacity and impaired autophagic flux. This deficiency results in less efficient degradation of aggregates in neurons. Moreover, perturbation of autophagy enhances TNT-mediated transfer of aggregate from neuronal cells to microglia. In contrast, microglia co-cultured with -Syn-containing neurons upregulate autophagy flux, enabling efficient degradation of the transferred aggregates. These findings were further validated using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived neurons and microglia. Overall, our study highlights the distinct responses of neurons and microglia to -Syn aggregates and identifies dysfunctional autophagy in neurons as a key driver of the preferential and directional transfer of aggregates to microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samella, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential alpha-Synuclein-induced Autophagy Dysfunction in Neuronal and Microglial Cells drives Tunneling Nanotubes and Aggregate Spread to Microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.29.591592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Communication between DNA polymerases and Replication Protein A within the archaeal replisome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.29.591592v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication Protein A (RPA) plays a pivotal role in DNA replication by coating and protecting exposed single-stranded DNA, and acting as a molecular hub that recruits additional replication factors. We demonstrated that archaeal RPA hosts a winged-helix domain (WH) that interacts with two key actors of the replisome: the DNA primase (PriSL) and the replicative DNA polymerase (PolD). Using an integrative structural biology approach, combining nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we unveiled how RPA interacts with PriSL and PolD through two distinct surfaces of the WH domain: an evolutionarily conserved interface and a novel binding site. Finally, RPA was shown to stimulate the activity of PriSL in a WH-dependent manner. This study provides a molecular understanding of the WH-mediated regulatory activity in conserved central replication factors such as RPA, which regulate genome maintenance in Archaea and Eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Carranza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madru, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dizkirici Tekpinar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legrand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Meur, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulermo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guijarro, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henneke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauguet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Communication between DNA polymerases and Replication Protein A within the archaeal replisome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.30.591864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Late killing of  Plasmodium berghei 	 in the liver by an anti-circumsporozoite protein monoclonal antibody 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.30.591864v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium sporozoites are inoculated into the skin during the bite of an infected mosquito. This motile stage invades cutaneous blood vessels to reach the liver and infect hepatocytes. The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) on the sporozoite surface is an important antigen targeted by protective antibodies in immunoprophylaxis or elicited by vaccination. Antibody-mediated protection mainly unfolds during parasite skin migration, but rare and potent protective antibodies additionally neutralize sporozoite in the liver. Here, using a rodent malaria model, microscopy and bioluminescence imaging, we show a late neutralizing effect of 3D11 anti-CSP monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the liver. The need for several hours to eliminate parasites in the liver was associated with an accumulation of 3D11 effects, starting with the inhibition of sporozoite motility, sinusoidal extravasation, cell invasion, and terminating with the parasite killing inside the invaded cell. This late neutralizing activity could be helpful to identify more potent therapeutic mAbs with stronger activity in the liver.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguirre-Botero, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacios, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliprandini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiberge, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Late killing of  Plasmodium berghei 	 in the liver by an anti-circumsporozoite protein monoclonal antibody]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.19.594871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial dynamics of peripheral and central nervous system infection by an interferon-inducing neuroinvasive virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.19.594871v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ-to-organ dissemination of viruses is a critical feature of host-virus interactions. In particular, neuroinvasive viruses are able to enter the central nervous systems (CNS), which may result in death or permanent neurological impairment. The complex mechanisms underpinning this spread are poorly understood, as they depend on a variety of parameters, including initial site of entry, route of access to the CNS, and immune responses. To better understand these phenomena, we analyzed the spatial dynamics of Sindbis virus (SINV) dissemination in transparent zebrafish larvae. Using fluorescent reporter viruses, we observed that SINV readily invaded the CNS after inoculation at various peripheral sites. From tail muscle, the virus used dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons as a gateway to the spinal cord and further propagation to the brain. While peripheral infection was systematically transient, due to the key protective role of the strong and rapid type I interferon (IFN) response, CNS infection was persistent and more variable. Within the CNS, viral dissemination resulted both from long-distance axonal transport and short distance shedding, and IFN response was local, while it was systemic in the periphery. A mathematical model was built on this quantitative imaging foundation, that provided additional insight on the parameters of this infection, such as the rate of new virion production, estimated around 1 to 2 infective virions per productively infected cell per hour; the occurrences of CNS entry events, which was 2 to 3 per larva; or the impact of the IFN response, which did not only prevent new infections but accelerated the death of infected cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laghi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucontet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggett, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedj, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colucci-Guyon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levraud, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.19.594871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial dynamics of peripheral and central nervous system infection by an interferon-inducing neuroinvasive virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.20.594924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A recombinant CHIKV-NLuc virus identifies chondrocytes as target of Chikungunya virus in a immunocompetent mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.20.594924v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
First isolated in 1953 in Tanzania, the arthritogenic Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) re-emerged globally in 2005, leading to widespread outbreaks. Unlike other arboviruses, CHIKV predominantly induces symptomatic infections (72-96%), marked by fever, myalgia, polyarthralgia, and rash. Although rarely fatal, atypical forms such as encephalopathies can occur. Notably, 75.4% of patients experience persistent arthralgias for up to three years after the acute phase. Understanding CHIKVs pathophysiology in the joints is challenging due to the difficulties to obtain biological samples. The study employs a mouse model infected with a reporter virus expressing a Nano Luciferase to investigate the diseases transition to chronic arthritis. The murine model reveals viral replication in metatarsi joints, particularly in chondrocytes, confirmed in primary human chondrocytes undergoing viral-induced apoptosis. Ex vivo analysis confirmed viral replication in leg bones and articular cartilages, with histological evidence of focal erosive lesions and periarticular inflammation. The study further utilizes an in vivo imaging mouse model to monitor viral replication over time. Human chondrocytes prove susceptible to CHIKV infection, exhibiting active viral replication, bioluminescence activity, and increased viral production. CHIKV induced apoptosis, the upregulation of markers associated with cartilage remodeling and altered the cytokine production. This comprehensive study, utilizing advanced techniques and models, provides insights into CHIKVs ability to infect articular cartilages, shedding light on the mechanisms of chronic arthritis following infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Legros, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belarbi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeannin, p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuemmerer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Despres, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gessain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roques, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceccaldi, P.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choumet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.594924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A recombinant CHIKV-NLuc virus identifies chondrocytes as target of Chikungunya virus in a immunocompetent mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.27.596023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chlamydia-driven ISG15 expression dampens the immune response of epithelial cells independently of ISGylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.27.596023v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excessive inflammation upon C. trachomatis infection can cause severe damages in the female genital tract. This obligate intracellular bacterium develops mainly in epithelial cells, whose innate response contributes to the overall inflammatory response to infection. The ubiquitin-like protein interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) stimulates interferon {gamma} (IFN{gamma}) production and is required for bacterial clearance in several infectious contexts. Here, we describe and investigate the consequences of the increase in ISG15 expression by epithelial cells infected with C. trachomatis. Infection of HeLa cells and primary ecto-cervical epithelial cells resulted in a transcriptional up-regulation of ISG15 expression. This did not involve the canonical IFN-I signaling pathway and depended instead on the activation of the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway. Absence or reduction of ISG15 synthesis led to increased production of several cytokines and chemokines including interleukin (IL) 6 and IL8, implicating that ISG15 normally dampens the immune response induced by C. trachomatis infection in epithelial cells. ISG15 exerted its control from an intracellular location, but without involving ISGylation. Finally, higher levels of inflammation and delayed bacterial clearance were observed in the genital tracts of ISG15-KO mice infected by C. trachomatis compared to wild type animals, however IFN{gamma} production was unchanged. Altogether, our data show that ISG15 expression acts as a brake on the immune response to C. trachomatis infection in epithelial cells and limits bacterial burden and inflammation in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niragire, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Zauberman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adapen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugueny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baud, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subtil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.27.596023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chlamydia-driven ISG15 expression dampens the immune response of epithelial cells independently of ISGylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.27.596047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and epistatic interactions between pioneer transcription factors shape nucleosome dynamics and cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.27.596047v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pioneer transcription factors (TF) bind nucleosome-embedded DNA motifs to activate new regulatory elements and promote differentiation. However, the complexity, binding dependencies and temporal effects of their action remain unclear. Here, we dissect how the pioneer TF GATA6 triggers Primitive Endoderm (PrE) differentiation from pluripotent cells. We show that transient GATA6 binding exploits accessible regions to decommission active enhancers and promote pluripotency gene silencing. Simultaneously, GATA6 targets closed chromatin and initiates an extensive remodeling culminating in the establishment of fragile nucleosomes flanked by ordered nucleosome arrays and increased accessibility. This is directly enhanced by rapidly expressed PrE TFs (SOX17) and by pluripotency TFs repurposed for differentiation (OCT4/SOX2). Furthermore, GATA6 mediates the replacement of essential nuclear receptors for PrE differentiation, from ESRRB to ESRRA. Therefore, pioneer TFs orchestrate a complex gene regulatory network involving many if not all available pioneer TFs, including those required to support the original identity of differentiating cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coux, R. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Festuccia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandormael-Pournin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Tannoudji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.27.596047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and epistatic interactions between pioneer transcription factors shape nucleosome dynamics and cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.597286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imperfect hairpins formed by CTG trinucleotide repeats are heteroduplex DNA molecules in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.597286v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are over fifty microsatellite expansion disorders, often neurodegenerative pathologies, due to large expansions of tandem repeat sequences. These microsatellites vary in motif composition, size and copy number in the genome. The ability of these repeats to form secondary structures in vitro is strongly suspected to trigger the expansion process and therefore, the pathology. However, there is no formal proof that similar structures are formed in vivo, in living and replicating cells.

We are focused on the CTG trinucleotide repeat whose expansion is responsible for myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1 or Steinert disease), affecting 1 in 8,000 people worldwide.

A series of llama nanobodies (VHH) were selected to bind to the secondary structure formed by a synthetic imperfect CTG hairpin. Yeast one-hybrid was used to identify VHH that were able to activate a reporter gene in vivo . One of them was shown to be very specific since it binds a CTG hairpin but not a CAG hairpin or a GC-rich sequence. This nanobody also bind to long CTG trinucleotide repeats carried by plasmidic or genomic DNAs, proportionally to the number of repeats, suggesting that longer repeats tend to form more frequently imperfect hairpins. Finally, the VHH was bound to a protein G column and used to selectively enrich structure-containing DNA molecules, that were further observed by electron microscopy. They exhibit different kinds of structures in which only one strand is folded into an imperfect hairpin.

Our results unambiguously show that alternative DNA structures are transiently formed by CTG trinucleotide repeats in living bacterial and yeast cells and suggest that imperfect CTG hairpins mainly exist in vivo mainly as heteroduplex DNA molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viterbo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupaigne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejardin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Cam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imperfect hairpins formed by CTG trinucleotide repeats are heteroduplex DNA molecules in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.597420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic imprint of an intracellular pathogen drives histone hypermethylation and tunes the host transcriptional response to infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.597420v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular bacterium, highjacks metabolites from the host cell for its own proliferation. We provide evidence of global hypermethylation of the host proteome, including histones, during the late stages of infection. Single cell analyses revealed co-occurrence of several methylated residues on histones. Histone hypermethylation correlated with bacterial load and was prevented by antibiotic treatment. Mapping of trimethylation of histone 3 at residues K4 and K9 revealed a broad distribution throughout the chromatin. Nuclear fractions of infected cells exhibited a four-fold decrease of demethylase activity towards H3K4me3 and a two-fold increase in succinate concentration, a competitive inhibitor for the demethylase co-factor -ketoglutarate. Supplementation of the culture medium with dimethyl-ketoglutarate (DMKG) or with iron, a second co-factor of histone lysine demethylases, reduced histone hypermethylation. DMKG supplementation modified the transcription of about one third of the infection-responsive genes, indicating that histone hypermethylation contributes to modulating the transcriptional response of the host to infection. Finally, chemical inhibition of histone demethylases in a mouse model of infection showed a moderate benefit regarding the outcome of infection. Overall, our data show that the metabolic pressure exerted by a pathogen with an intracellular lifestyle drives epigenetic changes in infected cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charendoff, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louchez, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrinet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchateau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianetto, Q. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Maestro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ait-Si-Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas de Pouplana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdivia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subtil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic imprint of an intracellular pathogen drives histone hypermethylation and tunes the host transcriptional response to infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.11.598433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of the Type 3 Secretion System to immunogenicity of a live Yersinia pseudotuberculosis plague vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.11.598433v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The causative agent of plague, Yersinia pestis, remains a treat for public health worldwide. In the perspective to develop effective and safe vaccines, we present here a derived version of our Y. pseudotuberculosis VTnF1 live attenuated vaccine candidate that lacks the pYV virulence plasmid coding for the Type 3 Secretion system (T3SS) and no antibiotic resistance cassettes. This strain, called VpYV-, was safe for immunodeficient mice, and thus can be considered as deeply attenuated. It still has tropism for lymphatic tissues (Peyers patches, Mesenteric lymph nodes) but hardly reaches the spleen and liver. It elicits IgG to the F1 antigen as efficiently as VTnF1 but less directed to other Yersinia antigens. A single oral dose induced 100% protection against bubonic and pneumonic forms of plague, but this protection decreased faster with time than that of VTnF1. In the same line, VpYV-was 30% less protective against a F1-negative Y. pestis, revealing that the tools encoded by pYV are mandatory to obtain a large spectrum protection. Finally, VTnF1 like the Y. pestis vaccine EV76 can induce protection against co-infected Y. pestis relying on  host iron nutritional immunity", indicating a potential use as therapeutics of recent infection. In contrast VpYV-failed to do so, revealing an importance of the T3SS in this mechanism. Overall, VpYV- and its parental strain VTnF1 offer a choice between more attenuation and safety or vaccine performances. They give an alternative and may represent useful tools to prevent and treat Y. pestis infection in healthy or immunosuppressed individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Derbise, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echenique-Rivera, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carniel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro-Cerda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeure, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of the Type 3 Secretion System to immunogenicity of a live Yersinia pseudotuberculosis plague vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.18.599646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No innocent bystanders: pertussis vaccination epitomizes evolutionary parallelisms between Bordetella parapertussis and B. pertussis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.18.599646v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogens adapting to the human host and to vaccination-induced immunity may follow parallel evolutionary paths. Bordetella parapertussis (Bpp) contributes significantly to the burden of whooping cough (pertussis), shares vaccine antigens with Bordetella pertussis (Bp), and both pathogens are phylogenetically related and ecological competitors. Bp vaccine antigen-coding genes have accumulated variation, including pertactin disruptions, after introduction of acellular vaccines in the 1990s. We aimed to evaluate evolutionary parallelisms in Bpp, even though pertussis vaccines were designed against Bp.

We investigated the temporal evolution of Bpp sublineages, by sequencing 242 Bpp isolates collected in France, the USA and Spain between 1937 and 2019, spanning pre-vaccine and two vaccines eras.

We estimated the evolutionary rate of Bpp at 2.12x10-7 substitutions per site{middle dot}year-1, with a most recent common ancestor of all sequenced isolates around year 1877, and found that pertactin deficiency in Bpp was driven by 18 disruptive mutations, including deletion prn:{Delta}G-1895 estimated to have occurred around 1998 and observed in 73.8% (149/202) of post-2007 isolates. In addition, we detected two mutations in the bvgA-fhaB intergenic region (controlling expression of the master transcriptional regulator BvgA and the filamentous hemagglutinin), that became fixed in the early 1900s.

Our findings suggest early adaptation of Bpp to humans through modulation of the bvgAS regulon, and a rapid adaptation through the loss of pertactin expression, representing a late evolutionary parallelism concomitant with acellular vaccination against whooping cough.

IMPORTANCEVaccination against Bordetella pertussis (Bp) has strongly affected the recent evolution of this main agent of whooping cough. Whether it may have done so co-incidentally on Bordetella parapertussis (Bpp), which is genetically and ecologically very similar to Bp, has not been described in detail. Our findings show striking evolutionary parallelisms of Bpp with Bp, including early changes in a critical regulatory region, and strong evidence of adaptation to vaccine-driven population immunity, even though whooping cough vaccines were not designed explicitly against Bpp. The rapid populational loss of pertactin in countries where acellular pertussis vaccines are used may also reduce protection by vaccination against Bpp, the second agent of whooping cough.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bouchez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Mingorance, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir-Cros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armatys, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teresa Martin-Gomez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bento, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigand, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Lopez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.18.599646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No innocent bystanders: pertussis vaccination epitomizes evolutionary parallelisms between Bordetella parapertussis and B. pertussis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.22.600173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biogenesis of DNA-carrying extracellular vesicles by the dominant human gut methanogenic archaeon 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.22.600173v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles secreted by cells from all domains of life and implicated in a variety of important processes, from intercellular communication to pathogenesis. Here, we characterize EVs produced by the dominant human gut methanogen, Methanobrevibacter smithii, which, unlike most archaea, contains a peptidoglycan cell wall. Using quantitative proteomics, we show that M. smithii EVs are enriched in various proteins responsible for chromatin structure, including histones, and DNA repair. Consistently, the M. smithii EVs carry DNA, with fragments covering the entire cellular chromosome. Notably, the EVs are strongly enriched in extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) molecules which originate from excision of a 2.9-kb chromosomal fragment and a proviral genome. The eccDNA encodes two of the key methanogenesis enzymes and could boost their expression inside the cells through the gene dosage effect. Furthermore, four of the top ten most abundant EV proteins are implicated in methanogenesis. Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) suggests that EVs are formed by budding from the cell membrane and are trapped under the cell wall prior to liberation through local disruptions in the cell wall. Collectively, our results reveal parallels with EV biogenesis in bacteria and suggest that M. smithii EVs facilitate the export of both cellular and viral DNA as well as key metabolic proteins in the gut environment, with potential impact on methane production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baquero, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Gallausiaux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvirkaite-Krupovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pende, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartori-Rupp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.22.600173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biogenesis of DNA-carrying extracellular vesicles by the dominant human gut methanogenic archaeon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.26.600839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A family of lanthipeptides with anti-phage function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.26.600839v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria synthesize natural products to adapt to their environment, where phage-bacteria interactions play a crucial role in bacterial ecology. Although a few natural products have been shown to protect bacteria from phage infection, the prevalence and diversity of chemical anti-phage defense remain largely unexplored. Here, we uncover a novel family of over 2000 lanthipeptide biosynthetic gene clusters from Actinobacteria that participate in anti-phage defense, which we named lanthiphages. Lanthiphages colocalize with other anti-phage systems in defense islands. We demonstrate that native lanthiphage expression protects the model strain Streptomyces coelicolor against diverse phages. Heterologous expression of four additional lanthiphage pathways shows that the anti-phage function is conserved across this family of biosynthetic gene clusters. Finally, we demonstrate that lanthiphage expression leads to the production of a novel compound and alters phage transcription. Our findings highlight that biosynthetic gene clusters with anti-phage functions can be successfully identified through genomic analysis. This work paves the way for the systematic mining of anti-phage natural products, which could constitute a novel reservoir of antiviral drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shomar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillaume, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongenae, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Bot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georjon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordret, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wezel, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zirah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claessen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.600839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A family of lanthipeptides with anti-phage function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.30.601427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beta-1,6-glucan plays a central role in the structure and remodeling of the bilaminate fungal cell wall 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.30.601427v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell wall of human fungal pathogens plays critical roles as an architectural scaffold and as a target and modulator of the host immune response. Although the cell wall of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans is intensively studied, one of the major fibrillar components in its cell wall, {beta}-1,6- glucan, has been largely neglected. Here, we show that {beta}-1,6-glucan is essential for bilayered cell wall organization, cell wall integrity and filamentous growth. For the first time, we show that {beta}-1,6- glucan production compensates the defect in mannan elongation in the outer layer of the cell wall. In addition, {beta}-1,6-glucan dynamics are also coordinated by host environmental stimuli and stresses with wall remodeling, where the regulation of {beta}-1,6-glucan structure and chain length is a crucial process. As we point out that {beta}-1,6-glucan is exposed at the yeast surface and modulate immune response, {beta}-1,6-glucan must be considered a key factor in host-pathogen interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bekirian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valsecchi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachellier-Bassi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scandola, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guijarro, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aimanianda Bopaiah, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Enfert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.30.601427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beta-1,6-glucan plays a central role in the structure and remodeling of the bilaminate fungal cell wall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.01.601473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Vago-like gene enhances dengue and Zika virus dissemination in Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.01.601473v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) pose a significant threat to global health. Novel approaches to control the spread of arboviruses focus on harnessing the antiviral immune system of their primary vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito. In arthropods, genes of the Vago family are often presented as analogs of mammalian cytokines with potential antiviral functions, but the role of Vago genes upon virus infection in Ae. aegypti is largely unknown. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the Vago gene family in Diptera, which led us to focus on a Vago-like gene that we named VLG-1. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated a VLG-1 mutant line of Ae. aegypti, which revealed a broad impact of VLG-1 on the mosquito transcriptome, affecting several biological processes potentially related to viral replication, including the oxidative stress response. Surprisingly, experimental viral challenge of the VLG-1 mutant line indicated a modest proviral role for this gene during DENV and ZIKV infections in vivo. In the absence of VLG-1, virus dissemination throughout the mosquitos body was slightly impaired, albeit not altering virus transmission rates. Our results challenge the conventional understanding of Vago-like genes as antiviral factors and underscore the need for further in vivo research to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying mosquito-arbovirus interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Couderc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crist, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hout, F. A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miesen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palatini, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vial, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LAMBRECHTS, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.01.601473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Vago-like gene enhances dengue and Zika virus dissemination in Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.02.601686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sedentary chromosomal integrons as biobanks of bacterial anti-phage defence systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.02.601686v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrons are genetic systems that accelerate bacterial adaptation by acquiring and shuffling gene cassettes. Mobile integrons spread antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria, while the sedentary chromosomal integrons contain up to hundreds of cassettes of unknown function. Here, we show that many of these cassettes encode anti-phage defence systems. We found numerous streamlined variants of known systems, which have presumably evolved to fit the small size constraints of integron cassettes recombination and genesis. Intrigued by the rarity of known systems in the sedentary chromosomal integron of the Vibrio cholerae 7th cholera pandemic strain, we tested the presence of anti-phage functions in all its cassettes of unknown function. We found that at least 16 of the strain cassettes have an anti-phage activity in V. cholerae or E. coli. This represents 18% of the tested cassettes and almost 10% of all the integron cassettes, providing at long last a key adaptive role for a significant fraction of the sedentary integrons. Most of the newly discovered systems have little or no similarity to previously known ones and our experiments show that several mediate defence through cell lysis or growth arrest. One of these systems encodes a 64 amino acids protein, which represents the smallest known protein providing autonomous phage resistance. Given the thousands of uncharacterized integron cassette families, integrons could represent an untapped treasure trove of streamlined anti-phage systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darracq, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depardieu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slesak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debatisse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sedentary chromosomal integrons as biobanks of bacterial anti-phage defence systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.03.601881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-tuning of a CRISPRi screen in the seventh pandemic Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.03.601881v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, the etiological agent responsible for the last cholera pandemic, has become a well-established model organism for which some genetic tools exist. While CRISPRi has been applied in V. cholerae, improvements were necessary to upscale it and enable pooled screening by high-throughput sequencing in this bacterium. In this study, we introduce a pooled genome wide CRISPRi library construction specifically optimized for this V. cholerae strain, characterized by minimal cytotoxicity and streamlined experimental setup. This library allows the depletion of 3, 674 (98.9%) annotated genes from the V. cholerae genome. To confirm its effectiveness, we screened for essential genes during exponential growth in rich medium and identified 368 genes for which guides were significantly depleted from the library (log2FC < - 2). Remarkably, 82% of these genes had previously been described as hypothetical essential genes in V. cholerae or in a closely related bacterium, V. natriegens. We thus validated the robustness and accuracy of our CRISPRi-based approach for assessing gene fitness in a given condition. Our findings highlight the efficacy of the developed CRISPRi platform as a powerful tool for high-throughput functional genomics studies of V. cholerae.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=72 SRC="FIGDIR/small/601881v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debatisse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niault, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeters, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darracq, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharoglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.601881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-tuning of a CRISPRi screen in the seventh pandemic Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.03.601914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DIY guide for image-based spatial transcriptomic: TLS as a case example 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.03.601914v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial RNA profiling methods provide insight to the cellular heterogeneity and spatial architecture of complex, multi-cellular systems. Combining molecular and spatial information provides important clues to study tissue architecture in development and disease. Here, we present a comprehensive do-it-yourself guide to perform such experiments at reduced costs leveraging open-source approaches. This guide spans the entire life cycle of a project, from its initial definition to experimental choices, wet lab approaches, instrumentation and analysis. As a concrete example, we focus on Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which we use to develop typical questions that can be addressed by these approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Defard, t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DESRENTES, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouillade, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.601914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DIY guide for image-based spatial transcriptomic: TLS as a case example]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.13.603360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fast and robust gene knockout method for Salpingoeca rosetta clarifies the genetics of choanoflagellate multicellular development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.13.603360v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the closest living relatives of animals, choanoflagellates offer crucial insights into the evolutionary origin of animals. Notably, certain choanoflagellate species engage in facultative multicellular development that resembles the early stages of embryogenesis. In the past few years, Salpingoeca rosetta has emerged as a tractable model for choanoflagellate cell biology and multicellular development, in particular through mutant screens and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout (KO). However, existing KO pipelines have variable and sometimes low efficiency, frequently requiring isolation and genotyping of hundreds of clones without guarantee to obtain a KO strain. Here, we present a robust method for gene inactivation in S. rosetta that relies on insertion by CRISPR/Cas9 of a single 1.9 kb cassette encoding both a premature termination sequence and an antibiotic resistance gene. We show that this approach allows robust, fast and efficient isolation of KO clones after antibiotic selection. As a proof of principle, we first knocked out all three genes previously reported to regulate S. rosetta multicellular development in a published mutant screen (rosetteless, couscous and jumble), and confirmed that all three KOs abolished multicellular development. To showcase the potential of this method for de novo characterization of candidate developmental genes, we then inactivated three homologs of genes in the Hippo pathway: hippo, warts and yorkie, which together control cell proliferation and multicellular size in animals. Interestingly, warts KO rosettes were consistently about twice as large as their wild-type counterparts, showing our KO pipeline can reveal novel loss-of-function phenotypes of biological interest. Thus, this method has the potential to accelerate choanoflagellate functional genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Combredet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.13.603360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fast and robust gene knockout method for Salpingoeca rosetta clarifies the genetics of choanoflagellate multicellular development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.13.603361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 entry and fusion are independent of ACE2 localization to lipid rafts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.13.603361v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane fusion occurs at the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 replication, during entry of the virus, and later during the formation of multinucleated cells called syncytia. Fusion is mediated by the binding of the viral Spike protein to its receptor ACE2. Lipid rafts are dynamic nanodomains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Rafts can act as platforms for entry of dierent viruses by localizing virus receptors, and attachment factors to the same membrane microdomains. Here, we first demonstrate that cholesterol depletion by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin inhibits Spike mediated fusion and entry. To further study the role of ACE2 lipid raft localization in SARS-CoV-2 fusion and entry, we design a GPI-anchored ACE2 construct. Both ACE2 and ACE2-GPI proteins are similarly expressed at the plasma membrane. Through membrane flotation assays, we show that in dierent cell lines, ACE2-GPI localises predominantly to raft domains of the plasma membrane while ACE2 is non-raft associated. We then compare the ability of ACE2 and ACE2-GPI to permit SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry and syncytia formation and replication of dierent viral variants. We find little dierence in the two proteins. Our results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 entry and fusion are a cholesterol dependent and raft-independent process.

IMPORTANCERafts are often exploited by viruses and used as platforms to enhance their entry into the cell or spread from cell-to-cell. The membrane localization of ACE2 and the role of lipid rafts in SARS-CoV-2 entry and cell-to-cell spread is poorly understood. The function of lipid rafts in viral fusion is often studied through their disruption by cholesterol-depleting agents. However, this process may have o-target impacts on viral fusion independently of lipid-raft disruption. Therefore, we created an ACE2 construct that localizes to lipid rafts using a GPI anchor. Conversely, wild-type ACE2 was non-raft associated. We find that the localization of ACE2 to lipid rafts does not modify the fusion dynamics of SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bolland, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casartelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marechal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petiot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.13.603361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 entry and fusion are independent of ACE2 localization to lipid rafts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.16.603716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of V. parvula and S. gordonii adhesins mediating co-aggregation and its impact on physiology and mixed biofilm structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.16.603716v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dental plaque is a polymicrobial community where biofilm formation and co-aggregation, the ability to bind to other bacteria, play a major role in the construction of an organized consortium. One of its prominent members is the anaerobic diderm Veillonella parvula, considered as a bridging species, which growth depends on lactate produced by oral Streptococci. Understanding how V. parvula co-aggregates and the impact of aggregation has long been hampered due to the lack of appropriate genetic tools. Here we studied co-aggregation of the naturally competent strain V. parvula SKV38 with various oral bacteria and its effect on cell physiology. We show that V. parvula requires different trimeric autotransporters of the type V secretion system to adhere to oral Streptococci and Actinomyces. In addition, we describe a novel adhesin of Streptococcus gordonii, VisA (SGO_2004), as the protein responsible for co-aggregation with V. parvula. Finally, we show that co-aggregation does not impact cell-cell communication, which is mainly driven by environmental sensing, but plays an important role in the architecture and species distribution within the biofilm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DORISON, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BECHON, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MARTIN-GALLAUSIAUX, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHAMORRO RODRIGUEZ, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VITRENKO, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OUAZAHROU, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VILLA, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DESCHAMPS, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BRIANDET, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GRIBALDO, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.16.603716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of V. parvula and S. gordonii adhesins mediating co-aggregation and its impact on physiology and mixed biofilm structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spread of antibiotic resistance is driven by plasmids amongst the fastest evolving and of broadest host range 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604842v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms endure novel challenges for which other microorganisms in other biomes may have already evolved solutions. This is the case of nosocomial bacteria under antibiotic therapy because antibiotics are of ancient natural origin and resistances to them have previously emerged in environmental bacteria. In such cases, the rate of adaptation crucially depends on the acquisition of genes by horizontal transfer of plasmids from distantly related bacteria in different biomes. We hypothesized that such processes should be driven by plasmids amongst the most mobile and evolvable. We confirmed these predictions by showing that plasmid families encoding antibiotic resistance are very mobile, have broad host ranges, while showing higher rates of homologous recombination and faster turnover of gene repertoires than the other plasmids. These characteristics remain outstanding when we remove resistance plasmids from our dataset, suggesting that antibiotic resistance genes are preferentially acquired and carried by plasmid families that are intrinsically very mobile and plastic. Evolvability and mobility facilitate the transfer of antibiotic resistance, and presumably of other phenotypes, across distant taxonomic groups and biomes. Hence, plasmid families, and possibly those of other mobile genetic elements, have differentiated and predictable roles in the spread of novel traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coluzzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spread of antibiotic resistance is driven by plasmids amongst the fastest evolving and of broadest host range]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.26.605286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms Ensuring Fidelity of Family X DNA Polymerases in Programmed DNA rearrangements in Paramecium tetraurelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.26.605286v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTRepairing programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is crucial in the lifecycle of Paramecium tetraurelia, especially during its sexual reproduction phase when its somatic highly polyploid macronucleus is lost. The formation of a new macronucleus involves Programmed Genome Rearrangements, introducing DNA DSBs at approximately 45,000 loci. P. tetraurelia employs a Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ)-related mechanism for the systematic repair of these DSBs. Four genes encoding DNA polymerases of family X are present in the genome, one of which was found recently to colocalize with other proteins of NHEJ. The question arises as to how they make almost no error. Here we show that these enzymes are most similar to metazoan DNA polymerase {lambda} and exhibit high fidelity through two different molecular mechanisms. Using X-ray structure determination of polymerase lambda mutants recapitulating sequence determinants of P. tetraurelia PolXs, we find both a local conformational change that involves exchanging partners in a crucial salt bridge in the active site upon binding of correct dNTPs, and a larger conformational change involving the closure of Loop3. This stabilizes the template DNA in the active site, only in the presence of the correct incoming dNTP. Differences with human pol {lambda} and pol {beta} are discussed.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=116 SRC="FIGDIR/small/605286v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nourisson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missoury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms Ensuring Fidelity of Family X DNA Polymerases in Programmed DNA rearrangements in Paramecium tetraurelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.30.605881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Logan: Planetary-Scale Genome Assembly Surveys Life's Diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.30.605881v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The breadth of lifes diversity is unfathomable, but public nucleic acid sequencing data offers a window into the dispersion and evolution of genetic diversity across Earth. However the rapid growth and accumulation of sequence data have outpaced efficient analysis capabilities. The largest collection of freely available sequencing data is the Sequence Read Archive (SRA), comprising 27.3 million datasets or 5 x 1016 basepairs. To realize the potential of the SRA, we constructed Logan, a massive sequence assembly transforming short reads into long contigs and compressing the data over 100-fold, enabling highly efficient petabase-scale analysis. We created Logan-Search, a k-mer index of Logan for free planetary-scale sequence search, returning matches in minutes. We used Logan contigs to identify >200 million plastic-degrading enzyme homologs, and validate novel enzymes with catalytic activities exceeding current reference standards. Further, we vastly expand the known diversity of proteins (30-fold over UniRef50), plasmids (22-fold over PLSDB), P4 satellites (4.5-fold), and the recently described Obelisk RNA elements (3.7-fold). Logan also enables ecological and biomedical data mining, such as global tracking of antimicrobial resistance genes and the characterization of viral reactivation across millions of human BioSamples. By transforming the SRA, Logan democratizes access to the worlds public genetic data and opens frontiers in biotechnology, molecular ecology, and global health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffestin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korobeynikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babaian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Logan: Planetary-Scale Genome Assembly Surveys Life's Diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.07.606950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incomplete lytic cycle of a widespread Bacteroides bacteriophage leads to the formation of defective viral particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.07.606950v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in metagenomics have led to the identification of new intestinal temperate bacteriophages. However, their experimental characterization remains challenging due to a limited understanding of their lysogenic-lytic cycle and the common lack of plaque formation in vitro. In this study we investigated the hankyphage, a widespread transposable phage of prominent Bacteroides symbionts. Hankyphages spontaneously produced virions in laboratory conditions even in the absence of inducer, but virions did not show any evidence of infectivity. To increase virion production and raise the chances of observing infection events, we identified a master repressor of the hankyphage lytic cycle, RepCHP, whose silencing amplified hankyphage gene expression, enhanced replicative transposition and virion production. However, attempts to infect or lysogenize new host cells with different capsular types remained unsuccessful. Transmission electron microscopy and capsid DNA sequencing revealed an abnormal virion morphology and incomplete DNA packaging of the hankyphage, suggesting that it cannot complete its assembly in laboratory conditions for reasons that are yet to be identified. Still, metavirome and phylogenetic analyses were suggestive of hankyphage horizontal transmission. We could also detect the activity of diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) that mutagenize the hankyphage minor tail fiber, and likely contribute to its broad host range. This study sheds light on the life cycle of this this abundant intestinal bacteriophage and highlights important gaps in our understanding of the factors required for the completion of its life cycle. Elucidating this puzzle will be critical to gain a better understanding of the hankyphage biology and ecological role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vendrell-Fernandez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beamud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou-Haydar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Am de Sousa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlaud-Gaillard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.07.606950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incomplete lytic cycle of a widespread Bacteroides bacteriophage leads to the formation of defective viral particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.09.605990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal dynamics of cohesin-mediated loop extrusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.09.605990v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most animal genomes are partitioned into Topologically Associating Domains (TADs), created by cohesin-mediated loop extrusion and defined by convergently oriented CTCF sites. The dynamics of loop extrusion and its regulation remains poorly characterized in vivo. Here, we tracked TAD anchors in living human cells to visualize and quantify cohesin-dependent loop extrusion across multiple endogenous genomic regions. We show that TADs are dynamic structures whose anchors are brought in proximity about once per hour and for 6-19 min ([~]16% of the time). TADs are continuously subjected to extrusion by multiple cohesin complexes, extruding loops at [~]0.1 kb/s. Remarkably, despite strong differences of Hi-C patterns between the chromatin regions, their dynamics is consistent with the same density, residence time and speed of cohesin. Our results suggest that TAD dynamics is governed primarily by CTCF site location and affinity, which allows genome-wide predictive models of cohesin-dependent interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sabate, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelandais, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.09.605990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal dynamics of cohesin-mediated loop extrusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.20.608835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants KP1.1, LB.1 and KP3.3 from approved monoclonal antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.20.608835v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
First-generation anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used for prophylaxis or therapeutic purposes in immunocompromised patients have been withdrawn because of the emergence of resistant Omicron variants. In 2024, two novel mAbs, Pemivibart and Sipavibart, have been approved by health authorities, but their activity against contemporary JN.1 sublineages is poorly characterized. We isolated authentic JN.1.1, KP1.1, LB.1 and KP3.3 viruses and evaluated their sensitivity to neutralization by these mAbs in two target cell lines. Compared to ancestral strains, Pemivibart remained moderately active against JN.1 sub-variants, with a strong increase of 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50), reaching up to 3 to 15 g/ml for KP3.3. Sipavibart neutralized JN.1.1 but lost antiviral efficacy against KP1.1, LB.1 and KP3.3. Our results highlight the need for a close clinical monitoring of Pemivibart and raise concerns about the clinical efficacy of Sipavibart.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yab, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeyarajah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enouf, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameix-Welti, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.608835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants KP1.1, LB.1 and KP3.3 from approved monoclonal antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.608784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the diversity of anti-defense systems across prokaryotes, phages, and mobile genetic elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.608784v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The co-evolution of prokaryotes, phages, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) over the past billions of years has driven the emergence and diversification of defense and anti-defense systems alike. Anti-defense proteins have diverse functional domains, sequences, and are typically small, creating a challenge to detect anti-defense homologs across the prokaryotic genomes. To date, no tools comprehensively annotate anti-defense proteins within a desired genome or MGE. Here, we developed "AntiDefenseFinder" - a free open-source tool and web service that detects 156 anti-defense systems (of one or more proteins) in any genomic sequence. Using this dataset, we identified 47,981 anti-defense systems distributed across prokaryotes, phage, and MGEs. We found that some genes co-localize in "anti-defense islands", including E. coli T4 and Lambda phages, although many are standalone. Out of the 112 systems detected in bacteria, 100 systems localize only or preferentially in prophages, plasmids, phage satellites, integrons, and integrative and conjugative elements. However, over 80% of anti-Pycsar protein 1 (Apyc1) resides in non-mobile regions of bacteria. Evolutionary and functional analyses revealed that Apyc1 likely originated in bacteria to regulate cNMP signaling, but was co-opted multiple times by phages to overcome cNMP-utilizing defenses. With the AntiDefenseFinder tool, we hope to facilitate the identification of the full repertoire of anti-defense systems in MGEs, the discovery of new protein functions, and a deeper understanding of host-pathogen arms race.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tesson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huiting, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the diversity of anti-defense systems across prokaryotes, phages, and mobile genetic elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.22.609154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Epidemiology and Microevolution of the Zoonotic Pathogen Corynebacterium ulcerans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.22.609154v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corynebacterium ulcerans is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that belongs to the Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Cd) species complex (CdSC), and that causes diphtheria-like infections in humans. Our understanding of the transmission, phylogeography and evolution of C. ulcerans remains limited, in part due to the lack of a standardized genomic epidemiology toolkit.

The aim of this work was to develop a core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) scheme for high-resolution genotyping and classification of C. ulcerans strains, and to explore transmission, spatial spread and genomic evolution among 582 C. ulcerans isolates from sporadic clinical cases and reported case clusters.

The cgMLST scheme combines 1,628 loci with highly reproducible allele calls and shows high strain subtyping resolution. We demonstrate its utility for capturing population structure by defining sublineages (SL, maximum 940 allele differences) and clonal groups (CG, 194 allele differences, AD) and for epidemiological surveillance by defining genetic clusters, i.e., previously undetected chains of transmission (25 AD). Genetic clusters correspond to cryptic and case clusters that were associated with specific geographical regions within France. Major C. ulcerans sublineages (SL325, SL331, SL339) and clonal groups (CG325, CG331, CG583) showed strong associations with diphtheria toxin variants and tox-carrying prophages or other genetic elements. The evolutionary dynamics of tox gene presence or absence varied sharply among clonal groups. The cgMLST scheme is publicly available (https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/diphtheria) and provides a common framework for investigating the ecology, evolution and variations in virulence among C. ulcerans strains. The implementation of a standardized high-resolution genotyping method will also facilitate the tracing of C. ulcerans transmission and spread across hosts and from local to global spatial scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crestani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rethoret-Pasty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zidane, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Epidemiology and Microevolution of the Zoonotic Pathogen Corynebacterium ulcerans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.28.610079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Micro-C reveals MORC/ApiAP2-mediated links between distant, functionally related genes in the human malaria parasite 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.28.610079v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome organization plays a significant role in silencing heterochromatinized genes in the most virulent human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. However, it remains unclear how heterochromatinized genes spatially cluster or if active genes are also organized in a specific manner. We used Micro-C to achieve a near-nucleosome resolution DNA-DNA contact map, which revealed new inter- and intrachromosomal heterochromatic and euchromatic structures in the blood stage parasite. We observed subtelomeric fold structures that facilitate interactions amongst heterochromatinized genes involved in antigenic variation. In addition, we identified long-range intra- and interchromosomal interactions amongst active, stage-specific genes. Both structures are mediated by AP2-P, an ApiAP2 transcription factor, and a putative MORC chromatin remodeler, and functional specificity is achieved via combinatorial binding with other sequence-specific DNA-binding factors. This study provides unprecedented insight into the organizational machinery used by this medically important eukaryotic parasite to spatially coordinate genes underlying antigenic variation and to co-activate stage-specific genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serizay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabahug, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Micro-C reveals MORC/ApiAP2-mediated links between distant, functionally related genes in the human malaria parasite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.609178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-23 tunes inflammatory functions of human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.609178v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IL-23 signaling plays a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, yet the cellular targets and signaling pathways affected by this cytokine remain poorly understood. We show that IL-23 receptors are expressed on the large majority of human MAIT, but not of conventional T cells. Protein and transcriptional profiling at the population and single cell level demonstrates that stimulation with IL-23 or the structurally related cytokine IL-12 drives distinct functional profiles, revealing a high level of plasticity of MAIT cells. IL-23, in particular, affects key molecules and pathways related to autoimmunity and cytotoxic functions. Integrated analysis of transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility, supported by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated deletion, shows that AP-1 transcription factors constitute a key regulatory node of the IL-23 pathway in MAIT cells. In conclusion, our findings indicate that MAIT cells are key mediators of IL-23 functions in immunity to infections and chronic inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahia-Cherbal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baillet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Maestre, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capocefalo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leloup, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsande, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sienes Bailo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrosemoli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckle, S. B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourie, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greving, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cua, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.609178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-23 tunes inflammatory functions of human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.06.611644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo detection of protein-protein interactions with single molecule resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.06.611644v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions are central in all biological processes. Methods capable of detecting interactions within living, intact cells have been particularly useful to identify and characterize protein interaction networks. We describe here an exquisitely sensitive regulatory circuit that can detect in bacteria, protein-protein interaction with single molecule sensitivity. This approach involves the interaction-mediated reconstitution of a cyclic AMP signaling cascade in Escherichia coli taking advantage of the high catalytic activity of the adenylate cyclase (AC) from Bordetella pertussis upon activation by its natural activator, calmodulin (CaM). We show that a single complex of interacting hybrid proteins per cell is enough to confer a selectable trait to the host. This exquisitely sensitive adenylate cyclase hybrid (ESACH) system allows for direct in vivo selection of ligands exhibiting high affinity for given targets or for studying interactions involving toxic proteins. The extreme sensitivity of the AC/CaM/cAMP signaling cascade may thus be harnessed to interrogate biological processes with single molecule resolution in live bacteria and could be exploited to design novel synthetic regulatory networks operating at, or even below, the theoretical threshold limit of one molecule per cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.611644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo detection of protein-protein interactions with single molecule resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.19.613840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TYPE THREE SECRETION SYSTEM-INDUCED MECHANOPORATION OF VACUOLAR MEMBRANES 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.19.613840v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWEndomembrane breaching is a crucial strategy employed by intracellular pathogens enclosed within vacuoles to access the nutrient-rich cytosol for intracellular replication. While bacteria use various mechanisms to compromise host membranes, the specific processes and factors involved are often unknown. Shigella flexneri, a major human pathogen, accesses the cytosol relying on the Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) and secreted effectors. Using in-cell correlative light and electron microscopy, we tracked the sequential steps of Shigella host cell entry. Moreover, we captured the T3SS, which projects a needle from the bacterial surface, in the process of puncturing holes in the vacuolar membrane. This initial puncture ensures disruption of the vacuolar membrane. Together this introduces the concept of mechanoporation via a bacterial secretion system as a crucial process for bacterial pathogen-induced membrane damage.

GO_SCPLOWRAPHICALC_SCPLOW AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOW

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=199 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/613840v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1669028org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8259cborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d522caorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1df0f2d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SWISTAK, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokerkucuk, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bontems, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazi, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartori-Rupp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesser, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul-Gilloteaux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TYPE THREE SECRETION SYSTEM-INDUCED MECHANOPORATION OF VACUOLAR MEMBRANES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.20.613475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Properties of DNA in concentrated aqueous solutions of LiCl suggest transition to C-DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.20.613475v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C-DNA represents a canonical DNA form related to B-DNA. While C-DNA is known to exist in air-dried fibers, its occurrence in aqueous solutions remains subject to debate. In fibers, the transition from B- to C-DNA is promoted by reduced hydration in the presence of certain monovalent cations (most notably Li+), and this process is generally associated with an increase in the helical twist. To understand if the B-to-C transition can occur in liquid media in principle, we analyzed properties of several circular DNA substrates in aqueous solutions with varying concentrations of LiCl (0.1-8 M). To this end, we estimated changes in the helical twist directly from circular dichroism (CD) spectra of a large supercoiled plasmid and, in parallel, assayed conformational changes in DNA minicircles by atomic force microscopy (AFM). We found that the helical twist increased continuously over the entire range of tested LiCl concentrations, without being subject to saturation even at 8 M LiCl. The overall increase in the helical twist was compatible with the B-to-C transition occurring in solution at a concentration of LiCl of about 8 M, suggesting that C-DNA should be stable above this level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maaloum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladyshev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.613475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Properties of DNA in concentrated aqueous solutions of LiCl suggest transition to C-DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.614977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Introducing Haptic Feedback in Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback: A Novel Approach to Modulate Primary Motor Cortex Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.614977v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As fMRI-Neurofeedback (fMRI-NF) is still in its early stages, many questions remain regarding the optimal methodology, particularly in relation to feedback modalities. One of the core components of neurofeedback is the feedback itself, which the participant relies on to regulate, learn, and refine their mental strategies. However, most fMRI-NF protocols to date have primarily used visual feedback, which may not be ideal in all cases. Certain individuals or populations might benefit from alternative or additional feedback modalities, such as haptic feedback --a novel approach in this field-- along with auditory, virtual reality/immersive environments, or a combination of these. In this study, we assess the performance of neurofeedback elicited by a motor imagery (MI) task using visuo-haptic feedback and compare it to unisensory visual and haptic feedback. Our results suggest that combining visual and haptic feedback in neurofeedback may be more engaging than conventional visual feedback alone, particularly in neurorehabilitation, by more effectively activating the primary motor cortex--a region considered a key target for promoting motor recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloerec, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duche, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lioi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.614977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Introducing Haptic Feedback in Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback: A Novel Approach to Modulate Primary Motor Cortex Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.01.616081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myocarditis and neutrophil-mediated vascular leakage but not cytokine storm associated with fatal murine leptospirosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.01.616081v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptospirosis is a neglected re-emerging zoonosis caused by Leptospira spirochetes. Its pathophysiology remains mysterious, especially in the case of severe infection with L. interrogans.

In the field of infectious diseases, the cause of death is rarely investigated in preclinical models. Here, for the first time, we identified unanticipated organ failures associated with death in a murine model of acute leptospirosis.

Despite clinical similarities between bacterial sepsis and leptospirosis, striking differences were observed. Neither lung, liver, or kidney injury nor cytokine storm, or massive necroptosis could explain death. In contrast, severe leptospirosis was associated with high serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the chemokine RANTES, neutrophilia, pancreatitis and vascular damage. Unexpectedly, we demonstrated neutrophil-induced vascular permeability, making neutrophils a potential new therapeutic target. Strikingly, the main cause of death was myocarditis, an overlooked complication of human leptospirosis.

These features are also found in patients, making this model a paradigm for better understanding human leptospirosis and designing novel therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernel-Pauillac, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tichit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomberts Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myocarditis and neutrophil-mediated vascular leakage but not cytokine storm associated with fatal murine leptospirosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.06.616889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the biogenesis of HIV-induced CPSF6 puncta and their fusion with the nuclear speckle 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.06.616889v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses rely on host cellular machinery for replication. After entering the nucleus, the HIV genome accumulates in nuclear niches where it undergoes reverse transcription and integrates into neighboring chromatin, promoting high transcription rates and new virus progeny. Despite antiretroviral treatment, viral genomes can persist in these nuclear niches and reactivate upon treatment interruption, raising the possibility that they could play a role in the establishment of viral reservoirs. The post-nuclear entry dynamics of HIV remain unclear, and understanding these steps is critical for revealing how viral reservoirs are established.

In this study, we elucidate the formation of HIV-induced CPSF6 puncta and the domains of CPSF6 essential for this process. We also explore the roles of nuclear speckle scaffold factors, SON and SRRM2, in the biogenesis of these puncta. Through genetic manipulation and depletion experiments, we demonstrate the key role of the intrinsically disordered region of SRRM2 in enlarging nuclear speckles in the presence of the HIV capsid.

We identify the FG domain of CPSF6 as essential for both puncta formation and binding to the viral core, which serves as the scaffold for CPSF6 puncta. While the low-complexity regions (LCRs) modulate CPSF6 binding to the viral capsid, they do not contribute to puncta formation, nor do the disordered mixed charge domains (MCDs) of CPSF6. Interestingly, the FG peptide facilitates viral replication. These results demonstrate how HIV evolved to hijack host nuclear factors, enabling its persistence in the host.

Of note, this study provides new insights into the underlying interactions between host factors and viral components, advancing our understanding of HIV nuclear dynamics and offering potential therapeutic targets for preventing viral persistence.

HighlightsO_LIThe formation of HIV-induced CPSF6 puncta is critical for restoring HIV-1 nuclear reverse transcription.
C_LIO_LICPSF6 protein lacking the FG peptide cannot bind to the viral core, thereby failing to form HIV-induced CPSF6 puncta.
C_LIO_LIThe FG peptide, rather than low-complexity regions (LCRs) or the mixed charge domains (MCDs) of the CPSF6 protein, drives the formation of HIV-induced CPSF6 puncta.
C_LIO_LIThe presence of the FG peptide plays a pivotal role in facilitating viral replication within macrophage-like cells.
C_LIO_LIHIV-induced CPSF6 puncta form individually and later fuse with nuclear speckles (NS) via the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of SRRM2.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomasini, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luchsinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uversky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Griffero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Nunzio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.06.616889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the biogenesis of HIV-induced CPSF6 puncta and their fusion with the nuclear speckle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intranasal delivery of a broadly neutralizing single domain antibody targeting ACE2 protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617877v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 accumulates mutations over time leading to the emergence of variants, which become largely resistant to existing vaccines and spike protein-targeted antiviral treatment. Therefore, there is a need for other therapies with broad efficiency. Here, we targeted the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the major entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. We purified three single domain heavy chain antibodies (VHHs) after immunization of an alpaca with the ectodomain of ACE2. These VHHs bound ACE2 with nanomolar affinity and specifically detected membrane-anchored ACE2. Two of them (B07 and B09) neutralized by a competitive mechanism multiple SARS-CoV-2 isolates, including Omicron variants (XBB.1.16.1; EG.5.1.3; BA.2.86.1), without impacting the proteolytic activity of the enzyme. Fusion of B07 with conventional Fc domain markedly improved its binding and neutralizing efficacy. This dimeric Fc-conjugated B07 (B07-Fc) recognized specific residues of the N-terminal helix 1 of ACE2. When administrated prophylactically and intranasally, B07-Fc induced a strong dose-dependent protection of mice expressing human ACE2 (K18-hACE2) from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. Hamsters were weakly protected due to low binding of B07-Fc to hamster ACE2. These single domain antibodies targeting hACE2 represent potential broad-spectrum therapeutic candidates against any emerging viruses using ACE2 as a receptor. These inhalable neutralizing single domain antibodies also represent a non-invasive approach against respiratory viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blachier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conquet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szilagyi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucharlat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaravalli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran-Rajau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufour, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayme, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brelot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intranasal delivery of a broadly neutralizing single domain antibody targeting ACE2 protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.14.618250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell and in situ spatial analyses reveal the diversity of newly born hematopoietic stem cells and of their niches 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.14.618250v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and more committed progenitors (collectively referred to as HSPCs) emerge from vessels during development, via Endothelial-to-Hematopoietic Transition (EHT). Recently, using the zebrafish embryo, we showed that two EHT cell types emerge from the aorta, raising the question of their subsequent fate. To address this issue, we established a complex pipeline based on single-cell photoconversion and transgenic lines to characterize the transcriptomic profiles of single EHT cell type progenies. We obtained, at unprecedented resolution in the early larva, a cartography of HSPCs and highly diversified differentiated populations, notably NK-like cell types, innate lymphoid cells and early eosinophils. We show that the two EHT cell types previously characterized indeed lead to differentially fated cells, with significant differences in thymus colonization and T-lymphoid lineage commitment. Using HSPC signatures retrieved from our datasets - namely gata2b and cd34/podocalyxin -, and to address niches, we performed in situ gene expression analyses via RNAscope. Unexpectedly, we unveil a niche contacting the supra-intestinal artery. Finally, integration with previous datasets reveal that our populations contain potential developmental HSCs bearing signatures highly similar with adult HSCs.

Summary StatementSingle cell photoconversion of emerging hematopoietic precursor cells and transcriptomics unravel the diversity of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations and homing in developmental niches in toto, during zebrafish development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torcq, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe-Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell and in situ spatial analyses reveal the diversity of newly born hematopoietic stem cells and of their niches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.24.620037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virulence regulates and boosts CRISPR-Cas9 immunity in Group B Streptococcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.24.620037v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 immune systems protect bacteria from foreign DNA. However, immune efficiency is constrained by Cas9 off-target cleavages and toxicity. How bacteria regulate Cas9 to maximize protection while preventing autoimmunity is not understood. Here, we show that the master regulator of virulence, CovR, regulates CRISPR-Cas9 immunity against mobile genetic elements in Streptococcus agalactiae, a pathobiont responsible for invasive neonatal infections. We show that CovR binds to and represses a distal promoter of the cas operon, integrating immunity within the virulence regulatory network. The CovR-regulated promoter provides a controlled increase in off-target cleavages to counteract mutations in the target DNA, restores the potency of old immune memory, and stimulates the acquisition of new memory in response to recent infections. Regulation of Cas9 by CovR is conserved at the species level, with lineage specificities suggesting different adaptive trajectories. Altogether, we describe the coordinated regulation of immunity and virulence that enhances the bacterial immune repertoire during host-pathogen interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pastuszka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzuoli, M.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crestani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deborde, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaire, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gominet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanotte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.620037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virulence regulates and boosts CRISPR-Cas9 immunity in Group B Streptococcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.25.620219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Culture of pluripotent stem cells in microscale droplets modulates differentiation and tissue patterning towards organoids on chip 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.25.620219v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and their self-organization into organoids are influenced by cell-cell interactions mediated by contacts and secreted molecules. These interactions are enhanced in microfluidic droplets due to confinement and small culture volumes. However, a comprehensive study on the culture of PSCs within droplets and the impact of this microenvironment has yet to be conducted. In this study, we present a droplet platform for the 3D culture of PSCs at various stages of cellular commitment. We demonstrate PSC differentiation into the three germ layers and the feasibility of organoid formation within droplets. Our findings reveal that culturing PSCs in confined volumes regulates cell fate decisions, promoting tissue patterning in gastruloids through the sequential induction of growth and migration of distinct differentiated cell populations, and facilitating the self-organization of cardiac organoids. This technological approach provides unique insights into the intrinsic factors regulating tissue self-patterning in vitro.

2 Highlights and eTOC blurbO_ST_ABSHighlightsC_ST_ABSO_LIDroplet microfluidics allows expansion and supports the pluripotency of 3D aggregates of PSCs.
C_LIO_LIDroplet microfluidics supports and regulates spontaneous differentiation into embryoid bodies.
C_LIO_LIDroplet promotes tissue patterning in gastruloids through the sequential induction of growth and migration of mesoderm followed by ectoderm.
C_LIO_LIPerfused microfluidic droplets support long term culture and derivation of organoids on chip.
C_LI

Vertti-Quintero et al. introduces a microfluidic droplet platform for the 3D culture of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) at various differentiation stages. The format supports the long term 3D culture and the differentiation of PSCs -either spontaneous or directed-. This "microscale culture" can regulate PSCs fate decision, while promoting tissue pattering -as demonstrated in gastruloids polarization- and allowing self-organization towards cardioids formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vertti-Quintero, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delahousse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aristov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traboulsi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossec, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Culture of pluripotent stem cells in microscale droplets modulates differentiation and tissue patterning towards organoids on chip]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Backtracking Metabolic Dynamics in Single Cells Predicts Bacterial Replication in Human Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620606v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately tracking dynamic state transitions is crucial for modeling and predicting biological outcomes, as it captures heterogeneity of cellular responses. To build a model to predict bacterial infection in single cells, we have monitored in parallel infection progression and metabolic parameters in thousands of human primary macrophages infected with the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila. By combining livecell imaging with a novel tool for classifying cells based on infection outcomes, we were able to trace the specific evolution of metabolic parameters linked to distinct outcomes, such as bacterial replication or cell death. Our findings revealed that early changes in mitochondrial membrane potential ({Delta}{psi}m) and in the production of mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (mROS) are associated with macrophages that will later support bacterial growth. We used these data to train an explainable machine-learning model and achieved 83% accuracy in predicting L. pneumophila replication in single, infected cells before bacterial replication starts. Our results highlight backtracking as a valuable tool to gain new insights in host-pathogen interactions and identify early mitochondrial alterations as key predictive markers of success of bacterial infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drame, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ershov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martyn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Backtracking Metabolic Dynamics in Single Cells Predicts Bacterial Replication in Human Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.14.623566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
autoFISH - a modular toolbox for sequential smFISH experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.14.623566v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allows for spatial and quantitative profiling of gene expression by visualizing individual RNA molecules. Here, we introduce automated FISH (autoFISH), a comprehensive toolbox to conduct automated single molecule FISH (smFISH) experiments that is both cost-effective and versatile. This includes detailed plans for constructing the necessary equipment, open-source software for control, reliable experimental protocols, and analysis workflows based on our FISH-quant analysis package. Validation experiments with both cell lines and tissue samples confirmed the systems robustness. We demonstrate standard and amplified smFISH, along with a modified protocol for tissue clearing that enhances nuclear retention while preserving background reduction efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Defard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laporte, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londono-Vallejo, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouillade, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gariboldi, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[autoFISH - a modular toolbox for sequential smFISH experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.20.624502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional landscape of the archaeal cell cycle is broadly conserved in eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.20.624502v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell cycle is a series of events that occur from the moment of cell birth to cell division. In eukaryotes, cell growth, genome replication, genome segregation, and cytokinesis are strictly coordinated, defining discrete cell cycle phases. In contrast, these key processes may occur concurrently in bacteria. Thermoacidophilic archaea in the genus Saccharolobus follow a defined cell cycle program, with the first pre-replicative growth (G1) phase, followed by the chromosome replication (S) phase, the second growth (G2) phase, and rapid genome segregation (M) and cytokinesis (D) phases. However, whether other processes, such as metabolism, catabolism, protein translation, and antiviral defense also occur at specific cell cycle phases, as in eukaryotes, or are active throughout the cell cycle, as in bacteria, remains unclear. To address this question, we synchronized cultures of S. islandicus and performed an in-depth transcriptomic analysis of samples enriched in cells undergoing the M-G1, S, and G2 phases. Differential gene expression and consensus gene co-expression network analyses provided a holistic view of the S. islandicus cell cycle. In addition to the core transcriptome network, which is expressed throughout the cell cycle, we show that diverse metabolic pathways, protein synthesis, cell motility and even antiviral defense systems, are expressed in a cell cycle dependent fashion. Our data also refines understanding of the processes previously known to be linked to the cell cycle, such as DNA replication. We show that most DNA replication genes are expressed prior to the S phase, during the M-G1, whereas expression of the major chromatin genes, and accordingly, chromatinization are concomitant with replication. A statistical model was used to define sets of signature genes characteristic of each of the analyzed cell cycle phases, emphasizing transcriptional stratification of the phases. Signature genes are more conserved across Thermoproteota than non-signature genes and their peak expression, especially for the M-G1 and G2 specific genes, matches that of homologs in yeast. Collectively, our data elucidate the complexity of the S. islandicus cell cycle and suggest that it more closely resembles the cell cycle of eukaryotes than previously appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Raya-Vilanova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teuliere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medvedeva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapointe, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haraoui, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvirkaite-Krupovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bapteste, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.624502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional landscape of the archaeal cell cycle is broadly conserved in eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited impact of the siRNA pathway on transposable element expression in Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625377v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome. In the germline of arthropods, post-transcriptional regulation of TE expression is mainly mediated by the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway. piRNAs are small RNAs of 24-30 nucleotides (nt) in length produced from genomic precursor transcripts as well as through a  ping-pong amplification cycle. In somatic tissues, certain insects, such as Drosophila, instead rely on the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway as a key regulator of TE expression. siRNAs are 21nt small RNAs produced from double-stranded RNA by the endonuclease Dicer2, which guides an RNA-induced silencing complex to degrade a complementary RNA. However, whether the siRNA pathway also regulates TE expression in the mosquito Aedes aegypti, a medically significant vector species with abundant somatic piRNAs, is unknown. To address this question, we investigated the expression of TEs and small RNAs in both somatic and gonadal tissues of a Dicer2 mutant line of Ae. aegypti and its wild-type counterpart. Our results show a modified pattern of TE expression and a decrease in TE-derived 21nt small RNAs in the Dicer2 mutant, but no major shift of TE transcript abundance. The lack of a functional siRNA pathway also causes perturbations in piRNA ping-pong signatures and the expression of certain piRNA-associated genes, but without clear evidence for compensation by increased piRNA pathway activity. We conclude that the mosquito Ae. aegypti produces siRNAs targeting TEs but these lack a critical role in the regulation of TE expression both in somatic and in gonadal tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crist, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Maestre, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castello-Sanjuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited impact of the siRNA pathway on transposable element expression in Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global evolutionary patterns of Yersinia pestis and its spread into Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625443v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The zoonotic pathogen Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, has caused three major pandemics and diversified in different lineages currently established in endemic areas worldwide1-3. However, some regions like continental Africa have been poorly covered within the global diversity and epidemiological history of this pathogen2,4-6. Here, we report the whole-genome sequences of 1,124 Y. pestis isolates collected from endemic areas worldwide over 116 years, nearly doubling the available genomic data for the species. By integrating population genomics and historical research, we retrace the introduction of multiple Y. pestis lineages into continental Africa, revealing the diversity of the 1.ANT lineage, its historical emergence and its spread to and within Africa since the late 17th century. We identify key mechanisms of genome evolution, including signatures of adaptive evolution present in virulence and biofilm-related genes such as RovA, a master virulence regulator, which likely play a role in the pathogens adaptation and endemic persistence. Additionally, our findings reveal an increased trajectory of genome degradation and expansion of IS elements in different lineages. This trend appears especially pronounced in 1.ANT genomes, promoting the remarkable genomic variation within this lineage. Taken together, our findings shed light on the introduction and evolutionary history of plague in Africa and provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the global diversity and genome evolution of Y. pestis, revealing potential factors contributing to its long-term adaptation in endemic areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mas Fiol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mornico, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrades Valtuena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campagne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baliere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwasiborski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cespedes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajerison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shako, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carniel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rascovan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro-Cerda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global evolutionary patterns of Yersinia pestis and its spread into Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.29.625996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza A virus-induced production of PI4P at the endoplasmic reticulum involves ATG16L1 and promotes the egress of viral ribonucleoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.29.625996v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomic RNAs of influenza A viruses (IAVs) are replicated in the nucleus of infected cells in the form of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNP) before being exported to the cytoplasm. The small GTPase RAB11A is involved in the transport of vRNPs to the sites of viral assembly at the plasma membrane, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Here we show that IAV infection remodels the architecture of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sheets, where vRNPs tend to accumulate in the absence of RAB11A. To decipher the interplay between RAB11A, vRNPs and the ER, we investigated viral-induced perturbations of RAB11A proximity interactome. To this end, we generated cells stably expressing a TurboID-RAB11A fusion protein and performed biotin-based proximity labeling upon viral infection. We found that cellular regulators of phophatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) homeostasis, including the autophagic and stress response protein ATG16L1, are significantly enriched at the vicinity of RAB11A in infected cells. Infection induces an increase in cellular PI4P levels in an ATG16L1-dependent manner, while ATG16L1 relocalizes to ER membranes upon infection. Depletion of ATG16L1 decreases the co-distribution of vRNPs with PI4P punctae on ER membranes, and reduces the accumulation of vRNPs at the plasma membrane as well as the production of IAV infectious particles. Our data extend to IAVs the notion that viruses can modulate the metabolism and localization of phosphoinositides to control host membrane dynamics and point to the ER as an essential platform for vRNP transport. They provide evidence for a pivotal role of ATG16L1 in regulating the identity of endomembranes and coordinating RAB11A and PI4P-enriched membranes to ensure delivery of vRNPs to the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alemany, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Graca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delevoye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danglot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brault, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naffakh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.625996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza A virus-induced production of PI4P at the endoplasmic reticulum involves ATG16L1 and promotes the egress of viral ribonucleoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.10.627528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 envelope PDZ Binding Motif acts as a virulence factor disrupting host's epithelial cell-cell junctions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.10.627528v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has significantly impacted global health, emphasizing the need to understand its pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms. SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the alveolar epithelial barrier and exacerbates airway inflammation, leading to acute respiratory failure, but the molecular details remain unclear. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 infection causes neurological symptoms, potentially due to its weakly understood ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The viral multifunctional Envelope (E) protein is crucial for its virulence, playing a key role in virus assembly, budding, and release. The E protein contains a PDZ-binding motif (PBM) that interacts with host PDZ domain-containing proteins, potentially affecting host signaling pathways and contributing to pathogenicity.

This study focuses on the E protein PBM and its role in virulence, disrupting respiratory epithelial barriers and exacerbating airway inflammation. We generated recombinant mutant viruses lacking the PBM and conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments to elucidate its impact on viral fitness, pathogenicity, and effects on the epithelial integrity. In vitro, the viral mutants showed delayed replication and reduced cytopathic effects. In vivo, experiments with hamsters revealed that PBM-deficient viruses caused less weight loss, lower viral loads, and reduced inflammation, indicating decreased pathogenicity. Histological analyses confirmed less airway damage in these hamsters compared to those infected with the wild-type virus. Additionally, PBM-deficient viruses had impaired interactions with tight junction proteins like ZO-1, a PDZ-containing protein, crucial for maintaining epithelial barrier integrity.

Our findings also demonstrate that the PBM does not play a significant role in neuroinvasion during the acute phase of infection, as evidenced by comparable viral RNA loads across brain regions in infected hamsters, regardless of PBM presence. Histopathological and transcriptomic analyses further support this observation, suggesting that the PBM primarily affects specific epithelial barriers. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis on lung and brainstem from infected hamsters reveals that the PBM modulates inflammatory and immune responses, with a stronger impact in lung tissue than in the brainstem. PBM-deficient viruses induce lower levels of inflammation and cytokine expression, suggesting PBMs specific role in enhancing viral pathogenicity through the activation of pathways such as NF-{kappa}B and TNF.

Thus, the E protein PBM plays a critical role in SARS-CoV-2s fitness, virulence, and pathogenicity, through the disruption of cell junctions and inflammation, underscoring its potential as a target for therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, G. D. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergoat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeda, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seilhean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tichit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hing, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caillet-Saguy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARS-CoV-2 envelope PDZ Binding Motif acts as a virulence factor disrupting host's epithelial cell-cell junctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.13.628094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intraflagellar Transport Selectivity Occurs with the Proximal Portion of the Trypanosome Flagellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.13.628094v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains move bidirectionally along the doublet microtubules (DMTs) of the axoneme within the flagellum. In Trypanosoma brucei, IFT trains predominantly associate with four of the nine DMTs. Using high-resolution microscopy, we reveal how this selective association is put in place. IFT proteins form a ring surrounding the 9 DMTs on top of the transition fibres. Volume electron microscopy revealed densities along all DMTs in the proximal portion of the flagellum, exhibiting thinner, shorter profiles with branches absent in mature IFT trains. As the axoneme extends within the flagellar pocket, IFT trains are detected but are often positioned outside DMTs 3-4/7-8. After the axoneme exits the flagellar pocket, IFT trains localise exclusively to DMTs 3-4 and 7-8. Super-resolution and expansion microscopy demonstrated that IFT proteins follow the same distribution as the IFT-like densities. This suggests they represent IFT trains undergoing assembly and/or disassembly and reveals their unexpected ability to shift from one DMT to another.

SummaryIn Trypanosoma brucei, intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains selectively associate with specific axonemal microtubules. Using advanced microscopy, this study reveals how this restriction occurs at the proximal portion of the flagellum during the assembly and/or disassembly of IFT trains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alves, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monneron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaucelle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fort, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buisson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schietroma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BASTIN, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.13.628094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intraflagellar Transport Selectivity Occurs with the Proximal Portion of the Trypanosome Flagellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.16.628627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hamsters with long Covid exhibits a neurodegenerative signature in the brainstem 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.16.628627v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After infection with SARS-CoV-2, patients may present with one or more symptoms that appear or persist over time, including fatigue, respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Neurological symptoms include anxiety, depression and impaired short-term memory. However, the exact underlying mechanisms of long Covid are not yet decrypted. Using the golden hamster as a model, we provide further evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is neuroinvasive and can persist in the central nervous system, as we found viral RNA and replicative virus in the brainstem after 80 days of infection. Infected hamsters presented a neurodegenerative signature in the brainstem, with overexpression of innate immunity genes, impacted dopaminergic and glutamatergic synapses, altered energy metabolism. Finally, the infected hamsters manifested persistent signs of depression and impaired short-term memory, as well as late-onset signs of anxiety, as a valuable model to study long Covid. Conclusively, we provide evidence that virus-related and neurodegenerative and immunometabolic mechanisms coexist in the brainstem of infected hamsters and contribute to the manifestation of neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms.

HighlightsO_LISARS-CoV-2 infects and persists in the brainstem of intranasally-inoculated hamsters
C_LIO_LIPersistent neuropsychiatric and cognitive consequences are observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters
C_LIO_LIThe brainstem present distinct transcriptome profiles in acute and in long Covid
C_LIO_LIThe dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are affected in long Covid
C_LIO_LIThe SARS-CoV-2 infection affects the expression of genes related to neurodegenerative processes in acute and in long Covid
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergoat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tichit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Melo, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hamsters with long Covid exhibits a neurodegenerative signature in the brainstem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.17.628916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing particle dynamics in live imaging through stochastic physical models and machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.17.628916v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Particle dynamics determine the orchestration of molecular signaling in cellular processes. A wide range of subdiffusive motions has been described at the cell interior and membrane, corresponding to different environmental constraints. However, the standard methods for motion analysis, embedded in a diffusion-based framework, lack robustness for capturing the complexity of stochastic dynamics. This work develops a classification method to detect the five main stochastic laws modeling particle dynamics accurately. The method builds on machine-learning techniques that use features properly designed to capture the intrinsic geometric properties of trajectories governed by the different processes. This guarantees the accurate classification of observed dynamics in an interpretable and explainable framework. The main asset of this approach is its capability to distinguish different subdiffusive behaviors making it a privileged tool for biological investigations. The robustness to localization error and motion composition is proven, ensuring its reliability on experimental data. Moreover, the classification of composed trajectories is investigated, showing that the method can uncover the paths mono-vs bi-dynamics nature. The method is used to study the dynamics of membrane receptors CCR5, involved in HIV infection. Comparing the basal state to an agonist-bound state which displays potent anti-HIV-1 activity, we show that the latter affects the natural dynamic state of receptors, thus clarifying the link between movement and receptor activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nardi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos Sano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brelot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivo-Marin, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagache, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.628916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing particle dynamics in live imaging through stochastic physical models and machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.20.629622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiviral activity of Tecovirimat against Mpox virus clades 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.20.629622v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent Mpox virus (MPXV) outbreak was caused by a novel and more pathogenic clade 1b virus. We compared the antiviral efficacy of Tecovirimat in cell culture, against the two ancestral clades 1a and 2a, the clade 2b that circulated in 2022, and the recent clade 1b virus. We report that Tecovirimat similarly inhibits the replication of all four MPXV clades, at nanomolar concentrations (nM). Our results suggest that Tecovirimat remains a therapeutic option against the latest clade 1b virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Postal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crook, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernuccio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanhomwegen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardado-Calvo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dacheux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuguerra, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiviral activity of Tecovirimat against Mpox virus clades 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.29.630686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of Senescence During Postpartum Mammary Gland Involution supports tissue remodeling and promotes postpartum tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.29.630686v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is an evolutionarily conserved stress response1, yet its roles during physiological processes remain underexplored2,3. Senescent cells are known to promote tissue repair4,5 and suppress tumorigenesis6, but their accumulation contributes to various pathological and physiological processes, including cancer and ageing7-9. However, it is currently unknown whether physiological senescence can be co-opted by oncogenic events to promote tumorigenesis. Postpartum mammary gland involution is a major tissue remodelling event in adulthood10,11, resembling the wound healing process, and is closely linked to postpartum breast cancer (PPBC)12 providing a compelling context to investigate this question. Here, we show that senescence is induced in alveolar luminal cells during involution in a p16-dependent manner. Reducing senescent cells hinders tissue remodeling and delays involution, underscoring their physiological importance. However, using a PPBC mouse model where the oncogenic event coincides with involution, we demonstrate that eliminating involution-associated senescent cells markedly extended the cancer latency. Mechanistically, we reveal that senescent cells enhance tumor-initiating cell plasticity in a paracrine manner, promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. Collectively, our findings uncover a dual role of senescence in mediating postpartum tissue remodeling and promoting tumorigenesis, highlighting a scenario where physiological senescence is hijacked to drive cancer progression. This work underscores that senescence might be a unifying mechanism linking tissue repair to tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charifou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djoual, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temime, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saclier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantrel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.29.630686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of Senescence During Postpartum Mammary Gland Involution supports tissue remodeling and promotes postpartum tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.03.631213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA supercoiling modulates eukaryotic transcription in a gene-orientation dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.03.631213v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA supercoiling is an intrinsic consequence of transcription that must be resolved to maintain proper gene expression. How DNA supercoiling shapes transcription dynamics in chromatinized animal genomes remains unclear. Here, we acutely depleted topoisomerases I and II in Caenorhabditis elegans and applied nascent transcription profiling, nuclear and total RNA-seq, histone modification mapping, and long-read sequencing to capture the immediate transcriptional and chromatin responses to topological stress. We show that the genomic context influences the effect of supercoiling on transcription initiation, elongation and coordinated expression of adjacent genes. The impact of supercoiling on transcription initiation is not uniformly repressive but instead depends on the orientation and proximity of neighboring genes. We find that negative supercoiling promotes coordinated expression of divergent gene pairs, while positive supercoiling inhibits and uncouples expression of convergent genes. DNA supercoiling hinders transcription elongation globally resulting in reduced production of longer transcripts and overall shortening of poly(A) tails. While DNA supercoiling generated by neighboring transcription impacts initiation, elongation defects are driven by local supercoiling generated by the genes own transcription. These elongation effects are not accompanied by global changes in elongation-associated histone modifications but coincide with modest reductions in promoter and enhancer marks. Our findings reveal a directional mechanism by which genome architecture shapes transcriptional responses to DNA supercoiling, uncovering a DNA topological basis for coordinated gene expression in a multicellular organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morao, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.03.631213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA supercoiling modulates eukaryotic transcription in a gene-orientation dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.08.631951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct origin and fate for fetal hematopoietic progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.08.631951v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It was proposed that two sequential sources of intraembryonic multipotent progenitors ensure blood cell production from late gestation into adulthood, with only the latter producing self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). How these two populations differ and how they impact the establishment of the postnatal immune system, remains poorly understood. Using complementary lineage tracing models, we showed that the first emerging embryonic multipotent progenitors (eMPP) are responsible for late gestation hematopoiesis. They are distinct from HSC that do not significantly contribute to embryonic mature blood cells. eMPP are the predominant source of embryonic lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue inducer cells, some of which persist for life. Between E12.5 and E16.5 eMPP rapidly differentiate, whereas HSC expand 20-fold. Altogether, these results support the notion that eMPP establish the embryonic adaptive immune system and shape the lymphoid organs where later adaptive immune responses occur, while HSC expand to sustain blood cell production throughout life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soares-da-Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailhe, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshikai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ELSAID, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Perdiguero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct origin and fate for fetal hematopoietic progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.08.631959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SifA-mediated Remodeling of the Salmonella-Containing Vacuole Prevents Bacterial Dormancy by Promoting Nutrient Accessibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.08.631959v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella exploits a range of intracellular niches within host cells, adapting to different microenvironments that support its survival and replication. This niche diversity is mediated by bacterial effectors injected via the two type 3 secretion systems (T3SS). Salmonella resides either within membrane-bound Salmonella containing vacuoles (SCV) or they grow rapidly within the cytosol upon SCV rupture. Recently, we identified a third intracellular subpopulation, dormant Salmonella within modified vacuoles in epithelial cells, which can survive for up to 7 days in vitro. To explore how bacterial effectors influence the balance of these three subpopulations, we constructed a panel of mutants lacking genes encoding key effectors and examined their intracellular behaviors at 6 and 24 hours post-infection (hpi). Deletion of the T3SS-2 effector SifA significantly increased the dormant subpopulation at later infection time points, identifying SifA as the first known effector regulating bacterial dormancy in epithelial cells. SifA-induced Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs) characterize the mature Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), and we observed that SIFs were needed for intravacuolar growth of Salmonella. We could show that SIF formation was critical for nutrient acquisition within the SCV; inhibition of SIF formation resulted in a higher proportion of dormant bacteria, akin to the effect of reduced glucose availability during infection. Both bacterial and host glycolysis pathways were required to prevent dormancy, as proper nutrient scavenging through SIF-mediated modification of the SCV is essential for maintaining a replicative, non-dormant state. These results underscore the importance of nutrient access, facilitated by reprogramming host endomembrane trafficking, for Salmonella to avoid dormancy and sustain active replication within its intracellular niche.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/631959v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotsenko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SifA-mediated Remodeling of the Salmonella-Containing Vacuole Prevents Bacterial Dormancy by Promoting Nutrient Accessibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.08.631966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein and genomic language models chart a vast landscape of antiphage defenses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.08.631966v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial pangenome encodes an immense array of antiphage systems, yet much of their diversity remains uncharted. In this study, we developed language models to predict novel antiphage proteins in two ways: first via fine-tuning ESM2, a protein language model capable of detecting distant homology to known defense proteins, second via a genomic language model with ALBERT architecture which predicts defensive function based on genomic context. We demonstrate that applying these approaches to Actinomycetota - a phylum largely unexplored for antiphage defenses, can accurately predict previously unknown functional defense mechanisms, leading to the discovery and experimental validation of six defense systems with novel antiphage proteins. Analysis of over 30,000 bacterial genomes predicted more than 45,000 uncharacterized protein families potentially involved in antiphage defense, underscoring the vast, untapped diversity of these systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mordret, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysset, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clabby, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavenir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein and genomic language models chart a vast landscape of antiphage defenses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.10.632330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered RNA-processing provides a mechanistic framework delineating human sex reversal associated with pathogenic variants in the RNA-helicase DHX37 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.10.632330v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent heterozygous missense variants in the highly conserved RNA-helicase DHX37, which is required for ribosome biogenesis, are a frequent cause of 46,XY sex-reversal or testis regression syndrome. How these missense variants specifically disrupt testis formation is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mutant DHX37 proteins retain their ATPase activity and are not associated with stabilization of cellular {beta}-catenin. Transfection of DHX37 p.R674Q mutant protein in an in-vitro cellular model recapitulating human Sertoli cell formation, showed a reduced activation of pro-testis genes compared to the WT protein. The expression of a DHX37 mutant protein in in-vitro derived human Sertoli-like cells (iSLCs) was also associated with global changes in gene expression, predicted to impact basic cellular functions. To define RNA transcripts interacting with either the WT or a mutant (p.R674Q) protein, we combined HyperTRIBE and single-cell full-length RNA-sequencing approaches using iSLCs. Gene ontology analysis indicated that transcripts targeted by WT DHX37 were primarily associated with cytoskeleton organization, including cell motility and cell adhesion. However, in contrast transcripts targeted by the mutated DHX37 protein, were not only associated with cytoskeleton organization but also with protein degradation and cell death. These data provide mechanistic framework that may explain how variants in the DHX37 protein can result in 46,XY sex-reversal through altered RNA networks that are required for the formation and maintenance of the supporting cell lineages of the human testis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elzaiat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talouarn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wankanit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eozenou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bignon-Topalovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seffer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElreavey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashamboo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered RNA-processing provides a mechanistic framework delineating human sex reversal associated with pathogenic variants in the RNA-helicase DHX37]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.15.633164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ontogeny drives stage-specific effects of a Gata1 mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.15.633164v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biography of an organism, including, for instance, its genetic background and exposure to environmental influences, determines the penetrance and expressivity of monogenic diseases between individuals. This also applies at the single-cell level. Interestingly, mature blood and immune cells originate from anatomically and temporally distinct stem and progenitor populations at different stages of development. Here we show that the ontogeny or progenitor origin of megakaryocytes determines their developmental trajectory at the cellular and transcriptional level. As a result, a mutation in the key transcription factor Gata1 dysregulates megakaryopoiesis in an ontogeny-specific manner causing a stage-specific disorder. Particularly, only early extraembryonic hematopoietic progenitors drive blast-like cell development leading to a transient accumulation of megakaryocytes in the fetus but not in the adult. Therefore, pediatric blood disorders may differ functionally from adult diseases due to changing progenitor sources of mature blood and immune cells throughout development.

HighlightsO_LIFetal and adult megakaryopoiesis pass through distinct immunophenotypic stages
C_LIO_LIOntogeny of megakaryocytes dictates their unique transcriptional trajectory
C_LIO_LIProgenitor origin rather than the differentiation pathway determines the effect of mutant Gata1
C_LIO_LIBlock in maturation at the progenitor level causes the accumulation of yolk sac-derived megakaryocytes in the presence of mutant Gata1
C_LIO_LIMutant Gata1 drives blast cell formation exclusively in yolk sac-derived lineages
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sommer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lallemand, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardenne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Perdiguero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.15.633164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ontogeny drives stage-specific effects of a Gata1 mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.23.634462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The essential role of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase for degradation of complex fatty acid mixtures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.23.634462v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatty acids (FAs) can be used as carbon and energy source by most bacteria. FAs are very diverse and show variations in aliphatic chain length, degree and kind of branching, and number of double bonds. After their activation by a thioester link to Coenzyme A, FAs are degraded by the {beta}-oxidation machinery. The core enzymes of the {beta}-oxidation machinery can degrade most FAs, except for those that bear an unsaturation at even-numbered carbons. Such FAs include arachidonic acid or linoleic acid, which are essential FAs of the mammalian diet. We studied the role of the 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase FadH in E. coli FA metabolism. We showed that fadH is essential for growth on linoleic acid and that Cys residues connecting FadH-bound [Fe-S] cluster are essential for activity in vivo. Moreover, we showed that when mixed with other FAs, linoleic acid prevents growth of the fadH mutant. These results underline the key role of FadH in complex environments like the gut containing diverse FAs. Eukaryotes also use 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductases for {beta}-oxidation in mitochondria, but these enzymes belong to a different family than FadH, with different co-factors equipment and mechanism. Yet, we showed that eukaryotic 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductases DECR can complement the E. coli fadH mutant for growth on linoleic acid and for relief of linoleate mediated jamming of the {beta}-oxidation, paving the way to search for chemicals targeting DECR activity. Altogether these studies demonstrate the key role of prokaryotic and eukaryotic 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductases in complex environments containing mixtures of saturated and unsaturated FAs.

IMPORTANCEBacteria and eukaryotes can harness energy from fatty acids (FAs) through the process of {beta}-oxidation. However, information on the {beta}-oxidation in bacteria stems from studies in which degradation of only a limited set of saturated or monounsaturated FAs were investigated, far from reflecting the wide chemical diversity of FAs found in Nature. Here we evidenced the physiological importance of dienoyl-CoA reductase enzymes required for the degradation of specific unsaturated fatty acids in complex mixtures of fatty acids, and how their absence leads to the congestion of the {beta}-oxidation machinery. These results will permit to better understand the impact of FA degradation in enterobacteria, living in the complex gut environment where FAs are available from the diet or from host lipids. Furthermore, we showed that eukaryotic enzymes can replace the prokaryotic ones, opening the possibility of biomedical application in structure/function studies of the eukaryotic dienoyl-CoA reductases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiaffi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavoncello, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouveret, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The essential role of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase for degradation of complex fatty acid mixtures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.23.634482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic viral factors enable efficient mosquito-borne transmission of African Zika virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.23.634482v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus primarily transmitted among humans by Aedes aegypti. Over the past two decades, it has caused significant outbreaks associated with birth defects and neurological disorders. Phylogenetically, ZIKV consists of two main genotypes referred to as the African and Asian lineages, each exhibiting distinct biological properties. African lineage strains are transmitted more efficiently by mosquitoes, but pinpointing the genetic basis of this difference has remained challenging. Here, we address this question by comparing recent African and Asian strains using chimeric viruses, in which segments of the parental genomes are swapped. Our results show that the structural genes from the African strain enhance viral internalization, while the non-structural genes improve genome replication and infectious particle production in mosquito cells. In vivo mosquito transmission is most significantly influenced by the structural genes, although no single viral gene alone determines this effect. Additionally, we develop a stochastic model of in vivo viral dynamics in mosquitoes that mirrors the observed patterns, suggesting that the primary difference between the African and Asian strains lies in their ability to traverse the mosquito salivary glands. Overall, our findings suggest that the polygenic nature of ZIKV transmissibility has prevented Asian lineage strains from achieving the same epidemic potential as African lineage strains, underscoring the importance of lineage-specific adaptive landscapes in shaping ZIKV evolution and emergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torii, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diagne, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sall, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonsall, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic viral factors enable efficient mosquito-borne transmission of African Zika virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.24.634696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of natural transformation on the acquisition of novel genes in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.24.634696v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural transformation is the only process of gene exchange under the exclusive control of the recipient bacteria. It has often been considered as a source of novel genes but quantitative assessments of this claim are lacking. To investigate the potential role of natural transformation in gene acquisition, we analysed a large collection of genomes of Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) and Legionella pneumophila (Lp) for which transformation rates were experimentally determined. Natural transformation rates are weakly correlated with genome size. But they are negatively associated with gene flow in both species. This might result from a negative balance between transformations ability to cure the chromosome from mobile genetic elements (MGEs), resulting in gene loss, and its facilitation of gene acquisition. By focusing on the latter, we found that transformation was significantly associated with small gene acquisition events while MGEs-driven gene acquisition tend to be associated with larger ones. Events of gene gain by transformation were spread more evenly in the chromosome than MGEs encoding the ability to integrate autonomously. We estimated the contribution of natural transformation to gene gains by comparing recombination-driven gene acquisition rates between transformable and non-transformable strains. Natural transformation may have caused the acquisition of up to 6.4% (Ab) and 1.1% (Lp) of the novel genes. This low contribution of natural transformation to the acquisition of novel genes implies that most novel genes must have been acquired by other means. Interestingly, the ones potentially acquired by transformation include almost 15% of the recently acquired antibiotic resistance genes in A. baumannii. Hence, natural transformation may drive the acquisition of relatively few novel genes but these may have a high fitness impact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazzamurro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charpentier, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of natural transformation on the acquisition of novel genes in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.29.635402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using cryogenic electron microscopy methods to gain insight into structure and initial host attachment of the flagellotropic bacteriophage 7-7-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.29.635402v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the structural and functional mechanisms of bacteriophage 7-7-1, the flagellotropic phage infecting Agrobacterium sp. H13-3, offers promising insights into phage-host interactions. Using single particle analysis (SPA) cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we determined the capsid and tail structure, and built atomic models of capsid hexamers, pentamers and tail. Combined with cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and machine learning methodologies, our findings indicate that phage 7-7-1 uses capsid fibers to establish initial contact with the host flagellum, followed by subsequent attachment to cell surface receptors. Proteinase K treatment confirmed the time-dependent degradation of capsid fibers. The study also demonstrated that capsid fibers are flexible and can interact with other phages and host flagella, suggesting a cooperative infection strategy. These results provide crucial structural insights and may open avenues for developing phage-based therapeutics against resistant bacterial pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noteborn, W. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeksma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidi Mabrouk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteves, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelt, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharf, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.29.635402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using cryogenic electron microscopy methods to gain insight into structure and initial host attachment of the flagellotropic bacteriophage 7-7-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.03.636191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicle production and membrane uptake promote repair and antibiotic tolerance in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.03.636191v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid structures released in response to environmental stressors, such as phages and antibiotics. Despite their critical role in bacterial adaptability, the mechanisms by which EVs interact with membranes under stress remain poorly understood, due to challenges in visualizing these dynamic processes in live bacteria. Here, we use high-resolution fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and cryo-electron microscopy to investigate EV production and uptake in Escherichia coli exposed to sub-minimum inhibitory concentration doses of polymyxin B (Pmb), a membrane-active antimicrobial peptide. Using fluorescently labeled Pmb and EVs, we track Pmb insertion and removal from membranes, EV production and uptake, and their effects on cell growth. Our findings demonstrate that EV production rapidly sequesters Pmb in the medium and facilitates its removal from bacterial membranes. For the first time, we demonstrated that EVs act as membrane plugs by adhering to or fusing with Pmb-damaged membranes. These dynamic processes work together to reduce the antibiotic load from the membranes, turn off the RcsA-mediated membrane stress response, and enable cells to resume growth. Although EVs do not provide resistance to Pmb, they enhance the survival and tolerance of bacterial populations. This study uncovers the dual role of EVs in Pmb sequestration and membrane repair, providing new insights into antibiotic tolerance mechanisms and paving the way for innovative approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayboroda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou-Haydar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular vesicle production and membrane uptake promote repair and antibiotic tolerance in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.03.636250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The epigenomic landscape of bronchial epithelial cells reveals the establishment of trained immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.03.636250v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInnate immune memory, also called trained immunity, refers to the ability of innate immune cells to gain memory characteristics after transient stimulation, resulting in a nonspecific modified inflammatory response upon secondary remote challenge. Bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) participate in innate immune defence and are the first cells of the lower respiratory tract to encounter inhaled pathogens. We recently showed that BECs are capable of innate immune memory after preexposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin through epigenetic mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated such mechanisms through the modification of chromatin architecture induced by flagellin preexposure that results in subsequent changes of gene expression.

ResultsBy conducting an unsupervised approach to jointly analyse chromatin accessibility and gene expression, we mapped the remodelling of the epigenomic and transcriptomic profiles during the establishment of BECs memory. We identified a Memory regulatory profile induced by flagellin exposure. It includes clusters of upregulated genes related to inflammation that are linked to a sustainable gain in chromatin accessibility and with an increased activity of specific factors (TFs) whose binding may drive this process.

ConclusionsIn summary, we demonstrated that flagellin exposure induced changes in chromatin condensation in BECs, which sustains the reprogramming of transcriptional patterns
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bigot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamroune, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gars, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvol, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennequin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balloy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The epigenomic landscape of bronchial epithelial cells reveals the establishment of trained immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.04.636441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmed in vivo excision of prophage {varphi}13 is an essential timing device for the Staphylococcus aureus infectious process 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.04.636441v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile genetic elements play an essential part in the infectious process of major pathogens, yet the role of prophage dynamics in Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis is still not well understood. Here we studied the impact of the {Phi}13 hlb- converting prophage, whose integration inactivates the hlb {beta}-toxin gene, on staphylococcal pathogenesis. We showed that prophage {Phi}13 is lost in approximately half the bacterial population during the course of infection. Inactivation of the {Phi}13 int recombinase gene, essential for insertion/excision, locked the prophage in the bacterial chromosome, leading to a significant loss of virulence in a murine systemic infection model. In contrast, the non-lysogen strain ({Delta}{Phi}13), where the hlb beta-hemolysin gene is reconstituted, displayed strongly increased virulence. Accordingly, histopathological analyses revealed more severe nephritis in mice infected with bacteria lacking prophage {Phi}13 ({Delta}{Phi}13), compared to infection with the parental strain. Infection with the {Delta}int mutant, where beta-hemolysin production is abolished, led to the least severe renal lesions. Cytokine induction in a human neutrophil model showed significantly increased IL-6 expression following infection with the beta-hemolysin producing strain ({Delta}{Phi}13). Our results indicate that timely in vivo excision of the {Phi}13 prophage is essential for progression of the Staphylococcus aureus infectious process: early excision leads to rapid host death whereas the inability to excise the prophage significantly reduces staphylococcal virulence.

IMPORTANCEThis study highlights prophage {Phi}13 excision as a critical factor in S. aureus pathogenesis, influencing infection outcomes by balancing rapid host killing with reduced bacterial virulence. This mechanism may represent a bet-hedging strategy in genetic regulation, resulting in a mixed bacterial population capable of rapidly switching between two processes: bacterial colonization and host damage. Unraveling this dynamic opens new possibilities for developing targeted therapies to disrupt or modulate prophage activity, offering a novel approach to mitigating S. aureus infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poupel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenanian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touqui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrial, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Msadek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubrac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.04.636441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmed in vivo excision of prophage {varphi}13 is an essential timing device for the Staphylococcus aureus infectious process]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.15.638363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nested parasitism in hypersaline environments: viruses and virus satellites of haloarchaea and their nanosized cellular symbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.15.638363v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is increasingly recognized that hyperparasitism, whereby a parasite exploits a host which itself is a parasite, is a common phenomenon across ecosystems and domains of life. Here, to explore hyperparasitism in Archaea, we focused on ultra-small archaea of the phylum Nanohaloarchaeota, a distinct lineage within the DPANN superphylum, which establish obligate symbiotic interactions with extreme halophiles of the class Halobacteria. We assembled five metagenomes originating from geothermally influenced salt lakes in the Danakil Depression, Ethiopia, and reconstructed the viromes associated with both haloarchaea and nanohaloarchaea. Both archaeal lineages were associated with viruses from four distinct groups, including head-tailed viruses (class Caudoviricetes), tailless icosahedral viruses, pleomorphic viruses and spindle-shaped viruses, which represent 12 previously undescribed families. The haloarchaeal viruses (HVs) and nanohaloarchaeal viruses (NHVs) are only distantly related, suggesting that viruses from the four groups co-evolved with their respective hosts for an extended period, likely since the divergence of the two archaeal lineages from their last common ancestor. Consistently, our results show that HVs and NHVs are well-adapted to replicate in their respective hosts and to thrive in hypersaline environments. No evidence of host switching between haloarchaea and nanohaloarchaea was obtained, but multiple horizontal transfers of genes implicated in virion structure and morphogenesis between HVs and NHVs were detected. We also identified several NHVs-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes implicated in nucleotide and amino acid metabolisms, which could enhance the metabolic capabilities of the nanohaloarchaeal hosts that have highly reduced genomes. Finally, in addition to HVs and NHVs, we describe plasmid-derived virus satellites that appear to have originated convergently to parasitize spindle-shaped viruses of both haloarchaea and nanohaloarchaea, uncovering an additional layer of parasitism. Collectively, our findings fill the knowledge gap on the diversity of HVs and NHVs, highlight the complexity of virus-host and virus-virus interactions in hypersaline environments, and open doors for further mining of the virosphere of the globally distributed DPANN archaea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Preciado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakimov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.15.638363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nested parasitism in hypersaline environments: viruses and virus satellites of haloarchaea and their nanosized cellular symbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.24.639860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dengue virus susceptibility in Aedes aegypti linked to natural cytochrome P450 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.24.639860v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary vector for dengue virus (DENV), which infects millions of people annually. Variability in DENV susceptibility among wild Ae. aegypti populations is governed by genetic factors, but specific causal variants are unknown. Here, we identify a cytochrome P450-encoding gene (CYP4G15) whose variants drive differences in DENV susceptibility in a natural Ae. aegypti population. CYP4G15 is transiently upregulated in DENV-resistant midguts, while knockdown increases susceptibility, and transgenic overexpression enhances resistance. A naturally occurring 18-base-pair promoter deletion reduces CYP4G15 expression and confers higher DENV susceptibility. The unexpected role of a cytochrome P450 in DENV susceptibility challenges the long-standing focus on canonical immune pathways and opens new avenues for understanding antiviral defense and DENV transmission in mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merkling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couderc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crist, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jupatanakul, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burckbuchler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiolle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paupy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marois, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dengue virus susceptibility in Aedes aegypti linked to natural cytochrome P450 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.26.640286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Conjugation Reveals Strain Specific Recombination Patterns Enabling Precise Trait Mapping in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.26.640286v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic exchange is a cornerstone of evolutionary biology and genomics, driving adaptation and enabling the identification of genetic determinants underlying phenotypic traits. In Escherichia coli, horizontal gene transfer via conjugation and transduction not only promotes diversification and adaptation but has also been instrumental in mapping genetic traits. However, the dynamics and variability of bacterial recombination remain poorly understood, particularly concerning the patterns of recombined DNA fragments. To elucidate these patterns and simultaneously develop a tool for trait mapping, we designed a high-throughput conjugation method to generate recombinant libraries. Recombination profiles were inferred through whole-genome sequencing of individual clones and populations after selection of a marker from the donor strain in the recipient. This analysis revealed an extraordinary range of recombined fragment sizes, spanning less than ten kilobases to over a megabase--a pattern that varied across the three tested strains. Mathematical modelling indicated that this diversity in recombined fragment size enables precise identification of selected loci following genetic crosses. Consistently, population sequencing pinpointed a selected marker at kilobase-scale accuracy, offering a robust tool for identifying subtle genetic determinants that could include point mutations in core genes. These findings challenge the conventional view that conjugation always transfers large fragments, suggesting that even short recombined segments, traditionally attributed to transduction, may originate from conjugation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corneloup, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELLENGIER, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gachet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenaillon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.26.640286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Conjugation Reveals Strain Specific Recombination Patterns Enabling Precise Trait Mapping in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.28.640884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colorectal Cancer-Associated Streptococcus gallolyticus: A Hidden Diversity Exposed 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.28.640884v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG) is a bacterial pathogen implicated in bacteremia and endocarditis, and is often associated with colon tumors in elderly individuals. The development of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been linked to intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by increased proportions of SGG and other intestinal microbes. In this study, we present the complete nucleotide sequence of five novel clinical isolates of SGG associated with colorectal cancer, revealing unexpected genetic diversity. Sequencing an additional 30 SGG clinical isolates provided a more comprehensive description of this genetic diversity. We did not identify a pathogenicity island specific to CRC-associated SGG isolates. Most of these human-derived SGG isolates exhibit resistance to multiple antibiotics. Our findings also offer additional insights into multilocus sequence typing (MLST), capsular loci, and pilus organization. Analysis of the repertoire of surface proteins reveals high potential for binding and foraging complex polysaccharides. Finally, comparative genomics with the phylogenetically closest non-pathogenic subspecies S. gallolyticus subps. macedonicus, confirmed that SGG pathogenicity-associated factors mostly rely on a large repertoire of surface proteins involved in host colonization, presence of C5a peptidase to avoid innate immunity, bile salt hydrolase to persist in the gut, and of specific bacteriocin and type VII-dependent effectors to colonize the host colon. Additionally, the presence of extracellular polysaccharides in SGG probably helps the bacterium survive in harsher conditions.

ImportanceStreptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG) was the first intestinal bacterium associated with colorectal cancer. It is now widely accepted that colonic microbiota dysbiosis contributes to oncogenesis, with a higher relative abundance of several potentially pro-carcinogenic bacteria. For example, the oncogenic role of Escherichia coli pks+ and enterotoxinogenic Bacteroides fragilis in colorectal cancer have been well established identifying the role of genetic loci encoding toxins.

Through the sequencing and analysis of 11 clinical SGG isolates from CRC patients and comparisons with non-CRC isolates, we uncovered a significant diversity among CRC-associated strains. Our findings suggest that SGG association with CRC is complex and is not linked to a specific strain or pathogenicity island, thus highlighting the opportunistic and versatile nature of SGG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perichon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COKELAER, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TEH, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Merle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doloy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poyart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givskov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieu-Cuot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dramsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colorectal Cancer-Associated Streptococcus gallolyticus: A Hidden Diversity Exposed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.03.641259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA2seg: a generalist model for cell segmentation in image-based spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.03.641259v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging-based spatial transcriptomics (IST) enables high-resolution spatial mapping of RNA species. A key challenge in IST is accurate cell segmentation to assign each RNA molecule to the right cell. Here, we present RNA2seg, a novel segmentation algorithm trained on over 4 million cells from MERFISH and CosMx datasets across seven organs using a teacher-student training scheme. RNA2seg integrates RNA point clouds and all available membrane and nuclear stainings. Validation on manually annotated data shows superior performance including in zero-shot and few-shot settings. The method is available as a documented pip package: https://github.com/fish-quant/rna2seg.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Defard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blondel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias de Melo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.03.641259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA2seg: a generalist model for cell segmentation in image-based spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.13.643016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired stem cell migration and divisions in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy revealed by live imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.13.643016v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulation of stem cell properties is a hallmark of many pathologies, but the dynamic behaviour of stem cells in their microenvironment during disease progression remains poorly understood. Using the mdx mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, we developed innovative live-imaging of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) in vivo, and ex vivo on isolated myofibres. We show that mdx MuSCs have impaired migration and precocious differentiation through unbalanced symmetric divisions, driven by p38 and PI3K signalling pathways, in contrast to the p38-only dependence of healthy MuSCs. Cross-grafting shows that MuSC fate decisions are governed by intrinsic cues, whereas their migration behaviour is determined by the extracellular niche. This study provides the first dynamic analysis of dystrophic MuSC properties in vivo, reconciling conflicting reports on their function. Our findings establish DMD as a MuSC disease with intrinsic defects and niche dysfunction, offering strategies to restore stem cell functions for improved muscle regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarde, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letort, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired stem cell migration and divisions in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy revealed by live imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.15.643453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication coordination marks the domestication of large extrachromosomal replicons in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.15.643453v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial genomes often include extrachromosomal replicons (ERs), ranging from small plasmids to nearly chromosome-sized elements, that foster genome plasticity and adaptation. Despite their prevalence, the mechanisms underlying ER domestication and their long-term adaptation within bacterial hosts remain largely unexplored. By analyzing over 40,000 complete bacterial genomes, we identified two main ER categories: small ERs with diverse GC content and large ERs ([&ge;]10% the size of the main chromosome) that closely match the GC content of the chromosome. Across multiple phyla, marker frequency analyses showed that large ERs maintain a 1:1 copy number with the chromosome. Another key finding of this study is that large ERs terminate replication in synchrony with the chromosome. Hi-C contact maps revealed consistent ori-ori interactions between chromosomes and ERs. In large ERs, inter-replichore and ter-ter interactions, along with the recruitment of key chromosomal segregation motifs, suggest the co-option of chromosome-associated replication and segregation machineries. Together, our findings indicate that as ERs become larger, they become increasingly reliant on chromosome-driven processes for stable inheritance, potentially explaining why they do not exceed the size of the chromosome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Czarnecki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamberioux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skovgaard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bignaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niault, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakowska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartosik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marbouty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Val, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.15.643453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication coordination marks the domestication of large extrachromosomal replicons in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.18.643869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Z-DNA formation induces the totipotent-like state and primes Zscan4-dependent chromatin compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.18.643869v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A remarkable transition during murine development is the progression from the 1-cell embryo to the 2-cell stage, accompanied by the activation of a specific set of embryonic genes, epigenome reprogramming, and nuclear architecture reorganization. Some of these characteristics are recapitulated in vitro with the spontaneous emergence of 2-cell-like cells from mouse embryonic stem cells, which exhibit a transcriptomic signature resembling the 2-cell stage, including the expression of genes such as Dux, Zscan4, and the repetitive element MERVL, and a more relaxed chromatin state. Here, we show that inter- and intra-chromosomal interactions, driven by Zscan4 chromatin factors, form during this transition and segregate into a distinct genomic compartment (Z compartment). Mechanistically, the formation of Z-DNA, an alternative DNA conformation regulated by polyamine levels, promotes the emergence of totipotent-like cells and the establishment of the Z compartment. This compartment is characterized by a decrease in active histone marks and a reduced expression of genes associated with differentiation and late developmental processes. Overall, these findings suggest that Z-DNA formation may play a dual role, first in activating ZGA genes and later in guiding genome compartmentalization to safeguard the totipotent-like state by restricting the expression of non-ZGA genes within a permissive chromatin environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shajahan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe-Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon-Legagneur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traboulsi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossec, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.643869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Z-DNA formation induces the totipotent-like state and primes Zscan4-dependent chromatin compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.22.644534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metabolism-chromatin axis promotes ribosome heterogeneity in the human malaria parasite 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.22.644534v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transmission of the most virulent human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, relies on its survival in the contrasting environments of the human host and mosquito vector. One of the most fascinating adaptations to this lifestyle is the specific silencing of individual rDNA genes in the human host that are de-repressed following host-to-vector transmission. In this study, we defined the epigenetic signatures of rRNA transcription and found that rDNA silencing relies on aerobic glycolysis, the sole energy-generating pathway in the human host. We show that disruption of NAD+ regeneration during lactate fermentation promotes rDNA de-repression and identify the sirtuin histone deacetylase Sir2a as the mediator between fluctuating NAD+ levels and a functional transcriptional outcome. Hence, rDNA activation appears to be coupled to the metabolic state of the parasite as it transitions from aerobic glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration during host-to-vector transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baumgarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignolini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dore, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buettner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poschet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duenas Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.22.644534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metabolism-chromatin axis promotes ribosome heterogeneity in the human malaria parasite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.644963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping regulatory networks underlying Leishmania stage differentiation reveals an essential role for protein degradation in parasite development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.644963v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vector-borne, protist parasites have evolved complex developmental programs to adapt to very distinct host environments. How these important pathogens transition between insect and mammalian stages is only poorly understood. Here we investigate stage differentiation in the trypanosomatid parasite Leishmania that shows constitutive gene transcription, thus providing a unique model system to assess how development is governed by post-transcriptional mechanisms. Using a five-layer integrative systems analysis (from genome to metabolome), we examined hamster-isolated Leishmania donovani amastigotes and culture-derived, insect-stage promastigotes. This approach enabled us to rule out genomic adaptation as a key driver of parasite stage differentiation, while confirming the pivotal role of differential mRNA turnover in stage-specific gene expression. Assessing transcriptomic against proteomic expression changes uncovered an unexpectedly broad dynamic range of stage-regulated changes in protein abundance that only poorly correlated with mRNA levels. This discrepancy correlated with (i) alterations in snoRNA expression and changes in rRNA modification they guide suggesting stage-specific adaptation of the protein translation apparatus that can uncouple mRNA from protein abundancies, and (ii) differential protein degradation as revealed by quantitative proteomics of parasites treated with the proteasomal inhibitor lactacystin. Lactacystin treatment stalled the transition of spleen-derived amastigotes into promastigotes in culture, further underscoring the role of proteasomal activity in stage differentiation. Integration of our five-layer systems analysis established the first link between Leishmania development and the expression of co-regulated genetic networks encompassing mRNA turnover, protein translation, phosphorylation, and degradation. Our findings provide a powerful new resource for research programs that aim to dissect the emergent properties of regulatory networks and feedback loops underlying Leishmania stage differentiation, serving as a blueprint for other vector-borne pathogens that rely on disease-associated developmental transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pescher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovarova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleuze, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Späth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.644963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping regulatory networks underlying Leishmania stage differentiation reveals an essential role for protein degradation in parasite development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.644984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing Diversity Generating Retroelements for in vivo targeted hyper-mutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.644984v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid evolution of novel functions requires targeted mutagenesis to avoid harmful mutations. Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) are natural systems that accelerate the evolution of diverse bacterial functions through targeted hypermutation. Here, we establish a method utilizing DGRs coupled to recombineering (DGRec), enabling the diversification of any sequence of interest in E. coli. DGRec can programmably diversify specific residues by leveraging the high error rate of the DGR reverse-transcriptase at adenines. We perform a detailed characterization of the reverse-transcriptase biases, highlighting how it maximizes the exploration of the sequence space while avoiding nonsense mutations. Applied to the phage {lambda} GpJ receptor binding domain, and to its lamB receptor, DGRec created diverse variants enabling E. coli to evade infection, and {lambda} to reinfect lamB mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laurenceau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vittot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerdas-Mejias, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrysostomou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.644984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing Diversity Generating Retroelements for in vivo targeted hyper-mutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.25.645178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-subgenus hybridization between Leishmania and Sauroleishmania informs on parasite genomic compatibility and transcriptomic adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.25.645178v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leishmania parasites can enter a cryptic sexual reproductive cycle generating hybrid genotypes that can lead to unpredictable clinical outcomes and transmission cycles. Despite the importance of hybrids in Leishmania epidemiology, the mechanisms involved in their formation - including the impact of parental genetic distance - remain poorly understood. We report the in vitro generation of a hybrid between Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae, two species from sister phylogenetic clades circulating across Southern Italy, providing evidence of genomic compatibility. Whole-Genome Sequencing indicates that, while the hybrid is largely tetraploid, its genome is not just the sum of its parental content. RNA-seq analysis of the hybrid transcriptome uncovers significant differences in the abundance of orthologous transcripts expressed from both parental genomes, driven by either parent-specific gene copy number variations or differential mRNA turnover. These results demonstrate that, beyond genomic restructuring, post-transcriptional regulation may serve as an additional mechanism shaping viable hybrid phenotypes, potentially enhancing parasite adaptability and fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Louzada-Flores, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pescher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues Ferreira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latrofa, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Roldan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otranto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Späth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louradour, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-subgenus hybridization between Leishmania and Sauroleishmania informs on parasite genomic compatibility and transcriptomic adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.27.645668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arm and head domain in highly conserved lipoprotein modification enzyme Lgt determine functional diversity among bacterial pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.27.645668v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipoproteins are important components of the bacterial cell envelope that itself is an excellent target for antibiotics. The post-translational lipoprotein modification pathway is conserved in bacteria in which prolipoprotein phosphatidylglycerol diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) catalyses the first and committed step. Due to its essentiality for cell viability in proteobacteria its membrane localisation and relative accessibility, Lgt is proposed as promising target for the development of novel antibiotics. To answer the question of the degree of conservation between Lgt homologues of WHO-listed pathogenic species we performed evolutionary, structural and functional analyses. Our data show that Lgt is present in all bacteria and absent from archaea. Alpha Fold structural models are similar to the X-ray structure of Lgt from E. coli with most variability and less conserved residues in the arm- and head domains. Lgt of proteobacteria but not of firmicutes restore growth and viability of a Lgt depletion strain in E. coli. Sequence alignments and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrate that unique conserved residues on arm-2 together with histidine 103 determine protein substrate specificity. This large-scale analysis led to the definition of a 13-residue Lgt motif and an alternative catalytic mechanism. Our results highlight similarities in catalytic mechanism and differences in substrate specificity between Lgt homologues from pathogenic species with impact on strategies to develop narrow-spectrum antibiotics targeting Lgt.

Author summaryAntimicrobial resistance is a major threat to public health for which novel targets to develop new therapies is urgently needed. The bacterial lipoprotein modification pathway is promising for exploration of new antibiotics since it is unique to bacteria, it is essential for bacterial viability and virulence, and it is accessible to drugs due to the exposed domains of the modification enzymes. In this study we explored large-scale sequence analysis, structural modelling and functional assays of the first enzyme in the pathway. Our findings show that the enzyme is highly conserved across distant phyla, that homologous enzymes have similar structures and contain a signature motif composed of invariant essential residues, but functional conservation divides monoderm and diderm pathogenic bacteria. This correlates with structural variation and differences in substrate specificity, illustrating the potential for the development of narrow spectrum antibiotics targeting the lipoprotein modification pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Legood, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira Paiva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffiot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomperts Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buddelmeijer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.645668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arm and head domain in highly conserved lipoprotein modification enzyme Lgt determine functional diversity among bacterial pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.28.645929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine primes the malaria parasite for transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.28.645929v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sudden environmental changes are a recurring challenge for unicellular organisms, but a necessity for many to progress through their lifecycle. To transmit from its human host to mosquito vector, malaria parasites differentiate into male and female, semi-quiescent stages that can re-initiate development within seconds after transmission. Here, we identify the RNA modification N6-methyladenosine (m6A) as the mediator of a rapid, sex-specific, and temperature-sensitive mechanism to restructure protein synthesis during transmission. We find that male parasites maintain high levels of translation during their semi-quiescence that are rapidly repressed following mosquito uptake. This translational shutdown is essential for the continuation of male parasite development and depends on the m6A-binding protein YTH.2. We further show that m6A and YTH.2 are already present prior to transmission, but that their repressive interaction requires a temperature drop accompanying the exit from the human host. Hence, m6A appears to prime the parasite transcriptome and subsequently converts an environmental shift into a rapid translational response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mussgnug, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignolini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dore, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadj Abed, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preiser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine primes the malaria parasite for transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.30.645928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning recognises antibiotic modes of action from brightfield images 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.30.645928v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health threat predicted to cause up to 10 million deaths a year by 2050. To circumvent existing bacterial resistance mechanisms, discovering antibiotics with novel modes of action (MoAs) is crucial. While growth inhibition assays can robustly identify antibiotic molecules, they miss promising compounds with subinhibitory phenotypes and do not inform on drug MoA. Microscopy-based cytological profiling of drug-treated bacteria with hand-crafted image descriptors or more recently deep learning (DL) provides complementary information on the MoA. However, current approaches are limited by the need for fluorescent labelling and drug exposure at inhibitory concentrations. It also remains unclear if cytological profiling enables the detection of drugs with novel MoAs. Here, we demonstrate an approach based on supervised DL to identify antibiotic drug MoA from microscopy images without fluorescent labelling. We train a convolutional neural network to predict treatment conditions from brightfield images of Escherichia coli exposed to reference drugs covering multiple MoAs. Our method can detect drug exposure at subinhibitory concentrations and distinguishes individual drug treatments with high accuracy (86.2%). The learned representations implicitly capture MoA-specific phenotypes, enabling perfect MoA recognition (100%) without retraining using a model trained on only 644 images. Our approach can identify the MoA of previously unseen drugs with good accuracy (77.8{+/-}3.3%), as long as the MoA is represented by at least one of the training compounds. Finally, we show that our approach can detect if a drug has a novel MoA with an area under the curve above 0.75 for five out of six MoAs, facilitating microscopy-based identification of novel classes of antibiotics. Our methods and results pave the way towards an automated pipeline for antibiotic drug discovery based on imaging and DL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krentzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahtal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorte, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehenkel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boneca, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.30.645928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning recognises antibiotic modes of action from brightfield images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.31.644992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling viral and bacterial infections in human lung organotypic systems reveals strain specific host responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.31.644992v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we developed novel lung organoid-on-chip models that elucidate differential human tissue response to various strains of respiratory pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2. We show that human fetal-derived distal lung epithelial cells are readily expandable in 3D as organoids, thereby providing a highly sustainable source of lung progenitor cells. These 3D organoid progenitors can then be induced to produce airway and alveolar organoids on microfluidic devices. Upon challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium known to cause pneumonia, a rapid and strain-dependent colonization was observed at the epithelial surface of alveolar chips. We also assessed SARS-CoV-2 infection in the alveoli-on-chip system and observed that the Delta variant exhibited greater infectivity as compared to the Omicron BA.5. Both SARS-CoV-2 variants induced potent interferon responses and triggered the expression of different interferon-stimulated genes. Our results demonstrate that strain-specific host defense mechanisms can be recapitulated in human-organoid-based microfluidic systems, paving the way for the use of such platforms for more targeted assessments of human response to novel emergent pathogen strains.

HighlightsO_LIHuman fetal epithelial lung stem cells can be expanded as multipotent organoids and differentiated into both airway or alveolar organoids
C_LIO_LIMultipotent lung organoids efficiently produce functional epithelia of small airway or alveoli when grown on-chip.
C_LIO_LIStreptococcus pneumoniae inoculation in alveoli-on-chip mimics the early stages of bacterial colonization in lung epithelia
C_LIO_LIAlveoli on-chip system recapitulates variant-specific interactions. SARS-CoV-2 Delta replicates but not Omicron BA.5.
C_LIO_LIRobust interferon response upon SARS-CoV-2 infection shows Alveoli on-chip can model innate immune responses.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faria Fonseca, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong-Ng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BONDET, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strick Marchand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Santo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauvonnet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.644992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling viral and bacterial infections in human lung organotypic systems reveals strain specific host responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.04.647190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vivo Dual RNA-Seq uncovers key toxin-like effectors of epithelial barrier disruption and tissue colonization by an extracellular bacterial pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.04.647190v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of host cell barriers is a fundamental strategy enabling pathogens to establish a paracellular infection. Using dual RNA-Seq, we determined the in vivo host-pathogen transcriptomic landscape upon infection by the extracellular pathogen Leptospira interrogans and uncovered a novel mechanism of cell-cell junction disruption. We demonstrated that, upon infection, an increase in intracellular calcium triggered tight junction destabilization, by activating the calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase signalization. We identified two novel bacterial effectors of the Virulence-Modifying (VM) proteins family, structurally related to toxin-like proteins, that promoted modulation of calcium homeostasis and disruption of cell-cell junctions, thereby allowing Leptospira translocation across epithelium barriers, tissue colonization and pathogenicity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that at least one of these VM proteins was internalized inside host cells. Altogether, these findings reveal a unique strategy by which an extracellular pathogen secretes toxin-like proteins to exploit host calcium signaling for breaching epithelial barriers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraud-Gatineau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haustant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BENAROUDJ, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vivo Dual RNA-Seq uncovers key toxin-like effectors of epithelial barrier disruption and tissue colonization by an extracellular bacterial pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.06.647422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The type I and III interferon responses restrict infection with tick-borne orthoflaviviruses through IFI6 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.06.647422v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tick-borne orthoflaviviruses (TBOVs) are a growing global health concern. Several representatives of this viral family cause fatal disease in humans with increasing case numbers throughout the last decades. The innate immune response, especially interferon (IFN)-dependent signaling, is an essential part of the human defense system that counteracts infection with TBOVs and other viruses. Even though they activate the same signaling cascade, IFNs belonging to the type I and III families trigger differing gene expression patterns. Which genes the two IFN families induce to restrict infection with TBOVs remains poorly characterized. Here we show that type I and III IFNs are both capable of restricting TBOV infection of human cell lines in a cell type-specific manner. Infection of C57BL/6J mice with knockouts for either IFN type I or III receptors further underscored the critical role of IFN signaling in controlling TBOV replication in vivo. To assess the contribution of single genes to controlling TBOV infection in human cells, we used a CRISPR/Cas9-KO-based screening approach. This strategy identified IFI6 as a central player for IFN type I- and III-driven responses against TBOVs. We further defined IFI6 as an ER-resident protein that restricts TBOV replication at a post-entry step. Our work thus opens new perspectives for targeting weak points in the life cycle of TBOVs and other orthoflaviviruses, potentially paving the way for the development of new antiviral therapeutics.

One Sentence SummaryType I and III interferons are crucial for protection against tick-borne orthoflavivirus infection in vitro and in vivo, both relying on IFI6 as a main antiviral effector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Streicher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caval, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aicher, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roesch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvenet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.06.647422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The type I and III interferon responses restrict infection with tick-borne orthoflaviviruses through IFI6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.07.647508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential association of SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses with anti-OC43 IgG in a Senegalese cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.07.647508v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous studies elucidated the kinetics of the humoral immune response post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody responses and their interaction with pre-existing seasonal human coronavirus (HCoVs: OC43, 229E, NL63, HKU1) immunity remain underexplored.

A prospective cohort study was conducted in Senegal during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (March to December 2020). A total of 204 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were included. Patients were classified as symptomatic (n=157) or asymptomatic (n=47) based on clinical presentation. Plasma samples (n=705) were collected over 6 months from SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals. IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs were measured using a multiplex bead-based assay.

Among the 204 participants included (95 [46.6%] female, median age, 44 [7-95]), SARS-CoV-2 IgG were detectable 6 months post-infection, peaking at 1 month for most antigens, except for Spike (S), which peaked at 3 months. Elderly patients (>60 years) exhibited higher IgG levels against both SARS- CoV-2 and HCoVs. Symptomatic patients had higher IgG levels than asymptomatic individuals, especially for WTS, RBD, S2, and N. Anti-HCoV IgG levels remained stable post-infection, with OC43 peaking at week 3 in symptomatic patients. A positive correlation was found between anti-SARS-CoV- 2 and anti-OC43 IgG in symptomatic patients.

The study highlights persistent SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies for up to 6 months and suggests a link between pre-existing HCoV-OC43 immunity and COVID-19 outcomes in Senegal. These findings could help shape future vaccine strategies, considering the influence of circulating HCoVs on long- term protection against SARS-CoV-2.

Author summaryUnderstanding how our immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID- 19, is essential for guiding public health countermeasures and informing vaccine development strategies. In our study, we monitored, in COVID-19 patients, the evolution of IgG antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins over a six-month period. Additionally, we examined how previous exposure to common seasonal coronaviruses might influence immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Conducting this research in an African context is particularly important, as data on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in this region are scarce.

Our results provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 and pre-existing immunity from seasonal circulating coronaviruses. These findings enhance our understanding of immune memory and cross-reactivity, two critical factors for assessing long-term protection and optimizing vaccine strategies. By shedding light on the dynamics of antibody responses over time within a sub-Saharan population, our research contributes to the global effort aimed at developing effective interventions against COVID-19 and preparing for future coronavirus outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbow, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tall, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndoye, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faye, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbengue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelleau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sall, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taïeb, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loucoubar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poiret, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigan-Womas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential association of SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses with anti-OC43 IgG in a Senegalese cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.10.643941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Monotonically Classifying Pairs of Genes for Ordinal Disease Outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.10.643941v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we extend an existing classification method for identifying pairs of genes whose joint expression is associated with binary outcomes to ordinal multi-class outcomes, such as overall survival or disease progression. Our approach is motivated by the need for interpretable classifiers that can provide insights into the underlying biological mechanisms. It can be easily adapted to different research questions, such as identifying gene pair signatures or functional enrichment. We demonstrate that our method is comparable to state-of-the-art classification approaches in terms of performance, while offering the benefit of higher interpretability and adaptability to solve different research questions. Our evaluation on two real-world use cases in glioblastoma and high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma shows that our approach can effectively predict ordinal outcomes and provide novel biological insights. The code is available at https://github.com/oceanefrqt/MBMC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fourquet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afenteva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hautaniemi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krejca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwikowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.643941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Monotonically Classifying Pairs of Genes for Ordinal Disease Outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.14.648682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vector Competence of Temperate and Tropical Mosquito Species for Babanki virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.14.648682v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Babanki virus (BBKV), an alphavirus belonging to the Western Equine encephalitis complex, was isolated from Mansonia africana mosquitoes in 1969 but is not characterized yet. Transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of an infectious female arthropod, it is associated with febrile illness, rash, and arthritis similarly to Sindbis virus to which it is related. No specific treatment or vaccine is available. To investigate any risk of propagation, our study investigated the vector competence of several mosquito species towards BBKV. For this purpose, laboratory mosquito colonies from metropolitan France: Culex pipiens (Paris), Aedes albopictus (Nice) as well as tropical area: Aedes albopictus (Saint-Benoit, La Reunion) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Slab strain), Aedes aegypti (PAEA) were exposed to an artificial blood meal infected with BBKV molecular clone. Midguts, legs, salivary glands and saliva were collected from individual mosquitoes of different strains or species at various time points to assess the infection status, viral replication, and infectiousness. At 7 days post viral exposure, infection rates exceeded 70% in Aedes and 40% in Culex species. They remain above 50% except for Culex quinquefasciatus which decreases to 35% at 14 days post viral exposure. Using genome and protein detection, the dissemination rates are above 50% except for Aedes albopictus (Nice) at 7 days post viral exposure. Infection assays using VeroE6 cells indicated that BBKV replicative viral particles were found in the saliva of the different populations tested. Our data demonstrate that different mosquitoes species from both temperate and tropical areas are competent to transmit BBKV suggesting an emergence risk that could trigger an outbreak in humans.

Author SummaryBabanki virus (BBKV) is a non-characterized arbovirus identified in 1969 in Cameroon. BBKV is closely related to Sindbis virus which causes symptoms like febrile illness, rash, and arthritis in humans and animals. Both are alphaviruses within the Western Equine Encephalitis complex. BBKV is identified only in the African continent so far. Despite its potential to cause disease, no effective treatments are available. This study investigates the vector competence of various mosquito species from temperate and tropical regions, to transmit BBKV. After mosquitoes were fed an infectious blood meal, various organs were collected at different time points to assess the infection status, viral replication, and infectiousness. The results showed that BBKV infection occurred in all tested mosquito species and persisted over time, with viral particles detected in mosquito or that can potentially be transmitted to vertebrate hosts via mosquito saliva. These findings highlight the broad vector competence of mosquitoes from diverse climatic regions for BBKV, indicating its potential risk for emergence and outbreaks in different regions of the world. The study emphasizes the need for enhanced surveillance and preventive measures to mitigate the potential threat posed by this emerging virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geolier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferquel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diagne, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndiaye, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavillette, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choumet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vector Competence of Temperate and Tropical Mosquito Species for Babanki virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.03.652057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Rab32 small GTPase is required for efficient cross-priming of CD8+ T cellsagainst cell-associated antigens by XCR1+ type 1 DCs in vivo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.03.652057v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) are critical for initiating adaptive immune responses through the cross-priming of CD8 T cells against antigens from tumor or virus-infected cells.

This function depends on specialized cross-presentation pathways that allow cDC1s to process phagocytosed cell debris and present peptide-MHC I complexes. In this study, we identify the small GTPase Rab32 as being highly and selectively over-expressed in cDC1s as compared to cDC2s. While cDC1s from Rab32-deficient mice develop normally and can respond to maturation signals, their capacity to activate CD8 T cells in vivo is impaired. Notably, Rab32- deficient cDC1s retain the ability to stimulate TCR transgenic CD8 T cells ex vivo using both cell-associated antigens and MHC I-binding peptides of varying affinity.

However, in vivo, Rab32 is essential for effective CD8 T cell responses to cell-associated antigens, independent of Rab32 expression in T cells themselves. Importantly, Rab32-mediated cross-priming is required for the efficient expansion of tumor-specific CD8 T cells into solid tumors. These findings underscore a critical role for Rab32 in cDC1-mediated cross-priming, highlighting the contribution of non-antigen processing vesicular pathways in shaping CD8 T cell responses to cellular antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tandon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Martinez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdely, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anselmi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denisot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saveanu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guermonprez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.03.652057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Rab32 small GTPase is required for efficient cross-priming of CD8+ T cellsagainst cell-associated antigens by XCR1+ type 1 DCs in vivo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.04.652120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Empowering multitrait brain phenotypes GWAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.04.652120v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data are now becoming available in human genetic cohorts including thousands of participants, providing a powerful mean to decipher the genetic architecture of brain phenotypes. Univariates genome-wide association screenings (GWAS) are typically applied as a baseline approach, but there are increasing interest for multitrait approaches to both increase statistical power and uncover shared structure underlying those phenotypes. However, there are limited guidelines on how to select phenotypes to be analyzed jointly and optimize power. Here we investigated factors impacting variant discoverability of state-of-the art multitrait GWAS using 1,010 MRI-derived phenotypes measured in 32,947 participants from the UK Biobank. Our study shows that the expected gain of multitrait approaches over univariate GWAS is highly predictable. We further propose data-driven strategy to define optimize sets and compare its performances with biologically driven approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auvergne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frouin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.04.652120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Empowering multitrait brain phenotypes GWAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.07.652648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment-free integration of single-nucleus ATAC-seq across species with sPYce 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.07.652648v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in gene regulation largely contribute to differences in cellular identities and phenotypes between species. Single-nucleus assays for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (snATAC-seq) are an efficient strategy to identify putative gene regulatory elements active in a given tissue at single-cell resolution, and have unprecedented potential to provide new insight into evolutionary divergence of regulatory programs. However, no dedicated framework exists to integrate and compare snATAC-seq data across species, whilst methods designed for single-cell gene expression data have serious limitations. Here, we present sPYce, a cross-species snATAC-seq integration method that relies on sequence composition similarities through k-mer histograms. In contrast to other approaches, sPYce does not require orthologous genes or genome alignments to anchor data from different species. Instead, it uses similarity in non-coding regulatory sequence motifs to uncover conserved cellular identities. sPYce can embed datasets from multiple species into the same mathematical space and permits further downstream analysis steps, such as dimensionality reduction, visualisation, clustering, cell type annotation transfer, and motif enrichment. We benchmarked sPYce against existing approaches on two publicly available datasets spanning more than 160 million years of evolution, demonstrating that it successfully uncovers conserved cellular programs whilst preserving biologically relevant species-specific differences. sPYce also implements a significance test for divergence of regulatory motifs between species. By comparing cerebellar development in mouse and opossum, we discovered regulatory divergence in granule cell differentiation programs, particularly driven by Nuclear Factor 1 (NF1). Our extensive evaluation suggests that sPYce is the first easy-to-use, alignment-free cross-species snATAC-seq integration approach, opening novel perspectives to compare gene regulatory evolution across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeitler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthelot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment-free integration of single-nucleus ATAC-seq across species with sPYce]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.11.653307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct measurements of active forces and material properties unveil the active mechanics of early embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.11.653307v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite progress in probing tissue mechanics, direct long-term measurements in live embryonic epithelia are lacking. This limits our understanding of amniote embryonic morphogenesis, which takes place over hours or days. Here, we introduce a combined technological and analytical framework to directly measure active forces and material properties in developing quail embryos, in a minimally invasive way. We find that the embryonic epithelium behaves elastically on short timescales with a modulus [~] 2 nN {middle dot} m-1 but flows over longer timescales with a viscosity [~] 4 N {middle dot} s {middle dot} m-1, and that both properties are under active regulation. Notably, we demonstrate that cell division is an active epithelial fluidizer, with division rates correlating with tissue fluidity. This fluidization is crucial for the emergence of the primary embryonic axis, which we show is shaped by a force [~] 2 N. Altogether, our approach delivers a complete and quantitative view of early embryonic mechanics, and opens new avenues for biomechanical studies in live embryos and tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michaut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamolly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ALEGRIA, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.11.653307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct measurements of active forces and material properties unveil the active mechanics of early embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.653970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Provision of Preferred Nutrients to Macrophages Enables Salmonella to Replicate Intracellularly Without Relying on Type III Secretion Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.653970v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular survival and replication within macrophages are key virulence determinants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. This phenomenon is traditionally attributed to the activity of its two Type III Secretion Systems (T3SS) and their associated effectors. A critical challenge for these bacteria is acquiring nutrients from inside the host cell. Thus, they modulate the metabolism of host cells to replicate. Given the metabolic plasticity of macrophages, a key unresolved question is how their metabolic heterogeneity shapes intracellular Salmonella replication. By using human primary macrophages and live-cell imaging to monitor bacterial dynamics at the single-cell level, we revealed that Salmonella does not replicate in all infected cells. However, supplementation with specific carbon sources used by Salmonella during infection accelerated bacterial replication and increased the proportion of macrophages showing replicative bacteria. Remarkably, this occurred even in the absence of functional T3SSs, as a {Delta}prgH/{Delta}ssaV double mutant was able to replicate in a subset of infected cells under favorable nutrient conditions. These phenotypes are further amplified in macrophages with higher glycolytic activity, such as the murine RAW 264.7 cell line. Further analyses demonstrated that enhanced Salmonella replication is not strictly dependent on host glycolytic activity but is instead driven by the ability of the host cell to take up the nutrients Salmonella prefers for its replication early during infection. In summary, our findings suggest that the dependence of Salmonella on its T3SSs for intracellular replication can be bypassed when host cells provide optimal access to key nutrients and highlight the impact of metabolic heterogeneity in shaping intracellular bacterial replication during infection of macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Rodriguez, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernal-Bayard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.653970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Provision of Preferred Nutrients to Macrophages Enables Salmonella to Replicate Intracellularly Without Relying on Type III Secretion Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.654239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live imaging and functional characterization of the avian hypoblast redefine the mechanisms of primitive streak induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.654239v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In birds and mammals, the formation of the primitive streak, the hallmark of the primary axis and site of gastrulation, is thought to occur when an anterior displacement of the hypoblast (visceral endoderm in mice) lifts its inhibition on the posterior epiblast, enabling the activation of NODAL signaling. Although the anterior movement of the murine visceral endoderm is well documented, the dynamics of the avian hypoblast remain poorly understood. Here, using live imaging and quantitative image analysis, we find that the hypoblast is mechanically coupled to the epiblast and does not migrate away from its posterior end. Instead, the hypoblast moves and deforms passively, in response to the forces transmitted from the epiblast that shape the primitive streak, after its induction. Furthermore, we show that the posterior hypoblast does not exert an inhibitory effect on the epiblast but instead expresses NODAL, which activates primitive streak formation. NODAL concomitantly regulates gene expression in the hypoblast, patterning it along the anteroposterior axis. Our results thus redefine how the primary axis is established in avians, demonstrating that the displacement of the hypoblast and its concomitant anteroposterior patterning are consequences -- rather than drivers -- of primitive streak induction, downstream of NODAL signaling.

Essential summaryNODAL asymmetric expression in the hypoblast activates primitive streak formation in the avian embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villedieu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegria-Prevot, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ieda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live imaging and functional characterization of the avian hypoblast redefine the mechanisms of primitive streak induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.19.654717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intra-tumoral delivery of FLT3L with CXCR3/CCR5 ligands promotes XCR1+ DC1 infiltration and activates anti-tumor immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.19.654717v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor infiltration by XCR1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) correlates strongly with favorable prognosis and improved responses to immunotherapy. Yet, tumor-driven immunosuppressive programs restrict efficient cDC1 recruitment, highlighting the need for strategies increasing cDC1 access to the tumor microenvironment. Here, we establish a proof-of-concept cell-based immunotherapy that enhances the infiltration of circulating cDC1 progenitors and supports their local expansion. Intratumoral engraftment of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells engineered to express membrane bound FLT3L promotes cDC1 recruitment when combined with poly(I:C). We identify poly(I:C)-induced CXCL9 and CCL5 as essential chemokines controlling intratumoral cDC1 infiltration. Stromal cell-mediated local delivery of FLT3L together with CXCL9 and CCL5 is sufficient to enhance cDC1 infiltration in mice or humanized mice settings. Finally, this approach activates antitumor immunity and partially overcomes resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. Collectively, our data support the therapeutic potential of expanding intratumoral cDC1s through local and sustained delivery of FLT3L, CXCL9, and CCL5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorline, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa do Carmo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdely, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borneres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaudiau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semervil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetillard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiquet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theobald, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calmette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anselmi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fico, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginhoux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saveanu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalod, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusseaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Santo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugues, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guermonprez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intra-tumoral delivery of FLT3L with CXCR3/CCR5 ligands promotes XCR1+ DC1 infiltration and activates anti-tumor immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.31.657145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impacts of wastewater treatment and the exposome on antibiotic resistance gene dynamics: Insights from Guadeloupe, a French Caribbean Island 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.31.657145v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are global hotspots for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), primarily driven by different anthropogenic activities. Chemical compounds commonly found in wastewater, including antibiotics, biocides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and heavy metals, along with environmental factors such as temperature and precipitation, might enhance the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) even at low concentrations, inadvertently promoting the proliferation of ARGs. Since WWTPs can vary in their removal efficiency and influent compositions, it is important to assess their impact in influencing the relative abundance of ARGs and pollutant concentrations in discharged effluent. We analyzed data collected in Guadeloupe, French Caribbean, using random forest and lasso to investigate changes in the resistome and exposome within untreated wastewater influents and treated effluents from three WWTPs. These WWTPs represented three distinct wastewater continuums--hospital-based, urban non-touristic, and urban touristic--each with unique influent compositions. The study, which spanned four sampling campaigns from September 2021 to January 2023, revealed that the reduction in ARG abundance by the WWTPs was lower than expected. Of the 16 clinically relevant genes and mobile genetic elements examined, the relative abundance of aph(3)-III, blaOXA, blaSHV, blaTEM, ermB, intI1, qnrS, and tetM was reduced by 59.8% to 89.9% across the three WWTPs. An increasing trend in the relative abundance of the mcr-1 gene was observed, showing a 9.52-fold increase in the treated effluent in the hospital continuum. Of the nine antibiotics tested, trimethoprim levels dropped by 70.8% in the touristic continuum and 78.8% in the non-touristic, while ciprofloxacin saw a significant 64.4% reduction only in the touristic continuum, while no other antibiotics or biocides among the eight tested were effectively removed. Regarding heavy metals, significant reductions were observed only in the non-touristic continuum, with cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and mercury (Hg) concentrations reduced by 32.5%, 21.1%, and 36.2%, respectively. Our findings provide insights into the associations between environmental factors and the relative abundance of ARGs in Guadeloupe. Generally, depending on the continuum, biocides, the antibiotic erythromycin, certain heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Hg) and water temperature were associated with the relative abundance of clinically relevant ARGs. This study was not able to assess the impact of climate. Future research should include longitudinal studies with more frequent sampling to better investigate the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacterial species and its associated drivers, including pollutants and climate-related factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimenta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batantou Mabandza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breurec, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DAGOT, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, B.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.31.657145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impacts of wastewater treatment and the exposome on antibiotic resistance gene dynamics: Insights from Guadeloupe, a French Caribbean Island]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.13.658070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of cortical sound processing in slow wave sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.13.658070v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During wake, sound-evoked and spontaneous neural activity of the auditory cortex evolve in distinct subspaces whereas anesthesia disrupts sound responses and merges these spaces. To evaluate if similar modifications of the sound representation geometry explain sensory disconnection during sleep, we followed large neural populations of the mouse auditory cortex across slow wave sleep and wakefulness. We observed that sleep dampens sound responses but preserves the geometry of sound representations which remain separate from spontaneous activity. Moreover, response dampening was strongly coordinated across neurons and varied throughout sleep spanning from fully preserved response patterns to population response failures on a fraction of sound presentations. These failures are more common during high spindle-band activity and more rarely observed in wakefulness. Therefore, in sleep, the auditory system preserves sound feature selectivity up to the cortex for detailed acoustic surveillance, but concurrently implements an intermittent gating mechanism leading to local sensory disconnections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipchuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathellier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.13.658070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of cortical sound processing in slow wave sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.16.659903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A connection between two ancient and essential cellular processes, iron-sulfur protein biogenesis and fatty acid synthesis, in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.16.659903v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron-sulfur [Fe-S] clusters are ubiquitous cofactors of a wide array of structural and functional diverse proteins. Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) is the universal factor required for fatty acid (FA) synthesis. In this study in E. coli, we demonstrated that [Fe-S] and FA biosynthesis pathways are coordinated processes, driven by a physical interaction between ACP and the ISC [Fe-S] biogenesis machinery. Using bacterial two-hybrid assays, co-purification and biochemical analyses, we demonstrated a molecular interaction between ACP and IscS, the ISC machinery cysteine desulfurase that provides sulfur for [Fe-S] cluster formation. Structural modeling and directed mutagenesis pinpointed the ACP-binding site in a region of IscS shared for interactions with other components of the ISC [Fe-S] biogenesis system. At the cellular level, ACP depletion was found to disrupt ISC-dependent [Fe-S] cluster biogenesis, diminishing the activity of key [Fe-S]-dependent regulators (IscR, FNR, NsrR) and enzymes (aconitase, biotin synthase). Our findings underscore a functional link between [Fe-S] cluster biogenesis and fatty acid metabolism with far-reaching unexplored intricacies of metabolic coordination and cellular homeostasis. Comparison with eucaryotic systems highlight a strong evolutive driving force towards a link between [Fe-S] cluster and fatty acid biosynthesis in all living systems.

ImportanceCellular functions rely on interconnected metabolic pathways, yet many regulatory links remain unexplored. Iron-sulfur [Fe-S] clusters are co-factors of proteins driving fundamental cellular processes, from respiration to gene regulation. Our study uncovers a direct connection between [Fe-S] cluster biogenesis and fatty acid biosynthesis. We demonstrate the molecular connection between these two essential cellular processes to lie within the interaction between the acyl carrier protein (ACP), a shuttle of fatty acid biosynthetic intermediates and IscS, the source of sulfur for [Fe-S] cluster assembly. Intriguingly, similar interactions between ACP and [Fe-S] building cysteine desulfurase have been observed in yeast and human models, yet resting on different molecular determinants. This points out the existence of a strong evolutive driving force towards establishing a link between [Fe-S] cluster and fatty acid biosynthesis in all living systems with far-reaching implications for metabolic coordination and cellular homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fakroun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libiad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sechet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouveret, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubrac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.659903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A connection between two ancient and essential cellular processes, iron-sulfur protein biogenesis and fatty acid synthesis, in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.20.660295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hicberg: Reconstruction of contact signals from repeated elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.20.660295v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the course of their evolution, genomes can acquire various repeated elements, such as transposons, ribosomal DNA, duplicated genes or tandem repeats. These types of sequences cannot be processed directly by current high-throughput sequencing pipelines, as they generate short reads that cannot be unambiguously localized on reference genomes. We propose an algorithm called Hicberg that uses statistical inference with the computation of probability distributions to precisely reassign the positions of reads from repeated sequences in different paired omics data, such as Hi-C data. We show that Hicberg can generate new insights into the impact of repeated elements on the spatial organisation of genomes.

Significance StatementThe genomes of microorganisms can contain various types of repeated sequences: duplicated genes, low-complexity sequences and transposons. The question of their potential impact on the spatial organization of genomes is now wide open. We propose Hicberg, an algorithm capable of reconstructing contact signals from repeated elements.

It computes statistical trends on the unambiguous part of the genome and then, by statistical inference, reassigns the position of multi-mapping reads.

The complete chromosome contact maps thus reveal new observations on the impact of repeated elements on chromosome architecture. In particular, they suggest the involvement of certain retrotransposons in the positioning of cohesins, the molecular motors behind chromosome loops.

Classification: Biophysics and Computational Biology section
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gradit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortion, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delouis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hicberg: Reconstruction of contact signals from repeated elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.20.660692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life identification number (LIN) codes for the genomic taxonomy of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.20.660692v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCorynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, remains a public health concern especially in regions with low vaccination coverage. While advances in genomic typing, such as core-genome Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (cgMLST, based on 1305 genes), have improved our ability for strain identification, a standardized and stable genomic taxonomy is still lacking. This study aimed to establish a consistent classification and nomenclature for C. diphtheriae strains using cgMLST-based Life Identification Number (LIN) codes.

MethodsComparing 1,665 genomes from C. diphtheriae and its closely related species C. belfantii and C. rouxii, we observed population-level genetic discontinuities in cgMLST profiles dissimilarities, and established hierarchical taxonomic levels based on optimal allelic difference thresholds. Ten-level LIN codes were defined, encompassing broad population structure subdivisions and fine-scale epidemiological levels. The LIN code system was implemented into the BIGSdb-Pasteur platform, and nicknames derived from the 7-loci MLST sequence types were given to sublineages and clonal groups.

ResultscgMLST genetic thresholds were first defined at species (minimum of 1,240 allelic differences) and lineage levels (1,035 differences). Sublineages (SL), clonal groups (ClG), and genetic clusters (GC) were next defined with progressively finer allelic mismatch thresholds (500, 55, and 25 differences, respectively). A broad population diversity of C. diphtheriae was uncovered, with the distinction of >400 SLs and >1,000 GCs. For epidemiological purposes, five shallow-level thresholds (8, 4, 2 ,1, and 0 allelic mismatches were defined, completing the 10-level LIN code taxonomy. We illustrate LIN codes applicability to investigate the genetic diversity and transmission chains of relevant clusters, such as SL8 (the 1990s ex-USSR outbreak) or SL384 (involved in outbreaks in Yemen and Europe).

ConclusionsThe cgMLST-based LIN code system provides a stable genomic taxonomy for strains of C. diphtheriae, C. rouxii and C. belfantii. By defining ten hierarchical levels of resolution, this system effectively captures its phylogenetic diversity, facilitating population biology research and epidemiological surveillance. The public availability of this system from the BIGSdb-Pasteur platform provides a standardized framework for diphtheria genomic epidemiology with potential to harmonize global surveillance of the resurgence of diphtheria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Blas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rethoret-Pasty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life identification number (LIN) codes for the genomic taxonomy of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.23.661105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-Synuclein aggregates induce mitochondrial damage and trigger innate immunity to drive neuron-microglia communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.23.661105v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) enable direct intercellular transfer of macromolecules, organelles, and pathogenic protein aggregates. While -synuclein (-Syn) aggregates are known to promote TNT formation, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, using human neuronal and microglial cell lines, as well as iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons and microglia, we show that -Syn aggregates induce severe mitochondrial damage, leading to cytosolic release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and activation of the cGAS-STING-NF- {kappa}B-IRF3 pathway. This innate immune response drives actin cytoskeleton remodeling and the formation of TNT-like structures, promoting intercellular transfer of -Syn from neurons to microglia. Additionally, neuronal cells transfer damaged mitochondria to microglia, where they undergo lysosome-mediated degradation. Neuron-to-microglia communication under -Syn- induced stress also triggers a bystander inflammatory response in microglia, suggesting a neuroimmune activation. Our findings identify mitochondrial damage and STING-mediated inflammation as key drivers of TNT formation and -Syn propagation, highlighting new potential targets to modulate disease progression in Synucleinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Testa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montero-Munoz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consiglio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.661105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-Synuclein aggregates induce mitochondrial damage and trigger innate immunity to drive neuron-microglia communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.27.661506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intratumoral Heterogeneity of Vimentin Modulates Nuclear Mechanotransduction, DNA Damage Response and Cancer Cell Survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.27.661506v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vimentin, a major intermediate filament protein, is essential for maintaining cellular integrity and regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. Its upregulation is a hallmark of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that enhances cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastatic potential. However, single-cell transcriptomic analyses of glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, reveal that vimentin expression exhibits significant intratumoral heterogeneity, reflecting diverse cellular subpopulations that may contribute to tumor plasticity, therapy resistance, and disease progression. Here, we show that the absence of vimentin alters nuclear mechanotransduction in response to compression, leading to chromatin remodelling and profound changes in gene expression in cancer cells. Remarkably, we demonstrate that external compressive forces, akin to vimentin deficiency, disrupt DNA damage response pathways. This impairment compromises DNA damage sensing and repair, bypassing DNA damage checkpoints and apoptosis. Consequently, vimentin-negative tumor cells exhibit increased survival in response to physical stress and DNA damage, potentially driving radioresistance and further amplifying intratumoral heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Infante, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terriac, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegfried, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalilian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietveld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asnacios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bodegraven, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.661506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intratumoral Heterogeneity of Vimentin Modulates Nuclear Mechanotransduction, DNA Damage Response and Cancer Cell Survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.27.661900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-Cadherin/α-Catenin Drive Adhesion and Actin Regulation to Orchestrate Tunneling Nanotube Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.27.661900v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-to-cell communication is essential for maintaining homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs)--actin-based membranous connections--mediate the exchange of diverse cargoes between distant cells. Unlike other cellular protrusions, TNTs exhibit unique ultrastructural features and are enriched in the adhesion molecule N-Cadherin.

Here, we dissect the role of N-Cadherin in the formation and function of TNTs in SH-SY5Y human neuronal-like cells. We show that N-Cadherin, via its effectors -Catenin and p120-Catenin, is a central regulator of TNT architecture and their cargo transfer capability. Regulators of cortical tension p120-Catenin, ROCK, and non-muscle myosin II also emerge as critical for TNT functionality, highlighting a mechanosensitive component to TNT regulation. Moreover, we reveal that NMIIA can be processive inside TNTs and transfer through them using actins retrograde flow. Finally, we identify the Cdc42-IRSp53-N-WASP pathway as a downstream effector axis enhancing intercellular transfer downstream of N-Cadherin.

Together, our findings uncover a structural and functional link between N-Cadherin signaling and TNT-mediated intercellular communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notario Manzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartori-Rupp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.661900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-Cadherin/α-Catenin Drive Adhesion and Actin Regulation to Orchestrate Tunneling Nanotube Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.28.662095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic insights into the allosteric regulation of cell wall hydrolase RipA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.28.662095v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
D,L-endopeptidase RipA is the major PG hydrolase required for daughter cell separation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), as RipA defects severely hinder cell division and increase antibiotic vulnerability. Despite extensive studies, the mechanisms governing Mtb RipA regulation remain controversial and poorly understood. Here, we report an integrative structural and functional analysis of the SteAB system, a regulatory complex that has been shown to modulate cell separation in the model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum (Cglu) and is conserved across Mycobacteriales. Although Mtb SteB was previously proposed to act as a mycobacterial outer membrane copper transporter, the crystal structures of the homodimeric protein, alone and in complex with the RipA coiled-coil (CC) domain, rule out this hypothesis. Instead, the high-affinity SteB-RipA interaction, together with computational and biophysical data, strongly supports the role of SteB as a direct RipA activator that releases enzyme autoinhibition upon complex formation. In addition, crystallographic characterization of the cytoplasmic core of SteA revealed a homodimeric organization harboring a conserved functional pocket similar to the phosphonucleotide-binding site of thiamine pyrophosphokinase. These data, coupled with the in vivo phenotypic analysis of a steAB knockout mutant of Cglu, support a model in which the transmembrane SteAB heterotetramer, driven by cytoplasmic ligand binding, orchestrates the productive periplasmic positioning of RipA, leading to PG hydrolysis activation. These findings shed new light on the regulation of mycobacterial cell wall remodeling, with implications for understanding Mtb pathogenesis and identifying novel antimicrobial targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carloni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaday, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megrian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogues, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Assaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakonyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehenkel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.28.662095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic insights into the allosteric regulation of cell wall hydrolase RipA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.29.662174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenetic Determinants of Azole Resistance, Tolerance, and Heteroresistance in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.29.662174v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Azole antifungals are widely used to treat Candida infections, yet therapeutic failures are common. In addition to resistance, fungal populations can exhibit tolerance and heteroresistance, subpopulation-driven drug responses that can contribute to treatment failure. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 557 genetically diverse C. albicans isolates to identify genetic loci associated with fluconazole susceptibility, tolerance, and heteroresistance. We uncovered a complex, polygenic architecture underlying all three traits, involving novel loci linked to stress responses, cell cycle, and genome integrity. Notably, canonical resistance genes were absent from our top associations, reflecting either their low frequency or lineage specificity. Functional validation of several candidate genes confirmed distinct genetic determinants for each drug response. Heritability estimates and conditional analyses revealed that susceptibility and heteroresistance are governed by partially overlapping but largely independent loci, with some genetic variants displaying opposing effects on different traits. This limited overlap suggests that each phenotype represents a distinct evolutionary strategy for drug evasion, which may not be simultaneously addressed by a single therapeutic approach. Our findings underscore the polygenic nature of adaptation to antifungal drugs and expand our understanding of drug response mechanisms in C. albicans.

SIGNIFICANCEDespite advances in antifungal therapies, treatment failures in Candida albicans infections remain common and poorly understood. Standard clinical diagnostic tools rely on susceptibility testing to predict treatment outcomes, yet many treatment-refractory infections are caused by strains that appear susceptible in laboratory tests. This study provides the first genome-wide dissection of three distinct drug responses - susceptibility, tolerance, and heteroresistance - across a global population of C. albicans isolates. By identifying novel genetic contributors beyond canonical resistance genes, our findings shift the current paradigm toward a more nuanced, polygenic model of antifungal adaptation. These results underscore the importance of integrating tolerance and heteroresistance into clinical and research frameworks and point to new molecular pathways that could be leveraged to enhance antifungal strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schutz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sertour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bougnoux, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Enfert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ene, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.29.662174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenetic Determinants of Azole Resistance, Tolerance, and Heteroresistance in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.01.662596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tinnitus perception is linked to arousal system dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.01.662596v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tinnitus, the perception of sound in the absence of an external source, affects 14% of the population and is often associated with concentration and emotional difficulties. However, the characterization of the associated cognitive difficulties remains unclear. We hypothesize that attentional complaints are due to a dysfunction of the exogenous or endogenous orientation of attention, or of the arousal system. In this study, 200 participants (100 with chronic tinnitus and 100 matched controls) completed a battery of cognitive tasks assessing attention, alertness and executive functions, including the Attentional Network Task (ANT), Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) with mind wandering evaluations, Stroop, and Trail Making Test. Tinnitus comorbidities, including hearing loss, sleep quality, anxiety, and hyperacusis were controlled. The results showed that individuals with tinnitus had a reduced sensitivity to alert signals, and lower sustained attention abilities, both suggesting lower levels of arousal. Mind-wandering analyses revealed fewer planning-related thoughts in the tinnitus group, suggesting higher needed cognitive resources to perform the task. Contrary to prior findings, we found no evidence of deficits in executive functioning specific to tinnitus; rather, executive impairments were associated with hearing loss and sleep disturbances. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that tinnitus is linked to a dysfunction in the arousal system--likely involving the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic network. This work proposes a new theoretical framework implicating arousal dysregulation as a core mechanism in tinnitus-related cognitive complaints.

Significance StatementTinnitus, the perception of sound without an external source, affects millions worldwide and is often accompanied by concentration difficulties. By rigorously controlling for hearing loss, sleep deprivation, and anxiety, we isolate the core cognitive changes linked to tinnitus itself. Our study reveals that attentional deficits in tinnitus primarily arise from dysregulation in the brains arousal system. We propose a novel integrative framework in which arousal system dysfunction underlies the cognitive and emotional symptoms associated with tinnitus, providing a new perspective for understanding the complex interactions between attention, sleep, and anxiety in this condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hobeika, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tinnitus perception is linked to arousal system dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.04.663154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking genomic evolutionary transitions to ecological phenotypic adaptations in Spirochaetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.04.663154v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetic basis of ecological adaptation is a fundamental challenge of evolutionary biology, often limited by the availability of diverse and curated datasets. Spirochaetes are widely distributed, ancient bacteria found in diverse environments, offering a unique opportunity to explore ecological transitions. Despite their high diversity and the presence of globally important pathogens such as syphilis (Treponema spp.), Lyme disease (Borrelia spp.), or leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.), Spirochaetes remain poorly characterized as a phylum. Moreover, the recent discovery of non-spiral lineages has broadened its complexity and require a re-evaluation of the entire phylums evolution. Here, we present the most comprehensive phylogenomic and functional analysis of Spirochaetes, examining a curated dataset of 172 spirochaetal genomes representing all cultivable spirochete species. Our robust phylogenetic framework revisits the evolutionary rooting of this phylum and reveals that the Last Spirochaetal Common Ancestor (LSCA) diverged into two major clades, with Brachyspira species diverging early from the rest of Spirochaetes. Ancestral genome reconstruction showed that the LSCA was a motile, endoflagellated bacterium with a heterotrophic metabolism, shedding light on the biology of one of the most anciently diverging bacterial phyla. Functional analysis revealed genomic signatures associated with key phenotypic adaptations within Spirochaetes, such as independent loss of the characteristic spiral morphology and emergence of host-associated lineages. Notably, we found that loss of endoflagellar genes correlated with the appearance of non-spiral species. Lastly, we employed phylogenetic profiling to identify previously uncharacterized motility-associated gene families, whose role was then demonstrated experimentally. Overall, this study provides new evolutionary insights into how ecological specialization has shaped spirochete genomes, offering a framework to elucidate further the mechanisms driving key evolutionary transitions in this clinically relevant phylum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>HUETE, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COULLIN, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHAPEAUBLANC, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TORCHET, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BENAROUDJ, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PICARDEAU, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.663154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking genomic evolutionary transitions to ecological phenotypic adaptations in Spirochaetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.09.663833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphological plasticity of endophytic Chitinophaga pinensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.09.663833v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental changes, whether due to climate change or human influences, compromise the resilience of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pathogens, drought and heat. Plant microbiota are known to promote plant resilience. To be able to harness the power of the plant microbiome we need to identify microbiota with health-promoting properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that the bacterium Chitinophaga pinensis enhances plant health and increases resistance to fungal infections. Here, we show that C. pinensis exhibits an unusually high morphological plasticity, switching between a filamentous and a spherical cell state, each of which is characterized by a distinct transcriptional profile. Despite these transcriptional differences, spherical cells remained metabolically active and replicating, while lacking structural characteristics typically associated with dormant states. Furthermore, the spherical cell morphology of C. pinensis facilitates hitchhiking behaviour and motility via surfactin cheating, potentially influencing its dispersal and interactions within the plant microbiome. To investigate the structural dynamics and transcriptional adaptation of this plant endophyte, we applied a combination of microscopy and culture-based techniques. Taken together, our study provides new insights into the morphological flexibility and transcriptional regulation of the plant-beneficial C. pinensis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liedtke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodenburg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wezel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.663833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphological plasticity of endophytic Chitinophaga pinensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.16.665136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HTRF-based identification of small molecules targeting SARS-CoV-2 E protein interaction with ZO-1 PDZ2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.16.665136v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 E protein through its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (PBM) interacts with several host PDZ-containing proteins, including the ZO-1 protein via its PDZ2 domain, thereby contributing to viral pathogenesis. Targeting this interaction represents a potential therapeutic strategy.

In this study, we determined the X-ray structure of the E PBM peptide in complex with the ZO-1 PDZ2 domain at 1.7 [A] resolution. The structure revealed a domain-swapped dimer conformation of ZO-1 PDZ2, with the E PBM peptide conventionally bound within the PDZ domains canonical binding groove exhibiting key interactions characteristic of type II PBM-PDZ interactions.

To identify potential inhibitors of the E PBM/ZO-1 PDZ2 interaction, we performed a HTRF screening using a protein-protein interaction-focused library of 1,000 compounds. This led to the identification of 36 hits that disrupted this interaction. Subsequent cytotoxicity and dose- response assays narrowed the selection to 14 promising compounds.

Docking simulations showed that some compounds bind within or near the PBM-binding pocket, supporting a competitive mechanism of interaction inhibition, while others bind at a central interface between the two PDZ monomers, suggesting an inhibition of dimerization, which in turn prevents PBM binding. Thus, the ZO-1 PDZ2-E PBM interaction can be inhibited through both direct and indirect mechanisms.

Finally, antiviral assays using a NanoLuciferase-expressing recombinant SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated that one compound, C19, significantly reduced viral replication, highlighting its potential as a candidate for further therapeutic development.

HighlightsO_LICrystal structure reveals the binding determinant of E protein PBM to ZO-1 PDZ2 dimer
C_LIO_LIHTRF screening identified 36 inhibitors of the E-ZO-1 protein interaction
C_LIO_LIDocking revealed dual mechanisms: PBM groove binding and dimer interface disruption
C_LIO_LICompound C19 reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication in a NanoLuc reporter assay
C_LIO_LITargeting E-ZO-1 interaction may prevent barrier loss and systemic COVID-19 effects
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=186 SRC="FIGDIR/small/665136v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (38K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f900bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9f470aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f0ec19org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11c9115_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ALVAREZ, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MECHALY, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardiaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GOOR, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>seon-meniel, b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves de sousa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BOURG, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FIGADERE, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caillet-Saguy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HTRF-based identification of small molecules targeting SARS-CoV-2 E protein interaction with ZO-1 PDZ2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.17.665410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of neocortical organisation and behaviour in primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.17.665410v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One sentence summaryThe study of brain MRI from 70 different primate species reveals a fundamental principle of neocortical organisation and behaviour driven by mechanical morphogenesis.

The development and evolution of neocortical organisation is typically explained by the interaction of two fundamental factors: genetics and experience-dependent processes. Morphogens and signalling molecules would orchestrate the formation of neocortical areas and connection networks, which are later refined through exposure to environmental stimuli. Evolutionary changes to these genetic programs are thought to account for the diversity of brains and behaviours observed in extant species. However, our phylogenetic comparative study of primate neuroanatomy and behaviour shows this view is incomplete. Using brain MRI from 70 primate species we observed that not only the degree of folding but also the folding pattern changes continuously with brain volume, independently of phylogenetic position. To better understand the consequences of this continuity we focused on New and Old World monkeys which diverged approximately 47 million years ago. Large New World monkeys, such as capuchins, have a significantly larger and more folded neocortex than many of their close phylogenetic relatives, whose brains are barely folded. Notably, in addition to folding, their thickness and connectivity patterns were almost identical to those of phylogenetically distant Old World monkeys. Combined analyses of MRI and endocasts from 105 primate species indicated that the highly folded neocortex of large New World monkeys evolved independently from a common ancestor with a small, unfolded brain. Remarkably, across all 70 species, behavioural similarity correlated substantially more with neuroanatomical similarity than with phylogenetic similarity. Our results challenge the prevailing explanation of the development and evolution of neocortical organisation. We propose that the "capuchin anomaly" can be resolved by incorporating mechanical morphogenesis, alongside genetics and experience, as a third fundamental factor. Growth-driven mechanical instabilities would produce similar neuroanatomical organisation patterns and behaviours, emerging independently of the specific genetic determinants of that growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heuer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aristide, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alavi, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mars, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mylapalli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najafipashaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrell, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of neocortical organisation and behaviour in primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.21.647696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HTRA3 protease-chaperone stabilizes cathepsin B for mitochondrial POLG1 depletion in human cell ageing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.21.647696v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of mitochondrial proteins homeostasis, which is essential for proper cell function, is affected in pathophysiological ageing, yet several underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. We show that in normal and accelerated ageing cells, POLG1, the enzyme responsible for mitochondrial DNA replication, is degraded by the protease cathepsin B, which is overexpressed, escapes from lysosomes, and is stabilized by the chaperone activity of another protease, HTRA3. This degradation is in part counteracted by RAC1, a small GTPase also stabilized by HTRA3. POLG1 depletion, that occurs in progeroid Cockayne syndrome and senescent cells, is linked respectively to impairment or downregulation of the CSB protein, which promote cellular senescence. Our experiments in engineered cells, demonstrate that senescence itself, and not the absence of CSB, triggers the accumulation of cathepsin B and HTRA3, leading to POLG1 degradation. In summary, we uncover a complex, multi-step process that controls the degradation of POLG1 in mitochondria, a process that is activated by cell senescence and becomes more pronounced in Cockayne syndrome cells, providing new insight in the regulation of mitochondrial proteostasis in ageing and progeroid disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarasin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crochemore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricchetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.647696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HTRA3 protease-chaperone stabilizes cathepsin B for mitochondrial POLG1 depletion in human cell ageing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.01.668127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic differences in hamster and mouse macrophage biology correlate with susceptibility to L. donovani infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.01.668127v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basis for differential susceptibility to Leishmania (L.) donovani infection observed in individuals remains poorly understood. Here we address this important open question comparing bone marrow-derived macrophages from susceptible hamsters (hamBMDMs) and resistant mice (mBMDMs) to identify intrinsic cellular features that may contribute to host-specific outcomes. We first optimized and validated an experimental protocol for generating hamBMDMs, which closely resemble classical mouse BMDMs in terms of morphology, marker gene expression and phagocytic activity. Comparative transcriptomic analysis uncovered rodent-specific, intrinsic differences in the expression of metabolic and immune-related pathways known to influence susceptibility to intracellular Leishmania infection. In vitro infection assays confirmed the microbicidal capacity of hamBMDMs, while also revealing their increased permissiveness to Leishmania proliferation. In conclusion, the combined use of murine and hamster macrophage systems provides a powerful platform to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying L. donovani survival and host resistance. Our improved protocol allows for the generation of large quantities of functionally validated hamster macrophages, enabling systems-level investigations in this important rodent model that more accurately reflects human infection dynamics than mice. This addresses a major bottleneck in experimental infections with L. donovani, but also other clinically relevant pathogens, such as Mycobacterium spp. and SARS-CoV-2, for which hamsters have been used to model human infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danckaert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahtal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pescher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Späth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.668127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic differences in hamster and mouse macrophage biology correlate with susceptibility to L. donovani infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.11.669634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunneling Nanotube-like Connections in the Developing Cerebellum: Distinct from Cytokinetic and Intercellular Bridges 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.11.669634v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intercellular communication is essential for brain development. While classical modes--paracrine, juxtacrine, and synaptic signaling--are well characterized, emerging evidence suggests that membranous bridges, such as tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), forming de novo between cells and mainly described in vitro, may also contribute. Yet their presence and function in vivo remain unclear, partly due to the difficulty of distinguishing them from other intercellular connections (ICs). Building on connectomic observations in fixed tissue reporting ICs in the external granule layer (EGL) of the developing cerebellum, we examined their nature in postnatal day 7 (P7) mice. Using immunofluorescence, sparse genetic labelling, and live imaging, we distinguished division-independent ICs from cytokinetic bridges (CBs) and intercellular bridges (IBs). CBs were detected in the EGL, whereas IBs were not observed in this region. In addition to CBs, we identified membranous protrusions which appeared to link clonally and non-clonally related cells. The presence of these ICs reinforces previous connectomic evidence in fixed tissue and raises the possibility that they may participate in intercellular communication during cerebellar development. These findings warrant further investigation into a potentially underexplored mode of communication in the developing brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>RAKOTOBE, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virmani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaddour, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathala, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunneling Nanotube-like Connections in the Developing Cerebellum: Distinct from Cytokinetic and Intercellular Bridges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.18.668848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutant CHCHD10 disrupts cytochrome c oxidation and activates retrograde signaling in a model of cardiomyopathy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.18.668848v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in CHCHD10, a mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) protein implicated in proteostasis and cristae maintenance, cause multi-systemic mitochondrial disease. Heterozygous Chchd10 knock-in mice modeling the human CHCHD10S59L variant associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia (ALS-FTD) develop a mitochondrial cardiomyopathy driven by CHCHD10 insolubility and aggregation, which is associated with chronic activation of the mitochondrial integrated stress response (mtISR). Here, we demonstrate that cardiac dysfunction in Chchd10S55L/+ mice carrying the orthologous pathogenic variant is associated with dual defects originating at the onset of disease: (1) early bioenergetic dysfunction linked to defects in the mitochondrial copper homeostasis and the oxidation of cytochrome c and (2) maladaptive mtISR signaling via the OMA1-DELE1-HRI axis. Using Oma1E324Q/E324Qknock-in mice, we show that the catalytic inactivation of the mitochondrial protease OMA1 in Chchd10S55L/+ mice delays cardiomyopathy onset without rescuing CHCHD10 insolubility, proteomic remodeling, cristae defects or OXPHOS impairment, demonstrating that mtISR can be uncoupled from the bioenergetic collapse triggered by mutant CHCHD10. Proteomic profiling of soluble and insoluble mitochondrial proteins in Chchd10S55L/+ mice reveals wide-spread disruptions of mitochondrial proteostasis, including IMS proteins involved in cytochrome c biogenesis. Defective respiration in mutant mitochondria could be rescued by the exogenous addition of cytochrome c, pinpointing IMS proteostasis disruption as a key pathogenic mechanism. Our work reveals that mutant CHCHD10 insolubility compromises metabolic resilience by impairing both mitochondrial bioenergetics and stress adaptation, offering new perspectives for the development of therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campos-Ribeiro, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnarumma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vimont, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milenkovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Camacho, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langa Vives, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquis-Flucklinger, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.668848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutant CHCHD10 disrupts cytochrome c oxidation and activates retrograde signaling in a model of cardiomyopathy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.21.671543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional dissection of Wag31 domains for septal recruitment and polar distribution during the cell cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.21.671543v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial cell morphogenesis is controlled by the synthesis and organization of peptidoglycan and driven by multi-protein complexes such as the divisome and elongasome. Here we investigate the role of the Corynebacterium glutamicum DivIVA homologue, Wag31, the elongasome scaffold essential for polar growth in Corynebacteriales. Conditional depletion of Wag31 results in viable but coccoid-shaped cells, showing that Wag31 is essential for rod shape maintenance. Our structural phylogenetic analyses of DivIVA homologues revealed that in Actinobacteria, unlike Firmicutes, an intrinsically disordered region spatially separates the N-terminal lipid-binding domain (LBD) from the C-terminal coiled-coil domain (CCD). We show that the LBD is necessary and sufficient for septum localization, independent of its membrane-binding properties, while the CCD domain mediates self-interaction and polar accumulation. Our findings suggest that Wag31 is recruited specifically to the septum through protein-protein interactions, priming the future pole and allowing for a timely divisome-elongasome transition at cytokinesis. Once the pole is formed the self-aggregative properties of the C-terminal CCD dominate and form a stable structure that likely organizes the pole for cell wall biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megrian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogues, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sousa-d'Auria, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Assaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>THOUVENOT, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdreux, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehenkel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional dissection of Wag31 domains for septal recruitment and polar distribution during the cell cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.26.672080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyfunctionality of broadly reactive non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.26.672080v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein can potently neutralize infection and exert additional antiviral functions. Here, we characterize the functional profiles of human RBD-specific memory B-cell antibodies elicited by ancestral SARS-CoV-2 infection. While SARS-CoV2 neutralizing antibodies, mainly class 1 and 3 anti-RBD antibodies, often lose binding and neutralizing capacities against Omicron variants, most non-neutralizers remain broadly reactive. Despite their restricted cross-reactivity, neutralizing antibodies mediate Fc-effector functions including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, and complement deposition. Most neutralizers also enhance binding of antibodies that target the SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide via receptor-mimetic allostery. In contrast, broadly reactive non-neutralizers fail to trigger phagocytic or allosteric effects. Thus, viral escape compromises antibody neutralizing as well as other antiviral activities, leaving broadly reactive, non-polyfunctional antibodies that exert minimal immune pressure less effective at controlling infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beretta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolland, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyfunctionality of broadly reactive non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.01.673471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ICP1 bacteriophage treatment antagonizes colonization of the zebrafish larval intestine by Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.01.673471v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outbreaks of cholera pose a major threat to human health. Currently, antibiotics are the most effective treatment against the causative agent, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. However, the use of antibiotics eventually leads to the emergence of resistant strains, which necessitates the need for alternative approaches. The use of bacteriophages to target the infection by antibiotic resistant bacteria is one promising alternative. While clearance of Vibrio cholerae with the use of phages has been performed on several animal models, none of these models are natural hosts of V. cholerae. Therefore, we set out to investigate the interaction between V. cholerae and bacteriophage ICP1 both in vitro and in vivo in a natural host, the zebrafish model, Danio rerio. To study the interplay between host, bacteria and phages we used a combination of light and ultrastructural imaging techniques, including confocal fluorescence microscopy, serial block face scanning electron microscopy (EM) imaging and cryogenic EM, which allowed us to investigate both the colonization process by V. cholerae and clearance by the ICP1 bacteriophage. In addition, we determined the effects of the microbiome on this treatment by using germ-free, conventionalized and monoassociated zebrafish larvae as a host. Independent of the presence and composition of microbiomes used here, V. cholerae efficiently colonized the larval intestine. Finally, we demonstrate significant in vivo clearance of V. cholerae N16961-dsRED by ICP1, underscoring the role of phage-bacteria dynamics in shaping pathogen colonization within the zebrafish larval host.

SIGNIFICANCECholera remains a life-threatening disease that causes recurring outbreaks and significant mortality, particularly in developing and conflict-affected regions. As antimicrobial resistance continues to rise, there is an urgent need to better understand the ecological and microbial dynamics that govern Vibrio cholerae colonization and persistence. This research investigates how V. cholerae interacts with bacteriophages, the host environment, and the resident microbiota within a natural vertebrate host, offering new insights into the factors that influence pathogen clearance and shaping of the gut ecosystem during infection. The powerful combination of serial block-face scanning and cryogenic electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and traditional colony/plaque counting methods revealed previously unobserved aspects of the interplay between host, pathogen, phages, and the microbiome, highlighting phage-driven clearance of V. cholerae during colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidi Mabrouk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depelteau, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenzinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limpens, R. W. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majrouh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ICP1 bacteriophage treatment antagonizes colonization of the zebrafish larval intestine by Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.02.673715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular NAD+ availability and redox state constrain developmental speed in the Drosophila eye 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.02.673715v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular and biochemical processes that limit the speed at which embryos develop, tissues form, and cells differentiate remain largely unknown. Using the speed of progression of a differentiation front in the developing eye of Drosophila as a proxy for developmental speed, we identified genetic perturbations that slowed down the progression of this front. Inhibiting the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), and more generally energy production in mitochondria, resulted in reduced developmental speed. Defective ETC activity led to increased NADH/NAD+ ratio whereas ATP levels remained constant due to a compensatory increase in glycolysis. Using targeted perturbations, we found that the metabolic state of the cells ahead of and/or at the moving front of differentiation determined its speed. Genetic and diet-based perturbations of the NAD+ metabolism pathway indicated that developmental speed was limited by NAD+ availability in these cells. Thus, developmental speed appeared to be constrained by the cellular redox and the demand for NAD+ in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>veits, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazouni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazanyy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>picciotto, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mestdagh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweisguth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular NAD+ availability and redox state constrain developmental speed in the Drosophila eye]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.04.674018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex-I Preserves Mitochondrial Polarization during Infection of Human Macrophages by Secretion-competent Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.04.674018v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular bacteria remodel host bioenergetics and modulate mitochondrial membrane potential ({Delta}{psi}m). However, how individual electron-transport chain (ETC) components sustain {Delta}{psi}m during infection of primary human macrophages remains unclear. Here we combine extracellular flux analysis with single-cell live imaging to understand how the ETC functions in human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) during infection with (Legionella pneumophila (Lp) or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm). At 5 h post-infection, the Lp type IV secretion system (T4SS) and the S.Tm SPI-1 T3SS were required for the early drop of the oxygen consumption rate. Despite reduced respiration, the {Delta}{psi}m was preserved in all infection conditions and pathogen-specific strategies to maintain the {Delta}{psi}m were revealed. While Lp infection modulates the FOF1-ATPase to function in the reverse mode (hydrolase) with the adenine-nucleotide translocator (ANT) remaining in forward mode, S.Tm does not reverse the FOF1-ATPase during infection. Systematic inhibition of ETC complexes established that Complex I is uniquely required to maintain the {Delta}{psi}m during infection with virulent bacteria but not with secretion-deficient mutant strains. Complex II is required in all infection conditions but its inhibition had a minimal effect in non-infected cells, indicating infection-driven participation of this complex in the electron flow in the ETC coupled with the preservation of the {Delta}{psi}m. Complexes III and IV were essential in infected and non-infected cells. Together, our results identify a Complex I-driven maintenance of the {Delta}{psi}m, establishing Complex I as a bioenergetic checkpoint that distinguishes virulent from secretion-deficient intracellular bacteria. Furthermore we reveal that divergent strategies are employed by Lp and S.Tm to preserve macrophage mitochondrial polarization early during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Rodriguez, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Oca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex-I Preserves Mitochondrial Polarization during Infection of Human Macrophages by Secretion-competent Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.05.674492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporal factors shape mosquito virome diversity and composition in a host and virus phylogeny-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.05.674492v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquito-borne viruses invade and transiently participate in the virus communities of their vector hosts to complete their dual-host transmission cycles. Within the mosquito, they are entangled in complex interactions with  resident viruses that may affect transmission outcomes by the mosquito host and can therefore contribute towards arbovirus emergence risk. Mosquito viromes have been reported to be highly diverse and dynamic, under the influence of host and ecological factors. However, the spatio-temporal flux in virome compositions remains to be understood due to the lack of longitudinal data. Here, we sought to identify and quantify the relative importance of the host and ecological factors that influence virome diversity and composition from 15 mosquito species across time and narrow- or broad-scale biogeographies. We found that host species is the strongest determinant of virome diversity, whereas the influence of ecological factors on virome distribution vary across host species and virus family. In addition, we observed that closely related virus species are occasionally associated with closely related mosquito species. Our findings therefore highlight the importance of considering the ecological and evolutionary forces of virome dynamics and connectivity in terms of its taxonomic constituents instead of a single entity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrion Lacritick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchemin, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girod, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngoagouni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal factors shape mosquito virome diversity and composition in a host and virus phylogeny-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.11.673628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-translational acylation drives folding and activity of the CyaA bacterial toxin. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.11.673628v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-translational modifications critically shape protein conformation and function, yet how they regulate bacterial toxins remains elusive. The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin is a major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA is produced as an inactive precursor, proCyaA, which is activated by acylation of two lysine residues within the bacterium. Once acylated and secreted, CyaA invades innate immune cells and disrupts their phagocytic functions. High-resolution structural characterization of CyaA has remained elusive due to its size, multi-domain organization, flexibility, and aggregation propensity. Here, we overcome these challenges and generate the first structural ensembles of both non-acylated and acylated CyaA in solution by combining experimental data with integrative modeling. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations reveal that acylation is critical to stabilize the native fold and to favorably orient CyaA on the target membrane. Overall, our findings reveal how post-translational acylation triggers native folding and provide mechanistic insights into the early steps of host cell intoxication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scilironi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abettan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangieh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deruelle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raoux-Barbot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duclert-Savatier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardiaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bontems, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehau-Arnaudet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monticelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHENAL, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.673628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-translational acylation drives folding and activity of the CyaA bacterial toxin.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.12.675915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sphingolipid Homeostasis, Mitochondrial Activity, and PKA Signaling Drive an Azole-Tolerant State 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.12.675915v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antifungal therapies frequently fail, resulting in persistent infections caused by the important opportunistic pathogen, Candida albicans, which is highly tolerant to azole drugs. Tolerance arises from a subpopulation of cells that survive prolonged drug exposure, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, transcription factor mutant library screens identified Mnl1 as a key repressor of tolerance. Loss of MNL1 elevated cAMP levels and activated the PKA pathway, linking Mnl1 to growth control and stress responses. Additionally, mnl1 cells exhibited altered sphingolipid composition, implicating Mnl1 in regulating membrane permeability, a key determinant of drug efflux and membrane integrity. Increased tolerance in mnl1 cells was also linked to increased mitochondrial function. Thus, Mnl1 regulates tolerance through coordinated control of sphingolipid metabolism, mitochondrial activity, and PKA signaling, highlighting that tolerant cells adopt a distinct physiological state primed to withstand antifungal stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gautier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciel, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasilva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidelis Viera De Sa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Poeta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ene, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sphingolipid Homeostasis, Mitochondrial Activity, and PKA Signaling Drive an Azole-Tolerant State]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.17.676823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitrate-responsive Mycobacterial Intracytoplasmic Membranes dampen Inflammation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.17.676823v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcellular compartmentalization of metabolic processes is a main feature of prokaryotic and eukaryotic architecture. Environmental bacteria generate intracytoplasmic membranes (ICMs) as a crucial strategy to adapt their metabolism to environmental changes. While pathogenic intracellular bacteria also perceive various stressful stimuli during host interactions, the subsequent re-organization of their internal architecture has not been explored. Using cryo-electron tomography, we show that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a major human pathogen, is able to form ICMs outside and inside host cells in a strain-dependent manner. We characterize these Mycobacterial intracytoplasmic Membranes (MIMs) as nitrate-induced structures involved in regulation of metabolism. Furthermore, we uncover that MIM formation during macrophage infection correlates with the ability of Mtb to dampen cellular inflammatory responses. Our findings reveal a previously uncharacterized cytoplasmic structure in Mtb and link it to a functional mechanism that enables the bacterium to adapt to its intracellular niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musiani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianetto, Q. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitrate-responsive Mycobacterial Intracytoplasmic Membranes dampen Inflammation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.18.677039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Immune Responses and Tuberculosis Protection by Aerosol Vaccination with recombinant BCG expressing ESX-1 from Mycobacterium marinum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.18.677039v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The currently licensed anti-tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, provides limited protection against pulmonary TB in adolescents and adults, the main cause of TB transmission and mortality. To obtain an improved BCG-based vaccine candidate with increased immune signaling but still low virulence, we have previously generated a recombinant BCG strain named BCG::ESX-1Mmar, which is heterologously expressing ESX-1 functions of Mycobacterium marinum and thereby modulates the host innate immune responses via phagosomal rupture-associated induction of type I interferon production and enhanced inflammasome activity, leading to superior protection against TB disease in murine infection models. As protection may also vary with the route of vaccination, here, we have explored aerosol vaccination relative to subcutaneous vaccination, using BCG Pasteur and BCG::ESX-1Mmar. We found that mice vaccinated via the aerosol route with BCG Pasteur or BCG::ESX-1Mmar both yielded higher frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T effector memory (TEM) cells in the lungs compared to subcutaneously immunised mice, whereas comparable poly-functional Th1 (IL-2, TNF- and IFN-{gamma}) cytokine-producing subsets were observed in the spleens of all vaccinated mice. Significantly higher IL-17 responses without severe lung pathology were seen in the lungs of aerosol-vaccinated mice associated to local and transient inflammatory cytokine responses and immune cell infiltrations. Aerosol vaccination also elicited high amounts of humoral IgG and IgM responses in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and induced substantial lung CD69+ CD103+ T resident memory (TRM) cells, containing both CD4+ and CD8+ T subsets, in the airways of immunised mice, whereas this was not the case for subcutaneous vaccination. These effects led to significant improved protection against M. tuberculosis and reduced lung pathology in aerosol-vaccinated mice compared to subcutaneously vaccinated mice. Moreover, BCG::ESX-1Mmar induced enhanced T-cell immunity and superior protection compared to parental BCG Pasteur for both vaccination routes and thereby represents an interesting candidate for developing improved vaccination strategies against TB.

Author summaryAnti-tuberculosis vaccine efficacy is influenced by multiple parameters, including the immunogenicity of the vaccine strain, the type of preclinical host model used, and the route of vaccination. Given recent advances in the field of mucosal vaccination, in the current study we were particularly interested to explore and compare aerosol-based vaccination with standard subcutaneous vaccination in a C57BL/6J mouse model using our recently developed recombinant BCG::ESX-1Mmar vaccine candidate in comparison with parental BCG Pasteur. Our results show that in this setting the protective efficacy of mucosal vaccination was superior to subcutaneous vaccination for both vaccine strains, whereby the use of BCG::ESX-1Mmar induced additional benefits in terms of bacterial load reduction compared to standard BCG Pasteur. Taken together, we propose that aerosol vaccination using BCG::ESX-1Mmar as live-attenuated vaccine candidate is a promising and powerful combination for obtaining improved protection against an M. tuberculosis challenge, a concept that can now be tested in other animal models in a perspective of a putative clinical trial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sayes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigui, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tichit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Immune Responses and Tuberculosis Protection by Aerosol Vaccination with recombinant BCG expressing ESX-1 from Mycobacterium marinum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.19.677332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NK cells undergo transcriptional and functional reprogramming following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.19.677332v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes and key mediators of innate immunity, essential for combating viral infections and cancer. Notably, they exhibit immunological memory, generating a stronger response upon re-exposure to the same stimulus. While NK cell memory holds promise for infection control, its role in bacterial infections remains poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that Streptococcus pneumoniae induces long-term, specific, and protective NK cell memory. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA-seq to uncover how NK cells respond to S. pneumoniae infection. Our findings reveal that challenged Memory (cMemory) NK cells undergo transcriptional reprogramming following S. pneumoniae infection and have a differential transcriptional response upon reinfection. In addition, we identified distinct cMemory NK cell subpopulations, with responding cMemory NK cells displaying a general enhanced activation, proliferation, and cytotoxic activity. These findings support a novel role for NK cells in the context of bacterial infections, thereby opening avenues for harnessing the potential of innate immune memory for therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarasa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Enes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zellner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NK cells undergo transcriptional and functional reprogramming following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.24.678226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1 Sustains Chromatin-Independent Transcriptional Silencing and Epigenetic Inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.24.678226v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic inheritance of transcriptional silencing is traditionally attributed to chromatin-based mechanisms in which Argonaute-small RNA complexes recruit histone-modifying enzymes. Here we show that, in Caenorhabditis elegans, the nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1 maintains germline transcriptional repression independently of canonical heterochromatin marks. Using inducible, germline-specific HRDE-1 depletion combined with nuclear sorting, CUT&Tag, and nascent transcription profiling, we identified endogenous genes that become transcriptionally activated upon loss of HRDE-1 despite retaining H3K9me3 and H3K23me3. HRDE-1 directly restrains RNA polymerase II (Pol II) while simultaneously promoting polyUG-dependent amplification of antisense 22G-RNAs in perinuclear condensates, thereby coupling nuclear transcriptional repression to small RNA biogenesis. HRDE-1 loss causes progressive erosion of 22G-RNAs and delays silencing re-establishment, revealing a transgenerational feedback loop in which small RNAs, and not chromatin modifications, constitute the primary heritable signal. These findings redefine nuclear Argonautes as active drivers of RNA-based epigenetic inheritance and broaden our understanding of how small RNA pathways maintain transcriptional silencing across generations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rojas, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraj, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morao, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feudjio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capurso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quarato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovieve, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear Argonaute HRDE-1 Sustains Chromatin-Independent Transcriptional Silencing and Epigenetic Inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.28.679043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A targeted amplicon sequencing panel for cost-effective high-throughput genotyping of Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.28.679043v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary vector for several medically significant arboviruses, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Studying the genetic diversity of Ae. aegypti is crucial for understanding its evolutionary history, population dynamics, and the effectiveness of vector control methods. Due to the large genome size of Ae. aegypti, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is often cost-prohibitive for large-scale studies. Recent advances in reduced-representation methods, aiming to reduce costs by sequencing only a small portion of the genome, provide cost-effective alternatives. However, a standardized set of genome-wide markers specifically designed for population genetic studies of Ae. aegypti remains unavailable. Here, we present a targeted amplicon sequencing panel designed for cost-effective, high-throughput genotyping across 291 loci distributed throughout the Ae. aegypti genome. Our in silico analyses indicate that this amplicon panel effectively replicates population structure analyses typically derived from WGS data. We demonstrate that the amplicon panel accurately discriminates between diverse laboratory colonies of Ae. aegypti and consistently measures individual genetic admixture to a degree comparable with WGS. By enabling high-throughput genotyping at a reduced cost, we anticipate that our targeted amplicon sequencing panel will facilitate large-scale genotyping studies of Ae. aegypti for vector surveillance and population structure analyses, especially in resource-limited settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzooghi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breban, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryrylos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan-Banfield, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LAMBRECHTS, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.28.679043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A targeted amplicon sequencing panel for cost-effective high-throughput genotyping of Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.679146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entry, replication and innate immunity evasion of BANAL-236, a SARS-CoV-2-related bat virus, in Rhinolophus and human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.679146v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asian Rhinolophus bats are considered the natural reservoirs of an ancestral SARS-CoV-2. However, the biology of SARS-CoV-2-related viruses in bat cells is not well understood. Here, we investigated the replication of BANAL-236, the only bat-derived SARS-CoV-2 relative isolated to date, in Rhinolophus cells. BANAL-236 did not replicate in wild-type Rhinolophus cell lines. Entry assays using pseudoviruses expressing the spike proteins (S) of SARS-CoV-2, BANAL-236, and BANAL-52 revealed that efficient S-mediated entry depends on the expression of human ACE2 (hACE2) and human TMPRSS2 (hTMPRSS2) in human and Rhinolophus cells. Expression of Rhinolophus entry factors, either alone or in combination, did not facilitate SARS-CoV-2 or BANAL-236 entry in human cells, suggesting that the S protein of BANAL-236 interacts more efficiently with hACE2 than with its Rhinolophus counterpart (rACE2). Through biochemical, virological, and electron microscopy analyses, we showed that BANAL-236 and SARS-CoV-2 completed their replication cycles in a Rhinolophus cell line engineered to express high levels of hACE2 and hTMPRSS2. Despite efficient viral replication in modified Rhinolophus and human cells, no induction of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes was detected. Using a screening approach, we identified several BANAL-236 proteins that antagonize IFN production and signaling in human cells. Our findings thus show that BANAL-236 possesses critical features that enabled zoonotic spillover: hACE2 usage and potent evasion of human IFN responses. The Rhinolophus cellular model we established offers a platform for further investigating the interactions between bat coronaviruses and their reservoir hosts.

Author summaryBats are known reservoirs for viruses that cause severe diseases in humans, such as coronaviruses and filoviruses. Bat species naturally or experimentally infected with these viruses rarely exhibit clinical symptoms, suggesting an evolved tolerance to viral infections. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying viral tolerance and to identify factors that could facilitate zoonotic spillover, it is essential to study the replication of bat-borne viruses in relevant bat cellular models. Here, we investigated the replication of BANAL-236, a SARS-CoV-2 related virus isolated from fecal samples of Rhinolophus bats in Northen Laos, in a novel cell line derived from Rhinolophus ferrumequinum lung fibroblasts. Our findings reveal that BANAL-236 can efficiently use human entry factors and potently evade the human innate immune response, two traits that may have contributed to its zoonotic transmission. Furthermore, the R. ferrumequinum cell lines we developed is a valuable model for investigating the molecular interactions between sarbecoviruses and their natural hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gracias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaire-Carpio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuillier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Seach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendramini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moundib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juste, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temmam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Romero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SCHWARTZ, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miorin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roingeard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caval, v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvenet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entry, replication and innate immunity evasion of BANAL-236, a SARS-CoV-2-related bat virus, in Rhinolophus and human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.30.679250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the dual functions of Leishmania CK1.2 in both the parasite and the macrophage using integrated proteomics and spatial mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.30.679250v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leishmania CK1.2 (L-CK1.2) is a serine/threonine protein kinase essential for the survival of the protozoan parasite Leishmania, the causative agent of Leishmaniasis. This study investigates the dynamic localization pattern of L-CK1.2 and the broad spectrum of its interacting partners within the parasite. Using proteomic analysis and confocal microscopy, we identified 230 L-CK1.2-associated proteins across the parasite life stages, promastigotes (in the insect vector), and amastigotes, (in the phagolysosomes of host macrophages). This analysis revealed the ubiquitous presence of L-CK1.2 in various cellular structures, including the cytoskeleton, basal body, and flagellum. Using an in vitro system, sixty-four host L-CK1.2-associated proteins, involved in critical host biological processes such as immune response, apoptosis, and purine biosynthesis, were shown to interact with L-CK1.2. These processes are known to be regulated by Leishmania during infection. The study highlights the dual function of L-CK1.2, in the parasite (cis) and within the host cell (trans), positioning this kinase as a key player in host-pathogen interactions. This work provides a comprehensive map of L-CK1.2 interactions and suggest its potential importance in regulating intracellular Leishmania survival, providing potential therapeutic targets for Leishmaniasis. Furthermore, given the evolutionary conservation of CK1.2 across other parasitic organisms, our findings may have broader implications for understanding and managing parasitic infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclercq, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laigle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RACHIDI, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the dual functions of Leishmania CK1.2 in both the parasite and the macrophage using integrated proteomics and spatial mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.02.679979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Chryseobacterium massiliae pore-forming MACPF domain protein mediates intra and interspecies competition against Bacteroides 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.02.679979v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiota play crucial roles in host health, including protection against pathogens through competitive interactions between commensal and pathogenic bacteria that are mediated by direct contact or secreted factors. We previously demonstrated that Chryseobacterium massiliae, a zebrafish commensal, protects larvae against infection by Flavobacterium covae (formerly F. columnare). Here, we investigated whether interference interactions contribute to this protective effect. We found that C. massiliae culture supernatant inhibits F. covae growth and a transposon mutagenesis screen identified mutants lacking this activity. All identified mutants carried insertions in a gene encoding a protein homologous to Bacteroidales BSAP pore-forming toxins, characterized by a Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) domain. We showed that this protein, which we named CSAP-1 (for Chryseobacterium Secreted Antimicrobial Protein) displays bactericidal, pore-forming activity that lyses F. covae cells. Unlike BSAP proteins from Bacteroides spp., CSAP-1 displays broader antagonistic activity, targeting multiple species across the Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium genera - thus mediating interspecies and intergenus inhibition within Bacteroidetes. Although CSAP-1 is not essential for the in vivo protective effect of C. massiliae, administration of purified CSAP-1 alone confers significant protection to zebrafish larvae against sensitive F. covae infection.

This study therefore identifies CSAP-1 as the first MACPF protein from C. massiliae with broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against members of the order Flavobacteriales. These findings highlight CSAP-1 as a promising candidate for the development of novel antimicrobial strategies and warrant further mechanistic investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>AUDRAIN, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PEREZ-PASCUAL, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>THIRIET-RUPERT, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BERNAL-BAYARD, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>STRESSMANN, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.679979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Chryseobacterium massiliae pore-forming MACPF domain protein mediates intra and interspecies competition against Bacteroides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.681498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrodomain ADP-ribose binding but not ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity is critical for chikungunya virus infection of Aedes mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.681498v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral macrodomains are promising antiviral targets that counteract host ADP-ribosylation-mediated antiviral responses in mammals. However, their role in dual-host viruses within the mosquito vector is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) macrodomain by mutating the active site asparagine 24 (N24). In both mammalian and mosquito cell lines, these enzymes rapidly acquired compensatory mutations at aspartate 31 (D31). We show that while N24 mutations abolish ADP-ribosylhydrolase catalytic activity and reduce folding stability, ADP-ribose binding remains intact. Furthermore, the D31 compensatory mutations do not markedly rescue catalytic activity or folding stability. Structures of the compensatory mutant macrodomains suggest the importance of ADP-ribose binding, rather than ADP-ribosylhydrolase catalysis as the selective pressure driving their accumulation. In mammalian cells, viral mutants bearing the catalytic and compensatory mutations replicated less efficiently than wild-type virus in interferon-competent cell lines. However, their replication remained unaffected in mosquito cells. In Aedes mosquitoes, macrodomain mutations had disparate impacts, either reducing or enhancing infectivity and transmission depending on the specific mutation and viral lineage. These findings emphasize that viral macrodomain function is complex and host-dependent, highlighting the need for multi-host understanding to develop effective antivirals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bardossy, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacritick, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correy, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashworth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.681498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrodomain ADP-ribose binding but not ADP-ribosylhydrolase activity is critical for chikungunya virus infection of Aedes mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.10.681557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Met-Vision stratifies single cell metabolism revealing coexisting energetic states in tissue macrophages redistributed by inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.10.681557v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The function of tissue-associated macrophages is tightly linked to their energy metabolism. Yet, the diversity of macrophage metabolic profiles coexisting in tissues at homeostasis or during immune challenges is incompletely understood. Here, we introduce Met-Vision, an imaging-based pipeline for single-cell functional profiling and classification of energy metabolism. Across multiple tissue contexts, we identified that macrophages do not adopt a uniform metabolic profile but typically co-exist in four discrete metabolic states with distinct dependence on OXPHOS and metabolic plasticity. Inflammation reconfigured the distribution of macrophage metabolic profiles that remained heterogeneous. Notably, inflammation-derived nitric oxide finely tuned the distribution of macrophage energetic states. These findings challenge the view of homogenous metabolic activation and reveal a layer of metabolic diversity in tissue at steady state and during inflammation. The ability to stratify macrophage energy metabolic profiles with Met-Vision should help guide the development of metabolism-targeted therapies for inflammatory diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders.

Significance statementThis study introduces Met-Vision and reveal that tissue macrophages occupy four distinct energetic states, challenging the notion of uniform metabolic activation and opening avenues for guiding metabolism-targeted therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lecourieux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Met-Vision stratifies single cell metabolism revealing coexisting energetic states in tissue macrophages redistributed by inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.14.682385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
napariTFM: An Open-Source Tool for Traction ForceMicroscopy and Monolayer Stress Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.14.682385v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular force generation and transmission are fundamental processes driving cell migration, division, tissue morphogenesis, and disease progression. Traction Force Microscopy (TFM) and Monolayer Stress Microscopy (MSM) have emerged as essential techniques for quantifying these mechanical processes, but current software solutions are fragmented across multiple platforms with varying degrees of usability and accessibility. Here, we present napariTFM, a comprehensive open-source plugin for the napari image viewer that integrates state-of-the-art algorithms for both TFM and MSM analysis within an intuitive graphical user interface. The software implements TV-L1 optical flow for displacement analysis, Fourier Transform Traction Cytometry (FTTC) for force reconstruction, and finite element methods for stress calculation, supporting both single-frame and time-series analysis of 2D microscopy data. Systematic validation using synthetic datasets with known ground truth values demonstrated excellent accuracy, with correlation coefficients above 0.9 for most situations. Real-time parameter adjustment and immediate visualization capabilities enable interactive optimization of analysis parameters and quality assessment during processing. Finally, we demonstrate the softwares capabilities through analysis of optogenetic contractility experiments in cell doublets. napariTFM addresses critical gaps in the cellular mechanics software ecosystem by combining algorithmic rigor with practical usability, providing the research community with an accessible platform for quantitative studies of cellular force generation and transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruppel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woerthmueller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balland, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagotto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[napariTFM: An Open-Source Tool for Traction ForceMicroscopy and Monolayer Stress Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.22.683923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluke-borne viruses are a risk factor for diseases caused by carcinogenic trematodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.22.683923v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three trematode parasites, Schistosoma haematobium, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis are recognized group 1 biological carcinogens. Herein, we showed that all three carcinogenic trematodes harbor viruses. Focusing on O. viverrini, we determined virus persistence at discrete life stages, viral tropism for the fluke tegument, and provided molecular and serological evidence of virus transmission to parasitized hamsters. Serological analyses confirmed seroconversion of O. viverrini-infected residents in endemic regions. We observed that antibody titer and avidity against fluke viruses increase in infected individuals with hepatobiliary diseases. Using random forest, we showed that fluke virus serologies discriminate efficiently between liver-fluke infected participants without disease from those with periductal fibrosis or cholangiocarcinoma. Altogether, this discovery shows that fluke-borne viruses are a risk factor and diagnostic target for fluke-associated cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaiyadet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roblin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauchois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temmam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hing, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kende, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thewarach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loukas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brindley, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheilly, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluke-borne viruses are a risk factor for diseases caused by carcinogenic trematodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/219998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of multiple transcriptomes exposes unified and divergent features of quiescent and activated skeletal muscle stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/219998v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSkeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are quiescent in adult mice and can undergo multiple rounds of proliferation and self-renewal following muscle injury. Several labs have profiled transcripts of myogenic cells during developmental and adult myogenesis with the aim of identifying quiescent markers. Here, we focused on the quiescent cell state and generated new transcriptome profiles that include subfractionations of adult MuSC populations, and an artificially induced prenatal quiescent state, to identify core signatures for quiescent and proliferating MuSCs.nnMethodsComparison of available data offered challenges related to the inherent diversity of datasets and biological conditions. We developed a standardized workflow to homogenize the normalization, filtering, quality control steps for the analysis of gene expression profiles allowing the identification up- and down-regulated genes and the subsequent gene set enrichment analysis. To share the analytical pipeline of this work, we developed Sherpa, an interactive Shiny server that allows multiscale comparisons for extraction of desired gene sets from the analysed datasets. This tool is adaptable to cell populations in other contexts and tissues.nnResultsA multiscale analysis comprising eight datasets of quiescent MuSCs had 207 and 542 genes commonly up- and down-regulated, respectively. Shared up-regulated gene sets include an over-representation of the TNFa pathway via NFKb signaling, Il6-Jak-Stat3 signaling, and the apical surface processes, while shared down-regulated gene sets exhibited an over-representation of Myc and E2F targets, and genes associated to the G2M checkpoint and oxidative phosphorylation. However, virtually all datasets contained genes that are associated with activation or cell cycle entry, such as the immediate early stress response genes Fos and Jun. Empirical examination of fixed and isolated MuSCs showed that these and other genes were absent in vivo, but activated during procedural isolation of cells.nnConclusionsThrough the systematic comparison and individual analysis of diverse transcriptomic profiles, we identified genes that were consistently differentially expressed among the different datasets and common underlying biological processes key to the quiescent cell state. Our findings provide impetus to define and distinguish transcripts associated with true in vivo quiescence from those that are first responding genes due to disruption of the stem cell niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pietrosemoli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yennek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambasivan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DI GIROLAMO, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/219998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of multiple transcriptomes exposes unified and divergent features of quiescent and activated skeletal muscle stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/224634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VarExp: Estimating variance explained by Genome-Wide GxE summary statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/224634v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genomic analyses, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or genome-wide screening for Gene-Environment (GxE) interactions have been performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of human traits and diseases. When the analyzed outcome is quantitative, the overall contribution of identified genetic variants to the outcome is often expressed as the percentage of phenotypic variance explained. In practice, this is commonly estimated using individual genotype data. However, using individual-level data faces practical and ethical challenges when the GWAS results are derived in large consortia through meta-analysis of results from multiple cohorts. In this work, we present a R package, "VarExp", that allows for the estimation of the percentage of phenotypic variance explained by variants of interest using summary statistics only. Our package allows for a range of models to be evaluated, including marginal genetic effects, GxE interaction effects, and main genetic and interaction effects jointly. Its implementation integrates all recent methodological developments on the topic and does not need external data to be uploaded by users.nnThe R source code, tutorial and associated example are available at https://gitlab.pasteur.fr/statistical-genetics/VarExp.git.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prive, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauderman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Province, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHARGE Gene-Lifestyle Interactions Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/224634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VarExp: Estimating variance explained by Genome-Wide GxE summary statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/250266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host range expansion and genetic plasticity drive the trade-off between integrative and extrachromosomal mobile genetic elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/250266v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-transmissible mobile genetic elements drive horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes. Some of these elements integrate in the chromosome, whereas others replicate autonomously as plasmids. Recent works showed the existence of few differences, and occasional interconversion, between the two types of elements. Here, we enquired on why evolutionary processes have maintained the two types of mobile genetic elements by comparing integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) with extrachromosomal ones (conjugative plasmids) of the highly abundant MPFT conjugative type. We observed that plasmids encode more replicases, partition systems, and antibiotic resistance genes, whereas ICEs encode more integrases and metabolism-associated genes. ICEs and plasmids have similar average sizes, but plasmids are much more variable, have more DNA repeats, and exchange genes more frequently. On the other hand, we found that ICEs are more frequently transferred between distant taxa. We propose a model where differential plasticity and transmissibility range explain the co-occurrence of integrative and extra-chromosomal elements in microbial populations. In particular, the conversion from ICE to plasmid allows ICE to be more plastic, while the conversion from plasmid to ICE allows the expansion of the element s host range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Cruz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host range expansion and genetic plasticity drive the trade-off between integrative and extrachromosomal mobile genetic elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/261628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating genomic platforms to study Candida albicans pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/261628v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of the genomic era has made elucidating gene function at large scale a pressing challenge. ORFeome collections, whereby almost all ORFs of a given species are cloned and can be subsequently leveraged in multiple functional genomic approaches, represent valuable resources towards this endeavor. Here we provide novel, genome-scale tools for the study of Candida albicans, a commensal yeast that is also responsible for frequent superficial and disseminated infections in humans. We have generated an ORFeome collection composed of 5,102 ORFs cloned in a Gateway donor vector, representing 83% of the currently annotated coding sequences of C. albicans. Sequencing data of the cloned ORFs are available in the CandidaOrfDB database at http://candidaorfeome.eu. We also engineered 49 expression vectors with a choice of promoters, tags, and selection markers and demonstrated their applicability to the study of target ORFs transferred from the C. albicans ORFeome. In addition, the use of the ORFeome in the detection of protein-protein interaction was demonstrated. Mating-compatible strains as well as Gateway-compatible two-hybrid vectors were engineered, validated and used in a proof of concept experiment. These unique and valuable resources should greatly facilitate future functional studies in C. albicans and the elucidation of mechanisms that underlie its pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Legrand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachellier-Bassi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tournu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbogast, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesseir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslanka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossignol, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeidler, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Znaidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeters, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majgier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tichit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dijck, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Enfert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating genomic platforms to study Candida albicans pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/268722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza A virus environmental persistence is driven by the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/268722v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transmission routes of Influenza A viruses (IAVs) submit virus particles to a wide range of environmental conditions that affect their transmission. In water, temperature, salinity and pH are important factors modulating viral persistence in a strain-dependant manner, and the viral factors driving IAV persistence remained to be described. We used an innovative method based on a real-time cell system analysis to quantify viral decay in an environmental model. Thus, we identified the viral hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) as the main proteins driving the environmental persistence by comparing the inactivation slopes of several reassortant viruses. We also introduced synonymous and non-synonymous mutations in the HA or in the NA that modulated IAV persistence. Our results demonstrate that HA stability and expression level, as well as calcium-binding sites of the NA protein are molecular determinants of viral persistence.nnFinally, IAV particles could not trigger membrane fusion after environmental exposure, stressing the importance of the HA and the NA for environmental persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labadie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batejat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manuguerra, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclercq, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza A virus environmental persistence is driven by the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/288852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biallelic Mutations in LRRC56 encoding a protein associated with intraflagellar transport, cause mucociliary clearance and laterality defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/288852v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defective motile cilia are responsible for a group of heterogeneous genetic conditions characterised by dysfunction of the apparatus responsible for generating fluid flows. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is the prototype for such disorders and presents with impaired pulmonary mucus clearance, susceptibility to chronic recurrent respiratory infections, male infertility and laterality defects in about 50 % of patients. Here we report biallelic variants in LRRC56 (also known as ODA8), identified in two unrelated consanguineous families. The phenotype comprises laterality defects and chronic pulmonary infections. High speed video microscopy of cultured patient epithelial cells showed severely dyskinetic cilia, but no obvious ultra-structural abnormalities on routine transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further investigation revealed that LRRC56 interacts with the intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein IFT88. The link to IFT was interrogated in Trypanosoma brucei. In this protist, LRRC56 is recruited to the cilium during axoneme construction, where it co-localises with IFT trains and facilitates the addition of dynein arms to the distal end of the flagellum. In T. brucei carrying LRRC56 null mutations, or a mutation (p.Leu259Pro) corresponding to the p.Leu140Pro variant seen in one of the affected families, we observed abnormal ciliary beat patterns and an absence of outer dynein arms restricted to the distal portion of the axoneme. Together, our findings confirm that deleterious variants in LRRC56 result in a human disease, and suggest this protein has a likely role in dynein transport during cilia assembly that is evolutionarily important for cilia motility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonnefoy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kernohan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crinion, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Callaghan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirst, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grynspan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonthron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Care4Rare Canada Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boycott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheridan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/288852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biallelic Mutations in LRRC56 encoding a protein associated with intraflagellar transport, cause mucociliary clearance and laterality defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/291328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling bacteria-phage interactions driving predation and horizontal gene transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/291328v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages shape microbial communities by predating on them and by accelerating their adaptation through horizontal gene transfer. The former is the basis of phage therapy, whereas the latter drives the evolution of numerous bacterial pathogens. We present a novel computational approach (eVIVALDI - eco-eVolutionary mIcrobial indiViduAL-baseD sImulations) to study phage-bacteria ecological interactions that integrates a large number of processes, including population dynamics, environmental structure, genome evolution, and phage-mediated horizontal transfer. We validate and illustrate the relevance of the model by focusing on three specific questions: the ecological interactions between bacteria and virulent phage during phage and antibiotic therapy, the role of prophages as competitive weapons, and how autotransduction facilitates bacterial acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes upon lysis of antibiotic resistant competitors. Our model recapitulates experimental and theoretical observations and provides novel insights. In particular, we find that environmental structure has a strong effect on community dynamics and evolutionary outcomes in all three case studies. Strong environmental structure, relative to well-mixed environments and especially if antibiotics are heterogeneously distributed, enhances the rate of acquisition of resistance to both phages and antibiotics, and leads to more accurate predictions of the dynamics of lysogen invasion in the gastrointestinal tract. We predicted the co-existence of invaders and resident lysogens in autotransduction under a range of parameters, and validated this key prediction experimentally. By linking ecological and evolutionary dynamics, our modelling approach sheds light on the factors that influence the dynamics of phage-bacteria interactions. It can also be expanded to put forward novel hypotheses, facilitating the design of phage therapy treatments and the assessment of the role of phages in the spread of antibiotic resistance.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYIn the face of a growing threat of antibiotic resistant bacteria, bacteriophages have re-emerged as a potential alternative to clinical treatments of infections, as they are efficient bacterial predators. However, bacteriophages can also promote, through a mechanism called transduction, the dissemination of adaptive traits between bacteria, including antibiotic resistance genes. Importantly, these two types of interactions (predation and transduction) can co-occur, which creates difficulties in predicting their outcome. We have developed eVIVALDI (eco-eVolutionary mIcrobial indiViduAL-baseD sImulations), a computational model that allows the simulation of microbial communities with a focus on the mechanisms involved in phage-bacteria interactions, across time and in different types of environments. eVIVALDI can be used to understand the conditions where phages are more likely to be successfully used to eliminate bacteria or, in the other hand, the conditions where they increase the probability of dissemination of adaptive traits. Our research highlights the importance of considering the diverse ways that phage and bacteria interact, and the relevant ecological conditions where these interactions take place, to understand how bacteriophages shape microbial communities and how they can be used as a clinical tool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sousa, J. M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsaadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haaber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingmer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling bacteria-phage interactions driving predation and horizontal gene transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/308056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haemophilus to meningococci transfer of beta-lactamase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/308056v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the detection in France of a beta-lactamase producing invasive meningococcal isolate. Whole genome sequencing of the isolate revealed ROB-1 type beta-lactamase that is frequently encountered in Haemophilus influenzae suggesting horizontal transfer between isolates of these bacterial species. Beta-lactamases are exceptional in meningococci with no reports from more than two decades. This report is worrying as the expansion of such isolates may jeopardize the effective treatment against invasive meningococcal disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deghmane, A.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haemophilus to meningococci transfer of beta-lactamase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/308148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen in E. coli identifies design rules for efficient targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/308148v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The main outcome of efficient CRISPR-Cas9 cleavage in the chromosome of bacteria is cell death. This can be conveniently used to eliminate specific genotypes from a mixed population of bacteria, which can be achieved both in vitro, e.g. to select mutants, or in vivo as an antimicrobial strategy. The efficiency with which Cas9 kills bacteria has been observed to be quite variable depending on the specific target sequence, but little is known about the sequence determinants and mechanisms involved. Here we performed a genome-wide screen of Cas9 cleavage in the chromosome of E. coli to determine the efficiency with which each guide RNA kills the cell. Surprisingly we observed a large-scale pattern where guides targeting some regions of the chromosome are more rapidly depleted than others. Unexpectedly, this pattern arises from the influence of degrading specific chromosomal regions on the copy number of the plasmid carrying the guide RNA library. After taking this effect into account, it is possible to train a neural network to predict Cas9 efficiency based on the target sequence. We show that our model learns different features than previous models trained on Eukaryotic CRISPR-Cas9 knockout libraries. Our results highlight the need for specific models to design efficient CRISPR-Cas9 tools in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez Soriano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong Ng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becavin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen in E. coli identifies design rules for efficient targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/308916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR-dCas9 screens in E. coli identify essential genes and phage host factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/308916v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput genetic screens are powerful methods to identify genes linked to a given phenotype. The catalytic null mutant of the Cas9 RNA-guided nuclease (dCas9) can be conveniently used to silence genes of interest in a method also known as CRISPRi. Here, we report a genome-wide CRISPR-dCas9 screen using a pool of ~ 92,000 sgRNAs which target random positions in the chromosome of E. coli. We first investigate the utility of this method for the prediction of essential genes and various unusual features in the genome of E. coli. We then apply the screen to discover E. coli genes required by phages {lambda}, T4 and 186 to kill their host. In particular, we show that colanic acid capsule is a barrier to all three phages. Finally, cloning the library on a plasmid that can be packaged by {lambda} enables to identify genes required for the formation of functional {lambda} capsids. This study demonstrates the usefulness and convenience of pooled genome-wide CRISPR-dCas9 screens in bacteria in order to identify genes linked to a given phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rousset, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siouve, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depardieu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR-dCas9 screens in E. coli identify essential genes and phage host factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/328609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intermediate filaments control collective migration by restricting traction forces and sustaining cell-cell contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/328609v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal cell migration relies on the coordinated regulation of the actin and microtubule networks which participate in polarised cell protrusion, adhesion and contraction. During collective migration, most of the traction forces are generated by the acto-myosin network linked to focal adhesions at the front of leader cells, which transmit these pulling forces to the followers. Here, using an in vitro wound healing assay to induce polarisation and collective directed migration of primary astrocytes, we show that the intermediate filament (IF) network composed of vimentin, GFAP and nestin contributes to directed collective movement by controlling the distribution of forces in the migrating cell monolayer. Together with the cytoskeletal linker plectin, these IFs control the organisation and dynamics of the acto-myosin network, promoting the actin-driven treadmilling of adherens junctions, thereby facilitating the polarisation of leader cells. Independently of their effect on adherens junctions, IFs influence the dynamics and localisation of focal adhesions and limit their mechanical coupling to the acto-myosin network. We thus conclude that IFs promote collective directed migration by restricting the generation of traction forces to the front of leader cells, preventing aberrant tractions in the followers and by contributing to the maintenance of lateral cell-cell interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Pascalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Gonzalez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeda, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vianay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burute, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leduc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borghi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepat, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intermediate filaments control collective migration by restricting traction forces and sustaining cell-cell contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/328757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic diversity in two Plasmodium vivax protein ligands for reticulocyte invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/328757v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interaction between Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) and Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) has been described as critical for the invasion of human reticulocytes, although increasing reports of P. vivax infections in Duffy-negative individuals questions its unique role. To investigate the genetic diversity of the two main protein ligands for reticulocyte invasion, PvDBP and P. vivax Erythrocyte Binding Protein (PvEBP), we analyzed 458 isolates collected in Cambodia and Madagascar. First, we observed a high proportion of isolates with multiple copies PvEBP from Madagascar (56%) where Duffy negative and positive individuals coexist compared to Cambodia (19%) where Duffy-negative population is virtually absent. Whether the gene amplification observed is responsible for alternate invasion pathways remains to be tested. Second, we found that the PvEBP gene was less diverse than PvDBP gene (12 vs. 33 alleles) but provided evidence for an excess of nonsynonymous mutations with the complete absence of synonymous mutations. This finding reveals that PvEBP is under strong diversifying selection, and confirms the importance of this protein ligand in the invasion process of the human reticulocytes and as a target of acquired immunity. These observations highlight how genomic changes in parasite ligands improve the fitness of P. vivax isolates in the face of immune pressure and receptor polymorphisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roesch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovici, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Run, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramboarina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakotomalala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakotoarison, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoloharimanana, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andriamanantena, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillotte-Blisnick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitnis, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigan-Womas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic diversity in two Plasmodium vivax protein ligands for reticulocyte invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/329300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional intraflagellar transport is restricted to only two microtubule doublets in the trypanosome flagellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/329300v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the rapid bidirectional movement of large protein complexes driven by kinesin and dynein motors along microtubule doublets of cilia and flagella. Here we used a combination of high-resolution electron and light microscopy to investigate how and where these IFT trains move within the flagellum of the protist Trypanosoma brucei. Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) analysis of trypanosomes showed that trains are found almost exclusively along two sets of doublets (3-4 and 7-8) and distribute in two categories according to their length. High-resolution live imaging of cells expressing mNeonGreen::IFT81 or GFP::IFT52 revealed for the first time IFT trafficking on two parallel lines within the flagellum. Anterograde and retrograde IFT occur on each of these lines. At the distal end, a large individual anterograde IFT train is converted in several smaller retrograde trains in the space of 3-4 seconds while remaining on the same side of the axoneme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertiaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fort, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blisnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnefoy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepout, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/329300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional intraflagellar transport is restricted to only two microtubule doublets in the trypanosome flagellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/342741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Worldwide survey reveals lower susceptibility of African Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to diverse strains of Zika virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/342741v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus mainly transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. First isolated in Uganda in 1947, ZIKV was shown to circulate in enzootic sylvatic cycles in Africa and Asia for at least half a century before the first reported human epidemic occurred in 2007 on the Pacific island of Yap, Micronesia. Subsequently, larger ZIKV outbreaks were recorded in French Polynesia and other South Pacific islands during 2013-2014. In 2015, ZIKV reached Brazil from where it rapidly spread across the Americas and the Caribbean, causing hundreds of thousands of human cases. The factors that have fueled the explosiveness and magnitude of ZIKV emergence in the Pacific and the Americas are poorly understood. Reciprocally, the lack of major human epidemics of ZIKV in regions with seemingly favorable conditions, such as Africa or Asia, remains largely unexplained. To evaluate the potential contribution of vector population diversity to ZIKV epidemiological patterns, we established dose-response curves for eight field-derived Ae. aegypti populations representing the global range of the species, following experimental exposure to six low-passage ZIKV strains spanning the current viral genetic diversity. Our results reveal that African Ae. aegypti are significantly less susceptible than non-African Ae. aegypti across all ZIKV strains tested. We suggest that low susceptibility of vector populations may have contributed to prevent large-scale human transmission of ZIKV in Africa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aubry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidaliuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Vivas, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rua, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusfour, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiolle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paupy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayanja, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutwama, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponlawat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao-Lormeau, V.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarman, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diagne, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sall, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/342741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Worldwide survey reveals lower susceptibility of African Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to diverse strains of Zika virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/350579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae complex members using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/350579v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Klebsiella pneumoniae (phylogroup Kp1), one of the most problematic pathogens associated with antibiotic resistance worldwide, is phylogenetically closely related to K. quasipneumoniae [subsp. quasipneumoniae (Kp2) and subsp. similipneumoniae (Kp4)], K. variicola (Kp3) and two unnamed phylogroups (Kp5 and Kp6). Together, Kp1 to Kp6 make-up the K. pneumoniae complex. Currently, the phylogroups can be reliably identified only by gene sequencing. Misidentification using standard methods is common and the clinical significance of K. pneumoniae complex members is therefore imprecisely defined. Here, we evaluated the potential of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to discriminate K. pneumoniae complex members. We report for the first time the existence of mass spectrometry biomarkers associated with the phylogroups, with a sensitivity and specificity ranging between 80-100% and 97-100%, respectively. Strains within phylogroups Kp1, Kp2, Kp4 and Kp5 each shared two specific peaks not observed in other phylogroups. Kp3 strains shared a peak that was only observed otherwise in Kp5. Finally, Kp6 had a diagnostic peak shared only with Kp1. Kp3 and Kp6 could therefore be identified by exclusion criteria (lacking Kp5 and Kp1-specific peaks, respectively). Further, ranked Pearson correlation clustering of spectra grouped strains according to their phylogroup. These results call for incorporation of spectra of all K. pneumoniae complex members into reference MALDI-TOF spectra databases, in which they are currently lacking. This advance may allow for simple and precise identification of K. pneumoniae and closely related species, opening the way to a better understanding of their epidemiology, ecology and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae complex members using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/351106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timed collinear activation of Hox genes during gastrulation controls the avian forelimb position 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/351106v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limb position along the body is highly consistent within one species but very variable among vertebrates. Despite major advances in our understanding of limb patterning in three dimensions, how limbs reproducibly form along the anteroposterior axis remains largely unknown. Hox genes have long been suspected to control limb position, however supporting evidences are mostly correlative and their role in this process remains unclear. Here we show that Hox genes determine the avian forelimb position in a two-step process: first, their sequential collinear activation during gastrulation controls the relative position of their own successive expression domains along the body axis. Then, within these collinear domains, Hox genes differentially activate or repress the genetic cascade responsible for forelimb initiation. Furthermore, we provide evidences that changes in the timing of collinear Hox gene activation might underlie natural variation in forelimb position between different birds. Altogether our results which characterize the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation and natural variation of forelimb position in avians, show a direct and early role for Hox genes in this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldarelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocancourt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denans, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourquie, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/351106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timed collinear activation of Hox genes during gastrulation controls the avian forelimb position]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/361204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High proportion of multiple copies of Plasmodium falciparum Plasmepsin-2 gene in African isolates: Is piperaquine resistance emerging in Africa? 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/361204v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs is currently the primary rationale supporting the development of new and well-tolerated drugs. In 2014-2015, a phase 2b clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a single oral dose of Artefenomel (OZ439)-piperaquine (PPQ) in Asian and African patients presenting with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Blood samples collected before treatment offered the opportunity to investigate the proportion of multidrug resistant parasite genotypes including P. falciparum Kelch13 mutations and copy number variation of both P. falciparum plasmepsin2 (Pfpm2) and P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (Pfmdr1) genes. Validated Kelch13 resistance mutations including C580Y, I543T, P553L and V568G were only detected in parasites from Vietnamese patients. In Africa, isolates with multiple copies of the Pfmdr1 gene were shown to be more frequent than previously reported (21.1%, range from 12.4% in Burkina Faso to 27.4% in Uganda). More strikingly, high proportions of isolates with multiple copies of the Pfpm2 gene, associated to PPQ resistance, were frequently observed in the African sites, especially in Burkina Faso and Uganda (>30%).nnOur findings sharply contrast with the recent description of increased sensitivity to PPQ of Ugandan parasite isolates. This emphasizes the necessity to decipher the genetic background associated with PPQ resistance in Africa by investigating in vitro susceptibilities to PPQ of isolates with multiple copies of the Pfpm2 gene and the urgent need to assess the risk of development of PPQ resistance, along with the efficacy of both current frontline therapies and new antimalarial combinations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leroy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macintyre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurijssens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klopper, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/361204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High proportion of multiple copies of Plasmodium falciparum Plasmepsin-2 gene in African isolates: Is piperaquine resistance emerging in Africa?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/363853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Both rare and common genetic variants contribute to autism in the Faroe Islands 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/363853v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of genes associated with autism is increasing, but few studies have been performed on epidemiological cohorts and in isolated populations. Here, we investigated 357 individuals from the Faroe Islands including 36 individuals with autism, 136 of their relatives and 185 non-autism controls. Data from SNP array and whole exome sequencing revealed that individuals with autism compared to controls had a higher burden of copy-number variants (p < 0.05), higher inbreeding status (p < 0.005) and higher load of homozygous deleterious variants (p < 0.01). Our analysis supports the role of several genes/loci associated with autism (e.g. NRXN1, ADNP, 22q11 deletion) and identified new truncating (e.g. GRIK2, ROBO1, NINL and IMMP2L) or recessive deleterious variants (e.g. KIRELL3 and CNTNAP2) affecting autism-risk genes. It also revealed three genes involved in synaptic plasticity, RIMS4, KALRN and PLA2G4A, carrying de novo deleterious variants in individuals with autism without intellectual disability. In summary, our analysis provides a better understanding of the genetic architecture of autism in isolated populations by highlighting the role of both common and rare gene variants and pointing at new autism-risk genes. It also indicates that more knowledge about how multiple genetic hits affect neuronal function will be necessary to fully understand the genetic architecture of autism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leblond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cliquet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huguet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergrohen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buratti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemiere, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuisset, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bienvenu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleuze, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stora, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biskupstoe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorsdottir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billstedt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Both rare and common genetic variants contribute to autism in the Faroe Islands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/374371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular logic of Nanog-induced self-renewal 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/374371v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor networks, together with histone modifications and signalling pathways, underlie the establishment and maintenance of gene regulatory architectures associated with the molecular identity of each cell type. However, how master transcription factors individually impact the epigenomic landscape and orchestrate the behaviour of regulatory networks under different environmental constraints is only very partially understood. Here, we show that the transcription factor Nanog deploys multiple distinct mechanisms to enhance embryonic stem cell self-renewal. In the presence of LIF, which fosters self-renewal, Nanog rewires the pluripotency network by promoting chromatin accessibility and binding of other pluripotency factors to thousands of enhancers. In the absence of LIF, Nanog blocks differentiation by sustaining H3K27me3, a repressive histone mark, at developmental regulators. Among those, we show that the repression of Otx2 plays a preponderant role. Our results underscore the versatility of master transcription factors, such as Nanog, to globally influence gene regulation during developmental processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heurtier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mornico, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clerc, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/374371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular logic of Nanog-induced self-renewal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/379750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of neocortical folding: A phylogenetic comparative analysis of MRI from 33 primate species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/379750v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted a comparative analysis of primate cerebral size and neocortical folding using magnetic resonance imaging data from 65 individuals belonging to 34 different species. We measured several neocortical folding parameters and studied their evolution using phylogenetic comparative methods. Our results suggest that the most likely model for neuroanatomical evolution is one where differences appear randomly (the Brownian Motion model), however, alternative models cannot be completely ruled out. We present estimations of the ancestral primate phenotypes as well as estimations of the rates of phenotypic change. Based on the Brownian Motion model, the common ancestor of primates may have had a folded cerebrum similar to that of a small lemur such as the aye-aye. Finally, we observed a non-linear relationship between fold wavelength and fold depth with cerebral volume. In particular, gyrencephalic primate neocortices across different groups exhibited a strikingly stable fold wavelength of about 12 mm ({+/-} 20%), despite a 20-fold variation in cerebral volume. We discuss our results in the context of current theories of neocortical folding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heuer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulban, O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazin, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osoianu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valabregue, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/379750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of neocortical folding: A phylogenetic comparative analysis of MRI from 33 primate species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/393744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adhesion to nanofibers drives cell membrane remodeling through 1D wetting 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/393744v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The shape of cellular membranes is highly regulated by a set of conserved mechanisms. These mechanisms can be manipulated by bacterial pathogens to infect cells. Human endothelial cell plasma membrane remodeling by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis is thought to be essential during the blood phase of meningococcal infection, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that plasma membrane remodeling occurs independently of F-actin, along meningococcal type IV pili fibers, by a novel physical mechanism we term " onedimensional" membrane wetting. We provide a theoretical model that gives the physical basis of 1D wetting and show that this mechanism occurs in model membranes interacting with model nanofibers, and in human cells interacting with model extracellular matrices. It is thus a new general principle driving the interaction of cells with their environment at the nanoscale that is diverted by meningococcus during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles-Orszag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manriquez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melican, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staneva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goussard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krijnse-Locker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brochard-Wyart, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassereau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumenil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/393744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adhesion to nanofibers drives cell membrane remodeling through 1D wetting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/412767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tensile ring drives tissue flows to shape the gastrulating amniote embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/412767v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue morphogenesis is driven by local cellular deformations, themselves powered by contractile actomyosin networks. While it is well demonstrated that cell-generated forces at the microscopic scale underlie a variety of local morphogenetic processes (e.g. lengthening/ narrowing1-4, bending5-8, or folding9,10), how such local forces are transmitted across tissues to shape them at a mesoscopic scale remains largely unknown. Here, by performing a quantitative analysis of gastrulation in entire avian embryos, we show that the formation of the primitive streak and the associated large-scale rotational tissue flows (i.e.  polonaise movements11,12) are integral parts of a global process that is captured by the laws of fluid mechanics. We identify a large-scale supracellular actomyosin ring (2 mm in diameter and 250 m thick) that shapes the embryo by exerting a graded tension along the margin between the embryonic and extra-embryonic territories. Tissue-wide flows arise from the transmission of these localized forces across the embryonic disk and are quantitatively recapitulated by a fluid-mechanical model based on the Stokes equations for viscous flow. We further show that cell division, the main driver of cell rearrangements at this stage13, is required for fluid-like behavior and for the progress of gastrulation movements. Our results demonstrate the power of a hydrodynamic approach to tissue-wide morphogenetic processes14-16 and provide a simple, unified mechanical picture of amniote gastrulation. A tensile embryo margin, in addition to directing tissue motion, could act as an interface between mechanical and molecular cues, and play a central role in embryonic self-organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saadaoui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocancourt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tensile ring drives tissue flows to shape the gastrulating amniote embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/420596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candida albicans biofilms are generally devoid of persister cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/420596v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is known for its ability to form biofilms - communities of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular matrix developing on different surfaces. Biofilms are highly tolerant to antifungal therapy. This phenomenon has been partially explained by the appearance of so-called persister cells, phenotypic variants of wild-type cells, capable of surviving very high concentrations of antimicrobial agents. Persister cells in C. albicans were found exceptionally in biofilms while none were detected in planktonic cultures of this fungus. Yet, this topic remains controversial as others could not observe persister cells in biofilms formed by the C. albicans SC5314 laboratory strain. Due to ambiguous data in the literature, this work aimed to reevaluate the presence of persister cells in C. albicans biofilms. We demonstrated that isolation of C. albicans "persister cells" as described previously was likely to be the result of survival of biofilm cells that were not reached by the antifungal. We tested biofilms of SC5314 and its derivatives, as well as 95 clinical isolates, using an improved protocol, demonstrating that persister cells are not a characteristic trait of C. albicans biofilms. Although some clinical isolates are able to yield survivors upon the antifungal treatment of biofilms, this phenomenon is rather stochastic and inconsistent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denega, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Enfert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachellier-Bassi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candida albicans biofilms are generally devoid of persister cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/437459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condensin II inactivation in interphase does not affect chromatin folding or gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/437459v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Condensin complexes have been proposed to play a prominent role in interphase chromatin organization and control of gene expression. Here, we report that the deletion of the central condensin II kleisin subunit Ncaph2 in differentiated mouse hepatocytes does not lead to significant changes in chromosome organization or in gene expression. Both observations challenge current views that implicate condensin in interphase chromosomal domain formation and in enhancer-promoter interactions. Instead, we suggest that the previously reported effects of condensin perturbation may result from their structural role during mitosis, which might indirectly impact the re-establishment of interphase chromosomal architecture after cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdennur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaltiel, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haering, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condensin II inactivation in interphase does not affect chromatin folding or gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/447888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition for space induces cell elimination through compaction-driven ERK downregulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/447888v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plasticity of developing tissues relies on the adjustment of cell survival and growth rate to environmental cues. This includes the effect of mechanical cues on cell survival. Accordingly, compaction of an epithelium can lead to cell extrusion and cell death. This process was proposed to contribute to tissue homeostasis but also to facilitate the expansion of pretumoral cells through the compaction and elimination of the neighbouring healthy cells. However we know very little about the pathways than can trigger apoptosis upon tissue deformation and the contribution of compaction driven death to clone expansion was never assessed in vivo. Using the Drosophila pupal notum and a new live sensor of ERK, we show that tissue compaction induces cell elimination through the downregulation of EGFR/ERK pathway and the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Hid. Those results suggest that the sensitivity of EGFR/ERK pathway to mechanics could play a more general role in the fine tuning of cell elimination during morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Secondly, we assessed in vivo the contribution of compaction driven death to pretumoral cell expansion. We found that the activation of the oncogene Ras in clones can also downregulate ERK and activate apoptosis in the neighbouring cells through their compaction, which contributes to Ras clone expansion. The mechanical modulation of EGFR/ERK during growth-mediated competition for space may contribute to tumour progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levillayer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/447888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition for space induces cell elimination through compaction-driven ERK downregulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/449124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in IL-17 determine chronicity in male versus female urinary tract infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/449124v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex-based differences influence incidence and outcome of infectious disease. Women have a significantly greater incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) than men, yet, conversely, male UTI is more persistent with greater associated morbidity. Mechanisms underlying these sex-based differences are unknown, in part due to a lack of experimental models. We optimized a model to transurethrally infect male mice and directly compared UTI in both sexes. Although both sexes were initially equally colonized by uropathogenic E. coli, only male and testosterone-treated female mice remained chronically infected for up to 4 weeks. Female mice had more robust innate responses, including higher IL-17 expression, and increased {gamma}{delta} T and LTi-like cells in the bladder following infection. Accordingly, neutralizing IL-17 abolished resolution in female mice, identifying the cytokine pathway necessary for bacterial clearance. Our findings support the concept that sex-based responses to UTI contribute to impaired innate immunity in males and provide a rationale for non-antibiotic-based immune targeting to improve the response to UTI.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe investigated mechanisms underlying the clinical observation that while urinary tract infection is more prevalent in women, it is more severe in men, observing that in contrast to robust immune responses characterized by IL-17 in female animals, male mice develop chronic infection, following a failure to initiate innate immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zychlinsky Scharff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacerda Mariano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/449124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in IL-17 determine chronicity in male versus female urinary tract infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/455816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/455816v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Giant and large eukaryotic double-stranded DNA viruses from the Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Virus (NCLDV) assemblage represent a remarkably diverse and potentially ancient component of the eukaryotic virome. However, their origin(s), evolution and potential roles in the emergence of modern eukaryotes remain a subject of intense debate. Since the characterization of the mimivirus in 2003, many big and giant viruses have been discovered at a steady pace, offering a vast material for evolutionary investigations. In parallel, phylogenetic tools are constantly being improved, offering more rigorous approaches for reconstruction of deep evolutionary history of viruses and their hosts. Here we present robust phylogenetic trees of NCLDVs, based on the 8 most conserved proteins responsible for virion morphogenesis and informational processes. Our results uncover the evolutionary relationships between different NCLDV families and support the existence of two superclades of NCLDVs, each encompassing several families. We present evidence strongly suggesting that the NCLDV core genes, which are involved in both informational processes and virion formation, were acquired vertically from a common ancestor. Among them, the largest subunits of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase were seemingly transferred from two clades of NCLDVs to proto-eukaryotes, giving rise to two of the three eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Our results strongly suggest that these transfers and the diversification of NCLDVs predated the emergence of modern eukaryotes, emphasizing the major role of viruses in the evolution of cellular domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guglielmini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forterre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/455816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/475335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporal dynamics of dengue in Brazil: seasonal travelling waves and determinants of regional synchrony 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/475335v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue continues to be the most important vector-borne viral disease globally and in Brazil, where more than 1.4 million cases and over 500 deaths were reported in 2016. Mosquito control programmes and other interventions have not stopped the alarming trend of increasingly large epidemics in the past few years.nnHere, we analyzed monthly dengue cases reported in Brazil between 2001 and 2016 to better characterize the key drivers of dengue epidemics. Spatio-temporal analysis revealed recurring travelling waves of disease occurrence. Using wavelet methods, we characterised the average seasonal pattern of dengue in Brazil, which starts in the western states of Acre and Rondonia, then travels eastward to the coast before reaching the northeast of the country. Only two states in the north of Brazil (Roraima and Amapa) did not follow the countrywide pattern and had inconsistent timing of dengue epidemics throughout the study period.nnWe also explored epidemic synchrony and timing of annual dengue cycles in Brazilian regions. Using gravity style models combined with climate factors, we showed that both human mobility and vector ecology contribute to spatial patterns of dengue occurrence.nnThis study offers a characterization of the spatial dynamics of dengue in Brazil and its drivers, which could inform intervention strategies against dengue and other arboviruses.nnAuthor summaryIn this paper we studied the synchronization of dengue epidemics in Brazilian regions. We found that a typical dengue season in Brazil can be described as a wave travelling from the western part of the country towards the east, with the exception of the two most northern equatorial states that experienced inconsistent seasonality of dengue epidemics.nnWe found that the spatial structure of dengue cases is driven by both climate and human mobility patterns. In particular, precipitation was the most important factor for the seasonality of dengue at finer spatial resolutions.nnOur findings increase our understanding of large scale dengue patterns and could be used to enhance national control programs against dengue and other arboviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Churakov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villabona-Arenas, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, M. U. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauchemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/475335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal dynamics of dengue in Brazil: seasonal travelling waves and determinants of regional synchrony]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/499913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential cell fates of muscle stem cells are accompanied by symmetric segregation of canonical H3 histones in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/499913v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells are maintained through symmetric or asymmetric cell divisions. While various mechanisms initiate asymmetric cell fates during mitosis, possible epigenetic control of this process has emerged recently. The asymmetrical distribution of a canonical histone H3 variant during mitosis in fly germline has suggested a role for partitioning old and new nucleosomes in asymmetric cell fates. Here, we provide resources for single cell assays and show the asymmetric segregation of transcription factors along with old and new DNA in mouse muscle stem cells ex vivo and in vivo. However, these differential fate outcomes contrast with a symmetric distribution of the canonical H3.1 vertebrate variant. These findings point to different evolutionary mechanisms operating in fly germline stem cells and vertebrate somatic stem cells to mitigate epigenetic regulation of asymmetric cell fates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Carrou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almouzni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/499913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential cell fates of muscle stem cells are accompanied by symmetric segregation of canonical H3 histones in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/502880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RAISS: Robust and Accurate imputation from Summary Statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/502880v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMulti-trait analyses using public summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are becoming increasingly popular. A constraint of multi-trait methods is that they require complete summary data for all traits. While methods for the imputation of summary statistics exist, they lack precision for genetic variants with small effect size. This is benign for univariate analyses where only variants with large effect size are selected a posteriori. However, it can lead to strong p-value inflation in multi-trait testing. Here we present a new approach that improve the existing imputation methods and reach a precision suitable for multi-trait analyses.nnResultsWe fine-tuned parameters to obtain a very high accuracy imputation from summary statistics. We demonstrate this accuracy for small size-effect variants on real data of 28 GWAS. We implemented the resulting methodology in a python package specially designed to efficiently impute multiple GWAS in parallel.nnAvailabilityThe python package is available at: https://gitlab.pasteur.fr/statistical-genetics/raiss, its accompanying documentation is accessible here http://statistical-genetics.pages.pasteur.fr/raiss/.nnContacthanna.julienne@pasteur.fr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaniuc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/502880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RAISS: Robust and Accurate imputation from Summary Statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/504266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for gut microbiota in m6A epitranscriptomic mRNA modifications in different host tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/504266v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal microbiota modulates host physiology and gene expression via mechanisms that are not fully understood. A recently discovered layer of gene expression regulation is N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNA. To unveil if this epitranscriptomic mark in part mediates the impact of the gut microbiota on the host, we analyzed m6A-modifications in transcripts of mice displaying either a conventional, or a modified, or no gut flora. We discovered that the microbiota has a strong influence on m6A-modifications in the cecum, and also, albeit to a lesser extent, in the liver. We furthermore show that a single commensal bacterium, Akkermansia muciniphila, can affect specific m6A modifications. Together, we report here epitranscriptomic modifications as an unexpected level of interaction in the complex interplay between commensal bacteria and their host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jabs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becavin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahori, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerinau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touboul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghozlane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillies, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for gut microbiota in m6A epitranscriptomic mRNA modifications in different host tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/506014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NK cells acquire epigenetic memory of LPS-induced systemic inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/506014v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer cells are unique mediators of innate immunity, and as such, an attractive target for immunotherapy. Following viral infection, NK cells display immune memory properties, defined by heightened responses to re-stimulation, an expansion of specific NK cell sup-populations and a protective role against re-infection. However, similar memory to bacterial infection or systemic inflammation, and the molecular mechanisms behind NK cell memory remain elusive. Here we show that following LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice, NK cells acquire cell-intrinsic memory properties as displayed by an amplified production of IFN{gamma} upon secondary stimulation. NK cell memory is acquired even under the post-endotoxemic suppressive environment and is detectable for at least 9 weeks. Furthermore, we define an epigenetic mechanism essential for NK cell memory, where an H3K4me1-marked latent enhancer is uncovered at the ifng locus. Chemical inhibition of histone methyltransferase activity erased the enhancer and prevented NK cells from acquiring memory. Thus, NK cells develop memory to LPS during endotoxemia, in a histone methylation-dependent manner, which ensures a heightened response to secondary stimulation and confers protection against bacterial infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rasid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarasa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitting, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavaillon, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NK cells acquire epigenetic memory of LPS-induced systemic inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/516880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carriage of a single strain of non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae biovar Belfanti (Corynebacterium belfantii) in four patients with cystic fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/516880v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are commonly colonized by bacterial pathogens, which can induce persistent lung inflammation and may contribute to clinical deterioration. Colonization of CF patients and cross-transmission by Corynebacterium diphtheriae has not been reported so far. The aim of this article was to investigate the possibility of a cross transmission of C. diphtheriae biovar Belfanti between four patients of a CF center. C. diphtheriae biovar belfanti (now formally called C. belfantii) isolates were collected from four patients in a single CF care center over a 6 years period and analyzed by microbiological methods and whole genome sequencing. Epidemiological links among patients were investigated. Ten isolates were collected from 4 patients. Whole genome sequencing of one isolate from each patient showed that a single strain was shared among them. In addition, one patient had the same strain on two consecutive samplings nine months apart. The strain was non-toxigenic and was susceptible to most antimicrobial agents. Ciprofloxacin resistance was observed in one patient. Transmission of the strain among patients was supported by the occurrence of same-day visits to the CF center. This study demonstrates colonization of CF patients by C. diphtheriae biovar Belfanti (C. belfantii) and shows persistence and transmission of a unique strain during at least six years in a single CF patient care center.nnPrevious meeting presentationsThe information in this work was not previously presented in any meeting.nnAccession numbersThe genomic sequence data generated in this work were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive and are available from the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (NCBI/ENA/DDBJ) databases under project accession number PRJEB28372 and run data accession numbers ERR2757916 to ERR2757921.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pivot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badell-Ocando, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benouachkou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astruc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoureux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuwirth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/516880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carriage of a single strain of non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae biovar Belfanti (Corynebacterium belfantii) in four patients with cystic fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/524215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positively twisted: The complex evolutionary history of Reverse Gyrase suggests a non-hyperthermophilic Last Universal Common Ancestor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/524215v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reverse gyrase (RG) is the only protein found ubiquitously in hyperthermophilic organisms, but absent from mesophiles. As such, its simple presence or absence allows us to deduce information about the optimal growth temperature of long-extinct organisms, even as far as the last universal common ancestor of extant life (LUCA). The growth environment and gene content of the LUCA has long been a source of debate in which RG often features. In an attempt to settle this debate, we carried out an exhaustive search for RG proteins, generating the largest RG dataset to date. Comprising 376 sequences, our dataset allows for phylogenetic reconstructions of RG with unprecedented size and detail. These RG phylogenies are strikingly different from those of known LUCA-encoded proteins, even when using the same set of species. Unlike LUCA-encoded proteins, RG does not form monophyletic archaeal and bacterial clades, suggesting RG emergence after the formation of these domains, and/or significant horizontal gene transfer. Even more strikingly, the branch lengths separating archaeal and bacterial groups are very short, inconsistent with the tempo of evolution from the time of the LUCA. Despite this, phylogenies limited to archaeal RG resolve most archaeal phyla, suggesting predominantly vertical evolution since the time of the last archaeal ancestor. In contrast, bacterial RG indicates emergence after the last bacterial ancestor followed by significant horizontal transfer. Taken together, these results suggest a non-hyperthermophilic LUCA and bacterial ancestor, with hyperthermophily emerging early in the evolution of the archaeal and bacterial domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catchpole, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forterre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/524215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positively twisted: The complex evolutionary history of Reverse Gyrase suggests a non-hyperthermophilic Last Universal Common Ancestor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/530790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards an ″assayome″ for binary interactome mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/530790v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complementary assays are required to comprehensively map complex biological entities such as genomes, proteomes and interactome networks. However, how various assays can be optimally combined to approach completeness while maintaining high precision often remains unclear. Here, we propose the concept of an "assayome" for binary protein-protein interaction (PPI) mapping as an optimal combination of assays and/or assay versions that maximizes detection of true positive interactions, while avoiding detection of random protein pairs. We engineered a novel NanoLuc two-hybrid (N2H) system that integrates 12 different versions differing by protein expression systems and tagging configurations. The resulting N2H assayome recovers as many PPIs as 10 distinct assays combined. Thus, to further improve PPI mapping, developing alternative versions of existing assays might be as productive as designing completely new assays. Our assayome concept should be applicable to systematic mapping of other biological landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassonnet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidalain, P.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambourne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spirohn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmens, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dos Santos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coutant, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janin, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Las Rivas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavernier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twizere, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderwood, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards an ″assayome″ for binary interactome mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/543652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An RNA-binding protein secreted by Listeria monocytogenes activates RIG-I signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/543652v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have reported on the presence of bacterial RNA within or outside extracellular membrane vesicles, possibly as ribonucleoprotein complexes. Proteins that bind and stabilize bacterial RNAs in the extracellular environment have not been reported. Here, we show that the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes secretes a small RNA binding protein that we named Zea. We show that Zea binds and stabilizes a subset of L. monocytogenes RNAs causing their accumulation in the extracellular medium. Furthermore, Zea binds RIG-I, the vertebrate non-self-RNA innate immunity sensor and potentiates RIG-I-signaling leading to interferon {beta} production. By performing in vivo infection, we finally show that Zea modulates L. monocytogenes virulence. Together, this study reveals that bacterial extracellular RNAs and RNA binding proteins can affect the host-pathogen crosstalk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pagliuso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tham, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allemand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becavin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najburg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahori, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavru, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dessen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebreton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komarova, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/543652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An RNA-binding protein secreted by Listeria monocytogenes activates RIG-I signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/545129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic dissection of Rift Valley fever pathogenesis: Rfvs2 on mouse chromosome 11 enables survival to acute-onset hepatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/545129v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The systemic inoculation of mice with Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) reproduces major pathological features of severe human disease, notably the acute-onset hepatitis and delayed-onset encephalitis. We previously reported that a genomic interval (Rvfs2) derived from the susceptible MBT/Pas strain is associated with reduced survival time after RVFV infection. In this study, we investigated the pathophysiological mechanisms by which Rvfs2 confers increased susceptibility to BALB/c mice that are congenic for Rvfs2 (C.MBT-Rvfs2) after infection with virulent RVFV. Clinical traits, biochemical parameters, and histopathological features indicated similar liver damage in BALB/c and C.MBT-Rvfs2 mice between the third and fifth days after infection. However, C.MBT-Rvfs2 mice died at that point from acute liver injury while most BALB/c mice recovered from this condition but eventually died of encephalitis. We observed that hepatocytes proliferated actively within the infected liver of BALB/c mice on the sixth day after infection, promoting organ regeneration on the eighth day after infection and recovery from liver damage. We found that the production of infectious virions was up to 100-fold lower in the peripheral blood and liver of BALB/c compared to C.MBT-Rvfs2 mice. Likewise, RVFV protein amounts were much lower in BALB/c liver compared to C.MBT-Rvfs2 liver. Primary cultured hepatocytes showed higher viral replication rate in C.MBT-Rvfs2 which could contribute to the susceptibility conferred by Rvfs2. Using bone marrow chimera experiments, we uncovered that both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells are required for the BALB/c allele of Rvfs2 to exert its protective effects against the RVFV-induced acute liver disease. Taken together, we have established that Rvfs2 acts as an important RVFV restriction factor by limiting virus multiplication in mice.

Author SummaryRift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease with potential to generate a public health emergency. The wide variation in RVF symptoms and severity observed within patient population suggests that natural host genetic determinants, among other factors, can influence the disease outcome. Infection of mice mimics several features of the pathology in humans, including acute-onset hepatitis and delayed-onset encephalitis. BALB/c inbred mice bearing the BALB/c haplotype at the Rvfs2 locus survive longer than those bearing the MBT haplotype. In this study, we investigated clinical traits, biochemical parameters, virological evidence, and histological features to characterize the pathogenesis of RVF in early and late susceptible mice. We show that animals of both groups develop acute liver disease shortly after infection. We demonstrate that, by comparison with early susceptible mice, BALB/c mice exhibit significantly reduced replication of RVF virus in vivo in the blood and liver and in vitro in primary cultured hepatocytes, and eventually self-recover from the liver damages. We use reciprocal transplantations of bone marrow cells between early and late susceptible mice to show that survival to severe liver disease requires both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Taken together, we establish Rvfs2 as a single locus that enables mice to survive RVF virus-induced liver disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batista, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Chazottes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houzelstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlen-Defranoux, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boissiere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaverucha do Valle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panthier, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/545129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic dissection of Rift Valley fever pathogenesis: Rfvs2 on mouse chromosome 11 enables survival to acute-onset hepatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/562157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide Interaction Studies by the CHARGE Gene-Lifestyle Interactions Working Group: what we have learned and what is coming next. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/562157v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CHARGE Gene-Lifestyle Interactions Working Group is a unique initiative formed to improve our understanding of the role and biological significance of gene-environment interactions in human traits and diseases. The consortium published several multi-ancestry genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS) involving up to 610,475 individuals for three lipids and four blood pressure traits while accounting for interaction effects with drinking and smoking exposures. Here we used GWIS summary statistics from these studies to decipher potential differences in genetic associations and GxE interactions across phenotype-exposure-population trios, and to derive new insights on the potential mechanistic underlying GxE through in-silico functional analyses. Our comparative analysis shows first that interaction effects likely contribute to the commonly reported ancestry-specific genetic effect in complex traits, and second, that some phenotype-exposures pairs are more likely to benefit from a greater detection power when accounting for interactions. It also highlighted a negligible correlation between main and interaction effects, providing material for future methodological development and biological discussions. We also estimated contributions to phenotypic variance, including in particular the genetic heritability conditional on the exposure, and heritability partitioned across a range of functional annotations and cell-types. In these analyses, we found multiple instances of heterogeneity of functional partitions between exposed and unexposed individuals, providing new evidence for likely exposure-specific genetic pathways. Finally, along this work we identified potential biases in methods used to jointly meta-analyses genetic and interaction effects. We performed a series of simulations to characterize these limitations and to provide the community with guideline for future GxE studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majarian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotimi, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraja, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Province, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauderman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/562157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide Interaction Studies by the CHARGE Gene-Lifestyle Interactions Working Group: what we have learned and what is coming next.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/577213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Midgut barriers prevent the replication and dissemination of the yellow fever vaccine in Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/577213v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTo be transmitted to vertebrate hosts via the saliva of their vectors, arthropod-borne viruses have to cross several barriers in the mosquito body, including the midgut infection and escape barriers. Yellow fever virus (YFV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus, which includes human viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, such as Dengue and Zika viruses. The live-attenuated YFV-17D vaccine has been used safely and efficiently on a large scale since the end of World War II. Early studies have shown, using viral titration from salivary glands of infected mosquitoes, that YFV-17D can infect Aedes aegypti midgut, but does not disseminate to other tissues.nnMethodology/Principal FindingsHere, we re-visited this issue using a panel of techniques, such as RT-qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence and titration assays. We showed that YFV-17D replication was not efficient in Aedes aegypti midgut, as compared to the clinical isolate YFV-Dakar. Viruses that replicated in the midgut failed to disseminate to secondary organs. When injected into the thorax of mosquitoes, viruses succeeded in replicating into midgut-associated tissues, suggesting that, during natural infection, the block for YFV-17D replication occurs at the basal membrane of the midgut. Our NGS analysis revealed that YFV-Dakar genome exhibited a greater diversity than the vaccine strain; a trait that may contribute to its ability to infect and disseminate efficiently in Ae. aegypti.nnConclusions/SignificanceThe two barriers associated with Ae. aegypti midgut prevent YFV-17D replication. Our study contributes to our basic understanding of vector-pathogen interactions and may also aid in the development of non-transmissible live virus vaccines.nnAuthor summaryMost flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus (YFV), are transmitted between hosts by mosquito bites. The yellow fever vaccine (YFV-17D) is one of the safest and most effective live virus vaccine ever developed. It is also used as a platform for engineering vaccines against other health-threatening flaviviruses, such as Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Dengue and Zika viruses. We studied here the replication and dissemination of YFV-17D in mosquitoes. Our data showed that YFV-17D replicates poorly in mosquito midgut and is unable to disseminate to secondary organs, as compare to a YFV clinical isolate. Our study contributes to our basic understanding of the interactions between viruses and their vectors, which is key for conceiving new approaches in inhibiting virus transmission and designing non-transmissible live virus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauclair, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moratorio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choumet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jouvenet, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Midgut barriers prevent the replication and dissemination of the yellow fever vaccine in Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/581298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune profiling in M. tuberculosis infection enables stratification of patients with active disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/581298v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and is a major public health problem with an estimated 1.7 billion persons infected worldwide. Clinical challenges in TB include the lack of a blood-based test for active disease, and the absence of prognostic biomarkers for early treatment response. Current blood based tests, such as QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT), are based on an IFN{gamma} readout following Mtb antigen stimulation. However, they do not distinguish active TB disease from asymptomatic Mtb infection. We hypothesized that the use of TruCulture, an improved immunomonitoring method for whole blood collection and immune stimulation, could improve the discrimination of active disease from latent Mtb infection. To test our hypothesis, we stimulated whole blood from active TB patients (before and after successful treatment), comparing them to asymptomatic latently infected individuals. Mtb-specific antigens (ESAT-6, CFP-10, TB7.7) and live bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were used for TruCulture stimulation conditions, with direct comparison to QFT. Protein analyses were performed on the culture supernatants using ELISA and Luminex multi-analyte profiling. TruCulture showed an ability to discriminate active TB cases from latent controls (p < 0.0001, AUC = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69-0.93) as compared to QFT (p = 0.47 AUC = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.40-0.72), based on an IFN{gamma} readout after Mtb antigen stimulation. The stratification of the two groups could be further improved by using the Mtb Ag/BCG IFN{gamma} ratio response (p < 0.0001, AUC = 0.918, 95% CI: 0.84-0.98). We also identified additional cytokines that distinguished latent infection from TB disease; and show that the primary differences between the TruCulture and QFT systems were a result of higher levels of non-specific innate immune activation in QFT tubes, due to the lack of a buffering solution in the latter. We conclude that TruCulture offers a next-generation solution for whole blood stimulation and immunomonitoring with the possibility to discriminate active and latently infected persons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llibre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouilly, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filander, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Africa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabwe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaxa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charbit, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musvosvi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulenga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Milieu Interieur Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatherill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scriba, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/581298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune profiling in M. tuberculosis infection enables stratification of patients with active disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/589101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A major role for Eco1 in regulating cohesin-mediated mitotic chromosome folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/589101v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how chromatin organizes spatially into chromatid and how sister chromatids are maintained together during mitosis is of fundamental importance in chromosome biology. Cohesin, a member of the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complex family, holds sister chromatids together 1-3 and promotes long-range intra-chromatid DNA looping 4,5. These cohesin-mediated DNA loops are important for both higher-order mitotic chromatin compaction6,7 and, in some organisms, compartmentalization of chromosomes during interphase into topologically associating domains (TADs) 8,9. Our understanding of the mechanism(s) by which cohesin generates large DNA loops remains incomplete. It involves a combination of molecular partners and active expansion/extrusion of DNA loops. Here we dissect the roles on loop formation of three partners of the cohesin complex: Pds5 10, Wpl1 11 and Eco1 acetylase 12, during yeast mitosis. We identify a new function for Eco1 in negatively regulating cohesin translocase activity, which powers loop extrusion. In the absence of negative regulation, the main barrier to DNA loop expansion appears to be the centromere. Those results provide new insights on the mechanisms regulating cohesin dependent DNA looping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dauban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar-Stefanita, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckouet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/589101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A major role for Eco1 in regulating cohesin-mediated mitotic chromosome folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/592600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-occurrence of multiple CRISPRs and cas clusters suggests epistatic interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/592600v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotes use CRISPR-Cas for adaptive immunity, but the reasons for the existence of multiple CRISPR and cas clusters remain poorly understood. We found that more than 40% of the genomes encoding a system show atypical genetic organizations. Their analysis revealed negative and positive epistatic interactions between Cas subtypes. The latter often result in one single complex locus with a shared adaptation module and diverse interference mechanisms, presumably to produce more effective immune systems. We typed CRISPRs that could not be unambiguously associated with a cas cluster and found that such complex loci tend to have unique type I repeats in multiple CRISPRs. In contrast, under-represented co-occurrences caused by functional interference or redundancy may lead to CRISPRs distant from cas genes. To investigate the origin of atypical CRISPR-Cas organizations, we analyzed plasmids and phages. Sets of nearly 2000 phages and 10000 prophages were almost devoid of CRISPR-Cas systems, but a sizeable fraction of plasmids had them. Isolated CRISPRs in plasmids were often compatible with the chromosomal cas clusters, suggesting that plasmids use CRISPRs to subvert host immunity. These results point to an important role for the interactions between multiple CRISPR and Cas in the function and evolution of bacterial immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-occurrence of multiple CRISPRs and cas clusters suggests epistatic interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/598235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The speciation and hybridization history of the genus Salmonella 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/598235v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria and archaea make up most of natural diversity but the mechanisms that underlie the origin and maintenance of prokaryotic species are poorly understood. We investigated the speciation history of the genus Salmonella, an ecologically diverse bacterial lineage, within which S. enterica subsp. enterica is responsible for important human food-borne infections. We performed a survey of diversity across a large reference collection using multilocus sequence typing, followed by genome sequencing of distinct lineages. We identified eleven distinct phylogroups, three of which were previously undescribed. Strains assigned to S. enterica subsp. salamae are polyphyletic, with two distinct lineages that we designate Salamae A and Salamae B. Strains of subspecies houtenae are subdivided into two groups, Houtenae A and B and are both related to Selanders group VII. A phylogroup we designate VIII was previously unknown. A simple binary fission model of speciation cannot explain observed patterns of sequence diversity. In the recent past, there have been large scale hybridization events involving an unsampled ancestral lineage and three distantly related lineages of the genus that have given rise to Houtenae A, Houtenae B and VII. We found no evidence for ongoing hybridization in the other eight lineages but detected more subtle signals of ancient recombination events. We are unable to fully resolve the speciation history of the genus, which might have involved additional speciation-by-hybridization or multi-way speciation events. Our results imply that traditional models of speciation by binary fission and divergence may not apply in Salmonella.nnData summaryIllumina sequence data were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive under project number PRJEB2099 and are available from INSDC (NCBI/ENA/DDBJ) under accession numbers ERS011101 to ERS011146. The MLST sequence and profile data generated in this study have been publicly available on the Salmonella MLST web site between 2010 and the migration of the Salmonella MLST website to EnteroBase (https://enterobase.warwick.ac.uk/), and subsequently from there.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issenhuth-Jeanjean, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didelot, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkhill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weill, F.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falush, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The speciation and hybridization history of the genus Salmonella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/600270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimization and validation of a quadruplex real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of diphtheria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/600270v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diphtheria is caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. For diagnostic purposes, species identification and detection of toxigenic strains (diphtheria toxin (tox)-positive strains) is typically performed using end-point PCR. A faster quadruplex real-time PCR (qPCR) was recently developed (De Zoysa et al. J Med Microbiol. 2016 65(12):1521-1527). Here, we present an improvement of the quadruplex method, in which a 16S rRNA gene target was added as an internal processing control, providing confirmation of the presence of bacterial DNA in the assays. This improved qPCR method was validated using 36 bacterial isolates and 16 clinical samples. The method allows detection of the tox gene and distinguishing C. diphtheriae (including the newly described species C. belfantii) from C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. Complete diagnostic specificity, sensitivity and experimental robustness of the method to temperature and reagent concentration variations were demonstrated. The lower limit of detection for C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and tox targets was 1.86 genome copies per 5 L reaction volume. Finally, the method was successfully used on two distinct qPCR technologies (LightCycler 480, Roche Diagnostics and Rotor-Gene Q, Qiagen) and in two laboratories (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France and Public Health England - National Infection Service, London, UK). This work describes validation of the improved qPCR quadruplex method and supports its implementation for the biological diagnosis of diphtheria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tulliez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panunzi, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimization and validation of a quadruplex real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of diphtheria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/600841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distinct cardiopharyngeal mesoderm genetic hierarchy establishes antero-posterior patterning of esophagus striated muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/600841v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most vertebrates, the upper digestive tract is composed of muscularised jaws linked to the esophagus that permit food uptake and swallowing. Masticatory and esophagus striated muscles (ESM) share a common cardiopharyngeal mesoderm (CPM) origin, however ESM are unusual among striated muscles as they are established in the absence of a primary skeletal muscle scaffold. Using mouse chimeras, we show that the transcription factors Tbx1 and Isl1 are required cell-autonomously for myogenic specification of ESM progenitors. Further, genetic loss-of-function and pharmacological studies point to Met/HGF signalling for antero-posterior migration of esophagus muscle progenitors, where HGF ligand is expressed in adjacent smooth muscle cells. These observations highlight the functional relevance of a smooth and striated muscle progenitor dialogue for ESM patterning. Our findings establish a Tbx1-Isl1-Met genetic hierarchy that uniquely regulate esophagus myogenesis and identify distinct genetic signatures that can be used as a framework to interpret pathologies arising within CPM derivatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Comai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heude, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distinct cardiopharyngeal mesoderm genetic hierarchy establishes antero-posterior patterning of esophagus striated muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/607697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crippling the bacterial cell wall molecular machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/607697v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lytic transglycosylases (LT) are redundant enzymes that play a critical role in peptidoglycan (PG) recycling and metabolism. LT(s) role in cell wall-modifying complexes and usefulness as antimicrobial drug targets remain elusive. We determined at high-resolution a structure of the membrane-bound homolog of the soluble LT from Neisseria species with a disordered active site helix (alpha helix 30). Alpha helix 30 is crucial for binding PG during catalysis1. Here we show using an alpha helix 30 deletion strain that LT (LtgA) determines the integrity of the cell wall, participates in cell division and separation, and can be manipulated to impair the fitness of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis during infection. Characterization of ltgA helix deleted strain interactome identified glycan chain remodeling enzymes whose function appear to be modulated by LTs. Targeting LTs can disrupt the PG machinery, which is fatal for the bacterium, a new approach for antibiotic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deghmane, A.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santecchia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Impens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, P. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya Nilges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malosse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamot-Rooke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crippling the bacterial cell wall molecular machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/620229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping of multiple complementary sex determination loci in a parasitoid wasp 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/620229v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex determination has evolved in a variety of ways and can depend on environmental and genetic signals. A widespread form of genetic sex determination is haplodiploidy, where unfertilized, haploid eggs develop into males and fertilized diploid eggs into females. One of the molecular mechanisms underlying haplodiploidy in Hymenoptera, a large insect order comprising ants, bees and wasps, is known as complementary sex determination (CSD). In species with CSD, heterozygosity at one or several loci induces female development. Here, we identify the genomic regions putatively underlying multi-locus CSD in the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus fabarum using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing. By analysing segregation patterns at polymorphic sites among 331 diploid males and females, we identify four CSD candidate regions, all on different chromosomes. None of the candidate regions feature evidence for homology with the csd gene from the honeybee, the only species in which CSD has been characterized, suggesting that CSD in L. fabarum is regulated via a novel molecular mechanism. Moreover, no homology is shared between the candidate loci, in contrast to the idea that multi-locus CSD should emerge from duplications of an ancestral single-locus system. Taken together, our results suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying CSD in Hymenoptera are not conserved between species, raising the question as to whether CSD may have evolved multiple times independently in the group.nnAuthor summaryThe genetic or environmental signals that govern whether an organism develops into a male or female differ across species, and understanding their evolution is a key aspect of biology. In this paper, we focus on complementary sex determination (CSD), a genetic sex determination system found in many species of bees, ants and wasps where heterozygosity at one or multiple genetic regions determines the sex of the individual. We identify multiple genetic regions in the parasitoid wasp species Lysiphlebus fabarum that are likely underlying CSD. We show that these candidate CSD regions share no similarity with each other and that they differ from the CSD region known in the honey bee, the only species with a well-characterized CSD system. Our results suggest a different molecular mechanism underlying CSD in the wasp and that multiple CSD regions do not necessarily arise from duplications as generally thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthey-Doret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Kooi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bast, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorburger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping of multiple complementary sex determination loci in a parasitoid wasp]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/633594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AP-1 Imprints a Reversible Transcriptional Program of Senescent Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/633594v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Senescent cells play important physiological- and pathophysiological roles in tumor suppression, tissue regeneration, and aging. While select genetic and epigenetic elements crucial for senescence induction were identified, the dynamics, underlying epigenetic mechanisms, and regulatory networks defining senescence competence, induction and maintenance remain poorly understood, precluding a deliberate therapeutic manipulation of these dynamic processes. Here, we show, using dynamic analyses of transcriptome and epigenome profiles, that the epigenetic state of enhancers predetermines their sequential activation during senescence. We demonstrate that activator protein 1 (AP-1)  imprints the senescence enhancer landscape effectively regulating transcriptional activities pertinent to the timely execution of the senescence program. We define and validate a hierarchical transcription factor (TF) network model and demonstrate its effectiveness for the design of senescence reprogramming experiments. Together, our findings define the dynamic nature and organizational principles of gene-regulatory elements driving the senescence program and reveal promising inroads for therapeutic manipulation of senescent cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez Zamudio, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, P.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dore, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbig, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischof, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/633594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AP-1 Imprints a Reversible Transcriptional Program of Senescent Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/634501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infection-driven activation of transglutaminase 2 boosts glucose uptake and hexosamine biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/634501v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitous enzyme with transamidating activity. We report here that the expression and activity of TG2 are enhanced in cells infected with the obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TG2 activity impair bacterial development. We show that TG2 increases glucose import by up-regulating the transcription of the glucose transporter genes GLUT-1 and GLUT-3. Furthermore, TG2 activation drives one specific glucose-dependent pathway in the host, i.e. hexosamine biosynthesis. Mechanistically, we identify the glucosamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFPT) among the substrates of TG2. GFPT modification by TG2 increases its enzymatic activity, resulting in higher levels of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis. As a consequence, TG2 activation results in increased protein O-GlcNAcylation. The correlation between TG2 transamidating activity and O-GlcNAcylation is disrupted in infected cells because host hexosamine biosynthesis is being exploited by the bacteria, in particular to assist their division. In conclusion, our work establishes TG2 as a key player in controlling glucose-derived metabolic pathways in mammalian cells, themselves hijacked by C. trachomatis to sustain their own metabolic needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maffei, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverriere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triboulet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrinet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchateau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keillor, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subtil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/634501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infection-driven activation of transglutaminase 2 boosts glucose uptake and hexosamine biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/649632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leishmania targets the macrophage epigenome and dampens the NF-κB/NLRP3- mediated inflammatory response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/649632v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant macrophage activation during intracellular infection generates important immunopathologies that can cause severe human morbidity. A better understanding of microbial immune subversion strategies and macrophage phenotypic and functional responses is a prerequisite for the design of novel, host-directed intervention strategies. Here, we uncover a fine-tuned transcriptional response induced in primary macrophages infected by the human parasite Leishmania amazonensis that prevents NF-{kappa}B and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This unusual subversion is characterized by respectively suppression and induction of activating and de-activating components of the NF-{kappa}B and NLRP3 pathways. This dichotomic modulation was associated with histone H3 hypoacetylation at promoters of NF-{kappa}B-related, pro-inflammatory genes. Our results reveal a novel Leishmania immune subversion strategy targeting host cell epigenetic regulation to modulate the macrophage phenotype. Modulation of the macrophage epigenetic landscape establishes conditions beneficial for intracellular parasite survival, and opens interesting new venues for host-directed, anti-microbial drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lecoeur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosazza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N'Diaye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussotti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/649632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leishmania targets the macrophage epigenome and dampens the NF-κB/NLRP3- mediated inflammatory response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/651232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Dynamic Clamp reveals the fronto-parietal network linking real-time social coordination and cognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/651232v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does the brain allow us to interact with others, and above all how does it handle situations when the goals of the interactors overlap (i.e. cooperation) or differ (i.e. competition)? Social neuroscience has already provided some answers to these questions but has tended to treat high-level, cognitive interpretations of social behavior separately from the sensorimotor mechanisms upon which they rely. The goal here is to identify the underlying neural processes and mechanisms linking sensorimotor coordination and intention attribution. We combine the Human Dynamic Clamp (HDC), a novel paradigm for studying realistic social behavior between self and other in well-controlled laboratory conditions, with high resolution electroencephalography (EEG). The collection of humanness and intention attribution reports, kinematics and neural data affords an opportunity to relate brain activity to the behavior of the HDC as well as to what the human is doing. Behavioral results demonstrate that sensorimotor coordination influences judgements of cooperativeness and humanness. Analysis of brain dynamics reveals two distinct networks related to integration of visuo-motor information from self and other. The two networks overlap over the right parietal region, an area known to be important for interpersonal motor interactions. Furthermore, connectivity analysis highlights how the judgement of humanness and cooperation of others modulate the connection between the right parietal hub and prefrontal cortex. These results reveal how distributed neural dynamics integrates information from  low-level sensorimotor mechanisms and  high-level social cognition to support the realistic social behaviors that play out in real time during interactive scenarios.nnSignificance StatementDaily social interactions require us to coordinate with others and to reflect on their potential motives. This study investigates the brain and behavioral dynamics of these two key aspects of social cognition. Combining high-density electroencephalography and the Human Dynamic Clamp (a Virtual Partner endowed with human-based coordination dynamics), we show first, that several features of sensorimotor coordination influence attribution of intention and judgement of humanness; second, that the right parietal lobe is a key integration hub between information related to self- and other-behavior; and third, that the posterior online social hub is functionally coupled to anterior offline brain structures to support mentalizing about others. Our results stress the complementary nature of low-level and high-level mechanisms that underlie social cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dumas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tognoli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelso, J. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/651232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Dynamic Clamp reveals the fronto-parietal network linking real-time social coordination and cognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/658658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic detection of divergent brain proteins in human evolution and their roles in cognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/658658v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain differs from that of other primates, but the genetic basis of these differences remains unclear. We investigated the evolutionary pressures acting on almost all human protein-coding genes (N=11,667; 1:1 orthologs in primates) based on their divergence from those of early hominins, such as Neanderthals, and non-human primates. We confirm that genes encoding brain-related proteins are among the most strongly conserved protein-coding genes in the human genome. Combining our evolutionary pressure metrics for the protein-coding genome with recent datasets, we found that this conservation applied to genes functionally associated with the synapse and expressed in brain structures such as the prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum. Conversely, several genes presenting signatures commonly associated with positive selection appear as causing brain diseases or conditions, such as micro/macrocephaly, Joubert syndrome, dyslexia, and autism. Among those, a number of DNA damage response genes associated with microcephaly in humans such as BRCA1, NHEJ1, TOP3A, and RNF168 show strong signs of positive selection and might have played a role in human brain size expansion during primate evolution. We also showed that cerebellum granule neurons express a set of genes also presenting signatures of positive selection and that may have contributed to the emergence of fine motor skills and social cognition in humans. This resource is available online and can be used to estimate evolutionary constraints acting on a set of genes and to explore their relative contributions to human traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dumas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malesys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/658658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic detection of divergent brain proteins in human evolution and their roles in cognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/666826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of rainfall on drinking water quality in Antananarivo, Madagascar 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/666826v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-income cities that are subject to high population pressure and vulnerable to climate events often have a low capacity to continuously deliver safe drinking water. Here we report the findings of a 32-year investigation of the temporal dynamics of indicators of drinking water quality in the city of Antananarivo, where we assess the long-term evolution of supplied water quality and characterize the interactions between climate conditions and the full-scale supply system. A total of 25,467 water samples were collected every week at different points in the supplied drinking water system. Samples were analyzed for total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (EC), intestinal Enterococci (IE), and spores of Clostridia (SSRC). Nine-hundred-eighty-one samples that were identified as positive for one or more indicators were unevenly distributed across the series. The breakpoint method identified four periods when the time series displayed changes in the level and profile of contamination (i) and the monthly pattern of contamination (ii), with more direct effects of rainfall on the quality of supplied drinking water. The modeling showed significantly different lags among indicators of bacteria occurrence after cumulative rainfall, which range from 4 to 8 weeks. Among the effects of low-income urbanization, a rapid demographic transition and urban watershed degradation are progressively affecting the quality of supplied water and resulting in the more direct effects of rainfall events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastaraud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perthame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RAKOTONDRAMANGA, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MAHAZOSAOTRA, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RAVAONINDRINA, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jambou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/666826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of rainfall on drinking water quality in Antananarivo, Madagascar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/677484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic diversity of Collaborative Cross mice controls viral replication, clinical severity and brain pathology induced by Zika virus infection, independently of Oas1b 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/677484v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The explosive spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated with major variations in severe disease and congenital afflictions among infected populations, suggesting an influence of host genes. We investigated how genome-wide variants could impact susceptibility to ZIKV infection in mice. We first describe that the susceptibility of Ifnar1 knockout mice is largely influenced by their genetic background. We then show that the broad genetic diversity of Collaborative Cross mice, which receptor to type I interferon (IFNAR) was blocked by anti-IFNAR antibody, expressed phenotypes ranging from complete resistance to severe symptoms and death with large variations in the peak and rate of decrease of plasma viral load, in brain viral load, in brain histopathology and in viral replication rate in infected cells. Differences of susceptibility between CC strains were correlated between Zika, Dengue and West Nile viruses. We identified highly susceptible and resistant mouse strains as new models to investigate the mechanisms of human ZIKV disease and other flavivirus infections. Genetic analyses revealed that phenotypic variations are driven by multiple genes with small effects, reflecting the complexity of ZIKV disease susceptibility in human population. Notably, our results rule out a role of the Oas1b gene in the susceptibility to ZIKV. Altogether, this study emphasizes the role of host genes in the pathogeny of ZIKV infection and lays the foundation for further genetic and mechanistic studies.nnIMPORTANCEIn recent outbreaks, ZIKV has infected millions of people and induced rare but potentially severe complications, including Guillain-Barre syndrome and encephalitis in adults. While several viral sequence variants were proposed to enhance the pathogenicity of ZIKV, the influence of host genetic variants in the clinical heterogeneity remains mostly unexplored. We have addressed this question using a mouse panel which models the genetic diversity of human population and a ZIKV strain from a recent clinical isolate. Through a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, we demonstrate that multiple host genetic variants determine viral replication in infected cells, and clinical severity, kinetics of blood viral load and brain pathology in mice. We describe new mouse models expressing high susceptibility or resistance to ZIKV and to other flaviviruses. These models will facilitate the identification and mechanistic characterization of host genes that influence ZIKV pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvion, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panthier, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakuntabhai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic diversity of Collaborative Cross mice controls viral replication, clinical severity and brain pathology induced by Zika virus infection, independently of Oas1b]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/680801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific targeting of intestinal Prevotella copri by a Listeria monocytogenes bacteriocin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/680801v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciphering the specific function of every microorganism in microbial gut communities is a key issue to interrogate their role during infection. Here, we report the discovery of a Listeria bacteriocin, Lmo2776, that specifically targets the abundant gut commensal Prevotella copri and affects Listeria infection. Oral infection of conventional mice with a {Delta}lmo2776 mutant leads to a thinner intestinal mucus layer and higher Listeria loads both in the intestinal content and deeper tissues compared to WT Listeria, while no difference is observed in germ-free mice. This microbiota-dependent effect is phenocopied by precolonization of germ-free mice before Listeria infection, with P. copri, but not with other commensals. Together, these data unveil a role for Prevotella in controlling intestinal infection, highlighting that pathogens may selectively deplete microbiota to avoid excessive inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rolhion, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chassaing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahori, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bodt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussurget, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzorati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehlner-Peach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gewirtz, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Wiele, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/680801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific targeting of intestinal Prevotella copri by a Listeria monocytogenes bacteriocin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/681759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excess calorie intake early in life increases susceptibility to colitis in the adult 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/681759v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epidemiological data report an association between obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 1-3. Furthermore, animal models demonstrate that maternal high fat diet (HFD) and maternal obesity increase susceptibility to IBD in the offsprings 4-8. However, the mechanisms that translate maternal obesity and HFD into increased susceptibility to IBD later in life remain unknown. Here we report that excess calorie intake by neonatal mice, as a consequence of maternal HFD, forced feeding of neonates or low litter competition, lead to an increase, during weaning, in intestinal permeability, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hydrogen sulfide production by the microbiota. In this context, intestinal permeability, cytokine expression and hydrogen sulfide engaged in a mutual positive feedback that imprinted increased susceptibility to colitis in the adult. This pathological imprinting was prevented by the neutralization of IFN{gamma} and TNF, of the production of hydrogen sulphide, or by normalization of intestinal permeability during weaning. Thus, excessive calorie intake by neonates leads to multiple causally-linked perturbations in the intestine that imprint the individual with long term susceptibility to IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alnabhani, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulauroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polomack, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/681759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excess calorie intake early in life increases susceptibility to colitis in the adult]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/682278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneous expression of Pil3 pilus is critical for Streptococcus gallolyticus translocation across polarized colonic epithelial monolayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/682278v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies gallolyticus (Sgg) is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for septicaemia and endocarditis in elderly persons. Sgg is also a commensal of the human gastrointestinal tract. Here we demonstrate that Sgg strain UCN34 translocates across tight intestinal barriers in vitro in a Pil3-dependent manner. Confocal images of UCN34 passage across human colonic cells reveals that Sgg utilizes a paracellular pathway. Pil3 was previously shown to be expressed heterogeneously and WT UCN34 consists of about 90% of Pil3low and 10% of Pil3high cells. We found that both the {Delta}pil3 mutant and the Pil3+ overexpressing variant could not translocate across Caco-2 and T84 barriers. Interestingly, combining live {Delta}pil3 mutant cells with fixed Pil3+ variants in a 10:1 ratio (mimicking UCN34 WT population) allowed efficient translocation of the {Delta}pil3 mutant. These experiments demonstrate that heterogeneous expression of Pil3 plays a key role in optimal translocation of Sgg across the intestinal barrier.nnABSTRACT IMPORTANCEStreptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (Sgg) is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for septicemia and infective endocarditis in elderly persons. Sgg is a commensal of the rumen of herbivores and transmission to humans most probably occurs through the oral route. In this work, we have studied how this bacterium crosses the intestinal barrier using well-known in vitro models. Confocal microscopy images revealed that Sgg UCN34 can traverse the epithelial monolayer in between adjacent cells. We next showed that passage of Sgg from the apical to the basolateral compartment is dependent on the heterogenous expression of the Pil3 pilus at the bacterial surface. We hypothesize that Pil3high cocci adhere firmly to epithelial cells to activate transient opening of tight junctions thereby allowing the traversal of Pil3low bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dramsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Merle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieu-Cuot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneous expression of Pil3 pilus is critical for Streptococcus gallolyticus translocation across polarized colonic epithelial monolayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/693218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deriving stratified effects from joint models investigating Gene-Environment Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/693218v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundModels including an interaction term and performing a joint test of SNP and/or interaction effect are often used to discover Gene-Environment (GxE) interactions. When the environmental exposure is a binary variable, analyses from exposure-stratified models which consist of estimating genetic effect in unexposed and exposed individuals separately can be of interest. In large-scale consortia focusing on GxE interactions in which only the joint test has been performed, it may be challenging to get summary statistics from both exposure-stratified and marginal (i.e not accounting for interaction) models.nnResultsIn this work, we developed a simple framework to estimate summary statistics in each stratum of a binary exposure and in the marginal model using summary statistics from the "joint" model. We performed simulation studies to assess our estimators accuracy and examined potential sources of bias, such as correlation between genotype and exposure and differing phenotypic variances within exposure strata. Results from these simulations highlight the high theoretical accuracy of our estimators and yield insights into the impact of potential sources of bias. We then applied our methods to real data and demonstrate our estimators retained accuracy after filtering SNPs by sample size to mitigate potential bias.nnConclusionsThese analyses demonstrated the accuracy of our method in estimating both stratified and marginal summary statistics from a joint model of gene-environment interaction. In addition to facilitating the interpretation of GxE screenings, this work could be used to guide further functional analyses. We provide a user-friendly Python script to apply this strategy to real datasets. The Python script and documentation are available at https://gitlab.pasteur.fr/statistical-genetics/J2S.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majarian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHARGE Gene-Lifestyle Interaction Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/693218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deriving stratified effects from joint models investigating Gene-Environment Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/693333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interferon-stimulated genes in zebrafish and human define an ancient arsenal of antiviral immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/693333v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of the interferon (IFN) system, the major innate antiviral mechanism of vertebrates, remains poorly understood. According to the detection of type I IFN genes in cartilaginous fish genomes, the system appeared 500My ago. However, the IFN system integrates many other components, most of which are encoded by IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). To shed light on its evolution, we have used deep RNA sequencing to generate a comprehensive list of ISGs of zebrafish, taking advantage of the high quality genome annotation in this species. We analyzed larvae after inoculation of recombinant zebrafish type I IFN, or infection with chikungunya virus, a potent IFN inducer. We identified more than 400 zebrafish ISGs, defined as being either directly induced by IFN or induced by the virus in an IFN receptor-dependent manner. Their human orthologues were highly enriched in ISGs, particularly for highly-inducible genes. We identified 72 orthology groups containing ISGs in both zebrafish and human, revealing a core ancestral ISG repertoire, which includes most of the known signaling components of the IFN system. Many downstream effectors were also already present 450 My ago in the common ancestor of tetrapods and bony fish, and diversified as multi-gene families independently in the two lineages. A large proportion of the ISG repertoire is lineage-specific; around 40% of protein-coding zebrafish ISGs had no human orthologue. We identified 14 fish-specific gene families containing multiple ISGs, including finTRIMs. This work illuminates the evolution of the IFN system and provides a rich resource to explore new antiviral mechanisms.nnKey pointsO_LIWe established an exhaustive list of larval zebrafish ISGs.nC_LIO_LIOrthologous ISGs in fish and human identify a large ancestral ISG repertoire.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levraud, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouneau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briolat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laghi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudinot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/693333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interferon-stimulated genes in zebrafish and human define an ancient arsenal of antiviral immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/703363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Description of Klebsiella spallanzanii sp. nov. and of Klebsiella pasteurii sp. nov. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/703363v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Klebsiella oxytoca causes opportunistic human infections and post-antibiotic haemorrhagic diarrhoea. This Enterobacteriaceae species is genetically heterogeneous and is currently subdivided into seven phylogroups (Ko1 to Ko4, Ko6 to Ko8). Here we investigated the taxonomic status of phylogroups Ko3 and Ko4. Genomic sequence-based phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that Ko3 and Ko4 formed well-defined sequence clusters related to, but distinct from, Klebsiella michiganensis (Ko1), Klebsiella oxytoca (Ko2), K. huaxiensis (Ko8) and K. grimontii (Ko6). The average nucleotide identity of Ko3 and Ko4 were 90.7% with K. huaxiensis and 95.5% with K. grimontii, respectively. In addition, three strains of K. huaxiensis, a species so far described based on a single strain from a urinary tract infection patient in China, were isolated from cattle and human faeces. Biochemical and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry analysis allowed differentiating Ko3, Ko4 and Ko8 from the other K. oxytoca species. Based on these results, we propose the names Klebsiella spallanzanii for the Ko3 phylogroup, with SPARK_775_C1T (CIP 111695T, DSM 109531T) as type strain, and Klebsiella pasteurii for Ko4, with SPARK_836_C1T (CIP 111696T, DSM 109530T) as type strain. Strains of K. spallanzanii were isolated from human urine, cow faeces and farm surfaces, while strains of K. pasteurii were found in faecal carriage from humans, cows and turtles.nnAccession numbersThe nucleotide sequences generated in this study were deposited in ENA and are available through the INSDC databases under accession numbers MN091365 (SB6411T = SPARK775C1T), MN091366 (SB6412 T = SPARK836C1T) and MN104661 to MN104677 (16S rRNA), MN076606 to MN076643 (gyrA and rpoB), and MN030558 to MN030567 (blaOXY). Complete genomic sequences were submitted to European Nucleotide Archive under the BioProject number PRJEB15325.nnAbbreviationsANI, average nucleotide identity; HCCA, a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; isDDH, in silico DNA-DNA hybridization; SCAI, Simmons citrate agar with inositol; MALDI57 ToF MS: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallonen, T. V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marone, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corander, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feil, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/703363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Description of Klebsiella spallanzanii sp. nov. and of Klebsiella pasteurii sp. nov.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/717256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate immune recognition of a bacterial MAMP leads to conditional activation of pro- or anti-inflammatory responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/717256v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system. Flagellin, the primary component of bacterial flagella, is recognized by membrane TLR5 and cytoplasmic NLRC4 receptors, which promote a vigorous pro-inflammatory response typically associated with bacterial infection. However, herein, we report that the nature of the flagellin-induced response is highly dependent on the physiological state of the tissue. Specifically, in the steady state, epithelial cell detection of flagellin orchestrates an anti-inflammatory response mediated by IL-33-dependent type 2 regulatory T cells while, in the context of injury, it induces a pro-inflammatory response mediated by myeloid cells, IL-18 and Th17 cells. Likewise, in the absence of infection, bacterial symbionts expressing high levels of flagellin induce a type 2 response. These data demonstrate that, depending on the inflammatory state of the milieu, MAMPs can function both as immunogens or tolerogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejardin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smits, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langa Vives, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomperts Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gewirtz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chassaing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansonetti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate immune recognition of a bacterial MAMP leads to conditional activation of pro- or anti-inflammatory responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/718288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of gut microbiota on depressive-like behaviors and adult hippocampal neurogenesis requires the endocannabinoid system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/718288v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Recent observations have revealed an association between mood disorders and alterations of the intestinal microbiota, but causality remains yet to be established. Here, using unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) as a mouse model of depression, we show that the UCMS mice display phenotypic alterations -- characterized by an altered gut microbiota composition, a reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and a depressive-like behaviors -- which could be transferred from UCMS donors to naive recipient mice by fecal microbiota transplantation. The cellular and behavioral alterations observed in recipient mice were accompanied by a decrease in the endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling due to lower peripheral levels of fatty acid precursors of eCB ligands. The adverse effects of UCMS-transferred microbiota on adult neurogenesis and behavior in naive recipient mice were alleviated by selectively enhancing the central eCB tone or by adding arachidonic acid, a fatty acid precursor of eCB ligands, to the diet. In the gut of both UCMS donors and recipients, the microbiota composition was characterized by a relative decrease in Lactobacilli abundance, and complementation of the UCMS recipient microbiota with a strain of the Lactobacilli genus was sufficient to restore normal eCB brain levels, hippocampal neurogenesis and to alleviate depressive-like behaviors. Our findings provide a mechanistic scenario for how chronic stress, diet and gut microbiota dysbiosis generate a pathological feed-forward loop that contributes to despair behavior via the central eCB system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siopi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenin-Mace, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laval, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifflet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomperts Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demangel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leulier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepousez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lledo, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/718288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of gut microbiota on depressive-like behaviors and adult hippocampal neurogenesis requires the endocannabinoid system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/723478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A loss-of-function mutation in Itgal contributes to the high susceptibility of Collaborative Cross strain CC042 to Salmonella infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/723478v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella are intracellular bacteria that are found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammalian, avian, and reptilian hosts. They are one of the leading causes of foodborne infections and a major threat for human populations worldwide. Mouse models have been extensively used to model distinct aspects of the human Salmonella infections in vivo and have led to the identification of several host susceptibility genes. We have investigated the susceptibility of Collaborative Cross strains to intravenous infection with Salmonella Typhimurium as a model of human systemic invasive infection. In this model, strain CC042 displayed extreme susceptibility with very high bacterial loads and mortality. CC042 mice showed lower spleen weight and decreased splenocyte numbers before and after infection, affecting mostly CD8+ T cells, B cells, and all myeloid populations. Uninfected mice also had lower thymus weight with reduced total number of thymocytes and double negative and (CD4+, CD8+) double positive thymocytes. Analysis of bone marrow resident hematopoietic progenitors showed a strong bias against lymphoid primed multipotent progenitors, which are the precursors of T, B and NK cells. An F2 cross between CC042 and C57BL/6N identified two significant QTLs on chromosome 7 (Stsl6 and Stsl7) with WSB-derived susceptible alleles. A private variant in the integrin alpha L (Itgal) gene is carried by CC042 in the Stsl7 QTL region. A quantitative complementation test confirmed the impact of Itgal loss of function in a (C57BL/6JxCC042)F1 background, but not in a C57BL/6J inbred background. These results further emphasize the utility of the Collaborative Cross to identify new host genetic variants controlling susceptibility to infections and improve our understanding of the function of the Itgal gene.nnAuthor summarySalmonella are one of the leading causes of foodborne infections and a major threat for human populations worldwide. Not all humans are equally susceptible to Salmonella infection. Some individuals will develop minor symptoms and recover while others develop severe illness and might die. Mouse models are used to study distinct aspects of human Salmonella infection in vivo. We used a new genetically diverse mouse population to investigate host susceptibility differences to Salmonella infection. We identified one mouse strain with an extreme susceptibility to infection characterized by very high bacterial loads and mortality. Mice of this strain had small thymus and spleen, two organs which are very important for producing a fully mature immune system. We showed that the strains immune response is impaired and that its extreme susceptibility to Salmonella infection is due to multiple genes defects. We identified a loss-of-function mutation in the Itgal gene (Integrin Subunit Alpha L) that plays a central role in the immune response to infection. This gene explains part of the susceptibility and other gene(s) involved remain to be identified. Our results emphasize how new genetically diverse animal models can lead to the identification of new host genetic variants controlling susceptibility to pathogens and improve our understanding of human infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eva, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cayrol, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meade, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nijnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaubert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/723478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A loss-of-function mutation in Itgal contributes to the high susceptibility of Collaborative Cross strain CC042 to Salmonella infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/728964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing and original features of flagellum assembly in trypanosomes during development in the tsetse fly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/728964v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei exhibits a complex life cycle alternating between tsetse flies and mammalian hosts. When parasites infect the fly, cells differentiate to adapt to life in various tissues, which is accompanied by drastic morphological and biochemical modifications especially in the proventriculus. This key step represents a bottleneck for salivary gland infection. Here we monitored flagellum assembly in trypanosomes during differentiation from the trypomastigote to the epimastigote stage, i.e. when the nucleus migrates to the posterior end of the cell. Three-dimensional electron microscopy (Focused Ion Bean Scanning Electron Microscopy, FIB-SEM) and immunofluorescence assays provided structural and molecular evidence that the new flagellum is assembled while the nucleus migrates towards the posterior region of the body. Two major differences with well known procyclic cells are reported. First, growth of the new flagellum begins when the associated basal body is found in a posterior position relative to the mature one. Second, the new flagellum acquires its own flagellar pocket before rotating on the left side of the anterior-posterior axis. FIB-SEM revealed the presence of a structure connecting the new and mature flagellum and serial sectioning confirmed morphological similarities with the flagella connector of procyclic cells. We discuss potential function of the flagella connector in trypanosomes from the proventriculus. These findings show that T. brucei finely modulates its cytoskeletal components to generate highly variable morphologies.nnAuthor SummaryTrypanosoma brucei is a flagellated parasitic protist that causes human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness and that is transmitted by the bite of tsetse flies. The complex life cycle of T. brucei inside the tsetse digestive tract requires adaptation to specific organs and follow a strictly defined order. It is marked by morphological modifications in cell shape and size, as well organelle positioning. In the proventriculus of tsetse flies, T. brucei undergoes a unique asymmetric division leading to two very different daughter cells: one with a short and one with a long flagellum. This organelle is crucial for the trypanosome life cycle as it is involved in motility, adhesion and morphogenesis. Here we investigated flagellum assembly using molecular and 3D Electron Microscopy approaches revealing that flagellum construction in proventricular trypanosomes is concomitant with parasite differentiation. During flagellum growth, the new flagellum is connected to the mature one and rotates around the mature one after its emergence at the cell surface. The sequence of events is different from what is observed in the well-studied procyclic stage in culture revealing different processes governing morphological development. These results highlight the importance to study pathogen development in their natural environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertiaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotureau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/728964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing and original features of flagellum assembly in trypanosomes during development in the tsetse fly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/732925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Essential dynamic interdependence of FtsZ and SepF for Z-ring and septum formation in Corynebacterium glutamicum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/732925v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms of Z-ring assembly and regulation in bacteria are poorly understood, particularly in non-model organisms. Actinobacteria, one of the largest bacterial phyla that includes the deadly human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lack the canonical FtsZ-membrane anchors as well as all positive and negative Z-ring regulators described for E. coli. Here we investigate the physiological function of Corynebacterium glutamicum SepF, the only cell division-associated protein from Actinobacteria known to directly interact with the conserved C-terminal tail of FtsZ but whose actual mode of action in cytokinesis is yet to be elucidated. We used a mechanistic cell biology approach to unveil the essential interdependence of FtsZ and SepF required for the formation of a functional Z-ring in the actinobacterial model organism C. glutamicum. The crystal structure of the SepF-FtsZ complex reveals a hydrophobic FtsZ-binding pocket, which defines the SepF homodimer as the functional unit, and a reversible oligomerization interface regulated via an alpha helical switch. FtsZ filaments and lipid membranes have opposing effects on SepF polymerization, leading to a complex dynamic role of the protein at the division site, involving FtsZ bundling, Z-ring tethering and membrane reshaping activities that are needed for proper Z-ring assembly and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sogues, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaday, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Assaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voegele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanNieuwenhze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepout, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehenkel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/732925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Essential dynamic interdependence of FtsZ and SepF for Z-ring and septum formation in Corynebacterium glutamicum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/741942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the PRD1-adenovirus lineage: a viral tree of life incongruent with the cellular universal tree of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/741942v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Double-stranded DNA viruses of the PRD1-adenovirus lineage are characterized by homologous major capsid proteins containing one or two {beta}-barrel domains known as the jelly roll folds. Most of them also share homologous packaging ATPases of the FtsK/HerA superfamily P-loop ATPases. Remarkably, members of this lineage infect hosts from the three domains of life, suggesting that viruses from this lineage could be very ancient and share a common ancestor. Here we analyzed the evolutionary history of these cosmopolitan viruses by inferring phylogenies based on single or concatenated genes. These viruses can be divided into two supergroups infecting either eukaryotes or prokaryotes. The latter can be further divided into two groups of bacterioviruses and one group of archaeoviruses. This viral tree is thus incongruent with the cellular tree of life in which Archaea are closer to Eukarya and more divergent from Bacteria. We discuss various evolutionary scenarios that could explain this paradox.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woo, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guglielmini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Cunha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forterre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the PRD1-adenovirus lineage: a viral tree of life incongruent with the cellular universal tree of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/750117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased contrast of the grey-white matter boundary in the motor, visual and auditory areas in Autism Spectrum Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/750117v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The contrast of the interface between the cortical grey matter and the white matter is emerging as an important neuroimaging biomarker for several brain disorders. Differences in grey to white matter contrast could be related to abnormalities in neuronal migration or in intra-cortical myelination, and are an appealing biomarker for ASD. Two previous studies have reported differences in contrast between patients with autism spectrum disorder and non-autistic controls.

We aimed at replicating this finding using open data from the ABIDE initiative, phases 1 and 2, gathering data from 2,148 subjects from 26 different centres and on 764 individuals from the EU-AIMS project (6 different centres). We used multiple linear regression to study the effect of the diagnosis of ASD on contrast, and 3 different strategies for controlling for multiple comparisons. We did not find statistically significant differences in the EU-AIMS dataset, and those that we found in the ABIDE dataset were due to a single centre. All the code necessary to replicate our analyses has been made available open source: https://github.com/neuroanatomy/GWPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fouquet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beggiato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delorme, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/750117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased contrast of the grey-white matter boundary in the motor, visual and auditory areas in Autism Spectrum Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/751362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tudor-SN promotes early replication of dengue virus in the Aedes aegypti midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/751362v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diseases caused by mosquito-borne viruses have been on the rise for the last decades, despite the implementation of vector control methods primarily based on insecticides. An alternative control method currently in development is the use of lab-engineered mosquitoes that are incapable to carry viruses. This has stimulated efforts to identify optimal target genes that are naturally involved in mosquito antiviral defenses or required for viral replication. Although several antiviral immune pathways such as RNA interference (RNAi) have been previously characterized in mosquitoes, the genes that prevent or promote early viral replication in the midgut remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of a member of the Tudor protein family, Tudor-SN, upon dengue virus infection in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Tudor-SN expression was upregulated early after dengue virus infection and was subsequently positively correlated with viral loads in the midgut. Using RNAi-mediated knockdown, we showed that the loss of Tudor-SN reduced dengue virus replication in the Ae. aegypti derived cell line Aag2 and in the midgut of Ae. aegypti females in vivo. Using immunofluorescence assays, we found that Tudor-SN localizes to the nucleolus in both Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells. Finally, we used a reporter assay to demonstrate that Tudor-SN was not required for RNAi function in vivo. Collectively, these results define a novel proviral role for Tudor-SN upon early dengue virus infection of the Ae. aegypti midgut.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merkling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raquin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moltini-Conclois, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LAMBRECHTS, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/751362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tudor-SN promotes early replication of dengue virus in the Aedes aegypti midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/758318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The antibiotic bedaquiline activates host macrophage innate immune resistance to bacterial infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/758318v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Although known for their microbicidal activity, antibiotics may also interfere with the hosts immune system. Here we analyzed the effects of bedaquiline (BDQ), an inhibitor of the mycobacterial ATP synthase, on human macrophages. Genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed that BDQ reprogramed macrophages into potent bactericidal phagocytes. We found that 1,495 genes were differentially expressed in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages incubated with the drug, with an over-representation of genes involved in metabolism, lysosome biogenesis and activation. BDQ treatment triggered a variety of antimicrobial defense mechanisms, including nitric oxide production, phagosome-lysosome fusion, and autophagy. These effects were associated with activation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), involved in the transcription of lysosomal genes, resulting in enhanced intracellular killing of different bacterial species that were naturally insensitive to BDQ. Thus, BDQ could be used as a host-directed therapy against a wide range of bacterial infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giraud-Gatineau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coya, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maure, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrouy-Maumus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gicquel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tailleux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The antibiotic bedaquiline activates host macrophage innate immune resistance to bacterial infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/763508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-wall synthases contribute to bacterial cell-envelope integrity by actively repairing defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/763508v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstracCell shape and cell-envelope integrity of bacteria are determined by the peptidoglycan cell wall. In rod-shaped Escherichia coli, two conserved sets of machinery are essential for cell-wall insertion in the cylindrical part of the cell, the Rod complex and the class-A penicillin-binding proteins (aPBPs). While the Rod complex governs rod-like cell shape, aPBP function is less well understood. aPBPs were previously hypothesized to either work in concert with the Rod complex or to independently repair cell-wall defects. First, we demonstrate through modulation of enzyme levels that class-A PBPs do not contribute to rod-like cell shape but are required for mechanical stability, supporting their independent activity. By combining measurements of cell-wall stiffness, cell-wall insertion, and PBP1b motion at the single-molecule level we then demonstrate that PBP1b, the major class-A PBP, contributes to cell-wall integrity by localizing and inserting peptidoglycan in direct response to local cell-wall defects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vigouroux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aristov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldewurtel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özbaykal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Teeffelen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/763508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-wall synthases contribute to bacterial cell-envelope integrity by actively repairing defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/764704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new high-throughput tool to screen mosquito-borne viruses in Zika virus endemic/epidemic areas 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/764704v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes are vectors of arboviruses affecting animal and human health. Arboviruses circulate primarily within an enzootic cycle and recurrent spillovers contribute to the emergence of human-adapted viruses able to initiate an urban cycle involving anthropophilic mosquitoes. The increasing volume of travel and trade offers multiple opportunities for arbovirus introduction in new regions. This scenario has been exemplified recently with the Zika pandemic. To incriminate a mosquito as vector of a pathogen, several criteria are required such as the detection of natural infections in mosquitoes. In this study, we used a high-throughput chip based on the BioMarkTM Dynamic arrays system capable of detecting 64 arboviruses in a single experiment. A total of 17,958 mosquitoes collected in Zika-endemic/epidemic countries (Brazil, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Suriname, Senegal, and Cambodia) were analyzed. Here we show that this new tool can detect endemic and epidemic viruses in different mosquito species in an epidemic context. Thus, this fast and low-cost method can be suggested as a novel epidemiological surveillance tool to identify circulating arboviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moutailler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousfi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devillers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazeille, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega Rua, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourdain, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantilly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusfour, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira Santos de Abreu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira dos Santos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiolle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visser, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenraadt, C. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wongsokarijo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piorkowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paupy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourenco-de-Oliveira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lamballerie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Failloux, A.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/764704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new high-throughput tool to screen mosquito-borne viruses in Zika virus endemic/epidemic areas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/782268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resection and repair of a Cas9 double-strand break at CTG trinucleotide repeats induces local and extensive chromosomal rearrangements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/782268v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microsatellites are short tandem repeats, ubiquitous in all eukaryotes and represent [~]2% of the human genome. Among them, trinucleotide repeats are responsible for more than two dozen neurological and developmental disorders. Targeting microsatellites with dedicated DNA endonucleases could become a viable option for patients affected with dramatic neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we used the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 to induce a double-strand break within the expanded CTG repeat involved in myotonic dystrophy type 1, integrated in a yeast chromosome. Repair of this double-strand break generated unexpected large chromosomal rearrangements around the repeat tract. These rearrangements depended on RAD52, DNL4 and SAE2, and both non-homologous end-joining and single-strand annealing pathways were involved. Resection and repair of the double-strand break (DSB) were totally abolished in a rad50{Delta} strain, whereas they were impaired in a sae2{Delta} mutant, only on the DSB end containing most of the repeat tract. This proved that Sae2 plays significant different roles in resecting a DSB end containing a repeated and structured sequence as compared to a non-repeated DSB end.nnIn addition, we also discovered that gene conversion was less efficient when the DSB could be repaired using a homologous template, suggesting that the trinucleotide repeat may interfer with gene conversion too. Altogether, these data show that SpCas9 is probably not a good choice when inducing a double-strand break at or near a microsatellite, especially in mammalian genomes that contain many more dispersed repeated elements than the yeast genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mosbach, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viterbo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descorps-Declere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poggi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysse-Zinkhofer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/782268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resection and repair of a Cas9 double-strand break at CTG trinucleotide repeats induces local and extensive chromosomal rearrangements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/785089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The APL1 immune factor is encoded by a single ancestral gene in most Anopheles species and expanded to three paralogs with distinct function in the Anopheles gambiae complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/785089v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe recent reference genome assembly and annotation of the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi revealed only one gene encoding the leucine-rich repeat immune factor APL1, while in Anopheles gambiae and sibling Anopheles coluzzii, APL1 factors are encoded by a family of three paralogs. The phylogeny and biological function of the unique APL1 gene in A. stephensi have not yet been specifically examined.nnMethodsThe APL1 locus was manually sequenced to confirm the computationally predicted single APL1 gene in A. stephensi, and APL1 evolution within Anopheles was explored by phylogenomic analysis. The single or paralogous APL1 genes were silenced in A. stephensi and A. coluzzii, respectively, followed by mosquito survival analysis, experimental infection with Plasmodium, and expression analysis.nnResultsAPL1 is present as a single ancestral gene in most Anopheles including A. stephensi, but has expanded to three paralogs in an African lineage that includes only the Gambiae species complex and Anopheles christyi. Silencing of the unique APL1 copy in A. stephensi results in significant mosquito mortality. Elevated mortality of APL1-depleted A. stephensi is rescued by antibiotic treatment, suggesting that bacteria are the cause of mortality, and that the unique APL1 gene is essential for host survival. Successful Plasmodium development in A. stephensi depends upon APL1 activity for protection from high host mortality, probably caused by exposure to enteric bacteria when parasites cross the midgut epithelial barrier. In contrast, silencing of all three APL1 paralogs in A. coluzzii does not result in elevated mortality, either with or without Plasmodium infection. Expression of the single APL1 gene is regulated by both the Imd and Toll immune pathways, while control by the two pathways is subdivided to different paralogs in the expanded APL1 locus.nnConclusionsAPL1 underwent neofunctionalization with both loss and gain of functions concomitant with expansion from a single ancestral gene to three paralogs in one lineage of African Anopheles. The evolution of an expanded APL1 gene family could be a factor contributing to the exceptional levels of malaria transmission mediated by human-feeding members of the Gambiae complex in Africa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiglmeier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito-Fravallo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakeri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejad, M. I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djadid, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernick, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riehle, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/785089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The APL1 immune factor is encoded by a single ancestral gene in most Anopheles species and expanded to three paralogs with distinct function in the Anopheles gambiae complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/787432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential contribution of Anopheles coustani and Anopheles arabiensis to the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in two neighboring villages of Madagascar 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/787432v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMalaria is still a heavy public health concern in Madagascar. Few studies combining parasitology and entomology have been recently conducted despite the need for such information to design proper vector control measures. In a region of moderate to intense transmission of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, we conducted a combined parasitology and entomology survey in two nearby villages, across a malaria transmission season from December 2016 to April 2017.nnMethodology/Principal findingsCommunity-based surveys were conducted in the two close by villages at three time points during a single malaria transmission season. Plasmodium carriage in the human populations was determined by Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs), microscopy and real-time PCR. Anthropophilic mosquitoes were captured by human landing captures and presence of Plasmodium sporozoites was assessed by robust Real Time PCR. Overall human malaria prevalence was 8.0% by RDT, 4.8% by microscopy and 11.9% by PCR, mainly due to P. falciparum detected in 92.2% of the PCR positive samples and Plasmodium vivax (5.7%). No significant differences in Plasmodium human carriage was observed between the 2 villages at any time point. Of the 1553 anopheline mosquitoes tested, 13 were found carrying Plasmodium sporozoites, the majority of them being captured outdoor. The mosquito sporozoite indices were not significantly different between the two villages. However, our entomological analysis revealed that Anopheles coustani was the main vector in one village, being responsible of 25.5 infective bites during the whole survey, whereas it was Anopheles arabiensis in the other village with 15 infective bites. In addition, we found a significant higher number of endophagic An. coustani and An. arabiensis in one village compared to the other.nnConclusions/SignificanceDespite similar human malaria prevalence in two close by villages, the entomological survey demonstrated the contribution of two different mosquito species in each village, and importantly the role of a suspected secondary malaria vector, An. coustani, as the main vector in one village. This, along with its higher endophagic rate in that village, highlights the importance of combining parasitology and entomology surveys for better targeting the actual local malaria vector. Such study should contribute to the malaria pre-elimination goal established under the 2018-2022 National Malaria Strategic Plan.nnAuthor SummaryMalaria is still a major health concern in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa such as Madagascar. In this study, we determined the contribution of malaria vectors in the transmission of Plasmodium parasites in two nearby villages in an area of moderate to high malaria transmission in Madagascar. We collected, during a single malaria transmission season, parasitological data in the human population and entomological data in the mosquito population, in order to evaluate Plasmodium carriage in these two populations. The results showed that despite similarity in human malaria prevalence and in vector species diversity in each village, the contribution of vectors was different between the two villages. An. arabiensis was the major vector in Ambohitromby while it was An. coustani that played this role in Miarinarivo. Importantly, this study is the first that clearly demonstrates that An. coustani could act as a major local vector in Madagascar. Such study should help deploying adapted malaria vector control and contributing to the malaria pre-elimination goal established under the 2018-2022 National Malaria Strategic Plan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goupeyou-Youmsi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakotondranaivo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puchot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GIROD, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigan-Womas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndiath, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgouin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential contribution of Anopheles coustani and Anopheles arabiensis to the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in two neighboring villages of Madagascar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/791103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A wave of hematopoietic stem cell-derived T/ILC-restricted progenitors initiates thymopoiesis and shapes the embryonic thymus architecture. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/791103v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple waves of hematopoietic progenitors with distinct lineage potentials are differentially regulated in time and space. We show that the first thymic seeding progenitors comprise a unique population of bipotent cells that generate lymphoid tissue inducer and invariant V{gamma}5+ T cells. Both populations are of embryonic origin and induce the maturation of medullary thymic epithelial cells. Indeed, temporal depletion of the first wave of thymocytes results in a five-fold reduction of mature medullary thymic epithelial cells, after birth. We further show that these progenitors are of hematopoietic stem cell, and not, of yolk sac origin, despite the temporal overlap between the onset of lymphopoiesis and the transient expression of lymphoid transcripts in yolk sac precursors, that does not impact their strict erythro-myeloid potential. Our work highlights the relevance of the developmental timing on the emergence of different lymphoid subsets required for the establishment of a functionally diverse immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elsaid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meunier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Defranoux, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soraes-da-Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perchet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iturri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandeira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Perdiguero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/791103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A wave of hematopoietic stem cell-derived T/ILC-restricted progenitors initiates thymopoiesis and shapes the embryonic thymus architecture.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/808238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Legionella pneumophila infection and antibiotic treatment engenders a highly disturbed pulmonary microbiome with decreased microbial diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/808238v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLung microbiome analyses have shown that the healthy lung is not sterile but it is colonized like other body sites by bacteria, fungi and viruses. However, little is known about the microbial composition of the lung microbiome during infectious diseases such as pneumonia and how it evolves during antibiotic therapy. To better understand the impact of the composition of the pulmonary microbiome on severity and outcome of pneumonia we analysed the composition and evolution of the human lung microbiome during pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila.nnResultsWe collected 10 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from three patients during long-term hospitalisation due to severe pneumonia and performed a longitudinal in-depth study of the composition of their lung microbiome by high-throughput Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (bacteria and archaea), ITS region (fungi) and 18S rRNA gene (eukaryotes). We found that the composition of the bacterial lung microbiome during pneumonia is hugely disturbed containing a very high percentage of the pathogen, a very low bacterial diversity, and an increased presence of opportunistic microorganisms such as species belonging to Staphylococcaceae and Streptococcaceae. The microbiome of antibiotic treated patients cured from pneumonia represented a different perturbation state with a higher abundance of resistant bacteria (mainly Firmicutes) and a significantly different bacterial composition as that found in healthy individuals. In contrast, the mycobiome remains more stable during pneumonia and antimicrobial therapy. Interestingly we identified possible cooperation within and between both communities. Furthermore, archaea (Methanobrevibacter) and protozoa (Acanthamoeba and Trichomonas) were detected.nnConclusionsBacterial pneumonia leads to a collapse of the healthy microbiome and a strongly disturbed bacterial composition of the pulmonary microbiome that is dominated by the pathogen. Antibiotic treatment allows some bacteria to regrow or recolonize the lungs but the restoration of a healthy lung microbiome composition is only regained a certain time after the antibiotic treatment. Archaea and protozoa should also be considered, as they might be important but yet overseen members of the lung microbiome. Interactions between the micro- and the mycobiome might play a role in the restoration of the microbiome and the clinical evolution of the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez-Cobas, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginevra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusniok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarraud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Legionella pneumophila infection and antibiotic treatment engenders a highly disturbed pulmonary microbiome with decreased microbial diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/808832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bread feeding is a robust and more physiological enteropathogen administration method compared to oral gavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/808832v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oral administration is a preferred model for studying infection by bacterial enteropathogens such as Yersinia. In the mouse model, the most frequent method for oral infection consists of oral gavage with a feeding needle directly introduced in the animal stomach via the esophagus. In this study, we compared needle gavage to bread feeding as an alternative mode of bacterial administration. Using a bioluminescence-expressing strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, we detected very early upon needle gavage a bioluminescent signal in the neck area together with a signal in the abdominal region, highlighting the presence of two independent sites of bacterial colonization and multiplication. Bacteria were often detected in the esophagus and trachea, as well as in the lymph nodes draining the salivary glands, suggesting that lesions made during needle introduction into the animal oral cavity lead to rapid bacterial draining to proximal lymph nodes. We then tested an alternative mode of bacterial administration using small pieces of white bread containing bacteria. Upon bread feeding infection, mice exhibited a stronger bioluminescent signal in the abdominal region as compared to needle gavage, and no signal was detected in the neck area. Moreover, Y. pseudotuberculosis incorporated in the bread is less susceptible to the acidic environment of the stomach and is therefore more efficient in causing intestinal infections. Based on our observations, bread feeding constitutes a natural and more efficient administration method which does not require specialized skills, is less traumatic for the animal, and results in diseases that more closely mimic food-borne intestinal infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Derbise, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echenique-Rivera, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dersch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro-Cerda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bread feeding is a robust and more physiological enteropathogen administration method compared to oral gavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/810705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spatial heterogeneity of the gut limits bacteriophage predation leading to the coexistence of antagonist populations of bacteria and their viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/810705v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria and their viruses, bacteriophages (phages), are the most abundant components of the mammalian gut microbiota where these two entities coexist over time. The ecological dynamics underlying the coexistence between these two antagonistic populations in the gut are unknown. We challenged a murine synthetic bacterial community with a set of virulent phages, to study the factors allowing phages-bacteria coexistence in the gut. We found that coexistence was neither dependent on an arms race between bacteria and phages, nor on the ability of phages to extend host range. Instead, our data suggest that some phage-inaccessible sites in the mucosa of the ileum serve as a spatial refuge for bacteria, which from there disseminate in the gut lumen. Luminal phages amplify by infecting luminal bacteria maintaining phage throughout the gut. We conclude that the heterogeneous distribution of microbes in the gut contributes to the long-term coexistence of phages with phage-susceptible bacteria. This observation could explain the persistence in the human gut of intestinal phages, such as the crAssphage, as well as the low efficiency of oral phage therapy against enteric pathogens in animal models and clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffringeon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamy-Besnier, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campagne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stecher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarbieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Sordi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/810705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spatial heterogeneity of the gut limits bacteriophage predation leading to the coexistence of antagonist populations of bacteria and their viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/820324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polarly localized EccE1is required for ESX-1 function and stabilization of ESX-1 membrane proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/820324v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a slow-growing intracellular bacterium with the ability to induce host cell death and persist indefinitely in the human body. This pathogen uses the specialized ESX-1 secretion system to secrete virulence factors and potent immunogenic effectors required for disease progression. ESX-1 is a multi-subunit apparatus with a membrane complex that is predicted to form a pore in the cytoplasmic membrane. In M. tuberculosis this complex is composed of five membrane proteins: EccB1, EccCa1, EccCb1, EccD1, EccE1. In this study, we have characterized the membrane component EccE1 and found that deletion of eccE1 lowers the levels of EccB1, EccCa1 and EccD1 thereby abolishing ESX-1 secretion and attenuating M. tuberculosis ex vivo. Surprisingly, secretion of EspB was not affected by loss of EccE1. Furthermore, EccE1 was found to be a membrane- and cell-wall associated protein that needs the presence of other ESX-1 components to assemble into a stable complex at the poles of M. tuberculosis. Overall, this investigation provides new insights into the role of EccE1 and its localization in M. tuberculosis.nnIMPORTANCETuberculosis (TB), the worlds leading cause of death of humans from an infectious disease, is caused by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of successful strategies to control TB requires better understanding of the complex interactions between the pathogen and human host. We investigated the contribution of EccE1, a membrane protein, to the function of the ESX-1 secretion system, the major virulence determinant of M. tuberculosis. By combining genetic analysis of selected mutants with eukaryotic cell biology and proteomics, we demonstrate that EccE1 is critical for ESX-1 function, secretion of effector proteins and pathogenesis. Our research improves knowledge of the molecular basis of M. tuberculosis virulence and enhances our understanding of pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soler-Arnedo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sala, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polarly localized EccE1is required for ESX-1 function and stabilization of ESX-1 membrane proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/822221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcutaneous vaccination with a live attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis plague vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/822221v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A single oral inoculation to mice of the live attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis VTnF1 strain producing an F1 pseudocapsule protects against bubonic and pneumonic plague. However oral vaccination can fail in humans exposed to frequent intestinal infections. We evaluated in mice the efficacy of subcutaneous vaccine injection as an alternative way to induce protective immunity, while reducing the dose and avoiding strain release in nature. A single subcutaneous dose of up to 108 CFU induced dose-dependent antibody production. At the dose of 107 CFU, i.e. 10 times less than via the oral route, it caused a modest skin reaction and protected 100% against bubonic and 80% against pneumonic plague, caused by high doses of Yersinia pestis. Bacteria migrating to lymph nodes and spleen, but not feces, were rapidly eliminated. Thus, subcutaneous injection of VTnF1 would represent a good alternative when dissemination in nature and human intestinal responsiveness are limitations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Derbise, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carniel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro Cerda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeure, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/822221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcutaneous vaccination with a live attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis plague vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/830232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two common disease-associated TYK2 variants impact exon splicing and TYK2 dosage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/830232v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TYK2 belongs to the JAK protein tyrosine kinase family and mediates signaling of numerous antiviral and immunoregulatory cytokines (type I and type III IFNs, IL-10, IL-12, IL-22, IL-23) in immune and non-immune cells. After many years of genetic association studies, TYK2 is recognized as a susceptibility gene for some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (AID). Seven TYK2 variants have been associated with AIDs in Europeans, and establishing their causality remains challenging. Previous work showed that a protective variant (P1104A) is hypomorphic and also a risk allele for mycobacterial infection. Here, we have studied two AID-associated common TYK2 variants: rs12720270 located in intron 7 and rs2304256, a non-synonymous variant in exon 8 that causes a valine to phenylalanine substitution (c.1084 G > T, Val362Phe). We found that this amino acid substitution does not alter TYK2 expression, catalytic activity or ability to relay signaling in EBV-B cell lines or in reconstituted TYK2-null cells. Based on in silico predictions that these variants may impact splicing of exon 8, we: i) analyzed TYK2 transcripts in genotyped EBV-B cells and in CRISPR/Cas9-edited cells, ii) measured splicing using minigene assays, and iii) performed eQTL (expression quantitative trait locus) analysis of TYK2 transcripts in primary monocytes and whole blood cells. Our results reveal that the two variants promote the inclusion of exon 8, which, we demonstrate, is essential for TYK2 binding to cognate receptors. In addition and in line with GTEx (Genetic Tissue Expression) data, our eQTL results show that rs2304256 mildly enhances TYK2 expression in whole blood. In all, these findings suggest that these TYK2 variants are not neutral but instead have a potential impact in AID.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotival, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/830232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two common disease-associated TYK2 variants impact exon splicing and TYK2 dosage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/855692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Description of Corynebacterium rouxii sp. nov., a novel member of the diphtheriae species complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/855692v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A group of six clinical isolates previously identified as Corynebacterium diphtheriae biovar Belfanti, isolated from human cutaneous or peritoneum infections and from one dog, were characterized by genomic sequencing, biochemical analysis and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The six isolates were negative for the diphtheria toxin gene. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the six isolates (including FRC0190T) are clearly demarcated from C. diphtheriae, C. belfantii, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. The average nucleotide identity of FRC0190T with C. diphtheriae NCTC 11397T was 92.6%, and was 91.8% with C. belfantii FRC0043T. C. diphtheriae subsp. lausannense strain CHUV2995T appeared to be a later heterotypic synonym of C. belfantii (ANI, 99.3%). Phenotyping data revealed an atypical negative or heterogeneous intermediate maltose fermentation reaction for the six isolates. MALDI-TOF MS differentiated the new group from the other Corynebacterium taxa by the presence of specific spectral peaks. rpoB sequences showed identity to atypical, maltose-negative C. diphtheriae biovar Belfanti isolates previously described from two cats in the USA. We propose the name Corynebacterium rouxii sp. nov. for the novel group, with FRC0190T (= CIP 111752T = DSM 110354T) as type strain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dazas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panunzi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi-Leroy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/855692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Description of Corynebacterium rouxii sp. nov., a novel member of the diphtheriae species complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/857714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential efficacies of Cas nucleases on microsatellites involved in human disorders and associated off-target mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/857714v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microsatellite expansions are the cause of more than 20 neurological or developmental human disorders. Shortening expanded repeats using specific DNA endonucleases may be envisioned as a gene editing approach. Here, a new assay was developed to test several CRISPR-Cas nucleases on microsatellites involved in human diseases, by measuring at the same time double-strand break rates, DNA end resection and homologous recombination efficacy. Broad variations in nuclease performances were detected on all repeat tracts. Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 was the most efficient of all. All repeat tracts did inhibit double-strand break resection. We demonstrate that secondary structure formation on the guide RNA was a major determinant of nuclease efficacy. Using deep sequencing, off-target mutations were assessed genomewide. Out of 221 CAG/CTG or GAA/TTC trinucleotide repeats of the yeast genome, three were identified as carrying statistically significant low frequency mutations, corresponding to off-target effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poggi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmenegger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descorps-Declere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/857714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential efficacies of Cas nucleases on microsatellites involved in human disorders and associated off-target mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/859645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary mammary organoid model of lactation and involution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/859645v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammary gland development occurs mainly after birth and is composed of three successive stages: puberty, pregnancy and lactation, and involution. These developmental stages are associated with major tissue remodeling, including extensive changes in mammary epithelium as well as surrounding stroma. Three-dimensional (3D) mammary organoid culture has become an important tool in mammary gland biology and enabled invaluable discoveries on pubertal mammary branching morphogenesis and breast cancer. However, a suitable 3D organoid model recapitulating key aspects of lactation and involution has been missing. Here, we describe a robust and straightforward mouse mammary organoid system modeling lactation and involution-like process, which can be applied to study mechanisms of physiological mammary gland lactation and involution as well as pregnancy-associated breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sumbal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charifou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koledova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LI, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/859645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary mammary organoid model of lactation and involution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/868794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The hippocampus as a perceptual map: neuronal and behavioral discrimination during memory encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/868794v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is thought to encode similar events as distinct memory representations that are used for behavioral decisions. Where and how this "pattern separation" function is accomplished in the hippocampal circuit, and how it relates to behavior, is still unclear. Here we perform in vivo 2-photon Ca2+ imaging from hippocampal subregions of head-fixed mice performing a virtual-reality spatial discrimination task. We find that population activity in the input region of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, robustly discriminates small changes in environments, whereas spatial discrimination in CA1 reflects the behavioral performance of the animals and depends on the degree of differences between environments. Our results demonstrate that the dentate gyrus amplifies small differences in its inputs, while downstream hippocampal circuits will act as the final arbiter on this decorrelated information, thereby producing a "perceptual map" that will guide behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allegra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt-Hieber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The hippocampus as a perceptual map: neuronal and behavioral discrimination during memory encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/030866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and analysis of integrons and cassette arrays in bacterial genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/030866v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrons recombine gene arrays and favor the spread of antibiotic resistance. Their broader roles in bacterial adaptation remain mysterious, partly due to lack of computational tools. We made a program - IntegronFinder - to identify integrons with high accuracy and sensitivity. IntegronFinder is available as a standalone program and as a web application. It searches for attC sites using covariance models, for integron-integrases using HMM profiles, and for other features (promoters, attl site) using pattern matching. We searched for integrons, integron-integrases lacking attC sites, and clusters of attC sites lacking a neighboring integron-integrase in bacterial genomes. All these elements are especially frequent in genomes of intermediate size. They are missing in some key phyla, such as -Proteobacteria, which might reflect selection against cell lineages that acquire integrons. The similarity between attC sites is proportional to the number of cassettes in the integron, and is particularly low in clusters of attC sites lacking integron-integrases. The latter are unexpectedly abundant in genomes lacking integron-integrases or their remains, and have a large novel pool of cassettes lacking homologs in the databases. They might represent an evolutionary step between the acquisition of genes within integrons and their stabilization in the new genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jean Cury</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Jové</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie Touchon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand Néron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eduardo P. C. Rocha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and analysis of integrons and cassette arrays in bacterial genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/032201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin activates Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoY nucleotidyl cyclase toxin and ExoY-like effector domains from MARTX toxins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/032201v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of chronic infections in cystic fibrosis patients. The nucleotidyl cyclase toxin ExoY is a virulence factors injected by the pathogen and associated with severe damage to lung tissue. ExoY-like cyclases are also found in other Gram-negative pathogens and shown to contribute to virulence, although they remained poorly characterized. Here we demonstrate that filamentous actin (F-actin) is the hitherto unknown co-factor that activates P. aeruginosa ExoY within host target cells. Highly purified actin, when polymerized into filaments, potently stimulates (>10,000 fold) ExoY activity. ExoY co-localizes in vivo with actin filaments in transfected cells and, in vitro, it interferes with the regulation of actin assembly/disassembly-dynamics mediated by important F-actin-binding proteins. We further show that actin also activates an ExoY-like adenylate cyclase from a Vibrio species. Our results thus highlight a new sub-class within the class II adenylyl cyclase family, defined as actin-activated nucleotidyl cyclase (AA-NC) toxins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorothee Raoux-Barbot</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosmin Saveanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelkader Namane</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasily Ogryzko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lina Worpenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souad Fellous</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elodie Assayag</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Ladant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louis Renault</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undine Mechold</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/032201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin activates Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoY nucleotidyl cyclase toxin and ExoY-like effector domains from MARTX toxins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/034793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta3C analysis of a mouse gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/034793v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial populations as well as they biochemical activities are important components of environmental ecosystems, including the human microbiome. Deciphering the genomic content of these complex mixes of species is an important challenge but is essential to fully understand the regulation of their ecological balance. Here we apply meta3C, an experimental and computational approach that exploits the physical contacts between chromosomes to characterize large genomic regions of bacterial species mixed together, on a truly complex ecosystem: the mouse gut microbiota. Meta3C, which was initially described and applied onto controlled mixes of microorganisms, allowed the de novo assembly and scaffolding of numerous bacteria present into this natural mix. Importantly, the scaffolds analyzed exhibit the structural properties expected from typical bacterial chromosomes. Meta3C therefore paves the way to the in-depth analysis of genomic structuration of complex populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martial Marbouty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyam Baudry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel Cournac</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romain Koszul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta3C analysis of a mouse gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/126755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quiescence unveils a novel mutational force in fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/126755v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One Sentence SummaryThe quiescence-driven mutational landscape reveals a novel evolutionary force.nnAbstractDuring cell division, the spontaneous mutation rate is expressed as the probability of mutations per generation, whereas during quiescence it will be expressed per unit of time. In this study, we report that during quiescence, the unicellular haploid fission yeast accumulates mutations as a linear function of time. We determined that 3 days of quiescence generate a number of invalidating mutations equivalent to that of one round of DNA replication. The novel mutational landscape of quiescence is characterized by insertion/deletion accumulating as fast as single nucleotide variants, and elevated amounts of deletions. When we extended the study to 3 months of quiescence, we confirmed the replication-independent mutational spectrum at the whole-genome level of a clonally aged population and uncovered phenotypic variations that subject the cells to natural selection. Thus, our results support the idea that genomes continuously evolve under two alternating phases that will impact on their size and composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gangloff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achaz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miled, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcangioli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/126755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quiescence unveils a novel mutational force in fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/154542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Boosting Felsenstein Phylogenetic Bootstrap 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/154542v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Felsensteins article describing the application of the bootstrap to evolutionary trees, is one of the most cited papers of all time. That statistical method, based on resampling and replications, is used extensively to assess the robustness of phylogenetic inferences. However, increasing numbers of sequences are now available for a wide variety of species, and phylogenies with hundreds or thousands of taxa are becoming routine. In that framework, Felsensteins bootstrap tends to yield very low supports, especially on deep branches. We propose a revised version, in which the presence of inferred branches in replications is measured using a gradual "transfer" distance, as opposed to the original version using a binary presence/absence index. The resulting supports are higher, while not inducing falsely supported branches. Our method is applied to large simulation, mammal and HIV datasets, for which it reveals the phylogenetic signal, while Felsensteins bootstrap fails to do so.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domelevo Entfellner, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Oliveira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascuel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Boosting Felsenstein Phylogenetic Bootstrap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/164293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based analysis of experimental hut data elucidates multifaceted effects of a volatile chemical on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/164293v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInsecticides used against Aedes aegypti and other disease vectors can elicit a multitude of dose-dependent effects on behavioral and bionomic traits. Estimating the potential epidemiological impact of a product requires thorough understanding of these effects and their interplay at different dosages. Volatile spatial repellent (SR) products come with an additional layer of complexity due to the potential for movement of affected mosquitoes or volatile particles of the product beyond the treated house. Here, we propose a statistical inference framework for estimating these nuanced effects of volatile SRs.nnMethodsWe fitted a continuous-time Markov chain model in a Bayesian framework to mark-release-recapture (MRR) data from an experimental hut study conducted in Iquitos, Peru. We estimated the effects of two dosages of transfluthrin on Ae. aegypti behaviors associated with human-vector contact: repellency, exiting, and knockdown in the treated space and in "downstream" adjacent huts. We validated the framework using simulated data.nnResultsThe odds of a female Ae. aegypti being repelled from a treated hut (HT) increased at both dosages (low dosage: odds = 1.64, 95% highest density interval (HDI) = 1.30-2.09; high dosage: odds = 1.35, HDI = 1.04-1.67). The relative risk of exiting from the treated hut was reduced (low: RR = 0.70, HDI = 0.62-1.09; high: RR = 0.70, HDI = 0.40-1.06), with this effect carrying over to untreated spaces as far as two huts away from the treated hut (H2) (low: RR = 0.79, HDI = 0.59-1.01; high: RR = 0.66, HDI = 0.50-0.87). Knockdown rates were increased in both treated and downstream huts, particularly under high dosage (HT: RR = 8.37, HDI = 2.11-17.35; H1: RR = 1.39, HDI = 0.52-2.69; H2: RR = 2.22, HDI = 0.96-3.86).nnConclusionsOur statistical inference framework is effective at elucidating multiple effects of volatile chemicals used in SR products, as well as their downstream effects. This framework provides a powerful tool for early selection of candidate SR product formulations worth advancing to costlier epidemiological trials, which are ultimately necessary for proof of concept of public health value and subsequent formal endorsement by health authorities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ten Bosch, Q. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Llanos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieco, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achee, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based analysis of experimental hut data elucidates multifaceted effects of a volatile chemical on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/169730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antisense transcriptional interference mediates condition-specific gene repression in budding yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/169730v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pervasive transcription generates many unstable non-coding transcripts in budding yeast. The transcription of such noncoding RNAs, in particular antisense RNAs (asRNAs), has been shown in a few examples to repress the expression of the associated mRNAs. Yet, such mechanism is not known to commonly contribute to the regulation of a given class of genes. Using a mutant context that stabilised pervasive transcripts, we observed that the least expressed mRNAs during the exponential phase were associated with high levels of asRNAs. These asRNAs also overlapped their corresponding gene promoters with a much higher frequency than average. Interrupting antisense transcription of a subset of genes corresponding to quiescence-enriched mRNAs restored their expression. The underlying mechanism acts in cis and involves several chromatin modifiers. Our results convey that transcription interference represses up to 30% of the 590 least expressed genes, which includes 163 genes with quiescence-enriched mRNAs. We also found that pervasive transcripts constitute a higher fraction of the transcriptome in quiescence relative to the exponential phase, consistent with gene expression itself playing an important role to suppress pervasive transcription. Accordingly, the HIS1 asRNA, normally only present in quiescence, is expressed in exponential phase upon HIS1 mRNA transcription interruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nevers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malabat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergrohen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antisense transcriptional interference mediates condition-specific gene repression in budding yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/200659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse laboratory colonies of Aedes aegypti harbor the same adult midgut bacterial microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/200659v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHost-associated microbes, collectively known as the microbiota, play an important role in the biology of multicellular organisms. In mosquito vectors of human pathogens, the gut bacterial microbiota influences vectorial capacity and has become the subject of intense study. In laboratory studies of vector biology, genetic effects are often inferred from differences between geographically and genetically diverse colonies of mosquitoes that are reared in the same insectary. It is unclear, however, to what extent genetic effects can be confounded by uncontrolled differences in the microbiota composition among mosquito colonies. To address this question, we used 16S metagenomics to compare the midgut bacterial microbiome of six recent laboratory colonies of Aedes aegypti representing the geographical range and genetic diversity of the species.nnResultsWe found that the diversity, abundance, and community structure of the midgut bacterial microbiome was remarkably similar among the six different colonies of Ae. aegypti, regardless of their geographic origin. We also confirmed the relatively low complexity of bacterial communities inhabiting the mosquito midgut.nnConclusionsOur finding that geographically diverse colonies of Ae. aegypti reared in the same insectary harbor a similar gut bacterial microbiome supports the conclusion that the gut microbiota of adult mosquitoes is environmentally determined regardless of the host genotype. Thus, uncontrolled differences in microbiota composition are unlikely to represent a significant confounding factor in genetic studies of vector biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickson, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghozlane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rua, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusfour, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiolle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paupy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayanja, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutwama, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse laboratory colonies of Aedes aegypti harbor the same adult midgut bacterial microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.17.878363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular prophage interactions driven by capsule serotype select for capsule loss under phage predation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.17.878363v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Klebsiella species are able to colonize a wide range of environments and include worrisome nosocomial pathogens. Here, we sought to determine the abundance and infectivity of prophages of Klebsiella to understand how the interactions between induced prophages and bacteria affect population dynamics and evolution. We identified many prophages in the species, placing these taxa among the top 5% of the most polylysogenic bacteria. We selected 35 representative strains of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex to establish a network of induced phage-bacteria interactions. This revealed that many prophages are able to enter the lytic cycle, and subsequently kill or lysogenize closely-related Klebsiella strains. Although 60% of the tested strains could produce phages that infect at least one other strain, the interaction network of all pairwise cross-infections is very sparse and mostly organized in modules corresponding to the strains capsule serotypes. Accordingly, capsule mutants remain uninfected showing that the capsule is a key factor for successful infections. Surprisingly, experiments in which bacteria are predated by their own prophages result in accelerated loss of the capsule. Our results show that phage infectiousness defines interaction modules between small subsets of phages and bacteria in function of capsule serotype. This limits the role of prophages as competitive weapons because they can infect very few strains of the species complex. This should also restrict phage-driven gene flow across the species. Finally, the accelerated loss of the capsule in bacteria being predated by their own phages, suggests that phages drive serotype switch in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moura de Sousa, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haudiquet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendueles, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.878363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular prophage interactions driven by capsule serotype select for capsule loss under phage predation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.22.882084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level quality scaffolding of brown algal genomes using InstaGRAAL, a proximity ligation-based scaffolder 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.22.882084v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-C has become a popular technique in recent genome assembly projects. Hi-C exploits contact frequencies between pairs of loci to bridge and order contigs in draft genomes, resulting in chromosome-level assemblies. However, application of this approach is currently hampered by a lack of robust programs that are capable of effectively treating this type of data, particularly open source programs. We developed instaGRAAL, a complete overhaul of the GRAAL program, which has adapted the latter to allow efficient assembly of large genomes. Both GRAAL, and instaGRAAL use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to perform Hi-C scaffolding, but instaGRAAL features a number of improvements including a modular polishing approach that optionally integrates independent data. To validate the program, we used it to generate chromosome-level assemblies for two brown algae, Desmarestia herbacea and the model Ectocarpus sp., and quantified improvements compared to the initial draft for the latter. Overall, instaGRAAL is a program able to generate, using default parameters with minimal human intervention, near-complete assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baudry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marbouty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie-Nelly, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cormier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiglielmoni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfroy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coehlo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.22.882084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level quality scaffolding of brown algal genomes using InstaGRAAL, a proximity ligation-based scaffolder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.31.891671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria contribute to mosquito development via folate biosynthesis and energy storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.31.891671v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mosquito microbiota impacts the physiology of its host and is essential for normal larval development, thereby influencing transmission of vector-borne pathogens. Germ-free mosquitoes generated with current methods show larval stunting and developmental deficits. Therefore, functional studies of the mosquito microbiota have so far mostly been limited to antibiotic treatments of emerging adults. In this study, we developed a novel approach to produce germ-free Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. It is based on reversible colonisation with bacteria genetically modified to allow complete decolonisation at any developmental stage. We show that, unlike germ-free mosquitoes previously produced using sterile diets, reversibly colonised mosquitoes show no developmental retardation and reach the same size as control adults. This allowed us to uncouple the study of the microbiota in larvae and adults. In adults, we detected no impact of bacterial colonisation on mosquito fecundity or longevity. In larvae, we performed a transcriptome analysis and diet supplementation experiments following decolonisation during the third larval instar. Our data suggest that bacteria support larval development by contributing to folate biosynthesis and by enhancing energy storage. Our study establishes a novel tool to study the microbiota in insects and deepens our knowledge on the metabolic contribution of bacteria to mosquito development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romoli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonbeck, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hapfelmeier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.891671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria contribute to mosquito development via folate biosynthesis and energy storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.15.907857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Flemmingsome reveals an ESCRT-to-membrane coupling required for completion of cytokinesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.15.907857v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokinesis requires the constriction of ESCRT-III filaments on the side of the midbody, where abscission occurs. After ESCRT recruitment at the midbody, it is not known how the ESCRT-III machinery localizes to the abscission site. To reveal novel actors involved in abscission, we obtained the proteome of intact, post-abscission midbodies (Flemmingsome) and identified 489 proteins enriched in this organelle. Among those proteins, we further characterized a plasma membrane-to-ESCRT module composed of the transmembrane proteoglycan syndecan-4, ALIX and syntenin, a protein that bridges ESCRT-III/ALIX to syndecans. The three proteins were highly recruited first at the midbody then at the abscission site, and their depletion delayed abscission. Mechanistically, direct interactions between ALIX, syntenin and syndecan-4 were essential for proper enrichment of the ESCRT-III machinery at the abscission site, but not at the midbody. We propose that the ESCRT-III machinery must be physically coupled to a membrane protein at the cytokinetic abscission site for efficient scission, revealing novel common requirements in cytokinesis, exosome formation and HIV budding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Addi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuvelier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocancourt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamot-Rooke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchateau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menager, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta-Rossi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.907857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Flemmingsome reveals an ESCRT-to-membrane coupling required for completion of cytokinesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.24.917146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial FtsZ induces mitochondrial fission in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.24.917146v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are key eukaryotic organelles that evolved from an intracellular bacterium, in a process involving bacterial genome rearrangement and streamlining. As mitochondria cannot form de novo, their biogenesis relies on growth and division. In human cells, mitochondrial division plays an important role in processes as diverse as mtDNA distribution, mitochondrial transport and quality control. Consequently, defects in mitochondrial division have been associated with a wide range of human pathologies. While several protists have retained key components of the bacterial division machinery, none have been detected in human mitochondria, where the dynamin-related protein Drp1, a cytosolic GTPase is recruited to the mitochondrial outer membrane, forming helical oligomers that constrict and divide mitochondria. Here, we created a human codon optimized version of FtsZ, the central component of the bacterial division machinery, and fused it to a mitochondrial targeting sequence. Upon expression in human cells, mt-FtsZ was imported into the mitochondrial matrix, specifically localizing at fission sites prior to Drp1 and significantly increasing mitochondrial fission levels. Our data suggests that human mitochondria have an internal, matrix-localized fission machinery, whose structure is sufficiently conserved as to accommodate bacterial FtsZ. We identified interaction partners of mt-FtsZ, and show that expression of PGAM5, FAM210, SFXN3 and MTCH1 induced mitochondrial fission. Our results thus represent an innovative approach for the discovery of novel critical mitochondrial fission components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tham, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavru, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.917146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial FtsZ induces mitochondrial fission in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.29.925263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for the increased processivity of D-family DNA polymerases in complex with PCNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.29.925263v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replicative DNA polymerases (DNAPs) have evolved the ability to copy the genome with high processivity and fidelity. In Eukarya and Archaea, the processivity of replicative DNAPs is greatly enhanced by its binding to the proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) that encircles the DNA. We determined the cryo-EM structure of the DNA-bound PolD-PCNA complex from Pyrococcus abyssi at 3.77[A]. Using an integrative structural biology approach - combining cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography and protein-protein interaction measurements - we describe the molecular basis for the interaction and cooperativity between a replicative DNAP and PCNA with an unprecedented level of detail. PolD recruits PCNA via a complex mechanism, which requires two different PIP-boxes. We infer that the second PIP-box, which is shared with the eukaryotic Pol replicative DNAP, plays a dual role in binding either PCNA or primase, and could be a master switch between an initiation phase and a processive phase during replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madru, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugonneau-Beaufet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehau-Arnaudet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauguet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for the increased processivity of D-family DNA polymerases in complex with PCNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.12.945709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic background and habitat drive the genetic diversification of Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.12.945709v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Escherichia coli is a commensal of birds and mammals, including humans. It can act as an opportunistic pathogen and is also found in water and sediments. Since most population studies have focused on clinical isolates, we studied the phylogeny, genetic diversification, and habitat-association of 1,294 isolates representative of the phylogenetic diversity of more than 5,000, mostly non-clinical, isolates originating from humans, poultry, wild animals and water sampled from the Australian continent. These strains represent the species diversity and show large variations in gene repertoires within sequence types. Recent gene transfer is driven by mobile elements and determined by habitat sharing and by phylogroup membership, suggesting that gene flow reinforces the association of certain genetic backgrounds with specific habitats. The phylogroups with smallest genomes had the highest rates of gene repertoire diversification and fewer but more diverse mobile genetic elements, suggesting that smaller genomes are associated with higher, not lower, turnover of genetic information. Many of these small genomes were in freshwater isolates suggesting that some lineages are specifically adapted to this environment. Altogether, these data contribute to explain why epidemiological clones tend to emerge from specific phylogenetic groups in the presence of pervasive horizontal gene transfer across the species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Sousa, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangchhia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>burn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'brien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denamur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.945709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic background and habitat drive the genetic diversification of Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.28.970376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An original model of brain infection identifies B Streptococcus lipoprotein Blr as a ligand exploiting host endocytosis for blood-brain barrier crossing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.28.970376v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogens able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) induce long-term neurological sequelae and death. Understanding how neurotropic pathogens bypass this strong physiological barrier is a prerequisite to devise therapeutic strategies. Here we propose an innovative model of infection in the developing Drosophila brain, combining whole brain explants with in vivo systemic infection. We identified several mammalian pathogens able to cross the Drosophila BBB, including Group B Streptococcus (GBS). Amongst GBS surface components, lipoproteins, and in particular the B leucin-rich Blr, were important for BBB crossing and virulence in Drosophila. Further, we identified (V)LDL receptor LpR2, expressed in the BBB, as a host receptor for Blr, allowing GBS translocation through endocytosis. Finally, we demonstrated that Blr is required for BBB crossing and pathogenicity in a murine model of infection. Our results support the relevance of Drosophila for studying host-pathogen interactions and identify a new mechanism by which pathogens exploit host barriers to generate brain infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benmimoun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papastefanaki, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perichon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segklia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roby, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miriagou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dramsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.970376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An original model of brain infection identifies B Streptococcus lipoprotein Blr as a ligand exploiting host endocytosis for blood-brain barrier crossing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.08.981910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosight: A computer vision program for pattern detection in chromosome contact maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.08.981910v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomes of all species studied so far display a variety of higher order organizational features such as domains or loops often associated to biological functions and visible on Hi-C contact maps. We developed Chromosight, an algorithm inspired from computer vision that can detect patterns in Hi-C maps. Chromosight has greater sensitivity than existing methods, while being faster and applicable to any type of genomes, including bacteria, viruses, yeasts and mammals. Code and documentation: https://github.com/koszullab/chromosight
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthey-Doret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiglielmoni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigouroux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scolari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oriol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanut, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campeas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.981910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosight: A computer vision program for pattern detection in chromosome contact maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.12.988097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new form of actin assembly around the Shigella-containing vacuole regulates its intracellular niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.12.988097v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enteroinvasive bacterium Shigella flexneri forces its uptake into non-phagocytic host cells through the translocation of T3SS effectors that subvert the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we report de novo actin polymerization after cellular entry around the bacterial containing vacuole (BCV) leading to the formation of a dynamic actin cocoon. This cocoon is thicker than any described cellular actin structure and functions as a gatekeeper for the cytosolic access of the pathogen. Host Cdc42, Toca-1, N-WASP, WIP, the Arp2/3 complex, cortactin, coronin, and cofilin are recruited to the actin cocoon. They are subverted by T3SS effectors, such as IpgD, IpgB1, and IcsB. IcsB immobilizes components of the actin polymerization machinery at the BCV. This represents a novel microbial subversion strategy through localized entrapment of host actin regulators causing massive actin assembly. We propose that the cocoon protects Shigellas niche from canonical maturation or host recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kühn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergqvist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebreton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.988097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new form of actin assembly around the Shigella-containing vacuole regulates its intracellular niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.17.994921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robustness of epithelial sealing is an emerging property of local ERK feedbacks driven by cell elimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.17.994921v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the pathways regulating apoptosis and cell extrusion are rather well described1,2, what regulates the precise spatio-temporal distribution of cell elimination in tissues remains largely unknown. This is particularly relevant for epithelia with high rates of cell elimination, a widespread situation during embryogenesis3-6 and epithelial homeostasis7, where concomitant death of neighbours could impair the maintenance of epithelial sealing. However, the extent to which epithelial tissues can cope with concomitant cell death, and whether any mechanism regulates such occurrence have never been explored so far. Here, using the Drosophila pupal notum (a single layer epithelium) and a new optogenetic tool to trigger caspase activation and cell extrusion, we first show that concomitant death of clusters of at least three cells is sufficient to transiently impair epithelial sealing. Such clustered extrusion was almost never observed in vivo, suggesting the existence of a mechanism preventing concomitant elimination of neighbours. Statistical analysis and simulations of cell death distribution in the notum highlighted a transient and local protective phase occurring near every dying cell. This protection is driven by a transient activation of ERK in the direct neighbours of extruding cells which reverts caspase activation and prevents elimination of cells in clusters. Altogether, this study demonstrates that the distribution of cell elimination in epithelia is an emerging property of transient and local feedbacks through ERK activation which is required to maintain epithelial sealing in conditions of high rate of cell elimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levillayer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerqueira-Campos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.994921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robustness of epithelial sealing is an emerging property of local ERK feedbacks driven by cell elimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.28.012062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential small RNA responses against co-infecting insect-specific viruses in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.28.012062v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mosquito antiviral response has been mainly studied in the case of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infection in female mosquitoes. However, in nature, both female and male mosquitoes are abundantly infected with insect-specific viruses (ISVs). ISVs are capable of infecting the reproductive organs of both sexes and are maintained primarily by vertical transmission. Since the RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated antiviral response plays an important antiviral role in mosquitoes, ISVs constitute a relevant model to study sex-dependent antiviral responses. Using a naturally generated viral stock containing three distinct ISVs, Aedes flavivirus (AEFV), Menghai Rhabdovirus (MERV) and Shinobi tetra virus (SHTV), we infected adult Aedes albopictus females and males and generated small RNA libraries from ovaries, testes, and the remainder of the body. Overall, both female and male mosquitoes showed unique small RNA profiles to each co-infecting ISV regardless the sex or tissue tested. While all three ISVs generated virus-derived siRNAs, only MERV generated virus-derived piRNAs. We also studied the expression of PIWI genes in reproductive tissues and carcasses. Piwi1-4 were abundantly expressed in ovaries and testes in contrast to Piwi5-9, suggesting that Piwi 5-9 are involved in exogenous viral piRNA production. Together, our results show that ISV-infected Aedes albopictus produce viral small RNAs in a virus-specific manner and that male mosquitoes mount a similar small RNA-mediated antiviral response to that of females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.28.012062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential small RNA responses against co-infecting insect-specific viruses in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.28.013441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-retroviral endogenous viral element limits cognate virus replication in Aedes aegypti ovaries 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.28.013441v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are viral sequences integrated in host genomes. A large number of non-retroviral EVEs was recently detected in Aedes mosquito genomes, leading to the hypothesis that mosquito EVEs may control exogenous infections by closely related viruses. Here, we experimentally investigated the role of an EVE naturally found in Aedes aegypti populations and derived from the widespread insect-specific virus, cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV). Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we created an Ae. aegypti line lacking the CFAV EVE. Absence of the EVE resulted in increased CFAV replication in ovaries, possibly modulating vertical transmission of the virus. Viral replication was controlled by targeting of viral RNA by EVE-derived piRNAs. Our results provide evidence that antiviral piRNAs are produced in the presence of a naturally occurring EVE and its cognate virus, demonstrating a functional link between non-retroviral EVEs and antiviral immunity in a natural insect-virus interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidaliuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miesen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crist, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lequime, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moltini-Conclois, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rij, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.28.013441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-retroviral endogenous viral element limits cognate virus replication in Aedes aegypti ovaries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.09.019935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DIVA: natural navigation inside 3D images usingvirtual reality 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.09.019935v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As three-dimensional microscopy becomes commonplace in biological re-search, there is an increasing need for researchers to be able to view experimental image stacks in a natural three-dimensional viewing context. Through stereoscopy and motion tracking, commercial virtual reality headsets provide a solution to this important visualization challenge by allowing researchers to view volumetric objects in an entirely intuitive fashion. With this motivation, we present DIVA, a user-friendly software tool that automatically creates detailed three-dimensional reconstructions of raw experimental image stacks that are integrated in virtual reality. In DIVAs immersive virtual environment, users can view, manipulate and perform volumetric measurements on their microscopy images as they would to real physical objects. In contrast to similar solutions, our software provides high-quality volume rendering with native TIFF file compatibility. We benchmark the software with diverse image types including those generated by confocal, light-sheet and electron microscopy. DIVA is available at https://diva.pasteur.fr and will be regularly updated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El Beheiry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caporal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostertag, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sliti, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doutreligne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajj, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.019935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DIVA: natural navigation inside 3D images usingvirtual reality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.14.041137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome diversification via genetic exchanges between temperate and virulent bacteriophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.14.041137v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages (phages) evolve rapidly by acquiring genes from other phages leading to mosaic genomes. Here, we identify numerous genetic transfers between distantly related phages and aim at understanding their frequency, consequences and the conditions favoring them. Gene flow tends to occur between phages that are enriched for recombinases, transposases and non-homologous end joining, suggesting that both homologous and illegitimate recombination contribute to gene flow. Phage family and host phyla are strong barriers to gene exchange, but phage lifestyle is not. We observe more exchanges between temperate phages even if they tend to have smaller genomes. These acquisitions often include transcription regulators and lysins. Yet, there is also extensive gene flow between temperate and virulent phages, or between the latter. These predominantly involve virulent phages with large genomes previously classed as low gene flux, and lead to the preferential transfer of genes encoding functions involved in cell energetics, nucleotide metabolism, DNA packaging and injection, and virion assembly. Such exchanges may explain the acquisition of genes in virulent phages, which tend to have the largest genomes. We used genetic transfers, which occur upon co-infection of a host, to compare phage host range. We found that virulent phages have broader host ranges and mediate genetic exchanges between narrow host range temperate phages infecting distant bacterial hosts, thus contributing to gene flow between virulent phages, as well as between temperate phages. This gene flow drastically expands the gene repertoires available for phage and bacterial evolution, including the transfer of functional innovations across taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sousa, J. M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome diversification via genetic exchanges between temperate and virulent bacteriophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.15.042101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autotransporters drive biofilm formation and auto-aggregation in the diderm Firmicute Veillonella parvula 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.15.042101v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Negativicutes are a clade of Firmicutes that have retained the ancestral diderm character and possess an outer membrane. One of the best studied Negativicute, Veillonella parvula, is an anaerobic commensal and opportunistic pathogen inhabiting complex human microbial communities, including the gut and the dental plaque microbiota. Whereas adhesion and biofilm capacity of V. parvula is expected to be crucial for its maintenance and development in these environments, studies of V. parvula adhesion have been hindered by the lack of efficient genetic tools to perform functional analyses in this bacterium. Here, we took advantage of a recently described naturally transformable V. parvula isolate, SKV38, and adapted tools developed for the closely related Clostridia spp. to perform random transposon and targeted mutagenesis to identify V. parvula genes involved in biofilm formation. We show that type V secreted autotransporters -typically found in diderm bacteria-are the main determinants of V. parvula auto-aggregation and biofilm formation, which compete with each other for binding either to cells or to surfaces, with strong consequences on V. parvula biofilm formation capacity. We also show that inactivation of the gene coding for a poorly characterized metal-dependent phosphohydrolase HD domain protein conserved in the Firmicutes and their closely related diderm phyla inhibits autotransporter-mediated biofilm formation. This study paves the way for further molecular characterization of V. parvula interactions with other bacteria and the host within complex microbiota environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bechon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwinowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierque, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beloin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.042101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autotransporters drive biofilm formation and auto-aggregation in the diderm Firmicute Veillonella parvula]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.20.051664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cationic amino acid exporter Slc7a7 is vital for and induced in tissue macrophages with sustained efferocytic activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.20.051664v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most tissues harbor a substantial population of resident macrophages. It is not quite known yet how their quite diverse phenotypes are shaped by the functions that they assume in each tissue. In this study, we elucidate a functional link between the Slc7a7 cationic amino acid transporter and tissue macrophages. We had identified a mutant zebrafish devoid of microglia due to a mutation in the slc7a7 gene. We found that in Slc7a7 deficient larvae, macrophages do enter the retina and brain to become microglia, but then die during the developmental wave of neuronal apoptosis, which triggers intense efferocytic work from them. A similar macrophage demise occurs at other tissues and stages whereby macrophages have to engulf many cell corpses, be it due to developmental or experimentally triggered cell death. We found that slc7a7 is by far the main cationic amino acid transporter gene expressed in macrophages of wild type zebrafish larvae, and that its expression is induced in tissue macrophages within 1-2 hrs upon efferocytosis. Our data altogether indicate that a high level of Slc7a7 is vital not only for microglia but also for any steadily efferocytic tissue macrophages, and that slc7a7 gene induction is one of the adaptive responses that allow them to cope with the catabolism of numerous dead cells without compromising their own viability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demy, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauzin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Bris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousfi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshchiner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goessling, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbomel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.051664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cationic amino acid exporter Slc7a7 is vital for and induced in tissue macrophages with sustained efferocytic activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.27.059774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection for the bacterial capsule in the absence of biotic and abiotic aggressions depends on growth conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.27.059774v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular capsules protect the cell against both abiotic and biotic stresses such as bacteriophages and the host immune system. Yet, it is unclear if capsules contribute to fitness in the absence of external aggressions, in spite of the cost of production. Here, we enquire if there are conditions favouring the presence of the capsule in Klebsiella, where it is a major virulence factor. We shortly experimentally evolved 19 different strains, and show that small changes in growth media have a strong impact on the maintenance of the capsule. Competitions with capsule mutants in nine different strains showed that capsules provide [~]20% of fitness advantage in nutrient-poor conditions, due to faster growth rates and higher yields. In contrast, the capsule was readily lost in nutrient-rich media. The growth environment, as well as the capsule serotype, strongly influenced the role of the capsule in major virulence traits like hypermucoviscosity and biofilm formation. Our data shows that the capsule is selected for in situations lacking abiotic, but also biotic stresses and further supports that the capsule role in virulence may be a by-product of adaptation outside the host, hinting that it may have important roles in bacterial physiology yet to be discovered.

SIGNIFICANCEBacterial capsules are a wide-spread virulence factor that limits efficacy of antimicrobial therapy. Whereas most studies focus on the role of the capsule in pathogenesis, very few have addressed the conditions under which the capsule is primarily selected for. Here, we show that small changes in growth media have a strong impact in the maintenance of the capsule and the fitness advantage they confer. Our results raise the question whether conditions lacking biotic or abiotic stresses, in addition of selecting for the maintenance of the capsule, can also play a role in selecting for serotype variation. Our results further support that the role of the capsule in virulence may be a by-product of adaptation outside the host, hinting that there may be other functionalities yet to be discovered for it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buffet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendueles, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.059774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection for the bacterial capsule in the absence of biotic and abiotic aggressions depends on growth conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.09.085852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Central role and structure of the membrane pseudokinase YukC in the antibacterial Bacillus subtilis Type VIIb Secretion System. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.09.085852v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type VIIb Secretion System (T7SSb) has been recently identified in Firmicutes resembling the mycobacterial T7SSa. Despite limited sequence homology, T7SSa and T7SSb have substrates with striking structural similarities, the WXG100 proteins. Recent advances in Staphylococcus spp. proposed that T7SSb is involved in intra-species competition. However, the architecture and mechanism of action of this secretion complex remain largely obscure. Here, we investigate the T7SSb of Bacillus subtilis as a model system. We report the first evidence of B. subtilis ability to mediate intra- and inter-species antibacterial activity in a T7SSb-dependent manner. Then, we present the first systematic investigation of the T7SSb protein-protein network, revealing novel interactions and highlighting the central role of the pseudokinase subunit YukC in the assembly of the system. Its direct interaction with a T7SSb-secreted toxin supports its role in recruiting substrates to the secretion machinery. Finally, we solved the crystal structure of full-length transmembrane YukC defining novel structural motifs and suggesting that intrinsic flexibility modulates the orientation of the pseudokinase domains and YukC function. Overall, our results provide a better understanding on the role and molecular organisation of the T7SSb, opening new perspectives for the comprehension of this poorly characterized molecular machine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tassinari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellinzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabalier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Assaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaday, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fronzes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUBELLINI, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.085852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Central role and structure of the membrane pseudokinase YukC in the antibacterial Bacillus subtilis Type VIIb Secretion System.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.11.085670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNase J-based RNA degradosome is compartmentalized in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.11.085670v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional regulation is a major level of gene expression control in any cell. In bacteria, multiprotein machines called RNA degradosomes are central for RNA processing and degradation and some were reported to be compartmentalized inside these organelle-less cells. The minimal RNA degradosome of the important gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is composed of the essential ribonuclease RNase J and RhpA, its sole DEAD-box RNA helicase, and plays a major role in the regulation of mRNA decay and adaptation to gastric colonization. Here, the subcellular localization of the H. pylori RNA degradosome was investigated using cellular fractionation and both confocal and super-resolution microscopy. We established that RNase J and RhpA are peripheral inner membrane proteins and that this association was mediated neither by ribosomes, by RNA nor by the RNase Y membrane protein. In live H. pylori cells, we observed that fluorescent RNase J and RhpA protein fusions assemble into non-polar foci. We identified factors that regulate the formation of these foci without affecting the degradosome membrane association. Flotillin, a bacterial membrane scaffolding protein, and free RNA promote foci formation in H. pylori. Finally, RNase J-GFP molecules and foci in cells were quantified by 3D-single-molecule fluorescence localization microscopy. The number and size of the RNase J foci were found to be scaled with growth phase and cell volume as was previously reported for eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein granules. In conclusion, we propose that membrane compartmentalization and the regulated clustering of RNase J-based degradosome hubs represent important levels of control of their activity and specificity.

ImportanceHelicobacter pylori is a bacterial pathogen that chronically colonizes the stomach of half of the human population worldwide. Infection by H. pylori can lead to the development of gastric pathologies such as ulcers and adenocarcinoma, that causes up to 800.000 deaths in the world each year. Persistent colonization by H. pylori relies on regulation of the expression of adaptation-related genes. One major level of such control is post-transcriptional regulation that, in H. pylori, largely relies on a multi-protein molecular machine, an RNA-degradosome, that we previously discovered. In this study, we established that the two protein partners of this machine are associated to the membrane of H. pylori. Using cutting-edge microscopy, we showed that these complexes assemble into hubs whose formation is regulated by free RNA and scaled with bacterial size and growth phase. Cellular compartmentalization of molecular machines into hubs emerges as an important regulatory level in the organelle-less bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejada-Arranz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galtier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Mortaji, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turlin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ershov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DE REUSE, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.085670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNase J-based RNA degradosome is compartmentalized in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.13.093716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phages - bacteria interactions network of the healthy human gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.13.093716v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With an estimated 1031 particles on earth, bacteriophages are the most abundant genomic entities across all habitats and important drivers of microbial communities. Growing evidence suggest that they play roles in intestinal human microbiota homeostasis, and recent metagenomics studies on the viral fraction of this ecosystem have provided crucial information about their diversity and specificity. However, the bacterial hosts of this viral fraction, a necessary information to characterize further the balance of these ecosystems, remain poorly characterized. Here we unveil, using an enhanced metagenomic Hi-C approach, a large network of 6,651 host-phage relationships in the healthy human gut allowing to study in situ phage-host ratio. We notably found that half of these contigs appear to be sleeping prophages whereas [1/4] exhibit a higher coverage than their associated MAG representing potentially active phages impacting the ecosystem. We also detect different candidate members of the crAss-like phage family as well as their bacterial hosts showing that these elusive phages infect different genus of Bacteroidetes. This work opens the door to single sample analysis and concomitant study of phages and bacteria in complex communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marbouty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phages - bacteria interactions network of the healthy human gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.14.095216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intraflagellar transport during the assembly of flagella of different length in Trypanosoma brucei isolated from tsetse flies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.14.095216v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellular organisms assemble cilia and flagella of precise lengths differing from one cell to another, yet little is known about the mechanisms governing these differences. Similarly, protists assemble flagella of different lengths according to the stage of their life cycle. This is the case of Trypanosoma brucei that assembles flagella of 3 to 30 {micro}m during its development in the tsetse fly. It provides an opportunity to examine how cells naturally modulate organelle length. Flagella are constructed by addition of new blocks at their distal end via intraflagellar transport (IFT). Immunofluorescence assays, 3-D electron microscopy and live cell imaging revealed that IFT was present in all life cycle stages. IFT proteins are concentrated at the base, IFT trains are located along doublets 3-4 & 7-8 and travel bidirectionally in the flagellum. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the total amount of IFT proteins correlates with the length of the flagellum. Surprisingly, the shortest flagellum exhibited a supplementary large amount of dynamic IFT material at its distal end. The contribution of IFT and other factors to the regulation of flagellum length is discussed.

Summary statementThis work investigated the assembly of flagella of different length during the development of Trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly, revealing a direct correlation between the amount of intraflagellar transport proteins and flagellum length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertiaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotureau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.095216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intraflagellar transport during the assembly of flagella of different length in Trypanosoma brucei isolated from tsetse flies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.18.101287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The desensitization pathway of GABAA receptors, one subunit at a time 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.18.101287v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABAA receptors mediate most inhibitory synaptic transmission in the brain of vertebrates. Following GABA binding and fast activation, these receptors undergo a slower desensitization, whose conformational pathway remains largely elusive. To explore the mechanism of desensitization, we used concatemeric 1{beta}2{gamma}2 GABAA receptors to selectively introduce gain-of-desensitization mutations one subunit at a time. A library of twenty-six mutant combinations was generated and their bi-exponential macroscopic desensitization rates measured. Introducing mutations at the different subunits shows a strongly asymmetric pattern with a key contribution of the {gamma}2 subunit, and combining mutations results in marked synergistic effects indicating a non-concerted mechanism. Kinetic modelling indeed suggests a pathway where subunits move independently, the desensitization of two subunits being required to occlude the pore. Our work thus hints towards a very diverse and labile conformational landscape during desensitization, with potential implications in physiology and pharmacology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gielen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barilone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corringer, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The desensitization pathway of GABAA receptors, one subunit at a time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.25.114553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of genetic diversity on gene essentiality within the E. coli species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.25.114553v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria from the same species can differ widely in their gene content. In E. coli, the set of genes shared by all strains, known as the core genome, represents about half the number of genes present in any strain. While recent advances in bacterial genomics have enabled to unravel genes required for fitness in various experimental conditions at the genome scale, most studies have focused on model strains. As a result, the impact of this genetic diversity on core processes of the bacterial cell largely remains to be investigated. Here, we developed a new CRISPR interference platform for high-throughput gene repression that is compatible with most E. coli isolates and closely-related species. We applied it to assess the importance of [~]3,400 nearly ubiquitous genes in 3 growth media in 18 representative E. coli strains spanning most common phylogroups and lifestyles of the species. Our screens highlighted extensive variations in gene essentiality between strains and conditions. Unlike variations in gene expression level, variations in gene essentiality do not recapitulate the strains phylogeny. Investigation of the genetic determinants for these variations highlighted the importance of epistatic interactions with mobile genetic elements. In particular, we showed how mobile genetic elements can trigger the essentiality of core genes that are usually nonessential. This study provides new insights into the evolvability of gene essentiality and argues for the importance of studying various isolates from the same species in bacterial genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rousset, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabezas Caballero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piastra-Facon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clermont, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denamur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of genetic diversity on gene essentiality within the E. coli species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.25.114884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COVID-Align: Accurate online alignment of hCoV-19 genomes using a profile HMM 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.25.114884v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe first cases of the COVID-19 pandemic emerged in December 2019. Until the end of February 2020, the number of available genomes was below 1,000, and their multiple alignment was easily achieved using standard approaches. Subsequently, the availability of genomes has grown dramatically. Moreover, some genomes are of low quality with sequencing/assembly errors, making accurate re-alignment of all genomes nearly impossible on a daily basis. A more efficient, yet accurate approach was clearly required to pursue all subsequent bioinformatics analyses of this crucial data.

ResultshCoV-19 genomes are highly conserved, with very few indels and no recombination. This makes the profile HMM approach particularly well suited to align new genomes, add them to an existing alignment and filter problematic ones. Using a core of [~]2,500 high quality genomes, we estimated a profile using HMMER, and implemented this profile in COVID-Align, a user-friendly interface to be used online or as standalone via Docker. The alignment of 1,000 genomes requires less than 20mn on our cluster. Moreover, COVID-Align provides summary statistics, which can be used to determine the sequencing quality and evolutionary novelty of input genomes (e.g. number of new mutations and indels).

Availabilityhttps://covalign.pasteur.cloud, hub.docker.com/r/evolbioinfo/covid-align

Contactsolivier.gascuel@pasteur.fr, frederic.lemoine@pasteur.fr

Supplementary informationSupplementary information is available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blassel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voznica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascuel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COVID-Align: Accurate online alignment of hCoV-19 genomes using a profile HMM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.02.129353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuralized regulates a travelling wave of Epithelium-to-Neural Stem Cell morphogenesis in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.02.129353v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tissues are produced during development by specialized progenitor cells emanating from epithelia via an Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Most studies have so far focused on cases involving single or isolated groups of cells. Here we describe an EMT-like process that requires tissue level coordination. This EMT-like process occurs along a continuous front in the Drosophila optic lobe neuroepithelium to produce neural stem cells (NSCs). We find that emerging NSCs remain epithelial and apically constrict before dividing asymmetrically to produce neurons. Apical constriction is associated with contractile myosin pulses and requires the E3 ubiquitin ligase Neuralized and RhoGEF3. Neuralized down-regulates the apical protein Crumbs via its interaction with Stardust. Disrupting the regulation of Crumbs by Neuralized led to defects in apical constriction and junctional myosin accumulation, and to imprecision in the integration of emerging NSCs into the transition front. Neuralized therefore appears to mechanically couple NSC fate acquisition with cell-cell rearrangement to promote smooth progression of the differentiation front.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna Escalante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweisguth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.129353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuralized regulates a travelling wave of Epithelium-to-Neural Stem Cell morphogenesis in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.04.133264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling the inter individual variability of human fibroblasts innate immune response using robust cell-based protocols 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.04.133264v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The LabEx Milieu Interieur (MI) project is a clinical study centered on the detailed characterization of the baseline and induced immune responses in blood samples from 1000 healthy donors. Analyses of these samples has lay ground for seminal studies on the genetic and environmental determinants of immunologic variance in a healthy cohort population. In the current study we developed in vitro methods enabling standardized quantification of MI-cohort-derived primary fibroblasts responses. Our results show that in vitro human donor cohort fibroblast responses to stimulation by different MAMPs analogs allows to characterize individual donor immune-phenotype variability. The results provide proof-of-concept foundation to a new experimental framework for such studies.

A bio-bank of primary fibroblast lines was generated from 323 out of 1,000 healthy individuals selected from the MI-study cohort. To study inter-donor variability of innate immune response in primary human dermal fibroblasts we chose to measure the TLR3 and TLR4 response pathways, both receptors being expressed and previously studied in fibroblasts. We established high-throughput automation compatible methods for standardized primary fibroblast cell activation, using purified MAMPS analogs, poly I:C and LPS that stimulate TLR3 and TLR4 pathways respectively. These results were in turn compared with a stimulation method using infection by HSV-1 virus. Our "Add-only" protocol minimizes high-throughput automation system variability facilitating whole process automation from cell plating through stimulation to recovery of cell supernatants, and fluorescent labeling. Images were acquired automatically by high-throughput acquisition on an automated high-content imaging microscope. Under these methodological conditions standardized image acquisition provided for quantification of cellular responses allowing biological variability to be measured with low system noise and high biological signal fidelity. Optimal for automated analysis of immuno-phenotype of primary human cell responses our method and experimental framework as reported here is highly compatible to high-throughput screening protocols like those necessary for chemo-genomic screening. In context of primary fibroblasts derived from donors enrolled to the MI-clinical-study our results open the way to assert the utility of studying immune-phenotype characteristics relevant to a human clinical cohort.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David-Watine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chansard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poujol de Molliens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubrulle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falanga, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zandbergen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorte, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milieu interieur Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.133264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling the inter individual variability of human fibroblasts innate immune response using robust cell-based protocols]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.05.134999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The combined action of Esrrb and Nr5a2 is essential for naive pluripotency. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.05.134999v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is governed by the action of an interconnected network of transcription factors. Among them, only Oct4 and Sox2 have been shown to be strictly required for the self-renewal of ESCs and pluripotency, particularly in culture conditions where differentiation cues are chemically inhibited. Here, we report that the conjunct activity of two orphan nuclear receptors, Esrrb and Nr5a2, parallels the importance of that of Oct4 and Sox2 in naive ESCs. By occupying a large common set of regulatory elements, these two factors control the binding of Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog to DNA. Consequently, in their absence the pluripotency network collapses and the transcriptome is substantially deregulated, leading to the differentiation of ESCs. Altogether, this work identifies orphan nuclear receptors, previously thought to be performing supportive functions, as a new set of core regulators of naive pluripotency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Festuccia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.134999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The combined action of Esrrb and Nr5a2 is essential for naive pluripotency.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.16.150565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Giant viruses encode novel types of actins possibly related to the origin of eukaryotic actin: the viractins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.16.150565v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin is a major component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Many related actin homologues can be found in eukaryotes1, some of them being present in most or all eukaryotic lineages. The gene repertoire of the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA) therefore would have harbored both actin and various actin-related proteins (ARPs). A current hypothesis is that the different ARPs originated by gene duplication in the proto-eukaryotic lineage from an actin gene that was inherited from Asgard archaea. Here, we report the first detection of actin-related genes in viruses (viractins), encoded by 19 genomes belonging to the Imitervirales, a viral order encompassing the giant Mimiviridae. Most viractins were closely related to the actin, contrasting with actin-related genes of Asgard archaea and Bathyarchaea (a newly discovered clade). Our phylogenetic analysis suggests viractins could have been acquired from proto-eukaryotes and possibly gave rise to the conventional eukaryotic actin after being reintroduced into the pre-LECA eukaryotic lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Da Cunha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaïa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogata, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaillon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forterre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.150565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Giant viruses encode novel types of actins possibly related to the origin of eukaryotic actin: the viractins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.15.205021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic spatiotemporal coordination of neural stem cell fate decisions through local feedback in the adult vertebrate brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.15.205021v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural stem cell (NSC) populations persist in the adult vertebrate brain over a life time, and their homeostasis is controlled at the population level. The nature and properties of these coordination mechanisms remain unknown. Here we combine dynamic imaging of entire NSC populations in their in vivo niche over weeks, pharmacological manipulations, mathematical modeling and spatial statistics, and demonstrate that NSCs use spatiotemporally resolved local feedbacks to coordinate their decision to divide. These involve a Notch-mediated inhibition from transient neural progenitors, and a dispersion effect from dividing NSCs themselves, exerted with a delay of 9-12 days. Simulations from a stochastic NSC lattice model capturing these interactions demonstrate that they are linked by lineage progression and control the spatiotemporal distribution of output neurons. These results highlight how local and temporally delayed interactions occurring between brain germinal cells generate self-propagating dynamics that maintain NSC population homeostasis with specific spatiotemporal correlations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtok, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheysson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Supatto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortica, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krecsmarik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaurepaire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.205021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic spatiotemporal coordination of neural stem cell fate decisions through local feedback in the adult vertebrate brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.21.214049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intranasal Immunization with a Lentiviral Vector Coding for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Confers Vigorous Protection in Pre-Clinical Animal Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.21.214049v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To develop a vaccine candidate against COVID-19, we generated a Lentiviral Vector (LV), eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Systemic vaccination by this vector in mice, in which the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor hACE2 has been induced by transduction of respiratory tract cells by an adenoviral vector, conferred only partial protection, despite an intense serum neutralizing activity. However, targeting the immune response to the respiratory tract through an intranasal boost with this LV resulted in > 3 log10 decrease in the lung viral loads and avoided local inflammation. Moreover, both integrative and non-integrative LV platforms displayed a strong vaccine efficacy and inhibited lung deleterious injury in golden hamsters, which are naturally permissive to SARS-CoV-2 replication and restitute the human COVID-19 physiopathology. Our results provide evidence of marked prophylactic effects of the LV-based vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and designate the intranasal immunization as a powerful approach against COVID-19.

HighlightsA lentiviral vector encoding for Spike predicts a promising COVID-19 vaccine

Targeting the immune response to the upper respiratory tract is key to protection

Intranasal vaccination induces protective mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2

Lung anti-Spike IgA responses correlate with protection and reduced inflammation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MAJLESSI, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Authie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemirov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moncoq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noirat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabbal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escriou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charneau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intranasal Immunization with a Lentiviral Vector Coding for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Confers Vigorous Protection in Pre-Clinical Animal Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.22.205203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubules tune mechanosensitive cell responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.22.205203v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanotransduction is a process by which cells sense the mechanical properties of their surrounding environment and adapt accordingly to perform cellular functions such as adhesion, migration and differentiation. Integrin-mediated focal adhesions are major sites of mechanotransduction and their connection with the actomyosin network is crucial for mechanosensing as well as the generation and transmission of forces onto the substrate. Despite having emerged as major regulators of cell adhesion and migration, the contribution of microtubules to mechanotransduction still remains elusive. Here, we show that actomyosin-dependent mechanosensing of substrate rigidity controls microtubule acetylation, a tubulin post-translational modification, by promoting the recruitment of the alpha-tubulin acetyl transferase (TAT1) to focal adhesions. Microtubule acetylation, in turn, promotes GEF-H1 mediated RhoA activation, actomyosin contractility and traction forces. Our results reveal a fundamental crosstalk between microtubules and actin in mechanotransduction, which contributes to mechanosensitive cell adhesion and migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seetharaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vianay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Pascalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boëda, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassilopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.205203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubules tune mechanosensitive cell responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.14.296186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drivers of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli dynamics in calf fattening farms: a modelling study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.14.296186v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The contribution of bacteria in livestock to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance raises concerns worldwide. However, the dynamics of selection and diffusion of antimicrobial resistance in farm animals are not fully understood. Here, we used veal calf fattening farms as a model system, as they are a known reservoir of Extended Spectrum {beta}-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC). Longitudinal data of ESBL-EC carriage and antimicrobial use (AMU) were collected from three veal calf farms during the entire fattening process. We developed 18 agent-based mechanistic models to assess different hypotheses regarding the main drivers of ESBL-EC dynamics in calves. The models were independently fitted to the longitudinal data using Markov Chain Monte Carlo and the best model was selected. Within-farm transmission between individuals and sporadic events of contamination were found to drive ESBL-EC dynamics on farms. In the absence of AMU, the median carriage duration of ESBL-EC was estimated to be 19.6 days (95% credible interval: [12.7; 33.3]). In the best model, AMU was found to influence ESBL-EC dynamics, by affecting ESBL-EC clearance rather than acquisition. This effect of AMU was estimated to decrease gradually after the end of exposure and to disappear after 62.5 days [50.0; 76.9]. Moreover, using a simulation study, we quantified the efficacy of ESBL-EC mitigation strategies. Decreasing ESBL-EC prevalence by 50% on arrival at the fattening farm reduced prevalence at slaughter age by 33.3%. Completely eliminating the use of selective antibiotics had a strong effect on average ESBL-EC prevalence (relative reduction of 79.6%), but the effect was mild if this use was only decreased by 50% compared to baseline (relative reduction of 3.7%).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haenni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madec, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temime, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.296186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drivers of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli dynamics in calf fattening farms: a modelling study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.25.312900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput measurements of intra-cellular and secreted cytokine from single spheroids using anchored microfluidic droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.25.312900v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While many single-cell approaches have been developed to measure secretion from anchorage-independent cells, these protocols cannot be applied to adherent cells, especially when these cells requires to be cultured in 3D formats. Here we demonstrate a platform to measure the secretions from individual spheroids of human mesenchymal stem cells, cultured within microfluidic droplets. The platform allows us to quantify the secretion from hundreds of individual spheroids in each device, by using a secondary droplet to bring functionalized micro-beads into proximity with each spheroid. We focus on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and measure a distribution of secretion levels that presents broad heterogeneity within the population of spheroids. Moreover, the intra-cellular level of VEGF-A on each spheroid, measured through immuno-staining, correlates well with the extra-cellular measurement, indicating that the heterogeneities observed at the spheroids level result from variations at the scale of individual cells. Finally, we model the molecular accumulation within the droplets and find that physical confinement is crucial for measurements of protein secretions. The model predicts the time to achieve a measurement, which scales with droplet volume. Therefore these first measurements of secretions from individual spheroids provide several new biological insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saint-Sardos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brient-Litzler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amselem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.312900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput measurements of intra-cellular and secreted cytokine from single spheroids using anchored microfluidic droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.06.328377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SepF is the FtsZ-anchor in Archaea: implications for cell division in the Last Universal Common Ancestor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.06.328377v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Archaea present profound differences compared to Bacteria in fundamental molecular and cellular processes. While most Archaea divide by binary fission using an FtsZ-based system similar to Bacteria, they lack the majority of the components forming the complex bacterial divisome. Moreover, how FtsZ precisely functions and interacts with other proteins to assemble the archaeal division machinery remains largely unknown. Notably, among the multiple bacterial factors that tether FtsZ to the membrane during cell constriction, Archaea only possess SepF-like homologues, but their function has not been demonstrated. Here, we combine structural, cellular, and evolutionary approaches to demonstrate that SepF is the FtsZ anchor in the human-associated archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii. 3D super-resolution microscopy of immunolabeled cells shows that M. smithii SepF co-localizes with FtsZ at the division plane. We also show that M. smithii SepF binds both to membranes and FtsZ, inducing filament bundling. High-resolution crystal structures of archaeal SepF alone and in complex with FtsZCTD reveal that SepF forms a dimer with a specific homodimerization interface. This drives a strikingly different binding mode from what is observed in Bacteria. Finally, analysis of the distribution and phylogeny of SepF and FtsZ indicates that these proteins date back to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) and that Archaea may have retained features of an ancestral minimal cell division system, while Bacteria likely diverged to accommodate the emergence of the complex machinery required to coordinate cytokinesis with the rigid peptidoglycan cell wall and the appearance of additional FtsZ tethers. Our results contribute key insights into the largely understudied mechanisms of archaeal cell division, and pave the way for a better understanding of the processes underlying the divide between the two prokaryotic domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pende, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogues, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megrian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palabikyan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartori-Rupp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graña, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rittmann, S. K.- M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehenkel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SepF is the FtsZ-anchor in Archaea: implications for cell division in the Last Universal Common Ancestor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.18.388819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction reveals SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and persistence in the olfactory system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.18.388819v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While recent investigations have revealed viral, inflammatory and vascular factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 lung pathogenesis, the pathophysiology of neurological disorders in COVID-19 remains poorly understood. Yet, olfactory and taste dysfunction are rather common in COVID-19, especially in pauci-symptomatic patients which constitutes the most frequent clinical manifestation of the infection. We conducted a virologic, molecular, and cellular study of the olfactory system from COVID-19 patients presenting acute loss of smell, and report evidence that the olfactory epithelium represents a highly significant infection site where multiple cell types, including olfactory sensory neurons, support cells and immune cells, are infected. Viral replication in the olfactory epithelium is associated with local inflammation. Furthermore, we show that SARS-CoV-2 induces acute anosmia and ageusia in golden Syrian hamsters, both lasting as long as the virus remains in the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb. Finally, olfactory mucosa sampling in COVID-19 patients presenting with persistent loss of smell reveals the presence of virus transcripts and of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, together with protracted inflammation. Viral persistence in the olfactory epithelium therefore provides a potential mechanism for prolonged or relapsing symptoms of COVID-19, such as loss of smell, which should be considered for optimal medical management and future therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Melo, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levallois, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hautefort, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verillaud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gheusi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergoat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hervochon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madec, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roze, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lledo, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.388819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction reveals SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and persistence in the olfactory system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.27.401281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleeping ribosomes: bacterial signaling triggers RaiA mediated persistence to aminoglycosides. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.27.401281v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Indole is a small molecule derived from tryptophan degradation and proposed to be involved in bacterial signaling. We find that indole secretion is induced by sublethal tobramycin concentrations and increases persistence to aminoglycosides in V. cholerae. Indole transcriptomics showed strongly increased expression of raiA, a ribosome associated factor. Deletion of raiA abolishes the appearance of indole dependent persisters to aminoglycosides, while its overexpression leads to 100-fold increase of persisters, and a reduction in lag phase, evocative of increased active 70S ribosome content, which was confirmed by sucrose gradient analysis. We propose that, under stress conditions, inactive 70S ribosomes are associated with RaiA to be stored and rapidly reactivated when growth conditions become favorable again, in a mechanism different than ribosome hibernation. Our results point to an active process of persistent cell formation, through ribosome protection during translational stress and relief upon antibiotic removal. Translation is a universal process, and these results could help elucidate a mechanism of persistence formation in a controlled, thus inducible way.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korlowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharoglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.27.401281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleeping ribosomes: bacterial signaling triggers RaiA mediated persistence to aminoglycosides.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.09.417816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interplay between the bacterial capsule and mobile genetic elements determines direction and intensity of gene flux in Klebsiella pneumoniae. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.09.417816v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) drive genetic transfers between bacteria using mechanisms that are affected by the cell envelope composition, notably the capsule. Here, we show that capsules constrain phage-mediated gene flow between closely related serotypes in Klebsiella pneumoniae, a high-priority nosocomial enterobacteria. Serotype-specific phage pressure may also explain the inactivation of capsule genes, which occur frequently and recapitulate the capsule biosynthetic pathway. We show that plasmid conjugation is increased upon capsule inactivation and that capsule re-acquisition leaves long recombination tracts around the capsular locus. This suggests that capsule inactivation by phage pressure facilitates its subsequent re-acquisition by conjugation, a process re-wiring gene flow towards novel lineages whenever it leads to serotype swaps. These results reveal the basis of trade-offs between the evolution of virulence and multidrug resistance. They also caution that some alternatives to antibiotic therapy may select for capsule inactivation, thus decreasing virulence but facilitating antibiotic resistance genes acquisition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haudiquet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendueles, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.417816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interplay between the bacterial capsule and mobile genetic elements determines direction and intensity of gene flux in Klebsiella pneumoniae.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.17.423082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuberculosis alters immune-metabolic pathways resulting in perturbed IL-1 responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.17.423082v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem with host-directed therapeutics offering potential as novel treatment strategies. However, their successful development still requires a comprehensive understanding of how Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection impacts immune responses. To address this challenge, we applied standardised immunomonitoring tools to compare TB antigen, BCG and IL-1{beta} induced immune responses between individuals with latent M.tb infection (LTBI) and active TB disease, at diagnosis and after cure. This revealed distinct responses between TB and LTBI groups at transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic levels. At baseline, we identified pregnane steroids and the PPAR{gamma} pathway as new immune-metabolic drivers of elevated plasma IL-1ra in TB. We also observed dysregulated induced IL-1 responses after BCG stimulation in TB patients. Elevated IL-1 antagonist responses were explained by upstream differences in TNF responses, while for IL-1 agonists it was due to downstream differences in granzyme mediated cleavage. Finally, the immune response to IL-1{beta} driven signalling was also dramatically perturbed in TB disease but was completely restored after successful antibiotic treatment. This systems immunology approach improves our knowledge of how immune responses are altered during TB disease, and may support design of improved diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Llibre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouilly, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musvosvi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posseme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabwe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charbit, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbung Mbandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filander, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Africa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saint-Andre, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bost, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulenga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scriba, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuberculosis alters immune-metabolic pathways resulting in perturbed IL-1 responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.17.423195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin regulates homology search during recombinational DNA repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.17.423195v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR) is a ubiquitous DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair mechanism that promotes cell survival. It entails a potentially genome-wide homology search step, carried out along a conserved RecA/Rad51-ssDNA nucleoprotein filament (NPF) assembled on each DSB ends1-3. This search is subdued to NPF-dsDNA collision probability, dictated in part by chromatin conformation2,4. In contrast to the extensive knowledge about chromatin composition and mobility changes elicited by the DNA damage checkpoint (DDC)5-7, whether, how, and to which extent a DSB impacts spatial chromatin organization, and whether this organization in turns influences the homology search process, remains ill-defined8,9. Here we characterize two layers of spatial chromatin reorganization following DSB formation in S. cerevisiae. While cohesin folds chromosomes into cohesive arrays of 10-20 kb long chromatin loops as cells arrest in G2/M10,11, the DSB-flanking regions locally interact in a resection- and 9-1-1 clamp-dependent manner, independently of cohesin and HR proteins. This local structure blocks cohesin progression, constraining the extending NPF at loop base. Functionally this organization promotes side-specific cis DSB-dsDNA interactions that scales with loop expansion span, and provides a kinetic advantage for identification of intra- over inter-chromosomal homologies. We propose that cohesins regulate homology search by promoting cis dsDNA over-sampling, both upon loop expansion-coupled unidimensional dsDNA scanning, NPF trapping, and chromosome individualization, largely independent of their role in sister chromatid cohesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piazza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordelet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savocco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin regulates homology search during recombinational DNA repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.19.423599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-range GABAergic projections contribute to cortical feedback control of sensory processing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.12.19.423599v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical sensory areas send excitatory projections back to earlier stage of sensory processing. Here, we uncover for the first time the existence of a corticofugal inhibitory feedback between two sensory areas, paralleling the well-documented excitatory feedback. In the olfactory system, we reveal that a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons in the anterior olfactory nucleus and anterior piriform cortex target the olfactory bulb. These long-range inhibitory inputs synapse with both local and output olfactory bulb neurons, mitral and tufted cells. Optogenetic stimulation coupled to in vivo imaging and network modeling showed that activation these inhibitory inputs drives a net subtractive inhibition of both spontaneous and odor-evoked activity in local as well as mitral and tufted cells. Further, cortical GABAergic feedback stimulation enhanced separation of population odor responses in tufted cells, but not mitral cells. Targeted pharmacogenetic silencing of cortical GABAergic axon terminals in the OB impaired discrimination of similar odor mixtures. We propose here that cortical GABAergic feedback represents a new circuit motif in sensory systems, involved in refining sensory processing and perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peroni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lledo, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepousez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.19.423599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-range GABAergic projections contribute to cortical feedback control of sensory processing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.07.425689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colonization of dermal arterioles by Neisseria meningitidis provides a safe haven from neutrophils 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.07.425689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neisseria meningitidis, a human-specific bacterium, is responsible for meningitis and fatal fulminant systemic disease. Bacteria colonize blood vessels, rapidly causing devastating vascular damage despite a neutrophil-rich inflammatory infiltrate. How this pathogen escapes the neutrophil response is unknown. Using a humanized mouse model, we show that vascular colonization leads to the recruitment of neutrophils, partially reducing bacterial burden and vascular damage. This partial effect is due to the ability of bacteria to indiscriminately colonize capillaries, venules and arterioles, as observed in human samples. In venules, potent neutrophil recruitment allows efficient bacterial phagocytosis. In contrast, in infected capillaries and arterioles adhesion molecules such as E-Selectin are not expressed on the endothelium and intravascular neutrophil recruitment is minimal. These results show that colonization of capillaries and arterioles by N. meningitidis create an intravascular niche that preclude the action of neutrophils, resulting in immune escape and subsequent fulminant progression of the infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manriquez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivoit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echenique-Rivera, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melican, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamant, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneval, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumenil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colonization of dermal arterioles by Neisseria meningitidis provides a safe haven from neutrophils]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.13.426560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes faecal carriage is common and driven by microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.13.426560v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeria genus comprises two opportunistic pathogenic species, L. monocytogenes (Lm) and L. ivanovii, and several non-pathogenic species. All can thrive as saprophytes, whereas only pathogenic species cause systemic infections in human and cattle. Identifying Listeria species respective biotopes is critical to understand the ecological contribution of Listeria pathogenic potential. Here, we aimed at detecting Listeria in samples of diverse origins, to highlight ecological differences between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. We retrieved 16S rDNA datasets from the metagenomics MG-RAST database and determined the prevalence and abundance of Listeria species in various sources. Overall, Listeria was detected in 14% of datasets. Lm was the most prevalent species, most abundant both in soil and host-associated environments, including in 5% of human stools. Lm was also detected in 10% of human stool samples from an independent cohort of 900 healthy asymptomatic donors. A specific microbiota signature was associated with Lm faecal carriage in human, as well as in experimentally inoculated mice, in which it preceded Lm long-term gut colonization, indicating that gut microbiota composition influences Lm faecal carriage. These results suggest that asymptomatic faecal carriage, rather than disease, exerts purifying selection on Lm "virulence genes".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Garcera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burucoa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes faecal carriage is common and driven by microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.14.426579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput phenotypic screen for genetic modifiers in patient-derived OPA1 mutant fibroblasts identifies PGS1 as a functional suppressor of mitochondrial fragmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.14.426579v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations affecting the mitochondrial fusion protein Optic Atrophy 1 (OPA1) cause autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) - one of the most common form of mitochondrial disease. The majority of patients develop isolated optic atrophy, but about 20% of OPA1 mutation carriers manifest more severe neurological deficits as part of a "DOA+" phenotype. OPA1 deficiency causes mitochondrial fragmentation and also disrupts cristae organization, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance, and cell viability. It has not yet been established whether phenotypic severity can be modulated by genetic modifiers of OPA1. To better understand the genetic regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, we established a high-throughput imaging pipeline using supervised machine learning (ML) to perform unbiased, quantitative mitochondrial morphology analysis that was coupled with a bespoke siRNA library targeting the entire known mitochondrial proteome (1531 genes), providing a detailed phenotypic screening of human fibroblasts. In control fibroblasts, we identified known and novel genes whose depletion promoted elongation or fragmentation of the mitochondrial network. In DOA+ patient fibroblasts, we identified 91 candidate genes whose depletion prevents mitochondrial fragmentation, including the mitochondrial fission genes DNM1L, MIEF1, and SLC25A46, but also genes not previously linked to mitochondrial dynamics such as Phosphatidyl Glycerophosphate Synthase (PGS1), which belongs to the cardiolipin (CL) synthesis pathway. PGS1 depletion reduces CL content in mitochondria and rebalances mitochondrial dynamics in OPA1-deficient fibroblasts by inhibiting mitochondrial fission, which improves defective respiration, but does not rescue mtDNA depletion, cristae dysmorphology or apoptotic sensitivity. Our data reveal that the multifaceted roles of OPA1 in mitochondria can be functionally uncoupled by modulating mitochondrial lipid metabolism, providing novel insights into the cellular relevance of mitochondrial fragmentation. This study illustrates the power of a first-in-kind objective automated imaging approach to uncover genetic modifiers of mitochondrial disease through high-throughput phenotypic screening of patient fibroblasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cretin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vimont, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatsuta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu-Wai-Man, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput phenotypic screen for genetic modifiers in patient-derived OPA1 mutant fibroblasts identifies PGS1 as a functional suppressor of mitochondrial fragmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.21.427644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prophage-encoded hotspots of bacterial immune systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.21.427644v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The arms race between bacteria and phages led to the emergence of a variety of genetic systems used by bacteria to defend against viral infection, some of which were repurposed as powerful biotechnological tools. While numerous defense systems have been identified in genomic regions termed defense islands, it is believed that many more remain to be discovered. Here, we show that P2- like prophages and their P4-like satellites have genomic hotspots that represent a significant source of novel anti-phage systems. We validate the defense activity of 14 systems spanning various protein domains and describe PARIS, an abortive infection system triggered by a phage-encoded anti-restriction protein. Immunity hotspots are present across prophages of distant bacterial species, highlighting their biological importance in the competition between bacteria and phages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rousset, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.21.427644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prophage-encoded hotspots of bacterial immune systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.23.427917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic adaption to extracellular pyruvate triggers biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.23.427917v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile infections are associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis and are the leading cause of hospital acquired diarrhoea. The infectious process is strongly influenced by the microbiota and successful infection relies on the absence of specific microbiota-produced metabolites. Deoxycholic acid (DOC) and short chain fatty acids are microbiota-produced metabolites that limit the growth of C. difficile and protect the host against this infection. In a previous study, we showed that DOC causes C. difficile to form strongly adherent biofilms after 48 h. Here, our objectives were to identify and characterize key molecules and events required for biofilm formation in the presence of DOC. We applied time-course transcriptomics and genetics to identify sigma factors, metabolic processes and type IV pili that drive biofilm formation. These analyses revealed that extracellular pyruvate induces biofilm formation in the presence of DOC. In the absence of DOC, pyruvate supplementation was sufficient to induce biofilm formation in a process that was dependent on pyruvate uptake by the membrane protein CstA. In the context of the human gut, microbiota-generated pyruvate is a metabolite that limits pathogen colonization. Taken together our results suggest that pyruvate-induced biofilm formation might act as a key process driving C. difficile persistence in the gut.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tremblay, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamiot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Verstraete, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberkampf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.23.427917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic adaption to extracellular pyruvate triggers biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.26.428212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus in bats from Cambodia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.26.428212v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowledge of the origin and reservoir of the coronavirus responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is still fragmentary. To date, the closest relatives to SARS-CoV-2 have been detected in Rhinolophus bats sampled in the Yunnan province, China. Here we describe the identification of SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in two Rhinolophus shameli bats sampled in Cambodia in 2010. Metagenomic sequencing identified nearly identical viruses sharing 92.6% nucleotide identity with SARS-CoV-2. Most genomic regions are closely related to SARS-CoV-2, with the exception of a small region corresponding to the spike N terminal domain. The discovery of these viruses in a bat species not found in China indicates that SARS-CoV-2 related viruses have a much wider geographic distribution than previously understood, and suggests that Southeast Asia represents a key area to consider in the ongoing search for the origins of SARS-CoV-2, and in future surveillance for coronaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hul, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaune, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassanin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou Tey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidaliuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keatts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus in bats from Cambodia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.28.428612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interneuron activity-structural plasticity association is driven by context-dependent sensory experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.28.428612v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal dendritic spine dynamics provide a plasticity mechanism for altering brain circuit connectivity to integrate new information for learning and memory. Previous in vivo studies in the olfactory bulb (OB) showed that regional increases in activity caused localized spine stability, at a population level, yet how activity affects spine dynamics at an individual neuron level remains unknown. In this study, we tracked in vivo the correlation between an individual neurons activity and its dendritic spine dynamics of OB granule cell (GC) interneurons. Odor experience caused a consistent correlation between individual GC activity and spine stability. Dissecting the components of the OB circuit showed that increased principal cell (MC) activity was sufficient to drive this correlation, whereas cell-autonomously driven GC activity had no effect. A mathematical model was able to replicate the GC activity-spine stability correlation and showed MC output having improved odor discriminability while retaining odor memory. These results reveal that GC spine plasticity provides a sufficient network mechanism to decorrelate odors and maintain a memory trace.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riecke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agoranos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sailor, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lledo, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interneuron activity-structural plasticity association is driven by context-dependent sensory experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.01.433049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The establishment of variant surface glycoprotein monoallelic expression revealed by single-cell RNA-seq of Trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly salivary glands. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.01.433049v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long and complex Trypanosoma brucei development in the tsetse fly vector culminates when parasites gain mammalian infectivity in the salivary glands. A key step in this process is the establishment of monoallelic variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) expression and the formation of the VSG coat. The establishment of VSG monoallelic expression is complex and poorly understood, due to the multiple parasite stages present in the salivary glands. Therefore, we sought to further our understanding of this phenomenon by performing single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) on these trypanosome populations. We were able to capture the developmental program of trypanosomes in the salivary glands, identifying populations of epimastigote, gamete, pre-metacyclic and metacyclic cells. Our results show that parasite metabolism is dramatically remodeled during development in the salivary glands, with a shift in transcript abundance from tricarboxylic acid metabolism to glycolytic metabolism. Analysis of VSG gene expression in pre-metacyclic and metacyclic cells revealed a dynamic VSG gene activation program. Strikingly, we found that pre-metacyclic cells contain transcripts from multiple VSG genes, which resolves to singular VSG gene expression in mature metacyclic cells. Single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridisation (smRNA-FISH) of VSG gene expression following in vitro metacyclogenesis confirmed this finding. Our data demonstrate that multiple VSG genes are transcribed before a single gene is chosen. We propose a transcriptional race model governs the initiation of monoallelic expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouzols, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menafra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotureau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The establishment of variant surface glycoprotein monoallelic expression revealed by single-cell RNA-seq of Trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly salivary glands.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.11.435006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning from phylogenies to uncover the transmission dynamics of epidemics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.11.435006v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Widely applicable, accurate and fast inference methods in phylodynamics are needed to fully profit from the richness of genetic data in uncovering the dynamics of epidemics. Standard methods, including maximum-likelihood and Bayesian approaches, generally rely on complex mathematical formulae and approximations, and do not scale with dataset size. We develop a likelihood-free, simulation-based approach, which combines deep learning with (1) a large set of summary statistics measured on phylogenies or (2) a complete and compact representation of trees, which avoids potential limitations of summary statistics and applies to any phylodynamics model. Our method enables both model selection and estimation of epidemiological parameters from very large phylogenies. We demonstrate its speed and accuracy on simulated data, where it performs better than the state-of-the-art methods. To illustrate its applicability, we assess the dynamics induced by superspreading individuals in an HIV dataset of men-having-sex-with-men in Zurich. Our tool PhyloDeep is available on github.com/evolbioinfo/phylodeep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voznica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhukova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boskova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saulnier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moslonka-Lefebvre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascuel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.435006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning from phylogenies to uncover the transmission dynamics of epidemics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.12.435206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroMator: Open and Flexible Software for Reactive Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.12.435206v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microscopy image analysis has recently made enormous progress both in terms of accuracy and speed thanks to machine learning methods. This greatly facilitates the online adaptation of microscopy experimental plans using real-time information of the observed systems and their environments. Here we report MicroMator, an open and flexible software for defining and driving reactive microscopy experiments, and present applications to single-cell control and single-cell recombination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fox, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraisse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aditya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa-Carrillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertaux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruess, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroMator: Open and Flexible Software for Reactive Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.23.435334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multiscale Immuno-Oncology on-Chip System (MIOCS) establishes that collective T cell behaviors govern tumor regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.23.435334v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell-based tumor immunotherapies such as CAR T cells or immune checkpoint inhibitors harness the cytotoxic potential of T cells to promote tumor regression. However, patient response to immunotherapy remains heterogeneous, highlighting the need to better understand the rules governing a successful T cell attack. Here, we develop a microfluidic-based method to track the outcome of T cell activity on many individual cancer spheroids simultaneously, with a high spatiotemporal resolution. By combining these parallel measurements of T cell behaviors and tumor fate with probabilistic modeling, we establish that the first recruited T cells initiate a positive feedback loop leading to an accelerated effector accumulation on the spheroid. We also provide evidence that cooperation between T cells on the spheroid during the killing phase facilitates tumor destruction. We propose that tumor destruction does not simply reflect the sum of individual T cell activities but relies instead on collective behaviors promoting both T cell accumulation and function. The possibility to track many replicates of immune-tumor interactions with such a level of detail should help delineate the mechanisms and efficacy of various immunotherapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ronteix, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angely, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khazen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.435334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multiscale Immuno-Oncology on-Chip System (MIOCS) establishes that collective T cell behaviors govern tumor regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.23.436571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genome analysis using sample-specific string detection in accurate long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.23.436571v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationComparative genome analysis of two or more whole-genome sequenced (WGS) samples is at the core of most applications in genomics. These include discovery of genomic differences segregating in population, case-control analysis in common diseases, and rare disorders. With the current progress of accurate long-read sequencing technologies (e.g., circular consensus sequencing from PacBio sequencers) we can dive into studying repeat regions of genome (e.g., segmental duplications) and hard-to-detect variants (e.g., complex structural variants).

ResultsWe propose a novel framework for addressing the comparative genome analysis by discovery of strings that are specific to one genome ("samples-specific" strings). We have developed an accurate and efficient novel method for discovery of samples-specific strings between two groups of WGS samples. The proposed approach will give us the ability to perform comparative genome analysis without the need to map the reads and is not hindered by shortcomings of the reference genome. We show that the proposed approach is capable of accurately finding samples-specific strings representing nearly all variation (> 98%) reported across pairs or trios of WGS samples using accurate long reads (e.g., PacBio HiFi data).

AvailabilityThe proposed tool is publicly available at https://github.com/Parsoa/PingPong.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khorsand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonizzoni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.436571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genome analysis using sample-specific string detection in accurate long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.21.440789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction of the TonB dependent transporter HasR with its cognate TonB-like protein HasB in a membrane environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.21.440789v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is composed of a double membrane separated by the periplasmic space. This organization imposes geometrical and distance constraints that are key for the mechanism of action of multicomponent systems spanning the envelope. However, consideration of all three compartments by experimental approaches is still elusive. Here we used the state-of-the-art molecular dynamics simulation in an Escherichia coli envelope model to obtain a dynamic view of molecular interactions between the outer membrane heme transporter HasR and the inner membrane TonB-like protein HasB. Their interaction allows the transfer of the inner membrane proton motive force derived energy to the transporter for heme internalization. The simulations which incorporate both membranes show the key role of periplasmic domains of both proteins, and their dynamics in the complex formation and stability. They revealed a previously unidentified atomic network of interactions, as well as the sequences of the interactions and their variations with the presence of external substrates. Experimental validation (mutations, phenotypic and in vitro assays) confirms the robustness of our approach and provides verification of the simulation-predicted interactions. Based on structural and sequence conservation, the network of interaction revealed in this study is expected to occur in other nutrient import systems. The integrative approach presented here is highly useful to study the dynamic interplay between components of any other bacterial transmembrane systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Somboon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melling, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejeune, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M.S. Pinheiro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardiaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delepelaire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izadi-Pruneyre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction of the TonB dependent transporter HasR with its cognate TonB-like protein HasB in a membrane environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.21.440823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smc3 acetylation, Pds5 and Scc2 control the translocase activity that establishes cohesin dependent chromatin loops 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.21.440823v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome spatial organization and dynamics influence DNA-related metabolic processes. SMC complexes like cohesin are essential instruments of chromosome folding. Cohesin-dependent chromatin loops bring together distal loci to regulate gene transcription, DNA repair and V(D)J recombination processes. Here we characterize further the roles of members of the cohesin holocomplex in regulating chromatin loop expansion, showing that Scc2, which stimulates cohesin ATPase activity, is essential for the translocation process required to extend DNA loop length. Eco1-dependent acetylation of Smc3 during S phase counteracts this activity through the stabilization of Pds5, to finely tune loop sizes and stability during G2. Inhibiting Pds5 in G2 leads to a strong enlargement of pre-established, stable DNA loops, in a Scc2-dependent manner. Altogether, the study strongly supports a Scc2-mediated translocation process driving expansion of DNA loops in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckouet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smc3 acetylation, Pds5 and Scc2 control the translocase activity that establishes cohesin dependent chromatin loops]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.09.443326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphogenesis of a complex glial niche requires an interplay between cellular growth and fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.09.443326v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are embedded in a multi-layered, intricate cellular microenvironment supporting their activity, the niche. Whilst shape and function are inseparable, the morphogenetic aspects of niche development are poorly understood. Here, we use the formation of the glial network of a NSC niche to investigate acquisition of architectural complexity. Cortex glia (CG) in Drosophila regulate neurogenesis and build a reticular structure around NSCs. We first show that individual CG cells grow tremendously to ensheath several NSC lineages, eventually spanning the entire tissue while partitioning the NSC population. Elaborate proliferative mechanisms convert these cells into syncytia rich in cytoplasmic bridges. Unexpectedly, CG syncytia further undergo homotypic cell-cell fusion, relying on defined molecular players of cell fusion such as cell surface receptors and actin regulators. Exchange of cellular components is however dynamic in space and time, a previously unreported unique mechanism. This atypical cell fusion remodels cellular borders, restructuring the CG syncytia. Ultimately, the coordination of growth and fusion builds the multi-level architecture of the niche, and creates a modular, spatial partition of the NSC population. Our findings provide novel insights into how a niche forms and organises while developing intimate contacts with a stem cell population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>RUJANO, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BRIAND, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DELIC, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SPEDER, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.09.443326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphogenesis of a complex glial niche requires an interplay between cellular growth and fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.26.445827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity, taxonomy and evolution of archaeal viruses of the class Caudoviricetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.26.445827v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The archaeal tailed viruses (arTV), evolutionarily related to tailed double-stranded DNA bacteriophages of the class Caudoviricetes, represent the most common isolates infecting halophilic archaea. Only a handful of these viruses have been genomically characterized, limiting our appreciation of their ecological impacts and evolution. Here, we present 37 new genomes of haloarchaeal tailed virus isolates, more than doubling the current number of sequenced arTVs. Analysis of all 63 available complete genomes of arTVs, which we propose to classify into 14 new families, suggests ancient divergence of archaeal and bacterial tailed viruses and points to an extensive sharing of genes involved in DNA metabolism and counter defense mechanisms, illuminating common strategies of virus-host interactions with tailed bacteriophages. Coupling of the comparative genomics with the host range analysis on a broad panel of haloarchaeal species uncovered four distinct groups of viral tail fiber adhesins controlling the host range expansion. The survey of metagenomes using viral hallmark genes suggests that the global architecture of the arTV community is shaped through recurrent transfers between different biomes, including hypersaline, marine and anoxic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demina, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiewsakun, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazlauskas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmonds, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prangishvili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksanen, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity, taxonomy and evolution of archaeal viruses of the class Caudoviricetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.31.446380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ancient divide in outer membrane tethering systems in Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.31.446380v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent data support the hypothesis that Gram-positive bacteria (monoderms) arose from Gram-negatives (diderms) through loss of the outer membrane (OM). However how this happened remains unknown. Considering that tethering of the OM is essential for cell envelope stability in diderm bacteria we hypothesize that its destabilization may have been involved in OM loss. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of the four main OM tethering systems across all Bacteria. We show that their distribution strikingly follows the bacterial phylogeny with a bimodal distribution matching the deepest phylogenetic cleavage between Terrabacteria (a clade encompassing Cyanobacteria, Deinococcus/Thermus, Firmicutes, etc.) and Gracilicutes (a clade encompassing Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, etc.). Diderm Terrabacteria display as the main system OmpM, a porin that attaches non-covalently to modified peptidoglycan or to secondary cell wall polymers. In contrast, the lipoprotein Pal is restricted to the Gracilicutes along with a more sporadic occurrence of OmpA. While Brauns lipoprotein Lpp is largely considered as the textbook example of OM attachment, it is actually present only in a subclade of Gammaproteobacteria. We propose an evolutionary scenario whereby the last common bacterial ancestor used a system based on OmpM, which was later replaced by one based on the lipoprotein Pal concomitantly to the emergence of the Lol machinery to address lipoproteins to the OM, with OmpA as a possible transition state. We speculate that the existence of only one main OM tethering system in the Terrabacteria would have allowed the multiple emergences of the monoderm phenotype specifically observed in this clade through OmpM perturbation. We test this hypothesis by inactivating all four ompM gene copies in the genetically tractable diderm Firmicute Veillonella parvula. The resulting mutant is severely affected in growth and displays high sensitivity to OM stress. High resolution imaging and tomogram reconstructions reveal a dramatic - yet non-lethal - phenotype, in which vast portions of the OM detach, producing large vesicles surrounding multiple monoderm-like cells sharing a common periplasm. Complementation by a single OmpM rescues the phenotype to a normal cell envelope. Together, our results highlight an ancient shift in bacterial evolution involving OM tethering systems. They suggest a possible mechanism for OM loss and a high flexibility of the cell envelope in diderm Firmicutes, making them ideal models to further refine our understanding of the mechanisms involved in bacterial OM stability, and opening the way to recapitulate the monoderm/diderm transition in the laboratory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Witwinowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartori-Rupp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pende, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tham, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poppleton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beloin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.446380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ancient divide in outer membrane tethering systems in Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.03.446879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TDFragMapper: a visualization tool for evaluating experimental parameters in top-down proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.03.446879v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWe present a new software-tool allowing an easy visualization of fragment ions and thus a rapid evaluation of key experimental parameters on the sequence coverage obtained for the MS/MS analysis of intact proteins. Our tool can deal with multiple fragmentation methods.

ResultsWe demonstrate that TDFragMapper can rapidly highlight the experimental fragmentation parameters that are critical to the characterization of intact proteins of various size using top-down proteomics.

AvailabilityTDFragMapper, a demonstration video and user tutorial are freely available at https://msbio.pas-teur.fr/tdfragmapper, for academic use; all data are thus available from the ProteomeXchange consortium (identifier PXD024643).

Contactdiogobor@gmail.com or julia.chamot-rooke@pasteur.fr
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhenin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges Lima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamot-Rooke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TDFragMapper: a visualization tool for evaluating experimental parameters in top-down proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.04.447082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron uses a widespread extracellular DNase to promote bile-dependent biofilm formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.04.447082v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a gut symbiont that inhabits the mucus layer and adheres to and metabolizes food particles, contributing to gut physiology and maturation. Whereas adhesion and biofilm formation could be key features for B. thetaiotaomicron stress resistance and gut colonization, little is known about the determinants of B. thetaiotaomicron biofilm formation. We previously showed that the B. thetaiotaomicron reference strain VPI-5482 is a poor in vitro biofilm former. Here we demonstrated that bile, a gut-relevant environmental cue, triggers the formation of biofilm in many B. thetaiotaomicron isolates and common gut Bacteroidales species. We identified the genetic determinants of this bile-dependent biofilm formation and showed that it involves the production of the DNase BT3563, degrading extracellular DNA, in biofilms formed in the presence of bile. Our study therefore identifies a physiologically relevant condition inducing B. thetaiotaomicron biofilm and shows that, in contrast to the biofilm-promoting role played by bacterial eDNA scaffold in Firmicutes and Proteobacteria models, degradation of eDNA by BT3563 DNAse and its widespread homologs is required to achieve B. thetaiotaomicron bile-dependent biofilm formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BECHON, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MIHAJLOVIC, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LOPES, A.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VENDRELL-FERNANDEZ, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DESCHAMPS, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BRIANDET, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SISMEIRO, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MARTIN-VERSTRAETE, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUPUY, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.447082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron uses a widespread extracellular DNase to promote bile-dependent biofilm formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.08.447214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population structure analysis and laboratory monitoring of Shigella with a standardised core-genome multilocus sequence typing scheme: a validation study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.08.447214v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The laboratory surveillance of bacillary dysentery is based on a standardised Shigella typing scheme that classifies Shigella strains into four serogroups and more than 50 serotypes on the basis of biochemical tests and lipopolysaccharide O-antigen serotyping. Real-time genomic surveillance of Shigella infections has been implemented in several countries, but without the use of a standardised typing scheme. We studied over 4,000 reference strains and clinical isolates of Shigella, covering all serotypes, with both the current serotyping scheme and the standardised EnteroBase core-genome multilocus sequence typing scheme (cgMLST). The Shigella genomes were grouped into eight phylogenetically distinct clusters, within the E. coli species. The cgMLST hierarchical clustering (HC) analysis at different levels of resolution (HC2000 to HC400) recognised the natural groupings for Shigella. By contrast, the serotyping scheme was affected by horizontal gene transfer, leading to a conflation of genetically unrelated Shigella strains and a separation of genetically related strains. The use of this cgMLST scheme will enhance the laboratory surveillance of Shigella infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yassine, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefevre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruckly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejay-Collin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clermont, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardos de la Gandara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabboussi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weill, F.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population structure analysis and laboratory monitoring of Shigella with a standardised core-genome multilocus sequence typing scheme: a validation study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.09.447744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A light tunable differentiation system for the creation and control of consortia in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.09.447744v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial microbial consortia seek to leverage division-of-labour to optimize function and possess immense potential for bioproduction. Co-culturing approaches, the preferred mode of generating a consortium, remain limited in their ability to give rise to stable consortia having finely tuned compositions. Here, we present an artificial differentiation system in budding yeast capable of generating stable microbial consortia with custom functionalities from a single strain at user-defined composition in space and in time based on optogenetically-driven genetic rewiring. Owing to fast, reproducible, and light-tunable dynamics, our system enables dynamic control of consortia composition in continuous cultures for extended periods. We further demonstrate that our system can be extended in a straightforward manner to give rise to consortia with multiple subpopulations. Our artificial differentiation strategy establishes a novel paradigm for the creation of complex microbial consortia that are simple to implement, precisely controllable, and versatile to use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aditya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertaux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruess, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A light tunable differentiation system for the creation and control of consortia in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.21.449208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constitutive IFNα protein production in bats 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.21.449208v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are the only mammals with self-powered flight and account for 20% of all extant mammalian diversity. In addition, they harbor many emerging and reemerging viruses, including multiple coronaviruses, several of which are highly pathogenic in other mammals, but cause no disease in bats. How this relationship between bats and viruses exists is not yet fully understood. Existing evidence supports a specific role for the innate immune system, in particular type I interferon (IFN) responses, a major component of antiviral immunity. Previous studies in bats have shown that components of the IFN pathway are constitutively activated at the transcriptional level. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the type I IFN response in bats is also constitutively activated at the protein level. For this we utilized highly sensitive Single Molecule (Simoa) digital ELISA assays, previously developed for humans that we adapted to bat samples. We prospectively sampled four non-native chiroptera species from French zoos. We identified a constitutive expression of IFN protein in the circulation of healthy bats, and concentrations that are physiologically active in humans. Expression levels differed according to the species examined, but was not associated with age, sex, or health status suggesting constitutive IFN protein expression independent of disease. These results confirm a unique IFN response in bat species that may explain their ability to coexist with multiple viruses in the absence of pathology. These results may help to manage potential zoonotic viral reservoirs and potentially identify new anti-viral strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bondet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Baut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Poder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedlarski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roux, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constitutive IFNα protein production in bats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.22.449256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H3K9 tri-methylation at Nanog times differentiation commitment and enables the acquisition of primitive endoderm fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.22.449256v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mouse Embryonic Stem (ES) cells have an inherent propensity to explore distinct gene-regulatory states associated with either self-renewal or differentiation. This property is largely dependent on ERK activity, which promotes silencing of pluripotency genes, most notably of the transcription factor Nanog. Here, we aimed at identifying repressive histone modifications that would mark the Nanog locus for inactivation in response to ERK activity. We found histone H3 lysine 9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3) focally enriched between the Nanog promoter and its -5kb enhancer. While in undifferentiated ES cells H3K9me3 at Nanog depends on ERK activity, in somatic cells it becomes ERK-independent. Moreover, upon deletion of the region harbouring H3K9me3, ES cells display reduced heterogeneity of NANOG expression, delayed commitment into differentiation and impaired ability to acquire a primitive endoderm fate. We suggest that establishment of irreversible H3K9me3 at specific master regulators allows the acquisition of particular cell fates during differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincenti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandormael-Pournin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Tannoudji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H3K9 tri-methylation at Nanog times differentiation commitment and enables the acquisition of primitive endoderm fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.16.452741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A model-based approach to characterize enzyme-mediated response to antibiotic treatments: going beyond the SIR classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.16.452741v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Commensal and pathogenic E. coli strains are increasingly found to be resistant to {beta}-lactams, one of the most widely prescribed classes of antibiotics. Understanding escape to such treatments is complex since {beta}-lactams have several cellular targets and since several mechanisms might be involved in treatment escape in a combined manner. Surprisingly, the accumulated knowledge has not yet proven effective enough to predict the bacterial response to antibiotic treatments at both cellular and population levels with quantitative accuracy for -producing bacteria. Here, we propose a mathematical model that captures in a comprehensive way key phenomena happening at the molecular, cellular, and population levels, as well as their interactions. Our growth-fragmentation model gives a central role to cellular heterogeneity and filamentation as a way for cells to gain time until the degradation of the antibiotic by the {beta}-lactamases released by the dead cell population. Importantly, the model can account for the observed temporal evolution of the total (live and dead) biomass and of the live cell numbers for various antibiotic concentrations. To our knowledge, this is the first model able to quantitatively reconciliate these two classical views on cell death (OD and CFUs) for clinical isolates expressing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Moreover, our model has a strong predictive power. When calibrated using a slight extension of OD-based data that we propose here, it can predict the CFU profiles in initial and delayed treatments despite inoculum effects, and suggest non-trivial optimal treatments. Generating quality data in quantity has been essential for model development and validation on non-model E. coli strains. We developed protocols to increase the reproducibility of growth kinetics assays and to increase the throughput of CFU assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A model-based approach to characterize enzyme-mediated response to antibiotic treatments: going beyond the SIR classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.03.454887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using single-cell models to predict the functionality of synthetic circuits at the population scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.03.454887v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical modeling has become a major tool to guide the characterization and synthetic construction of cellular processes. However, models typically lose their capacity to explain or predict experimental outcomes as soon as any, even minor, modification of the studied system or its operating conditions is implemented. This limits our capacity to fully comprehend the functioning of natural biological processes and is a major roadblock for the de novo design of complex synthetic circuits. Here, using a specifically constructed yeast optogenetic differentiation system as an example, we show that a simple deterministic model can explain system dynamics in given conditions but loses validity when modifications to the system are made. On the other hand, deploying theory from stochastic chemical kinetics and developing models of the systems components that simultaneously track single-cell and population processes allows us to quantitatively predict emerging dynamics of the system without any adjustment of model parameters. We conclude that carefully characterizing the dynamics of cell-to-cell variability using appropriate modeling theory may allow one to unravel the complex interplay of stochastic single-cell and population processes and to predict the functionality of composed synthetic circuits in growing populations before the circuit is constructed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aditya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertaux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruess, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using single-cell models to predict the functionality of synthetic circuits at the population scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.09.455701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetylation regulates the oligomerization state and activity of RNase J, the major ribonuclease of Helicobacter pylori 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.09.455701v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Helicobacter pylori, post-transcriptional regulation strongly relies on the activity of an RNA degradosome, composed of the essential ribonuclease RNase J and the DEAD-box RNA helicase RhpA. Here, we describe post-translational modifications of this protein complex that affect its activity. Cell-extracted RNase J is acetylated on multiple residues, one of which, K649, strongly impacts RNase J oligomerization, which in turn influences ribonuclease activity. Corroborating the link between oligomerization and activity, mutations targeting K649 and other residues affect the dimerization and in vitro activity of RNase J. Our crystal structure of RNase J reveals three loops that gate access to the active site and rationalizes how oligomerization state influences activity. The acetylated residues of RNase J are important for H. pylori morphology, highlighting that the modifications affect the RNase J cellular function. We propose acetylation as a regulatory level controlling the activity of RNase J and the H. pylori RNA degradosome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejada-Arranz, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouilloux-Lafont, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PEI, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luisi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DE REUSE, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetylation regulates the oligomerization state and activity of RNase J, the major ribonuclease of Helicobacter pylori]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.24.457516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parameter inference for stochastic biochemical models from perturbation experiments parallelised at the single cell level 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.24.457516v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding and characterising biochemical processes inside single cells requires experimental platforms that allow one to perturb and observe the dynamics of such processes as well as computational methods to build and parameterise models from the collected data. Recent progress with experimental platforms and optogenetics has made it possible to expose each cell in an experiment to an individualised input and automatically record cellular responses over days with fine time resolution. However, methods to infer parameters of stochastic kinetic models from single-cell longitudinal data have generally been developed under the assumption that experimental data is sparse and that responses of cells to at most a few different input perturbations can be observed. Here, we investigate and compare different approaches for calculating parameter likelihoods of single-cell longitudinal data based on approximations of the chemical master equation (CME) with a particular focus on coupling the linear noise approximation (LNA) or moment closure methods to a Kalman filter. We show that, as long as cells are measured sufficiently frequently, coupling the LNA to a Kalman filter allows one to accurately approximate likelihoods and to infer model parameters from data even in cases where the LNA provides poor approximations of the CME. Furthermore, the computational cost of filtering-based iterative likelihood evaluation scales advantageously in the number of measurement times and different input perturbations and is thus ideally suited for data obtained from modern experimental platforms. To demonstrate the practical usefulness of these results, we perform an experiment in which single cells, equipped with an optogenetic gene expression system, are exposed to various different light-input sequences and measured at several hundred time points and use parameter inference based on iterative likelihood evaluation to parameterise a stochastic model of the system.

Author summaryA common result for the modelling of cellular processes is that available data is not sufficiently rich to uniquely determine the biological mechanism or even just to ensure identifiability of parameters of a given model. Perturbing cellular processes with informative input stimuli and measuring dynamical responses may alleviate this problem. With the development of novel experimental platforms, we are now in a position to parallelise such perturbation experiments at the single cell level. This raises a plethora of new questions. Is it more informative to diversify input perturbations but to observe only few cells for each input or should we rather ensure that many cells are observed for only few inputs? How can we calculate likelihoods and infer parameters of stochastic kinetic models from data sets in which each cell receives a different input perturbation? How does the computational efficiency of parameter inference methods scale with the number of inputs and the number of measurement times? Are there approaches that are particularly well-suited for such data sets? In this paper, we investigate these questions using the CcaS/CcaR optogenetic system driving the expression of a fluorescent reporter protein as primary case study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruess, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parameter inference for stochastic biochemical models from perturbation experiments parallelised at the single cell level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.30.458241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-glucan-induced innate immune memory distinctively affects macrophage activation in response to differential environmental cues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.30.458241v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro, exposure of human primary monocytes to the fungal {beta}-glucan enhances their pro-inflammatory responsiveness towards several pathogens. Yet, the role of environmental condition of this process remains unclear. Here we found that {beta}-glucan-induced innate immune memory counteract the anti-inflammatory status of the macrophages. In response to {beta}-glucan imprinting, M-CSF-(M2-like-) macrophages increase their pro-inflammatory responsiveness to secondary stimuli associated with decrease of the M-CSF differentiation hallmarks. In contrast, in GM-CSF-(M1-like-) environment, {beta}-glucan imprinting reduced the pro-inflammatory canonical feature of the macrophages, together with their terminal differentiation marks. Comparing M-CSF and GM-CSF environment, we observed that {beta}-glucan-imprinted macrophages present comparable functions in terms of cytokine responses, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and angiogenesis. This effect is mediated through Dectin-1 and associated with altered expression of the master regulators of macrophage terminal differentiation, IRF5 and IRF3. {beta}-glucan-induced innate immune memory skews the commitment of the macrophages in complex environment towards similar and less terminally differentiated cells. Together, these observations suggest a potential therapeutic role for {beta}-glucan-induced modulation of innate memory in different pathological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piffer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camilli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavenir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-glucan-induced innate immune memory distinctively affects macrophage activation in response to differential environmental cues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.31.458322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Awake perception is associated with dedicated neuronal assemblies in cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.31.458322v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity in sensory cortex combines stimulus responses and ongoing activity, but it remains unclear whether they reflect the same underlying dynamics or separate processes. Here we show that during wakefulness, the neuronal assemblies evoked by sounds in the auditory cortex and thalamus are specific to the stimulus and distinct from the assemblies observed in ongoing activity. In contrast, we observed in three different anesthesia, that evoked assemblies are indistinguishable from ongoing assemblies in the cortex. However, they remain distinct in the thalamus. A strong remapping of sensory responses accompanies this dynamical state change produced by anesthesia. Together, these results show that the awake cortex engages dedicated neuronal assemblies in response to sensory inputs, which we suggest is a network correlate of sensory perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Filipchuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Destexhe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathellier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Awake perception is associated with dedicated neuronal assemblies in cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.03.458852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bringing TrackMate in the era of machine-learning and deep-learning. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.03.458852v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TrackMate is an automated tracking software used to analyze bioimages and distributed as a Fiji plugin. Here we introduce a new version of TrackMate rewritten to improve performance and usability, and integrating several popular machine and deep learning algorithms to improve versatility. We illustrate how these new components can be used to efficiently track objects from brightfield and fluorescence microscopy images across a wide range of bio-imaging experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ershov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pylvänäinen, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigaud, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Blanc, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles-Orszag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, J. R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumenil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bringing TrackMate in the era of machine-learning and deep-learning.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.29.462345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of fetal liver stromal subsets in spectral cytometry using the parameter autofluorescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.29.462345v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fetal liver is the main hematopoietic organ during embryonic development. The fetal liver is also the unique anatomical site where hematopoietic stem cells expand before colonizing the bone marrow, where they ensure life-long blood cell production and become mostly resting. The identification of the different cell types that comprise the hematopoietic stroma in the fetal liver is essential to understand the signals required for the expansion and differentiation of the hematopoietic stem cells. We used a panel of monoclonal antibodies to identify fetal liver stromal cells in a 5-laser equipped spectral flow cytometry analyzer. The "Autofluorescence Finder" of SONY ID7000 software identified two distinct autofluorescence emission spectra. Using autofluorescence as a fluorescence parameter we could assign the two autofluorescent signals to three distinct cell types and identified surface markers that characterize these populations. We found that one autofluorescent population corresponds to hepatoblasts and cholangiocytes whereas the other expresses mesenchymal transcripts and was identified as stellate cells. Importantly, after birth, autofluorescence becomes the unique identifying property of hepatoblasts because mature cholangiocytes are no longer autofluorescent.

These results show that autofluorescence used as a parameter in spectral flow cytometry is a useful tool to identify new cell subsets that are difficult to analyze in conventional flow cytometry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares-da-Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailhe, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ait Mansour, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of fetal liver stromal subsets in spectral cytometry using the parameter autofluorescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.15.464503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule disassembly by caspases is the rate-limiting step of cell extrusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.15.464503v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cell death is essential for tissue homeostasis, robustness and morphogenesis. The expulsion of epithelial cells following caspase activation requires well-orchestrated remodeling steps leading to cell elimination without impairing tissue sealing. While numerous studies have provided insight about the process of cell extrusion, we still know very little about the relationship between caspase activation and the remodeling steps of cell extrusion. Moreover, most studies of cell extrusion focused on the regulation of actomyosin and steps leading to the formation of a supracellular contractile ring. However, the contribution of other cellular factors to cell extrusion has been poorly explored. Using the Drosophila pupal notum, a single layer epithelium where most extrusion events are caspase-dependent, we first showed that the initiation of cell extrusion and apical constriction are surprisingly not associated with the modulation of actomyosin concentration/dynamics. Instead, cell apical constriction is initiated by the disassembly of a medio-apical mesh of microtubules which is driven by effector caspases. We confirmed that local and rapid increase/decrease of microtubules is sufficient to respectively expand/constrict cell apical area. Importantly, the depletion of microtubules is sufficient to bypass the requirement of caspases for cell extrusion. This study shows that microtubules disassembly by caspases is a key rate-limiting steps of extrusion, and outlines a more general function of microtubules in epithelial cell shape stabilisation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villars, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matamoro-Vidal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levillayer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule disassembly by caspases is the rate-limiting step of cell extrusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.21.465262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial fission process 1 (MTFP1) controls bioenergetic efficiency and prevents inflammatory cardiomyopathy and heart failure in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.21.465262v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are paramount to the metabolism and survival of cardiomyocytes. Here we show that Mitochondrial Fission Process 1 (MTFP1) is essential for cardiac structure and function. Constitutive knockout of cardiomyocyte MTFP1 in mice resulted in adult-onset dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) characterized by sterile inflammation and cardiac fibrosis that progressed to heart failure and middle-aged death. Failing hearts from cardiomyocyte-restricted knockout mice displayed a general decline in mitochondrial gene expression and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity. Pre-DCM, we observed no defects in mitochondrial morphology, content, gene expression, OXPHOS assembly nor phosphorylation dependent respiration. However, knockout cardiac mitochondria displayed reduced membrane potential and increased non-phosphorylation dependent respiration, which could be rescued by pharmacological inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocase ANT. Primary cardiomyocytes from pre-symptomatic knockout mice exhibited normal excitation-contraction coupling but increased sensitivity to programmed cell death (PCD), which was accompanied by an opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Intriguingly, mouse embryonic fibroblasts deleted for Mtfp1 recapitulated PCD sensitivity and mPTP opening, both of which could be rescued by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of the mPTP regulator Cyclophilin D. Collectively, our data demonstrate that contrary to previous in vitro studies, the loss of the MTFP1 promotes mitochondrial uncoupling and increases cell death sensitivity, causally mediating pathogenic cardiac remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donnarumma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohlhaas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vimont, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gia Giaetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya-Nilges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maack, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial fission process 1 (MTFP1) controls bioenergetic efficiency and prevents inflammatory cardiomyopathy and heart failure in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.22.465384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-vitro cellular reprogramming to model gonad development and its disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.22.465384v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During embryonic development, mutually antagonistic signaling cascades determine the fate of the bipotential gonad towards a testicular or ovarian identity. Errors in this process result in human Disorders of Sex Development (DSDs), where there is discordance between chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical sex. The absence of an appropriate, accessible in-vitro system is a major obstacle in understanding mechanisms of sex-determination/DSDs. Here, we describe protocols for differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent cells towards gonadal progenitors. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that the in-vitro-derived murine gonadal cells are equivalent to E11.5 in-vivo progenitors. Using similar conditions, Sertoli-like cells derived from 46,XY human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) exhibit sustained expression of testis-specific genes, secrete AMH, migrate and form tubular structures. The cells derived from a 46,XY DSD female hiPSCs, carrying a NR5A1 variant, show aberrant gene expression and absence of tubule formation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of the variant rescued the phenotype. This is a robust tool to understand mechanisms of sex-determination and model DSDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eozenou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frachon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElreavey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell-Badge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashamboo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-vitro cellular reprogramming to model gonad development and its disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.24.465617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of breeding sites parameters in shaping bacterial communities in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.24.465617v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies have demonstrated the importance of breeding site, few had disentangled the role of microbiome, physico-chemical and biological factors of water as well as landuse on larval microbial communities and their recruitment in mosquito. A quantitative exploration of the interplay of multiple factors on mosquito microbiome was performed using a dataset obtained through a field survey undertaken in French Guiana. Two complementary hypotheses were tested (i) the most dissimilar larval microbiome structures in breeding sites displayed the most contrasting water properties and land-use, (ii) a higher specificity level of environmental parameters have an incidence on larval microbiome. Variance partitioning approach validated the two hypothesis by providing evidence that water bacterial community is a most significant driver shaping the structure of the bacteriome in mosquito than other environmental parameters from the breeding sites. However, land-use does not play such important role to explain variance. Our results consolidate and complement the knowledge shaping mosquito microbiota but also highlighted the large unknown in understanding the ecology of the recruitment into host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guimond, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hery, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, A.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delannay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issaly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffestin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega-Rua, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constant, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guertin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusfour, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.24.465617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of breeding sites parameters in shaping bacterial communities in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.26.465878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-scale assemblies of Acanthamoeba castellanii genomes provide insights into Legionella pneumophila infection-related chromatin re-organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.26.465878v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The unicellular amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii is ubiquitous in aquatic environments, where it preys on bacteria. The organism also hosts bacterial endosymbionts, some of which are parasitic, including human pathogens such as Chlamydia and Legionella spp. Here we report complete, high quality genome sequences for two extensively studied A. castellanii strains, Neff and C3. Combining long- and short-read data with Hi-C, we generated near chromosome-level assemblies for both strains with 90% of the genome contained in 29 scaffolds for the Neff strain and 31 for the C3 strain. Comparative genomics revealed strain-specific functional enrichment, most notably genes related to signal transduction in the C3 strain, and to viral replication in Neff. Furthermore, we characterized the spatial organization of the A. castellanii genome and showed that it is reorganized during infection by Legionella pneumophila. Infection-dependent chromatin loops were found to be enriched in genes for signal transduction and phosphorylation processes. In genomic regions where chromatin organization changed during Legionella infection, we found functional enrichment for genes associated with metabolism, organelle assembly, and cytoskeleton organization, suggesting that changes in chromosomal folding are associated with host cell biology during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthey-Doret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colp, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarrasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archibald, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-scale assemblies of Acanthamoeba castellanii genomes provide insights into Legionella pneumophila infection-related chromatin re-organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.01.466439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial dynamics and vaccine-induced fitness changes of Bordetella pertussis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.01.466439v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Competitive interactions between pathogen strains drive infection risk. Vaccines are thought to perturb strain diversity through shifts in immune pressures, however, this has rarely been measured due to inadequate data and analytical tools. Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis), responsible for 160,000 deaths annually1, provides a rare natural experiment as many countries have switched from whole cell vaccines to acellular vaccines, which have very different immunogenic properties2,3. Here we use 3,344 sequences from 23 countries and build phylogenetic models to reveal that B. pertussis has substantial diversity within communities, with the relative fitness of local genotypes changing in response to switches in vaccine policy. We demonstrate that the number of transmission chains circulating within subnational regions is strongly associated with host population size. It takes 5-10 years for individual lineages to be homogeneously distributed throughout Europe or the United States. Increased fitness of pertactin-deficient strains following implementation of acellular vaccines, but reduced fitness otherwise, can explain long-term genotype dynamics. These findings highlight the role of national vaccine policies in shifting local diversity of a pathogen that still poses a large burden on global public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lefrancq, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkoff, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalby, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akerlund, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabianova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vestrheim, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Lopez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gullsby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habington, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegger, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavadilov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armatys, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkhill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauchemez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salje, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial dynamics and vaccine-induced fitness changes of Bordetella pertussis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.10.472114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of plasmid mobility: origin and fate of non-conjugative plasmids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.10.472114v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conjugation drives horizontal gene transfer of many adaptive traits across prokaryotes. Yet, only a fourth of the plasmids encode the functions necessary to conjugate autonomously, others being non-mobile or mobilizable by other elements. How these different plasmids evolve is poorly understood. Here, we studied plasmid evolution in terms of their gene repertoires and relaxases. We observed that gene content in plasmid varies rapidly in relation to the rate of evolution of relaxases, such that plasmids with 95% identical relaxases have on average fewer than 50% of homologs. The identification of 249 recent transitions in terms of mobility types revealed that they are associated with even greater changes in gene repertoires, possibly mediated by transposable elements that are more abundant in such plasmids. These changes include pseudogenization of the conjugation locus, exchange of replication initiators, and extensive gene loss. In some instances, the transition between mobility types also leads to the genesis of novel plasmid taxonomic units. Most of these transitions are short-lived, suggesting a source-sink dynamic, where conjugative plasmids constantly generate mobilizable and putatively non-mobilizable plasmids by gene deletion. Yet, in few cases such transitions resulted in the emergence of large clades of relaxases present only in mobilizable plasmids, suggesting successful specialization of these families in the hijacking of diverse conjugative systems. Our results shed further light on the huge plasticity of plasmids, suggest that many non-conjugative plasmids emerged recently from conjugative elements and allowed to quantify how changes in plasmid mobility shape the variation of their gene repertoires.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coluzzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcillan-Barcia, M. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Cruz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of plasmid mobility: origin and fate of non-conjugative plasmids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.13.472380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PTEN inhibits AMPK to control collective migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.13.472380v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PTEN is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene in cancer. PTEN is generally altered in invasive cancers such as glioblastomas, but its function in collective cell migration and invasion is not fully characterized. Herein, we report that the loss of PTEN increases cell speed during collective migration of non-tumourous cells both in vitro and in vivo. We further show that loss of PTEN promotes LKB1-dependent phosphorylation and activation of the major metabolic regulator AMPK. In turn AMPK increases VASP phosphorylation, reduces VASP localization at cell-cell junctions and decreases the interjunctional transverse actin arcs at the leading front, provoking a weakening of cell-cell contacts and increasing migration speed. Targeting AMPK activity not only slows down PTEN-depleted cells, it also limits PTEN-null glioblastoma cell invasion, opening new opportunities to treat glioblastoma lethal invasiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PEGLION, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capuana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfettini, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>braithwaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llense, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quissac, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsberg-Nilsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PTEN inhibits AMPK to control collective migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.18.473303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly sensitive cell-based luciferase assay for high-throughput automated screening of SARS-CoV-2 nsp5/3CLpro inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.18.473303v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed to treat severe cases of infection and for prophylactic use. The main viral protease (nsp5 or 3CLpro) represents an attractive and possibly broad-spectrum target for drug development as it is essential to the virus life cycle and highly conserved among betacoronaviruses. Sensitive and efficient high-throughput screening methods are key for drug discovery. Here we report the development of a gain-of-signal, highly sensitive cell-based luciferase assay to monitor SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 activity and show that it is suitable for high-throughput screening of compounds in a 384-well format. A benefit of miniaturisation and automation is that screening can be performed in parallel on a wild-type and a catalytically inactive nsp5, which improves the selectivity of the assay. We performed molecular docking-based screening on a set of 14,468 compounds from an in-house chemical database, selected 359 candidate nsp5 inhibitors and tested them experimentally. We identified four molecules, including the broad-spectrum antiviral merimepodib/VX-497, which show anti-nsp5 activity and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in A549-ACE2 cells with IC50 values in the 4-21 {micro}M range. The here described assay will allow the screening of large-scale compound libraries for SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 inhibitors. Moreover, we provide evidence that this assay can be adapted to other coronaviruses and viruses which rely on a viral protease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krischuns, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega Varga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harigua-Souiai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zettor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaravalli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blondel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naffakh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.18.473303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly sensitive cell-based luciferase assay for high-throughput automated screening of SARS-CoV-2 nsp5/3CLpro inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.04.474800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caveolae promote successful abscission by controlling intercellular bridge tension during cytokinesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.04.474800v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cytokinesis, the intercellular bridge (ICB) connecting the daughter cells experiences pulling forces, which delay abscission by preventing the assembly of the ESCRT scission machinery. Abscission is thus triggered by tension release, but how ICB tension is controlled is unknown. Here, we report that caveolae, which are known to control membrane tension upon mechanical stress in interphase cells, are located at the midbody, at the abscission site and at the ICB/cell interface in dividing cells. Functionally, the loss of caveolae delays ESCRT-III recruitment during cytokinesis and impairs abscission. This is the consequence of a 2-fold increase of ICB tension measured by laser ablation, associated with a local increase in myosin II activity at the ICB/cell interface. We thus propose that caveolae buffer membrane tension and limit contractibility at the ICB to promote ESCRT-III assembly and cytokinetic abscission. Altogether, this work reveals an unexpected connection between caveolae and the ESCRT machinery and the first role of caveolae in cell division.

TEASERCaveolae limit the tension in the intercellular bridge during cytokinesis to enable ESCRT-III assembly and successful abscission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ANDRADE, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUPTA, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delevoye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamaze, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caveolae promote successful abscission by controlling intercellular bridge tension during cytokinesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.10.475613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-thrombotic treatment enhances antibiotic efficiency in a humanized model of meningococcemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.10.475613v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meningococcal infections remain particularly difficult to treat. Despite antibiotic therapy, the state of the patients often rapidly deteriorates. Early clinical studies suggest that meningococci acquire a form of resistance to antibiotic treatments during infections. Taking advantage of a humanized animal model of infection, we confirm that adherent bacteria become highly resistant to antibiotic treatments as early as 3-6 hours post infection, although fully sensitive in vitro. Within this time frame, meningococci adhere to the endothelium via their type IV pili, proliferate and eventually fill the vessel lumen. Using intravital imaging, we show that rapidly upon infection blood flow is dramatically decreased, thus limiting antibiotic access to infected vessels. Concomitantly, fibrin is deposited inside infected vessels in proximity to bacterial aggregates. Pharmacologically impairing thrombin generation by inhibiting Factor X activity not only improves blood flow in infected vessels, but also enhances the efficacy of the antibiotic treatment. Our results indicate that the combined administration of anticoagulants together with antibiotics might represent a therapeutic approach to treat meningococcal sepsis more efficiently.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corre, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivoit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yatim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumenil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-thrombotic treatment enhances antibiotic efficiency in a humanized model of meningococcemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.14.476345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Griottes: a generalist tool for network generation from segmented tissue images 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.14.476345v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microscopy techniques and image segmentation algorithms have improved dramatically this decade, leading to an ever increasing amount of biological images and a greater reliance on imaging to investigate biological questions. This has created a need for methods to extract the relevant information on the behaviors of cells and their interactions, while reducing the amount of computing power required to organize this information. This task can be performed by using a network representation in which the cells and their properties are encoded in the nodes, while the neighborhood interactions are encoded by the links. Here we introduce Griottes, an open-source tool to build the "network twin" of 2D and 3D tissues from segmented microscopy images. We show how the library can provide a wide range of biologically relevant metrics on individual cells and their neighborhoods, with the objective of providing multi-scale biological insights. The librarys capacities are demonstrated on different image and data types. This library is provided as an open-source tool that can be integrated into common image analysis workflows to increase their capacities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ronteix, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Griottes: a generalist tool for network generation from segmented tissue images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.24.477526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multilevel Development of Cognitive Abilities in an Artificial Neural Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.01.24.477526v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several neuronal mechanisms have been proposed to account for the formation of cognitive abilities through postnatal interactions with the physical and socio-cultural environment. Here, we introduce a three-level computational model of information processing and acquisition of cognitive abilities. We propose minimal architectural requirements to build these levels and how the parameters affect their performance and relationships. The first sensorimotor level handles local nonconscious processing, here during a visual classification task. The second level or cognitive level globally integrates the information from multiple local processors via long-ranged connections and synthesizes it in a global, but still nonconscious manner. The third and cognitively highest level handles the information globally and consciously. It is based on the Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW) theory and is referred to as conscious level. We use trace and delay conditioning tasks to, respectively, challenge the second and third levels. Results first highlight the necessity of epigenesis through selection and stabilization of synapses at both local and global scales to allow the network to solve the first two tasks. At the global scale, dopamine appears necessary to properly provide credit assignment despite the temporal delay between perception and reward. At the third level, the presence of interneurons becomes necessary to maintain a self-sustained representation within the GNW in the absence of sensory input. Finally, while balanced spontaneous intrinsic activity facilitates epigenesis at both local and global scales, the balanced excitatory-inhibitory ratio increases performance. Finally, we discuss the plausibility of the model in both neurodevelopmental and artificial intelligence terms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volzhenin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changeux, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multilevel Development of Cognitive Abilities in an Artificial Neural Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.12.480198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved structural variant discovery in hard-to-call regions using sample-specific string detection from accurate long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.12.480198v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) account for a large amount of sequence variability across genomes and play an important role in human genomics and precision medicine. Despite intense efforts over the years, the discovery of SVs in individuals remains challenging due to the diploid and highly repetitive structure of the human genome, and by the presence of SVs that vastly exceed sequencing read lengths. However, the recent introduction of low-error long-read sequencing technologies such as PacBio HiFi may finally enable to overcome these barriers. Here we present SVDSS, a novel hybrid method for discovery of SVs from long-read sequencing technologies (e.g., PacBio HiFi) that combines and effectively leverages mapping-free, mapping-based and assembly-based methodologies for overall superior SV discovery performance. Our experiments on several human samples show that SVDSS outperforms state-of-the-art mapping-based methods for discovery of insertion and deletion SVs in PacBio HiFi reads and achieves significant improvements in calling SVs in repetitive regions of the genome.

SVDSS is open source and publicly available at: https://github.com/Parsoa/SVDSS
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khorsand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonizzoni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.12.480198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved structural variant discovery in hard-to-call regions using sample-specific string detection from accurate long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.14.480389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitric oxide signaling controls collective contractions in a colonial choanoflagellate 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.14.480389v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although signaling by the gaseous molecule nitric oxide (NO) regulates key physiological processes in animals, including contractility1-3, immunity4,5, development6-9 and locomotion10,11, the early evolution of animal NO signaling remains unclear. To reconstruct the role of NO in the animal stem lineage, we set out to study NO signaling in choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals12. In animals, NO produced by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) canonically signals through cGMP by activating soluble guanylate cyclases (sGCs)13,14. We surveyed the distribution of the NO signaling pathway components across the diversity of choanoflagellates and found three species that express NOS, sGCs, and downstream genes previously shown to be involved in the NO/cGMP pathway. One of these, Choanoeca flexa, forms multicellular sheets that undergo collective contractions controlled by cGMP15. We found that treatment with NO induces sustained contractions in C. flexa by signaling through an sGC/cGMP pathway. Biochemical assays show that NO directly binds C. flexa sGC1 and stimulates its cyclase activity. The NO/cGMP pathway acts independently from other inducers of C. flexa contraction, including mechanical stimuli and heat, but sGC activity is required for contractions induced by light-to-dark transitions. The output of NO signaling in C. flexa - contractions resulting in a switch from feeding to swimming - resembles the effect of NO in sponges1-3 and cnidarians11,16,17, where it interrupts feeding and activates contractility. These data provide insights into the biology of the first animals and the evolution of NO signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthrie, B. G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletta, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitric oxide signaling controls collective contractions in a colonial choanoflagellate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.26.482077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salient 40 Hz sounds probe affective aversion and neural excitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.26.482077v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human auditory system is not equally reactive to all frequencies of the audible spectrum. Emotional and behavioral reactions to loud or aversive acoustic features can vary from one individual to another, to the point that some exhibit exaggerated or even pathological responses to certain sounds. The neural mechanisms underlying these interindividual differences remain unclear. Whether distinct aversion profiles map onto neural excitability at the individual level needs to be tested. Here, we measured behavioral and EEG responses to click trains (from 10 to 250 Hz, spanning the roughness and pitch perceptual ranges) to test the hypothesis that interindividual variability in aversion to rough sounds is reflected in neural response differences between participants. Linking subjective aversion to 40 Hz steady-state EEG responses, we demonstrate that participants experiencing enhanced aversion to roughness also show stronger neural responses to this attribute. Interestingly, this pattern also correlates with inter-individual anxiety levels, suggesting that this personality trait might interact with subjective sensitivity and neural excitability to these sounds. These results support the idea that 40 Hz sounds can probe the excitability of non-canonical auditory systems involved in exogenous salience processing and aversive responses at the individual level. By linking subjective aversion to neural excitability, 40 Hz sounds provide neuromarkers relevant to a variety of pathological conditions, such as those featuring enhanced emotional sensitivity (hyperacusis, anxiety) or aberrant neural responses at 40 Hz (autism, schizophrenia).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schneefeld, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doelling, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchesotti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igloi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnal, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.26.482077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salient 40 Hz sounds probe affective aversion and neural excitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.10.483811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell microfluidic analysis unravels individual cellular fates during Double-Strand Break Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.10.483811v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trinucleotide repeat expansions are responsible for two dozen human disorders. Contracting expanded repeats by Double-Strand Break Repair (DSBR) might be a therapeutic approach. Given the complexity of manipulating human cells, recent assays were made to quantify DSBR efficacy in yeast, using a fluorescent reporter. In this study DSBR is characterized with an interdisciplinary approach, linking large population dynamics and individual cells. Time-resolved molecular measurements of changes in the population are first confronted to a coupled differential equation model to obtain repair processes rates. Comparisons with measurements in microfluidic devices, where the progeny of 80-150 individual cells are followed, show good agreement between individual trajectories and mathematical and molecular results. Further analysis of individual progenies shows the heterogeneity of individual cell contributions to global repair efficacy. Three different categories of repair are identified: high-efficacy error-free, low-efficacy error-free and low-efficacy error-prone. These categories depend on the type of endonuclease used and on the target sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vertti-Quintero, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levien, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poggi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell microfluidic analysis unravels individual cellular fates during Double-Strand Break Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.11.484029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterned apoptosis modulates local growth and tissue shape in a fast-growing epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.11.484029v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What regulates organ size and shape remains one of the fundamental mysteries of modern biology. So far, research in this area has primarily focused on deciphering the regulation in time and space of growth and cell division, while the contribution of cell death has been much more neglected. This includes studies of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, the prospective fly wing which undergoes massive growth during larval stage, and represents one of the best characterised systems for the study of growth and patterning. So far, it has been assumed that cell death was relatively neglectable in this tissue and as a result the pattern of growth was usually attributed to the distribution of cell division. Here, using systematic mapping and registration combined with quantitative assessment of clone size and disappearance, we show for the first time that cell death is not neglectable, and outline a persistent pattern of cell death and clone elimination in the disc. Local variation of cell death is associated with local variation of clone size, pointing to an impact of cell death on local growth which is not fully compensated by proliferation. Using morphometric analyses of adult wing shape and genetic perturbations, we provide evidence that patterned death affects locally and globally adult wing shape and size. This study describes a roadmap for accurate assessment of the contribution of cell death to tissue shape, and outlines for the first time an important instructive role of cell death in modulating quantitatively local growth and the morphogenesis of a fast-growing tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matamoro-Vidal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.484029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterned apoptosis modulates local growth and tissue shape in a fast-growing epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.21.485136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splenic clearance of rigid erythrocytes as an inherited mechanism for splenomegaly and natural resistance to malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.21.485136v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In malaria-endemic areas, subjects from specific groups like Fulani have a peculiar protection against malaria, with high levels of IgM but also frequent anemia and splenomegaly. The mechanisms underlying this phenotype remain elusive. In Benin, West Africa, we measured the deformability of circulating erythrocytes in genetically distinct groups (including Fulani) living in sympatry, using ektacytometry and microsphiltration, a mimic of how the spleen clears rigid erythrocytes. Compared to non-Fulani, Fulani displayed a higher deformability of circulating erythrocytes, pointing to an enhanced clearance of rigid erythrocytes by the spleen. This phenotype was observed in individuals displaying markers of Plasmodium falciparum infection. The heritability of this new trait was high, with a strong multigenic component. Five of the top 10 genes selected by a population structure-adjusted GWAS, expressed in the spleen, are potentially involved in splenic clearance of erythrocytes (CHERP, MB, PALLD, SPARC, PDE10A), through control of vascular tone, collagen synthesis and macrophage activity. In specific ethnic groups, genetically-controlled processes likely enhance the innate retention of infected and uninfected erythrocytes in the spleen, explaining splenomegaly, anemia, cryptic intrasplenic parasite loads, hyper-IgM, and partial protection against malaria. Beyond malaria-related phenotypes, inherited splenic hyper-filtration of erythrocytes may impact the pathogenesis of other hematologic diseases.

Research in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSThe genetic background of individuals influences their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Specific human groups, like the Fulani in Africa, react to malaria parasites (named Plasmodium) in a specific way. Upon infection, Fulani develop a grossly enlarged spleen, and high levels of anti-Plasmodium antibodies in their blood. They also carry smaller numbers of parasites in their blood, and thus are considered partially protected against malaria. The mechanisms underlying this natural protection, different from other natural protective mechanisms such as the sickle cell trait, are not well understood.

Malaria impairs the deformability of red blood cells and the spleen is a key organ to controlling red blood cell quality. We have recently demonstrated that red blood cells containing live malaria parasites accumulate intensely in the spleen of subjects with long term exposure to these parasites. Enhanced retention of infected and uninfected red blood cells in the spleen would explain why the spleen is larger and why lower numbers of parasites are left in circulation. We thus explored whether the retention of infected and uninfected red blood cells could explain why Fulani are partially protected against malaria. Because it is unethical to perform spleen puncture or biopsies for research purposes, our explorations were indirect by carefully analyzing the properties of circulating red blood cells in a large number of subjects and by assessing whether observations could be explained by their genetic make-up.

Added value of this studyIn more than 500 subjects, we confirmed the high frequency of large spleens in Fulani and, through 2 different methods, we demonstrated an enhanced deformability of their circulating red blood cells, that likely stems from the more efficient removal of the less deformable ones. This enhanced deformability was found to be inheritable based on carefully collected family links and refined analysis of genetic markers.

Implications of all the available evidenceOur findings indicate that genes potentially driving the filtration of red blood cells by the spleen likely influence how subjects in specific groups in Africa and elsewhere react to malaria. While most previous hypotheses pointed to conventional immunological mechanisms as the trigger, we propose that a simple physiological mechanism that controls the quality of red blood cells may drive natural protection from malaria even before the intervention of immunological cells. A better understanding of these processes is of great importance in the context of malaria elimination efforts.

These findings may also have an impact on the understanding of other red blood cell-related disorders, such as inherited red cell diseases, in which splenic filtration of abnormal red blood cells may precipitate splenic complications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akpovi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gineau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndour, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tossou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palstra, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambrion, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solinc, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aussenac, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottart, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tichit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fievet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermine, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabbagh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splenic clearance of rigid erythrocytes as an inherited mechanism for splenomegaly and natural resistance to malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.22.485265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humanized mice for sustained Plasmodium vivax blood-stage infection and transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.22.485265v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread human malaria parasite 1. The presence of extravascular reservoirs 2, the early circulation of infective stages (gametocytes), and relapsing infections arising from dormant liver stages 3 render this parasite particularly difficult to control and eliminate 4. Experimental research is limited by the lack of a continuous culture in vitro system that fulfills the parasites needs,5 namely its tropism for immature CD71+ red blood cells (RBCs). 5 Here, we report a humanized mice model, which upon engraftment of human hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (HPSCs), exhibits efficient human erythropoiesis. Humanized HIS-HEry mice inoculated with cryopreserved P. vivax samples sustain long-lasting asexual parasite multiplication within CD71+ human RBCs and differentiation into mature gametocytes that can be efficiently transmitted to Anopheles mosquitoes, leading to formation salivary-gland sporozoites. Blood stages can be sequentially transferred to uninfected humanized mice by injection of fresh or frozen infected bone marrow cells, providing a unique murine model for the long-term maintenance of P. vivax isolates. This work offers a novel experimental platform to investigate the biology of RBC invasion and intraerythrocytic P. vivax development in vivo and evaluate new interventions against this elusive human parasite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luiza-Batista, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiberge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra-Hassoun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardella, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolete, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Mancio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humanized mice for sustained Plasmodium vivax blood-stage infection and transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.29.486230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced performance in perceptual decision making task without deprivation in mice using medial forebrain bundle stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.29.486230v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Training animals on perceptual decision-making tasks is essential to many fields of neuroscience. Current protocols generally use water as a reward in water-deprived animals. This can be challenging since it requires balancing animals deprivation level with their well-being. Moreover, trial number is limited once they reach satiation. Here, we present electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) as an alternative reward in mice that avoids deprivation entirely while yielding stable motivation for thousands of trials. We trained MFB rewarded mice to perform a series of auditory discrimination tasks using either licking or lever pressing as a behavioural report. MFB animals learnt tasks at similar speed to water-deprived mice and more reliably reached higher overall accuracy in harder tasks. Moreover, they performed up to 3800 trials within a session without loss of motivation. Importantly, MFB stimulation does not impact the sensory behaviour under study since psychometric parameters and response times are preserved. Finally, in accordance with the lack of deprivation, MFB mice lack signs of metabolic or behavioural stress compared to water-deprived mice (weight loss, open field, home cage behaviour). Overall, using MFB stimulation as a reward is a highly promising tool for task learning since it enhances task performance whilst avoiding deprivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verdier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldanondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathellier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced performance in perceptual decision making task without deprivation in mice using medial forebrain bundle stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.05.485876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting multiple surfaces from 3D microscopy images in complex biological tissues with the Zellige software tool. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.05.485876v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient tools allowing the extraction of 2D surfaces from 3D-microscopy data are essential for studies aiming to decipher the complex cellular choreography through which epithelium morphogenesis takes place during development. Most existing methods allow for the extraction of a single and smooth manifold of sufficiently high signal intensity and contrast, and usually fail when the surface of interest has a rough topography or when its localization is hampered by other surrounding structures of higher contrast. Multiple surface segmentation entails laborious manual annotations of the various surfaces separately. As automating this task is critical in studies involving tissue-tissue or tissue-matrix interaction, we developed the Zellige software, which allows the extraction of a non-prescribed number of surfaces of varying inclination, contrast, and texture from a 3D image. The tool requires the adjustment of a small set of control parameters, for which we provide an intuitive interface implemented as a Fiji plugin. As a proof of principle of the versatility of Zellige, we demonstrate its performance and robustness on synthetic images and on four different types of biological samples, covering a wide range of biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trebeau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutet de Monvel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etournay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.485876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting multiple surfaces from 3D microscopy images in complex biological tissues with the Zellige software tool.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.11.487909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylome combined with chromosome cluster-oriented analysis provides an early signature for cutaneous melanoma aggressiveness 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.11.487909v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant DNA methylation is a well-known feature of tumours and has been associated with metastatic melanoma. However, since melanoma cells are highly heterogeneous, it has been challenging to use affected genes to predict tumour aggressiveness, metastatic evolution, and patients outcomes. We hypothesized that common aggressive hypermethylation signatures should emerge early in tumorigenesis and should be shared in aggressive cells, independent of the physiological context under which this trait arises.

We compared paired melanoma cell lines with the following properties: (i) each pair comprises one aggressive counterpart and its parental cell line, and (ii) the aggressive cell lines were each obtained from different host and their environment (human, rat, and mouse), though starting from the same parent cell line. Next, we developed a multi-step genomic pipeline that combines the DNA methylome profile with a chromosome cluster-oriented analysis.

A total of 229 differentially hypermethylated genes were commonly found in the aggressive cell lines. Genome localization analysis revealed hypermethylation peaks and clusters, identifying eight hypermethylated gene promoters for validation in tissues from melanoma patients.

Five CpG identified in primary melanoma tissues were transformed into a DNA methylation score that can predict survival (Log-rank test, p=0.0008). This strategy is potentially universally applicable to other diseases involving DNA methylation alterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desjobert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamant, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Ferreira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrique, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeronimo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfrancone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaunay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoon, D. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etievant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riond, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arimondo, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylome combined with chromosome cluster-oriented analysis provides an early signature for cutaneous melanoma aggressiveness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.12.488027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral origin of eukaryotic type IIA DNA topoisomerases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.04.12.488027v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type II DNA topoisomerases of the family A (Topo IIA) are present in all bacteria (DNA gyrase) and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, they play a major role in transcription, DNA replication, chromosome segregation and modulation of chromosome architecture. The origin of eukaryotic Topo IIA remains mysterious since they are very divergent from their bacterial homologues and have no orthologues in Archaea. Interestingly, eukaryotic Topo IIA have close homologues in viruses of the phylum Nucleocytoviricota, an expansive assemblage of large and giant viruses formerly known as the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV). Topo IIA are also encoded by some bacterioviruses of the class Caudoviricetes (tailed bacteriophages). To elucidate the origin of the eukaryotic Topo IIA, we performed in-depth phylogenetic analyses combining viral and cellular Topo IIA homologs. Topo IIA encoded by bacteria and eukaryotes form two monophyletic groups nested within Topo IIA encoded by Caudoviricetes and Nucleocytoviricota, respectively. Importantly, Nucleocytoviricota remained well separated from eukaryotes after removing both bacteria and Caudoviricetes from the dataset, indicating that the separation of Nucleocytoviricota and eukaryotes is probably not due to long branch attraction artefact. The topology of our tree suggests that the eukaryotic Topo IIA was probably acquired from an ancestral member of the Nucleocytoviricota of the class Megaviricetes, before the emergence of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). This result further highlights a key role of these viruses in eukaryogenesis and suggests that early proto-eukaryotes used a Topo IIB instead of a Topo IIA for solving their DNA topological problems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guglielmini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Cunha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forterre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral origin of eukaryotic type IIA DNA topoisomerases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.17.492306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HARIBOSS: a curated database of RNA-small molecules structures to aid rational drug design 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.17.492306v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA molecules are implicated in numerous fundamental biological processes and many human pathologies, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, muscular diseases, and bacterial infections. Modulating the mode of action of disease-implicated RNA molecules can lead to the discovery of new therapeutical agents and even address pathologies linked to 8undruggable9 protein targets. This modulation can be achieved by direct targeting of RNA with small molecules. As of today, only a few RNA-targeting small molecules are used clinically. One of the main obstacles that has hampered the development of a rational drug design protocol to target RNA with small molecules is the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms at the basis of RNA-small molecule recognition. Here, we present HARIBOSS, a curated collection of RNA-small molecule structures determined by X-ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and cryo-electron microscopy. HARIBOSS facilitates the exploration of drug-like compounds known to bind RNA, the analysis of ligands and pockets properties, and ultimately the development of in silico strategies to identify RNA-targeting small molecules. HARIBOSS can be explored via a web interface available at http://hariboss.pasteur.cloud.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panei, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torchet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menager, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkeka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HARIBOSS: a curated database of RNA-small molecules structures to aid rational drug design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.18.492453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome folding and prophage activation reveal gut-specific genome dynamics of bacteria in the OMM12 consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.18.492453v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria and their viruses, bacteriophages, are the most abundant entities of the gut microbiota, a complex community of microorganisms associated with human health and disease. In this ecosystem the interactions between these two key components are still largely unknown. In particular, the impact of the gut environment on bacteria and their associated prophages is yet to be deciphered. To gain insight into the activity of lysogenic phages within the context of their host genomes, we performed Hi-C on the 12 strains of the OMM12 synthetic bacterial community stably associated within mice gut (gnotobiotic mouse line OMM12) in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. High-resolution contact maps of the chromosome 3D organization of the bacterial genomes revealed a wide diversity of architectures, differences between environments and an overall stability over time in the gut of mice. The DNA contacts also pointed at 3D signatures of prophages leading to predict 16 of them as functional. We identified circularization signals and observed different 3D patterns depending on the condition. Concurrent virome analysis showed that 11 of these prophages produced viral particles in vivo and/or in vitro, and that OMM12 mice do not carry other intestinal viruses. By predicting functional prophages, the Hi-C approach unlocks the study of phage-bacteria interaction dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamy-Besnier, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bignaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garneau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titecat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Strempel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stecher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarbieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marbouty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome folding and prophage activation reveal gut-specific genome dynamics of bacteria in the OMM12 consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.20.492832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spike-stabilizing D614G mutation interacts with S1/S2 cleavage site mutations to promote the infectious potential of SARS-CoV-2 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.20.492832v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 remained genetically stable during the first three months of the pandemic, before acquiring a D614G spike mutation that rapidly spread worldwide, and then generating successive waves of viral variants with increasingly high transmissibility. We set out to evaluate possible epistatic interactions between the early occurring D614G mutation and the more recently emerged cleavage site mutations present in spike of the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants of concern. The P681H/R mutations at the S1/S2 cleavage site increased spike processing and fusogenicity but limited its incorporation into pseudoviruses. In addition, the higher cleavage rate led to higher shedding of the spike S1 subunit, resulting in a lower infectivity of the P681H/R-carrying pseudoviruses compared to those expressing the Wuhan wild-type spike. The D614G mutation increased spike expression at the cell surface and limited S1 shedding from pseudovirions. As a consequence, the D614G mutation preferentially increased the infectivity of P681H/R-carrying pseudoviruses. This enhancement was more marked in cells where the endosomal route predominated, suggesting that more stable spikes could better withstand the endosomal environment. Taken together, these findings suggest that the D614G mutation stabilized S1/S2 association and enabled the selection of mutations that increased S1/S2 cleavage, leading to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants expressing highly fusogenic spikes.

AUTHOR SUMMARYThe successive emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants is fueling the COVID pandemic, thus causing a major and persistent public health issue. The parameters involved in the emergence of variants with higher pathogenic potential remain incompletely understood. The first SARS-CoV-2 variant that spread worldwide in early 2020 carried a D614G mutation in the viral spike, making this protein more stable in its cleaved form at the surface of virions, and resulting in viral particles with higher infectious capacity. The Alpha and the Delta variants that spread in late 2020 and early 2021, respectively, proved increasingly transmissible and pathogenic when compared to the original SARS-CoV-2 strain. Interestingly, Alpha and Delta both carried mutations in a spike cleavage site that needs to be processed by cellular proteases prior to viral entry. The cleavage site mutations P681H/R made the Alpha and Delta spikes more efficient at viral fusion, by generating a higher fraction of cleaved spikes subunits S1 and S2. We show here that the early D614G mutation and the late P681H/R mutations act synergistically to increase the fusion capacity of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Specifically, viruses with increased spike cleavage due to P681H/R were even more dependent on the stabilizing effect of D614G mutation, which limited the shedding of cleaved S1 subunits from viral particles. These findings suggest that the worldwide spread of the D614G mutation was a prerequisite to the emergence of more pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 variants with highly fusogenic spikes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gellenoncourt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auguste, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajah, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kervevan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeger-Madiot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spike-stabilizing D614G mutation interacts with S1/S2 cleavage site mutations to promote the infectious potential of SARS-CoV-2 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.24.493327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishment of a colony of Anopheles darlingi from French Guiana for vector competence studies on malaria transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.24.493327v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles darlingi is a major vector of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in South and Central America. However, vector competence and physiology of this mosquito species have been scarcely studied due to difficulties in rearing it in the laboratory. Here, we report the successful establishment of a robust colony, from mosquito collection in French Guiana. We describe our mosquito colonization procedure with relevant information on environmental conditions, mating ability, larval development and survival, recorded over the first six critical generations. Experimental infection showed that our An. darlingi colony has a moderate permissiveness to in vitro produced gametocytes of the P. falciparum NF54 strain originating from Africa. This colony, that has reached its 20th generation, will allow further characterization of An. darlingi life-history traits and of Plasmodium-mosquito interactions with South American malaria parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puchot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoq, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carinci, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchemin, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgouin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishment of a colony of Anopheles darlingi from French Guiana for vector competence studies on malaria transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.27.493690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial capsular polysaccharides with antibiofilm activity share common biophysical and electrokinetic properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.05.27.493690v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached communities that are difficult to eradicate due to a high tolerance to antimicrobial agents. The use of non-biocidal surface-active compounds to prevent the initial adhesion and aggregation of bacterial pathogens is a promising alternative to antibiotic treatments and several antibiofilm compounds have been identified, including some capsular polysaccharides released by various bacteria. However, the lack of chemical and mechanistic understanding of the activity of these high-molecular-weight polymers limits their use for control of biofilm formation. Here, we screened a collection of 32 purified capsular polysaccharides and identified seven new compounds with non-biocidal activity against biofilms formed by Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus. We analyzed the polysaccharide mobility under applied electric field conditions and showed that active and inactive polysaccharide polymers display distinct electrokinetic properties and that all active macromolecules shared high intrinsic viscosity features. Based on these characteristics, we identified two additional antibiofilm capsular polysaccharides with high density of electrostatic charges and their permeability to fluid flow. Our study therefore provides insights into key biophysical properties discriminating active from inactive polysaccharides. This characterization of a specific electrokinetic signature for polysaccharides displaying antibiofilm activity opens new perspectives to identify or engineer non-biocidal surface-active macromolecules to control biofilm formation in medical and industrial settings.

Significance statementSome bacteria produce non-biocidal capsular polysaccharides that reduce the adhesion of bacterial pathogens to surfaces. Due to a lack of molecular and structural definition, the basis of their antiadhesion activity is unknown, thus hindering their prophylactic use for biofilm control. Here, we identified nine new active compounds and compared their composition, structure and biophysical properties with other inactive capsular polysaccharides. Despite the absence of specific molecular motif, we demonstrate that all active polysaccharides share common electrokinetic properties that distinguish them from inactive polymers. This characterization of the biophysical properties of antibiofilm bacterial polysaccharide provides key insights to engineer non-biocidal and bio-inspired surface-active compounds to control bacterial adhesion in medical and industrial settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BAYARD-BERNAL, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>THIEBAUD, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BROSSAUD, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BEAUSSART, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CAILLET, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WALDVOGEL, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TRAVIER, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LETOFFE, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FONTAINE, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ROKBI, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TALAGA, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MISTRETTA, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUVAL, J. F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial capsular polysaccharides with antibiofilm activity share common biophysical and electrokinetic properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.04.494798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Illumination of a progressive allosteric mechanism mediating the glycine receptor activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.06.04.494798v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channel mediate signal transduction at chemical synapses by transiting between resting and open states upon neurotransmitter binding. Here, we investigate the gating transition of the glycine receptor fluorescently labeled at the extracellular-transmembrane interface by voltage-clamp fluorimetry (VCF). Fluorescence reports a glycine-elicited conformational transition that precedes pore opening. Low concentrations of glycine, partial agonists or specific mixtures of glycine and strychnine trigger the full fluorescence signal while weakly activating the channel. Molecular dynamic simulations of a partial agonist bound-closed Cryo-EM structure show a highly dynamic personality: a marked structural flexibility at both the extracellular-transmembrane interface and the orthosteric site, generating docking properties that recapitulate VCF data. Data thus illuminate a progressive gating transition towards activation, displaying structural plasticity with novel implication concerning the mechanism of action of allosteric effectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peverini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerdan, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gielen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changeux, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CECCHINI, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corringer, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.04.494798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Illumination of a progressive allosteric mechanism mediating the glycine receptor activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.16.500195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and dynamic association of an assembly platform subcomplex of the bacterial type II secretion system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.16.500195v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type II secretion systems (T2SS) allow diderm bacteria to secrete hydrolytic enzymes, adhesins or toxins important for growth and virulence. In T2SS, secretion of folded proteins from the periplasm to the cell surface requires assembly of periplasmic filaments called pseudopili. Like the related type IV pili, pseudopili are polymerized in the inner membrane through addition of subunits at the filament base, mediated by the essential assembly platform (AP). To understand the structure and molecular role of the AP, we focused on its components PulL and PulM from the Klebsiella oxytoca T2SS. By combining biophysical methods, NMR and X-ray crystallography we studied the structure and associations of their periplasmic domains. We describe the first structure of the heterodimer complex formed by the PulL and PulM ferredoxin-like domains and show how their structural complementarity and plasticity favor their association during the secretion process. Cysteine scanning and cross-linking of transmembrane segments provided additional constraints to build a structural model of the PulL-PulM complex and assembly in the cellular context. Together with the relative abundance of PulL, PulM and their partners our findings suggest a model of the AP as a dynamic hub that orchestrates pseudopilus polymerization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dazzoni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Castilla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francetic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardiaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izadi-Pruneyre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.16.500195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and dynamic association of an assembly platform subcomplex of the bacterial type II secretion system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.20.500673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-binding mechanism and evolution of Replication Protein A 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.20.500673v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication Protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric single stranded DNA-binding protein with essential roles in DNA replication, recombination and repair, in both eukaryotic and archaeal cells. By using an integrative approach that combines three crystal structures, four cryo-EM structures in complex with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) of different lengths, we extensively characterized RPA from Pyrococcus abyssi in different states. These structures show two essential features conserved in eukaryotes: a trimeric core and a module that promotes cooperative binding to ssDNA, as well as a newly identified archaeal-specific domain. These structures reveal for the first time how ssDNA is handed over from one RPA complex to the other, and uncover an unanticipated mechanism of self-association on ssDNA tracts. This work constitutes a significant step forward in the molecular understanding of the structure and DNA-binding mechanism of RPA, with far-reaching implications for the evolution of this primordial replication factor in Archaea and Eukarya.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madru, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Carranza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberti, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevreuil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Meur, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flament, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuprovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legrand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauguet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-binding mechanism and evolution of Replication Protein A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.25.501378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escherichia coli membrane microdomain SPFH protein HflC interacts with YajC and contributes to aminoglycoside and oxidative stress tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.25.501378v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many eukaryotic membrane-dependent functions are often spatially and temporally regulated by membrane microdomains (FMMs) also known as lipid rafts. These domains are enriched in polyisoprenoid lipids and scaffolding proteins belonging to the Stomatin, Prohibitin, Flotillin, and HflK/C (SPFH) protein superfamily that was also identified in Gram-positive bacteria. By contrast, little is still known about FMMs in Gram-negative bacteria. In Escherichia coli K12, 4 SPFH proteins, YqiK, QmcA, HflK, and HflC, were shown to localize in discrete polar or lateral inner-membrane locations, raising the possibility that E. coli SPFH proteins could contribute to the assembly of inner-membrane FMMs and the regulation of cellular processes.

Here we studied the determinant of the localization of QmcA and HflC and showed that FMM-associated cardiolipin lipid biosynthesis is required for their native localization pattern. Using Biolog phenotypic arrays, we showed that a mutant lacking all SPFH genes displayed increased sensitivity to aminoglycosides and oxidative stress that is due to the absence of HflKC. Our study therefore provides further insights into the contribution of SPFH proteins to stress tolerance in E. coli.

IMPORTANCEEukaryotic cells often segregate physiological processes in cholesterol-rich functional membrane micro-domains. These domains are also called lipid rafts and contain proteins of the Stomatin, Prohibitin, Flotillin, and HflK/C (SPFH) superfamily, which are also present in prokaryotes but were mostly studied in Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we showed that the cell localization of the SPFH proteins QmcA and HflKC in the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli is altered in absence of cardiolipin lipid synthesis. This suggests that cardiolipins contribute to E. coli membrane microdomain assembly. Using a broad phenotypic analysis, we also showed that HflKC contribute to E. coli tolerance to aminoglycosides and oxidative stress. Our study, therefore, provides new insights into the cellular processes associated with SPFH proteins in E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wessel, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshii, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudjemaa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczesna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betton, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernal-Bayard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beloin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volker, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escherichia coli membrane microdomain SPFH protein HflC interacts with YajC and contributes to aminoglycoside and oxidative stress tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.29.501976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected higher convergence of human-great ape enteric viromes in central African forest than in a European zoo: A One Health analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.29.501976v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human-animal pathogenic transmissions threaten both human and animal health, and the processes catalyzing zoonotic spillover and spillback are complex. Prior field studies offer partial insight into these processes but overlook animal ecologies and human perceptions and practices facilitating human-animal contact. Conducted in Cameroon and a European zoo, this holistic study elucidates these processes, integrating metagenomic, historical, anthropological and great ape ecological analyses, and real-time evaluation of human-great ape contact types and frequencies. Surprisingly, we find more enteric virome sharing between Cameroonian humans and great apes than in the zoo, a virome convergence between Cameroonian humans and gorillas, and adenovirus and enterovirus taxa as most frequently shared between Cameroonian humans and great apes. In addition to physical contact from hunting, meat handling and fecal exposure, overlapping human cultivation and gorilla pillaging in forest gardens explain these unexpected findings. Our multidisciplinary study identifies environmental co-use as a complementary mechanism for viral sharing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercier-Delarue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambata, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njouom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Goff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles-Vernick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.501976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected higher convergence of human-great ape enteric viromes in central African forest than in a European zoo: A One Health analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.24.504515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arp2/3 inhibition switches Eps8's network associations to favour longer actin filament formation necessary for tunneling nanotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.24.504515v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) connect distant cells and mediate cargo transfer for intercellular communication in physiological and pathological contexts. How cells generate these actin-mediated protrusions to span lengths beyond those attainable by canonical filopodia remains unknown. Through a combination of micropatterning, microscopy and optical tweezer-based approaches, we demonstrate that TNTs forming through the outward extension of actin (not through cellular dislodgement) achieve distances greater than the mean length of filopodia, and that branched Arp2/3-dependent pathways attenuate the extent to which actin polymerizes in nanotubes, limiting TNT occurrence. Proteomic analysis using Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8 (Eps8) as a positive effector of TNTs showed that upon Arp2/3 inhibition, proteins enhancing filament turnover and depolymerization were reduced and Eps8 instead exhibited heightened interactions with the inverted Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (I-BAR) domain protein IRSp53 that provides a direct connection with linear actin polymerases. Our data reveals how common protrusion players (Eps8 and IRSp53) form TNTs, and that when competing pathways overutilizing such proteins and monomeric actin in Arp2/3 networks are inhibited, processes promoting linear actin growth dominate to favour TNT formation. Thus, this work reinforces a general principle for actin network control for cellular protrusions where simple shifts in the balance between processes that inhibit actin growth versus those that promote growth dictate protrusion formation and the ultimate length scales protrusions achieve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljubojevic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battistella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descroix, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassereau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.504515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arp2/3 inhibition switches Eps8's network associations to favour longer actin filament formation necessary for tunneling nanotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.30.505923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hemisynthetic derivatives of the natural alkaloid trilobine are fast-acting antimalarial compounds with sustained activity in multi-drug resistant P. falciparum isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.30.505923v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria eradication requires the development of new drugs to combat drug-resistant parasites. The search for new chemical scaffolds that target novel pathways of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is of highest priority. We identified bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids isolated from Cocculus hirsutus. (trilobine derivatives) as active in the nanomolar range against P. falciparum blood stages. Synthesis of a library of 94 hemi-synthetic derivatives allowed us to identify compound 84 that kills multi-drug resistant clinical isolates in the nanomolar range (median IC50 ranging from 35-88nM). Efforts were made to obtain compounds with significantly improved preclinical properties. Out of those, compound 125 delays the onset of parasitemia in P. berghei infected mice and inhibits P. falciparum transmission stages in vitro (culture assays) and in vivo using membrane feeding assay in the Anopheles stephensi vector. Compound 125 also impairs P. falciparum development in sporozoite-infected hepatocytes, in the low micromolar range. Finally, we used a chemical pull-down strategy to identify potential protein targets of this chemical family. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the parasite interactome with trilobine derivatives, identifying protein partners belonging to metabolic pathways that have not been previously targeted by antimalarial drugs or implicated in drug-resistance mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nardella, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrescu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiberge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tafit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jallet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadet-Daniel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goussin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorthiois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechalrieu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sautel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchateau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halby, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arimondo, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hemisynthetic derivatives of the natural alkaloid trilobine are fast-acting antimalarial compounds with sustained activity in multi-drug resistant P. falciparum isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.02.510513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammation drives age-induced loss of tissue resident macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.02.510513v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, or inflammageing, is a hallmark of ageing and a risk factor for both morbidity and mortality in elderly people. Resident macrophages are tissue homeostasis sentinels that are embedded in their tissue of residence since embryonic development, thus been exposed to cumulative tissue insults throughout life. Therefore, resident macrophages, among other immune cells, emerge as potential key contributors to age-associated tissue dysfunction. Contrary to what is currently postulated, we demonstrate here that the pool of embryo-derived resident macrophages exhibits an age-dependent depletion in liver, and other solid organs and that they are not replaced by Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSCs)-derived monocytes throughout life. Further, we demonstrate that gradual, cumulative inflammation during ageing induces this specific loss of tissue resident macrophages. Preserving a "youthful" density of resident macrophages attenuates classical hallmarks of liver age-associated dysfunction.

SummaryThe pool of embryo-derived resident macrophages dwindles with age in most tissues, without compensation from Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)-derived cells. This loss is not due to impaired self-renewal in old tissues but rather to increased cell death, which is driven by sustained inflammation. Attenuating inflammation sensing during ageing prevents age-induce macrophage loss and improves hallmarks of liver ageing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ade, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronilla, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsimpardi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardenne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lallemand, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Perdiguero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.02.510513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammation drives age-induced loss of tissue resident macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.04.510893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A corset of adhesions during development establishes individual neural stem cell niches and controls adult behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.04.510893v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in a defined cellular microenvironment, the niche, which supports the generation and integration of neuronal lineages. The mechanisms building a sophisticated niche structure around NSCs, and their functional relevance for neurogenesis are yet to be understood. In the Drosophila larval brain, the cortex glia (CG) encase individual NSC lineages, organizing the stem cell population and newborn neurons into a stereotypic structure. We first found that lineage information is dominant over stem cell fate. We then discovered that, in addition to timing, the balance between multiple adhesion complexes supports the individual encasing of NSC lineages. An intra-lineage adhesion through homophilic Neuroglian interactions provides strong binding between cells of a same lineage, while a weaker interaction through Neurexin-IV exists between CG to NSC lineages. Their loss leads to random, aberrant grouping of several NSC lineages together, and to altered axonal projection of newborn neurons. Further, we link the loss of these two adhesion complexes during development to locomotor hyperactivity in the resulting adults. Altogether, our findings identify a corset of adhesions building a neurogenic niche at the scale of individual stem cell and provide the proof-of-principle that mechanisms supporting niche formation during development define adult behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banach-Latapy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rincheval, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A corset of adhesions during development establishes individual neural stem cell niches and controls adult behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.13.512053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic rats after transmission from their infected owner 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.13.512053v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant from a COVID-19 symptomatic individual to two domestic rats, one of which developed severe symptoms. Omicron carries several mutations which permit rodent infection. This report demonstrates that pet, and likely wild, rodents could therefore contribute to SARS-CoV-2 spread and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montagutelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decaudin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beretta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic rats after transmission from their infected owner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.02.514931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maximizing protein production by keeping cells at optimal secretory stress levels using real-time control approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.02.514931v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The production of recombinant proteins is a problem of major industrial and pharmaceutical importance. Secretion of the protein by the host cell considerably simplifies downstream purification processes. However, it is also the limiting production step for many hard-to-secrete proteins. Current solutions involve extensive chassis engineering to favor trafficking and limit protein degradation triggered by excessive secretion-associated stress. Here, we propose instead a regulation-based strategy in which induction is dynamically adjusted based on the current stress level of the cells. Using a small collection of hard-to-secrete proteins and a bioreactor-based platform with automated cytometry measurements, we demonstrate that the regulation sweet spot is indicated by the appearance of a bimodal distribution of internal protein and of secretory stress levels, when a fraction of the cell population accumulates high amounts of proteins, decreases growth, and faces significant stress, that is, experiences a secretion burn-out. In these cells, adaptations capabilities are overwhelmed by a too strong production. With these notions, we define an optimal stress level based on physiological readouts. Then, using real-time control, we demonstrate that a strategy that keeps the stress at optimal levels increases production of a single-chain antibody by 70%.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sosa-Carrillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napolitano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertaux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maximizing protein production by keeping cells at optimal secretory stress levels using real-time control approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.14.516413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multifaceted contributions of Dicer2 to arbovirus transmission by Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.14.516413v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are an increasing threat to global health. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is considered the main antiviral immune pathway of insects, and thus represents a potential key target in the development of novel transmission-blocking strategies against arboviruses. Although the antiviral function of the siRNA pathway in Ae. aegypti is well established, its effective impact on arbovirus transmission is surprisingly poorly understood. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to create a line of Ae. aegypti in which we mutated Dicer2, a gene encoding the RNA sensor and key component of the siRNA pathway. Our Dicer2 null mutant line is viable and fertile, and only displays minor fitness defects despite being unable to produce siRNAs. The loss of Dicer2 affects early viral replication and systemic viral dissemination of four medically significant arboviruses (chikungunya, Mayaro, dengue, and Zika viruses) representing two viral families. However, measures of virus transmission potential indicate that Dicer2 null mutants and wild-type mosquitoes display an overall similar level of vector competence. Additionally, Dicer2 null mutants undergo significant virus-induced mortality during infection with chikungunya virus, but not dengue virus. Together, our results define a multifaceted role for Dicer2 in the transmission of arboviruses by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and pave the way for further mechanistic investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merkling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crist, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrion-Lacritick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gausson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidaliuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambrechts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multifaceted contributions of Dicer2 to arbovirus transmission by Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.28.518105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic bookmarking redundancy by nuclear receptors mediates robust post-mitotic reactivation of the pluripotency network. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.28.518105v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitotic bookmarking transcription factors (TFs) are thought to mediate rapid and accurate post-mitotic gene reactivation. However, the loss of individual bookmarking TFs often leads to the deregulation of only a small proportion of their mitotic targets, raising doubts on the significance and importance of their bookmarking function. Here, we used targeted proteomics of the mitotic bookmarking TF ESRRB, an orphan nuclear receptor, to discover an unexpected redundancy among members of the protein superfamily of nuclear receptors. Focusing on the nuclear receptor NR5A2, which together with ES-RRB is essential for mouse pluripotency, we demonstrate conjoint bookmarking activity of both factors on promoters and enhancers of a large fraction of active genes, particularly the most rapidly and strongly reactivated ones. Upon fast and simultaneous degradation of both factors during mitotic exit, hundreds of mitotic targets of ESRRB/NR5A2, including key players of the pluripotency network, display attenuated transcriptional reactivation. We propose that redundancy in mitotic bookmarking TFs, especially by nuclear receptors, confers robustness to the reestablishment of gene regulatory networks after mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chervova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molliex, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baymaz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopolou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hercul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Festuccia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic bookmarking redundancy by nuclear receptors mediates robust post-mitotic reactivation of the pluripotency network.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.06.519383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms regulating the pH-dependent pr/E interaction in yellow fever virus. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.06.519383v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flavivirus particles bud in the ER of infected cells as immature virions composed of 180 heterodimers of glycoproteins prM and E, associated as 60 (prM/E)3 trimeric spikes. Exposure to the mildly acidic pH of the TGN results in dissociation of the trimeric spikes followed by reassociation of the prM/E protomers into 90 dimers organized in a characteristic herringbone pattern. The furin site in prM is exposed in the dimers for maturation of prM into M and pr. For flaviviruses such as the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) as well as for dengue virus, it was shown that at neutral pH pr loses affinity for E, such that it dissociates from the mature particle as soon as it reaches the external milieu, which is at neutral pH. Using a soluble recombinant form of E (sE) and pr from yellow fever virus (YFV), we show here that the affinity of pr for recombinant E protein remains high even at neutral pH. The X-ray structure of YFV pr/sE shows more extensive inter-chain hydrogen bonding than does the dengue or TBEV, and also that it retains the charge complementarity between the interacting surfaces of the two proteins even at neutral pH. We further show that pr blocks sE flotation with liposomes when exposed at low pH at a 1:1 stoichiometry, yet in the context of the virus particle, an excess of 10:1 pr:E ratio is required to block virus/liposome fusion. In aggregate, our results show that the paradigm obtained from earlier studies of other flaviviruses does not apply to yellow fever virus, the flavivirus type species. A mechanism that does not rely solely in a change in the environmental pH is thus required for the release of pr from the mature particles upon release from infected cells. These results open up new avenues to understand the activation mechanism that yields mature, infectious YFV particles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crampon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covernton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaney, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellarole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepault, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duquerroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barba Spaeth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms regulating the pH-dependent pr/E interaction in yellow fever virus.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.08.518878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-parameter optimization in middle-down analysis of monoclonal antibodies by LC-MS/MS 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.08.518878v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In antibody-based drug research, regulatory agencies request a complete characterization of antibody proteoforms covering both the amino acid sequence and all post-translational modifications. The usual mass spectrometry-based approach to achieve this goal is bottom-up proteomics, which relies on the digestion of antibodies, but does not allow the diversity of proteoforms to be assessed. Middle-down and top-down approaches have recently emerged as attractive alternatives but are not yet mastered and thus used in routine by many analytical chemistry laboratories. The work described here aims at providing guidelines to achieve the best sequence coverage for the fragmentation of intact light and heavy chains generated from a simple reduction of intact antibodies using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Three parameters were found crucial to this aim: the use of an electron-based activation technique, the multiplex selection of precursor ions of different charge states and the combination of replicates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhenin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauriac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamot-Rooke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.518878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-parameter optimization in middle-down analysis of monoclonal antibodies by LC-MS/MS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.10.519887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quinazoline-quinoline bisubstrate inhibitors target eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.10.519887v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria drug resistance is hampering the fight against the deadliest parasitic disease affecting over 200 million people worldwide. We recently developed quinoline-quinazoline-based inhibitors (as compound 70) as promising new antimalarials. Here we aimed to investigate their mechanism of action by using Thermal Proteome Profiling (TPP). The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (EIF3i) subunit I was identified as the main target of the inhibitor in P. falciparum. This protein is not a known drug target in malaria parasites. P. falciparum parasite lines were generated expressing either a HA tag or an inducible knockdown of the PfEIF3i gene to further characterize the target protein. PfEIF3i was stabilized in presence of the compound 70 in a cellular thermal shift-western blot assay, confirming that PfEIF3i is a target of quinoline-quinazoline-based inhibitors. In addition, PfEIF3i-inducible knock-down blocks intra-erythrocytic development in the trophozoite stage indicating that it has a vital function. We show that PfEIF3i is mostly expressed in late intraerythrocytic stages and localizes in the cytoplasm. Previous mass spectrometry reports show that EIF3i is expressed in all parasite life cycle stages. Hence, quinoline-quinazoline-based inhibitors allowed to identify PfEIF3i as a valuable target for the design of new antimalarial drugs active all along the life cycle of the parasite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dobrescu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziekan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claës, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halby, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preiser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozdech, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arimondo, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardella, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.10.519887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quinazoline-quinoline bisubstrate inhibitors target eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.14.520391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of a time-independent population code in auditory cortex enables sound categorization and discrimination learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.14.520391v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The temporal structure of sensory inputs contains essential information for their interpretation by the brain1-9. Sensory systems represent these temporal cues through two codes: the temporal sequences of neuronal activity and the spatial patterns of neuronal firing rate3,7,10-20. However, it is still unknown which of these two coexisting codes causally drives sensory decisions3,10,20,21. To separate their contributions, we designed an optogenetic stimulation paradigm in the mouse auditory cortex to generate neuronal activity patterns differing exclusively along their temporal or spatial dimensions. Training mice to discriminate these patterns shows that they efficiently learn to discriminate spatial but not temporal patterns, indicating that spatial representations are necessary for sensory learning. In line with this result, we observed, based on large-scale neuronal recordings of the auditory system, that the auditory cortex is the first region in which spatial patterns efficiently represent temporal auditory cues varying over several hundred milliseconds. This feature is shared by the deep layers of neural networks trained to categorise time-varying sounds. Therefore, the emergence of a spatial code for temporal sensory cues is a necessary condition to associate temporally structured stimuli to decisions. We expect this constraint to be crucial for re-engineering perception by cortical stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bagur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarpin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergaoui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwenkgrub, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puel, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathellier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of a time-independent population code in auditory cortex enables sound categorization and discrimination learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.21.520625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exogenous chromosomes reveal how sequence composition drives chromatin assembly, activity, folding and compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.21.520625v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic sequences co-evolve with DNA-associated proteins to ensure the multiscale folding of long DNA molecules into functional chromosomes. In eukaryotes, different molecular complexes organize the chromosomes hierarchical structure, ranging from nucleosomes and cohesin- mediated DNA loops to large scale chromatin compartments. To explore the relationships between the DNA sequence composition and the spontaneous loading and activity of these DNA-associated complexes in the absence of co-evolution, we characterized chromatin assembly and activity in yeast strains carrying exogenous bacterial chromosomes that diverged from eukaryotic sequences over 1.5 billion years ago. We show that nucleosome assembly, transcriptional activity, cohesin-mediated looping, and chromatin compartmentalization can occur in a bacterial chromosome with a largely divergent sequence integrated in a eukaryotic host, and that the chromatinization of bacterial chromosomes is highly correlated with their sequence composition. These results are a step forward in understanding how foreign sequences are interpreted by a host nuclear machinery during natural horizontal gene transfers, as well as in synthetic genomics projects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chapard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meneu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serizay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routhier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bignaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourgues, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lartigue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taddei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckouet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozziconacci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.520625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exogenous chromosomes reveal how sequence composition drives chromatin assembly, activity, folding and compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.21.521537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic landscape of tunneling nanotubes reveals CD9 and CD81 tetraspanins as key regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.21.521537v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are open actin- and membrane-based channels, connecting remote cells and allowing direct transfer of cellular material (e.g. vesicles, mRNAs, protein aggregates) from cytoplasm to cytoplasm. Although they are important especially in pathological conditions (e.g., cancers, neurodegenerative diseases), their precise composition and their regulation were still poorly described. Here, using a biochemical approach allowing to separate TNTs from cell bodies and from extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs), we obtained the full composition of TNTs compared to EVPs. We then focused to two major components of our proteomic data, the CD9 and CD81 tetraspanins, and further investigated their specific roles in TNT formation and function. We show that these two tetraspanins have distinct non-redundant functions: CD9 participates in stabilizing TNTs, whereas CD81 expression is required to allow the functional transfer of vesicle in the newly formed TNTs, possibly by regulating docking to or fusion with the opposing cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Notario Manzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic landscape of tunneling nanotubes reveals CD9 and CD81 tetraspanins as key regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.26.521937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apical size and deltaA expression predict adult neural stem cell decisions along lineage progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.26.521937v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain depends on their activation frequency and division mode. We use long-term intravital imaging of NSCs in the zebrafish adult telencephalon to link activation and division mode with predictive cellular and molecular parameters. We reveal that apical surface area and expression of the Notch ligand DeltaA predict NSC activation frequency, while deltaA expression marks NSC commitment to neurogenesis. We also find that deltaA-negative NSCs constitute the bona fide self-renewing NSC pool and systematically engage in asymmetric divisions generating a self-renewing deltaAneg and a neurogenic deltaApos NSC. Finally, modulation of Notch signaling during imaging indicates that the prediction of activation frequency by apical size, and the asymmetric divisions of deltaAneg NSCs, are functionally independent of Notch. These results provide dynamic qualitative and quantitative readouts of NSC lineage progression in vivo and support a hierarchical organization of NSCs in differently fated sub-populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mancini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guirao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortica, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labusch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheysson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menant, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaurepaire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellaiche, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apical size and deltaA expression predict adult neural stem cell decisions along lineage progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.03.522595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An original potentiating mechanism revealed by the cryoEM structures of the human α7 nicotinic receptor in complex with nanobodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.03.522595v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human 7 nicotinic receptor is a pentameric channel mediating cellular and neuronal communication. It has attracted considerable interest to design ligands for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. To develop a novel class of 7 ligands, we recently generated two nanobodies named E3 and C4 acting as positive and silent allosteric modulators respectively. Here, we solved the cryo-EM structures of the nanobody-receptor complexes. E3 and C4 bind to a common epitope involving two subunits at the apex of the receptor. They form by themselves a symmetric pentameric assembly that extends the extracellular domain. Unlike C4, the binding of E3 drives an active or desensitized conformation in the absence of orthosteric agonist, and mutational analysis shows a key contribution of a N-linked sugar moiety in mediating E3 potentiation. The nanobody E3, by remotely controlling the global allosteric conformation of the receptor, implements an original mechanism of regulation which opens new avenues for drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prevost, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barilone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejean de la Batie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayme, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gielen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bontems, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehau-Arnaudet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maskos, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corringer, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An original potentiating mechanism revealed by the cryoEM structures of the human α7 nicotinic receptor in complex with nanobodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.09.523210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomic diversity of Taiwanese Austronesian groups: implications for the "Into and Out of Taiwan" models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.09.523210v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin and dispersal of the Austronesian language family, one of the largest and most widespread in the world, have long attracted the attention of linguists, archaeologists, and geneticists. Even though there is a growing consensus that Taiwan is the source of the spread of Austronesian languages, little is known about the migration patterns of the early Austronesians who settled in and left Taiwan, i.e., the "Into-Taiwan" and "Out-of-Taiwan" events. In particular, the genetic diversity/structure within Taiwan and how this relates to the Into/Out-of-Taiwan events is largely unexplored, because most genomic studies have largely utilized data from just two of the 16 recognized highland Austronesian groups in Taiwan. In this study, we generated the largest genome-wide dataset for Taiwanese Austronesians to date, including six highland groups and one lowland group from across the island, and two Taiwanese Han groups. We identified fine scale genomic structure in Taiwan, inferred the ancestry profile of the ancestors of Austronesians, and found that the southern Taiwanese Austronesians show excess genetic affinities toward the Austronesians outside of Taiwan. Our findings thus shed new light on the Into and Out-of-Taiwan dispersals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A. M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneking, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomic diversity of Taiwanese Austronesian groups: implications for the "Into and Out of Taiwan" models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.12.523269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast 2-photon stimulation using holographic patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.12.523269v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two decades after its introduction, optogenetics - a biological technique to control the activity of neurons or other cell types with light - remains a cutting edge and promising tool to study biological processes. Its increasing usage in research varies widely from causally exploring biological mechanisms and neural computations, to neurostimulation and sensory restauration. To stimulate neurons in the brain, a variety of approaches have been developed to generate precise spatiotemporal light patterns. Yet certain constrains still exists in the current optical techniques to activate a neuronal population with both cellular resolution and millisecond precision. Here, we describe an experimental setup allowing to stimulate a few tens of neurons in a plane at sub-millisecond rates using 2-photon activation. A liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCoS-SLM) was used to generate spatial patterns in 2 dimensions. The image of the patterns was formed on the plane of a digital micromirror device (DMD) that was used as a fast temporal modulator of each region of interest. Using fluorescent microscopy and patch-clamp recording of neurons in culture expressing the light-gated ion channels, we characterized the temporal and spatial resolution of the microscope. We described the advantages of combining the LCoS-SLM with the DMD to maximize the temporal precision, modulate the illumination amplitude, and reduce background activation. Finally, we showed that this approach can be extended to patterns in 3 dimensions. We concluded that the methodology is well suited to address important questions about the role of temporal information in neuronal coding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubetzki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moutoussamy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barral, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast 2-photon stimulation using holographic patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.23.525169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Basolateral amygdala circuits supporting negative emotional bias in a mouse model for depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.23.525169v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Negative emotional bias is an essential hallmark of depression reflected by negative shift in hedonic valence assignment to emotional stimuli. Pleasant cues become less attractive and unpleasant ones more aversive. Given the crucial role of amygdala in valence coding, we hypothesize that specific basolateral amygdala (BLA) circuits alterations might support negative emotional bias associated with depressive states.

Using a translational assay, we evaluate odor valence assignment in an animal model for depression chronically administered by corticosterone (CORT). We show spontaneous negative bias in depressive-like mice that attribute more negative valences for both attractive and aversive odors, mimicking thus the bias observed in depressed bipolar patients.

Combining CTB and rabies-based tracing with ex vivo measurements of neuronal activity and chemogenetics experiments, we find that the CORT treatment reduces BLA-to-nucleus accumbens (NAc) neuronal activity and increases BLA-to-central amygdala activity, circuits respectively known to be involved in positive and negative valence encoding. Alterations in presynaptic connectivity of BLA-projecting neurons accompany these activity shifts. Interestingly, inputs from the paraventricular thalamus nucleus (PVT) towards BLA-to-NAc neurons are reduced in CORT-treated mice. Finally, chemogenetically activating the BLA-to-NAc circuit attenuates the negative bias in CORT-treated mice as well as the depressive-like phenotype, similarly than Fluoxetine antidepressant treatment. Altogether, we demonstrate that depressive states are associated with negative emotional bias both in human and mice. This bias is supported by activity shifts of specific BLA circuits along with durable presynaptic connectivity changes, but it could be alleviated by antidepressant drug or activity manipulation of altered BLA circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bigot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Badts, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benchetrit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicq, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moigneu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyrel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houenou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lledo, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ALONSO, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Basolateral amygdala circuits supporting negative emotional bias in a mouse model for depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.02.526825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paired single-cell multi-omics data integration with Mowgli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.02.526825v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The profiling of multiple molecular layers from the same set of cells has recently become possible. There is thus a growing need for multi-view learning methods able to jointly analyze these data. We here present Multi-Omics Wasserstein inteGrative anaLysIs (Mowgli), a novel method for the integration of paired multi-omics data with any type and number of omics. Of note, Mowgli combines integrative Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) and Optimal Transport (OT), enhancing at the same time the clustering performance and interpretability of integrative NMF. We apply Mowgli to multiple paired single-cell multi-omics data profiled with 10X Multiome, CITE-seq and TEA-seq. Our in depth benchmark demonstrates that Mowglis performance is competitive with the state-of-the-art in cell clustering and superior to the state-of-the-art once considering biological interpretability. Mowgli is implemented as a Python package seamlessly integrated within the scverse ecosystem and it is available at http://github.com/cantinilab/mowgli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huizing, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschmann, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paired single-cell multi-omics data integration with Mowgli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.16.528845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeXtrusion: Automatic recognition of epithelial cell extrusion through machine learning in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.16.528845v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cell death is highly prevalent during development and in adult tissues. It plays an essential role in the regulation of tissue size, shape, and turnover. Cell elimination relies on the concerted remodelling of cell junctions, so-called cell extrusion, which allows the seamless expulsion of dying cells. The dissection of the regulatory mechanism giving rise to a certain number and pattern of cell death was so far limited by our capacity to generate high-throughput quantitative data on cell death/extrusion number and distribution in various perturbed backgrounds. Indeed, quantitative studies of cell death rely so far on manual detection of cell extrusion events or through tedious systematic error-free segmentation and cell tracking. Recently, deep learning was used to automatically detect cell death and cell division in cell culture mostly using transmission light microscopy. However, so far, no method was developed for fluorescent images and confocal microscopy, which constitute most datasets in embryonic epithelia. Here, we devised DeXtrusion, a pipeline for automatic detection of cell extrusion/cell death events in larges movies of epithelia marked with cell contour and based on recurrent neural networks. The pipeline, initially trained on large movies of the Drosophila pupal notum marked with fluorescent E-cadherin, is easily trainable, provides fast and accurate extrusion/cell death predictions in a large range of imaging conditions, and can also detect other cellular events such as cell division or cell differentiation. It also performs well on other epithelial tissues with markers of cell junctions with reasonable retraining.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villars, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letort, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeXtrusion: Automatic recognition of epithelial cell extrusion through machine learning in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.22.529510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast Identification of Optimal Monotonic Classifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.22.529510v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationBivariate monotonic classifiers (BMCs) are based on pairs of input features. Like many other models used for machine learning, they can capture non-linear patterns in high-dimensional data. At the same time, they are simple and easy to interpret. Until now, the use of BMCs on a genome scale was hampered by the high computational complexity of the search for pairs of features with a high leave-one-out performance estimate.

ResultsWe introduce the fastBMC algorithm, which drastically speeds up the identification of BMCs. The algorithm is based on a mathematical bound for the BMC performance estimate while maintaining optimality. We show empirically that fastBMC speeds up the computation by a factor of at least 15 already for a small number of features, compared to the traditional approach. For two of the three clinical datasets that we consider here, the resulting possibility of considering much larger sets of features translates into significantly improved classification performance. As an example for the high degree of interpretability of BMCs, we discuss a straightforward interpretation of a BMC glioblastoma survival predictor, an immediate novel biomedical hypothesis, options for biomedical validation, and treatment implications.

ConclusionsfastBMC enables the rapid construction of robust and interpretable ensemble models using BMC, facilitating the discovery of interesting gene pairs and their contributions to the underlying biology.

AvailabilityWe provide the first open-source implementation for learning BMCs, and an implementation of fastBMC in particular, all in Python, at https://github.com/oceanefrqt/fastBMC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fourquet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krejca, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwikowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast Identification of Optimal Monotonic Classifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.24.529859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neisseria leonis sp. nov. isolated from rabbits, reclassification of Uruburuella suis, Uruburuella testudinis, Kingella potus, Bergeriella denitrificans and Morococcus cerebrosus into Neisseria genus and reclassification of Neisseria shayeganii into Eikenella genus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.24.529859v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome sequence-based identification of two strains (3986T and 51.81) isolated from rabbits in France in 1972 and 1981 and deposited in the Collection of Institut Pasteur (CIP) has led to the description of a novel species in the genus Neisseria. The cells of both strains were non-motile, Gram-stain-negative and diplococcobacilli. Optimal growth on trypticase soy agar was recorded at 37{degrees}C and pH 8.5 in aerobic conditions. Phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene placed the strains close to Neisseria bacilliformis ATCC BAA-1200T (96.38%) nesting with the members of Neisseriaceae family. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis based on bac120 gene set from the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) placed both strains within the monophyletic Neisseria clade, which also included type strains of Morococcus cerebrosus, Bergeriella denitrificans, Kingella potus, Uruburuella suis and Uruburuella testudinis. However, Neisseria shayeganii strain 871T was placed outside Neisseria clade and close to the members of Eikenella genus. Strains 3986T and 51.81 were placed in a branch distinct from all species of the genus Neisseria and exhibited the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values below the species demarcation values. In contrast, ANI value within the two strains was 96.9% confirming that they represent same species. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 3986T was 56.92%. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic data, the strains 3986T and 51.81 represent a novel species of the genus Neisseria, for which the name Neisseria leonis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain 3986T = CIP 109994T = LMG 32907T). Additionally, based on phylogenetic analysis, DUS dialect and average amino acid identity (AAI) values, we also proposed the reclassification of Morococcus cerebrosus, Bergeriella denitrificans, Kingella potus, Uruburuella suis and Uruburuella testudinis into Neisseria genus and Neisseria shayeganii into Eikenella genus.

Author NotesThe GenBank accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strains 3986T and 51.81 are respectively OQ121838.1 and OQ428162.1. The draft genome sequences have been deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers JAPQFK000000000 (strain 3986T) and JAPQFL000000000 (strain 51.81).

Further explanations mentioned in the article as well as 7 supplementary tables and 7 supplementary figures are available with the online version of this article.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boutroux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favre-Rochex, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgette, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesneau, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clermont, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neisseria leonis sp. nov. isolated from rabbits, reclassification of Uruburuella suis, Uruburuella testudinis, Kingella potus, Bergeriella denitrificans and Morococcus cerebrosus into Neisseria genus and reclassification of Neisseria shayeganii into Eikenella genus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.528078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific subcellular localization drives the different functions of CDC42 isoforms during migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.528078v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small G-protein CDC42 is an evolutionary conserved polarity protein and a key regulator of numerous polarized cell functions, including directed cell migration. In vertebrates, alternative splicing gives rise to two CDC42 proteins: the ubiquitously expressed isoform (CDC42u) and the brain isoform (CDC42b), whose specific roles are not fully elucidated. The two isoforms only differ in their carboxy-terminal sequence, which includes the CAAX motif essential for CDC42 interaction with membrane. Here we show that these divergent sequences do not directly affect the range of CDC42s potential binding partners, but indirectly influence CDC42-driven signaling by controlling the specific subcellular localization of the two isoforms. In astrocytes and neural precursors, which naturally express both variants, CDC42u is mainly cytosolic and associates with the leading-edge plasma membrane of migrating cells where it recruits the Par6-PKC{zeta} complex to fulfill its polarity function. In contrast, CDC42b mainly localizes to intracellular membrane compartments, where it interacts with N-WASP. CDC42b does not participate in cell polarization but embodies the major isoform regulating endocytosis. Both CDC42 isoforms act in concert by contributing their specific functions to promote chemotaxis of neural precursors, demonstrating that the expression pattern of the two isoforms is decisive for the tissue-specific behavior of cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeda, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.528078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific subcellular localization drives the different functions of CDC42 isoforms during migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative single-cell transcriptomics clarifies adult neurogenesis and macroglia evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530203v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroglia fulfill essential functions in the adult vertebrate brain, producing and maintaining neurons and regulating neuronal communication. However, we still know little about their emergence and diversification. We used the zebrafish D. rerio as a distant vertebrate model with moderate glial diversity as anchor to reanalyze datasets covering over 600 million years of evolution. We identify core features of adult neurogenesis and innovations in the mammalian lineage with a potential link to the rarity of radial glia-like cells in adult humans. Our results also suggest that functions associated with astrocytes originated in a multifunctional cell type fulfilling both neural stem cell and astrocytic functions before these diverged. Finally, we identify conserved elements of macroglial cell identity and function and their time of emergence during evolution.

One-Sentence SummaryRadial glia of the adult zebrafish forebrain associate transcriptomic features of adult neural stem cells and astrocytes
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morizet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foucher, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alunni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative single-cell transcriptomics clarifies adult neurogenesis and macroglia evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.08.531654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring single-cell susceptibility to antibiotics within monoclonal bacterial populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.08.531654v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, it is critical to understand the heterogeneity of response to an antibiotic within a population of cells. Since the drug can exert a selection pressure that leads to the emergence of resistant phenotypes. To date, neither bulk nor single-cell methods are able to link the heterogeneity of single-cell susceptibility to the population-scale response to antibiotics. Here we present a platform that measures the ability of individual E. coli cells to form small colonies at different ciprofloxacin concentrations, by using anchored microfluidic drops and an image and data analysis pipelines. The microfluidic results are benchmarked against classical microbiology measurements of antibiotic susceptibility, showing an agreement between the pooled microfluidic chip and replated bulk measurements. Further, the experimental likelihood of a single cell to form a colony is used to provide a probabilistic antibiotic susceptibility curve. In addition to the probabilistic viewpoint, the microfluidic format enables the characterization of morphological features over time for a large number of individual cells. This pipeline can be used to compare the response of different bacterial strains to antibiotics with different action mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Quellec, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aristov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitierrez Ramos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amselem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharoglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring single-cell susceptibility to antibiotics within monoclonal bacterial populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.10.532049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extraocular muscle stem cells exhibit distinct cellular properties associated with non-muscle molecular signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.10.532049v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The muscle stem cell (MuSC) population is recognized as functionally heterogeneous. Cranial muscle stem cells, which originate from head mesoderm, can have greater proliferative capacity in culture and higher regenerative potential in transplantation assays when compared to those in the limb. The existence of such functional differences in phenotypic outputs remain unresolved as a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms is lacking. We addressed this issue using a combination of clonal analysis, live imaging, and scRNA-seq, identifying critical biological features that distinguish extraocular (EOM) and limb (Tibialis anterior, TA) MuSC populations. Time-lapse studies using a MyogenintdTomatoreporter showed that the increased proliferation capacity of EOM MuSCs is accompanied by a differentiation delay in vitro. Unexpectedly, in vitro activated EOM MuSCs expressed a large array of distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) components, growth factors, and signaling molecules that are typically associated with mesenchymal non-muscle cells. These unique features are regulated by a specific set of transcription factors that constitute a coregulating module. This transcription factor network, which includes Foxc1 as one of the major players, appears to be hardwired to EOM identity as it is present in quiescent adult MuSCs, in the activated counterparts during growth and retained upon passages in vitro. These findings provide insights into how high-performing MuSCs regulate myogenic commitment by active remodeling of their local environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Girolamo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benavente-Diaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Lopes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gioftsidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.532049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extraocular muscle stem cells exhibit distinct cellular properties associated with non-muscle molecular signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.11.532206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hsc70-4 mediates internalization of environmental dsRNA at the surface of Drosophila S2 cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.11.532206v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The siRNA pathway is the primary antiviral defense mechanism in invertebrates and plants. The systemic nature of this defense mechanism is one of its more fascinating characteristics and the recognition and transport of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of viral origin is required for the systemic activity of the siRNA pathway. Indeed, cellular internalization of dsRNA from the environment is a widespread phenomenon among insects. Here we aimed to identify cell surface proteins that bind to extracellular dsRNA and mediate its internalization. To this end, we developed a novel co-immunoprecipitation protocol that we followed with proteomics analysis. Among the hits from our screens was Hsc70-4, a constitutively expressed member of the heat shock protein family that has been implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We found that silencing Hsc70-4 impaired dsRNA internalization. Surprisingly, despite lacking a predicted transmembrane domain, Hsc70-4 localizes to the cell membrane and this localization was preserved when Hsc70-4 was expressed in mammalian cells, suggesting a conserved role at the cell surface. Furthermore, Hsc70-4 shows a previously undescribed dsRNA-specific binding capacity. Our results show that Hsc70-4 is a key element of the dsRNA internalization process and its detailed study may facilitate the development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based technologies for pest and vector borne disease control.

ImportanceTo protect plants from pathogens or pests, the technology of "Host-induced gene silencing" has emerged as a powerful alternative to chemical treatments. This is an RNAi-based technology where small RNAs made in the plant silence the genes of the pests or pathogens that attack the plant. The small RNAs are generally derived from dsRNA expressed in transgenic plants. Alternatively, dsRNA can be sprayed onto the plant surface, where it can be taken up into the plant or ingested by pests. We have identified a cell surface protein that mediates the early steps of extracellular dsRNA internalization in insect cells. This could facilitate the development of new strategies for pest management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tome-Poderti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.11.532206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hsc70-4 mediates internalization of environmental dsRNA at the surface of Drosophila S2 cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.14.530991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-chain mono-carboxylates as negative allosteric modulators of GLIC, and impact of a pre-β5 strand (Loop {Omega}) double mutation on crotonate, not butyrate effect. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.14.530991v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial model GLIC remains one of the best known among pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs), regarding their structure. GLIC is activated at low extracellular pH, but no agonist compound is known. Van Renterghem et al. (2023) showed that short-chain di-carboxylates potentiate GLIC activity, with strict dependence on two carboxylate binding pockets, previously characterized by crystallography (Sauguet et al., 2013, Fourati et al., 2015, 2020). An "in series" model was proposed, with compound binding at the inter-subunit pocket [homologous to the pLGICs orthotopic neutotransmitter binding site], and with involvement of the intra-subunit (or vestibular) pocket in coupling binding to gating.

Here we characterize saturated, mono-carboxylates as negative modulators of GLIC, as previously shown for crotonate (Alqazzaz et al., 2016). Butyrate and crotonate have indistinguishable properties regarding negative modulation of WT GLIC. However, a double mutation in the pre-{beta}5 strand (Loop {Omega}) converts crotonate, as well as caffeate, but not butyrate, into positive modulators. We perform a mutational analysis of residue dependency in the two pockets, with the pre-{beta}5 strand either intact or mutated. We propose that positive modulation requires stringent conditions, with integrity of both pockets, whereas negative modulation is less labile. The vestibular pocket may be involved as an accessory binding site leading to negative, but not positive modulation. We propose that the pre-{beta}5 strand is involved in ligand-elicited modulation of GLIC gating, not in pHo-controlled gating. Possible involvement in Eukaryote pLGICs of regions corresponding to the vestibular pocket and the pre-{beta}5 strand/Loop {Omega} is discussed.

Key points summaryO_LIUsing the bacterial proton-activated receptor-channel GLIC, we identify a locus in the pre-{beta}5 strand (Loop {Omega}) whose mutation inverses the effect of the mono-carboxylate crotonate from negative to positive modulation of the allosteric transitions, suggesting an involvement of the pre-{beta}5 strand in coupling the extracellular orthotopic receptor to pore gating in this pentameric ligand-gated ion channel.
C_LIO_LIAs an extension to the previously proposed "in series" mechanism, we suggest that a orthotopic/orthosteric site - vestibular site - Loop {Omega} - {beta}5-{beta}6 "sandwich" - Pro-Loop/Cys-Loop series may be an essential component of orthotopic/orthosteric compound-elicited gating control in this pentameric ligand-gated ion channel, on top of which compounds targeting the vestibular site may provide modulation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Renterghem, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemecz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medjebeur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corringer, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.530991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-chain mono-carboxylates as negative allosteric modulators of GLIC, and impact of a pre-β5 strand (Loop {Omega}) double mutation on crotonate, not butyrate effect.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.21.533609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RBPome of influenza A virus mRNA reveals a role for TDP-43 in viral replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.21.533609v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent technical advances have significantly improved our understanding of the RNA-binding protein (RBP) repertoire present within eukaryotic cells, with a particular focus on the RBPs that interact with cellular polyadenylated mRNAs. However, recent studies utilising the same technologies have begun to tease apart the RBP interactome of viral mRNAs, notably SARS-CoV-2, revealing both similarities and differences between the RBP profiles of viral and cellular mRNAs. Herein, we comprehensively identified the RBPs that associate with the NP mRNA of an influenza A virus. Moreover, we provide evidence that the viral polymerase is essential for the recruitment of RPBs to viral mRNAs through direct polymerase-RBP interactions during transcription. We show that loss of TDP-43, which associates with the viral mRNAs, results in lower levels of viral mRNAs within infected cells, and a decreased yield of infectious viral particles. Overall, our results uncover an important role for TDP-43 in the influenza A virus replication cycle via a direct interaction with viral mRNAs, and point to a role of the viral polymerase in orchestrating the assembly of viral mRNPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupont, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krischuns, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brault, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Perri, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentze, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naffakh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RBPome of influenza A virus mRNA reveals a role for TDP-43 in viral replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.24.538083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RavA-ViaA links Vibrio cholerae Cpx and Zra2 envelope stress to antibiotic response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.24.538083v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RavA-ViaA were reported to play a role in aminoglycoside sensitivity but the mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we performed competition and survival experiments to confirm that deletion of ravA-viaA increases tolerance of the Gram-negative pathogen Vibrio cholerae to low and high aminoglycoside concentrations, during aerobic growth. Using high throughput strategies in this species, we identify Cpx and Zra2 two-component systems as new partners of RavA-ViaA. We show that the aminoglycoside tolerance of{Delta} ravvia requires the presence of these membrane stress sensing two-component systems. We propose that deletion of the RavA-ViaA function facilitates the response aminoglycosides because of a pre-activated state of Cpx and Zra2 membrane stress response systems. We also find an impact of these genes on polymyxin B sensitivity and vancomycin resistance, and we show that simultaneous inactivation of ravvia function together with envelope stress response systems leads to outer membrane permeabilization. Vancomycin is mostly used for Gram-positive because of its low efficiency for crossing the Gram-negative outer membrane. Targeting of the ravA-viaA operon for inactivation could be a future strategy to allow uptake of vancomycin into multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babosan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharoglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RavA-ViaA links Vibrio cholerae Cpx and Zra2 envelope stress to antibiotic response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.26.538374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mtfp1 ablation enhances mitochondrial respiration and protects against hepatic steatosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.26.538374v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatic steatosis is the result of an imbalance between nutrient delivery and metabolism in the liver. It is the first hallmark of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is characterized by the accumulation of excess lipids in the liver that can drive liver failure, inflammation, and cancer. Mitochondria control the fate and function of cells and compelling evidence implicates these multifunctional organelles in the appearance and progression of liver dysfunction, although it remains to be elucidated which specific mitochondrial functions are actually causally linked to NAFLD. Here, we identified Mitochondrial Fission Process 1 protein (MTFP1) as a key regulator of mitochondrial and metabolic activity in the liver. Deletion of Mtfp1 in hepatocytes is physiologically benign in mice yet leads to the upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity and mitochondrial respiration, independently of mitochondrial biogenesis. Consequently, hepatocyte-specific knockout mice are protected against high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysregulation. Additionally, we find that deletion of Mtfp1 in liver mitochondria inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in hepatocytes, conferring protection against apoptotic liver damage in vivo and ex vivo. Our work uncovers novel functions of MTFP1 in the liver, positioning this gene as an unexpected regulator of OXPHOS and a therapeutic candidate for NAFLD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patitucci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Camacho, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vimont, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Giainetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazanyy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroud, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hock, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnarumma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mtfp1 ablation enhances mitochondrial respiration and protects against hepatic steatosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.10.540183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of in-patient evolution of Escherichia coli reveals potential links to relapse of bone and joint infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.10.540183v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone and joint infections (BJIs) are difficult to treat and affect a growing number of patients, in which relapses are observed in 10-20% of the case. These relapses, which call for prolonged antibiotic treatment and increase the risk of emergence of resistance, may originate from ill understood adaptation of the pathogen to the host. Here, we studied three pairs of Escherichia coli strains corresponding to three cases of BJIs and their relapse to better understand in-patient adaptation.

Whole genome comparison presented evidence for positive selection with prevalence of non-synonymous and loss of function mutations. Phenotypic characterization showed that biofilm formation capacity was not modified, contrary to what is usually described in such relapse cases. Although virulence was not modified, we identified the loss of two virulence factors (namely an AFA afimbrial adhesin and a YadA-like adhesin) contributing to immune system evasion in one of the studied relapse strain. Other selected strategies likely helped the relapse strains to outcompete competitors through global growth optimization and colicin production. This work highlights the variety of strategies allowing in-patient adaptation in BJIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thiriet Rupert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Pascual, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebeaux, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beloin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of in-patient evolution of Escherichia coli reveals potential links to relapse of bone and joint infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Torsion of the heart tube by shortage of progenitor cells : identification of Greb1l as a genetic determinant of criss-cross heart in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540418v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their burden and impact, most congenital defects remain poorly understood by lack of knowledge of the embryological mechanisms. Here, we identify Greb1l mutants as the first mouse model of criss-cross heart. Based on 3D quantifications of shape changes, we demonstrate that torsion of the atrioventricular canal occurs together with supero-inferior ventricles at E10.5, after heart looping. Mutants phenocopy specific features of partial deficiency in retinoic acid signalling, suggesting that GREB1L is a novel modulator of this signalling. Spatio-temporal gene mapping and cross-correlated transcriptomic analyses further reveal the role of Greb1l in maintaining a pool of precursor cells during heart tube elongation, by controlling ribosome biogenesis and cell differentiation. Growth arrest and malposition of the outflow tract are predictive of abnormal tube remodelling in mutants. Our work on a rare cardiac malformation opens novel perspectives on the origin of a broader spectrum of congenital defects associated with GREB1L in humans.

HighlightsO_LIGreb1l inactivation is the first model of criss-cross heart
C_LIO_LIGrowth arrest of the outflow tract and reduced pole distance are predictive of the torsion of the atrioventricular canal, and also account for associated defects of supero-inferior ventricles and malposition of the great vessels
C_LIO_LIVentricle position needs to be maintained after heart looping
C_LIO_LIGREB1L, which is associated in humans with a spectrum of congenital defects, is required to maintain precursor cells, by promoting ribosome biogenesis and restricting cell differentiation.
C_LIO_LIGREB1L is a novel factor involved in retinoic acid signalling.
C_LI

In BriefGREB1L is associated with a spectrum of congenital defects in humans. Bernheim et al now uncover its function in maintaining a reservoir of precursor cells. Inactivation of Greb1l in the mouse impairs the elongation of the heart tube leading to criss-cross heart with supero-inferior ventricles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Garrec, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perthame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desgrange, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krezel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houyel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meilhac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Torsion of the heart tube by shortage of progenitor cells : identification of Greb1l as a genetic determinant of criss-cross heart in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.25.542267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparative genomics approach reveals a local genetic signature of Leishmania tropica in Morocco 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.25.542267v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Morocco, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania (L.) tropica is an important health problem. Despite its high incidence in the country, the genomic heterogeneity of these parasites is still incompletely understood. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of 14 Moroccan isolates of L. tropica collected from confirmed cases of CL to investigate their genomic heterogeneity. Comparative genomics analyses were conducted by applying the recently established Genome Instability Pipeline (GIP), which allowed us to conduct phylogenomic and PCA analyses, and to assess genomic variations at the levels of the karyotype, gene copy number, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The results identified a core group of 12 isolates that were genetically highly related but evolutionarily distant to the reference genome as judged by the presence of over 100,000 SNPs, 75% of which were shared inside this core group. In addition, we identified two highly divergent strains, M3015 and Ltr_16, that were phylogenetically distinct between each other as well as to the core group and the reference genome. Read-depth analysis revealed important karyotypic variations across all isolates and uncovered important differences in gene copy number between the isolates of the core group and the L. tropica reference genome, as well as between the core group and M3015. In conclusion, our NGS results suggest the presence of a local SNP signature that distinguishes Moroccan L. tropica from other endemic regions and from the reference genome. These results pave the way for future research with a larger number of strains that will allow to correlate diverse phenotypes (resistance to treatments, virulence) and origins (geography, host species, year of isolation) to defined genomic signals that may represent interesting biomarker candidates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talimi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daoui, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussotti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhaidi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleuze, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fissoune, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemrani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparative genomics approach reveals a local genetic signature of Leishmania tropica in Morocco]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.02.542089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Construction and representation of human pangenome graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.02.542089v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a single reference genome cannot possibly represent all the variation present across human individuals, pangenome graphs have been introduced to incorporate population diversity within a wide range of genomic analyses. Several data structures have been proposed for representing collections of genomes as pangenomes, in particular graphs. In this work we collect all publicly available high-quality human haplotypes and constructed the largest human pangenome graphs to date, incorporating 52 individuals in addition to two synthetic references (CHM13 and GRCh38). We build variation graphs and de Bruijn graphs of this collection using five of the state-of-the-art tools: Bifrost, mdbg, Minigraph, Minigraph-Cactus and pggb. We examine differences in the way each of these tools represents variations between input sequences, both in terms of overall graph structure and representation of specific genetic loci. This work sheds light on key differences between pangenome graph representations, informing end-users on how to select the most appropriate graph type for their application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreace, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufresne, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.542089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Construction and representation of human pangenome graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.09.543828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms reconstruction from single-cell multi-omics data with HuMMuS 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.09.543828v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular identity of a cell results from a complex interplay between heterogeneous molecular layers. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing technologies have opened the possibility to measure such molecular layers of regulation.

Here, we present HuMMuS, a new method for inferring regulatory mechanisms from single-cell multi-omics data. Differently from the state-of-the-art, HuMMuS captures cooperation between biological macromolecules and can easily include additional layers of molecular regulation.

We benchmarked HuMMuS with respect to the state-of-the-art on both paired and unpaired multi-omics datasets. Our results proved the improvements provided by HuMMus in terms of TF targets, TF binding motifs and regulatory regions prediction. Finally, once applied to snmC-seq, scATAC-seq and scRNA-seq data from mouse brain cortex, HuMMuS enabled to accurately cluster scRNA profiles and to identify potential driver TFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trimbour, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschmann, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.543828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms reconstruction from single-cell multi-omics data with HuMMuS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.27.546518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic risk score prediction accuracy convergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.27.546518v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) trained from genome-wide association study (GWAS) results are set to play a pivotal role in biomedical research addressing multifactorial human diseases. The prospect of using these risk scores in clinical care and public health is generating both enthusiasm and controversy, with varying opinions about strengths and limitations across experts1. The performances of existing polygenic scores are still limited, and although it is expected to improve with increasing sample size of GWAS and the development of new powerful methods, it remains unclear how much prediction can be ultimately achieved. Here, we conducted a retrospective analysis to assess the progress in PRS prediction accuracy since the publication of the first large-scale GWASs using six common human diseases with sufficient GWAS data. We show that while PRS accuracy has grown rapidly for years, the improvement pace from recent GWAS has decreased substantially, suggesting that further increasing GWAS sample size may translate into very modest risk discrimination improvement. We next investigated the factors influencing the maximum achievable prediction using recently released whole genome-sequencing data from 125K UK Biobank participants, and state-of-the-art modeling of polygenic outcomes. Our analyses point toward increasing the variant coverage of PRS, using either more imputed variants or sequencing data, as a key component for future improvement in prediction accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henches, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinacci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albinana, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boetto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frouin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auvergne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djebali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaneau, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilhjalmsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prive, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic risk score prediction accuracy convergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.03.547584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial confinement of Trypanosoma brucei in microfluidic traps provides a new tool to study free swimming parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.03.547584v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis and is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.). All stages of this extracellular parasite possess a single flagellum that is attached to the cell body and confers a high degree of motility. While several stages are amenable to culture in vitro, longitudinal high-resolution imaging of free-swimming parasites has been challenging, mostly due to the rapid flagellar beating that permanently twists the cell body. Here, using microfabrication, we generated various microfluidic devices with traps of different geometrical properties. Investigation of trap topology allowed us to define the one most suitable for single T. brucei confinement within the field of view of an inverted microscope while allowing the parasite to remain motile. Chips populated with V-shaped traps allowed us to investigate various phenomena in cultured procyclic stage wild-type parasites, and to compare them with parasites whose motility was altered upon knockdown of a paraflagellar rod component. Among the properties that we investigated were trap invasion, exploratory behaviour, and the visualization of organelles labelled with fluorescent dyes. We envisage that this "Tryp-Chip" will be a useful tool for the scientific community, as it could allow high-throughput, high-temporal and high-spatial resolution imaging of free-swimming T. brucei parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Niz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frachon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial confinement of Trypanosoma brucei in microfluidic traps provides a new tool to study free swimming parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.17.549272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-dimensional spectral cytometry panels for whole blood immune phenotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.17.549272v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The need to understand the mechanisms and pathways of immune responses in pathogenic conditions such as cancer and autoimmunity requires awareness of natural immune variability in healthy subjects. To this end, various systems immunology studies have been established. Among them, the Milieu Interieur (MI) study was established to define the boundaries of a healthy immune response and identify determinants of immune response variation. MI used immunophenotyping of a 1000 healthy donor cohort by flow cytometry as a principal outcome for immune variance at steady state. For the 10-year longitudinal MI study, we have developed two high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry panels that allow deep characterization of innate and adaptive whole blood immune cells (35 and 34 fluorescent markers, respectively) and standardized the protocol for sample handling, staining, acquisition, and data analysis. This permits the reproducible quantification of over 182 immune cell phenotypes through robust immunophenotyping at a single site. This highly standardized protocol was applied to samples from patients with autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. It is currently used for characterization of the impact of age and environmental factors on peripheral blood immune phenotypes of >400 donors from the initial MI cohort.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dott, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ait Mansour, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doisne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huetz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jönsson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Commere, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Santo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milieu Interieur Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-dimensional spectral cytometry panels for whole blood immune phenotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.19.549712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of the active mechanism of aminoglycoside entry in V. cholerae through characterization of sRNA ctrR, regulating carbohydrate utilization and transport. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.19.549712v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The possible active entry of aminoglycosides in bacterial cells has been debated since the development of this antibiotic family. Here we report the identification of their active transport mechanism in Vibrio species. We combined genome-wide transcriptional analysis and fitness screens to identify alterations driven by treatment of V. cholerae with sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of the aminoglycoside tobramycin. RNA-seq data showed downregulation of the small non-coding RNA ncRNA586 during such treatment, while Tn-seq revealed that inactivation of this sRNA was associated with improved fitness in the presence of tobramycin. This sRNA is located near sugar transport genes and previous work on a homologous region in Vibrio tasmaniensis suggested that this sRNA stabilizes gene transcripts for carbohydrate transport and utilization, as well as phage receptors. The role for ncRNA586, hereafter named ctrR, in the transport of both carbohydrates and aminoglycosides, was further investigated. Flow cytometry on cells treated with a fluorescent aminoglycoside confirmed the role of ctrR and of carbohydrate transporters in differential aminoglycoside entry. Despite sequence diversity, ctrR showed functional conservation across the Vibrionales. This system in directly modulated by carbon sources, suggesting regulation by carbon catabolite repression, a widely conserved mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria, priming future research on aminoglycoside uptake by sugar transporters in other bacterial species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>A. Pierle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Igual, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourmy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Val, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharoglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of the active mechanism of aminoglycoside entry in V. cholerae through characterization of sRNA ctrR, regulating carbohydrate utilization and transport.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.26.550638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bile-induced biofilm formation in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron requires magnesium efflux by an RND pump 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.26.550638v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a prominent member of the human gut microbiota contributing to nutrient exchange, gut function, and maturation of the hosts immune system. This obligate anaerobe symbiont can adopt a biofilm lifestyle and it was recently shown that B. thetaiotaomicron biofilm formation is promoted by the presence of bile, a process also requiring a B. thetaiotaomicron extracellular DNase, which is not, however, regulated by bile. Here we showed that bile induces the expression of several Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps and that inhibiting their activity with a global competitive efflux inhibitor impaired bile-dependent biofilm formation. We then showed that, among the bile-induced RND-efflux pumps, only the tripartite BT3337-BT3338-BT3339 pump, re-named BipABC (for Bile Induced Pump A (BT3337), B (BT3338) and C (BT3339), is required for biofilm formation. We demonstrated that BipABC is involved in the efflux of magnesium to the biofilm extracellular matrix, which leads to a decrease of eDNA concentration. The release of magnesium in the biofilm matrix also impacts biofilm structure, potentially by modifying the electrostatic repulsion forces within the matrix, reducing interbacterial distance and allowing bacteria to interact more closely and form denser biofilms. Our study therefore identifies a new molecular determinant of B. thetaiotaomicron biofilm formation in response to bile salts and provides a better understanding on how an intestinal chemical cue regulates biofilm formation in a major gut symbiont.

IMPORTANCEBacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a prominent member of the human gut microbiota able to degrade dietary and host polysaccharides, altogether contributing to nutrient exchange, gut function, and maturation of the hosts immune system. This obligate anaerobe symbiont can adopt a biofilm community lifestyle, providing protection against environmental factors that might, in turn, protect the host from dysbiosis and dysbiosis-related diseases. It was recently shown that B. thetaiotaomicron exposure to intestinal bile promotes biofilm formation. Here we reveal that a specific B. thetaiotaomicron membrane efflux pump is induced in response to bile, leading to the release of magnesium ions, potentially reducing electrostatic repulsion forces between components of the biofilm matrix. This leads to a reduction of interbacterial distance and strengthens the biofilm structure. Our study therefore provides a better understanding of how bile promotes biofilm formation in a major gut symbiont, potentially promoting microbiota resilience to stress and dysbiosis events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LOPES, A.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DESCHAMPS, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GEORGEAULT, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COKELAER, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BRIANDET, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bile-induced biofilm formation in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron requires magnesium efflux by an RND pump]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.27.550703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep estimation of the intensity and timing of selection from ancient genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.27.550703v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leveraging past allele frequencies has proven to be key to identify the impact of natural selection across time. However, this approach often suffers from imprecise estimations of the intensity (s) and timing (T) of selection particularly when ancient samples are scarce in specific epochs. Here, we aimed at bypassing the computation of past allele frequencies by implementing new convolutional neural networks (CNNs) algorithms that directly use ancient genotypes sampled across time to refine the estimations of selection parameters. Using computer simulations, we first show that genotype-based CNNs consistently outperform an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach based on past allele frequency trajectories, regardless of the selection model assumed and of the amount of ancient genotypes available. When applying this method to empirical data from modern and ancient Europeans, we confirmed the reported excess of selection events in post-Neolithic Europe, independently of the continental subregion studied. Furthermore, we substantially refined the ABC-based estimations of s and T for a set of positively-and negatively-selected variants recently identified, including iconic cases of positive selection and experimentally validated disease-risk variants. Thanks to our CNN predictions we provide support to the history of recent and strong selection in northern Europe associated to the Black Death pandemic and confirm the heavy burden recently imposed by tuberculosis in Europe. These findings collectively support that detecting the imprints of natural selection on ancient genomes are crucial for unraveling the past history of severe human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laval, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep estimation of the intensity and timing of selection from ancient genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sister chromatid cohesion halts DNA loop expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551217v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic genomes are folded into DNA loops mediated by structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes such as cohesin, condensin and Smc5/6. This organization regulates different DNA-related processes along the cell cycle such as transcription, recombination, segregation and DNA repair. During G2/M stages, SMC-mediated DNA loops coexist with cohesin complexes involved in sister chromatid cohesion (SCC). However, the articulation between the establishment of SCC and the formation of SMC-mediated DNA loops along the chromatin remains unknown. Here we show that SCC is indeed a barrier to cohesin-mediated DNA loop expansion in G2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejmi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mboumba, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>thierry, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckouet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sister chromatid cohesion halts DNA loop expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uridine as a potentiator of aminoglycosides through activation of carbohydrate transporters 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551273v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against Gram-negative bacteria. AG uptake depends on membrane potential, but the precise mechanisms are incompletely understood. We report here a new mechanism of active AG uptake in Gram-negative bacteria. In E. coli, overexpression of various carbohydrate transporters increases susceptibility to AGs. Conversely, deletion of a single transporter has little impact. We propose a new uptake model where AGs act as substrates for redundant carbohydrate transporters. This mechanism appears to be shared among Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens. We screened for molecules that induce transporters expression and identified uridine. When uridine is co-administered with AGs under conditions mimicking urinary tract infections, the efficacy of AG therapies is significantly improved against E. coli, including resistant strains, due to enhanced bacterial uptake. Based on previous knowledge on the use of uridine in humans, we propose that uridine can be a potentiating adjuvant to AG treatment of infectious diseases in the hospital.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Meouche, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denamur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosschot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacque, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharoglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uridine as a potentiator of aminoglycosides through activation of carbohydrate transporters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.01.551436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The host RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain is the anchor for replication of the influenza virus genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.01.551436v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current model is that the influenza virus polymerase (FluPol) binds either to host RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) or to the acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (ANP32), which drives its conformation and activity towards transcription or replication of the viral genome, respectively. Here, we provide evidence that the FluPol-RNAP II binding interface has a so far overlooked function for replication of the viral genome. Using a combination of cell-based and in vitro approaches, we show that the RNAP II C-terminal-domain, jointly with ANP32, enhances FluPol replication activity and we propose a model in which the host RNAP II is the anchor for transcription and replication of the viral genome. Our data open new perspectives on the spatial coupling of viral transcription and replication and the coordinated balance between these two activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krischuns, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arragain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naffakh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The host RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain is the anchor for replication of the influenza virus genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.08.552403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying small-molecules binding sites in RNA conformational ensembles with SHAMAN 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.08.552403v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rational targeting of RNA with small molecules is hampered by our still limited understanding of RNA structural and dynamic properties. Most in silico tools for binding site identification rely on static structures and therefore cannot face the challenges posed by the dynamic nature of RNA molecules. Here, we present SHAMAN, a computational technique to identify potential small-molecule binding sites in RNA structural ensembles. SHAMAN enables exploring the conformational landscape of RNA with atomistic molecular dynamics and at the same time identifying RNA pockets in an efficient way with the aid of probes and enhanced-sampling techniques. In our benchmark composed of large, structured riboswitches as well as small, flexible viral RNAs, SHAMAN successfully identified all the experimentally resolved pockets and ranked them among the most favorite probe hotspots. Overall, SHAMAN sets a solid foundation for future drug design efforts targeting RNA with small molecules, effectively addressing the long-standing challenges in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panei, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkeka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying small-molecules binding sites in RNA conformational ensembles with SHAMAN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.08.552453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prosaposin maintains adult neural stem cells in a state associated with deep quiescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.08.552453v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most vertebrates, adult neural stem cells (NSCs) continuously give rise to neurons in discrete brain regions. A critical process for maintaining NSC pools over long periods of time in the adult brain is NSC quiescence, a reversible and tightly regulated state of cell cycle arrest. Recently, lysosomes were identified to regulate the NSC quiescence-proliferation balance. However, it remains controversial whether lysosomal activity promotes NSC proliferation or quiescence, and a finer influence of lysosomal activity on NSC quiescence duration or depth remains unexplored. Using RNA-sequencing and pharmacological manipulations, we show that lysosomes are necessary for NSC quiescence maintenance. Additionally, we reveal that expression of psap, encoding the lysosomal regulator Prosaposin, is enriched in quiescent NSCs (qNSCs) that reside upstream in the NSC lineage and display a deep/long quiescence phase in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. We show that shRNA-mediated psap knock-down increases the proportion of activated NSCs (aNSCs) as well as NSCs that reside in shallower quiescence states (signed by ascl1a and deltaA expression). Collectively, our results identify the lysosomal protein Psap as a (direct or indirect) quiescence regulator and unfold the interplay between lysosomal function and NSC quiescence heterogeneities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labusch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thetiot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Than-Trong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morizet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coolen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortica, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prosaposin maintains adult neural stem cells in a state associated with deep quiescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and epidemiological evidence for the emergence of a putative L. donovani/L. infantum hybrid with unusual epidemiology in Northern Italy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552585v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leishmania (L.) infantum is the main causative agent of animal and human leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin. Despite its clinical significance, little is known on the genetic diversity of L. infantum parasites circulating in Italy. Here, we apply a comparative genomics approach on seven L. infantum isolates from different hosts (human, dog, cat, marten) and geographic regions (Emilia-Romagna, Sicily, Sardinia) as a first attempt to explore the breadth of parasite genetic heterogeneity in Italy. We revealed important genome instability at karyotype levels, with each isolate presenting a unique aneuploidy profile. Read depth analysis further identified strain-specific changes in gene dosage, which affected important virulence factors most of which are encoded by multi-copy gene arrays, such as amastins or surface antigen-like proteins. SNP-based clustering analysis of these genomes together with over 80 publicly available L. infantum and L. donovani genomes placed the Italian isolates into three geographically distinct clusters, with two isolates grouping with Spanish strains, two isolates grouping with Tunisian strains, and three isolates clustering with putative L. infantum/L. donovani hybrids isolated in Cyprus. As judged by microsatellite profiling of 73 isolates from dogs, sand flies and VL cases, these hybrid isolates are representative of a sub-population of parasites circulating in northeastern Italy that preferentially infects humans, but not dogs. In conclusion, our data uncover a remarkable heterogeneity of L. infantum isolates that indicates different geographic origin, including a novel hybrid-like genotype associated with an unusual infection pattern, placing Italy at the crossroad of Leishmania infection in the Mediterranean region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruno, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carra, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scibetta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calzolari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortalli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennari, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rugna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and epidemiological evidence for the emergence of a putative L. donovani/L. infantum hybrid with unusual epidemiology in Northern Italy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.11.552980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ton Motor Conformational Switch and Peptidoglycan Role in Bacterial Nutrient Uptake 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.11.552980v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active nutrient uptake is fundamental for survival and pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria, which operate a multi-protein Ton system to transport essential nutrients like metals and vitamins. This system harnesses the proton motive force at the inner membrane to energize the import through the outer membrane, but the mechanism of energy transfer remains enigmatic. Here, we study the periplasmic domain of ExbD, a crucial component of the proton channel of the Ton system. We show that this domain is a dynamic dimer switching between two conformations representing the proton channels open and closed states. By in vivo phenotypic assays we demonstrate that this conformational switch is essential for the nutrient uptake by bacteria. The open state of ExbD triggers a disorder to order transition of TonB, enabling TonB to supply energy to the nutrient transporter. We also reveal the anchoring role of the peptidoglycan layer in this mechanism. Herein, we propose a mechanistic model for the Ton system, emphasizing ExbD duality and the pivotal catalytic role of peptidoglycan. Sequence analysis suggests that this mechanism is conserved in other systems energizing gliding motility and membrane integrity. Our study fills important gaps in understanding bacterial motor mechanism and proposes novel antibacterial strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zinke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejeune, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardiaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delepelaire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izadi-Pruneyre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.552980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ton Motor Conformational Switch and Peptidoglycan Role in Bacterial Nutrient Uptake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dynamics of cytokines expression dictate fetal liver hematopoiesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554612v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During embryogenesis, yolk-sac and intra-embryonic-derived hematopoietic progenitors, comprising the precursors of adult hematopoietic stem cells, converge into the fetal liver. With a new staining strategy, we defined all non-hematopoietic components of the fetal liver and found that hepatoblasts are the major producers of hematopoietic growth factors. We identified mesothelial cells, a novel component of the stromal compartment, producing Kit ligand, a major hematopoietic cytokine.

A high-definition imaging dataset analyzed using a deep-learning based pipeline allowed the unambiguous identification of hematopoietic and stromal populations, and enabled determining a neighboring network composition, at the single cell resolution.

Throughout active hematopoiesis, progenitors preferentially associate with hepatoblasts, but not with stellate or endothelial cells. We found that, unlike yolk sac-derived progenitors, intra-embryonic progenitors respond to a chemokine gradient created by CXCL12-producing stellate cells. These results revealed that FL hematopoiesis is a spatiotemporal dynamic process, defined by an environment characterized by low cytokine concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares-da-Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronteix, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailhe, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anselmi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bruijn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-do-O, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dynamics of cytokines expression dictate fetal liver hematopoiesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.01.555862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning apico-basal polarity and junctional recycling in the hemogenic endothelium orchestrates pre-hematopoietic stem cell emergence complexity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.01.555862v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cells emerge in the embryo from an aortic-derived tissue called the hemogenic endothelium (HE). The HE appears to give birth to cells of different nature and fate but the molecular principles underlying this complexity are largely unknown. Here we show, in the zebrafish embryo, that two cell types emerge from the aortic floor with radically different morphodynamics. With the support of live imaging, we bring evidence suggesting that the mechanics underlying the two emergence types rely, or not, on apicobasal polarity establishment. While the first type is characterized by reinforcement of apicobasal polarity and maintenance of the apical/luminal membrane until release, the second type emerges via a dynamic process reminiscent of trans-endothelial migration. Interfering with Runx1 function suggests that the balance between the two emergence types depends on tuning apicobasal polarity at the level of the HE. In support of this and unexpectedly, we show that the zebrafish Pard3 isoform - Pard3ba - is sensitive to interference with Runx1 activity, in aortic endothelial cells. This supports the idea of a signaling cross talk controlling cell polarity and its associated features, between aortic and hemogenic cells. In addition, using new transgenic fish lines that express Junctional Adhesion Molecules and functional interference, we bring evidence for the essential role of ArhGEF11/PDZ-RhoGEF in controlling the HE-endothelial cell dynamic interface, including cell-cell intercalation, which is ultimately required for emergence completion. Overall, we highlight critical cellular and dynamic events of the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition that support emergence complexity, with a potential impact cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>TORCQ, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MAJELLO, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VIVIER, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SCHMIDT, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning apico-basal polarity and junctional recycling in the hemogenic endothelium orchestrates pre-hematopoietic stem cell emergence complexity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictable sequential structure enhances auditory sensitivity in clinical audiograms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560670v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human hearing is highly sensitive and allows us to detect acoustic events at low levels. However, sensitivity is not only a function of the integrity of cochlear transduction mechanisms, but also constrained by central processes such as attention and expectation. While the effects of distraction and attentional orienting are generally acknowledged, the extent to which probabilistic expectations influence sensitivity at threshold is not clear. Classical audiometric tests, commonly used to assess hearing thresholds, do not distinguish between bottom-up sensitivity and top-down processes. In this study, we aim to decipher the influence of various types of expectations on hearing thresholds and how this information can be used to improve the assessment of hearing sensitivity. Our results raise important questions regarding the conventional assessment of hearing thresholds, both in fundamental research and in audiological clinical assessment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerenton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraouty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazard, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnal, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doelling, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictable sequential structure enhances auditory sensitivity in clinical audiograms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.10.561648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seminal plasma inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro, and may have consequences on mucosal immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.10.561648v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seminal plasma (SP) is the main vector of C. trachomatis (CT) during heterosexual transmission from male to female. It has immunomodulatory properties and impacts the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, but its role has not been explored during CT infection. In the female reproductive tract (FRT), CT infection induces cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment. The role of neutrophils during CT infection is partially described, they could be at the origin of the pathology observed during CT infection. During this study, we developed an experimental in vitro model to characterize the impact of CT infection and SP on endocervical epithelial cell immune response in the FRT. We also studied the impact of the epithelial cell response on neutrophil phenotype and functions. We showed that the production by epithelial cells of pro-inflammatory cytokines increased during CT infection. Moreover, the pool of SP as well as individuals SP inhibited CT infection in a dose-dependent manner. The pool of SP inhibited cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner. The pool of SP altered gene expression profiles of infected cells. The culture supernatants of cells infected or not with CT, in presence or not of the pool of SP, had an impact on neutrophil phenotype and functions: they affected markers of neutrophil maturation, activation and adhesion capacity, as well as the survival, ROS production and phagocytosis ability. This study proposes a novel approach to study the impact of the environment on the phenotype and functions of neutrophils in the FRT. It highlights the impact of the factors of the FRT environment, in particular SP and CT infection, on the mucosal inflammation and the need to take into account the SP component while studying sexually transmitted infections during heterosexual transmission from male to female.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adapen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakoum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimienta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacroix, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binois, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frydman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nugeyre, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Grand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seminal plasma inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro, and may have consequences on mucosal immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.17.562521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-on-a-chip model shows that the adenomatous polyposis coli mutation impairs T cell engagement and killing of cancer spheroids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.17.562521v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evaluating the ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to eliminate tumor cells is crucial, for instance to predict the efficiency of cell therapy in personalized medicine. However, the destruction of a tumor by CTLs involves CTL migration in the extra-tumoral environment, accumulation on the tumor, antigen recognition, and cooperation in killing the cancer cells. Therefore, identifying the limiting steps in this complex process requires spatio-temporal measurements of different cellular events over long periods. Here, we use a cancer-on-a-chip platform to evaluate the impact of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutation on CTL migration and cytotoxicity against 3D tumor spheroids. The APC mutated CTLs are found to have a reduced ability to destroy tumor spheroids compared with control cells, even though APC mutants migrate in the extra-tumoral space and accumulate on the spheroids as efficiently as control cells. Once in contact with the tumor however, mutated CTLs display reduced engagement with the cancer cells, as measured by a new metric that distinguishes different modes of CTL migration. Realigning the CTL trajectories around localized killing cascades reveals that all CTLs transition to high engagement in the two hours preceding the cascades, which confirms that the low engagement is the cause of reduced cytotoxicity. Beyond the study of APC mutations, this platform offers a robust way to compare cytotoxic cell efficiency of even closely related cell types, by relying on a multiscale cytometry approach to disentangle complex interactions and to identify the steps that limit the tumor destruction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonnet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maikranz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertti-Quintero, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastrogiovanni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcover, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Bartolo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-on-a-chip model shows that the adenomatous polyposis coli mutation impairs T cell engagement and killing of cancer spheroids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.27.564319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trait selection strategy in multi-trait GWAS: Boosting SNPs discoverability 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.27.564319v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the first Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), thousands of variant-trait associations have been discovered. However, the sample size required to detect additional variants using standard univariate association screening is increasingly prohibitive. Multi-trait GWAS offers a relevant alternative: it can improve statistical power and lead to new insights about gene function and the joint genetic architecture of human phenotypes. Although many methodological hurdles of multi-trait testing have been discussed, the strategy to select trait, among overwhelming possibilities, has been overlooked. In this study, we conducted extensive multi-trait tests using JASS (Joint Analysis of Summary Statistics) and assessed which genetic features of the analysed sets were associated with anincreased detection of variants as compared to univariate screening. Our analyses identified multiple factors associated with the gain in the association detection in multi-trait tests. Together, these factors of the analysed sets are predictive of the gain of the multi-trait test (Pearsons {rho} equal to 0.43 between the observed and predicted gain, P < 1.6 x 10-60). Applying an alternative multi-trait approach (MTAG, multi-trait analysis of GWAS), we found that in most scenarios but particularly those with larger numbers of traits, JASS outperformed MTAG. Finally, we benchmark several strategies to select set of traits including the prevalent strategy of selecting clinically similar traits, which systematically underperformed selecting clinically heterogenous traits or selecting sets that issued from our data-driven models. This work provides a unique picture of the determinant of multi-trait GWAS statistical power and outline practical strategies for multi-trait testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menager, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brancotte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boetto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auvergne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linhard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torchet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troubat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouzigon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.564319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trait selection strategy in multi-trait GWAS: Boosting SNPs discoverability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.15.567155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Metagenomic Databases Provide Improved Analysis of Microbiota Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.15.567155v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce Moonbase, a flexible pipeline that can be used to build targeted, project-specific, databases in order to improve the accuracy of taxonomic detection and quantification in complex microbial communities. Moonbase was evaluated using synthetic metagenomic samples and compared against existing methods including MetaPhlAn3 and generalized Kraken2 databases. Our results indicate that Moonbase significantly improves species precision and quantification, outperforming marker genes and generalized databases. Construction of a phylogenetic tree from 16S data of genomes in Moonbase allows for the incorporation of UniFrac-type phylogenetic information into diversity calculations of samples. We demonstrate the resulting analysis has increased statistical power in distinguishing microbial communities. This study highlights the continual evolution of metagenomic tools with the goal of improving metagenomic analysis and highlights the potential of the Moonbase pipeline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Metagenomic Databases Provide Improved Analysis of Microbiota Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.20.567873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and BA.2.86 lineages combining increased fitness and antibody evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.20.567873v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The unceasing circulation of SARS-CoV-2 leads to the continuous emergence of novel viral sublineages. Here, we isolated and characterized XBB.1, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.9.1, XBB.1.16.1, EG.5.1.1, EG.5.1.3, XBF, BA.2.86.1 and JN.1 variants, representing >80% of circulating variants in January 2024. The XBB subvariants carry few but recurrent mutations in the spike, whereas BA.2.86.1 and JN.1 harbor >30 additional changes. These variants replicated in IGROV-1 but no longer in Vero E6 and were not markedly fusogenic. They potently infected nasal epithelial cells, with EG.5.1.3 exhibiting the highest fitness. Antivirals remained active. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses from vaccinees and BA.1/BA.2-infected individuals were markedly lower compared to BA.1, without major differences between variants. An XBB breakthrough infection enhanced NAb responses against both XBB and BA.2.86 variants. JN.1 displayed lower affinity to ACE2 and higher immune evasion properties compared to BA.2.86.1. Thus, while distinct, the evolutionary trajectory of these variants combines increased fitness and antibody evasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhassine, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeyarajah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisebarre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolland, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchreiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanhoucke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pere, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assant, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocqueloux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prazuck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loriere, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and BA.2.86 lineages combining increased fitness and antibody evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.22.567924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting phage-bacteria interactions at the strain level from genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.22.567924v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting how phages can selectively infect specific bacterial strains holds promise for developing novel approaches to combat bacterial infections and better understanding microbial ecology. Experimental studies on phage-bacteria interactions have been mostly focusing on a few model organisms to understand the molecular mechanisms which makes a particular bacterial strain susceptible to a given phage. However, both bacteria and phages are extremely diverse in natural contexts. How well the concepts learned from well-established experimental models generalize to a broad diversity of what is encountered in the wild is currently unknown. Recent advances in genomics allow to identify traits involved in phage-host specificity, implying that these traits could be utilized for the prediction of such interactions. Here, we show that we could predict outcomes of most phage-bacteria interactions at the strain level in Escherichia natural isolates based solely on genomic data. First, we established a dataset of experimental outcomes of phage-bacteria interactions of 403 natural, phylogenetically diverse, Escherichia strains to 96 bacteriophages matched with fully sequenced and genomically characterized strains and phages. To predict these interactions, we set out to define genomic traits with predictive power. We show that most interactions in our dataset can be explained by adsorption factors as opposed to antiphage systems which play a marginal role. We then trained predictive algorithms to pinpoint which interactions could be accurately predicted and where future research should focus on. Finally, we show the application of such predictions by establishing a pipeline to recommend tailored phage cocktails to target pathogenic strains from their genomes only and show higher efficiency of tailored cocktails on a collection of 100 pathogenic E. coli isolates. Altogether, this work provides quantitative insights into understanding phage-host specificity at the strain level and paves the way for the use of predictive algorithms in phage therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaborieau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysset, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charachon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dequidt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georjon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clermont, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarbieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricard, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denamur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.567924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting phage-bacteria interactions at the strain level from genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.22.568341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The unique Legionella longbeachae capsule favors intracellular replication and immune evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.22.568341v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Legionella longbeachae and Legionella pneumophila cause Legionnaires disease despite species-specific differences in environmental niches, disease epidemiology, and genomic content. Here, we characterized a new L. longbeachae virulence factor, a capsule that is expressed in post-exponential growth phase as shown by electron microscopy. Analysis of the capsule composition via HLPC revealed the presence of a highly anionic polysaccharide absent in a capsule mutant. The capsule is crucial for replication and virulence in vivo in a mouse model of infection and in the natural host Acanthamoeba castellanii. It has anti-phagocytic function when encountering innate immune cells, it is involved in a low cytokine responses in mice and in human monocyte derived macrophages and helps to dampen the innate immune response. The L. longbeachae capsule is a novel virulence factor, unique among known Legionella species, that aids L. longbeachae to survive in specific niches and partly confers L. longbeachae its unique infection characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Valero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascarenhas, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusniok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya-Nilges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamboni, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The unique Legionella longbeachae capsule favors intracellular replication and immune evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.11.571051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytokinetic abscission requires actin-dependent microtubule severing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.11.571051v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell division is completed by the abscission of the intercellular bridge connecting the daughter cells. Abscission requires the polymerization of an ESCRT-III cone close to the midbody to both recruit the microtubule severing enzyme spastin and scission the plasma membrane. Contrary to the common assumption, we found that the microtubule and the membrane cuts are two separate events and are regulated differently. We uncovered that the F-actin disassembling protein Cofilin-1 controls the disappearance of a transient pool of branched F-actin which is precisely assembled at the tip of the ESCRT-III cone just before the microtubule cut. Functionally, Cofilin-1 and Arp2/3-mediated branched F-actin favor abscission by promoting local severing of the microtubules but do not participate later in the membrane scission event. Mechanistically, branched F-actin functions as a physical barrier that limits ESCRT-III cone elongation and thereby favors stable spastin recruitment. Our work thus reveals that F-actin unexpectedly controls the timely and local disassembly of microtubules required for cytokinetic abscission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Advedissian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytokinetic abscission requires actin-dependent microtubule severing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.05.574424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for NR2F2/COUP-TFII involvement in human testis development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.05.574424v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NR2F2 encodes COUP-TFII, an orphan nuclear receptor involved in mammalian gonadogenesis. COUP-TFII is expressed in the interstitial/stromal compartment of both fetal testes and ovaries, where it is required for developing steroidogenic lineages. Pathogenic variants in human NR2F2 are linked to testis formation in 46,XX individuals (46,XX disorders of sex development, 46,XX DSD). Such findings propose a regulatory role of COUP-TFII in the developing ovary, whereas its function in testis remains unknown. We evaluate the effect of a de novo heterozygous, predicted damaging, missense variant in NR2F2 (p.Arg246His) in a 46,XY under-masculinized boy. In-vitro assays show that the mutant protein significantly loses the inhibitory effect on NR5A1-mediated activation of both the LHB and INSL3 promoters. The data support the pathogenicity of the p.Arg246His variant in 46,XY DSD and a role for NR2F2 in human testis formation. In addition to NR5A1 and WT1, NR2F2 variants are thus associated with both 46,XX and 46,XY DSD. This expands the list of genes that function in both male and female sex development, which is originally thought to be regulated by two entirely different sets of genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wankanit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zidoune, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bignon-Topalovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houzelstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElreavey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashamboo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elzaiat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.574424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for NR2F2/COUP-TFII involvement in human testis development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.25.577194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Resource for Exploring Antiphage Defense: DefenseFinder Webservice, Wiki and Databases. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.25.577194v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, a vast number of novel antiphage defense mechanisms were uncovered. To facilitate the exploration of mechanistic, ecological, and evolutionary aspects related to antiphage defense systems, we released DefenseFinder in 2021 (Tesson et al., 2022). DefenseFinder is a bioinformatic program designed for the systematic identification of known antiphage defense mechanisms. The initial release of DefenseFinder v1.0.0 included 60 systems. Over the past three years, the number of antiphage systems incorporated into DefenseFinder has grown to 152. The increasing number of known systems makes it a challenge to enter the field and makes the interpretation of detections of antiphage systems difficult. Moreover, the rapid development of sequence-based predictions of structures offers novel possibilities of analysis and should be easily available. To overcome these challenges, we present a hub of resources on defense systems, including: 1) an updated version of DefenseFinder with a web-service search function, 2) a community-curated repository of knowledge on the systems, and 3) precomputed databases, which include annotations done on RefSeq genomes and structure predictions generated by AlphaFold. These pages can be freely accessed for users as a starting point on their journey to better understand a given system. We anticipate that these resources will foster the use of bioinformatics in the study of antiphage systems and will serve the community of researchers who study antiphage systems. This resource is available at: https://defensefinder.mdmlab.fr.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tesson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egorov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georjon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysset, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brancotte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordret, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.577194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Resource for Exploring Antiphage Defense: DefenseFinder Webservice, Wiki and Databases.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.27.577537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomics coverage data extraction and aggregation in R with tidyCoverage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.27.577537v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe tidyCoverage R package provides a framework for intuitive investigation of collections of genomic tracks over genomic features, relying on the principle of tidy data manipulation. It defines two data structures, CoverageExperiment and AggregatedCoverage classes, directly extending the SummarizedExperiment fundamental class, and introduces a principled approach to exploring genome-wide data. This infrastructure facilitates the extraction and manipulation of genomic coverage track data across individual or multiple sets of thousands of genomic loci. This allows the end user to rapidly visualize track coverage at individual genomic loci or aggregated coverage profiles over sets of genomic loci. tidyCoverage seamlessly combines with the existing Bioconductor ecosystem to accelerate the integration of genome-wide track data in epigenomic analysis workflows. tidyCoverage emerges as a valuable tool, contributing to the advancement of epigenomics research by promoting consistency, reproducibility, and accessibility in data analysis.

Availability and implementationtidyCoverage is an R package freely available from Bioconductor [&ge;] 3.19 (https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/tidyCoverage) for R [&ge;] 4.4. The software is distributed under the MIT License and is accompanied by example files and data.

Contactjacques.serizay@pasteur.fr

Supplementary informationAdditional documentation is available from https://js2264.github.io/tidyCoverage/ and https://js2264.github.io/tidyCoverage/articles/tidyCoverage.html.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SERIZAY, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.27.577537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomics coverage data extraction and aggregation in R with tidyCoverage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.02.578553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recapitulating memory B cell responses in a Lymphoid Organ-Chip to evaluate mRNA vaccine boosting strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.02.578553v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting the immunogenicity of candidate vaccines in humans remains a challenge. To address this issue, we developed a Lymphoid Organ-Chip (LO chip) model based on a microfluidic chip seeded with human PBMC at high density within a 3D collagen matrix. Perfusion of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein mimicked a vaccine boost by inducing a massive amplification of Spike-specific memory B cells, plasmablast differentiation, and Spike-specific antibody secretion. Features of lymphoid tissue, including the formation of activated CD4+ T cell/B cell clusters and the emigration of matured plasmablasts, were recapitulated in the LO chip. Importantly, myeloid cells were competent at capturing and expressing mRNA vectored by lipid nanoparticles, enabling the assessment of responses to mRNA vaccines. Comparison of on-chip responses to Wuhan monovalent and Wuhan/Omicron bivalent mRNA vaccine boosts showed equivalent induction of Omicron neutralizing antibodies, pointing at immune imprinting as reported in vivo. The LO chip thus represents a versatile platform suited to the preclinical evaluation of vaccine boosting strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeger-Madiot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kervevan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarnot, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellenoncourt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bscheider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recapitulating memory B cell responses in a Lymphoid Organ-Chip to evaluate mRNA vaccine boosting strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.06.579173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massive perturbation of sound representations by anesthesia in the auditory brainstem 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.06.579173v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anesthesia modifies sensory representations in the thalamo-cortical circuit, but is considered to have a milder impact on peripheral sensory processing. Here, tracking the same neurons across wakefulness and isoflurane anesthesia, we show that the amplitude and sign of single neuron responses to sounds are massively modified by anesthesia in the cochlear nucleus of the brainstem, the first relay of the auditory system. The reorganization of activity is so profound that decoding of sound representation in anesthesia is not possible based on awake activity. However, population level parameters, such as average tuning strength and population decoding accuracy are weakly affected by anesthesia, explaining why its effect has previously gone unnoticed when comparing independently sampled neurons. Together, our results indicate that the functional organization of the auditory brainstem largely depends on the network state and is ill-defined under anesthesia. This demonstrates a remarkable sensitivity of an early sensory stage to anesthesia, which is bound to disrupt downstream processing.

TeaserAnesthesia compromises the normal transmission of sensory information as early as the first relay in the auditory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gosselin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathellier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.579173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massive perturbation of sound representations by anesthesia in the auditory brainstem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.08.579502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tension-induced morphological transition shapes the avian extra-embryonic territory 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.08.579502v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The segregation of the extra-embryonic lineage is one of the earliest events and a key step in amniote development. Whereas the regulation of extra-embryonic cell fate specification has been extensively studied, little is known about the morphogenetic events underlying the formation of this lineage. Here, taking advantage of the amenability of avian embryos to live and quantitative imaging, we investigate the cell- and tissue-scale dynamics of epiboly, the process during which the epiblast expands to engulf the entire yolk. We show that tension arising from the outward migration of the epiblast border on the vitelline membrane stretches extra-embryonic cells, which reversibly transition from a columnar to squamous morphology. The propagation of this tension is strongly attenuated in the embryonic territory, which concomitantly undergoes fluid-like motion, culminating in the formation of the primitive streak. We formulate a simple viscoelastic model in which the tissue responds elastically to isotropic stress but flows in response to shear stress, and show that it recapitulates the flows and deformation of both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues. Together, our results clarify the mechanical basis of early avian embryogenesis and provide a framework unifying the divergent mechanical behaviors observed in the contiguous embryonic and extra-embryonic territories that make up the epiblast.

HighlightsO_LIThe extra-embryonic region expands radially during epiboly
C_LIO_LICell area increase accounts for the rapid extra-embryonic expansion
C_LIO_LIEpiboly-induced tension reversibly stretches extra-embryonic cells
C_LIO_LIA simple viscoelastic model recovers the morphogenesis of the entire epiblast
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michaut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamolly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villedieu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.08.579502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tension-induced morphological transition shapes the avian extra-embryonic territory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.09.579276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infection-on-Chip: an in vitro human vessel to study Neisseria meningitidis colonization and vascular damages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.09.579276v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic infections leading to sepsis are life-threatening conditions that remain difficult to treat, and the limitations of current experimental models hamper the development of innovative therapies. Animal models are constrained by species-specific differences, while 2D cell culture systems fail to capture the complex pathophysiology of infection. To overcome these limitations, we developed a laser photoablation-generated, three-dimensional microfluidic model of meningococcal vascular colonization, a human-specific bacterium that causes sepsis and meningitis. Laser photoablation-generated hydrogel engineering allows the reproduction of vascular networks that are major infection target sites, and this model provides the relevant microenvironment reproducing the physiological endothelial integrity and permeability in vitro. By comparing with a human-skin xenograft mouse model, we show that the model system not only replicates in vivo key features of the infection, but also enables quantitative assessment with a higher spatiotemporal resolution of bacterial microcolony growth, endothelial cytoskeleton rearrangement, vascular E-selectin expression, and neutrophil response upon infection. Our device thus provides a robust solution bridging the gap between animal and 2D cellular models, paving the way for a better understanding of disease progression and developing innovative therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivoit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong-Ng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goussard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frachon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumenil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.09.579276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infection-on-Chip: an in vitro human vessel to study Neisseria meningitidis colonization and vascular damages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.26.582051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scConfluence : single-cell diagonal integration with regularized Inverse Optimal Transport on weakly connected features 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.26.582051v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The abundance of unpaired multimodal single-cell data has motivated a growing body of research into the development of diagonal integration methods. However, the state-of-the-art suffers from the loss of biological information due to feature conversion and struggles with modality-specific populations. To overcome these crucial limitations, we here introduced scConfluence, a novel method for single-cell diagonal integration. scConfluence combines uncoupled autoencoders on the complete set of features with regularized Inverse Optimal Transport on weakly connected features. We extensively benchmark scConfluence in several single-cell integration scenarios proving that it outperforms the state-of-the-art. We then demonstrate the biological relevance of scConfluence in three applications. We predict spatial patterns for Scgn, Synpr and Olah in scRNA-smFISH integration. We improve the classification of B cells and Monocytes in highly heterogeneous scRNA-scATAC-CyTOF integration. Finally, we reveal the joint contribution of Fezf2 and apical dendrite morphology in Intra Telencephalic neurons, based on morphological images and scRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samaran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.26.582051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scConfluence : single-cell diagonal integration with regularized Inverse Optimal Transport on weakly connected features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.09.584233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-apoptotic caspase events and Atf3 expression underlie direct neuronal differentiation of adult neural stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.09.584233v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are key physiological components of adult vertebrate brains, generating neurons over a lifetime. In the adult zebrafish pallium, NSCs persist at long term through balanced fate decisions that include direct neuronal conversions, i.e., delamination and neurogenesis without a division. The characteristics and mechanisms of these events remain unknown. Here we reanalyze intravital imaging data of adult pallial NSCs and observe shared delamination dynamics between NSCs and committed neuronal progenitors. In a candidate approach for mechanisms predicting NSC decisions, we build an NSC-specific genetic tracer of Caspase3/7 activation (Cas3*/Cas7*) in vivo and show that non-apoptotic Cas3*/7* events occur in adult NSCs and are biased towards neuronal conversion under physiological conditions. We further identify the transcription factor Atf3 as necessary to express this fate. Finally, we show that the Cas3*/7*/Atf3 pathways are part of the processes engaged when NSCs are recruited for neuronal regeneration. These results provide evidence for the non-apoptotic caspase events occurring in vertebrate adult NSCs and link these events with the NSC fate decision of direct conversion, important for long-term NSC population homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.09.584233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-apoptotic caspase events and Atf3 expression underlie direct neuronal differentiation of adult neural stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.22.586261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signal-independent activation reveals two-component regulatory networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.22.586261v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each bacterial species has specific regulatory systems to control physiology, adaptation, and host interactions. One challenge posed by this diversity is to define the evolving gene regulatory networks. This study aims to characterise two-component systems (TCS) in Streptococcus agalactiae, the main cause of neonatal meningitis. Here we demonstrate signal-independent activation of signalling pathways by systematically targeting the conserved mechanism of phosphatase activity of the 14 histidine kinases of the two main TCS families. Transcriptomic analysis resolves most pathways with high resolution, encompassing specialized, connected, and global regulatory systems. The activated network notably reveals the connection between CovRS and SaeRS signaling through the adhesin PbsP, linking the main regulators of host interactions to balance pathogenicity. Additionally, constitutive activation of the BceRS system reveals its role in cell envelope homeostasis beyond antimicrobial resistance. Overall, this study demonstrates the generalizability and versatility of TCS genetic activation to uncover regulatory logics and biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claverie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppolino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzuoli, M.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyonnet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Gaetano, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trieu-Cuot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beninati, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signal-independent activation reveals two-component regulatory networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.06.588383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning-based detection of murine congenital heart defects from μCT scans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.06.588383v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital heart defects (CHD) result in high morbidity and mortality rates, but their origins are poorly understood. Mouse models of heart morphogenesis are required to study the pathological mechanisms of heart development compared to normal. In mouse fetuses, CHD can be observed and detected in 3D images obtained by thoracic micro-computed tomography (CT). However, diagnosis of CHD from CT scans is a time-consuming process that requires the experience of senior experts. An automated alternative would thus save time, empower less experienced investigators and could broaden analysis to larger numbers of samples.

Here, we describe and validate an approach based on deep learning to automatically segment the heart and screen normal from malformed hearts in mouse CT scans. In an initial cohort, we collected 139 CT scans from thorax and abdomen of control and mutant perinatal mice. We trained a self-configurating neural network (nnU-Net) to segment hearts from body CT scans and validated its performance on expert segmentations, achieving a Dice coefficient of 96%. To identify malformed hearts, we developed and trained a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) that uses segmented CT scans as inputs. Despite the relatively small training data size, our diagnosis model achieved a sensitivity, specificity (for a 0.5 threshold), and area under the curve (AUC) of 92%, 96%, and 97% respectively, as determined by 5-fold cross-validation.

As further validation, we analyzed two additional cohorts that were collected after the model was trained: a  prospective cohort, using the same experimental protocol as the initial cohort, and containing a subset of its genotypes, and a  divergent cohort in which mice were subjected to a different treatment for heart arrest (cardioplegia) and that contained a new mouse line. Performance on the prospective cohort was excellent, with a sensitivity of 92%, a specificity of 100%, and an AUC of 100%. Performance on the divergent cohort was moderate (sensitivity: 69%, specificity: 80% and AUC: 81%), but was much improved when the model was finetuned on (a subset of) the cohort (sensitivity: 79%, specificity: 88% and AUC: 91%). These results showcase our models robustness and adaptability to technical and biological differences in the data, highlighting its usefulness for practical applications.

In order to facilitate the adoption, adaptation and further improvement of these methods, we built a user-friendly Napari plugin (available at napari-hub.org/plugins/mousechd-napari) that allows users without programming skills to utilize the segmentation and diagnosis models and re-train the latter on their own data and resources. The plugin also highlights the cardiac regions used for the diagnosis. Our automatic and retrainable pipeline, which can be employed in high-throughput genetic screening, will accelerate diagnosis of heart anomalies in mice and facilitate studies of the mechanisms of CHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desgrange, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochandorena-Saa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhamo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meilhac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.06.588383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning-based detection of murine congenital heart defects from μCT scans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.24.590417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large circulation of a novel vesiculovirus in bats in the Mediterranean region 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.24.590417v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are the natural reservoirs of a variety of emerging or re-emerging viruses. Among them, rabies virus (genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae) is of the first and most iconic described in these animals. Since its first description, various new bat lyssaviruses have been regularly described. Apart from lyssaviruses, other bat rhabdoviruses have been also identified, including members of the Vesiculovirus, Ledantevirus and more recently Alphanemrhavirus and Tupavirus genera. However, the family Rhabdoviridae is one of the most abundant and diverse viral families, with 318 officially recognized species divided into 3 subfamilies and 46 different genera. Thus, the number of bat- associated rhabdoviruses is probably higher.

In this study, we first developed and validated a combined nested RT-qPCR technique (pan-rhabdo RT-nqPCR) dedicated to the broad detection of animal rhabdovirus. After validation, this technique was used for a large retrospective screening of archival bat samples (n = 1962), including blood (n = 816), brain (n = 723) and saliva (n = 423). These samples were collected from various bat species over a period of 12 years (2007-2019) in 9 different countries in Europe and Africa. A total of 23 samples (1.2%) from Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus euryale and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum bat species was found positive for rhabdovirus infection, including 17 (2.1%) blood and 6 (1.4%) saliva samples, all collected from bats originated from the Mediterranean region.

The complete virus genome sequences were obtained by next-generation sequencing for most of the positive samples. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of these sequences demonstrated that these virus isolates, named Mediterranean bat virus (MBV), were closely related, and represented a new species Vesiculovirus mediterranean within the Vesiculovirus genus. MBV was more specifically related to the other bat vesiculoviruses previously described in China and North America, together clustering into a distinct group of bat viruses within this genus. Interestingly, our results suggest that MBV is widely distributed, at least in the West part of the Mediterranean region, where it can act as an arbovirus infecting and circulating in multiple bat species. These findings expand the host range and the viral diversity of bat vesiculoviruses and pave the way for further investigations to determine the route of transmission and the dynamic of diffusion of these viruses into bat colonies, as well as to evaluate their potential hazard for public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harazim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakoune, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjogoua, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadjo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Roig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikula, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra-Cobo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dacheux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.590417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large circulation of a novel vesiculovirus in bats in the Mediterranean region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.03.591825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical signature of subtle behavioural changes inlarge-scale behavioural assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.03.591825v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central nervous system can generate various behaviours, including motor responses, which we can observe through video recordings. Recent advancements in genetics, automated behavioural acquisition at scale, and machine learning enable us to link behaviours to their underlying neural mechanisms causally. Moreover, in some animals, such as the Drosophila larva, this mapping is possible at unprecedented scales of millions of animals and single neurons, allowing us to identify the neural circuits generating particular behaviours.

These high-throughput screening efforts are invaluable, linking the activation or suppression of specific neurons to behavioural patterns in millions of animals. This provides a rich dataset to explore how diverse nervous system responses can be to the same stimuli. However, challenges remain in identifying subtle behaviours from these large datasets, including immediate and delayed responses to neural activation or suppression, and understanding these behaviours on a large scale. We introduce several statistically robust methods for analyzing behavioural data in response to these challenges: 1) A generative physical model that regularizes the inference of larval shapes across the entire dataset. 2) An unsupervised kernel-based method for statistical testing in learned behavioural spaces aimed at detecting subtle deviations in behaviour. 3) A generative model for larval behavioural sequences, providing a benchmark for identifying complex behavioural changes. 4) A comprehensive analysis technique using suffix trees to categorize genetic lines into clusters based on common action sequences. We showcase these methodologies through a behavioural screen focused on responses to an air puff, analyzing data from 280,716 larvae across 568 genetic lines.

Author SummaryThere is a significant gap in understanding between the architecture of neural circuits and the mechanisms of action selection and behaviour generation.Drosophila larvae have emerged as an ideal platform for simultaneously probing behaviour and the underlying neuronal computation [1]. Modern genetic tools allow efficient activation or silencing of individual and small groups of neurons. Combining these techniques with standardized stimuli over thousands of individuals makes it possible to relate neurons to behaviour causally. However, extracting these relationships from massive and noisy recordings requires the development of new statistically robust approaches. We introduce a suite of statistical methods that utilize individual behavioural data and the overarching structure of the behavioural screen to deduce subtle behavioural changes from raw data. Given our studys extensive number of larvae, addressing and preempting potential challenges in body shape recognition is critical for enhancing behaviour detection. To this end, we have adopted a physics-informed inference model. Our first group of techniques enables robust statistical analysis within a learned continuous behaviour latent space, facilitating the detection of subtle behavioural shifts relative to reference genetic lines. A second array of methods probes for subtle variations in action sequences by comparing them to a bespoke generative model. Together, these strategies have enabled us to construct representations of behavioural patterns specific to a lineage and identify a roster of "hit" neurons with the potential to influence behaviour subtly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbier--Chebbah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocanougher, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hague, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vestergaard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.591825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical signature of subtle behavioural changes inlarge-scale behavioural assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.07.592885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In utero adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery targeting sensory and supporting cells in the embryonic mouse inner ear 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.07.592885v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vivo gene delivery to tissues using adeno-associated vector (AAVs) has revolutionized the field of gene therapy. Yet, while sensorineural hearing loss is one of the most common sensory disorders worldwide, gene therapy applied to the human inner ear is still in its infancy. Recent advances in the development recombinant AAVs have significantly improved their cell tropism and transduction efficiency across diverse inner ear cell types to a level that renders this tool valuable for conditionally manipulating gene expression in the context of developmental biology studies of the mouse inner ear. Here, we describe a protocol for in utero micro-injection of AAVs into the embryonic inner ear, using the AAV-PHP.eB and AAV-DJ serotypes that respectively target the sensory hair cells and the supporting cells of the auditory sensory epithelium. We also aimed to standardize procedures for imaging acquisition and image analysis to foster research reproducibility and allow accurate comparisons between studies. We find that AAV-PHP.eB and AAV-DJ provide efficient and reliable tools for conditional gene expression targeting cochlear sensory and supporting cells in the mouse inner ear, from late embryonic stages on.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbosa Spinola, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutet de Monvel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safieddine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahlou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etournay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.07.592885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In utero adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery targeting sensory and supporting cells in the embryonic mouse inner ear]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.23.595336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile binary toxin CDT induces biofilm-like persisting microcolonies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.23.595336v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinical symptoms of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) range from diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. A major challenge in managing CDI is the high rate of relapse. Several studies correlate production of CDT binary toxin by clinical strains of Clostridioides difficile with higher relapse rates. Although the mechanism of action of CDT on host cells is known, its exact contribution to CDI is still unclear. To understand the physiological role of CDT during CDI, we established two hypoxic relevant intestinal models, Transwell and Microfluidic Intestine-on-Chip systems. Both were challenged with the epidemic strain UK1 CDT+ and its isogenic CDT- mutant. We report that CDT binary toxin induces mucin-associated microcolonies that increase C. difficile colonization and display biofilm-like properties by enhancing C. difficile resistance to vancomycin but not to fidaxomicin, a biofilm disrupting antibiotic. Importantly, biofilm- like CDT-dependent microcolonies were also observed in the caecum and colon of infected mice. Hence, our study shows that CDT toxin induces biofilm-like microcolonies, increasing C. difficile colonization and persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crozouls, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunault, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamorro-Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altamirano-Silva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chassaing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.595336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clostridioides difficile binary toxin CDT induces biofilm-like persisting microcolonies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.597325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHRFAM7A overexpression in human iPSC-derived Interneurons dysregulates α7-nAChR surface expression and alters response to oligomeric β-amyloid peptide 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.597325v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 7 neuronal nicotinic receptor (7-nAChR) gene, CHRNA7, is widely expressed within the brain and at the periphery. It plays various important roles in cognition and immune functions. Decreased expression of 7-nAChR has been associated with Alzheimers disease (AD) triggered by the accumulation of the 42-amino acid beta-amyloid peptide (A{beta}1-42). The interactions of this peptide with 7-nAChR may represent a pivotal mechanism that is involved in pathogenesis of AD. The regulation of CHRNA7 is a complex process. Normal function of 7-nAChR in mammalian cells requires the co-expression of chaperone proteins such as RIC3 and NACHO which facilitate the formation of cell surface receptors. In humans, CHRNA7 regulation also involves the specific chimeric CHRFAM7A gene product dup7, which may assemble with 7 subunits and lead to dominant negative regulation of 7-nAChR function. To further elucidate the complex interplay between CHRFAM7A gene product (dup7), 7-nAChRs and A{beta}1-42, we used human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived interneurons (INs). Four iPSC lines were analyzed for the presence of CHRFAM7A copies. Among them, a cell line with a null genotype was selected for the lentiviral overexpression of CHRFAM7A. Our data show that overexpression of CHRFAM7A led to a reduction in the surface detection of 7-nAChR ligand binding sites in iPSC-derived INs. INs expressing the 7-dup7 subunit (7-dup7-INs) exhibited lower levels of RIC3 and NACHO. Upon agonist treatment by nicotine, an up-regulation of 7-nAChR ligand binding sites was observed in 7-dup7-INs as compared to non-transduced INs (7-INs). At low levels of A{beta} treatment, 7-INs displayed a significant reduction in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while high levels resulted in a slight increase. In contrast, 7-dup7-INs exhibited lower baseline levels of ROS that remained unaltered by A{beta} treatment. ROS are known to exacerbate AD pathogenesis. We hypothesize that such effects may also be triggered by 7-dup7-INs in the brain of patients. Further investigations are currently undertaken to confirm this hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Llach Pou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiberge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maskos, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloez-Tayarani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHRFAM7A overexpression in human iPSC-derived Interneurons dysregulates α7-nAChR surface expression and alters response to oligomeric β-amyloid peptide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.12.598599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-host evolution of Yersinia enterocolitica during a chronic human infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.12.598599v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following a pacemaker implantation, a 75-years-old patient suffered from five successive bacteremia episodes between in 1999 and 2013 despite long-term antibiotic treatment, with intermittent vegetation apparition on the device atrial lead. Four blood isolates, identified as Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 4/O:3, were further genetically and phenotypically characterized. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that the patient was chronically infected by the same strain, which evolved within the host for 14 years. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis indicates that the last two isolates evolved in parallel and formed two independent lineages within the host. Pan-genome analysis and genome comparison showed that their common evolution was characterized by 41 small insertion/deletion events, loss of three large DNA fragments and mutations in 140 genes. A phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood identified two genes presenting a positive selection signal, suggesting that these mutations provided a survival advantage to bacteria during chronic infection. Quinolone resistance in the last two isolates was acquired through a so far undescribed deletion in the gyrA gene.

Mass-spectrometry analysis revealed a strong proteome remodeling in the last two isolates which was correlated with a truncation in the stringent response regulator DksA. A reduced carbon, energy and purine metabolism supports their severe growth defects in vitro. 3rd-generation cephalosporin resistance of the last isolate was correlated with a truncation of OmpF, the main porin translocating antibiotics through the outer-membrane, as well as an increased production of BlaA and AmpC {beta}-lactamases.

This is the first report of genetic and phenotypic changes associated to within-host adaptation of a pathogenic Yersinia species under antibiotic pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le-Bury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guglielmini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzele, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Brun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastides, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birmele, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guichard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabanel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dortet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussurget, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carniel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanotte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro-Cerde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-host evolution of Yersinia enterocolitica during a chronic human infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.14.598817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A type IVB secretion system contributes to the pathogenicity of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains responsible for the Far East scarlet-like fever 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.14.598817v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a food-borne pathogen responsible for a self-limiting gastrointestinal disease in humans known as mesenteric lymphadenitis. A phylogenetically distinct Y. pseudotuberculosis cluster from lineages 1 and 8 is associated to a specific syndrome called the Far East scarlet-like fever (FESLF), characterized by skin rash, hyperemic tongue and desquamation. Genome sequencing of FESLF strains previously revealed the presence in the plasmid pVM82 of dot/icm genes, homologous to those known to encode a T4BSS in the intracellular pathogens Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii. In the present article, we characterized the genomic features and functionality of the Y. pseudotuberculosis T4BSS (yT4BSS). We found higher dot/icm gene identity between Y. pseudotuberculosis and Pseudomonas putida genes than with those of L. pneumophila or C. burnetii. We validated the presence of all essential dot/icm genes required for the structure of a T4BSS. We then evaluated the conditions required for yT4BSS gene expression in vitro and identified an influence of temperature, with higher expression at 37{degrees}C, which mimicks the mammalian host temperature. The yT4BSS is also expressed in cellulo during the Y. pseudotuberculosis intracellular life cycle and in vivo during mouse infection. Although T4BSS functions are well characterized in the intracellular life cycle of L. pneumophila and C. burnetii, the yT4BSS appears to not be required for the intracellular survival nor for the establishment of a replication niche within cells of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Interestingly, the yT4BSS is implicated in Y. pseudotuberculosis FESLF strain pathogenicity when orally inoculated to mice but not during intravenous inoculation. Despite a role in virulence during oral infection, the yT4BSS does not influence organ colonization. However, the yT4BSS appears to be implicated in induction of important necrosis lesions in mesenteric lymph nodes and caeca of mice. Cytokine profil analyses revealed an induction of production of innate immunity related cytokines and chemokines depending on the yT4BSS in cellulo using a mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages infection model. Thus, the yT4BSS modulates cytokine responses of the host innate immune system during oral infection. In conclusion, the yT4BSS is a newly characterized virulence factor implicated in pathogenicity of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains from lineage 8 responsible for FESLF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemarignier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruedas Torres, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derbise, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coluzzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlaud-Gaillard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madej, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roingeard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Laguna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro-Cerda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.598817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A type IVB secretion system contributes to the pathogenicity of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains responsible for the Far East scarlet-like fever]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.05.602179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal diet alters offspring early life host-microbiota communication through goblet cells, resulting in long-lasting diseases susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.05.602179v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A crucial early-life developmental phase regulates microbiome settling while establishing critical and long-lasting immune and metabolic processes. During this period, the influence of select components of maternal diet on offspring microbiota and health remains largely unknown. To investigate the potential transgenerational impact of maternal exposure to microbiota-disrupting factors, dams were subjected prior breeding to dietary emulsifiers, known to directly perturb the microbiota. Such maternal exposure induced early-life microbiota alterations in offspring which associated with long-lasting susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and intestinal inflammation. These detrimental effects were entirely prevented by early-life microbiota normalization through cross-fostering procedures. Mechanistically, maternal emulsifier exposure induces strong offsprings impairment in goblet cells-mediated host-microbiota communication which is central in driving the observed long-lasting deleterious effects. To conclude, this study underscores the central role played by maternal intake of microbiota-disrupting agents on the next generations microbiota, with long lasting consequences for intestinal and metabolic health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delaroque, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huillet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellero-Simatos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chassaing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.05.602179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal diet alters offspring early life host-microbiota communication through goblet cells, resulting in long-lasting diseases susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.26.605241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning cell fate landscapes from spatial transcriptomics using Fused Gromov-Wasserstein 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.26.605241v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In dynamic biological processes such as development, spatial transcriptomics is revolutionizing the study of the mechanisms underlying spatial organization within tissues. Inferring cell fate trajectories from spatial transcriptomics profiled at several time points has thus emerged as a critical goal, requiring novel computational methods. Wasserstein gradient flow learning is a promising framework for analyzing sequencing data across time, built around a neural network representing the differentiation potential. However, existing gradient flow learning methods cannot analyze spatially resolved transcriptomic data.

Here, we propose STORIES, a method that employs an extension of Optimal Transport to learn a spatially informed potential. We benchmark our approach using three large Stereo-seq spatiotemporal atlases and demonstrate superior spatial coherence compared to existing approaches. Finally, we provide an in-depth analysis of axolotl neural regeneration and mouse gliogenesis, recovering gene trends for known markers as Nptx1 in neuron regeneration and Aldh1l1 in gliogenesis and additional putative drivers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huizing, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning cell fate landscapes from spatial transcriptomics using Fused Gromov-Wasserstein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scPRINT: pre-training on 50 million cells allows robust gene network predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605556v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A cell is governed by the interaction of myriads of macromolecules. Such a network of interaction has remained an elusive milestone in cellular biology. Building on recent advances in large foundation models and their ability to learn without supervision, we present scPRINT, a large cell model for the inference of gene networks pre-trained on more than 50M cells from the cellxgene database. Using novel pretraining methods and model architecture, scPRINT pushes large transformer models towards more interpretability and usability in uncovering the complex biology of the cell. Based on our atlas-level benchmarks, scPRINT demonstrates superior performance in gene network inference to the state of the art, as well as competitive zero-shot abilities in denoising, batch effect correction, and cell label prediction. On an atlas of benign prostatic hyperplasia, scPRINT highlights the profound connections between ion exchange, senescence, and chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalfon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scPRINT: pre-training on 50 million cells allows robust gene network predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.09.606346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive immunity to retroelements promotes barrier integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.09.606346v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintenance of tissue integrity is a requirement of host survival. This mandate is of prime importance at barrier sites that are constitutively exposed to the environment. Here, we show that exposure of the skin to non-inflammatory xenobiotics promotes tissue repair; more specifically, mild detergent exposure promotes the reactivation of defined retroelements leading to the induction of retroelement-specific CD8+ T cells. These T cell responses are Langerhans cell dependent and establish tissue residency within the skin. Upon injury, retroelement-specific CD8+ T cells significantly accelerate wound repair via IL-17A. Collectively, this work demonstrates that tonic environmental exposures and associated adaptive responses to retroelements can be coopted to preemptively set the tissue for maximal resilience to injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wells, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima-Junior, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smelkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segrist, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teijeiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouladoux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkaid, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.09.606346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive immunity to retroelements promotes barrier integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.12.607579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the effect of model specification and prior sensitivity on Bayesian tests of temporal signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.12.607579v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of the evolution of many microbes has been revolutionised by the molecular clock, a statistical tool to infer evolutionary rates and timescales from analyses of biomolecular sequences. In all molecular clock models, evolutionary rates and times are jointly unidentifiable and  calibration information must therefore be used.

For many organisms, sequences sampled at different time points can be employed for such calibration. Before attempting to do so, it is recommended to verify that the data carry sufficient information for molecular dating, a practice referred to as evaluation of temporal signal. Recently, a fully Bayesian approach, BETS (Bayesian Evaluation of Temporal Signal), was proposed to overcome known limitations of other commonly used techniques such as root-to-tip regression or date randomisation tests. BETS requires the specification of a full Bayesian phylogenetic model, posing several considerations for untangling the impact of model choice on the detection of temporal signal. Here, we aimed to (i) explore the effect of molecular clock model and tree prior specification on the results of BETS and (ii) provide guidelines for improving our confidence in molecular clock estimates.

Using microbial molecular sequence data sets and simulation experiments, we assess the impact of the tree prior and its hyperparameters on the accuracy of temporal signal detection. In particular, highly informative priors that are inconsistent with the data can result in the incorrect detection of temporal signal. In consequence, we recommend: (i) using prior predictive simulations to determine whether the prior generates a reasonable expectation of parameters of interest, such as the evolutionary rate and age of the root node, (ii) conducting prior sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the posterior to the choice of prior, and (iii) selecting a molecular clock model that reasonably describes the evolutionary process.

Author summaryOur knowledge of when historical and modern pathogens emerged and spread is largely grounded on molecular clock models. The inferences from these models assume that sequence sampling times must have captured a sufficient amount of evolutionary change, which is typically determined using tests of temporal signal, such as BETS. Although BETS is generally effective, here we show that it can incorrectly detect temporal signal if the chosen evolutionary model makes implausible statements about the evolutionary timescale, a situation that is difficult to diagnose, particularly with complex Bayesian models. We demonstrate that this problem is due to a statistical artefact, that we refer to as tree extension and that it can be minimised by conducting careful prior predictive simulations, and by eliciting biologically plausible priors in the model. Overall, our study provides guidelines for improving our statistical confidence in estimates of evolutionary timescales, with key applications for recently emerging pathogens and data sets involving ancient molecular data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tay, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the effect of model specification and prior sensitivity on Bayesian tests of temporal signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel mechanisms signal a hierarchy of sequence structure violations in the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609026v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain predicts regularities in sensory inputs at multiple complexity levels, with neuronal mechanisms that remain elusive. Here, we monitored auditory cortex activity during the local-global paradigm, a protocol nesting different regularity levels in sound sequences. We observed that mice encode local predictions based on stimulus occurrence and stimulus transition probabilities, because auditory responses are boosted upon prediction violation. This boosting was due to both short-term adaptation and an adaptation-independent surprise mechanism resisting anesthesia. In parallel, and only in wakefulness, VIP interneurons responded to the omission of the locally expected sound repeat at sequence ending, thus providing a chunking signal potentially useful for establishing global sequence structure. When this global structure was violated, by either shortening the sequence or ending it with a locally expected but globally unexpected sound transition, activity slightly increased in VIP and PV neurons respectively. Hence, distinct cellular mechanisms predict different regularity levels in sound sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jamali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremont, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Kerkoerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehaene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathellier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel mechanisms signal a hierarchy of sequence structure violations in the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.20.614086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial growth under confinement requires transcriptional adaptation to resist metabolite-induced turgor pressure build-up 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.20.614086v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial proliferation often occurs in confined spaces, during biofilm formation, within host cells, or in specific niches during infection, creating mechanical constraints. We investigated how spatial confinement and growth-induced mechanical pressure affect bacterial physiology. Here, we found that, when proliferating in a confining microfluidic-based device with access to nutrients, Escherichia coli cells generate forces in the hundreds of kPa range. This pressure decouples growth and division, producing shorter bacteria with higher protein concentrations. This leads to cytoplasmic crowding, which ultimately arrests division and stalls protein synthesis. In this arrested state, the pressure produced by bacteria keeps increasing. A minimal theoretical model of bacterial growth predicts this novel regime of steady pressure increase in the absence of protein production, that we named overpressurization. In this regime, the Rcs pathway is activated and that abnormal shapes appear in rcs mutant populations only when they reach the overpressurized state. A uropathogenic strain of E. coli displayed the same confined growth phenotypes in vitro and requirement for Rcs in a mice model of urinary tract infection, suggesting that these pressurized regimes are relevant to understand the physiopathology of bacterial infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Blanc, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alric, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Finn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goussard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazenq, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumenil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial growth under confinement requires transcriptional adaptation to resist metabolite-induced turgor pressure build-up]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.25.614947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting oxygen toxicity: evolution and adaptation to superoxide in a SOD-deficient bacterial pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.25.614947v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defenses against oxidants are crucial for the virulence of pathogens, with superoxide scavenging enzymes (SOSEs) playing a vital role for most aerobes. However, our knowledge of superoxide adaptation primarily stems from the study of SOSE-encoding bacteria. Here, we investigated the evolution of a naturally SOSE-deficient pathogen (Leptospira spp.), along with the alternative mechanisms it recruits to combat superoxide stress. We demonstrate that emergence of pathogenic Leptospira correlated with SOD loss, but that a long-lasting adaptation to superoxide remains possible. We reveal that cysteine and leucine biosynthesis are the most induced pathways in response to superoxide and demonstrate the importance of sulfur metabolism in superoxide adaptation in this SOSE-deficient model. We also propose cysteine oxidation as a key mediator of superoxide toxicity in the absence of SOSEs. This study challenges our conventional understanding of the oxygen toxicity theory and proposes a new model of superoxide adaptation through metabolic rewiring in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huete, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BENAROUDJ, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting oxygen toxicity: evolution and adaptation to superoxide in a SOD-deficient bacterial pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.03.616467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate genotyping of three major respiratory bacterial pathogens with ONT R10.4.1 long-read sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.03.616467v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput massive parallel sequencing has significantly improved bacterial pathogen genomics, diagnostics, and epidemiology. Despite its high accuracy, short-read sequencing struggles with complete genome reconstruction and assembly of extrachromosomal elements such as plasmids. Long-read sequencing with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) presents an alternative that offers benefits like real-time sequencing and cost-efficiency, particularly useful in resource-limited settings. However, the higher error rates of ONT have so far limited its application in high-precision genomic typing. The recent release of ONTs R10.4.1 chemistry, with significantly improved raw read accuracy (Q20+), offers a potential solution to this problem.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of ONTs latest chemistry for bacterial genomic typing against the gold standard Illumina technology, focusing on three respiratory pathogens of public health importance, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and their related species. Using the Rapid Barcoding Kit V14, we generated and analyzed genome assemblies with different basecalling tools and models, at different simulated depths of coverage. ONT assemblies were compared to the Illumina reference for completeness and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) accuracy (number of allelic mismatches).

Our results show that genomes obtained from raw data basecalled with Dorado (with both simplex and duplex reads) SUP v0.7.1, assembled with Flye, and with a minimum coverage depth of 30x, optimized the accuracy for all bacterial species tested. The error rates were consistently below 1% of each cgMLST scheme, indicating that ONT R10.4.1 data is suitable for high-resolution genomic typing applied to outbreak investigations and public health surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zidane, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rethoret-Pasty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crestani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate genotyping of three major respiratory bacterial pathogens with ONT R10.4.1 long-read sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.07.616958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 budding requires cortical actin disassembly by the oxidoreductase MICAL1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.07.616958v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many enveloped viruses bud from the plasma membrane that is tightly associated with a dense and thick actin cortex. This actin network represents a significant challenge for membrane deformation and scission, and how it is remodeled during the late steps of the viral cycle is largely unknown. Using super-resolution microscopy, we show that HIV-1 buds in areas of the plasma membrane with low cortical F-actin levels. We find that the cellular oxidoreductase MICAL1 locally depolymerizes actin at budding sites to promote HIV-1 budding and release. In the absence of MICAL1, F-actin abnormally remains at viral budding sites, incompletely budded viruses accumulate at the plasma membrane and viral release is impaired. Remarkably, normal viral release can be restored in MICAL1-depleted cells by inhibiting Arp2/3-dependent branched actin networks. Mechanistically, we find that MICAL1 directly disassembles branched-actin networks and controls the timely recruitment of the ESCRT scission machinery during viral budding. In addition, the MICAL1 activator Rab35 is recruited at budding sites, functions in the same pathway as MICAL1 and is also required for viral release. This work reveals a role for oxidoreduction in triggering local actin depolymerization to control HIV-1 budding, a mechanism that may be widely used by other viruses. The debranching activity of MICAL1 could be involved beyond viral budding in various other cellular functions requiring local plasma membrane deformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casartelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghasemi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wioland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuvelier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya-Nilges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernacchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jegou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romet-Lemonne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.616958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 budding requires cortical actin disassembly by the oxidoreductase MICAL1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch signaling blockade links transcriptome heterogeneity in quiescent neural stem cells with their reactivation routes and potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621547v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the vertebrate brain, neural stem cell (NSC) quiescence is necessary for stemness maintenance. Using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) in the zebrafish adult telencephalon, we identified different molecular clusters of quiescent NSCs, interpreted to sign different quiescence depths(1). Here, we show that these clusters, when challenged in vivo with an inhibitor of Notch signaling -a major quiescence promoting pathway-, unfold different behaviors. Notably, deeply quiescent NSCs with astrocytic features display a unique activation phenotype that combines the maintenance of astrocytic markers with the rapid upregulation of activation and neuronal commitment genes, reminiscent to murine periventricular astrocytes activating upon lesion. In contrast, an NSC cluster predicted to be in the deepest quiescence state resists Notch blockade, and we demonstrate that the transcription factor Nr2f1b mediates this resistance to activation in vivo. These results together link the molecular heterogeneity of quiescent NSCs with bona fide biological properties and their molecular regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morizet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foucher, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alunni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch signaling blockade links transcriptome heterogeneity in quiescent neural stem cells with their reactivation routes and potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.08.622039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptional landscapes of Aedes aegypti midgut and fat body after a bloodmeal 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.08.622039v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors for numerous arboviruses that have an increasingly substantial global health burden. Following a bloodmeal, mosquitoes experience significant physiological changes, primarily orchestrated by the midgut and fat body tissues. These changes begin with digestion and culminate in egg production. However, our understanding of those key processes at the cellular and molecular level remains limited. We have created a comprehensive cell atlas of the mosquito midgut and fat body by employing single-cell RNA sequencing and metabolomics techniques. This atlas unveils the dynamic cellular composition and metabolic adaptations that occur following a bloodmeal. Our analyses reveal highly diverse cell populations, specialized in digestion, metabolism, immunity, and reproduction. While the midgut primarily comprises enterocytes, enteroendocrine and intestinal stem cells, the fat body consists not only of trophocytes and oenocytes, but also harbors a substantial hemocyte population and a newly found fat body-yolk cell population. The fat body exhibits a complex cellular and metabolomic profile and exerts a central role in coordinating immune and metabolic processes. Additionally, an insect-specific virus, PCLV (Phasi Charoen-Like Virus) was detected in single cells, mainly in the midgut a week after the bloodmeal. These findings highlight the complexity of the mosquitos abdominal tissues, and pave the way towards the development of exquisitely refined vector control strategies consisting of genetically targeting specific cell populations and metabolic pathways necessary for egg development after a bloodmeal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vial, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Maestre, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couderc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinaud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howick, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akorli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawniczak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptional landscapes of Aedes aegypti midgut and fat body after a bloodmeal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.11.628019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adhesion-Controlled Mechanics of the Glial Niche Regulate Neural Stem Cell Proliferative Potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.11.628019v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Controlled proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) builds a functional nervous system during development. While their cellular niche is recognized as a signalling hub, the contribution of its structure and mechanics in regulating neurogenesis remains unexplored. The Drosophila larval central nervous system contains self-renewing NSCs in close contact with cortex glial cells. Transcriptomics identified a triad of immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules (Dpr10/Dpr6 in glia and DIP- in NSCs) which physically and mechanically connect the NSC and glial membranes, acting as mechanoregulators. Their disruption increases glial cortical tension, causing non-autonomous mitotic defects in NSCs, characterized by abnormal spindle morphologies and impaired mitotic progression. Additionally, elevated glial tensile forces increase Lamin content in NSCs, a protective response also resulting in nuclear deformation. Ultimately NSC proliferative potential and genome integrity are compromised. Our study reveals that the native mechanical properties of the niche are transmitted to NSCs and regulate their function.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=156 SRC="FIGDIR/small/628019v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cristina, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perthame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigaud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banach-Latapy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, N. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellaiche, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.628019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adhesion-Controlled Mechanics of the Glial Niche Regulate Neural Stem Cell Proliferative Potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.21.629882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental delay ensures global tissue size robustness upon local induction of apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.21.629882v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity of our tissues to cope with external and internal stress relies on the tight coupling between cell proliferation, cell growth and cell death. This coupling is assumed to be based on compensatory proliferation, where local mitogenic signals and mechanical inputs generated by dying cells promote neighbouring cell proliferation. However, compensatory proliferation was mostly studied in the context of massive death induction, irradiation, surgical tissue ablation or upon genetic perturbation of apoptosis execution. It remains thus unclear whether the same mechanism operates during physiological programmed cell death or upon mild induction of apoptosis, especially in vivo. Here, we use the Drosophila prospective wing (the larval wing disc), to study the impact of local induction of apoptosis on tissue size and proliferation pattern. We first confirmed that the wing could recover its final size and compensate for mild induction of apoptosis. However, using spatial statistics we found surprisingly that local induction of death is not associated with any local increase of proliferation, could it be upon clonal or compartment induction of apoptosis. Compensation is driven instead by a JNK dependant delay of growth and lengthening of the larval stage which is required to reach the final tissue target size. These results suggest that compensation is here driven by a global response rather that a local proliferation induction. Accordingly, while total tissue size is maintained despite local induction of apoptosis, this mechanism fails to correct the local reduction of cell number, hence modulating wing shape and proportion. Overall, this study opens novel perspectives on tissue size regulation and outlines the context-dependency of compensatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staneva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobczyk-Moran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levillayer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villars, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.21.629882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental delay ensures global tissue size robustness upon local induction of apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.23.630047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple ex vivo bladder infection model permits study of host-pathogen interactions in UTI 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.23.630047v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infections, worldwide. To understand mechanisms of UTI pathogenesis and find new treatments, researchers often use animal models, such as mice or rats. However, studying certain phenotypes in animals can be difficult. Additionally, using animals in research comes with significant administrative and ethical challenges. To address these challenges, we developed a simple, reproducible, and cost-effective model to study UTI using donated mouse bladder tissue that would otherwise be discarded. This model allows researchers of all experience levels to study interactions between the host and pathogen in a controlled environment. We tested uropathogenic E. coli colonization and invasion of isolated urothelial sheets from 30 minutes to 24 hours, finding that bacterial burden in our ex vivo model was comparable to in vivo UTI mouse models. To optimize reproducibility, we tested multiple variables, including technical parameters, such as incubator conditions, and biological factors, such as biological sex or prior pregnancy in the donor mouse. This method offers several advantages, including assessment of early host-pathogen interactions, immune cell uptake of bacteria, the impact of age and sex of donor animals in infection, and diverse bacterial strains, mutants, or treatments. In addition, in some countries, sharing material recovered from animals sacrificed for other reasons does not require additional ethical approval by the receiving laboratory, providing a resource for labs without access to animals and reducing administrative burden. Given the breadth of the model with respect to sex, age, mouse and bacterial strain, and the ability to test any parameter that can be included in a 96-well plate, we believe this model will be useful to UTI researchers, with potential application beyond infection or even beyond the bladder to other tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehn, R.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Finn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderstrom, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacerda Mariano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple ex vivo bladder infection model permits study of host-pathogen interactions in UTI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.09.632135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interfacial tension and growth both contribute to mechanical cell competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.09.632135v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue plasticity and homeostasis rely on the mutual interplay between cell behaviour and mechanical inputs1. Yet, mechanical stress can also contribute to the evolution of some pathologies, notably by accelerating pretumoural cell expansion through the process of mechanical cell competition2-5. Mechanical cell competition is a conserved process in which one cell population is preferentially eliminated when mixed with another cell population due to its higher sensitivity to mechanical stress2,3,5-8. Most of the recent theoretical and experimental explorations of mechanical cell competition focused so far on the contribution of growth and pressure to cell elimination and were limited to few genetic contexts, including the activation of Ras in vivo2,8, and the mutation of the polarity gene scribble in mammalian cell culture3,4,9. However, it remains unclear whether other oncogenes can trigger similar mechanisms and whether growth is generally the only central regulator of cell compaction and cell elimination. Using the Drosophila pupal notum (a single layer epithelium), quantitative live imaging and vertex modelling, we revisited the mechanisms contributing to cell compaction and cell elimination during mechanical cell competition. Doing so, we outlined the co-existence of two modes of wild type (WT) cell compaction near oncogenic cells, namely the compaction driven by growth versus local compaction driven by increased tension at tumoural/WT cell interfaces in zones of high curvature (similar to "Laplace pressure"). We highlighted distinctive signatures in cell deformation and cell elimination distribution that can delineate these two modes of compaction, and we recapitulated them in silico and in vivo using genetic backgrounds affecting growth and/or interfacial tension independently. Altogether, this study reveals for the first time the contribution of interfacial tension-driven compaction to mechanical cell competition and outlines the co-existence of various modes of compaction during cell elimination and pretumoural clone expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matamoro-Vidal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villars, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.09.632135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interfacial tension and growth both contribute to mechanical cell competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.27.634986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel approach to tagging tubulin reveals microtubule assembly dynamics of the axoneme in Trypanosoma brucei 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.27.634986v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is a mono-flagellated cell during the G1-phase of its cell cycle. In order to duplicate, it assembles a new flagellum alongside the mature one, in which further elongation is prevented. Our group proposed a model where the mature flagellum is locked after construction to full length (Bertiaux et al. 2018) and access of new building blocks for elongation is exclusive to the new flagellum. To test this hypothesis directly, we developed a tool for the inducible expression of tagged tubulin. Alpha-tubulin that was tagged with an intragenic Ty-1-epitope behaved indistinguishable from untagged tubulin. Its incorporation was monitored after inducible expression, to follow the assembly dynamics of microtubules in the cell body, the mitotic spindle and the flagellum. In this study we observed that integration of tubulin occurs at the distal flagellum tip at a linear rate and is indeed restricted to the new flagellum in bi-flagellated cells. This is direct evidence that trypanosomes avoid competition between the two flagella by allowing tubulin incorporation only in the new organelle. However, by tracing flagella over several cell cycles we could also show that mature flagella do not remain locked indefinitely. The restriction is lifted briefly after the bi-flagellated cell has divided and the daughter cell inheriting the old flagellum shows incorporation of newly synthesized building blocks again. It then has to lock again before the cell can assemble a new flagellum. Our findings suggest regular incorporation of tubulin at the tip of previously locked flagella. This evidence was supported with an orthogonal approach, with which we monitored the incorporation of HaloTag-tagged radial spoke protein 4/6. Since flagellum length in trypanosomes is stable, this indicates that the entire axoneme is subject to regular events of transient disassembly followed by assembly at its distal tip.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbuhl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruzincova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepanek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouscasse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varga, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BONNEFOY, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BASTIN, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.634986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel approach to tagging tubulin reveals microtubule assembly dynamics of the axoneme in Trypanosoma brucei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.28.635012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-tuning mechanical constraints uncouple patterning and gene expression in murine pseudo-embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.28.635012v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interplay between mechanical forces and genetic programs is fundamental to embryonic development, yet how these factors independently or jointly influence morphogenesis and cell fate decisions remains poorly understood. Here, we fine-tune the mechanical environment of murine gastruloids, three-dimensional in vitro models of early embryogenesis, by embedding them in bioinert hydrogels with precisely tunable stiffness and timing of application. This approach reveals that external constraints can selectively influence transcriptional profiles, patterning, or morphology, depending on the level and timing of mechanical modulation. Gastruloids embedded in ultra-soft hydrogels (< 30 Pa) elongate robustly, preserving both anteroposterior patterning and transcriptional profiles. In contrast, embedding at higher stiffness disrupts polarization while leaving gene expression largely unaffected. Conversely, earlier embedding significantly impacts transcriptional profiles independently of polarization defects, highlighting the uncoupling of patterning and transcription. These findings suggest that distinct cellular states respond differently to external constraints. Live imaging and cell tracking imply that impaired cell motility underlies polarization defects, underscoring the role of mechanical forces in shaping morphogenesis independently of transcriptional changes. By allowing precise control over external mechanical boundaries, our approach provides a powerful platform to dissect how physical and biochemical factors interact to orchestrate early embryonic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pineau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Delisle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoushtarizadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duboule, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-tuning mechanical constraints uncouple patterning and gene expression in murine pseudo-embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.06.636787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mass spectrometry reveals novel features of tubulin polyglutamylation in the flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.06.636787v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tubulin polyglutamylation is a prominent feature of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. In the protist parasite Trypanosoma brucei, nine different tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) enzymes are potentially involved in tubulin glutamylation. Given this enzymatic diversity, it is important to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize tubulin polyglutamylation, in order to understand the trypanosome tubulin code and pave the way for functional assignments of different TTLLs. Robust mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics approaches for analysis of posttranslational modifications have been developed in recent years, but none to study polyglutamylation. We therefore optimized a nanoLC-MS/MS pipeline, from sample preparation to data analysis, using synthetic polyglutamylated peptides for quantification. Applied to the flagellum of T. brucei, our approach enabled the detection and quantification of C-terminal tubulin peptides with up to eleven supplementary glutamates on -, and five on {beta}-tubulin. In addition to the known E445 on - and E435 on {beta}-, a novel glutamylation site of {beta}-tubulin was discovered at residue E438. Furthermore, our data revealed an increase in enzymatic detyrosination with increasing length of the glutamate chains, especially for -tubulin. This indicates crosstalk between the modifications and different rates of detyrosination of the two tubulin types. Our results complement the existing knowledge of the tubulin code in T. brucei and introduce an efficient analytical pipeline for the characterization of polyglutamylated proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nisavic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BONNEFOY, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamot-Rooke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.06.636787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mass spectrometry reveals novel features of tubulin polyglutamylation in the flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.26.640293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abdominal symptoms of invasive meningococcal disease are associated with the induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor in omental adipocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.26.640293v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abdominal symptoms are increasingly reported in invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to explore the pathophysiology of these presentations using an animal model. We utilized a collection of 20 meningococcal isolates that were either associated or not associated with abdominal presentations, which were injected intraperitoneally into transgenic mice expressing human transferrin. We employed histological examination, RNA sequencing (RNAseq) transcriptomic analysis, and reverse transcriptase real-time PCR to analyze tissue preparations of the mices omentum.

The 20 tested isolates induced similar levels of bacteremia in mice. However, isolates associated with abdominal presentations (mainly serogroup W isolates of clonal complex 11) caused thrombotic lesions in the blood vessels of the omentum, and they also induced a higher inflammatory response in the omentum with elevated levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and KC. Furthermore, these isolates induced higher expression of several genes, some of which are involved in coagulopathy, such as plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). We also demonstrated that the PAI-1 encoding gene is overexpressed in adipocyte cells of the omentum. Lipopolysaccharide from the isolates associated with abdominal presentations, instead of whole bacteria, induced similar pathological findings.

During IMD, thrombosis formation in the omentums blood vessels is associated with a local induction of an inflammatory response and overexpression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 encoding gene. These lesions can lead to thrombosis and hypoperfusion in the omentum, resulting in clinical abdominal presentations

Author summaryNeisseria meningitidis, commonly known as meningococci, is a bacterium that is transmitted directly from person to person through respiratory droplets. This bacterium causes invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), which can manifest in various symptoms beyond just meningitis. Notably, abdominal presentations, including abdominal pain and diarrhea, are increasingly being reported. The aim of our investigation was to elucidate the underlying mechanism of these abdominal symptoms.

To achieve this, we employed several experimental approaches and provided evidence that these symptoms are caused by the coagulation (clotting) of blood in the microvessels that surround the abdominal organs, such as the intestine. This clotting is triggered by the bacteriums induction of a human enzyme that promotes coagulation. Notably, this is the first study to explore a mechanism underlying an extra-meningeal clinical form of N. meningitidis infection.

The enzyme responsible for this coagulation, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, is a potential target for modulating the host response to IMD. Our findings have significant implications for the understanding of meningococcal pathophysiology and reveal additional potential targets for treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taha, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aouiti-Trabelsi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deghmane, A.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.26.640293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abdominal symptoms of invasive meningococcal disease are associated with the induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor in omental adipocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.12.642769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent viral infections impact key biological traits in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.12.642769v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent viral infections have been assumed to impose minimal fitness costs for insects. We established persistent mono-infections of Drosophila melanogaster with four different enteric RNA viruses: Drosophila A virus (DAV), Drosophila C virus (DCV), Bloomfield virus, and Nora virus. We observed that these infections significantly reduce fly survival, alter the number of viable offspring per female, modulate microbiome composition, impact locomotor abilities, and change activity patterns. These results demonstrate the significant impact of persistent viral infections on key biological traits and expand our understanding of the fitness costs of persistent viral infections for the host. In addition, the four viruses displayed different accumulation kinetics and elicited unique transcriptional profiles with no common core responses. The transcriptional changes triggered by DCV infection persisted even after viral clearance. This comprehensive comparative dataset represents a valuable resource for researchers studying host-pathogen interactions, providing detailed transcriptional profiles, and behavioral measurements across different viral infections and time points. Our findings reveal that persistent viral infections modulate critical aspects of insect biology, affecting host physiology and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castello-Sanjuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romoli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.12.642769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent viral infections impact key biological traits in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.13.643076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral infections reduce Drosophila lifespan through accelerated aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.13.643076v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Do viral infections accelerate aging, and does this acceleration scale with pathogenicity? Using transcriptomic aging clocks, we measured biological age in Drosophila infected with four enteric RNA viruses spanning a broad pathogenicity range (i.e. reduction of host lifespan). All pathogenic infections accelerated aging and the magnitude of acceleration tracked pathogenicity. This pattern held across oral and systemic infection routes and was conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans where the non-pathogenic Orsay virus produced negligible aging acceleration. Pathway analysis indicated a systemic impact across aging hallmarks with virus- and tissue-specific signatures. Acceleration was comparable in females and males, but host context modulated the acceleration: the bacterial symbiont Wolbachia mitigated the virus-induced aging. Notably, biological age remained elevated even after viral clearance. These results demonstrate viruses act as age-distorters and link infection severity to lasting aging consequences, providing a quantitative framework for predicting long-term health effects of viral disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castello-Sanjuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral infections reduce Drosophila lifespan through accelerated aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.26.645418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between T3SS effectors, ExoY activation, and cGMP signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.26.645418v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ExoY is a nucleotidyl cyclase, secreted by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type 3 secretion system (T3SS), which generates various cyclic nucleotides within host cells, predominantly cGMP. How ExoY-catalyzed cNMPs production contributes to the infection process remains unclear. Using recombinant P. aeruginosa strains expressing ExoY variants with different substrate specificities, we identified that ExoY-derived cGMP modulates the cytotoxicity of ExoT, a co-injected T3SS exotoxin. Our results demonstrated that dephosphorylation of the host CrkII adaptor protein, a downstream effect of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of ExoT, is limited by ExoY-derived cGMP, therefore antagonizing ExoT-induced cell retraction. We also revealed a reciprocal interaction between T3SS effectors, showing that ExoT and ExoS, can in turn, suppress ExoY activity and its production of cGMP in certain cell types, thereby limiting their regulation by ExoY-synthesized cGMP. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between T3SS effectors and uncover a novel host cell-dependent regulation within P. aeruginosa infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deruelle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raoux-Barbot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce-Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renault, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechold, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between T3SS effectors, ExoY activation, and cGMP signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.26.645540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for DNA Replication and Uracil Repair in Phage A-Family DNA Polymerases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.26.645540v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replicative DNA polymerases (DNAP) play a critical role in genome duplication, ensuring the accurate transmission of genetic information in all kingdoms of life. This process is essential also for DNA-dependent viruses, including bacteriophages. In many phage genomes, a uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) is encoded in trans. In this paper, we identify a new subfamily of A-family DNAP in phages that are fused to an active (UDG) domain. Two members of this subfamily, B. subtilis phage SP-15 and YerA41 are known to be hypermodified on their thymidines. Here, we present cryo-EM structures at high resolution for two of its members in various functional and conformational states, from YerA41 and phiLo phages. The structures explain how these DNAPs can have an activity, distinct from copying genetic information, which reads dU bases ahead of the replication fork and creates abasic sites that are efficiently bypassed by the DNAP. Additionally, we report the co-occurrence of both a X-family DNAP and a DNA ligase in the corresponding phage genomes, and show that both enzymes are capable of repairing the abasic sites. The former makes a stable complex with the replicative DNAP, which thus appears as a platform for recruitment of the enzymatic activities necessary for the repair of dU bases during replication, that result from the incorporation of residual dUTP in the pool of nucleotides. Strikingly, the location of the UDG domain is the same as in the structure of Mpox virus replicative complex involving a B-family DNAP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Missoury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas-Staat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieskind, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for DNA Replication and Uracil Repair in Phage A-Family DNA Polymerases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.04.647233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oral OM-89 in combination with antibiotics prevents recurrent infection in a mouse model of urinary tract infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.04.647233v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very common infection. Approximately 25% of all women will experience recurrent infection, defined by 2 UTI in 6 months or 3 UTI in a 12 month period. Recurrent infection is thought to be due in part to the development of local bacterial reservoirs in the bladder after an infection. These reservoirs are undetected by the host immune system and may re-emerge after resolution of the primary infection. Frequently, recurrent UTI require repeated antibiotic use, leading to the development of resistance, and negatively impacting the quality of life of the patient. Given the rise in multidrug resistant uropathogens, treatments that do not rely upon antibiotics are urgently needed for this patient population. We assessed the capacity of a lyophilized E. coli extract, OM-89(R), as a preventive measure to reduce the incidence of spontaneous recurrence in a mouse cystitis model. Administration of OM-89 per os after the initiation of an acute UTI significantly reduced the number of spontaneous recurrent UTI in female mice over a 1 month follow-up period only when the animals were also treated with antibiotics. Protection against recurrent UTI arose quickly and without changes in any adaptive immune response parameter measured, ruling out a role for OM-89 in augmenting adaptive immunity to protect against spontaneous recurrent UTI in the first month of use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baulier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquali, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oral OM-89 in combination with antibiotics prevents recurrent infection in a mouse model of urinary tract infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.15.648942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization and evolutionary history of novel SARS-CoV-2-related viruses in bats from Cambodia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.15.648942v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating bat coronaviruses present a significant pandemic threat, yet our understanding of their genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics remains limited. Over 3 years, we sampled 1,462 bats in Cambodias Steung Treng province, identifying extensive and diverse coronaviruses co-circulation. Using metatranscriptomic and amplicon sequencing, we generated 33 complete sarbecovirus genomes, revealing novel lineages that cluster into four distinct groups, each associated with different Rhinolophus bat species. Our analysis highlights rapid migration and recombination of sarbecovirus lineages over short distances and timescales. Of note, the receptor-binding domains of two novel viral groups exhibit high similarity to SARS-CoV-2, and pseudovirus assays confirmed the ability of this spike protein to mediate entry into cells expressing human ACE2, suggesting a potential zoonotic risk. The observed genetic diversity underscores the urgent need for continuous surveillance to identify high-risk animal-to-human interfaces and inform pandemic preparedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ou, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillebaud, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidaliuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chheang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaune, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahal Guaragna Machado, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hul, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerswald, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappelle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.648942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization and evolutionary history of novel SARS-CoV-2-related viruses in bats from Cambodia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.17.649364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature-dependent decorrelation of sound representations across the auditory pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.17.649364v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractEarly studies on orientation selectivity in the visual cortex have suggested that sensory systems generate new feature representations at specific processing stages. Many observations challenge this view, but in the absence of systematic, multistage measurements, the logic of how feature tuning emerges remains elusive. Here, using a generic approach based on representational similarity analysis with a noise-corrected population metric, we demonstrate in the mouse auditory system that feature representations evolve gradually with, in some cases, major, feature-specific improvements at particular stages. We observe that single frequency tuning is already fully developed in the cochlear nucleus, the first stage of processing, while tuning to higher-order features improves up to the auditory cortex, with major steps in the inferior colliculus for amplitude modulation frequency or noise bandwidth tuning and in the cortex for frequency modulation direction and for complex sound identity or direction. Moreover, we observe that intensity tuning is established in a feature-dependent manner, earlier for pure frequencies than for more complex sounds. This indicates that auditory feature computations are a mix of stepwise and gradual processes which together contribute to decorrelate sound representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gosselin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puel, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathellier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.17.649364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature-dependent decorrelation of sound representations across the auditory pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.22.649928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-quality metagenome assembly from nanopore reads with nanoMDBG 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.22.649928v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Third-generation long-read sequencing technologies, have been shown to significantly enhance the quality of metagenome assemblies. The results obtained using the highly accurate reads generated by PacBio HiFi have been particularly notable yielding hundreds of circularized, complete genomes as metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) without manual intervention. Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) has recently improved the accuracy of its sequencing reads, achieving a per-base error rate of approximately 1-2%. Given the high-throughput, convenience and low-cost of ONT sequencing this could accelerate the uptake of long read metagenomics. However, current metagenome assemblers are optimized for PacBio HiFi data and underperform on the latest ONT data and do not scale to the large data sets that it enables.

We present nanoMDBG, an evolution of the metaMDBG HiFi assembler, designed to support newer ONT sequencing data through a novel pre-processing step that performs fast and accurate error correction in minimizer-space. Across a range of ONT datasets, including a large 400 Gbp soil sample sequenced specifically for this study, nanoMDBG reconstructs up to twice as many high-quality MAGs as the next best ONT assembler, metaFlye, while requiring a third of the CPU time and memory. As a result of these advances, we show that the latest ONT technology can now produce results comparable to those obtained using PacBio HiFi sequencing at the same sequencing depth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benoit, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raguideau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alabone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quince, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.22.649928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-quality metagenome assembly from nanopore reads with nanoMDBG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.29.651246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma protein biomarkers for the early detection of gastric preneoplasia and cancer: a prospective study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.29.651246v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastric cancer (GC) often presents a poor prognosis due to its asymptomatic phenotype at early stages. Upper endoscopy, the current gold standard for diagnosis, is invasive with limited sensitivity for detecting gastric preneoplasia. Non-invasive biomarkers, such as blood circulating proteins offer a promising alternative for an early detection. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics we identified plasma proteins as biomarkers of the presence of gastric preneoplasia and cancer lesions in an exploratory subgroup of patients (n=39). Fifteen promising protein candidates emerged to distinguish patient categories and were further confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in plasma samples from a cohort of 138 participants. Our predictive models demonstrated high classification performance with a minimal set of biomarkers, making them clinically applicable. Repeated cross-validations yielded high Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) values, notably distinguishing cancerous or precancerous cases from non-cancerous ones. Leveraging simple blood sampling, this strategy holds promise to detect high-risk gastric lesions, even at asymptomatic stages. Such an approach could significantly improve early detection and clinical management of GC, offering direct benefit for patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gianetto, Q. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nozeret, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colussi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouilloud, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungeheuer, M.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taieb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamarque, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma protein biomarkers for the early detection of gastric preneoplasia and cancer: a prospective study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.03.652024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stealth replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in the nasal epithelium at physiological temperature 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.03.652024v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic was marked by successive waves of SARS-CoV-2 variants with distinct properties. The Omicron variant that emerged in late 2021 showed a major antigenic shift and rapidly spread worldwide. Since then, Omicron-derived variants have maintained their global dominance, for reasons that remain incompletely understood. We report that the original Omicron variant BA.1 evolved several traits that converged in facilitating viral spread. First, Omicron displayed an early replicative advantage over previous variants when grown in a reconstructed nasal epithelium model based on primary human cells. The increase in Omicron replication was more marked at the 33{degrees}C temperature characteristic of human nasal passages, resulting in a physiologically relevant advantage. Omicron also caused a decrease in epithelial integrity, as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance and caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, Omicron caused a more marked loss of motile cilia at 33{degrees}C than other variants, suggesting a capacity to impair mucociliary clearance. RNAseq analysis showed that Omicron induced a broad transcriptional downregulation of ciliary genes but only a limited upregulation of host innate defense genes at 33{degrees}C. The lower production of type I and type III interferons in epithelia infected by Omicron compared to those infected by the Delta variant, at 33{degrees}C as well as 37{degrees}C, confirmed the increased capacity of Omicron to evade the innate antiviral response. Thus, Omicron combined replication speed, motile cilia impairment, and limited induction of innate antiviral responses when propagated in reconstructed nasal epithelia at physiological temperature. Omicron has the capacity to propagate efficiently but stealthily in the upper respiratory tract, which likely contributed to the evolutionary success of this SARS-CoV-2 variant.

AUTHOR SUMMARYThe COVID-19 pandemic was initially characterized by a rapid succession of viral variants that emerged independently of each other, with each of these variants outcompeting previous ones and rising to regional or global dominance. A major evolutionary shift occurred in late 2021, with the emergence of the highly divergent Omicron BA.1 variant. Since then, all the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants have been derived from Omicron, for reasons that remain incompletely understood. In this study, we chose to compare the replication of SARS-CoV-2 variants in a human nasal epithelium model grown at 37{degrees}C but also at 33{degrees}C, a more physiological temperature that approximates that found in the nasal cavity. In this model, Omicron showed an early replicative advantage that was more marked at nasal physiological temperature. Omicron also markedly impaired the layer of motile cilia that normally contributes to the clearance of inhaled particles from the nasal mucosa. Even though it caused tissue damage, Omicron triggered only a minimal antiviral interferon response from epithelia grown at 33{degrees}C. Thus, Omicron has the capacity to propagate rapidly but stealthily in the nasal epithelium at physiological temperature, which helps account for the efficient dissemination of this variant worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebourgeois, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chive, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeger-Madiot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.03.652024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stealth replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in the nasal epithelium at physiological temperature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.09.653094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular determinants of species-specific cell-cell recognition activating the class II gamete fusogen HAP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.09.653094v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species-specific adhesion of complementary gametes is a prerequisite to cell fusion during fertilization. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanism underlying cell-cell recognition and membrane adhesion to drive gamete fusion is not fully understood for any organism. In the alga, Chlamydomonas, the species-specific gamete adhesion protein MAR1 guides the fusogen HAP2 into a pre-fusion conformation on mt- gametes and serves as a receptor for the FUS1 adhesion protein on mt+ gametes. Here, we show that soluble recombinant MAR1 completely blocks the HAP2-dependent gamete fusion process by binding to FUS1 on mt+ gametes and report the X-ray structure of the MAR1-FUS1 complex. In vivo gamete fusion experiments showed that mutations of key residues at the observed MAR1-FUS1 interface strongly impair adhesion, yet gamete fusion still proceeds, highlighting the efficiency of the fusion-activation process. These findings uncover the molecular architecture of a surface receptor complex whose formation releases the viral class II viral fusion-protein ortholog HAP2, allowing it to undergo its membrane-fusogenic conformational change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinello, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legrand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manikumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demissie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baquero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular determinants of species-specific cell-cell recognition activating the class II gamete fusogen HAP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.654229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medial olivocochlear efferent modulation of cochlear micromechanics requires P2X4 expression in outer hair cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.654229v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of P2X4, one of the most abundant ionotropic purinergic receptors in the central nervous system, is explored here in the context of auditory function. We observed, by using constitutive and conditional P2X4mCherryIN knock-in adult mouse models, a specific high expression of mCherry-tagged P2X4 in living cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs), from immature postnatal stages to adulthood. This P2X4-mCherry expression, confirmed by immuno-confocal fluorescence microscopy in wild-type mice, was mainly concentrated in the intracellular apical region of the OHCs, in the area of the Hensens body, a lysosomal rich region, specifically labeled with the fluorescent dye lysotracker. In addition, the basal cholinergic efferent synaptic region of the OHCs was found to express P2X4 at the cell membrane. Surprisingly, the assessment of the hearing function in constitutive P2X4 knock-out (P2X4KO) mice showed improved auditory brainstem responses with smaller latencies, larger amplitudes and smaller thresholds. These P2X4KO mice, as well as conditional P2X4KO-Myo15-Cre mice, displayed enhanced distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), suggesting an improved electromechanical  amplification activity by OHCs. These mutant animals showed reduced inhibition of DPOAEs by contralateral noise, consistent with a weaker inhibitory effect of the medial cholinergic olivocochlear efferent circuit (MOC) on OHCs. We concluded that the MOC negative feedback modulation of cochlear micromechanics, in addition to involve Ca2+ permeable 9/10 nicotinic receptors, also requires the activation of postsynaptic P2X4 receptors in OHCs.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur study reveals a specific strong expression of P2X4 in mouse cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs), these cells being essential for generating the distortion products otoacoustic emissions (DPOAES) and tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea. Mice lacking P2X4 showed a deficient inhibitory control of their cochlear DPOAEs when activating the medial olivocochlear efferent pathway innervating the OHCs. We propose P2X4 receptors as an important Ca2+ regulatory component of the micromechanics of OHCs and that genetic defects in these purinergic receptors may potentially lead to hearing disorders such as tinnitus and hyperacusis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riffaut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condamine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouleau, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boue-Grabot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medial olivocochlear efferent modulation of cochlear micromechanics requires P2X4 expression in outer hair cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.18.654727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of past caspase activity biases cell elimination in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.18.654727v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fine tuning of apoptosis in epithelia is essential for regulating tissue size, shape, homeostasis and the maintenance of sealing properties. Regulation of cell death is mostly orchestrated by the activation of Caspases, proteases which were long thought to trigger an irreversible engagement in cell death. However, recent data in vivo and in vitro outline numerous non-apoptotic functions of caspases as well as quite ubiquitous sublethal activation of effector caspases during development. Yet, it remains unclear in many instances what drives the bifurcation between cell death engagement and cell survival upon caspase activation. The existence of a caspase activity threshold was generally considered to underpin this binary decision, but this was never assessed quantitatively in vivo especially at the single cell level. Using quantitative live imaging combined with machine learning and optogenetics in the Drosophila pupal notum (a single layer epithelium), we reveal for the first time the existence of a large heterogeneity of caspase sensitivity between cells, as well as the existence of distinct spatial domains with low or high sensitivity to caspases. Using correlative and perturbative experiments, we outline the central role of past exposure to sublethal caspase activity which sensitises cells for apoptosis for several hours. Integrating information about past caspase activation is sufficient to explain most of the global pattern of caspase sensitivity and predict at the single cell level which cells will engage in apoptosis. Finally, we demonstrate that past sublethal caspase activation in a subset of cells is sufficient to bias cell elimination at the clonal and single cell level, thus revealing an alternative mechanism of physiological cell competition. Altogether, this work reveals for the first time the existence of a new layer of apoptosis regulation in vivo downstream of effector caspases which can be developmentally regulated and bias clonal selection and the spatial pattern of cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cumming, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villars, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levillayer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.654727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of past caspase activity biases cell elimination in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.19.654889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sound offset responses become highly informative in the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.19.654889v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The entire auditory system downstream of the cochlea features pronounced offset responses, which follow the termination of sounds. Because of their ubiquity, it is still an unsolved question whether offset responses are generated early in the auditory system and then propagated or recomputed at each processing stage. Here, we analysed large-scale sound responses datasets acquired in the cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortex of awake mice. All brain regions showed a significant proportion of offset responses often combined with onset and sustained responses in the same neuron. However, using population activity decoders, we observed that neural representations after the sound offset show a three-fold increase in sound encoding accuracy in the cortex relative to subcortical areas. This result indicates that cortical offsets encode a more precise short-term memory of the elapsed sound than subcortical offsets and that they likely result from specific computational steps.

Key points summaryO_LIOffset responses are found throughout the central auditory system
C_LIO_LIOffset responses are often combined to sustained and onset responses at all central auditory system stages
C_LIO_LIOffset responses provide richer information about elapsed sounds in the auditory cortex
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamothe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosselin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathellier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sound offset responses become highly informative in the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.06.657839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling the prevalence and multifaceted roles of accessory peptide deformylases in bacterial adaptation and resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.06.657839v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide deformylases (PDFs) are enzymes that are essential for bacterial viability and attractive targets for antibiotic development. Yet, despite their conserved function, many bacteria encode multiple PDFs, a genomic feature whose prevalence and implications remain largely unexplored. Here, we reveal that nearly half of all bacterial genomes carry more than one PDF gene, frequently embedded within mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and integrons. In Vibrio cholerae, the accessory PDF (Def2VCH) confers reduced susceptibility to actinonin (ACT), the most studied PDF inhibitor, while still supporting bacterial growth in absence of the canonical PDF copies (Def1VCH). Crystallographic analysis shows that this reduced susceptibility stems from an arginine-to-tyrosine substitution that probably reduces ACT binding. Strikingly, this resistance signature is shared by integron-encoded PDFs, and transfer of an integron-encoded PDF cassette from Pseudoxanthomonas into a susceptible V. cholerae is sufficient to abolish ACT susceptibility. These findings expose a cryptic reservoir of resistance within the bacterial mobilome and highlight a challenge to the therapeutic potential of PDF-targeting antibiotics: resistance may not only emerge, but is already encoded, mobile, and ready to spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamberioux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducos-Galand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betton, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.657839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling the prevalence and multifaceted roles of accessory peptide deformylases in bacterial adaptation and resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.18.660298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atomic resolution ensembles of intrinsically disordered and multi-domain proteins with Alphafold 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.18.660298v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered proteins are ubiquitous in biological systems and play essential roles in a wide range of biological processes and diseases. Despite recent advances in high-resolution structural biology techniques and breakthroughs in deep learning-based protein structure prediction, accurately determining structural ensembles of IDPs at atomic resolution remains a major challenge. Here we introduce bAIes, a Bayesian framework that integrates AlphaFold2 predictions with physico-chemical molecular mechanics force fields to generate accurate atomic-resolution ensembles of IDPs. We show that bAIes produces structural ensembles that match a wide range of high- and low-resolution experimental data across diverse systems, achieving accuracy comparable to atomistic molecular dynamics simulations but at a fraction of their computational cost. Furthermore, bAIes outperforms state-of-the-art IDP models based on coarse-grained potentials as well as deep-learning approaches. Our findings pave the way for integrating structural information from modern deep-learning approaches with molecular simulations, advancing ensemble-based understanding of disordered proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schnapka, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atomic resolution ensembles of intrinsically disordered and multi-domain proteins with Alphafold]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.25.661454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing in silico drug design with Bayesian refinement of AlphaFold models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.25.661454v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virtual screening has become an indispensable tool in modern structure-based drug discovery, enabling the identification of candidate molecules by computationally evaluating their potential to bind target proteins. The accuracy of such screenings critically depends on the quality of the target structures employed. Recent advances in protein structure prediction, particularly AlphaFold2, have revolutionized this field with unprecedented accuracy. However, AlphaFold2 models often exhibit limitations in local structural details, especially within binding pockets, which limit their utility for small molecule docking. In contrast, molecular dynamics simulations with accurate atomistic force fields can refine protein structures, but lack the ability to leverage the structural information provided by deep learning approaches. Here, we introduce bAIes, an integrative method that bridges this gap by combining physics-based force fields with data-driven predictions through Bayesian inference. bAIes enhances the structural accuracy of predicted models in regions most critical for ligand recognition. Crucially, bAIes demonstrates a superior ability to discriminate between binders and non-binders in virtual screening campaigns, outperforming both AlphaFold2 and molecular dynamics-refined models. By enhancing the usability of AlphaFold2 models without requiring extensive experimental or computational resources, bAIes offers a convenient solution to a longstanding challenge in structure-based drug design, potentially accelerating the early phases of drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozova, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnapka, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing in silico drug design with Bayesian refinement of AlphaFold models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.30.662190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T-bet expressing Tr1 cells driven by dietary signals dominate the small intestinal immune landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.30.662190v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal immunity defends against enteric pathogens, mediates symbiotic relationships with the resident microbiota, and provides tolerance to food antigens, safeguarding critical nutrient absorption and barrier functions of this mucosal tissue. Despite the abundance of tissue resident activated T cells, their contributions to these various roles remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a dominant population of IL-10 producing, T-bet expressing CD4+ Tr1 T cells, residing in the small intestinal lamina propria at homeostasis. Remarkably, these intestinal Tr1 cells emerge at the time of weaning and accumulate independently of the microbiota displaying similar abundance, function and TCR repertoire under germ-free conditions. Instead, the small intestinal T-bet+ Tr1 program is driven and shaped by dietary antigens, and accumulates in a cDC1-IL-27 dependent manner. Upon activation, these cells robustly express IL-10 and multiple inhibitory receptors, establishing a distinct suppressive profile. Altogether, this work uncovers a previously unappreciated dominant player in homeostatic small intestinal immunity with the potential to play critical suppressive roles in this tissue, raising important implications for the understanding of immune regulation in the intestine.

Significance StatementEstablishing immunological tolerance to self and environmental antigens is critical to preserve tissue homeostasis and function. In the intestine, both dietary and microbiota derived antigens are routinely encountered by the immune system, which deploys a variety of mechanisms to maintain tolerance to these innocuous antigens. Understanding how immunological tolerance is established is critical, a when this process goes awry it can lead to severe inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as food allergy and inflammatory bowel disease. However, how tolerance is established in the intestine is still poorly understood. In this study we describe a novel dominant T cell population in the small intestine shaped by dietary components with the potential to play important roles in immune tolerance at this site. back # Introduction

Barrier surfaces such as the gut and skin represent the first line of defense against the environment. These organs must strike a delicate balance between providing protection against environmental and infectious agents, maintaining tissue function, and establishing a homeostatic symbiotic relationship with resident microbes collectively known as the microbiota (1). The immune system plays a critical role in establishing these dynamic and carefully regulated relationships, as evidenced by the large number of immune cells present at these sites. Of particular note, activated T cells are very abundant at barrier tissues, where they orchestrate immune effector functions geared towards these varied tasks (1, 2). In the small intestine, the intraepithelial compartment harbors innate like natural CD8aa IELs, many of which are self reactive; as well as CD4CD8aa and CD8ab IELs responding to dietary and microbial antigens (3). The underlying lamina propria (SILP) harbors predominantly CD4 T cells, which participate in responses to commensal-derived and dietary antigens (2, 4). Despite the abundance of small intestinal CD4 T cells, only a handful of cognate immune interactions focusing on Type 17 and T regulatory helper subsets have been described. Thus, whether immune responses in this tissue are truly limited to a small number of antigenic triggers and effector functions remains to be fully elucidated.

The small number of gut homeostatic CD4 T cell responses described thus far have been shown to primarily respond to specific commensal bacteria or dietary antigens (1, 2, 5-8): Among other examples, SFB induces cognate Th17 cells in the small intestine (9, 10), a consortium human commensal bacteria induces CD8b cells in the colon (11), and Akkermansia muciniphila indices TFH and other effector cells in the Peyers patches and lamina propria, respectively (12). Furthermore most regulatory T cells in the colon are induced in response to commensal or pathobiont species at homeostasis, providing critical regulatory functions (13, 14). Cognate immune responses to SFB help contain this commensal species in the intestine (15), but also have systemic impacts on the susceptibility to autoimmune disease (16, 17). Interestingly, despite presenting a classical Th17 effector profile, a subset of SFB-induced Th17 cells possess IL-10 secretion capabilities and suppress cognate immune responses without the expression of Foxp3 (18), suggesting immunoregulatory functions reminiscent of Tr1 cells. Whether these competing capabilities are unique to SFB-specific immune responses or a general hallmark of small intestinal immunity remains unknown.

The description of SFB-specific Tr1-like cells in the small intestine was surprising, as this CD4 T cell subset, characterized by abundant IL-10 secretion in the absence of Foxp3 expression, has only been described in the context of chronic antigen stimulation, such as chronic infection or cancer (19). The Tr1 cell program is controlled by a variety of transcription factors and upstream signaling pathways, including IL-27 signaling, MAF and AHR (20). AHR-ligands are abundant in the intestine, and MAF is a hallmark of other regulatory commensal-specific responses (21, 14). Furthermore, IL-27, which can induce both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions, is abundant in the small intestine (22, 23). This raises the possibility that the Tr1 program is a more general feature of small intestinal immunity, not uniquely restricted to SFB-specific responses.

In this study we explore the breadth of CD4 T cell responses in the small intestine, and uncover a previously uncharacterized CD4T-bet T cell immune response that is dominant in this tissue. Unexpectedly, these SILP CD4T-bet T cells are independent of the microbiota, maintaining a similar functional profile and shared antigen specificities in germ-free conditions. Instead, we reveal that dietary components drive the accumulation, function, and clonal selection of this T cell population. Finally, we show that, contrary to classical Th1 cells, SILP CD4T-bet T cells adopt a Tr1 immunoregulatory functional program during activation, suggesting that this is a general feature of CD4 T cell immunity in the small intestine wired towards immune regulation and tissue homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ansaldo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corral, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouladoux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribonika, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkaid, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T-bet expressing Tr1 cells driven by dietary signals dominate the small intestinal immune landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.12.664512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paratyphoid Fever and Relapsing Fever in 1812 Napoleon's Devastated Army 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.12.664512v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During Napoleons retreat from Russia in 18121, countless soldiers of the French army succumbed to infectious diseases, but the responsible pathogen or pathogens remain debated2-5. We recovered and sequenced ancient DNA from the teeth of 13 soldiers who, based on historical records, likely died from infectious diseases, aiming to identify the pathogens responsible for their deaths6. Our results confirmed the presence of Salmonella enterica subsp enterica belonging to the lineage Para C, the causative agent of paratyphoid fever7 ; and Borrelia recurrentis, responsible for relapsing fever transmitted by body lice8. We were not able to detect Rickettsia prowazekii (the agent of typhus) and Bartonella quintana (the cause of trench fever), which had previously been associated with this deadly event, based on PCR results and historical symptom descriptions3. The presence of these previously unsuspected pathogens in these soldiers reveals that they could have contributed to the devastation of Napoleons Grande Armee during its disastrous retreat in 1812.

HighlightsO_LIGenetic evidence of S. Paratyphi C and B. recurrentis in Napoleonic soldiers
C_LIO_LIPhylogeny-driven authentication workflow for ultra-low-coverage pathogen aDNA
C_LIO_LIHistorical descriptions of Napoleons army illness match paratyphoid fever symptoms
C_LIO_LIMultiple infections likely contributed to the collapse of Napoleons 1812 campaign
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbieri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabral, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheib, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Signoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costedoat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rascovan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.12.664512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paratyphoid Fever and Relapsing Fever in 1812 Napoleon's Devastated Army]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.15.664858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the multi-protein assembly of the enzymes of the de novo purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.15.664858v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purine nucleotide biosynthesis is a crucial metabolic pathway responsible that produces building blocks essential for a plethora of cellular processes. In bacteria, the de novo purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway (DNPNB) involves fifteen chemical steps catalysed by fourteen different enzymes. While the mammalian orthologues have been extensively shown to interact and form a metabolon named "purinosome", the possible existence of a prokaryotic equivalent was only recently revealed for the case of Escherichia coli. In this study, we explored the potential conservation of a bacterial purinosome-like complex in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen known for its high antibiotic resistance. Using a bacterial two-hybrid system, we mapped protein-protein interactions among all tested DNPNB enzymes in P. aeruginosa and revealed a dense interaction network. An in-silico protein-protein docking approach on three core enzymes allowed the structural reconstitution of a complex composed of PurK, PurE and PurC with a 4:8:8 stoichiometry, respectively. Interestingly, a tunnel connecting the different active sites has been revealed, showing a metabolon-like property for possible efficient substrate channelling. These findings support a conserved regulatory organization of purine biosynthesis in bacteria, providing deeper insights into bacterial metabolism and paving the way for potential antibiotic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayoub, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrancosta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gedeon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munier-Lehmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.15.664858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the multi-protein assembly of the enzymes of the de novo purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway from Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.21.665974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal analysis of sporozoite maturation and infectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.21.665974v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium sporozoites must undergo tightly regulated developmental transitions to become infectious and be successfully transmitted from the mosquito vector to a mammalian host. While transcriptomic studies have revealed stage-specific changes across sporozoite populations, the functional consequences of these transitions remain unclear. Here, using P. berghei, we characterised over time the infectivity of sporozoite forms collected from the midgut, haemolymph, salivary glands and saliva. We show that salivary gland invasion is required but not sufficient for sporozoite optimal infectivity, with the acquisition of hepatocyte cell traversal and invasion progressively increasing until a plateau from 18 days post-infection onwards. Using a stage-specific fluorescent reporter as maturation marker, we correlated its high expression with time and infectivity for each compartment but only salivary gland sporozoites acquired maximal infectivity. Notably, our data suggest that salivated sporozoites--the natural transmission form--exhibit enhanced infectivity relative to gland-resident forms both in vitro and in vivo early after salivary gland invasion. This difference decreases following optimal maturation inside the glands over time. These observations show a crescent gradient of sporozoite maturation and infectiveness from the midgut to the saliva when isolated at the same time of infection, which is mainly regulated by the sporozoite invasion of salivary glands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thiberge, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzier, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliprandini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvie, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.665974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal analysis of sporozoite maturation and infectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.23.666308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo risk assessment of yellow fever virus transmission through breastfeeding, and mechanistic insights 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.23.666308v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yellow fever virus (YFV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, remains a significant public health threat, especially in areas with low vaccine coverage. Since 2010, yellowfevervaccination is not recommended for breastfeeding women due to reported cases of vaccine strain transmission through breast milk, leading to neonatal meningoencephalitis. However, the efficiency of YFV vaccine strain transmission via breastfeeding remains unknown, and wild-type strains transmission may be suspected based on viral RNA detection in breast milk. Direct evidence of breastfeeding-related transmission in humans is challenging to obtain given the confounding presence of vector-borne transmission, making animal models crucial for evaluating this risk. In this study, the A129 mouse model was used to investigate YFV transmission via breastfeeding for both wild-type and vaccine strains. Results show that both strains can spread to mammary glands, leading to viral detection in breast milk as free viral particles and cell-associated virus, with similar viral loads for all strains. Mammary stromal and immune cells are primary targets of YFV in vivo, while mammary epithelial cells also support infection, suggesting two possible mechanisms of mammary epithelial crossing. Neonates are found to be susceptible to oral infection, with higher infection rates for the wild-type strain but evidence of neuroinvasion for both strains. Both strains can infect and cross an in vitro human intestinal barrier model, indicating this epithelium as a potential viral entry site for neonates. Finally, this study confirms the existence of YFV transmission through breastfeeding in an animal model, highlighting the need to consider it among transmission risks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pascard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desgraupes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeannin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanaan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gessain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CECCALDI, P.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo risk assessment of yellow fever virus transmission through breastfeeding, and mechanistic insights]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.29.667421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jagged-mediated lateral induction patterns Notch3 signaling within adult neural stem cell populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.29.667421v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the adult brain, Notch3 signaling promotes neural stem cell (NSC) quiescence and stemness. It remains unknown how Notch3 signaling levels are controlled and relate to these NSC decisions. Here we directly measure the nuclear translocation of the Notch3 intracellular fragment (N3ICD) and quantify Notch3 signaling in NSCs of the zebrafish adult telencephalon in situ. We report that Notch3 signaling levels match NSC quiescence and stemness levels. In physical space, Notch3 signaling is patterned and high signaling levels surround N3ICDlow cells, which also express the deltaA (dla) ligand. Another ligand, jagged1b (jag1b), expressed in all NSCs, positively interacts with Notch3 and sustains expression of the stemness factor Sox2. Finally, lowering jag1b preserves the structured distribution of Notch3 signaling levels in space but attenuates their variance. We propose that Notch3 signaling integrates Dla-mediated lateral inhibition and Jag1b-mediated lateral induction to control quiescence and stemness and their spatiotemporal dynamics in adult NSCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ORTICA, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MARTINEZ-HERRERA, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DEGROUX, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ROCHETTE, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DRAY, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BALLY-CUIF, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jagged-mediated lateral induction patterns Notch3 signaling within adult neural stem cell populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.31.667881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
InSillyClo, a user-friendly web application to assist large-scale Golden Gate Cloning and MoClo workflows 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.31.667881v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systems and synthetic biology developments often require the construction of many variants of a genetic circuit of interest, resulting in large-scale cloning campaigns. Golden Gate and Modular Cloning (MoClo), two powerful technologies enabling the scale-up of cloning workflows, play a central role for efficient circuit construction. These workflows include a number of dry-lab tasks, which are time-consuming and error-prone at scale. Currently, no software tool is available to handle these tasks in a dedicated, time-saving, and user-friendly manner. We present InSillyClo, an open-source web application to assist large-scale Golden Gate cloning and MoClo workflows. It supports an easy specification of genetic designs at any scale, followed by the automated generation of comprehensive workflow-related data. Moreover, InSillyClo leverages Modular Cloning with a versatile typing system of parts to generate user-defined workflows. InSillyClo is open source, accessible with or without user registration, and can also be used locally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brancotte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napolitano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[InSillyClo, a user-friendly web application to assist large-scale Golden Gate Cloning and MoClo workflows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.05.668787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell competition overcomes host tissue resistance to unleash tumour growth in a Drosophila brain cancer model 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.05.668787v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary tumours of the central nervous system are extremely aggressive and often incurable. While tumours are known to interact with their microenvironment, how the interplay between tumour cells and the host tissue controls tumour progression remains elusive. We addressed this question in a Drosophila model of cancer stem cell-driven tumour which originates during development and grows extensively within a network of cortex glia cells (CG) through adulthood. We found that tumour growth induces progressive remodeling of the CG network and leads to CG apoptosis through cancer stem cell-driven competition, a process which in turn unleashes tumour growth. Notably, preventing CG death reduces tumour growth, revealing a resistance capacity within the CG. Transcriptional profiling of CG cells at different stages revealed a biphasic response, featuring an early specific signature followed by a later collapse of essential cellular functions and pathways, including the conserved JNK pathway. JNK signalling in CG normally plays a neuroprotective role and initially hinders tumour progression, providing resistance. However, its subsequent downregulation eventually brings the collapse of the host tissue, ultimately curbing tumour growth. This study uncovers a dynamic and complex interplay between host tissue resistance and tumour-driven competition, which shapes tumour progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gualtieri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mornico, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurange, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell competition overcomes host tissue resistance to unleash tumour growth in a Drosophila brain cancer model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.20.671241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced detection of low-expressed miRNAs in Leishmania-infected macrophages through RNA fractionation and RT-qPCR optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.20.671241v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in regulating host responses to Leishmania infections, yet accurate detection of low-abundance miRNAs remains challenging. This study evaluated the impact of RNA fractionation and RT-qPCR protocol optimization on miRNA quantification in Leishmania amazonensis-infected murine macrophages. Using a panel of nine infection-associated miRNAs, we compared small RNA and total RNA fractions for their ability to detect weakly expressed targets. Small RNA consistently provided greater sensitivity and specificity, particularly when combined with a modified RT-qPCR protocol. These findings underscore the importance of RNA preparation methods for studying miRNA dynamics in infectious disease contexts and support improved approaches for detecting biologically relevant, low-expressed miRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maestrini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoeur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharsallah, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diotallevi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Späth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galluzzi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.671241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced detection of low-expressed miRNAs in Leishmania-infected macrophages through RNA fractionation and RT-qPCR optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.672660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecture of a peptidoglycan peptidase complex involved in morphological transition in Helicobacter pylori. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.672660v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptidoglycan is a meshwork macromolecule, made of polysaccharide strands cross-linked by short peptides, which encases the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria and protects them against turgor pressure. Peptidoglycan peptidases are membrane or periplasmic enzymes that cleave these peptides, either lowering the cross-linking level of peptidoglycan to sculpt bacterial shape or allowing cell elongation by making space for the insertion of neosynthesized glycan strands. In the pathogen Helicobacter pylori, shape is important for virulence, and transition to a coccoid form after prolonged growth enables immune evasion. One particular endopeptidase, HdpA, is known to be involved in the maintenance of cell shape and in the transition to coccoids. Here we show that along growth, HdpA is constantly associated with LhiA, an inner membrane chaperone lipoprotein that keeps it in check while protecting it from fast proteolysis. The crystal structure of the HdpA-LhiA complex suggests that this interaction freezes the autoinhibitory interaction between the first domain of HdpA and the third, catalytic domain. Analysis of the evolution of the HdpA and LhiA protein levels over growth suggests that transition to coccoids is not triggered by a burst in HdpA activity but rather by a gradual weakening of the sacculus caused by the small fraction of free HdpA in equilibrium with LhiA-sequestered HdpA.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe cell wall, the exoskeleton of bacteria, is the target of numerous antibiotics. Its principal component, peptidoglycan, is remodeled by an interplay between peptidoglycan synthases and hydrolases to accomodate bacterial growth. Because their activity can be harmful, hydrolases have to be tightly regulated. We discovered the dedicated inhibitory chaperone of a H. pylori peptidoglycan hydrolase and showed how the chaperone keeps the hydrolase in check in the cytoplasmic membrane and releases it slowly to allow it to perform its task, ultimately triggering a shape transition to a spherical form important for immune evasion. The crystal structure of the complex gives clues to the mechanism of peptidase activation, suggesting strategies to design agonists that could be used as antibacterials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danot, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifflet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomperts Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.672660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecture of a peptidoglycan peptidase complex involved in morphological transition in Helicobacter pylori.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.02.673708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FishFeats: streamlined quantification of multimodal labeling at the single-cell level in 3D tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.02.673708v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryCharacterizing the distribution of biological marker expression at the single cell level in whole tissues requires diverse image analysis steps, such as segmentation of cells and nuclei, detection of RNA transcripts (or other staining), or their integration (e.g., assigning nuclei and RNA dots to their corresponding cell). Several software programs or algorithms have been developed for each step independently, but integrating them into a comprehensive pipeline for the quantification of individual cells from 3D imaging samples remains a significant challenge. We developed FishFeats, an open-source and flexible Napari (Sofroniew et al. 2025) plugin, to perform all of these steps together within the same framework, taking advantage of available and efficient software applications. The primary core of our pipeline is to propose a user-friendly tool for users who do not have a computational background. FishFeats streamlines extracting quantitative information from multimodal 3D fluorescent microscopy images (smFISH expression in individual cells, immunohistochemical staining, cell morphologies, cell classification) to a unified "cell-by-cell" table for downstream analysis, without requiring any coding. Our second focus is to propose and ease manual correction of each step, as measurement accuracy can be very sensitive to small errors in the automatic process.

Availability and implementationFishFeats is open source under the BSD-3 license, freely available on github: https://github.com/gletort/FishFeats. FishFeats is developed in python, as a Napari plugin for the user interface. Documentation is available in the github pages: https://gletort.github.io/FishFeats/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Letort, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignerey, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FishFeats: streamlined quantification of multimodal labeling at the single-cell level in 3D tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.05.674213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VANGL2 shapes the mouse heart tube from adjacent epithelia and without planar polarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.05.674213v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of the core Planar Cell Polarity component VANGL2 in mice is associated with congenital heart defects and impaired morphogenesis of the embryonic heart tube. However, the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. Here we quantified in 3D the heart geometry and adjacent tissue architecture in a series of mutants to reveal a dual role of Vangl2 in shaping the heart tube. Together with cell labelling in the chick, we show that VANGL2 in multicellular junctions promotes second heart field cell rearrangements and thus the elongation of the arterial pole. In addition, apically localised VANGL2 and its downstream actin-binding effector SHROOM3 control the bilateral symmetry of the splanchnic mesoderm caudal to the venous pole. Disorganisation of this midline anchor is associated with a rotation of the heart tube and abnormal left ventricle position. Our work overall uncovers novel specific epithelial roles of VANGL2 unrelated to planar polarity during heart morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmquist-Gomes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letort, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Pomares, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meilhac, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VANGL2 shapes the mouse heart tube from adjacent epithelia and without planar polarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.09.675192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous retroelements promote tolerance to dietary antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.09.675192v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retroelements are transposable elements that represent a significant portion of eukaryotic genomes. Here, we show that constitutive expression of endogenous retroelements play a key regulatory role in the acquisition of food tolerance. Specifically, inhibition of retroelement reverse transcription abolishes tolerance to dietary antigens and promotes allergic responses. This phenomenon is associated with impaired regulatory T cell differentiation/accumulation and altered dendritic cell tolerogenic function. Mechanistically, innate sensing of retroelement-derived cDNA via cGAS/STING within gut epithelial cells promotes a local tolerogenic milieu. Thus, within the gut, immune reactivity to retroelements act as a local tonic signal required for regulatory T cell induction and differentiation, thereby preventing allergic responses to food. Collectively, these findings uncover retroelements as key regulatory elements and essential allies in maintaining immune tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansaldo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teijeiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkaid, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous retroelements promote tolerance to dietary antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.12.675814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RABV L protein plays a role in immune escape through its methyltransferase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.12.675814v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses in the Mononegavirales order encode a large protein that orchestrates replication, transcription, and the capping of viral RNA. This protein, comprising over 2.000 amino acids, contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a capping domain, and a methyltransferase (MTase) domain involved in methylating the cap structure. The MTase domain features a conserved K-D-K-E catalytic tetrad -typical of 2'O-methyltransferases-which is essential for methylating viral mRNA caps at both the N7 and 2'O positions. However, the role of these residues in other epitranscriptomic modifications of rabies virus (RABV) RNAs remains poorly characterized.

To further explore the role of mRNA cap methylation in the immune evasion strategies of RABV, we investigated the functional contribution of the K-D-K-E motif within the MTase domain, using the Thai isolate as a model. Using reverse genetics, we demonstrated that the mutation K1830R in the K-D-K-E tetrad of the Tha MTase domain induces changes in the methylation landscape of viral mRNAs and, intriguingly, of host mRNAs. In addition, viruses harbouring the K1830R mutation are more sensitive to interferon- and exhibit a less pathogenic phenotype in vitro and in vivo compared to the wild-type virus.

Overall, these results suggest that the regulation of viral and cellular RNA methylation landscapes plays a crucial role in controlling RABV infection. Although the exact role of these epitranscriptomic modifications is not yet fully understood, some of these methylations appear to have proviral effects and enhance viral propagation by allowing RABV to efficiently evade the hosts antiviral response.

ImportanceThis study highlights the pivotal role of the K-D-K-E catalytic domain included in the methyltransferase domain of the large protein of Rabies virus, by modelling viral RNAs with epitranscriptomic changes. For the first time, we identify specific methylations on the viral RNA, such as 2-O and m6A methylations, which seem to enable the virus to mask its RNA and evade detection by the hosts pattern recognition receptors. These epitranscriptomic modifications affect not only viral RNAs but also cellular RNAs, underscoring a complex interplay between viral and host mechanisms. We further demonstrate that RABV harbouring an altered K-D-R-E catalytic domain, exhibit differential methylation patterns correlated with increased sensitivity to IFN and lower pathogenicity. This emphasizes the importance of this domain in virulence and immune evasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>CASTET, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AOUADI, w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergoat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulteau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouazahrou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feige, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirtz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decroly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RABV L protein plays a role in immune escape through its methyltransferase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.23.678054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CIRCE: a scalable Python package to predict cis-regulatory DNA interactions from single-cell chromatin accessibility data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.23.678054v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin 3D folding creates numerous DNA interactions, participating in gene expression regulation. Single-cell chromatin-accessibility assays now profile hundreds of thousands of cells, challenging existing methods for mapping cis-regulatory interactions.

We present CIRCE, a fast and scalable Python package to predict cis-regulatory DNA interactions from single-cell chromatin accessibility data. CIRCE re-implements the Cicero workflow to analyse single-cell atlases, cutting runtime and memory use by several orders of magnitude. We also provide new options to compute metacells, grouping similar cells to reduce data sparsity.

We benchmarked CIRCE against Cicero on two datasets of different sizes and demonstrated the improvement from CIRCEs metacells strategy with promoter capture Hi-C data. We also evaluated how DNA interaction predictions are impacted by different pre-processing. We observed a negative impact of Ciceros count normalization, and the best performance was obtained with the single-cell count matrix directly. Finally, we demonstrated the scalability of CIRCE by processing a dataset of more than 700000 cells and 1 million DNA regions in less than an hour.

CIRCE should greatly facilitate the prediction of DNA region interactions for scverse and Python users, while providing new and up-to-date pre-processing insights.

Availability and reproducibilityCIRCE is released as an open-source software under the AGPL-3.0 license. The package source code is available on GitHub at https://github.com/cantinilab/CIRCE, and its documentation is accessible at https://circe.readthedocs.io.

The code to reproduce the presented results is available as a Snakemake pipeline at https://github.com/cantinilab/circe_reproducibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trimbour, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CIRCE: a scalable Python package to predict cis-regulatory DNA interactions from single-cell chromatin accessibility data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.679204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alice: fast and haplotype-aware assembly of high-fidelity reads based on MSR sketching 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.679204v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce Mapping-friendly Sequence Reduction (MSR) sketches, a sketching method for high-fidelity (HiFi) long reads, and Alice, an as-sembler that operates directly on these sketches. MSR produces compact representations that (i) are alignable sequences--two sequences align if and only if their MSR sketches align--and (ii) are collision-resistant, so distinct sequences yield distinct sketches with high probability, retaining small differences between closely related strains. Alice reduces long reads to short MSR sketches, uses a classic short-read assembly method to assemble those sketches and decompresses the result to obtain the final assembly. This strategy addresses the longstanding challenge of producing a strain-resolved assembly for a low computational cost. On an Adineta vaga genome, a mock gut community comprising five conspecific strains, and two real metagenomes (human stool and soil), Alice is an order of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art HiFi assemblers while delivering assemblies of comparable quality and improving recovery of highly similar strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faure, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilaire, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flot, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavenier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alice: fast and haplotype-aware assembly of high-fidelity reads based on MSR sketching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.02.680056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E. coli CNF1 toxin induces fetal reprogramming of intestinal stem cells and a serrated colorectal cancer transcriptional signature in organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.02.680056v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanistic insights are essential to understand how gut microbiota pathobionts contribute to tumorigenesis, given the mounting evidence linking them to colorectal cancer. We report a higher prevalence of the Rho GTPases-targeting cnf1 toxin gene from Escherichia coli in the microbiota of early-stage, proximal colorectal cancer. Comparative gene set enrichment analysis reveals a concordant serrated pathway signature between colorectal cancer tissue of patients colonized with cnf1+ bacteria and CNF1-treated mouse intestinal organoids. RNA sequencing of organoids shows that CNF1 induces a fetal-like transcriptional reprogramming. Using integrated approaches, we demonstrate that CNF1 reprograms Lgr5 stem cells into a Ly6a/Sca-1 fetal-like state, that exhibits enhanced stemness potential. This reprogramming is preceded by a Yap/Taz-driven early transcriptional program and nuclear translocation of Yap. Functional analyses identify a RhoA/Rock-Yap/Taz-dependent transition to Ly6a/Sca-1 stem cells, highlighting a mechanistic link between bacterial effectors and stem cell plasticity in colorectal tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Letourneur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergsten, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynaud, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoumtsa Meda, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descorps-Declere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobhani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemichez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mettouchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.680056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E. coli CNF1 toxin induces fetal reprogramming of intestinal stem cells and a serrated colorectal cancer transcriptional signature in organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.03.680227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A modified oncolytic measles virus exhibits strong immunotherapeutic potential through RIG-I activation by defective viral genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.03.680227v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncolytic viruses can destroy tumors directly or by activating antitumor immunity, but balancing safety with potent immune stimulation remains challenging. Here, we show that deletion of the measles virus C protein, a key viral antagonist of innate immunity, reprograms the live-attenuated vaccine strain into a RIG-I-driven cancer immunotherapy. The resulting virus, MVdeltaC, accumulates defective viral genomes that activate RIG-I/MAVS signaling and trigger robust type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. MVdeltaC kills tumor cells more rapidly and efficiently than the parental virus and induces hallmarks of immunogenic cell death, including HMGB1 release and dendritic cell maturation. Intratumoral administration in immunocompetent mice bearing syngeneic neuroblastoma induced complete tumor regression in 90% of animals and established long-term antitumor memory. Antitumor responses were dependent on CD8 T and NK cells and were further enhanced by anti-CTLA-4 therapy or CD4 T-cell depletion. Prior measles immunization accelerated tumor clearance, indicating vaccine-boosted responses. MVdeltaC also controlled the growth of human mesothelioma, melanoma, and triple-negative breast cancer xenografts and patient-derived tumors in immunodeficient models. These findings establish MVdeltaC as a clinically ready, broad-spectrum immunotherapeutic that links RIG-I activation through defective viral genome generation to elicit potent and durable antitumor immunity.

IMPACT StatementA modified measles virus lacking a viral innate immunity antagonist triggers potent antitumor responses via RIG-I sensing of defective viral genomes, revealing a new strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barinov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera-Peralta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najburg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combredet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbabian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frantz, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vibert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coateval, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouliquen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petithomme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louzili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brzezicha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riebbels, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Bigot, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregoire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonteneau, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komarova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boisgerault, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A modified oncolytic measles virus exhibits strong immunotherapeutic potential through RIG-I activation by defective viral genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.10.681692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal data integration for machine learning applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.10.681692v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integration of multi-modal genomic data, encompassing sequences, annotations, and coverage tracks, remains a major bottleneck in bioinformatics, both for exploratory data analysis and machine learning applications. Current approaches rely on several specialized tools for different data modalities, leading to inefficient workflows and computational overhead. Here, we present momics, a unified framework to consolidate multi-omics data in a single repository and interrogate it with a high-performance query engine. Compared to existing tools, momics ingests genomic sequences, feature annotations, and unlimited coverage tracks into TileDB-backed repositories, and provides a scalable query engine for concurrent multi-modal queries across millions of genomic loci. Our benchmarks demonstrate up to 20-fold better data compression and up to 100-fold speed improvements over standard tools like pyBigWig, with a sublinear time complexity ideal for large-scale queries. Momics provides a python library optimized for exploratory data analysis and machine learning workflows, natively supporting current state-of-the-art bioinformatic ecosystems and cloud storage systems. We demonstrate momics utility through two real-world applications: (1) multi-modal data integration of hundreds of ChIP-seq datasets together with genomic sequence, and (2) multi-modal deep learning for chromatin accessibility prediction. By eliminating the need for multiple data parsing tools and providing a unified interface for all genomic data types, momics represents a paradigm shift in how large-scale multi-omics data can be managed and analyzed.

Key pointsO_LImomics is a unified framework to consolidate sequences, annotations, and coverage tracks into a single queryable repository, addressing the critical bottleneck in genomic data analysis where researchers must juggle multiple specialized tools for different data modalities.
C_LIO_LIWe show that momics can achieve up to 20-fold better data compression and 100-fold speed improvements over standard tools, with sublinear time complexity when querying millions of genomic positions simultaneously.
C_LIO_LIWe use momics to formally demonstrate that multi-modal deep learning models can outperform single-modality approaches in predicting chromatin accessibility, achieving correlation of 0.84 when training with a combination of genomic sequence and MNase data.
C_LIO_LIOur results establish a new paradigm for reproducible multi-omics modeling, where entire multi-omics analysis workflows from data storage to machine learning model training can be replicated.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SERIZAY, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal data integration for machine learning applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.15.682536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tRNA epitranscriptomic landscape and RNA modification enzymes in Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.15.682536v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are central to protein synthesis, ensuring precise decoding of the genetic code by delivering aminoacids to the ribosome. Among all RNA species, tRNAs are the most heavily and diversely modified, with modifications playing critical roles in stability, folding, and function. Here, we present a comprehensive, isodecoder-level map of tRNA modifications in the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. This map was generated by chemical-based sequencing methods, comparing wild-type and deletion strains. By assigning specific tRNA modifications to their cognate enzymes, we defined a comprehensive modification landscape in Vibrio cholerae and confirmed species-specific features, such as the presence of a functional TrmK enzyme, largely restricted to Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, we detected a modification at U55 that occurs independently of TruB. To assess the biological significance of these modifications, we evaluated fitness under both standard conditions and subinhibitory antibiotic stress, and examined how modifications in the anticodon stem-loop region influence codon decoding efficiency and accuracy. Based on a comparative analysis of E. coli and V. cholerae, we discuss how species-specific differences in tRNA isodecoder gene repertoires may influence the functional impact and biological importance of tRNA modifications. This work provides the first experimentally validated, genome-wide map of tRNA modifications in V. cholerae, serving as a reference for future research into RNA modifications, translation regulation, and pathogen biology.

Author summaryThis study charts the first genome-wide map of transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications in the cholera pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, revealing how chemical marks on tRNAs shape translation and stress responses. Using complementary chemical sequencing methods and a panel of targeted gene deletions, we assigned specific modifications to their enzymes across individual tRNA isodecoders. This integrative approach validates conserved features (e.g., {Psi}55 and T54), and specific ones, such as an active TrmK that installs m{superscript 1}A22 despite being considered largely restricted to Gram-positive bacteria, and uncovers enzyme interplay among dihydrouridine synthases. By testing mutant strains in standard and sub-inhibitory antibiotic conditions, we show that several modifications are dispensable for basal growth but become critical under proteotoxic stress, influencing fitness and translation accuracy, including stop-codon readthrough. Codon-specific reporter assays further demonstrate that modifications at wobble position 34 and at position 37 modulate decoding of distinct codon families, linking epitranscriptomic changes to gene expression programs. Comparative analysis with Escherichia coli suggests that species-specific tRNA isodecoder repertoires tune the functional impact of modifications. Our map provides an additional reference for studying RNA modification biology in pathogens and how it contributes to stress adaptation and virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchand, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourguignon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuillier, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruchard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar Yaacov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motorin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baharoglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tRNA epitranscriptomic landscape and RNA modification enzymes in Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.16.682821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome composition modulates the lethal outcome of Drosophila A virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.16.682821v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-associated microbiomes can strongly influence viral infection outcomes, yet how minor variations in commensal bacterial composition modulate viral pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we used Drosophila melanogaster to investigate how bacterial microbiome composition affects pathogenesis of enteric RNA viruses. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum supplementation increased bacterial microbiome diversity without altering total bacterial load, while Acetobacter pomorum supplementation had minimal impact on the bacterial microbiome. L. plantarum-enriched flies exhibited an additional [~]15% reduction in lifespan from Drosophila A virus (DAV) infection despite showing reduced viral protein accumulation and similar viral RNA levels. The reduction in tolerance to viral infection required live bacteria and was observed only for DAV, as no change in mortality was observed with Nora virus or Drosophila C virus infections. Mechanistic investigations revealed that tolerance reduction occurs independently of transcriptional immune responses, as DAV-infected flies showed similar transcriptional profiles regardless of bacterial microbiome composition. Intestinal barrier function assays demonstrated that L. plantarum-supplemented flies died before developing signs of gut barrier disruption, suggesting that extra-intestinal mechanisms contribute to mortality; this interpretation is further supported by similar levels of intestinal damage markers observed in virus-infected flies under both microbiome conditions. Viral genomic sequencing ruled out microbiome-driven selection of more pathogenic viral variants, as no adaptive mutations were observed between microbiome conditions that could account for the differential pathogenesis. These findings describe how subtle shifts in microbiome composition modulate viral infection outcomes through pathways that operate independently of canonical immune responses, viral evolution, and intestinal damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castello-Sanjuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romoli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome composition modulates the lethal outcome of Drosophila A virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/203265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza Interaction with Cocirculating Pathogens, and Its Impact on Surveillance, Pathogenesis and Epidemic Profile: A Key Role for Mathematical Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/203265v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence is mounting that influenza virus, a major contributor to the global disease burden, interacts with other pathogens infecting the human respiratory tract. Taking into account interactions with other pathogens may be critical to determining the real influenza burden and the full impact of public health policies targeting influenza. That necessity is particularly true for mathematical modeling studies, which have become critical in public health decision-making, despite their usually focusing on lone influenza virus acquisition and infection, thereby making broad oversimplifications regarding pathogen ecology. Herein, we review evidence of influenza virus interaction with bacteria and viruses, and the modeling studies that incorporated some of these. Despite the many studies examining possible associations between influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitides, respiratory syncytial virus, human rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, etc., very few mathematical models have integrated other pathogens alongside influenza. A notable exception is the recent modeling of the pneumococcus-influenza interaction, which highlighted potential influenza-related increased pneumococcal transmission and pathogenicity. That example demonstrates the power of dynamic modeling as an approach to test biological hypotheses concerning interaction mechanisms and estimate the strength of those interactions. We explore how different interference mechanisms may lead to unexpected incidence trends and misinterpretations. Using simple transmission models, we illustrate how existing interactions might impact public health surveillance systems and demonstrate that the development of multipathogen models is essential to assess the true public health burden of influenza, and help improve planning and evaluation of control measures. Finally, we identify the public health needs, surveillance, modeling and biological challenges, and propose avenues of research for the coming years.nnAuthor SummaryInfluenza is a major pathogen responsible for important morbidity and mortality burdens worldwide. Mathematical models of influenza virus acquisition have been critical to understanding its epidemiology and planning public health strategies of infection control. It is increasingly clear that microbes do not act in isolation but potentially interact within the host. Hence, studying influenza alone may lead to masking effects or misunderstanding information on its transmission and severity. Herein, we review the literature on bacterial and viral species that interact with the influenza virus, interaction mechanisms, and mathematical modeling studies integrating interactions. We report evidence that, beyond the classic secondary bacterial infections, many pathogenic bacteria and viruses probably interact with influenza. Public health relevance of pathogen interactions is detailed, showing how potential misreading or a narrow outlook might lead to mistaken public health decisionmaking. We describe the role of mechanistic transmission models in investigating this complex system and obtaining insight into interactions between influenza and other pathogens. Finally, we highlight benefits and challenges in modeling, and speculate on new opportunities made possible by taking a broader view: including basic science, clinical relevance and public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Opatowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baguelin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/203265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza Interaction with Cocirculating Pathogens, and Its Impact on Surveillance, Pathogenesis and Epidemic Profile: A Key Role for Mathematical Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/248153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics and phylogeny unveil lineage diversification of Citrobacter rodentium polyvalent bacteriophage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/248153v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a major etiology for diarrheal diseases among children. Antibiotics, when used appropriately, are effective; however, their overuse and misuse has led to the rise of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Thus, there are renewed efforts into the development of phage therapy. Due to the drawbacks of EPEC in vivo models, a surrogate is the mouse-restricted gut pathgoen Citrobacter rodentium. In this study, two new phages CrRp3 and CrRp10, which infect C. rodentium, were isolated and characterized. CrRp3 was found to be a new species within the genus Vectrevirus and CrRp10 is a new strain within the genus Tequatrovirus. Neither phage carries known genes associated with bacterial virulence, antibiotic resistance, or lysogeny. CrRp3 and CrRp10 appear to have independently evolved from E. coli phages. CrRp3 appears to be the more  potent being 24x more likely to find a host cell and has a shorter lytic cycle, while CrRp10 at MOI 0.001 was able to maintain bacterial density below the limit of detection after 18 h. We found that hypoxia (5% O2 and 5% CO2) inhibited CrRp3 ability to reverse exponential bacterial growth. It is unclear whether the subtle characteristic differences between CrRp3 and CrRp10 will influence treatment efficacy in future phage therapy in vivo investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizuno, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarbieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/248153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics and phylogeny unveil lineage diversification of Citrobacter rodentium polyvalent bacteriophage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/250159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallels between experimental and natural evolution of legume symbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/250159v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of symbiotic interactions has been studied using population genomics in nature and experimental evolution in the laboratory, but the parallels between these processes remain unknown. We compared the emergence of rhizobia after the horizontal transfer of a symbiotic plasmid in natural populations of Cupriavidus taiwanensis, over 10 MY ago, with the experimental evolution of symbiotic Ralstonia solanacearum for a few hundred generations. In spite of major differences in terms of time-span, environment, genetic background and phenotypic achievement, both processes resulted in rapid diversification dominated by purifying selection concomitant with acquisition of positively selected mutations. The latter were lacking in the plasmid carrying the genes responsible for the ecological transition. Instead, adaptation targeted the same set of genes leading to the cooption of the same quorum-sensing system. Our results provide evidence for similarities in experimental and natural evolutionary transitions and highlight the potential of comparisons between both processes to understand symbiogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clerissi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capela, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruveiller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson-Boivin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallels between experimental and natural evolution of legume symbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/265462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RD5-mediated lack of PE_PGRS and PPE-MPTR export in BCG vaccine strains results in strong reduction of antigenic repertoire but little impact on protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/265462v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis is the deadliest infectious disease worldwide. Although the BCG vaccine is widely used, it does not efficiently protect against pulmonary tuberculosis and an improved tuberculosis vaccine is therefore urgently needed. Mycobacterium tuberculosis uses different ESX/Type VII secretion (T7S) systems to transport proteins important for virulence and host immune responses. We recently reported that secretion of T7S substrates belonging to the mycobacteria-specific Pro-Glu (PE) and Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) proteins of the PGRS (polymorphic GC-rich sequences) and MPTR (major polymorphic tandem repeat) subfamilies required both a functional ESX-5 system and a functional PPE38/71 protein for secretion. Inactivation of ppe38/71 and the resulting loss of PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR secretion were linked to increased virulence of M. tuberculosis strains. Here, we show that a predicted total of 89 PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR surface proteins are not exported by certain animal-adapted strains of the M. tuberculosis complex including M. bovis. This {Delta}ppe38/71-associated secretion defect therefore also occurs in the M. bovis-derived tuberculosis vaccine BCG and could be restored by introduction of the M. tuberculosis ppe38-locus. Epitope mapping of the PPE-MPTR protein PPE10, further allowed us to monitor T-cell responses in splenocytes from BCG/M. tuberculosis immunized mice, confirming the dependence of PPE10-specific immune-induction on ESX-5/PPE38-mediated secretion. Restoration of PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR secretion in recombinant BCG neither altered global antigenic presentation or activation of innate immune cells, nor protective efficacy in two different mouse vaccination-infection models. This unexpected finding stimulates a reassessment of the immunomodulatory properties of PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR proteins, some of which are contained in vaccine formulations currently in clinical evaluation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ates, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigui, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ummels, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damen, M. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behr, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitter, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majlessi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/265462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RD5-mediated lack of PE_PGRS and PPE-MPTR export in BCG vaccine strains results in strong reduction of antigenic repertoire but little impact on protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/266759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of flagellum length by a grow-and-lock model 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/266759v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several models have been proposed to explain how eukaryotic cells control the length of their cilia and flagella. Here, we investigated this process in the protist Trypanosoma brucei, an excellent system for cells with stable cilia like photoreceptors or spermatozoa. We show that the total amount of intraflagellar transport material (IFT, the machinery responsible for flagellum construction) increases during flagellum elongation, consistent with constant delivery of precursors and the previously reported linear growth. Reducing the IFT frequency by RNAi knockdown of the IFT kinesin motors slows down the elongation rate and results in the assembly of shorter flagella. These keep on elongating after cell division but fail to reach the normal length. This failure is neither due to an absence of precursors nor to a morphogenetic control by the cell body. We propose that the flagellum is locked after cell division, preventing further elongation or shortening. This is supported by the fact that subsequent increase in the IFT rate does not lead to further elongation. The distal tip FLAM8 protein was identified as a marker for the locking event. It is initiated prior cell division, leading to an arrest of elongation in the daughter cell. Here, we propose a new model termed grow-and-lock where the flagellum elongates until a locking event takes place in a timely defined manner hence fixing length. Alteration in the growth rate and/or in the timing of the locking event would lead to the formation of flagella of different lengths.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertiaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morga, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blisnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotureau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of flagellum length by a grow-and-lock model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/266833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection and Degradation of Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay Substrates Involve Two Distinct Upf1-bound Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/266833v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a translation-dependent RNA degradation pathway involved in many cellular pathways and crucial for telomere maintenance and embryo development. Core NMD factors Upf1, Upf2 and Upf3 are conserved from yeast to mammals, but a universal NMD model is lacking. We used affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry and an improved data analysis protocol to obtain the first large-scale quantitative characterization of yeast NMD complexes in yeast (112 experiments). Unexpectedly, we identified two distinct complexes associated with Upf1: Detector (Upf1/2/3) and Effector. Effector contained the mRNA decapping enzyme, together with Nmd4 and Ebs1, two proteins that globally affected NMD and were critical for RNA degradation mediated by the Upf1 C-terminal helicase region. The fact that Nmd4 association to RNA was dependent on Detector components and the similarity between Nmd4/Ebs1 and mammalian Smg5-7 proteins suggest that in all eukaryotes NMD operates through successive Upf1-bound Detector and Effector complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dehecq, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decourty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanaan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Hir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saveanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection and Degradation of Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay Substrates Involve Two Distinct Upf1-bound Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/284695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compound signaling activates endogenous retroviruses by inducing enhancer and gene-neighborhood transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/284695v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory and autoimmune disease, in which various immune cell types and autoreactive T cells exert a pathogenic activity. This disease is also associated with increased transcription of several endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) normally kept in check by heterochromatin. Here, we have uncovered an organic pollutant dieldrin that activates several HERVs associated with MS and allowing us to examine the mechanism of their activation. Dieldrin singles out by its ability to simultaneously activate the MAP kinase and the PI3K pathways, while also triggering calcium dependent peptidylarginine deiminase activity. It was this association of pathways that caused HERV activation, a phenomenon that was only part of more generally increased transcription of heterochromatic regions. The HERV transcripts were generally not polyadenylated. Some arose as a consequence of activation of HERV-based enhancers, while others were the result of unusually strong activation at some mostly transcription factor genes causing transcription to leak out of the HERV-free region that surrounds them. Altogether, our data emphasized the hazard associated with simultaneous activation of multiples signaling pathways by xenobiotics, while also providing a very general toolbox for the interpretation of HERV transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azebi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batsche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchardt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/284695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compound signaling activates endogenous retroviruses by inducing enhancer and gene-neighborhood transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/305326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of significant microbial interactions from longitudinal metagenomics sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/305326v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Data of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and their analysis have been facilitating advances in our understanding of microbial ecosystems such as human gut microbiota. However, inference of microbial interactions occurring within an ecosystem is still a challenge mainly due to metagenomics sequencing (e.g., 16S rDNA sequences) providing relative abundance of microbes instead of absolute cell count. In order to describe the population dynamics in microbial communities and estimate the involved microbial interactions, we introduce a procedure by integrating generalized Lotka-Volterra equations, forward stepwise regression and bootstrap aggregation. First, we successfully identify experimentally confirmed microbial interactions with relative abundance data of a cheese microbial community. Then, we apply the procedure to time-series of 16S rDNA sequences of gut microbiomes of children who were progressing to Type 1 diabetes (T1D progressors), and compare their gut microbial interactions to a healthy control group. Our results suggest that the number of inferred microbial interactions increased over time during the first three years of life. More microbial interactions are found in the gut flora of healthy children than the T1D progressors. The inhibitory effects from Actinobacteria and Bacilli to Bacteroidia, from Bacteroidia to Clostridia, and the benifit effect from Clostridia to Bacteroidia are shared between healthy children and T1D progressors. An inhibition of Clostridia by Gammaproteobacteria is found in healthy children that maintains through their first three years of life. This suppression appears in T1D progressors during the first year of life, which transforms to a commensalism relationship at the age of three years old. Gammaproteobacteria is found exerting an inhibition on Bacteroidia in the T1D progressors, which is not identified in the healthy controls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, B.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/305326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of significant microbial interactions from longitudinal metagenomics sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/342469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping of TNTs using Correlative Cryo-Electron Microscopy Reveals a Novel Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/342469v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The harmonious orchestration of intercellular communication is essential for multicellular organisms. One mechanism by which cells communicate is through long, actin-rich membranous protrusions, called tunneling nanotubes, that allow for the intercellular transport of various cargoes, including viruses, organelles, and proteins between the cytoplasm of distant cells in vitro and in vivo. Over the last decade, studies have focused on their functional role but information regarding their structure and the differences with other cellular protrusions such as filopodia, is still lacking. Here, we report the structural characterization of tunneling nanotubes using correlative light- and cryo-electron microscopy approaches. We demonstrate their structural identity compared to filopodia by showing that they are comprised of a bundle of functional individual Tunneling Nanotubes containing membrane-bound compartments and allowing organelle transfer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sartori-Rupp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero Cervantes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delage, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gousset, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corroyer-Dulmont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krijnse-Locker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/342469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping of TNTs using Correlative Cryo-Electron Microscopy Reveals a Novel Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/345132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live Mouse Tracker: real-time behavioral analysis of groups of mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/345132v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preclinical studies of psychiatric disorders require the use of animal models to investigate the impact of environmental factors or genetic mutations on complex traits such as decision-making and social interactions. Here, we present a real-time method for behavior analysis of mice housed in groups that couples computer vision, machine learning and Triggered-RFID identification to track and monitor animals over several days in enriched environments. The system extracts a thorough list of individual and collective behavioral traits and provides a unique phenotypic profile for each animal. On mouse models, we study the impact of mutations of genes Shank2 and Shank3 involved in autism. Characterization and integration of data from behavioral profiles of mutated female mice reveals distinctive activity levels and involvement in complex social configuration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Chaumont, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torquet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagache, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallongeville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Sourd, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faure, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivo-Marin, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live Mouse Tracker: real-time behavioral analysis of groups of mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/350777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
More than 16,000 effectors in the Legionella genus genome provide multiple, independent combinations for replication in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/350777v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SignificanceLegionella pneumophila is a bacterial pathogen causing outbreaks of a lethal pneumonia. The genus Legionella comprises 65 species for which aquatic amoebae are the natural reservoirs. Using functional and comparative genomics to deconstruct the entire bacterial genus we reveal the surprising parallel evolutionary trajectories that have led to the emergence of human pathogenic Legionella. An unexpectedly large and unique repository of secreted proteins (>16,000) containing eukaryotic-like proteins acquired from all domains of life (plant, animal, fungal, archaea) is contrasting with a highly conserved type 4 secretion system. This study reveals an unprecedented environmental reservoir of bacterial virulence factors, and provides a new understanding of how reshuffling and gene-acquisition from environmental eukaryotic hosts, may allow for the emergence of human pathogens.nnAbstractThe bacterial genus Legionella comprises 65 species among, which Legionella pneumophila is a human pathogen causing severe pneumonia. To understand the evolution of an environmental to an accidental human pathogen, we have functionally analyzed 80 Legionella genomes spanning 58 species. Uniquely, an immense repository of 16,000 secreted proteins encoding 137 different eukaryotic-like domains and more than 200 eukaryotic-like proteins is paired with a highly conserved T4SS. Specifically, we show that eukaryotic Rho and Rab GTPase domains are found nearly exclusively in eukaryotes and Legionella species. Translocation assays for selected Rab-GTPase proteins revealed that they are indeed T4SS secreted substrates. Furthermore, F/U-box and SET domains were present in >70% of all species suggesting that manipulation of host signal transduction, protein turnover and chromatin modification pathways, respectively are fundamental intracellular replication strategies for Legionellae. In contrast, the Sec-7 domain was restricted to L. pneumophila and seven other species, indicating effector repertoire tailoring within different amoebae. Functional screening of 47 species revealed 60% were competent for intracellular replication in THP-1 cells, but interestingly this phenotype was associated with diverse effector assemblages. These data, combined with evolutionary analysis indicate that the capacity to infect eukaryotic cells has been acquired independently many times within the genus and that a highly conserved yet versatile T4SS secretes an exceptional number of different proteins shaped by inter-domain gene transfer. Furthermore we revealed the surprising extent to which legionellae have co-opted genes and thus cellular functions from their eukaryotic hosts and provides a new understanding of how dynamic reshuffling and gene-acquisition has led to the emergence of major human pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Valero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusniok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Cobas, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolando, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasricha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirtas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crumbach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descorps-Declere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartland, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarraud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[More than 16,000 effectors in the Legionella genus genome provide multiple, independent combinations for replication in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/368993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distribution and asymptotic behavior of the phylogenetic transfer distance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/368993v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transfer distance (TD) was introduced in the classification framework and studied in the context of phylogenetic tree matching. Recently, Lemoine et al. (2018) showed that TD can be a powerful tool to assess the branch support of phylogenies with large data sets, thus providing a relevant alternative to Felsensteins bootstrap. This distance allows a reference branch {beta} in a reference tree [T] to be compared to a branch b from another tree T, both on the same set of n taxa. The TD between these branches is the number of taxa that must be transferred from one side of b to the other in order to obtain {beta}. By taking the minimum TD from {beta} to all branches in T we define the transfer index, denoted by{phi} ({beta}, T), measuring the degree of agreement of {beta} with T. Let us consider a reference branch {beta} having p tips on its light side and define the transfer support (TS) as 1 -{phi} ({beta}, T)/(p - 1). The aim of this article is to provide evidence that p 1 is a meaningful normalization constant in the definition of TS, and measure the statistical significance of TS, assuming that {beta} is compared to a tree T drawn according to a null model. We obtain several results that shed light on these questions in a number of settings. In particular, we study the asymptotic behavior of TS when n tends to {infty}, and fully characterize the distribution of{phi} when T is a caterpillar tree.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davila Felipe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domelevo Entfellner, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truszkowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascuel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/368993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distribution and asymptotic behavior of the phylogenetic transfer distance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/371872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the Genetic Basis of Human Population Differences in DNA Methylation and their Causal Impact on Immune Gene Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/371872v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors and is increasingly thought to affect variation in complex traits and diseases. Yet, the extent of ancestry-related differences in DNA methylation, its genetic determinants, and their respective causal impact on immune gene regulation remain elusive. We report extensive population differences in DNA methylation between individuals of African and European descent -- detected in primary monocytes that were used as a model of a major innate immunity cell type. Most of these differences (~70%) were driven by DNA sequence variants nearby CpG sites (meQTLs), which account for ~60% of the variance in DNA methylation. We also identify several master regulators of DNA methylation variation in trans, including a regulatory hub nearby the transcription factor-encoding CTCF gene, which contributes markedly to ancestry-related differences in DNA methylation. Furthermore, we establish that variation in DNA methylation is associated with varying gene expression levels following mostly, but not exclusively, a canonical model of negative associations, particularly in enhancer regions. Specifically, we find that DNA methylation highly correlates with transcriptional activity of 811 and 230 genes, at the basal state and upon immune stimulation, respectively. Finally, using a Bayesian approach, we estimate causal mediation effects of DNA methylation on gene expression in ~20% of the studied cases, indicating that DNA methylation can play an active role in immune gene regulation. Using a system-level approach, our study reveals substantial ancestry-related differences in DNA methylation and provides evidence for their causal impact on immune gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Husquin, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotival, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zidane, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacIsaac, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/371872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the Genetic Basis of Human Population Differences in DNA Methylation and their Causal Impact on Immune Gene Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/376947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rethinking the efficacy of acellular pertussis vaccines for primary immunization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/376947v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe US has experienced a nationwide resurgence of pertussis since the mid-1970s, despite high vaccine coverage. Short-lived immunity induced by Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis (DTaP) vaccines in young children is widely believed to be responsible for this growing burden. However, the duration of protection conferred by DTaP vaccines remains incompletely quantified.nnMethods and FindingsWe employed a rigorously validated, age-structured model of pertussis transmission to explore a range of hypotheses regarding the degree of waning DTaP-derived immunity. For every hypothesis, we calculated the vaccine effectiveness and the relative increase in the odds of acquiring pertussis (or odds ratio) in children aged 5 to 9 years. We then assessed the simulated DTaP vaccine traits that best reproduced the empirical values of odds ratios from recent US epidemiological studies. We found a marked association between the degree of waning immunity, the vaccine effectiveness, and the odds ratio. Unexpectedly, the odds ratio was positively associated with the vaccine effectiveness, as a consequence of non-linear, age-assortative dynamics. Based on the empirical odds ratios, we estimated that vaccine effectiveness exceeded 75% and that more than 65% of children remained immune to pertussis 5 years after the last DTaP dose.nnConclusionsOur results show that temporal trends in the odds of acquiring pertussis are a seriously flawed measure of the durability of vaccine-induced protection. They further demonstrate that DTaP vaccines confer imperfect, but long-lived protection. We argue that control strategies should be based upon the best available estimates of vaccine properties and the age-structure of the transmission network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Domenech de Celles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rethinking the efficacy of acellular pertussis vaccines for primary immunization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/379529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Fast Likelihood Method to Reconstruct and Visualize Ancestral Scenarios 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/379529v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The reconstruction of ancestral scenarios is widely used to study the evolution of characters along a phylogenetic tree. In the likelihood framework one commonly uses the marginal posterior probabilities of the character states, and the joint reconstruction of the most likely scenario. Both approaches are somewhat unsatisfactory. Marginal reconstructions provide users with state probabilities, but these are difficult to interpret and visualize, while joint reconstructions select a unique state for every tree node and thus do not reflect the uncertainty of inferences.nnWe propose a simple and fast approach, which is in between these two extremes. We use decision-theory concepts and the Brier criterion to associate each node in the tree to a set of likely states. A unique state is predicted in the tree regions with low uncertainty, while several states are predicted in the uncertain regions, typically around the tree root. To visualize the results, we cluster the neighboring nodes associated to the same states and use graph visualization tools. The method is implemented in the PastML program and web server.nnThe results on simulated data consistently show the accuracy and robustness of the approach. The method is applied to large tree comprising 3,619 sequences from HIV-1M subtype C sampled worldwide, which is processed in a few minutes. Results are very convincing: we retrieve and visualize the main transmission routes of HIV-1C; we demonstrate that drug resistance mutations mostly emerge independently under treatment pressure, but some resistance clusters are found, corresponding to transmissions among untreated patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhukova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascuel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/379529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Fast Likelihood Method to Reconstruct and Visualize Ancestral Scenarios]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/380774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique morphogenetic signatures define mammalian neck muscles and associated connective tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/380774v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, head and trunk muscles develop from different mesodermal populations and are regulated by distinct genetic networks. Neck muscles at the head-trunk interface remain poorly defined due to their complex morphogenesis and dual mesodermal origins. Here, we use genetically modified mice to establish a 3D model that integrates regulatory genes, cell populations and morphogenetic events that define this transition zone. We show that the evolutionary conserved cucullaris-derived muscles originate from posterior cardiopharyngeal mesoderm, not lateral plate mesoderm, and we define new boundaries for neural crest and mesodermal contributions to neck connective tissue. Furthermore, lineage studies and functional analysis of Tbx1- and Pax3-null mice reveal a unique genetic program for somitic neck muscles that is distinct from that of somitic trunk muscles. Our findings unveil the embryological and developmental requirements underlying tetrapod neck myogenesis and provide a blueprint to investigate how muscle subsets are selectively affected in some human myopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heude, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesarova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefton, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jullian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adachi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zikmund, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajbakhsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/380774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique morphogenetic signatures define mammalian neck muscles and associated connective tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/392241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factor activity and nucleosome organisation in mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/392241v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitotic bookmarking transcription factors (BFs) maintain the capacity to bind to their targets during mitosis, despite major rearrangements of the chromatin. While they were thought to propagate gene regulatory information through mitosis by statically occupying their DNA targets, it has recently become clear that BFs are highly dynamic in mitotic cells. This represents both a technical and a conceptual challenge to study and understand the function of BFs: first, formaldehyde has been suggested to be unable to efficiently capture these transient interactions, leading to profound contradictions in the literature; second, if BFs are not permanently bound to their targets during mitosis, it becomes unclear how they convey regulatory information to daughter cells. Here, comparing formaldehyde to alternative fixatives we clarify the nature of the chromosomal association of previously proposed BFs in embryonic stem cells: while Esrrb can be considered as a canonical BF that binds at selected regulatory regions in mitosis, Sox2 and Oct4 establish DNA sequence independent interactions with the mitotic chromosomes, either throughout the chromosomal arms (Sox2) or at pericentromeric regions (Oct4). Moreover, we show that ordered nucleosomal arrays are retained during mitosis at Esrrb book-marked sites, whereas regions losing transcription factor binding display a profound loss of order. By maintaining nucleosome positioning during mitosis, Esrrb might ensure the rapid post-mitotic re-establishment of functional regulatory complexes at selected enhancers and promoters. Our results provide a mechanistic framework that reconciles dynamic mitotic binding with the transmission of gene regulatory information across cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Festuccia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachtsidi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandoermel-Pournin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Tannoudji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/392241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factor activity and nucleosome organisation in mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/407759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Studying 3D cell cultures in a microfluidic droplet array under multiple time-resolved conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/407759v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relevance of traditional cell cultures to cellular behavior in vivo is limited, since the two-dimensional (2D) format does not appropriately reproduce the microenvironment that regulates cell functions. In this context, spheroids are an appealing 3D cell culture format to complement standard techniques, by combining a high level of biological relevance with simple production protocols. However the methods for spheroid manipulation are still labor intensive, which severely limits the complexity of operations that can be performed on statistically relevant numbers of individual spheroids. Here we show how to apply hundreds of different conditions on spheroids in a single microfluidic chip, where each spheroid is produced and immobilized in an anchored droplet. By using asymmetric anchor shapes, a second drop can be merged with the spheroid-containing drop at a later time. This time-delayed merging uniquely enables two classes of applications that we demonstrate: (1) the initiation of cell-cell interactions on demand, either for building micro-tissues within the device or for observing antagonistic cell-cell interactions with applications in immuno-therapy or host-pathogen interactions, (2) a detailed dose-response curve obtained by exposing an array of hepatocyte-like spheroids to droplets containing a wide range of acetaminophen concentrations. The integrated microfluidic format allows time-resolved measurements of the response of hundreds of spheroids with a single-cell resolution. The data shows an internally regulated evolution of each spheroid, in addition to a heterogeneity of the responses to the drug that the single-cell analysis correlates with the initial presence and location of dead cells within each spheroid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomasi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champetier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Studying 3D cell cultures in a microfluidic droplet array under multiple time-resolved conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/409490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A SKI subcomplex specifically required for the degradation of ribosome-free RNA regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/409490v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Ski2-Ski3-Ski8 (SKI) complex assists the RNA exosome during the 3-5 degradation of cytoplasmic transcripts. Previous reports showed that the SKI complex is involved in the 3-5 degradation of mRNA, including 3 untranslated regions (UTRs), devoid of ribosomes. Paradoxically, we recently showed that the SKI complex directly interacts with ribosomes during the co-translational mRNA decay and that this interaction is necessary for its RNA degradation promoting activity. Here, we characterized a new SKI-associated factor, Ska1, which antagonizes the SKI-ribosome interaction. We showed that the SKI-Ska1-subcomplex is specifically involved in the degradation of ribosome-free RNA regions such as long mRNA 3UTRs and cytoplasmic lncRNAs. We propose a model in which the SKI-exosome complex first targets ribosome-free RNA 3ends in its Ska1-associated form. When the complex reaches the mRNA coding sequence, the Ska1-SKI-exosome complex is exchanged for the SKI-exosome, which interacts directly with ribosomes in order to resume the degradation process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fromont-Racine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dacheux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A SKI subcomplex specifically required for the degradation of ribosome-free RNA regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/413500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Close proximity interactions support transmission of ESBL-K. pneumoniae but not ESBL-E. coli in healthcare settings 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/413500v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic-resistance of hospital-acquired infections is a major public health issue. The worldwide emergence and diffusion of extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP), is of particular concern. Preventing their nosocomial spread requires understanding their transmission. Using Close Proximity Interactions (CPIs), measured by wearable sensors, and weekly ESBL-EC- and ESBL-KP-carriage data, we traced their possible transmission paths among 329 patients in a 200-bed long-term care facility over 4 months. Based on phenotypically defined resistance profiles to 12 antibiotics, new bacterial acquisitions were tracked. Extending a previously proposed statistical method, the CPI networks ability to support observed incident colonization episodes of ESBL-EC and ESBL-KP was tested. Finally, mathematical modeling based on our findings assessed the effect of several infection-control measures. A potential infector was identified in the CPI network for 80% (16/20) of ESBL-KP acquisition episodes. The lengths of CPI paths between ESBL-KP incident cases and their potential infectors were shorter than predicted by chance (P = 0.02), indicating that CPI-network relationships were consistent with dissemination. Potential ESBL-EC infectors were identified for 54% (19/35) of the acquisitions, with longer-than-expected lengths of CPI paths. These contrasting results yielded differing impacts of infection control scenarios, with contact reduction interventions proving less effective for ESBL-EC than for ESBL-KP. These results highlight the widely variable transmission patterns among ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae species CPI networks supported ESBL-KP, but not ESBL-EC spread. These outcomes could help design more specific surveillance and control strategies to prevent in-hospital Enterobacteriaceae dissemination.nnAuthor summaryTracing extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase (ESBL) dissemination in hospitals is an important step in the fight against the spread of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Indeed, understanding ESBL spreading dynamics will help identify efficient control interventions. In the i-Bird study, patients and hospital staff from a French long-term care facility in France carried a wearable sensor to capture their interactions at less than 1.5 meters, every 30 seconds over a 4-month period. Every week, patients were also swabbed to detect carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Based on the analysis of these longitudinal data, this study shows that ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) mostly spreads during close-proximity interactions between individuals, while this is not the case for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC), suggesting that ESBL-KP but not ESBL-EC may be controlled by contact reduction interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duval, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boëlle, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleury, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temime, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>i-Bird Study group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/413500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Close proximity interactions support transmission of ESBL-K. pneumoniae but not ESBL-E. coli in healthcare settings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/421370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct nanoscale calcium channel and synaptic vesicle topographies contribute to the diversity of synaptic function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/421370v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nanoscale topographical arrangement of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) and synaptic vesicles (SVs) determines synaptic strength and plasticity, but whether distinct spatial distributions underpin diversity of synaptic function is unknown. We performed single bouton Ca2+ imaging, Ca2+ chelator competition, immunogold electron microscopic (EM) localization of VGCCs and the active zone (AZ) protein Munc13-1, at two cerebellar synapses. Unexpectedly, we found that weak synapses exhibited 3-fold more VGCCs than strong synapses, while the coupling distance was 5-fold longer. Reaction-diffusion modelling could explain both functional and structural data with two strikingly different nanotopographical motifs: strong synapses are composed of SVs that are tightly coupled ([~]10 nm) to VGCC clusters, whereas at weak synapses VGCCs were excluded from the vicinity ([~]50 nm) of docked vesicles. The distinct VGCC-SV topographical motifs also confer differential sensitivity to neuromodulation. Thus VGCC-SV arrangements are not canonical across CNS synapses and their diversity could underlie functional heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rebola, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirizs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szoboszlay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moneron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusser, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiGregorio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/421370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct nanoscale calcium channel and synaptic vesicle topographies contribute to the diversity of synaptic function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/425421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule acetylation but not detyrosination promotes focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/425421v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules play a crucial role in mesenchymal migration by controlling cell polarity and the turnover of cell adhesive structures on the extracellular matrix. The polarized functions of microtubules imply that microtubules are locally regulated. Here, we investigated the regulation and role of two major tubulin post-translational modifications, acetylation and detyrosination, which have been associated with stable microtubules. Using primary astrocytes in a wound healing assay, we show that these tubulin modifications are independently regulated during cell polarization and differently affect cell migration. In contrast to microtubule detyrosination, TAT1-mediated microtubule acetylation increases in the vicinity of focal adhesions and promotes cell migration. We further demonstrate that TAT1 increases focal adhesion turnover by promoting Rab6-positive vesicle fusion at focal adhesions. Our results highlight the specificity of microtubule post-translational modifications and bring new insight into the regulatory functions of tubulin acetylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bance, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leduc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeda, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule acetylation but not detyrosination promotes focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/428771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging of red-shifted photons from bioluminescent tumours using fluorescence by unbound excitation from luminescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/428771v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early detection of tumours is today a major challenge and requires sensitive imaging methodologies coupled with new efficient probes. Bioluminescence imaging has been widely used in the field of oncology and several cancer cell lines have been genetically modified to provide bioluminescence signals. However, photons that are emitted by the majority of commonly used luciferases are usually in the blue part of the visible spectrum, where tissue absorption is still very high, making deep tissue imaging non-optimal and calling for optimised optical imaging methodologies. We have previously shown that red-shifting of bioluminescence signal by Fluorescence Unbound Excitation from Luminescence (FUEL) is a mean to increase bioluminescence signal sensitivity detection in vivo. Here, we applied FUEL to tumour detection in two different subcutaneous tumour models: the auto-luminescent human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line and the murine B16-F10 melanoma cell line previously transfected with the plasmid Luc2. Tumour size and bioluminescence were measured over time and tumour vascularization characterized. We then locally injected near infrared emitting Quantum Dots (NIR QDs)in the tumour site and observed a red-shifting of bioluminescence signal by (FUEL) indicating that FUEL could be used to allow deeper tumour detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sonego, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouccara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pons, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lequeux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danckaert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorte, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tournebize, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging of red-shifted photons from bioluminescent tumours using fluorescence by unbound excitation from luminescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/446195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stepwise evolution and convergent recombination underlie the global dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/446195v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are considered by WHO as "critical" priority pathogens for which novel antibiotics are urgently needed. The dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli (CP-Ec) in the community is a major public health concern. However, the global molecular epidemiology of CP-Ec isolates, as well as the genetic bases for the emergence and global dissemination of specific lineages, remain largely unknown. Here, by combining a thorough genomic and evolutionary analysis of Ec ST410 isolates with a broad analysis of 12,584 E. coli and Shigella genomes, we showed that the fixation of carbapenemase genes depends largely on a combination of mutations in ftsI encoding the penicillin binding protein 3 and in the porin genes ompC and ompF. Mutated ftsI genes and a specific ompC allele inducing reduced susceptibility to diverse {beta}-lactams spread across the species by recombination. The selection of CP-Ec lineages able to disseminate is more complex than the mere acquisition of carbapenemase genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patino-Navarrete, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosinski-Chupin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabanel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takissian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madec, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stepwise evolution and convergent recombination underlie the global dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/461848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive study of metabolite genetics reveals strong pleiotropy and heterogeneity across time and context 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/461848v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies of metabolites have identified thousands of variants many of which are associated with downstream metabolic and obesogenic disorders. However, these studies have relied on univariate analyses, reducing power and limiting context specific understanding. Here we aim to provide an integrated perspective of the genetic basis of metabolites by leveraging the Finnish Metabolic Syndrome In Men (METSIM) cohort, a unique genetic resource which contains metabolic measurements across distinct timepoints as well as detailed information on statin usage. We increase effective sample size by an average of two-fold by applying the Covariates for Multi-phenotype Studies (CMS) approach, identifying 588 significant SNP-metabolite associations, including 248 novel associations. We further show that many of these SNPs are master metabolic regulators, balancing the relative proportion of dozens of metabolite levels. We then identify the first associations to changes in metabolic levels across time as well as evidence of genetic interaction with statin use. Finally, we show an overall decrease in genetic control of metabolic processes with age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mefford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laakso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajukanta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive study of metabolite genetics reveals strong pleiotropy and heterogeneity across time and context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/464719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo profiling of RNA viruses in Anopheles malaria vector mosquitoes from forest ecological zones in Senegal and Cambodia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/464719v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMosquitoes are colonized by a large but mostly uncharacterized natural virome of RNA viruses. Anopheles mosquitoes are efficient vectors of human malaria, and the composition and distribution of the natural RNA virome may influence the biology and immunity of Anopheles malaria vector populations.nnResultsAnopheles vectors of human malaria were sampled in forest village sites in Senegal and Cambodia, including Anopheles funestus, Anopheles gambiae group sp., and Anopheles coustani in Senegal, and Anopheles hyrcanus group sp., Anopheles maculatus group sp., and Anopheles dirus in Cambodia. Small and long RNA sequences were depleted of mosquito host and de novo assembled to yield non-redundant contigs longer than 500 nucleotides. Analysis of the assemblies by sequence similarity to known virus families yielded 125 novel virus sequences, 39 from Senegal Anopheles and 86 from Cambodia. Important monophyletic virus clades in the Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales orders are found in these Anopheles from Africa and Asia. Small RNA size and abundance profiles were used to cluster non-host RNA assemblies that were unclassified by sequence similarity. 39 unclassified non-redundant contigs >500 nucleotides strongly matched a pattern of classic RNAi processing of viral replication intermediates, and 1566 unclassified contigs strongly matched a pattern consistent with piRNAs. Analysis of piRNA expression in Anopheles coluzzii after infection with Onyong nyong virus (family Togaviridae) suggests that virus infection can specifically alter abundance of some piRNAs.nnConclusionsRNA viruses ubiquitously colonize Anopheles vectors of human malaria worldwide. At least some members of the mosquito virome are monophyletic with other arthropod viruses. However, high levels of collinearity and similarity of Anopheles viruses at the peptide level is not necessarily matched by similarity at the nucleotide level, indicating that Anopheles from Africa and Asia are colonized by closely related but clearly diverged virome members. The interplay between small RNA pathways and the virome may represent an important part of the homeostatic mechanism maintaining virome members in a commensal or nonpathogenic state, and host-virome interactions could influence variation in malaria vector competence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanfack Minkeu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiglmeier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carissimo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vantaux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharakhov, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernick, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo profiling of RNA viruses in Anopheles malaria vector mosquitoes from forest ecological zones in Senegal and Cambodia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/479642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFT25 is required for the construction of the trypanosome flagellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/479642v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraflagellar transport (IFT), the movement of protein complexes responsible for the assembly of cilia and flagella, is remarkably well conserved from protists to humans. However, two IFT components (IFT25 and IFT27) are missing from multiple unrelated eukaryotic species. In mouse, IFT25 and IFT27 are not required for assembly of several cilia with the noticeable exception of the flagellum of spermatozoa. Here we show that the Trypanosoma brucei IFT25 protein is a proper component of the IFT-B complex and displays typical IFT trafficking. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we reveal that IFT25 and IFT27 interact within the flagellum in live cells during the IFT transport process. IFT25-depleted cells construct tiny disorganised flagella that accumulate IFT-B proteins (with the exception of IFT27, the binding partner of IFT25) but not IFT-A proteins. This phenotype is comparable to the one following depletion of IFT27 and shows that IFT25/IFT27 constitute a specific module requested for proper IFT and flagellum construction in trypanosomes. We discuss the possible reasons why IFT25/IFT27 would be required for only some types of cilia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blisnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/479642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFT25 is required for the construction of the trypanosome flagellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/506535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Darwinian Uncertainty Principle 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/506535v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing ancestral characters and traits along a phylogenetic tree is central to evolutionary biology. It is the key to understanding morphology changes among species, inferring ancestral biochemical properties of life, and recovering migration routes in phylogeography. The goal is twofold: to reconstruct the character state at the tree root (e.g. the region of origin of some species), and to understand the process of state changes along the tree (e.g. species flow between countries). Although each goal can be achieved with high accuracy individually, we use mathematics and simulations to demonstrate that it is generally impossible to accurately estimate both the root state and the rates of state changes along the tree branches from the observed data at the tips of the tree. This inherent  Darwinian uncertainty principle concerning the simultaneous estimation of  pattern and  process governs ancestral reconstructions in biology. Increasing the number of tips improves the joint estimation accuracy for certain tree shapes that arise in evolutionary models, however, for other trees shapes it does not.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gascuel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Darwinian Uncertainty Principle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/514158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Structure and Biological Functions within Mesenchymal Bodies using Microfluidics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/514158v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organoids that recapitulate the functional hallmarks of anatomic structures comprise cell populations able to self-organize cohesively in 3D. However, the rules underlying organoid formation in vitro remain poorly understood because a correlative analysis of individual cell fate and spatial organization has been challenging. Here, we use a novel microfluidics platform to investigate the mechanisms determining the formation of organoids by human mesenchymal stromal cells that recapitulate the early steps of condensation initiating bone repair in vivo. We find that heterogeneous mesenchymal stromal cells self-organize in 3D in a developmentally hierarchical manner. We demonstrate a link between structural organization and local regulation of specific molecular signaling pathways such as NF-{kappa}B and actin polymerization, which modulate osteo-endocrine functions. This study emphasizes the importance of resolving spatial heterogeneities within cellular aggregates to link organization and functional properties, enabling a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling organoid formation, relevant to organogenesis and tissue repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasi, R. F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barizien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amselem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/514158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Structure and Biological Functions within Mesenchymal Bodies using Microfluidics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/516278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Description of Klebsiella africanensis sp. nov., Klebsiella variicola subsp. tropicalensis subsp. nov. and Klebsiella variicola subsp. variicola subsp. nov. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/516278v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae comprises several phylogenetic groups (Kp1 to Kp7), two of which (Kp5 and Kp7) have no taxonomic status. Here we show that group Kp5 is closely related to Klebsiella variicola (Kp3), with an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 96.4%, and that group Kp7 has an ANI of 94.7% with Kp1 (K. pneumoniae sensu stricto). Biochemical characteristics and chromosomal beta-lactamase genes also distinguish groups Kp5 and Kp7 from other Klebsiella taxa. We propose the names K. africanensis for Kp7 (type strain, 200023T) and K. variicola subsp. tropicalensis for Kp5 (type strain, 1266T).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakotondrasoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallo, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/516278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Description of Klebsiella africanensis sp. nov., Klebsiella variicola subsp. tropicalensis subsp. nov. and Klebsiella variicola subsp. variicola subsp. nov.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/518530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HSA+ immature cardiomyocytes persist in the adult heart and expand after ischemic injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/518530v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assessment of the regenerative capacity of the heart has been compromised by the lack of surface signatures to characterize cardiomyocytes. Here, combined multiparametric surface marker analysis with single cell transcriptional profiling and in vivo transplantation, identify the main fetal cardiac populations and their progenitors. We found that cardiomyocytes at different stages of differentiation co-exist during development. We identified a population of immature HSA/CD24+ cardiomyocytes that persists throughout life and that, unlike other cardiomyocyte subsets, actively proliferates up to one week of age and engraft cardiac tissue upon transplantation. In adult heart HSA/CD24+ cardiomyocytes appear as mononucleated cells that cycle and increase in frequency after infarction. Our work identified cell surface signatures that allow the prospective isolation of cardiomyocytes at any developmental stage and the detection of adult cardiomyocytes poised for activation in response to ischemic stimuli. This work opens new perspectives in the understanding and treatment of heart pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resende, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlen-Defranoux, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-do-O, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/518530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HSA+ immature cardiomyocytes persist in the adult heart and expand after ischemic injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/532366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact and evolutionary determinants of Neanderthal introgression on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/532366v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaic admixture is increasingly recognized as an important source of diversity in modern humans, with Neanderthal haplotypes covering 1-3% of the genome of present-day Eurasians. Recent work has shown that archaic introgression has contributed to human phenotypic diversity, mostly through the regulation of gene expression. Yet, the mechanisms through which archaic variants alter gene expression, and the forces driving the introgression landscape at regulatory regions remain elusive. Here, we explored the impact of archaic introgression on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, focusing on promoters and enhancers across 127 different tissues as well as microRNA-mediated regulation. Although miRNAs themselves harbor few archaic variants, we found that some of these variants may have a strong impact on miRNA-mediated gene regulation. Enhancers were by far the regulatory elements most affected by archaic introgression, with one third of the tissues tested presenting significant enrichments. Specifically, we found strong enrichments of archaic variants in adipose-related tissues and primary T cells, even after accounting for various genomic and evolutionary confounders such as recombination rate and background selection. Interestingly, we identified signatures of adaptive introgression at enhancers of some key regulators of adipogenesis, raising the interesting hypothesis of a possible adaptation of early Eurasians to colder climates. Collectively, this study sheds new light onto the mechanisms through which archaic admixture have impacted gene regulation in Eurasians and, more generally, increases our understanding of the contribution of Neanderthals to the regulation of acquired immunity and adipose homeostasis in modern humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotival, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact and evolutionary determinants of Neanderthal introgression on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/547778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiota requires vagus nerve integrity to promote depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/547778v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic stress constitutes one of the strongest risk factors for depression and can disrupt various aspects of homeostasis, including gut microbiota composition. We found that stress-induced changes in gut microbiota promote depression and decrease adult hippocampal neurogenesis upon transfer to antibiotic-treated recipient mice. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy abrogated the microbiota-induced effects on behavior and neurogenesis, suggesting that gut microbiota can influence brain plasticity and behavior through vagal afferents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siopi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moigneu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lledo, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/547778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiota requires vagus nerve integrity to promote depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/552836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptococcus neoformans resist to drastic conditions by switching to viable but non-culturable cell phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/552836v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolically quiescent pathogens can persist in a viable non-replicating state for months or even years. For certain infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, latent infection is a corollary of this dormant state, which has the risk for reactivation and clinical disease. During murine cryptococcosis and macrophage uptake, stress and host immunity induce C. neoformans heterogeneity with the generation of a sub-population of yeasts that manifests a phenotype compatible with dormancy (low stress response, latency of growth). In this subpopulation, mitochondrial transcriptional activity is regulated and this phenotype has been considered as a hallmark of quiescence in stem cells. Based on these findings, we worked to reproduce this phenotype in vitro and then standardize the experimental conditions to consistently generate this dormancy in Cryptococcus neoformans.

We found that incubation of stationary phase yeasts (STAT) in nutriment limited conditions and hypoxia for 8 days (8D-HYPOx) was able to produced cells that mimic the phenotype obtained in vivo. In these conditions, mortality and/or apoptosis occurred in less than 5% of the yeasts compared to 30-40% of apoptotic or dead yeasts upon incubation in normoxia (8D-NORMOx). Yeasts in 8D-HYPOx harbored a lower stress response, delayed growth and less that 1% of culturability on agar plates, suggesting that these yeasts are viable but non culturable cells (VBNC). These VBNC were able to reactivate in the presence of pantothenic acid, a vitamin that is known to be involved in quorum sensing and a precursor of acetyl-CoA. Global metabolism of 8D-HYPOx cells showed some specific requirements and was globally shut down compared to 8D-NORMOx and STAT conditions. Mitochondrial analyses showed that the mitochondrial masse increased with mitochondria mostly depolarized in 8D-HYPOx compared to 8D-NORMox, with increased expression of mitochondrial genes. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of 8D-HYPOx revealed that the number of secreted proteins and transcripts detected also decreased compared to 8D-NORMOx and STAT, and the proteome, secretome and transcriptome harbored specific profiles that are engaged as soon as four days of incubation. Importantly, acetyl-CoA and the fatty acid pathway involving mitochondria are required for the generation and viability maintenance of VBNC.

All together, these data show that we were able to generate for the first time VBNC phenotype in Cryptococcocus neoformans. This VBNC state is associated with a specific metabolism that should be further studied to understand dormancy/quiescence in this yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hommel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturny-Leclere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veluppillai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchateau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourdel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfect, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadevall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dromer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptococcus neoformans resist to drastic conditions by switching to viable but non-culturable cell phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/572891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide dynamics of extensive m6A mRNA methylation during Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/572891v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria pathogenesis results from the asexual replication of Plasmodium falciparum within human red blood cells, which relies on a precisely timed cascade of gene expression over a 48-hour life cycle. Although substantial post-transcriptional regulation of this hardwired program has been observed, it remains unclear how these processes are mediated on a transcriptome-wide level. To this end, we identified mRNA modifications in the P. falciparum transcriptome and performed a comprehensive characterization of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) over the course of blood stage development. Using mass spectrometry and m6A RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that m6A is highly developmentally regulated, exceeding m6A levels known in any other eukaryote. We identify an evolutionarily conserved m6A writer complex and show that knockdown of the putative m6A methyltransferase by CRISPR interference leads to increased levels of transcripts that normally contain m6A. In accordance, we find an inverse correlation between m6A status and mRNA stability or translational efficiency. Our data reveal the crucial role of extensive m6A mRNA methylation in dynamically fine-tuning the transcriptional program of a unicellular eukaryote as well as a new  epitranscriptomic layer of gene regulation in malaria parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baumgarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preiser, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedon, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-wide dynamics of extensive m6A mRNA methylation during Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/573907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombination-independent recognition of DNA homology for meiotic silencing in Neurospora crassa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/573907v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pairing of homologous chromosomes represents a critical step of meiosis in nearly all sexually reproducing species. While in some organisms meiotic pairing requires programmed DNA breakage and recombination, in many others it engages homologous chromosomes that remain apparently intact. The mechanistic nature of such recombination-independent pairing represents a fundamental question in molecular genetics. Using  meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD) in Neurospora crassa as a model process, we demonstrate the existence of a cardinally different approach to DNA homology recognition in meiosis. The main advantage of MSUD over other experimental systems lies in its ability to identify any relatively short DNA fragment lacking a homologous allelic partner. Here we show that MSUD does not rely on the canonical mechanism of meiotic recombination, yet it is promoted by REC8, a conserved component of the meiotic cohesin complex. We also show that certain patterns of interspersed homology are recognized as pairable during MSUD. Such patterns need to be co-linear and must contain short tracts of sequence identity spaced apart with a periodicity of 21 or 22 base-pairs. By using these values as a guiding parameter in all-atom molecular modeling, we discover that homologous double-stranded DNA molecules can associate by forming quadruplex-based contacts with an interval of 2.5 helical turns, which requires right-handed plectonemic coiling and additional conformational changes in the intervening double-helical segments. These results (i) reconcile genetic and biophysical lines of evidence for the existence of direct homologous dsDNA-dsDNA pairing, (ii) identify a role for this process in initiating post-transcriptional silencing, and (iii) suggest that chromosomes are cross-matched in meiosis by a precise mechanism that operates on intact double-stranded DNA molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladyshev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/573907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombination-independent recognition of DNA homology for meiotic silencing in Neurospora crassa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/576694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification of the type IV filament super-family into machines for adhesion, secretion, DNA transformation and motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/576694v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Processes of molecular innovation require tinkering and co-option of existing genes. How this occurs in terms of molecular evolution at long evolutionary scales remains poorly understood. Here, we analyse the natural history of a vast group of membrane-associated molecular systems in Bacteria and Archaea - type IV filament super-family (TFF-SF) - that diversified in systems involved in flagellar or twitching motility, adhesion, protein secretion, and DNA natural transformation. We identified such systems in all phyla of the two domains of life, and their phylogeny suggests that they may have been present in the last universal common ancestor. From there, two lineages, a Bacterial and an Archaeal, diversified by multiple gene duplications of the ATPases, gene fission of the integral membrane platform, and accretion of novel components. Surprisingly, we find that the Tad systems originated from the inter-kingdom transfer from Archaea to Bacteria of a system resembling the Epd pilus. The phylogeny and content of ancestral systems suggest that initial bacterial pili were engaged in cell motility and/or DNA transformation. In contrast, specialized protein secretion systems arose much later, and several independent times, in natural history. All these processes of functional diversification were accompanied by genetic rearrangements with implications for genetic regulation and horizontal gene transfer: systems encoded in fewer loci were more frequently exchanged between taxa. Overall, the evolutionary history of the TFF-SF by itself provides an impressive catalogue of the variety of molecular mechanisms involved in the origins of novel functions by tinkering and co-option of cellular machineries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denise, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abby, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/576694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification of the type IV filament super-family into machines for adhesion, secretion, DNA transformation and motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/585380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A peptide of a type I toxin-antitoxin system induces Helicobacter pylori morphological transformation from spiral-shape to coccoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/585380v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxin-antitoxin systems are found in many bacterial chromosomes and plasmids with roles ranging from plasmid stabilization to biofilm formation and persistence. In these systems, the expression/activity of the toxin is counteracted by an antitoxin, which in type I systems is an antisense-RNA. While the regulatory mechanisms of these systems are mostly well-defined, the toxins biological activity and expression conditions are less understood. Here, these questions were investigated for a type I toxin-antitoxin system (AapA1-IsoA1) expressed from the chromosome of the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori. We show that expression of the AapA1 toxin in H. pylori causes growth arrest associated with rapid morphological transformation from spiral-shaped bacteria to round coccoid cells. Coccoids are observed in patients and during in vitro growth as a response to different stress conditions. The AapA1 toxin, first molecular effector of coccoids to be identified, targets H. pylori inner membrane without disrupting it, as visualized by Cryo-EM. The peptidoglycan composition of coccoids is modified with respect to spiral bacteria. No major changes in membrane potential or ATP concentration result from AapA1 expression, suggesting coccoid viability. Single-cell live microscopy tracking the shape conversion suggests a possible association of this process with cell elongation/division interference. Oxidative stress induces coccoid formation and is associated with repression of the antitoxin promoter and enhanced processing of its transcript, leading to an imbalance in favor of AapA1 toxin expression.

Our data support the hypothesis of viable coccoids with characteristics of dormant bacteria that might be important in H. pylori infections refractory to treatment.

Significance StatementHelicobacter pylori, a gastric pathogen causing 800,000 deaths in the world annually, is encountered both in vitro and in patients as spiral-shaped bacteria and as round cells named coccoids. We discovered that the toxin from a chromosomal type I toxin-antitoxin system is targeting H. pylori membrane and acting as an effector of H. pylori morphological conversion to coccoids. We showed that these round cells maintain their membrane integrity and metabolism, strongly suggesting that they are viable dormant bacteria. Oxidative stress was identified as a signal inducing toxin expression and coccoid formation. Our findings reveal new insights into a form of dormancy of this bacterium that might be associated with H. pylori infections refractory to treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El Mortaji, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifflet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boneca, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radicella, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehau-Arnaudet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Reuse, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/585380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A peptide of a type I toxin-antitoxin system induces Helicobacter pylori morphological transformation from spiral-shape to coccoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/592337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic architecture of human neuroanatomical diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/592337v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We analysed the genomic architecture of neuroanatomical diversity using magnetic resonance imaging and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from >26,000 individuals from the UK Biobank project and 5 other projects that had previously participated in the ENIGMA consortium. Our results confirm the polygenic architecture of neuroanatomical diversity, with SNPs capturing from 40% to 54% of regional brain volume variance. Chromosomal length correlated with the amount of phenotypic variance captured, r[~]0.64 on average, suggesting that at a global scale causal variants are homogeneously distributed across the genome. At a local scale, SNPs within genes ([~]51%) captured [~]1.5 times more genetic variance than the rest; and SNPs with low minor allele frequency (MAF) captured less variance than the rest: the 40% of SNPs with MAF<5% captured <1/4th of the genetic variance. We also observed extensive pleiotropy across regions, with an average genetic correlation of rG[~]0.45. Genetic correlations were similar to phenotypic and environmental correlations, however, genetic correlations were often larger than phenotypic correlations for the left/right volumes of the same region. The heritability of differences in left/right volumes was generally not statistically significant, suggesting an important influence of environmental causes in the variability of brain asymmetry. Our code is available at https://github.com/neuroanatomy/genomic-architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poline, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aribisala, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenaars, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz Maniega, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nauck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royle, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes Hernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Völker, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardlaw, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/592337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic architecture of human neuroanatomical diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/594564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of OmpT-like proteases in uropathogenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/594564v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial colonization of the urogenital tract is limited by innate defenses, including the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) resist AMP-killing to cause a range of urinary tract infections (UTIs) including asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, pyelonephritis, and sepsis. UPEC strains have high genomic diversity and encode numerous virulence factors that differentiate them from non-UTI causing strains, including ompT. As OmpT homologues cleave and inactivate AMPs, we hypothesized that high OmpT protease activity-levels contribute to UPEC colonization during symptomatic UTIs. Therefore, we measured OmpT activity in 58 UPEC clinical isolates. While heterogeneous OmpT activities were observed, OmpT activity was significantly greater in UPEC strains isolated from patients with symptomatic infections. Unexpectedly, UPEC strains exhibiting the greatest protease activities harboured an additional ompT-like gene called arlC (ompTp). The presence of two OmpT-like proteases in some UPEC isolates led us to compare the substrate specificities of OmpT-like proteases found in E. coli. While all three cleaved AMPs, cleavage efficiency varied on the basis of AMP size and secondary structure. Our findings suggest the presence ArlC and OmpT in the same UPEC isolate may confer a fitness advantage by expanding the range of target substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desloges, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclerc, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marczynski, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenheid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Moual, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomassin, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of OmpT-like proteases in uropathogenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/619304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macromolecular crowding links ribosomal protein gene dosage to growth rate in Vibrio cholerae. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/619304v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomal protein (RP) genes locate near the replication origin (oriC) in fast-growing bacteria, which is thought to have been selected as a translation optimization strategy. Relocation of S10-spc- locus (S10), which codes for most of the RP, to ectopic genomic positions shows that its relative distance to the oriC correlates to a reduction on its dosage, its expression, and bacterial growth rate. Deep-sequencing revealed that S10 relocation altered chromosomal replication dynamics and genome-wide transcription. Such changes increased as a function of oriC-S10 distance. Strikingly, in this work we observed that protein production capacity was independent of S10 position. Since RP constitute a large proportion of cell mass, lower S10 dosage could lead to changes in macromolecular crowding, impacting cell physiology. Accordingly, cytoplasm fluidity was higher in mutants where S10 is most distant from oriC. In hyperosmotic conditions, when crowding differences are minimized, the growth rate and replication dynamics were highly alleviated in these strains. Therefore, on top of its essential function in translation, RP genomic location contributes to sustain optimal macromolecular crowding. This is a novel mechanism coordinating DNA replication with bacterial growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soler-Bistue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Pierle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Garcera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Val, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sismeiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skovgaard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comerci, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/619304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macromolecular crowding links ribosomal protein gene dosage to growth rate in Vibrio cholerae.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/627968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling cell infection via virus-producing cells rather than free infectious virus significantly improves fits of an in vitro viral kinetic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/627968v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chikungunya and Zika viruses are arthropod-borne viruses that pose significant threat to public health. Experimental data show that during in vitro infection both viruses exhibit qualitatively distinct replication cycle kinetics. Chikungunya viral load rapidly accumulates within the first several hours post infection whereas Zika virus begins to increase at much later times. We sought to characterize these qualitatively distinct in vitro kinetics of chikungunya and Zika viruses by fitting a family of mathematical models to time course viral load datasets. We demonstrate that the standard viral kinetic model, which considers that new infections result only from free virus penetrating susceptible cells, does not fit experimental data as well as a model in which the number of virus-infected cells is the primary determinant of infection rate. We provide biologically meaningful quantifications of the main viral kinetic parameters and show that our results support cell-to-cell or localized transmission as a significant contributor to viral infection with chikungunya and Zika viruses.nnImportanceMathematical modeling has become a useful tool to tease out information about virus-host interactions and thus complements experimental work in characterizing and quantifying processes within viral replication cycle. Importantly, mathematical models can fill in incomplete data sets and identify key parameters of infection, provided the appropriate model is used. The in vitro time course dynamics of mosquito transmitted viruses, such as chikungunya and Zika, have not been studied by mathematical modeling and thus limits our knowledge about quantitative description of the individual determinants of viral replication cycle. This study employs dynamical modeling framework to show that the rate at which cells become virus-infected is proportional to the number or virus-infected cells rather than free extracellular virus in the milieu, a widely accepted assumption in models of viral infections. Using the refined mathematical model in combination with viral load data, we provide quantification of the main drivers of chikungunya and Zika in vitro kinetics. Together, our results bring quantitative understanding of the basic components of chikungunya and Zika virus dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernhauerova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezelj, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignuzzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/627968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling cell infection via virus-producing cells rather than free infectious virus significantly improves fits of an in vitro viral kinetic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/642033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of neuroinvasion by Japanese encephalitis virulent and vaccine strains in an in cellulo model of human blood-brain barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/642033v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the major cause of viral encephalitis in South East Asia. It has been suggested that JEV gets access to the central nervous system (CNS) as a consequence of a preceding inflammatory process which leads to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and viral neuroinvasion. However, what happens at early times of JEV contact with the BBB is poorly understood. In the present work, we evaluated the ability of both a virulent and a vaccine strain of JEV (JEV RP9 and SA14-14-2, respectively) to cross an in cellulo human BBB model consisting of hCMEC/D3 human endothelial cells cultivated on permeable inserts above SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. Using this system, we demonstrated that both JEV RP9 and SA14-14-2 are able to cross the BBB without disrupting it at early times post-addition. Furthermore, this BBB model was able to discriminate between the virulent RP9 and the vaccine SA14-14-2 strains, as demonstrated by the presence of almost 10 times more RP9 infectious particles that crossed the BBB than SA14-14 particles at a high MOI. Besides contributing to the understanding of early events in JEV neuroinvasion, this in cellulo BBB model represents a suitable and useful system to study the viral determinants of JEV neuroinvasiveness and the molecular mechanisms by which this flavivirus crosses the BBB at early times of neuroinvasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Salinas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Costa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prehaud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeannin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afonso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignuzzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardigon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of neuroinvasion by Japanese encephalitis virulent and vaccine strains in an in cellulo model of human blood-brain barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/650903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic exploration of protein conformational space using a Distance Geometry approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/650903v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The optimisation approaches classically used during the determination of protein structure encounter various diffculties, specially when the size of the conformational space is large. Indeed, in such case, algorithmic convergence criteria are more difficult to set up. Moreover, the size of the search space makes it difficult to achieve a complete exploration. The interval Branch-and-Prune (iBP) approach, based on the reformulating of the Distance Geometry Problem (DGP) provides a theoretical frame for the generation of protein conformations, by systematically sampling the conformational space. When an appropriate subset of inter-atomic distances is known exactly, this worst-case exponential-time algorithm is provably complete and fixed-parameter tractable. These guarantees, however, immediately disappear as distance measurement errors are introduced. Here we propose an improvement of this approach: the threading-augmented interval Branch-and-Prune (TAiBP), where the combinatorial explosion of the original iBP approach arising from its exponential complexity is alleviated by partitioning the input instances into consecutive peptide fragments and by using Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) to obtain clusters of similar solutions. A validation of the TAiBP approach is presented here on a set of proteins of various sizes and structures. The calculation inputs are: a uniform covalent geometry extracted from force field covalent terms, the backbone dihedral angles with error intervals, and a few long-range distances. For most of the proteins smaller than 50 residues and interval widths of 20{degrees}, the TAiBP approach yielded solutions with RMSD values smaller than 3 [A] with respect to the initial protein conformation. The efficiency of TAiBP approach for proteins larger than 50 residues will require the use of non-uniform covalent geometry, and may have benefits from the recent development of residue-specific force-fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malliavin, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucherino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic exploration of protein conformational space using a Distance Geometry approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/663922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage hierarchies and stochasticity ensure the long-term maintenance of adult neural stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/663922v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular basis and extent of neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal in adult vertebrates, and their heterogeneity, remain controversial. To explore the functional behavior and dynamics of individual NSCs within brain germinal pools, we combined genetic lineage tracing, quantitative clonal analysis, intravital imaging and global population assessments in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. We show that adult neurogenesis is organized in a hierarchy where a subpopulation of reservoir NSCs with longterm self-renewal potential generate a pool of operational NSCs taking stochastic fates biased towards neuronal differentiation. To fuel the long-term growth of the adult germinal niche, we provide evidence for the existence of an additional, upstream, progenitor population that supports the continuous generation of new reservoir NSCs, contributing to their overall expansion. Hence, the dynamics of vertebrate neurogenesis relies on a hierarchical organization where growth, self-renewal and neurogenic functions are segregated between different NSC types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Than-Trong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortica, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rulands, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alunni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/663922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage hierarchies and stochasticity ensure the long-term maintenance of adult neural stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/685651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD44 alternative splicing is a sensor of intragenic DNA methylation in tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/685651v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation (meDNA) is a suspected modulator of alternative splicing, while splicing in turn is involved in tumour formations nearly as frequently as DNA mutations. Yet, the impact of meDNA on tumorigenesis via its effect on splicing has not been thoroughly explored. Here, we find that HCT116 colon carcinoma cells inactivated for the DNA methylases DNMT1 and DNMT3b undergo a partial epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated with alternative splicing of the CD44 transmembrane receptor. The skipping of CD44 variant exons is in part explained by altered expression or splicing of splicing and chromatin factors. A direct effect of meDNA on alternative splicing was sustained by transient depletion of DNMT1 and the methyl-binding genes MBD1, MBD2, and MBD3. Yet, local changes in intragenic meDNA also altered recruitment of MBD1 protein and of the chromatin factor HP1{gamma} known to alter transcriptional pausing and alternative splicing decisions. We further tested if meDNA level has sufficiently strong direct impact on the outcome of alternative splicing to have a predictive value in the MCF10A model for breast cancer progression and in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B ALL). We found that a small number of differentially spliced genes mostly involved in splicing and signal transduction is systematically correlated with local meDNA. Altogether, our observations suggest that, although DNA methylation has multiple avenues to alternative splicing, its indirect effect may be also mediated through alternative splicing isoforms of these sensors of meDNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batsche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauger, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamner-Llyod, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchardt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD44 alternative splicing is a sensor of intragenic DNA methylation in tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/686790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An impact of HP1γ on the fidelity of pre-mRNA splicing arises from its ability to bind RNA via intronic repeated sequences. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/686790v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HP1 proteins are best known as markers of heterochromatin and gene silencing. Yet, they are also RNA-binding proteins and the HP1{gamma}/Cbx3 family member is present on transcribed genes together with RNA polymerase II, where it regulates co-transcriptional processes such as alternative splicing. To gain insight in the role of the RNA binding activity of HP1{gamma} in transcriptionally active chromatin, we have captured and analyzed RNAs associated with this protein. We find that HP1{gamma} specifically recognizes hexameric RNA motifs and coincidentally transposable elements of the SINE family. As these elements are abundant in introns, while essentially absent from exons, the HP1{gamma} RNA binding activity tethers unspliced pre-mRNA to chromatin via the intronic region and limits the usage of intronic cryptic splice sites. Thus, our data unveil novel determinants in the relationship between chromatin and co-transcriptional splicing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rachez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legendre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costallat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchardt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An impact of HP1γ on the fidelity of pre-mRNA splicing arises from its ability to bind RNA via intronic repeated sequences.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/712067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes exploits the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 to promote mitochondrial fragmentation and cellular infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/712067v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial function adapts to cellular demands and is affected by the ability of the organelle to undergo fusion and fission in response to physiological and non-physiological cues. We previously showed that infection with the human bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes elicits transient mitochondrial fission and a drop in mitochondrial-dependent energy production through a mechanism requiring the bacterial pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO). Here, we performed quantitative mitochondrial proteomics to search for host factors involved in L. monocytogenes-induced mitochondrial fission. We found that Mic10, a critical component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex, is significantly enriched in mitochondria isolated from cells infected with wild-type but not with LLO-deficient L. monocytogenes. Increased mitochondrial Mic10 levels did not correlate with upregulated transcription, suggesting a post-transcriptional regulation. We showed that Mic10 is necessary for L. monocytogenes-induced mitochondrial network fragmentation, and that it contributes to L. monocytogenes cellular infection independently of MICOS proteins Mic13, Mic26 and Mic27. Together, L. monocytogenes infection allowed us to uncover a role for Mic10 in mitochondrial fission.nnImportancePathogenic bacteria can target host cell organelles to take control of key cellular processes and promote their intracellular survival, growth, and persistence. Mitochondria are essential, highly dynamic organelles with pivotal roles in a wide variety of cell functions. Mitochondrial dynamics and function are intimately linked. Our previous research showed that Listeria monocytogenes infection impairs mitochondrial function and triggers fission of the mitochondrial network at an early infection stage, in a process that is independent of the main mitochondrial fission protein Drp1. Here, we analyzed how mitochondrial proteins change in response to L. monocytogenes infection and found that infection raises the levels of Mic10, a mitochondrial inner membrane protein involved in formation of cristae. We show that Mic10 is important for L. monocytogenes-dependent mitochondrial fission and infection of host cells. Our findings thus offer new insight into the mechanisms used by L. monocytogenes to hijack mitochondria to optimize host infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavru, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes exploits the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 to promote mitochondrial fragmentation and cellular infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/714832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JASS: Command Line and Web interface for the joint analysis of GWAS results 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/714832v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) has been the driving force for identifying association between genetic variants and human phenotypes. Thousands of GWAS summary statistics covering a broad range of human traits and diseases are now publicly available, and studies have demonstrated their utility for a range of secondary analyses. This includes in particular the joint analysis of multiple GWAS to identify new genetic variants missed by univariate screenings. However, although several methods have been proposed, there are very few large scale applications published so far because of challenges in implementing these methods on real data. Here, we present JASS (Joint Analysis of Summary Statistics), a polyvalent Python package that addresses this need. Our package solves all practical and computational barriers for large-scale multivariate analysis of GWAS summary statistics. This includes data cleaning and harmonization tools, an efficient algorithm for fast derivation of various joint statistics, an optimized data management process, and a web interface for exploration purposes. Benchmark analyses confirmed the strong performances of JASS. We also performed multiple real data analyses demonstrating the strong potential of JASS for the detection of new associated genetic variants across various scenarios. Our package is freely available at https://gitlab.pasteur.fr/statistical-genetics/jass.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilhjalmsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menager, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/714832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JASS: Command Line and Web interface for the joint analysis of GWAS results]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/716407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transpeptidase PBP2 governs initial localization and activity of major cell-wall synthesis machinery in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/716407v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial shape is physically determined by the peptidoglycan cell wall. The cell-wall-synthesis machinery responsible for rod shape in Escherichia coli is the processive  Rod complex. Previously, cytoplasmic MreB filaments were thought to govern formation and localization of Rod complexes based on local cell-envelope curvature. However, using single-particle tracking of the transpeptidase PBP2, we found strong evidence that PBP2 initiates new Rod complexes by binding to a substrate different from MreB or any known Rod-complex component. This substrate is likely the cell wall. Consistently, we found only weak correlations between MreB and envelope curvature in the cylindrical part of cells. Residual correlations do not require any curvature-based Rod-complex initiation but can be attributed to persistent rotational motion. Therefore, local cell-wall architecture likely provides the cue for PBP2 binding and subsequent Rod-complex initiation. We also found that PBP2 has a limiting role for Rod-complex activity, thus supporting its central role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wollrab, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbaykal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigouroux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Teeffelen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/716407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transpeptidase PBP2 governs initial localization and activity of major cell-wall synthesis machinery in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/727032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of Livestock-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farms networks: insight from mathematical modeling and French data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/727032v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Livestock-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) colonizes livestock animals worldwide, especially pigs and calves. Although frequently carried asymptomatically, LA-MRSA can cause severe infections in humans. It is therefore important to better understand LA-MRSA spreading dynamics within pig farms and over pig farms networks, and to compare different strategies of control and surveillance. For this purpose, we propose a stochastic meta-population model of LA-MRSA spread along the French pig-farm network (n=10,542 farms), combining within- and between-farms dynamics, based on detailed data on breeding practices and pig exchanges between holdings. We calibrate the model using French epidemiological data. We then identify farm-level factors associated with the spreading potential of LA-MRSA in the network. We also show that, assuming control measures applied in a limited (n=100) number of farms, targeting farms depending on their centrality in the network is the only way to significantly reduce LA-MRSA global prevalence. Finally, we investigate the scenario of emergence of a new LA-MRSA strain, and find that the farms with the highest indegree would be the best sentinels for a targeted surveillance of such a strains introduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andraud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temime, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of Livestock-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farms networks: insight from mathematical modeling and French data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/747477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosaic heterochrony in neural progenitors sustains accelerated brain growth and neurogenesis in the juvenile killifish N. furzeri 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/747477v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While developmental mechanisms driving increase in brain size during vertebrate evolution are actively studied, we know less of evolutionary strategies allowing to boost brain growth speed. In zebrafish and other vertebrates studied to date, radial glia (RG) constitute the primary neurogenic progenitor population throughout life (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009); thus, RG activity is a determining factor of growth speed. Here, we ask whether enhanced RG activity is the mechanism selected to drive explosive growth, in adaptation to an ephemeral habitat. In post-hatching larvae of the turquoise killifish, which display drastic developmental acceleration, we show that the dorsal telencephalon (pallium) grows three times faster than in zebrafish. Rather than resulting from enhanced RG activity, we demonstrate that pallial growth is the product of a second type of progenitors (that we term AP for apical progenitors) that actively sustains neurogenesis and germinal zone self-renewal. Intriguingly, AP appear to retain, at larval stages, features of early embryonic progenitors. In parallel, RG enter premature quiescence and express markers of astroglial function. Together, we propose that mosaic heterochrony within the neural progenitor population may permit rapid pallial growth by safeguarding both continued neurogenesis and astroglial function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coolen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labusch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannioui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoppe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/747477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosaic heterochrony in neural progenitors sustains accelerated brain growth and neurogenesis in the juvenile killifish N. furzeri]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/757906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pneumococcal carriage requires KDM6B, a histone demethylase, for its unique inflammatory signature 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/757906v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a natural colonizer of the human upper respiratory tract and an opportunistic pathogen. After colonization, bacteria either remain in the human upper respiratory tract, or may progress to cause pneumococcal disease. Although epithelial cells are among the first to encounter pneumococci, the cellular processes and contribution of epithelial cells to the host response are poorly understood. Here, we show a S. pneumoniae serotype 6B ST90 strain, which does not cause disease in a murine infection model, induces a unique NF-{kappa}B signature response distinct from an invasive disease causing isolate of serotype 4 (TIGR4). This signature is characterized by activation of p65 (RelA) and requires a histone demethylase, KDM6B. At the molecular level, we show that interaction of the 6B strain with epithelial cells leads to chromatin remodeling within the IL-11 promoter in a KDM6B dependent manner, where KDM6B specifically demethylates histone H3 lysine 27 di-methyl. Chromatin remodeling of the IL-11 locus facilitates p65 access to three NF-{kappa}B sites, which are otherwise inaccessible when stimulated by IL-1{beta} or TIGR4. Finally, we demonstrate through chemical inhibition of KDM6B, with GSK-J4 inhibitor, and through exogenous addition of IL-11 that the host responses to 6B ST90 and TIGR4 strains can be interchanged both in vitro and in a murine model of infection in vivo. Our studies hereby reveal how a chromatin modifier governs cellular responses during infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connor, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamont, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/757906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pneumococcal carriage requires KDM6B, a histone demethylase, for its unique inflammatory signature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/769786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria control cell volume by coupling cell-surface expansion to dry-mass growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/769786v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells exhibit a high degree of intracellular crowding. To control the level of crowding during growth cells must increase their volumes in response to the accumulation of biomass. Using Escherichia coli as a model organism, we found that cells control cell volume indirectly, by increasing cell-surface area in proportion to biomass growth. Thus, dry-mass density, a readout of intracellular crowding, varies in proportion to the surface-to-volume ratio, both during the cell cycle and during perturbations such as nutrient shifts. On long time scales after shifts, initial dry-mass density is nearly restored by slow variations of the surface-to-mass ratio. Contrary to a long-standing paradigm, cell-envelope expansion is controlled independently of cell-wall synthesis but responds to the activity of cell-wall cleaving hydrolases. Finally, we observed rapid changes of Turgor pressure after nutrient shifts, which were likely responsible for initial changes of cell diameter and dry-mass-density. Together, our experiments reveal important regulatory relationships for cell volume and shape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oldewurtel, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitahara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özbaykal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Teeffelen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/769786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria control cell volume by coupling cell-surface expansion to dry-mass growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/800128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced RNA turnover as a driver of cellular senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/800128v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulation of senescent cells is an important contributor to chronic inflammation upon aging. While cytoplasmic DNA was shown to drive the inflammatory phenotype of senescent cells, an equivalent role for RNA has never been explored. Here, we show that some senescent cells accumulate long promoter RNAs and 3 gene extensions, rich in retrotransposon sequences. Accordingly, these cells display increased expression of genes involved in detecting double stranded RNA of viral origin downstream of the interferon pathway. The RNA accumulation is correlated with signs of reduced RNA turn-over, including in some cases, reduced expression of RNA exosome subunits. Reciprocally, engineered inactivation of RNA exosome subunit Exosc3 induces expression of multiple senescence markers. A senescence-like RNA accumulation is also observed in cells exposed to oxidative stress, an important trigger of cellular senescence. Altogether, we propose that in a subset of senescent cells, repeat-containing transcripts stabilized by oxidative stress or reduced RNA exosome activity participate, possibly in combination with cytoplasmic DNA, in driving and maintaining the permanent inflammatory state characterizing cellular senescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costallat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batsche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porozhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodhardt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cenci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchardt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced RNA turnover as a driver of cellular senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/854463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient Nodal signalling in left precursors coordinates opposed asymmetries shaping the heart loop 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/854463v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The secreted factor Nodal has been shown to be a major left determinant. Although it is associated with severe congenital heart defects, its role in heart morphogenesis has remained poorly understood. Here, we report that Nodal is transiently active in precursors of the mouse heart tube poles, before the morphological changes of heart looping. In conditional mutants, we show that Nodal is not required to initiate asymmetric morphogenesis. We provide evidence of a heart-specific random generator of asymmetry that is independent of Nodal. Using 3D quantifications and simulations, we demonstrate that Nodal functions as a bias of this mechanism: it is required to amplify and coordinate opposed left-right asymmetries at the heart tube poles, thus generating a robust helical shape. We identify downstream effectors of Nodal signalling, regulating asymmetries in cell proliferation, cell differentiation and extra-cellular matrix composition. Our work provides novel insight into how Nodal regulates asymmetric organogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desgrange, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Garrec, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm Bonnelykke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meilhac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/854463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient Nodal signalling in left precursors coordinates opposed asymmetries shaping the heart loop]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.28.685001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct interaction between RSV polymerase L and active Rab11a mediates viral ribonucleoprotein transport to assembly sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.28.685001v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus whose ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) must be transported from cytoplasmic viral factories to the plasma membrane for efficient virion assembly. Viral vRNPs comprise genomic RNA encapsidated by nucleoprotein N and associated with the polymerase complex (L, P, and M2-1). It was previously demonstrated that newly synthesized vRNPs are transported along microtubules by hijacking Rab11a, a small GTPase involved in the regulation of recycling endosomes. In our previous study, we showed an interaction between Rab11a and vRNPs in infected cells by immunoprecipitation assays, nevertheless the molecular mechanisms underlying Rab11a viral hijacking remained unknown.

Here, we provide the first comprehensive characterization of the interaction between RSV vRNPs and Rab11a using immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence colocalization, GST pull-down assays, and biolayer interferometry. We demonstrate that the viral polymerase L is the sole vRNPs component responsible for Rab11a recognition: immunoprecipitation of L specifically co-precipitates HA-tagged Rab11a, whereas other vRNPs proteins show no interaction. In vitro binding studies confirm that L interacts directly and specifically with the active, GTP-bound form of Rab11a with sub-micromolar affinity. Domain mapping using truncated constructs reveals that this interaction requires the C-terminal methyltransferase and CTD domains of L (residues 1756-2165) and depends on Rab11as Switch I region, known to mediate interactions with cellular Rab11a partners. Mutagenesis further highlights leucine 1860 in the L polymerase as critical for Rab11a binding. Competitive inhibition of Rab11a-L interaction using the minimal Rab11a-binding domain reveals its involvement in vRNPs transport as it significantly impairs vRNP dynamics during infection. Together, these findings establish RSV polymerase L as the key mediator of Rab11a engagement, define the molecular interface of their interaction, and reveal a potentially conserved viral strategy for genome transport. Targeting the L-Rab11a interaction could therefore be a promising strategy for the development of RSV-specific or broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.

Author SummaryRespiratory syncytial virus is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory infection in children worldwide and is increasingly recognized as a major respiratory pathogen in the elderly and immunocompromised. Although vaccines have recently become available, treatment remains largely supportive in the absence of virus-specific antivirals, highlighting the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies.

In the infected cell, the viral genome is encapsidated and associated to the viral polymerase complex, to form viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNP). The vRNPs are produced in cytoplasmic viral factories and transported to the plasma membrane for assembly of new viral particles. Previous work has shown that RSV exploits Rab11a, a host GTPase that regulates recycling endosome trafficking, to mediate this transport. However, exactly how the virus connects to this transport system awaits to be precisely defined.

In this study, we identify the viral polymerase L as the key RSV protein that directly binds the active form of Rab11a. We mapped the domains of L and Rab11a that interact and showed that this connection is essential for efficient vRNPs trafficking.

These findings reveal a critical step in the RSV life cycle and suggest that disrupting the L-Rab11a interface could be a novel target for broad-spectrum antiviral development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GIRY, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>JIMENEZ, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DE OLIVEIRA, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OKHRAVIJOUYBARI, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BESSONNE, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HUARD DE VERNEUIL, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ENGLAND, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SUTTO-ORTIZ, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHEVRET, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TAHIR, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DEBART, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DECROLY, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SOURIMANT, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameix-Welti, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct interaction between RSV polymerase L and active Rab11a mediates viral ribonucleoprotein transport to assembly sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-scale CRISPRi profiling reveals metabolic vulnerabilities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in human urine 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685768v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases, causing over 400 million cases and 260,000 deaths annually. Women are disproportionately affected, with [~]50% experiencing at least one UTI during their lifetime and 20-30% suffering from recurrent infections. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which accounts for [~]75% of cases, employs diverse virulence factors to persist and evade host immunity. Rising antibiotic resistance, driven by widespread antimicrobial misuse, is eroding treatment efficacy and highlights the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. To uncover novel vulnerabilities under physiologically relevant conditions, we constructed a genome-wide CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) library in the UPEC reference strain E. coli CFT073 and systematically profiled gene fitness in rich media versus human urine. The screen revealed multiple pathways that are conditionally essential for UPEC growth in urine, including iron uptake, envelope maintenance, and the biosynthesis of arginine, methionine, and branched-chain amino acids. Notably, we identified acetolactate synthase (ALS) II as the sole active isoform supporting branched-chain amino acid synthesis in urine. Functional validation further demonstrated its druggability: introducing a re-sensitizing mutation overcame the proteins intrinsic resistance to the ALS-targeting herbicide sulfometuron methyl, restoring sensitivity. These findings establish ALS II as a promising therapeutic target against UPEC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakapaite, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miele, S. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschudin-Sutter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenal, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bento Flores, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-scale CRISPRi profiling reveals metabolic vulnerabilities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in human urine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.06.522999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of protein secretion systems in bacterial genomes using MacSyFinder version 2. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.06.522999v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein secretion systems are complex molecular machineries that translocate proteins through the outer membrane and sometimes through multiple other barriers. They have evolved by co-option of components from other envelope-associated cellular machineries, making them sometimes difficult to identify and discriminate. Here, we describe how to identify protein secretion systems in bacterial genomes using the MacSyFinder program. This flexible computational tool uses the knowledge gathered from experimental studies to identify homologous systems in genome data. It can be used with a set of pre-defined MacSyFinder models--"TXSScan", to identify all major secretion systems of diderm bacteria (i.e., with inner and LPS-containing outer membranes) as well as evolutionarily related cell appendages (pili and flagella). For this, it identifies and clusters co-localized genes encoding proteins of secretion systems using sequence similarity search with Hidden Markov Model (HMM) protein profiles. Finally, it checks if the clusters genetic content and genomic organization satisfy the constraints of the model. TXSScan models can be altered in the command line or customized to search for variants of known secretion systems. Models can also be built from scratch to identify novel systems. In this chapter, we describe a complete pipeline of analysis, starting from i) the integration of information from a reference set of experimentally studied systems, ii) the identification of conserved proteins and the construction of their HMM protein profiles, iii) the definition and optimization of "macsy-models", and iv) their use and online distribution as tools to search genomic data for secretion systems of interest. MacSyFinder is available here: https://github.com/gem-pasteur/macsyfinder, and MacSyFinder models here: https://github.com/macsy-models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abby, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denise, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.522999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of protein secretion systems in bacterial genomes using MacSyFinder version 2.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.02.506364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MacSyFinder v2: Improved modelling and search engine to identify molecular systems in genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.02.506364v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex cellular functions are usually encoded by a set of genes in one or a few organized genetic loci in microbial genomes. Macromolecular System Finder (MacSyFinder) is a program that uses these properties to model and then annotate cellular functions in microbial genomes. This is done by integrating the identification of each individual gene at the level of the molecular system. We hereby present a major release of MacSyFinder (version 2) coded in Python 3. The code was improved and rationalized to facilitate future maintainability. Several new features were added to allow more flexible modelling of the systems. We introduce a more intuitive and comprehensive search engine to identify all the best candidate systems and sub-optimal ones that respect the models constraints. We also introduce the novel macsydata companion tool that enables the easy installation and broad distribution of the models developed for MacSyFinder (macsy-models) from GitHub repositories. Finally, we have updated and improved MacSyFinder popular models: TXSScan to identify protein secretion systems, TFFscan to identify type IV filaments, CONJscan to identify conjugative systems, and CasFinder to identify CRISPR associated proteins. MacSyFinder and the updated models are available at: https://github.com/gem-pasteur/macsyfinder and https://github.com/macsy-models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denise, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coluzzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abby, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MacSyFinder v2: Improved modelling and search engine to identify molecular systems in genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.03.686239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The two groups of zebrafish type I interferons target different tissues, paralleling the mammalian type I: type III IFN functional division 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.03.686239v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interferons (IFNs) are ancient cytokines that arose in jawed vertebrates [~]400-500 million years ago. IFN systems are present with conserved antiviral functions across vertebrate lineages, including zebrafish (Danio rerio). In mammals, antiviral IFNs are divided between type I interferons (IFN-I), which drive systemic responses, and type III interferons (IFN-III), which protect barrier mucosal epithelia, owing to the specific distribution of their respective receptors. Although zebrafish lack IFN-III, they have IFN-Is which subdivide into 2 groups with distinct receptors, providing a unique opportunity to study how antiviral immunity has evolved in the absence of IFN-III. Whilst previous work has suggested complementary, non-redundant roles for IFNs from these groups, the tissue specificity has not yet been resolved.

As larvae, zebrafish only express one group 1 (IFN{varphi}1) and one group 2 IFN (IFN{varphi}3). Using viral infection assays and reporter transgenics, we found that IFNs from group 1 (IFN{varphi}1) and group 2 (IFN{varphi}3) are produced by distinct subsets of cells, with no detectable co-expression. To assess tissue and cell-type-specific responses to these two IFNs, we used ISG reporter fish imaging and whole-larva single cell RNA sequencing after injection of recombinant IFN{varphi}1 and IFN{varphi}3. Despite a similar core ISG response, distinct downstream ISG programs across multiple tissues and organ systems were found. In particular, barrier epithelial cells, such as enterocytes, responded more strongly to IFN{varphi}1, while myeloid cells responded more strongly to IFN{varphi}3. Our results indicate that zebrafish IFN-I families have functionally diversified their antiviral immune responses by tissue context, driven by cellular partitioning of both IFN-I production and response. These results mirror the division of labour between mammalian IFN-I and IFN-III, emphasising the evolutionary importance of tissue division of immune responses, as well as deepening our understanding of the zebrafish as a model for host-pathogen interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiggett, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briolat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaboi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abi Younes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutfalla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levraud, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The two groups of zebrafish type I interferons target different tissues, paralleling the mammalian type I: type III IFN functional division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.03.686205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AXL mediates mast cell survival and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in mastocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.03.686205v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mastocytosis is a clonal disorder driven by KIT mutations, but resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remains a major challenge. Following the discovery of an AXL L197M mutation in a patient with congenital aggressive mastocytosis, we demonstrated unexpected wild-type AXL expression in neoplastic mast cells (MCs) across mastocytosis subtypes, challenging current views concerning mastocytosis pathophysiology. AXL was undetectable in steady-state MCs but several factors, including IFN- and IFN-{beta}, induced its expression, consistent with the inflammatory nature of mastocytosis and the high interferon levels in patient plasma.

Ectopic expression of WT or L197M AXL in the ROSA KIT D816V cell line enhanced proliferation and survival by upregulating pSTAT5, pSTAT3, pFAK, p-p38, survivin and BCL2. Both AXL forms conferred resistance to the KIT inhibitor PKC412/midostaurin by sustaining BCL2, MCL1, and BCL-XL expression while reducing caspase-3 activation. L197M AXL induced slightly stronger resistance to apoptosis than WT, but this difference was not significant. Combined KIT and AXL targeting (PKC412+R428) restored TKI sensitivity by downregulating BCL-XL, Livin and cIAP1, and activating caspase-3, highlighting the therapeutic potential of dual KIT/AXL pathway inhibition. Importantly, neoplastic MCs from a mast cell leukemia patient harboring the KIT F522C mutation and unresponsive to PKC412 strongly expressed AXL and displayed marked in vitro sensitivity to R428 alone, highlighting AXL as a potential therapeutic target in aggressive mastocytosis not driven by KIT D816V.

These findings identify AXL as a previously unrecognized driver of malignant MC survival and TKI resistance, and support AXL inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy in aggressive mastocytosis.

Key Points- AXL is aberrantly expressed in neoplastic mast cells, driving survival and resistance to KIT inhibition in mastocytosis.
- Dual KIT and AXL inhibition restores TKI sensitivity in KIT-mutant mastocytosis.


Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=182 SRC="FIGDIR/small/686205v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kangboonruang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drabent, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maksut, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepelletier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lhermitte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feroul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagnard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefevre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussiot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halse, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigorgne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collange, A.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouktit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Retornaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megret, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barete, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulai Livideanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebouvier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solary, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodemer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossignol, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polivka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermine, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maouche-Chretien, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AXL mediates mast cell survival and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in mastocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.23.644734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic driver of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy, RANBP2, regulates the inflammatory response to Influenza A virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.23.644734v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza virus infections can cause severe complications such as Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy (ANE), which is characterised by rapid onset pathological inflammation following febrile infection. Heterozygous dominant mutations in the nucleoporin RANBP2/Nup358 predispose to influenza-triggered ANE1. The aim of our study was to determine whether RANBP2 plays a role in IAV-triggered inflammatory responses. We found that the depletion of RANBP2 in a human airway epithelial cell line increased IAV genomic replication by favouring the import of the viral polymerase subunits, PB1, PB2 and PA following viral transcription and translation. Additionally, RANBP2 knockdown enhanced the cytoplasmic export of viral RNA (vRNA) and disrupted segment stoichiometry, which associated with elevated production of the pro-inflammatory chemokines CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4 in human primary macrophages. Using CRISPR-Cas9 knock-in for the ANE1 disease variant RANBP2-T585M, we further demonstrate that this point mutation causes a loss-of-localisation phenotype that excludes RANBP2 from the nuclear envelope, which phenocopies RANBP2 knockdown by increasing IAV replication and driving pro-inflammatory cytokine expression following infection. Together, our results reveal that RANBP2 regulates influenza RNA replication and nuclear export, thereby restraining virus-induced hyperinflammation, and further suggest that ANE1 pathogenesis results from the impaired localisation of RANBP2 at the nuclear envelope.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desgraupes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decorsiere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arhel, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.23.644734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic driver of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy, RANBP2, regulates the inflammatory response to Influenza A virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.07.687216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pupal stage is a developmental window for RNA virus persistence in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.07.687216v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses establish persistent infections in insects through mechanisms that are not fully understood. We focused on three positive-sense RNA viruses that naturally establish persistent infections: Drosophila A virus (DAV), Drosophila C virus (DCV), and Nora virus. We examined how these viruses interact with their hosts during development and we found that pupal metamorphosis is a critical window where virus-host immune interactions influence persistence differently across viruses. Peak viral loads and replication occur during pupation, coinciding with increased endogenous reverse transcriptase activity. Notably, reverse transcription of viral RNA genomes produces viral DNA (vDNA) forms of DAV and DCV that are first detectable during pupation and are involved in persistence. In contrast, Nora virus achieves persistence without detectable vDNA. Immune responses during pupation are virus-specific, involving suppression of RNA interference components and varied regulation of JAK-STAT signaling. After metamorphosis, DAV continues producing vDNA into adulthood while DCV shows transient vDNA production, and Nora virus bypasses vDNA production altogether. These findings point to pupation as a key developmental stage for the establishment of persistent infections through distinct viral persistence strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castello-Sanjuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangeul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pupal stage is a developmental window for RNA virus persistence in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.05.641692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphogenesis and morphometry of brain folding patterns across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.05.641692v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary adaptations associated with the formation of a folded cortex in many mammalian brains are thought to be a critical specialization associated with higher cognitive function. The dramatic surface expansion and highly convoluted folding of the cortex during early development is a theme with variations that suggest the need for a comparative study of cortical gyrification. Here, we use a combination of physical experiments using gels, computational morphogenesis, and geometric morphometrics to study the folding of brains across different species. Starting with magnetic resonance images of brains of a newborn ferret, a fetal macaque, and a fetal human, we construct two-layer physical gel brain models that swell superficially in a solvent, leading to folding patterns similar to those seen in vivo. We then adopt a three-dimensional continuum model based on differential growth to simulate cortical folding in silico. Finally, we deploy a comparative morphometric analysis of the in vivo, in vitro, and in silico surface buckling patterns across species. Our study shows that a simple mechanical instability driven by differential growth suffices to explain cortical folding and suggests that variations in the tangential growth and different initial geometries are sufficient to explain the differences in cortical folding across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, G. P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.641692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphogenesis and morphometry of brain folding patterns across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.687814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain-level translocation and enrichment mechanisms of oral bacteria in the lower gastrointestinal tract of stunted children 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.687814v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence suggests that ectopic colonization of oral bacteria in the lower digestive tract may exacerbate gastrointestinal disorders. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether bacteria of oral origin are continuously translocating from the oral cavity to the lower gastrointestinal tract or are locally adapted and persist in their respective niches. We investigated strain translocation dynamics in 44 healthy and stunted children from Bangui, Central African Republic. Using cross-sectional shotgun metagenomic sequencing of saliva, gastric, duodenal and fecal samples, and isolation and whole genome sequencing of 87 Streptococcus salivarius isolates, we showed translocation of members of the genera Streptococcus, Veillonella, Rothia and Haemophilus. Fecal isolates were more closely related to oral isolates from the same individuals than those from other individuals. Additionally, saliva showed higher S. salivarius nucleotide diversity compared to other compartments, suggesting a source-sink dynamic in which S. salivarius populations are continuously seeded from the oral cavity without durably establishing in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Last, we showed that overrepresentation of oral bacteria in the duodenum of stunted children is due to increased biomass, while in the colon it is linked to depletion of overall biomass, including in butyrate-producing strains. Our study quantifies mechanisms of oral-to-gut translocation and enrichment of oral taxa, providing key insights into microbiota disruption in stunted children.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yersin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gody, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djmbele, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigateloum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondje, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vondo, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raub, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djorie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansonetti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonaesch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afribiota Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain-level translocation and enrichment mechanisms of oral bacteria in the lower gastrointestinal tract of stunted children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.682326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic Keratinocyte States and Fibroblast Niches Define the Tissue Microenvironment in Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.682326v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent painful abscesses and tunnels in flexural sites. The mechanisms driving HS pathogenesis, particularly the roles of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in the HS inflammatory ecosystem, remain poorly understood. To characterise the cellular and molecular landscape of HS, we analyzed lesional skin from severe HS patients using single-cell RNA-sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to identify key keratinocyte states and cellular interactions, with a focus on fibroblast-keratinocyte crosstalk. Our study identifies a novel migratory S100+ pathogenic keratinocyte state and highlights critical interactions between COL6A5+ fibroblasts in HS lesion formation. We also detect tertiary lymphoid organ (TLO)-like structures enriched with activated B and plasma cells interacting with APOD+ fibroblasts, implicating their role in HS chronic inflammation. We show that fibroblast interactions with HS keratinocytes and specific immune cells, such as Langerhans cells, are key drivers of HS pathogenesis, and that two main fibroblast niches are present within the HS microenvironment. Targeting these cellular networks may offer new therapeutic strategies for HS management, and highlight the potential limitations of targeting individual pathways in isolation, when treating pathology present in HS tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du-Harpur, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheshire, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashidghamat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luscombe, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watt, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.682326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic Keratinocyte States and Fibroblast Niches Define the Tissue Microenvironment in Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.12.685335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Snooping helices: The elastic path finding algorithm of growing hyphae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.12.685335v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How living organisms utilize physical mechanisms to sense their environments and make informed decisions is an open question at the interface of biology and physics. In filamentous organisms like fungal hyphae, the decisions are taken by their growing tip cells and later imprinted onto the rest of the multi-cellular filament. Here we report on the growth and pathfinding of hyphae from the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, whose ability to cross intestinal epithelial layers is associated to severe systemic infections in humans. It has been sporadically reported that C. albicanss hyphae display helical growth inside or on top of agar gels, helicity turning in the latter case into two-dimensional oscillatory shapes. We provide an extended description of oscillatory C. albicans hyphal growth modalities, revealed under various physical confinements thanks to the use of dedicated microfluidic devices and quantitative time-lapse imaging-based analysis. These include sudden sliding events accompanied by curvature switching of the tip portion, resulting in a final oscillatory morphology of the entire filament, and stable curved tips moving against vertical microfluidic channels walls. These behaviors are unified under the formalism of growing squeezed helices, in which the final hyphal curved shapes result from an elastic energy minimization of a spatially confined helical portion at the tip followed by a continuous solidification front. Ultimately, the combination of our experimental results and theoretical framework provide an insight into the penetration strategy of C. albicans hyphae, which is essential for the virulence of this fungal microorganism.

Significance StatementProprioception is the integrated sense of self-movement and body position in complex organisms. Here we describe a novel, mechanical form of proprioception driving directional choice making in tip-growing helical organisms. We show that C. albicans hyphae utilize their built-in helicity as an environment-scanning mechanism to explore their surrounding and find target surfaces for invasion. When confined to surfaces, hyphae continue producing in-plane oscillatory shapes that promote further invasive behavior. C. albicans inherent mechanical instabilities regulate the switching of growth direction and their abrupt directional decisions can be understood as elastic bifurcations of squeezed, confined helices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rittaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couttenier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachellier-Bassi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Enfert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulic, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.685335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Snooping helices: The elastic path finding algorithm of growing hyphae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.17.688798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering directional phosphoryl flow enables programmable signaling dynamics in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.17.688798v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells must make critical decisions by integrating information from a constantly changing environment to ensure their survival. They rely on intricate signaling networks to detect external and internal cues to trigger specific responses, yet these systems are generally viewed as components wired with simpler linear connections. Bacterial phosphorelay systems offer a versatile framework for studying more complex connections and engineering new biological circuits. Here, using the well-studied Bacillus subtilis sporulation phosphorelay, we demonstrate that the directionality of information flow can be reprogrammed to generate different dynamic responses. We show that phosphoryl-transfer reversibility is an evolvable trait encoded in conserved, surface-exposed motifs of two-component system proteins. Unidirectional phosphoryl-transfer generates a short-term information storage mechanism, enabling signal integration over time and allowing phosphatases, acting at different levels, to produce different outcomes. In contrast, a bidirectional system enhanced the action of phosphatase activity early in the pathway. The ability to control phosphoryl-transfer equilibria opens exciting avenues for designing sophisticated synthetic signaling systems with enhanced decision-making capabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nieves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Rizza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naranjo-Meneses, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrieux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischofs, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschiazzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trajtenberg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering directional phosphoryl flow enables programmable signaling dynamics in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.13.653712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural diversity of telomere length distributions across 100 yeast strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.13.653712v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeres gradually shorten at each cell division and telomerase counteracts this shortening by elongating telomere sequences. This dynamic balance between elongation and shortening results in a steady-state telomere length (TL) distribution. We developed a method for detecting telomeric sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomes from raw Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing reads, providing a comprehensive view of TL distributions both genome-wide and at individual chromosome extremities. We analyzed the TL distribution in 100 S. cerevisiae strains, representing the genetic and ecological diversity of the species. Our analysis revealed a large diversity in TL distributions within the species, largely driven by inter-extremity differences, ploidy level, and subtelomere structure. Polyploid strains displayed significantly longer telomeres than diploid and haploid strains, and experiments with artificially generated polyploids in two independent genetic backgrounds confirmed that higher ploidy levels lead to telomere elongation. Furthermore, we found that the subtelomeric Y element exerts two distinct and opposing effects: (i) the presence of Y elements at a chromosome extremity is associated with shorter telomeres in cis, but (ii) the overall Y element content in a strain correlates with longer telomeres. Interestingly, the length of the shortest telomeres remained relatively constant across strains, suggesting a selective constraint at the species level. This study reveals the diversity of TL in S. cerevisiae and highlights key factors shaping TL distributions both genome-wide and at individual chromosome extremities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garrido, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilioaia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural diversity of telomere length distributions across 100 yeast strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.20.689448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing drug activity with sensitive interactomes in human living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.20.689448v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of human diseases results from abnormal protein-protein interactions (PPIs) involving key regulatory proteins. Therefore, an important strategy in therapeutics consists in developing inhibitory molecules that should ideally be specific for the aberrant PPI. In this context, it is critical to evaluate the number of PPIs that could be affected by the candidate molecule and to analyze the inhibitory potential before and after the formation of the PPI. Surprisingly, these two molecular aspects are rarely considered, due to a lack of appropriate methodological approaches.

In this study, we present a novel methodology that captures drug-sensitive PPIs by considering drug-induced cellular functions in live cell conditions. As a proof-of-concept, we identified interactions of the human core signaling protein ERK1 that are specifically affected by two different inhibitory molecules. In addition, we used a complementary set of innovative tools that allowed visualizing the inhibitory effect on ERK1/cofactor protein complexes after their assembly in living cells. Overall, our work establishes a unique methodological approach for deciphering drug activity for potentially any target bait protein of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kundlacz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleiman, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmigere, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilquin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duplus-Bottin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yvert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleicher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coste, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merabet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing drug activity with sensitive interactomes in human living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.24.690111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated shifts in gene expression and regulation during mole-rat evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.24.690111v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in gene expression and regulation are central to mammalian phenotypic evolution. Yet, distinguishing adaptive gene expression shifts from neutral divergence remains challenging. Here, we integrate comparative transcriptomics and regulatory genomics to investigate how natural selection has shaped gene expression in African mole-rats, a group of subterranean rodents with phenotypic adaptations to underground environments. Using RNA-seq from liver and heart in two mole-rat species (naked mole-rat and Damaraland mole-rat) and two rodent outgroups (mouse and guinea pig), we leveraged phylogenetic models of expression evolution and identified hundreds of genes whose transcriptional levels have experienced accelerated evolution in each tissue and mole-rat species. These lineage-specific shifts account for only a small fraction of gene expression differences identified by classical differential expression analysis between species, underscoring the importance of phylogeny-aware inference to disentangle accelerated evolution from drift. To connect expression divergence with regulatory evolution, we integrated transcriptomic profiles with cis-regulatory landscapes. Genes with lineage-specific expression shifts displayed concordant changes in cis-regulatory activity, particularly at promoters, and the magnitude of expression divergence increased with the number of shifted cis-regulatory elements. Our results demonstrate that adaptive shifts in mole-rat gene expression are mirrored by regulatory evolution, providing genome-wide coordinated evidence of accelerated evolution on expression and regulation during mammalian evolution. Our approach thereby prioritises candidate loci that may have shaped adaptations specific to mole-rat physiology, including metabolic rewiring and stress responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daunesse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liorzou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villar Lozano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BERTHELOT, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated shifts in gene expression and regulation during mole-rat evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.25.690387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking HIV-1 DNA fate from Cell Culture to Humanized mice Tissues. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.25.690387v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unambiguous identification of HIV reservoirs is essential for their characterization and for developing curative strategies. A major obstacle to curing HIV is the persistence of silent viral genomes in host cells that evade immune detection and resist therapy. Here, we present a fluorescence microscopy-based method for direct in vivo visualization of full-length double-stranded HIV-1 DNA, an achievement not previously realized. To achieve this, we developed an advanced imaging platform adapted for replication-competent HIV-1. This system leverages a bacterial-derived two-component tagging strategy, where a fluorescent protein (OR-GFP), efficiently expressed in xenografted human immune cells, specifically binds to an engineered ANCH3 tag sequence integrated into the viral genome.

The tagged virus infects CD4+ T cells both in vitro and in vivo, producing bright nuclear puncta corresponding to individual viral genomes. Multiple nucleation sites within ANCH3 enable a stable, shortened tag form for persistent and long-term tracking. Transcriptional profiling during acute infection revealed both transcriptionally active and silent genomes in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, with silent forms enriched in lymph nodes and marrow, supporting early reservoir establishment. This live-cell imaging strategy enables high-specificity detection of latent HIV, offering a transformative tool for studying reservoir dynamics and guiding future cure strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diana, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatirovsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scoca, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavazzana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Santo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Nunzio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking HIV-1 DNA fate from Cell Culture to Humanized mice Tissues.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.25.689980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cumulative cgMLST provides increased discrimination of nested phylogenetic groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.25.689980v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCore genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) is a powerful method for bacterial strain genotyping. However, the size of the core genome decreases as the phylogenetic breadth of the target group increases, reducing discriminatory power. To overcome this discrimination/applicability tradeoff, here we developed a cumulative cgMLST approach, where sets of core loci conserved within nested phylogenetic entities are added. We illustrate this approach using the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (KpSC), for which a widely used cgMLST scheme (KpSC-cgMLST) comprises only 629 genes.

MethodsWe created non-redundant cgMLST schemes for the individual species K. pneumoniae sensu stricto (Kpn-cgMLST scheme), and its multidrug resistant sublineages (SLs) SL147 and SL307. To extract core genes, we used 37,874 genome assemblies originating from over 80 countries worldwide. A methodology was set to filter redundant loci before importing them into the genotyping tool BIGSdb, where they were combined into schemes together with preexisting loci conserved at higher phylogenetic levels. The performance of the cumulative cgMLST schemes was evaluated on previously published datasets and on novel data from an inter-hospital outbreak of SL307.

ResultsThe Kpn-cgMLST, SL147 and SL307 schemes comprise 2752, 852, and 947 additional loci, respectively. The mean allele call rate of the novel loci was >99% in the validation datasets. Compared to the KpSC scheme used alone, pairwise allelic distances among isolates increased on average 5.6-fold using the Kpn scheme, and further by 20% and 30% using the SL147 and SL307 schemes, respectively. We demonstrate the added value of this increased discriminatory power for epidemiological analyses and show nearly equal discrimination when compared to whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms analysis.

ConclusionsThe cumulative cgMLST strategy combines broad phylogenetic applicability and nearly complete genotyping resolution, expanding the utility of this harmonized approach for genomic epidemiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ovsepian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Blas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rethoret-Pasty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebreton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.689980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cumulative cgMLST provides increased discrimination of nested phylogenetic groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.16.676493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tripartite ER-Mitochondria-Lipid Droplets contact sites control adipocyte metabolic flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.16.676493v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases, with adipocyte dysfunction playing a central role. Understanding how lipid storage and mobilization are regulated--and disrupted--in adipocytes is key to addressing obesity-associated complications. The ER-anchored protein Seipin controls lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis and maintenance, and its loss disrupts ER-LD contact sites. In humans, Seipin deficiency causes generalized lipodystrophy, a severe form of adipocyte dysfunction. We previously showed that Seipin also localizes at ER-mitochondria contact sites (MAM), where it regulates calcium exchange and mitochondrial function. Here, we examined whether Seipin targeting to MAM and ER-LD sites overlaps functionally. We analyzed subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) from inducible Seipin-knockout mice using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and proximity ligation assays (PLA) to quantify membrane contact sites (MCS) involving the ER, LDs, and mitochondria. In control mice, feeding reduced MAMs while increasing ER-LD and mitochondria-LD contacts, whereas Seipin deficiency abolished this remodeling. Specifically, under lipid loading, MAMs located in proximity to LDs--tripartite contact sites known as MAM-LD--were increased in control but not in Seipin-deficient adipocytes. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assays revealed that Seipin depletion impairs triglyceride transfer to LDs, an effect rescued by the MAM-LD-reinforcing synthetic peptide Linker-ER-Mi. Importantly, this rescue was abolished by silencing the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, demonstrating that calcium exchange is critical for triglyceride storage in LDs. We further investigated how MAM-LD remodeling influences adipocyte metabolic flexibility. Using TEM and PLA, we monitored two MAM subtypes: those forming MAM-LD and those engaging cytosolic mitochondria (MAM-CM). During adipogenesis, MAM-LD frequency increased while MAM-CM decreased. Similarly, in mouse AT and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, lipid loading selectively promoted MAM-LD. Notably, this adaptive remodeling of membrane contact sites was blunted in the adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. Genetic disruption of MCS in 3T3-L1 adipocytes altered lipid flux, impaired lipolysis, and reduced insulin signaling. Together, our findings identify MAM-LD contacts as key regulators of adipocyte lipid handling and metabolic flexibility, whose disruption may underlie the metabolic inflexibility of obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadeuf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpentier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croyal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaaban, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjadj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloteau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkhallouki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Lay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combot, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marjouh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul-Gilloteaux, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antreou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le May, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducheix, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cariou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieusset, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiam, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieur, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tripartite ER-Mitochondria-Lipid Droplets contact sites control adipocyte metabolic flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.25.690353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extending digital biology: bacterial survival and morphological heterogeneity under antibiotic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.25.690353v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The morphology of bacteria is modified by antibiotic stress while also serving to survive the antibiotic. However associating morphological descriptors with quantitative measurements of cell survival remains elusive. Here we present a workflow to generate morphological signatures for the progeny of individual cells for 168 different antibiotic conditions. The workflow uses stationary microfluidic droplets, to encapsulate and grow bacteria, and confocal microscopy to image the contents of each droplet. A custom image analysis pipeline is developed to interact with the images in order to label of the morphologies within a subset of the images and train a neural network. The network yields a multidimensional morphological signature for 82000 droplets, showing the co-existence of different morphologies even for the progeny of individual cells. The morphological signatures are different for varying antibiotic type and concentration, thus providing a way to distinguish antibiotics by their mode of action. By combining these morphological signatures with the digital detection of survival within droplets, this workflow can serve to understand the emergence of antibiotic resistance or to identify antimicrobial activity of unknown substances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maikranz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aristov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Quellec, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extending digital biology: bacterial survival and morphological heterogeneity under antibiotic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale imaging of native symbiotic animal tissue using amultimodal large volume imaging pipeline for cryo-electrontomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691379v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of cryo-EM offers the possibility to gain high-resolution structural information of biomolecules in their native state. Advances in sample thinning of cryo-EM samples allows the study of proteins inside intact cells using tomography, opening the door for  visual proteomics. However, thicker samples such as tissues or entire organisms are still largely unsuitable for cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). Therefore, significant efforts are directed toward developing and improving preparation methods to enable cryo-ET of such complex samples. We focused on the binary association between the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and the luminous bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The Squid-Vibrio system has long been studied to understand host-symbiont interactions. Our goal is to study the bacterial-host interface using cryo-ET, at a resolution previously unattainable by conventional EM methods. Here, we present a multi-modal preparation and correlative imaging workflow--including cryo- fluorescence microscopy, microCT, freeze-substitution electron tomography (FS-ET), and serial blockface SEM--to localize and prepare specific regions of the dissected symbiotic light organs for cryo-ET. This approach enabled us to directly visualize symbiotic V. fischeri within the internal host crypts at macromolecular resolution, revealing spatial organization, physical contact, and putative exchange interfaces between host and microbe. Our findings provide structural insights into a foundational model of host-microbe symbiosis and demonstrate the feasibility of cryo-ET for investigating intact tissues at the nanoscale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gundlach, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiotz, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladinsky, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheinberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenduez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelaan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruecklin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limpens, R. W. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruby, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFall-Ngai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitzko, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.30.691379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale imaging of native symbiotic animal tissue using amultimodal large volume imaging pipeline for cryo-electrontomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.29.691275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear activities and interactome of the NS5 protein of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.29.691275v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orthoflaviviruses are RNA viruses responsible for significant diseases in humans, domesticated animals and wildlife. Their NS5 protein is central in viral replication, functioning both as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and a methyltransferase, while also modulating cellular processes, including the interferon response. Although viral replication is cytoplasmic, the NS5 protein of several mosquito-borne orthoflaviviruses cycles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of infected human cells. However, the nuclear localization and function of NS5 of tick-borne orthoflaviviruses, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), remained poorly understood. Microscopy analysis and cell fractionation revealed that the NS5 protein of TBEV localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of infected cells. Mutagenesis studies identified critical residues required for its nuclear targeting. Mutating these residues in a TBEV replicon abolished viral replication. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analyses performed in two human cell lines infected with TBEV recovered 352 NS5 partners. Among them, 187 were nuclear or partially nuclear. By integrating our interactome data with that of Powassan virus (POWV), another tick-borne orthoflavivirus, we refined a list of 20 high-confidence NS5 partners, including splicing factors and chromatin modulators. Functional analysis revealed that seven of these nuclear partners significantly modulated viral replication, further underscoring the importance of nuclear NS5 in the viral life cycle. Our work advances our understanding of the nuclear function of the NS5 proteins of tick-borne orthoflaviviruses.

ImportanceTick-borne orthoflaviviruses are emerging globally, spreading across Europe, Asia, and North America, where they infect humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife. These viruses produce a protein called NS5, which drives viral replication and helps evade the innate immune response. We observed that the NS5 protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) localized both in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of infected human cells. We identified the specific residues responsible for its nuclear addressing and showed that it interacts with numerous nuclear proteins, including some involved in regulating gene expression. Seven of these nuclear partners significantly influenced viral replication, highlighting the importance of NS5s nuclear activity. This work sheds light on how tick-borne orthoflaviviruses manipulate host cells, deepening our understanding of their replication strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chazal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sow, A.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Seac'h, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawasheen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifacio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feracci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogues, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaventure, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quivy, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almouzni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decroly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramage, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caval, v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jouvenet, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.29.691275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear activities and interactome of the NS5 protein of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.26.690531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soluble and insoluble dietary fibres differentially affect liver steatosis and gut microbiota in western-diet fed mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.26.690531v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ScopeMetabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common chronic hepatic liver disease. An imbalance diet, rich in lipids and sugars and low in fibre, is a key contributing factor. However, there is limited knowledge about how soluble and fermentable dietary fibres, compared to insoluble and non-fermentable fibres, differently affect liver metabolism through their interactions with the intestinal microbiota.

Methods and resultsMale mice housed at thermoneutrality were fed a Western Diet (WD) supplemented with fermentable inulin or non-fermentable cellulose for 18 weeks. Inulin supplementation mitigated WD-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and protected against WD-induced hepatic steatosis compared to cellulose. Hepatic gene expression changes induced by WD were attenuated with inulin. Additionally, inulin preserved gut microbiota composition and metabolism, indicating greater resilience against diet-induced perturbations.

ConclusionThese findings suggest that soluble dietary fibres like inulin confer superior metabolic and hepatic benefits over insoluble fibres by modulating the gut microbiota-liver axis, highlighting their potential role in MASLD management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miquel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alquier-Bacquie, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polizzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasserre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huillet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rives, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarrasier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naylies, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauriat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoffre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchampt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thirault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau-Bacquie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand-Michel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canlet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chassaing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fougerat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamet-Payrastre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier-Stein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guilllou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loiseau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellero-Simatos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soluble and insoluble dietary fibres differentially affect liver steatosis and gut microbiota in western-diet fed mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.27.690721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local B cell maturation and mast cell regulation of choroid plexus function in early life. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.27.690721v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Postnatal development is a critical period for the maturation of the nervous and immune systems. The choroid plexus (CP) within the brain ventricles guides brain development through the production of cerebrospinal fluid and responds to stimuli from its local immune microenvironment. Here, using single-cell sequencing, we chart the establishment of the immune niche within the CP from birth to adulthood. We demonstrate that the CP is an active site for the development of B cells from early pro-B cells to mature B cells. We also characterize a transient population of CP mast cells that is highly abundant in the perinatal period. Single activation of these cells shortly after birth led to activation of serotonin-dependent secretion from the CP epithelial cells and resulted in cognitive impairment later in life. Our findings highlight the crucial nature of the CP as a neuroimmune interface, where cellular crosstalk regulates key functions of CP activity, thereby guiding brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali-Moussa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blas-Medina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josephides, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirabeau, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouteau, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matijevic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakulska, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasselblatt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudenzio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deczkowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.690721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local B cell maturation and mast cell regulation of choroid plexus function in early life.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.01.691549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SNooPy: a statistical framework for long-read metagenomic variant calling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.01.691549v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current long-read single-nucleotide variant callers were designed primarily for genomic data--particularly human genomes. While some have been used on metagenomic data, their underlying assumptions and training procedures fail to account for the inherent complexity of metagenomic samples. To date, no long-read variant caller has been purpose-built for metagenomic applications. To address this gap, we present SNooPy, a SNP-calling tool that implements a new statistical framework tailored to long-read metagenomic data. Unlike previous genomic methods, our approach makes no assumptions about the number of haplotypes present, their evolutionary relationships, or their sequence divergence. We demonstrate that SNooPy outperforms both traditional statistical and deep learning-based SNP callers. Our results suggest that future integration of this framework with deep learning approaches could further enhance variant calling performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faure, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faure, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, T. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derzelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavenier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flot, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quince, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SNooPy: a statistical framework for long-read metagenomic variant calling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.03.514869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated protein-protein interaction and RNA interference screens reveal novel restriction and dependency factors for a tick-borne flavivirus in its human host 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.03.514869v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Europe, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is responsible for severe neurological disease in humans. Like other viruses, TBEV is an obligate intracellular life form whose survival requires subversion of metabolic processes and evasion of anti-viral pathways. This feat is achieved in no small part by binary interactions between dedicated viral proteins and host proteins. Such protein-protein interactions (PPI) constitute molecular determinants of critical pathobiologic traits of viruses, including host-range, zoonotic potential and virulence, and represent realistic targets for anti-viral therapies.

To shed light on the pathobiology of TBEV in human, we have resolved the network of PPI established with its human host by interaction proteomics. A high-throughput screen for virus-host PPI was performed involving the complete set of open reading frames of TBEV and the cDNA libraries of Homo sapiens, by means of yeast two-hybrid methodology. We have discovered a large set of virus-host protein-protein interactions concerning 42 different human proteins directly interacting with nine viral proteins. Many of these human interactors have never been linked in the literature to viral infection.

The functional significance of the host interactors in viral infection as viral dependency or restriction factors was then characterized in vitro by RNA interference, and their function inferred by bioinformatic analysis. Approximately 40% of the identified human proteins have a significative impact on TBEV viral replication. These are engaged in many biological processes, whose involvement in viral infection is expected for many, but enigmatic for some. Further work will be necessary to gain molecular understanding of how these biological processes support or restrict TBEV replication, and whether they constitute viral vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sourisseau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterfinger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemasson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caignard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piumi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moutailler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulpier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacour, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.514869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated protein-protein interaction and RNA interference screens reveal novel restriction and dependency factors for a tick-borne flavivirus in its human host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.05.692587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin and myosin dynamics during epithelial remodeling in avian gastrulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.05.692587v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial remodeling is powered by contractile forces exerted by the actomyosin cytoskeleton. In invertebrates, pulsatile contractile flows of the medio-apical actomyosin cortex have been shown to be critical in promoting junction contraction that ultimately drive cell rearrangements, apical constriction, and cell extrusion. However, how actomyosin dynamics drives epithelial remodeling in amniotes remains poorly understood. In this study, we generated transgenic quail lines reporting actin and myosin and investigate their dynamics in gastrulating embryos. We show that during this process, epithelial remodeling events are closely associated with the contraction of junctional myosin. Although we observe medio-apical contractile flows, those appear to contribute to junction contraction by promoting junctional myosin recruitment. Notably, by characterizing live and apoptotic cell extrusions and their associated actomyosin dynamics, we provide new insights into the cellular processes underlying primitive streak formation and the emergence of germ layers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ieda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegria-Prevot, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villedieu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin and myosin dynamics during epithelial remodeling in avian gastrulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.05.692540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection and phylogenetic characterization of Jingmen tick virus in Amblyomma mixtum ticks from Costa Rica 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.05.692540v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Jingmenvirus is a group of segmented flaviviruses detected in arthropods and vertebrates that has attracted growing public health interest due to the recognition of some members as emerging human arboviral pathogens. As part of a study aimed at deciphering the virome of medically and veterinary important ticks in Costa Rica, we detected Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) in engorged Amblyomma mixtum ticks collected from horses. We assembled three complete genome segments and one partial segment from tick pools. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that JMTV from Costa Rica (JMTV Costa Rica) shares a common viral ancestor with JMTV viruses identified in ticks from the Caribbean and Latin America, with putative reassortment events detected across segments. Two distinct clades of Jingmen viruses were identified in the American continent, suggesting two distinct introductions: one from Europe/Asia and the other from Africa/Asia. Of note, JMTV Costa Rica falls in the same clade as viruses from Europe and Turkey, including sequences found in humans. Our study constitutes the first report of JMTV associated with Amblyomma mixtum. This tick species feeds on a wide range of hosts, including wildlife, domestic animals, and frequently parasitizes humans in Central America. Further research involving the detection of active or past infections in humans and horses after tick bites are needed to evaluate the risk of JMTV-associated arboviral infection in Central America, including Costa Rica.

ImportanceJingmenviruses are flaviviruses detected in arthropods and vertebrates reported in several countries worldwide. Some members cause disease and infections in humans; therefore, they are considered emergent human arboviruses. In Costa Rica and Central America, there is no information on tick-associated viruses or the role of ticks as putative vectors of viruses. Here, we report the first regional detection of Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) in Amblyomma mixtum ticks collected from horses. We assembled three complete and one partial viral segment from tick pools. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the JTMV detected in Costa Rica is closely related to other detections from Latin America and the Caribbean and is located in the same clade as viruses reported in humans. Additionally, we detected two separate introductions of JMTV to Latin America. To determine whether this JMTV is an emergent arbovirus, research on past or active infections in humans is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murillo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves-Gonzalez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temmam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermudez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrales-Aguilar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montenegro, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheilly, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troyo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection and phylogenetic characterization of Jingmen tick virus in Amblyomma mixtum ticks from Costa Rica]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.07.689555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular amorphous calcium carbonate biomineralization in methanotrophic gammaproteobacteria was acquired by horizontal gene transfer from cyanobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.07.689555v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some bacteria genetically control the biomineralization of intracellular amorphous calcium carbonates (iACC) with potential implications for microbial physiology, evolution, bioremediation and biogeochemical cycling. Until now, this capacity has been documented in Cyanobacteria, the giant gammaproteobacterium Achromatium and a few magnetotactic Pseudomonadota and Nitrospirota. Here, we report the discovery of iACC biomineralization in members of the Methylococcaceae, a family of aerobic methanotrophic Gammaproteobacteria. A homolog of the ccyA gene, previously considered a diagnostic marker for iACC formation in Cyanobacteria, was identified in several Methylococcaceae genomes, based on a search of the conserved C-terminal (GlyZip)3 domain of the encoded calcyanin protein, with a sequence coverage higher than 60% and an E-value lower than 1e-20. Moreover, two cultivated strains, Methylococcus geothermalis and Methylococcus mesophilus, whose genomes contained the ccyA gene, were consistently shown to form iACC granules. The ccyA genes of Methylococcaceae and Microcystis share higher sequence similarity (47%) than with other Cyanobacteria (around 30%) within their common (GlyZip)3 domain, suggesting horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from an ancestral Microcystis-like cyanobacterium to Methylococcaceae. This finding extends the known taxonomic distribution of ccyA and suggests that the capability to biomineralize iACC was acquired by HGT, possibly in environments such as those close to the oxyclines of lakes, where Cyanobacteria and Methylococcaceae commonly co-exist. The discovery of iACC in methane-oxidizing Methylococcaceae highlights a previously unrecognized coupling between calcium carbonate biomineralization and methane cycling in aquatic environments, suggesting that iACC formation may play an overlooked role in microbial carbon storage and local geochemical regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benzerara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millet, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skouri-Panet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaschignard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caumes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevrier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duverger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigner, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Preciado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefevre, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menguy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteil, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pehau-Arnaudet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereiro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scandola, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vantelon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duprat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callebaut, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.07.689555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular amorphous calcium carbonate biomineralization in methanotrophic gammaproteobacteria was acquired by horizontal gene transfer from cyanobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.06.692756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Pair of DNA Glucosyltransferases Elevate Counter-defense in Bacteriophage T4 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.06.692756v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages encode diverse pathways to modify their nucleobases. These modifications help phages to evade the host defense systems such as restriction-modification (RM), and type II and type V CRISPR-Cas systems. On the other hand, modifications can also serve as a target for other host defense systems, illustrating the complexity of the defense and counter-defense landscape. Bacteriophage T4 encodes two glucosyltransferases (GTs), -GT and {beta}-GT, that post-replicatively add a glucose moiety to the hydroxymethylated deoxycytosines (5-hmC) on phage DNA in the - and {beta}-conformation, respectively. Among all known phages, only six closely related phages encode both -GT and {beta}-GT. Here, through biochemical and genetic analysis, we show that {beta}-GT has higher catalytic activity, whereas -GT is more strongly expressed. During the T4 infection, these factors determine the contributions of both GTs, with -GT and {beta}-GT contributing respectively to glucosylation of 66% and 33% of all 5-hmC. Encoding a single GTs is sufficient for T4 to overcome the E. coli type I and type IV RM systems, unless the glucosylation capacity decreases below the 80% threshold. However, when encountering a host encoding DNA glycosylase Brig1 in addition to type I and type IV RM systems, a second GT is necessary to enable Brig1 escapers to resist RM systems. These results demonstrate that encoding multiple GTs with redundant functionalities provides an evolutionary advantage when simultaneously confronted with multiple antiphage defense systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Chamorro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, A. L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecointe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Paepe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhoobalan-Chitty, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Pair of DNA Glucosyltransferases Elevate Counter-defense in Bacteriophage T4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.30.564638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-dimensional neuronal population dynamics in anterior superior temporal gyrus reactivate phonetic representations during semantic processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.30.564638v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractSpeech processing involves a hierarchy of cognitive layers from low-level phonetic to high-level seman-tic representations. However, interactions are not only feed-forward; Feedback mechanisms are crucial for real-time, accurate speech recognition. Yet how distant levels interface during speech processing remains unclear. Here, we analyzed intracortical recordings from 624 neurons across three human participants implanted with microelectrode arrays in the anterior superior temporal gyrus during an auditory semantic categorization task and natural speech perception. We identified distinct neural subspaces, or manifolds, for semantic and phonetic features, with a functional separation of the corresponding low-dimensional dynamics. We contrasted a bottom-up cumulative and a top-down predictive hypothesis on phonetic-semantic temporal alignment, and found phonetic alignment to word-level semantic representations, signaling top-down prediction. These effects were consistent across participants at the spiking level, and remained undetected in adjacent ECoG recordings. These findings demonstrate the reorganization of neuronal population dynamics supporting phonetic representations during semantic prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orepic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truccolo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proix, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-dimensional neuronal population dynamics in anterior superior temporal gyrus reactivate phonetic representations during semantic processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.692940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFN-I exacerbates the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to Chlamydia trachomatis infection by enhancing TLR3 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.692940v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inflammation induced by Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the female genital tract (FGT) can have severe consequences. Recent observations in women and mice infected with Chlamydia suggest that type I interferon (IFN-I) may have deleterious effects. This study aimed at elucidating the consequences of IFN-I production on C. trachomatis-induced inflammation in epithelial cells and the molecular pathway(s) involved. We showed that combination of IFN-I and Chlamydia resulted in a stronger induction of inflammation than Chlamydia alone, while IFN-I alone had no effect. Inhibiting AKT and mTOR, but not silencing STAT1, significantly attenuated the synergetic effect between IFN-I and bacteria on inflammation. Inhibition of ERK also blocked this synergistic effect, although ERK were not activated by IFN-I. We hypothesized that IFN-I enhanced the expression of a pathogen recognition receptor of the host, thereby potentiating detection of the bacteria and the subsequent inflammatory response. IFN-I, but not C. trachomatis infection, increased the expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and silencing or knocking-out TLR3 prevented the synergetic effect between infection and IFN-I. Furthermore, our data support the presence of dsRNA in infected cells and the activation of the MAPK/ERK and AP-1/ATF2 signaling cascades downstream of TLR3. Taken together, our data demonstrate that IFN-I exacerbates the host inflammatory response triggered by Chlamydia by increasing TLR3 expression and activation, leading to hyperinflammation. The identified signaling cascades represent potential targets for therapeutical intervention to limit tissue damage upon Chlamydia infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niragire, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louchez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Zauberman, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subtil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.692940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFN-I exacerbates the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to Chlamydia trachomatis infection by enhancing TLR3 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.07.692553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestry, admixture, and pathogens in contemporaneous Neolithic farmers and foragers on the Island of Gotland 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.07.692553v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two archaeological cultural complexes coexisted on Gotland for over 500 years, between [~]3300 and 2800 calBCE, i.e. the Neolithic Funnelbeaker culture (FBC), and the Pitted ware culture (PWC). The ancestry of the FBC farmers and PWC marine foragers largely aligns with European Neolithic Farmers and European Mesolithic foragers, respectively, but the direct interactions between the groups on Gotland is not understood. We present a Middle Neolithic (MN) high-coverage genome and a Late Neolithic (LN) low-coverage genome from the Ansarve FBC dolmen. We investigate ancestry, admixture, and pathogens among these MN farmers (n =6), foragers (n=19), and a LN individual. We find that recent gene-flow between farmers and foragers could have taken place, although most gene-flow happened prior to their coexistence on the island. We also find evidence of different Yersinia pestis strains in the three cultural groups, showing that the pestis was widespread among groups with different subsistence strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Quinto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kırdökc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ausmees, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kılınc, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa-Mendoza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Meur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergfeldt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrieta-Donato, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar-Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Götherström, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano-Gonzalez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Ordonez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmström, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rascovan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.07.692553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestry, admixture, and pathogens in contemporaneous Neolithic farmers and foragers on the Island of Gotland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.692073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inverted colored de Bruijn Graph for practical kmer sets storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.692073v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Petabases of sequencing data in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) present a significant challenge for holistic reanalysis due to their sheer volume. Recent efforts have assembled this data into terabytes of unitigs, an efficient k-mer set representation that can reduce data size by an order of magnitude. However, these unitigs were compressed on a per-accession basis, leaving substantial cross-sample redundancy unexploited. While co-compression of related samples offers high space-saving potential, existing tools lack targeted decompression: the ability to retrieve specific documents at a cost proportional to their individual sizes rather than that of the entire collection.

This paper introduces the "inverted de Bruijn graph" property, formalizing the concept of efficient targeted decompression, and presents kloe, its first implementation. kloe is a compression method for large, highly similar k-mer multi-sets, such as collections of unitigs from related samples. Unlike existing approaches that map k-mers to colors (samples), kloe takes a complementary route by performing color-to-k-mer mapping, associating samples with their respective k-mer sets. This enables targeted decompression of any chosen samples k-mer content. At its core, kloe utilizes a new sequence construct called "monochromatigs," drawing on concepts from simplitigs and monotigs to achieve both significant space savings and efficient retrieval. Finally, a central aim of this work is to highlight this novel problem area, which we argue is critically understudied compared to colored de Bruijn graphs. The associated tool is available as an open source project at github.com/TimRouze/KLOE
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rouze, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limasset, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.692073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inverted colored de Bruijn Graph for practical kmer sets storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.09.692895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ProteoBench: the community-curated platform for comparing proteomics data analysis workflows 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.09.692895v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a well-established strategy for analyzing complex biological mixtures. Many MS instruments and data acquisition strategies are available, and the data they acquire differ substantially, thus requiring tailored analysis algorithms. Hence, many dedicated bioinformatics workflows are developed. These are in constant evolution, and the community lacks a centralized platform for comparing their performance. Here, we propose ProteoBench, a single platform that brings together software developers and software users to provide an ever-evolving comparison of state-of-the-art proteomics data processing tools. ProteoBench is an open-source resource that enables the community to evaluate data analysis workflows, develop benchmarking modules dedicated to specific comparisons, and discuss the best methods to compare software tools. The platform ensures that the benchmark evolves alongside advances in proteomics data analysis workflows. ProteoBench guides researchers towards the best-suited tool and parameters for their specific project and data according to their needs, and developers can test their newly developed tools or workflows privately, before adding them as public references. This community-driven effort will increase transparency and reproducibility between MS data analysis workflows, as well as facilitate the development and publication of software workflows in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devreese, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jachmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Puyvelde, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagho-Mattanovich, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolski, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagho-Mattanovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittremieux, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaoui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claeys, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaneda Cortes, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaenens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doncheva, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorfer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenacher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriels, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollenstein, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasalica, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langella, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennartsson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lux, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes Maia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouton-Barbosa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nameni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmblad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Riverol, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pominova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rykaer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabido, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schessner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnei</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.692895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ProteoBench: the community-curated platform for comparing proteomics data analysis workflows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.693509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering SIRPα conformational plasticity to reveal a cryptic pocket suitable for structure-based drug design 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.693509v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein-protein interaction between Signal Regulatory Protein alpha (SIRP) and CD47 is a critical immune checkpoint that enables tumor immune escape, making it a key target for cancer immunotherapy. While antibody-based therapies exist, the development of small-molecule inhibitors has been hindered by the flat, featureless binding interface. Here, we report the discovery of a novel, druggable cryptic pocket within the SIRP D1 domain (the WYF pocket), revealed through a structure-based fragment screening campaign using x-ray crystallography. This pocket, defined by residues Trp38, Tyr50, and Phe74, is only accessible in a conformation that is incompatible with CD47 binding, making it a candidate for structure-based drug design and immune checkpoint inhibitor development.

Through a combination of NMR spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and biophysical assays, we demonstrate that access to this cryptic site is dynamically controlled by a single "gatekeeper" residue, Gln52. The rotameric state of Gln52 dictates a conformational equilibrium between a "closed," state and a ligand-accessible "open" state. We validated this mechanism by engineering SIRP mutants to bias this equilibrium. A Q52F mutation locked the pocket in a closed state, abolishing both CD47 and fragment binding, while Q52A and Q52R mutations biased the protein toward an open state. These "open-biased" mutants not only exhibited decreased affinity for CD47 but also significantly improved binding to small-molecule fragments that inhibit the SIRP-CD47 interaction.

This work reveals the intrinsic conformational plasticity of SIRP and establishes a validated structure-based roadmap for a new class of allosteric inhibitors. This  flexibility-for-inhibition strategy functions by trapping a non-binding conformation and represents a broadly applicable framework for targeting this and other challenging immune checkpoints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Storder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barelier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YACOUB, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barral, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MAHMOODI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Ayala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulliana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roche, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morelli, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcin, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering SIRPα conformational plasticity to reveal a cryptic pocket suitable for structure-based drug design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.693416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mastodon: the Command Center for Large-Scale Lineage-Tracing Microscopy Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.693416v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding development in living organisms requires following the divisions, movements, and fates of cells across developing systems. While advances in microscopy have enabled whole-embryo imaging at the cellular level, extracting and analyzing cell lineages from these massive datasets remains a significant computational challenge. We present Mastodon, a scalable, extensible software platform for manual, semi-automated, and automated cell tracking in large images. A purpose-built graph model supports responsive performance for datasets with millions of annotations, making Mastodon a future-proof platform for cell lineage analysis. Built as a Fiji plugin, Mastodon enables interactive visualization, editing, and analysis of complex lineage trees, seamlessly integrated with the raw image data. Comprehension of cell lineages in complex three-dimensional geometries is facilitated by interoperability with the powerful open-source render engine Blender. In three distinct developmental contexts, we demonstrate how Mastodon will accelerate biological insights by providing user-friendly navigation and explorative analysis in complex lineage datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Girstmair, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietzsch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handberg-Thorsager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugawara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomancak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mastodon: the Command Center for Large-Scale Lineage-Tracing Microscopy Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.14.694197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environment and physiology shape antiphage system expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.14.694197v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria and archaea encode on average ten antiphage systems. Quorum sensing, cellular, or transcription factors can regulate specific systems (CRISPR-Cas, CBASS). Yet, a systematic assessment of antiphage systems expression patterns is lacking. Here, we combine publicly available RNA-seq data from 14 different species with an original RNA-seq dataset of 15 Escherichia coli strains across six environmental conditions and two growth stages. Using this data, we explore the transcription patterns of 236 antiphage systems from 81 types. Defense system expression is variable along environmental, physiological, as well as spatial gradients, and can correlate with cellular physiology and mobile genetic element activity. We identify antiphage systems as cohesive but complex transcriptional units, find coordinated expression of defense islands possibly underpinned by local regulators, and demonstrate the functional relevance of differential expression in native systems. Together, these results suggest that environmental and physiological factors regulate prokaryotic immunity and may prime bacteria for infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paoli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laruelle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavenir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loubat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaborieau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.14.694197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environment and physiology shape antiphage system expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.22.683926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupled rhythms in early auditory cortex mirror speech acoustics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.22.683926v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theta and gamma neural dynamics dominate the human auditory cortex during speech perception and have been proposed to track syllable boundaries and encode phonemic information, respectively. To what extent these rhythms are intrinsically generated or imposed by speech acoustics remains unsolved. Applying analytic methods from neuroscience to speech audio corpora from 17 languages, we found that canonical brain features --theta, gamma, and their phase-amplitude coupling-- are a robust and specific acoustic signature of speech envelope across languages. They represent syllabic rate (2-6 Hz), vocalic features (30-50 Hz), and fundamental frequency (100-150 Hz). Intracerebral (sEEG) recordings from the auditory cortex of 18 epilepsy patients revealed that theta-gamma dynamics and their coupling are absent at rest. They emerge during speech perception and are linearly driven by the acoustic envelope, consistent with an evoked origin. Nevertheless, these responses originate from distinct yet functionally interconnected neural populations, indicating that the early auditory cortex demultiplexes speech timescales. Thus, early auditory cortex mirrors theta-gamma speech rhythms across segregated neural populations.

IN BRIEFEarly auditory cortex demultiplexes speech: stimulus-locked gamma activity aligns theta phase with the nested acoustic structure, functionally organising speech timescales
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Madrona, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giroud, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trebuchon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poeppel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morillon, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupled rhythms in early auditory cortex mirror speech acoustics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.11.693702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scPRINT-2: Towards the next-generation of cell foundation models and benchmarks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.11.693702v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell biology has been booming with foundation models trained on large single-cell RNA-seq databases, but benchmarks and capabilities remain unclear. We propose an additive benchmark across a gymnasium of tasks to discover which features improve performance. From these findings, we present scPRINT-2, a single-cell Foundation Model pre-trained across 350 million cells and 16 organisms. Our contributions in pre-training tasks, tokenization, and losses made scPRINT-2 state-of-the-art in expression denoising, cell embedding, and cell type prediction. Furthermore, with our cell-level architecture, scPRINT-2 becomes generative, as demonstrated by our expression imputation and counterfactual reasoning results. Finally, thanks to our pre-training database, we uncover generalization to unseen modalities and organisms. These studies, together with improved abilities in gene embeddings and gene network inference, place scPRINT-2 as a next-generation cell foundation model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalfon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scPRINT-2: Towards the next-generation of cell foundation models and benchmarks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteriophage PAK_P3 genome structuration and dynamics during infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveal specific interactions patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694284v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages, or phages, are highly abundant and diverse genomic entities that play an important role in microbial ecology, evolution, and horizontal gene transfer. While the dynamic changes in genome organization in cellular organisms have been well described, the 3D folding of phage genomes during the infection of their host is extremely limited. Understanding how phage genomes fold, invade and rearrange the genome of their host to functionally organize the optimal expression of their genes remains unknown. Here, we explore the spatial dynamics of the virulent double-stranded DNA phage PAK_P3 during infection of its host Pseudomonas aeruginosa and reveal how its genome rapidly decondenses to adopt a specific 3D organization that reflects its transcriptional program. Concomitantly, the host genome decondenses as gene expression wanes and transcription induced domains vanish. We also uncover specific and discrete bridging of the host and the phage genomes, showing how the phage genome exploits the spatial genome architecture of its host to succeed in its infection cycle. Our data highlights an unprecedented level of genome folding and gene expression regulation during a viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bignaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamy-Besnier, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debarbieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marbouty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteriophage PAK_P3 genome structuration and dynamics during infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveal specific interactions patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of cellular cortical tension and shape by RhoGTPase signalling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694413v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shape changes are ubiquitous in biology, from cytokinesis at the single cell scale to tissue-scale morphogenesis involving coordinated changes in hundreds of cells. In all cases, morphogenesis is powered by gradients in mechanical tension that arise downstream of signalling. Many pathways converge on RhoGTPases that modulate the cytoskeleton and cell contractility to control cell mechanics and, subsequently, shape. Despite their physiological importance, we lack a quantitative understanding of how changes in signalling alter cortical mechanics to drive cell shape change. Here, we use optogenetics to quantitatively characterise the relationship between the amount of RhoGEF localised to the membrane, the downstream myosin recruitment, and the subsequent mechanical changes. We then show that cortical myosin amount and cortical tension increase linearly with the amount of membranous RhoGEF signalling. Based on these data, we develop a predictive model of the temporal evolution of RhoGEF membrane localisation, cortical myosin enrichment, and cortical tension in response to a pulse of light. Using this model together with an active surface model of the cell cortex, we show that the cellular shape changes induced by localised optogenetic recruitment of RhoGEF signalling can be predicted, directly linking gradients in signalling to shape change.

Significance statementShape changes are ubiquitous in biology, during division in single cells and in tissue during embryogenesis. In all cases, shape change is powered by gradients in mechanical tension that arise downstream of changes in biochemical signals. Despite their importance, we lack a quantitative understanding of how changes in signals alter cell mechanics to drive cell shape change. Here, we control the location and amount of biochemical signal using light to quantitatively characterise the relationship between signals and their resulting biological and mechanical changes. We show that mechanical change scales linearly with the amount of biochemical signal. Based on this, we develop a mathematical model that predicts cell mechanical and shape changes from the location and amount of biochemical signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohec, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoromskaia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duprez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavoie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salbreux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charras, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of cellular cortical tension and shape by RhoGTPase signalling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.17.695059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The microbiota affects energy production, nitrogen excretion and sterol metabolism in mosquito larvae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.17.695059v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquito larvae rely on a living microbiota for normal development because the microbiota supplies essential nutrients, particularly vitamins. Beyond vitamin provision, transcriptomic data suggest that the microbiota also supports other key nutritional processes. Here, we explored these roles by conducting a metabolomics analysis on Aedes aegypti third instar larvae following microbiota depletion. We sampled larvae and dissected guts 12- and 20-hours post-decolonization and analysed methanol-soluble metabolites using untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our findings reveal a pronounced impact of gut microbial presence on several metabolites involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the uricolytic pathway. Germ-free larvae also had a lower quantity of cholesterol in guts and their long-chain fatty acid profile was altered in guts and whole larvae. Sterols, including cholesterol, are essential precursors for the production of the moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. We therefore tested how supplementing exogenous cholesterol affects the development of germ-free larvae. The effects proved to be highly concentration-dependent, ranging from a marginally significant increase in successful development to adulthood at low concentrations to a pronounced developmental impairment at higher concentrations. Moreover, bacteria deficient in fatty acids beta-oxidation had a significantly lower ability to support larval development. Together, the observed alterations suggest that microbiota-deprived larvae exhibit a downregulation of metabolic processes related to energy production, nitrogen excretion and sterol metabolism, likely due to the absence of microbiota-derived vitamins essential for these central metabolic functions.

ImportanceMosquito larvae depend on gut microbiota for normal growth because microbes supply essential nutrients, particularly B vitamins. To explore microbial roles beyond vitamin provision, we analysed metabolic changes in Aedes aegypti larvae after microbiota removal using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Germ-free larvae exhibited decreased metabolites associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and uricolytic pathway, indicating a general slowdown in metabolic activity and nitrogen waste processing. Additionally, the absence of a microbiota affected cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. To validate these findings, we found that supplementing germ-free larvae with low levels of cholesterol modestly improved their development. In contrast, larvae colonized with bacteria deficient in fatty acid metabolism exhibited significantly reduced developmental success. Overall, the findings show that removing the microbiota downregulates key metabolic pathways related to energy production, nitrogen excretion, and sterol metabolism, highlighting that bacterial vitamins and fatty acid degradation are vital for mosquito larval development and successful transformation into adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romoli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epelboina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavoncello, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrends, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.695059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The microbiota affects energy production, nitrogen excretion and sterol metabolism in mosquito larvae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.17.694855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Lsm1-7 complex marginally affects unstable mRNA degradation in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.17.694855v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors have withdrawn this manuscript because additional controls did not confirm the involvement of LSM1 in NMD. Our initial conclusions were based on wrong assumptions about the used degron system and the required controls. RNA sequencing, phenotype and RT-qPCR results are affected, but other results presented in the manuscript remain valid. We apologize to the colleagues who based any of their work or conclusion on that part of the preprint. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Decourty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janbon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saveanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.694855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Lsm1-7 complex marginally affects unstable mRNA degradation in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.11.693626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pangenome structure and ecological adaptation in the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex: insights from a geographically and time limited multi-habitat study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.11.693626v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (KpSC) members inhabit distinct ecological habitats, yet the diversity and adaptation of environmental KpSC populations remain underexplored. We investigated KpSC transmission, pangenome structure and diversity, and functional gene enrichment across four distinct habitats in Burgundy, France over one year. In total, 664 environmental samples were collected from an organic vegetable farm (n=329), an organic cattle farm (n=304) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP; n=31), alongside 47 clinical isolates. KpSC was detected in 22.4% of environmental samples, most commonly in WWTP (83.9%), followed by vegetable farm (27.1%) and cattle farm (11.2%). A total of 336 isolates were collected and whole-genome sequenced. K. pneumoniae sensu stricto (phylogroup Kp1) was predominant (76%), followed by K. variicola subsp. variicola (phylogroup Kp3) (21%). Genomic analyses revealed substantial novel diversity, especially in environmental habitats (67 novel STs), with limited cross transmission but clear local persistence. Over 90% of environmental isolates lacked acquired antimicrobial resistance genes, whereas half of the clinical isolates exhibited a multi-drug resistance profile. Comparative pangenome analyses showed Kp1 possessed a larger and more diverse pangenome than Kp3. Human-associated populations (clinical and WWTP) shared similar pangenome structures, although clinical isolates exhibited an expanded accessory genome. Cattle farm isolates had the most restricted and distinct pangenome while vegetable farm isolates displayed the largest total genomic repertoire. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted Kp3s environmental adaptation via conserved functions linked to the phylogroup genetic background, such as metabolic and regulatory pathways, including nitrogen fixation genes. Contrarily, human-associated populations, especially Kp1 members, were enriched in acquired functions linked to the ecological context, including antimicrobial and metal resistance determinants and mobile genetic elements. These findings emphasize phylogroup- and ecological niche-driven pangenome contrasts in KpSC, contributing to explain the successful adaptation of Kp1 to multiple habitats, including human-related settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Blas, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuwirth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piveteau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pangenome structure and ecological adaptation in the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex: insights from a geographically and time limited multi-habitat study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.695879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limitations of non-mechanistic methods for characterizing pathogen-pathogen interactions: A simulation study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.695879v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogen-pathogen interactions occur when infection with one pathogen influences ones chance of infection or disease due to another. Increasingly, evidence suggests that interactions are a common feature of infectious disease epidemiology. However, due to both the nonlinearities and stochasticity inherent to infectious disease transmission, and the frequency of confounding (e.g., by shared seasonal forcing), purely statistical methods for characterizing interactions may be prone to failure. Here, we perform a simulation study to evaluate several non-mechanistic approaches for inferring causality from time series data: generalized additive models (GAMs), Granger causality, transfer entropy, and convergent cross-mapping (CCM). Specifically, we use a two-pathogen mechanistic transmission model, calibrated to produce dynamics resembling outbreaks of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), to generate synthetic datasets with a range of values for interaction strength and duration. We then apply each method to all synthetic datasets. We find that Granger causality, transfer entropy, and CCM all fail to consistently infer whether data contain signal of an interaction; in particular, methods tend to incorrectly identify interactions where none are modeled (average sensitivity = 80.6%, 92.1%, 72.1%, respectively; average specificity = 31.0%, 33.3%, 33.1%). Furthermore, we find little to no association between point estimates from each method and true interaction strength. In contrast, GAMs infer the existence of interactions more accurately than the other methods (sensitivity = 85.2%, specificity = 72.5%), and consistently yield larger point estimates for stronger interactions. However, their practical utility is limited by an inability to evaluate interaction asymmetry (i.e., whether the effect of pathogen A on pathogen B is identical to that of B on A). We conclude that accurately and comprehensively characterizing pathogen-pathogen interactions based on outbreak data remains a significant challenge. For this reason, it is critical that any proposed methods be rigorously evaluated before being used to draw conclusions about interactions.

Author SummaryPathogen-pathogen interactions occur when infection with one pathogen either increases or decreases a persons risk of infection or illness due to a second, distinct pathogen. Because interactions affect several common human pathogens, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2, a better understanding of interactions could improve epidemic control. However, past work has shown that simple methods commonly used to study interactions can lead to inaccurate conclusions. Here, we tested four methods frequently used in other fields, including ecology and neuroscience, to see whether they may also be useful for identifying interactions. Specifically, we tested each method using simulated outbreak data generated using a mathematical model. We found that most methods struggled to correctly determine whether an interaction effect was present; in particular, methods often falsely identified interactions when none occurred. Although one of the tested methods, generalized additive models, performed comparatively well at identifying interactions, it provided relatively little additional information about the interactions. Because pathogen-pathogen interactions are so challenging to study, it is important that researchers rigorously test methods before applying them to interactions, so as not to publish potentially misleading results. More broadly, a complete understanding of interactions will likely require a variety of approaches, including both laboratory and modeling studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirikahu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kussmaul, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenech de Celles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limitations of non-mechanistic methods for characterizing pathogen-pathogen interactions: A simulation study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.21.695689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt and Nodal asymmetries stratify mouse laterality phenotypes in the absence of node flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.21.695689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Left-right symmetry breaking in mice is considered to occur via node leftward fluid flow. The molecular cascade within the node has been reconstructed at high resolution. However, its importance for organogenesis remains poorly understood. Here we show in mutants for the motile cilium component CCDC40 that 70% of mice develop normal situs at birth despite abrogation of node flow. The discrete morphospace output, including situs inversus totalis and heterotaxy with left isomerism, supports a novel model of symmetry-breaking, in which node flow only biases asymmetry orientation, while another mechanism, potentially self-amplifying, generates it. Longitudinal, quantitative and paired transcriptomic analyses uncover the molecular signature of laterality clusters, highlighting WNT in addition to NODAL pathway asymmetry. We identify asymmetry of cardiopulmonary progenitors, the disruption of which is associated with combined heart and lung defects in mutants. Our work refines the role of the node in the establishment of asymmetry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ochandorena-Saa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perthame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oulerich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamolly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blisnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouillon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meilhac, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.21.695689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt and Nodal asymmetries stratify mouse laterality phenotypes in the absence of node flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.25.661490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capsular specificity in temperate phages of Klebsiella pneumoniae is driven by diverse receptor-binding enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.25.661490v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteriophages infecting Klebsiella pneumoniae, capsule specificity is a major determinant of host range due to the presence of capsule-specific depolymerases. Yet for temperate phages, the genetic and functional basis of this specificity remains less well understood. Depolymerases appear unexpectedly rare in prophage genomes, raising unresolved questions about which prophage genes mediate capsule tropism, whether this apparent scarcity reflects biological or ecological differences versus annotation limits, and whether prophage-encoded receptor-binding proteins (RBPs) are functionally active. To address these questions, we analysed 3,900 Klebsiella genomes from diverse ecological niches to identify prophage-encoded proteins mediating capsule tropism. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) correlating prophage protein clusters (from 8,105 prophages) with confidently assigned bacterial K-loci. GWAS identified high-confidence predictors for 16 out of 35 most diverse K-loci, of which 14 were receptor-binding proteins (RBPs) belonging to classical depolymerases (n = 6), SGNH hydrolases which deacetylate polysaccharides (n = 6), and structurally novel RBPs (n = 2). Overall, we predicted K-locus specificity for 26 putative depolymerases, of which 12 were deemed as strong predictions against 10 K-loci. In parallel, we attempted recombinant production of 50 putative depolymerases selected from 469 candidate proteins identified in prophages from a representative subset of 99 bacterial isolates, together with an additional 10 depolymerases selected based on GWAS predictions. All recombinant proteins were tested against a Klebsiella reference panel of 119 K-types. Of the 50 manually chosen putative depolymerases, 34 failed to yield detectable recombinant expression, a pattern unlikely to be explained by degraded or defective prophages. Of the 14 active enzymes, 5 targeted a K-locus different from that of their bacterial host, and enzyme specificity could not always be reliably inferred from sequence similarity or structural homology. Comparison of GWAS predictions with experimental validation results revealed that 10 of the 12 strongest GWAS predictors were confirmed experimentally, while 2 produced soluble protein but showed no detectable activity against the tested K-types. Together, these results highlight the intrinsic difficulty of predicting activity and capsule specificity of prophage-encoded RBPs from genomic information alone. Finally, analysis of 4,598 high-completeness prophages revealed that SGNH-domain hydrolases are among the most prevalent enzymatic domains in prophage RBPs. Two SGNH-domain RBPs identified by GWAS were experimentally confirmed as active esterases, supporting capsule deacetylation as a widespread alternative to polysaccharide depolymerisation in temperate phages. Our findings reveal that Klebsiella prophages encode structurally diverse RBPs, suggesting temperate phages may rely not only on depolymerisation but also on capsule modification--such as deacetylation--for infection. This also implies that capsule diversity in K. pneumoniae may be substantially underestimated, with implications for phage specificity, competition and vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otwinowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koszucki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panicker, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leconte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olejniczak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feil, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smug, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciejewska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drulis-Kawa, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostowy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capsular specificity in temperate phages of Klebsiella pneumoniae is driven by diverse receptor-binding enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.25.695976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning analyses of DNA sequences resolve the retention of the Duffy-null resistance to Plasmodium vivax malaria in Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.25.695976v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
P. vivax, the most geographically widespread human malaria parasite with millions of clinical cases per year, is however quasi absent in sub-Saharan Africa. Positive selection targeting the rs2814778 protective mutation, also known as the Duffy-null allele, may explain the absence (or quasi absence) of vivax in sub-Saharan Africa by a progressive purge of the pathogen due to a quasi-fixation of the Duffy-null allele and the resulting high rates of protected carriers in western, central and eastern populations. Yet, while positive selection has been clearly evidenced in admixed populations coexisting with vivax, the selection model currently admitted poorly explains the lack of the Duffy-null allele in Europe, or in Asia where the pathogen is mainly observed. In this article, several validated Deep Learning methods applied to high coverage sequence data obtained in 589 African individuals resolved this retention of the Duffy-null resistance to vivax in Africa. The CNN and GAN algorithms implemented in this study also predict a rise in frequency of the Duffy-null mutation due to selection 25-35 kya years ago in the western part of Africa, a geographical region and a time frame overlapping with the rise of another protective mutation, {beta}S, the sickle-cell mutation protective at heterozygous state against the malaria caused by P. falciparum. In addition, the pattern of Duffy-null haplotypes highlights a quick spread of the Duffy-null allele in sub-Saharan Africa due to post-admixture selection events following the road of the recent Bantu expansion. Independent lines of evidence describing malaria as a life-threatening disease in West Africa from [~]30 kya, together with a rise in frequency followed by recent disseminations of the Duffy-null resistance, open new perspectives about both the history of malaria as a major human disease and the history of the main protective mutations in Africa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laval, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decugis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parasayan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaroni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.25.695976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning analyses of DNA sequences resolve the retention of the Duffy-null resistance to Plasmodium vivax malaria in Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.07.663618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulating magnetic rotational spectroscopy: a novel approach to intracellular rheology of adherent cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.07.663618v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have highlighted intracellular viscosity as a key biomechanical property with potential as a biomarker for cancer cell metastasis. In the context of cellular mechanobiology, magnetic rotational spectroscopy (MRS), which employs rotating magnetic wires of length L = 2-8 {micro}m to probe cytoplasmic rheology, has emerged as an effective method for quantifying intracellular viscoelasticity. This study examines microrheology data from three breast epithelial cell lines, MCF-10A, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231, along with new data from HeLa cervical cancer cells. Here, MRS is combined with finite element simulations to characterize the flow field induced by wire rotation in the cytoplasm. COMSOL simulations performed at low Reynolds numbers show that the flow velocity is localized around the wire, and display characteristic dumbbell-shaped profiles. For wires representative of MRS experiments in cells, the product of shear rate and cytoplasmic relaxation time ([Formula] with{tau} ~ 1 s) remains below unity, indicating that the flow occurs within the linear regime. This outcome confirms that MRS can reliably measure the zero-shear viscosity of the intracellular medium in living cells. This study also demonstrates that integrating MRS intracellular measurements with COMSOL simulations significantly improves the reliability of in vitro assessments of cytoplasmic mechanical properties.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghasemi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berret, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulating magnetic rotational spectroscopy: a novel approach to intracellular rheology of adherent cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.04.498652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graft of cardiac progenitors in a pig model of right ventricular failure triggers myocardial epimorphosis, regeneration and protection of function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.04.498652v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heart left or right ventricular failure results from either ischemic or congenital diseases, respectively, and remains a major health burden in our societies. There is thus a high demand for a regenerative therapy. Yet, the ability of the adult post-mitotic mammalian heart to self-regenerate remains largely a challenge

Here, we combined cell therapy in a pig with right heart failure, cardiac physiology, single cell RNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics. We demonstrate that resident cardiac macrophages mediate a process of cardiomyocytes de-differentiation to form a blastema which produces new proliferative cardiomyocytes. Thus, a mammalian heart close to a human heart features the ability to undergo epimorphosis and to regenerate.

A direct and specific target of resident macrophages holds promise to regenerate hearts, specifically in a growing population of now adult congenital heart diseases patients with right ventricular failure and left without any efficient pharmacological relieving treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LAMBERT, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DELERIS, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TIBOURTINE, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FOUILLOUX, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MARTIN, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BRIDGE, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ARIES, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BENOIST, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PUCEAT, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graft of cardiac progenitors in a pig model of right ventricular failure triggers myocardial epimorphosis, regeneration and protection of function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.29.696135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stage-resolved metabolomics reveals the methionine cycle as a key regulator of Aedes aegypti development and dengue virus susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.29.696135v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental transitions in the mosquito Aedes aegypti are central to vector competence and disease transmission, yet the underlying metabolic programs remain poorly defined. Here, we use untargeted metabolomics, gene expression analysis, and functional assays to delineate stage-specific metabolic fingerprints across the mosquito life cycle, from egg and larva to pupa and adult. Our profiling of the larval diet reveals comprehensive provisioning of essential nutrients, including B vitamins critical for development. Metabolomic analyses uncover distinct, stage-specific signatures, with the larval stage exhibiting a pronounced enrichment of methionine cycle metabolites and maximal methylation capacity. Notably, while S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and related metabolites peak in larvae, the transcription of the methionine cycle and histone methyltransferase genes is highest in adults. Functional disruption of the methionine cycle in mosquito cells reveals network-level robustness and regulatory crosstalk within the pathway. However, we also identify a specific vulnerability: silencing the gene adenosylhomocysteinase (ahcy) enhances dengue virus 1 replication and infectious particle production. Collectively, our findings identify the methionine cycle as a metabolic-epigenetic hub that integrates nutrition, development, and viral susceptibility, and highlight the larval stage as a strategic target for novel mosquito-control strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vial, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akorli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.29.696135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stage-resolved metabolomics reveals the methionine cycle as a key regulator of Aedes aegypti development and dengue virus susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.30.696949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Template-based RNA structure prediction advanced through a blind code competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.30.696949v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automatically predicting RNA 3D structure from sequence remains an unsolved challenge in biology and biotechnology. Here, we describe a Kaggle code competition engaging over 1700 teams and 43 previously unreleased structures to tackle this challenge. The top three submitted algorithms achieved scores within statistical error of the winners of the recent CASP16 competition. Unexpectedly, the top Kaggle strategy involved a pipeline for discovering 3D templates, without the use of deep learning. We integrated this template-modeling pipeline and other Kaggle strategies to develop a single model RNAPro that retrospectively outperformed individual Kaggle models on the same test set. These results suggest a growing importance of template-based modeling in RNA structure prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowerko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathkumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enrique Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshizawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuraishi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paullier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, T.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gezelle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirilli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolfs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steckelberg, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryshtafovyc</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.696949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Template-based RNA structure prediction advanced through a blind code competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.04.697558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From fibril to framework: P. abyssi AbpX illuminates a calcium-responsive family of microbial biomatrix proteins that form thermostable hydrogels 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.04.697558v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary pressure on microbial communities propagating under extreme environmental conditions often results in unique structural adaptations to promote cell survival. Here, we report an investigation of AbpX, a biomatrix protein identified in cultures of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrodictium abyssi. Under ex vivo and in vitro conditions, AbpX assembles into a para-crystalline lattice composed of semiflexible fibrils. CryoEM analysis of recombinant AbpX fibrils reveals that the precursor protein polymerizes through donor strand complementation (DSC), a process previously reported for chaperone-usher fimbriae in Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike the latter DSC protein polymers, AbpX undergoes chaperone-free polymerization in the presence of calcium ions, which are sequestered at the donor strand-acceptor groove interface between protomers in the fibril. Using a combination of cryoEM and crystallographic structural information, an atomic model is proposed for the AbpX lattice that provides insight into its potential role in biofilm formation. These findings suggest that calcium ion coordination triggers fibril assembly and pre-organizes the fibrils for incorporation into the protein lattice. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that AbpX exemplifies a distinct and broadly distributed clade of calcium ion responsive biomatrix proteins within the TasA superfamily that can be fabricated into hydrogel biomaterials in vitro under environmentally benign conditions.

SignificanceBiofilms provide a protective environment for microbes that enhances resilience against environmental stressors. Secreted protein filaments constitute a major structural component of these extracellular matrices, however limited information is available on the mechanism of biofilm formation and structure of the resultant protein assemblies. Here, we report a class of biomatrix proteins that are widely distributed in bacteria and archaea. We demonstrate that one such protein, P. abyssi AbpX, self-assembles into fibrils and subsequently into para-crystalline lattices in response to the presence of calcium ion. We describe a mechanistic model for the structural evolution of the fibrils into an ordered protein framework that mimics the lattice structure of the ex vivo assembly observed during cell culture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sleutel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogues, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socorro, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fislage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remaut, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conticello, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.04.697558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From fibril to framework: P. abyssi AbpX illuminates a calcium-responsive family of microbial biomatrix proteins that form thermostable hydrogels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Genome-Wide Genetic Screen Identifies a Novel kDNA Replication Protein in Trypanosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697628v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomatid parasites is organized into a topologically complex structure, named kinetoplast (kDNA). Replication, segregation and expression of kDNA involve an estimated [~]300 proteins, only a fraction of which have been identified and characterized. Here, we report the development of a genetic screen in Trypanosoma brucei to identify novel kDNA maintenance factors. Of the 20 highest-ranked genes identified, six are known kDNA maintenance factors. We selected one hit, Tb927.8.4240, a gene of previously unknown function, for experimental follow-up. Ultrastructure expansion microscopy using a tagged version of the protein reveals a dynamic localization during the cell cycle. RNAi-mediated ablation of Tb927.8.4240 results in the progressive but incomplete loss of kDNA, with only a minor effect on the tripartite attachment complex, suggesting the protein is involved in kDNA replication but not segregation. The growth phenotype of Tb927.8.4240 ablation is fully rescued in a kDNA-independent genetic background, confirming a specific role in kDNA replication.

In summary, we describe a functional genetic screen for the identification of kDNA maintenance factors in trypanosomes, validate one hit as a novel kDNA replication factor, and provide a prioritized hit list as a promising starting point for the future identification of additional factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miskinyte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetishi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalichava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterfall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochsenreiter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnaufer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Genome-Wide Genetic Screen Identifies a Novel kDNA Replication Protein in Trypanosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-Resolved Analysis of the Cell Wall Proteome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c During Batch Fermentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697623v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The yeast cell wall is a highly dynamic and multifunctional structure that is essential for maintaining cellular integrity, protecting against environmental stresses, and enabling adhesion, signaling, and interactions with the surrounding environment. Its chemical composition and organization are strongly influenced by external factors such as temperature, pH, nutrient availability and their delivery mode. In batch culture systems, yeast cells grow in a closed environment with limited nutrients, leading to well-defined growth phases that reflect major metabolic transitions. While global proteomic changes during these phases have been described, the temporal regulation of cell wall protein (CWP) expression remains insufficiently characterized.

In this study, the temporal remodeling of the cell wall proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c was examined during batch cultivation in rich medium over 24 hours. A classical proteomics workflow was applied to analyze CWPs from samples collected at multiple time points over the cultivation period. The analysis revealed substantial qualitative and quantitative changes in CWPs expression linked to metabolic shifts between growth phases. Proteins involved in cell wall remodeling and glycoprotein biosynthesis were particularly enriched at the initial sampling point (b-T0h), corresponding to the transition from flask cultivation to bioreactor conditions, and overall CWP abundance was highest during this early growth stage.

Time-resolved quantitative, transcription factor, and functional enrichment analyses revealed coordinated regulation of cell wall adaptation. Stationary-phase specific protein markers linked to glucose depletion were identified, offering insight into nutrient-limited remodeling. Comparisons with previous studies showed variability driven by strain differences, culture conditions, and methodological approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yammine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picavet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poilpre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flament, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouly, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolando, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-Resolved Analysis of the Cell Wall Proteome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c During Batch Fermentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding E. coli's Gut Survival Strategies: A CRISPRi Approach Across Diets, Inflammatory Environment and Strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697630v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Escherichia coli, a ubiquitous member of the mammalian gut microbiota, exhibits remarkable genetic diversity underpinning its commensal or pathogenic lifestyles. Deciphering the precise genetic determinants enabling E. colis adaptation within the complex and dynamic intestinal environment is critical for understanding host-microbe symbiosis and enteric disease pathogenesis. Here, we establish an in vivo CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) platform that leverages bacterial gene fitness profiles as a high-resolution functional reporter to define the molecular niche and selective forces encountered by E. coli within mice harboring a defined minimal microbial community (OligoMM12). Our investigation revealed that dietary regimens profoundly reshape E. colis metabolic landscape and that the profile of essential genes help identify cross-feeding interactions. Comparative screens across a laboratory strain (MG1655), a Uropathogenic, and Adherent-Invasive E. coli (AIEC), identify distinct genetic requirements for intestinal colonization, highlighting divergent motility, stress response, and respiration strategies. In a host inflammatory environment, we find that the AIEC strain LF82 alters its colonization pattern, shifting towards the small intestine, and adapts to the inflammatory environment by remodeling its metabolism and stress responses. Notably, we uncover a critical role for mobile genetic elements, with the observation that inflammation triggers the induction of the Gally prophage which is beneficial for fitness in the healthy gut but becomes detrimental during inflammation. These findings provide a high-resolution genetic atlas of E. colis functional adaptation and demonstrate the utility of functional genomics to probe the gut environment itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkacz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chassaing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokol, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolhion, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding E. coli's Gut Survival Strategies: A CRISPRi Approach Across Diets, Inflammatory Environment and Strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Teddy: neural inference of epidemiological parameters from viral sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697728v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating how fast infections spread or how long they last is essential to control outbreaks. Phylodynamics methods enable the inference of key epidemiological pa-rameters from viral genomic data but remain limited in terms of biological realism and speed because they need to derive and compute likelihoods. We address this is-sue using simulation-based inference and introduce a deep learning-based framework directly trained on alignments of viral genetic sequences. Our neural posterior estima-tion matches the accuracy of leading Bayesian likelihood-based methods while running a thousand times faster and avoiding a phylogeny reconstruction step. This perfor-mance can be harnessed to analyze large datasets and opens new perspectives to tackle biologically realistic models in terms of pathogen life histories or genomic evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blassel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesterenko, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHUKOVA, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alizon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Teddy: neural inference of epidemiological parameters from viral sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.06.697867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Home is where the host is: Evolutionary history of geographic spread, host switching, and adaptive genomic signatures in two generalist Group B Streptococcus clonal groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.06.697867v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a pathogen of global relevance in neonatal and maternal disease as well as bovine mastitis. Two closely related clonal groups, denoted 103 and 314 (CG103/314) have been detected in humans and cattle on multiple continents in recent decades but are poorly characterised compared to other host-generalist clades. We examined their potential origins, host-switching events and presence of a suite of genetic markers for antimicrobial resistance, virulence and host association using a newly assembled dataset of 248 CG103/314 genomes from humans, cattle, and food originating from five continents. We detected multiple host switches between humans and cattle, and significant regional differences in AMR gene distribution, possibly reflecting local differences in antimicrobial use across countries and hosts and indicating a capacity for regional adaptation to selective pressures. Across the evolutionary history of CG103/314 from both host species, the prevalence of the Lac.2 operon, a genetic marker associated with bovine host adaptation, was high, whereas the prevalence of the scpB-lmb gene pair, a genetic marker of human host adaptation in other GBS clonal groups, was very low. All isolates with scpB-lmb were associated with human disease rather than carriage. Our dataset displayed biases typical of research into multi-host pathogens, when sampling is often focused on a specific host species or setting. Consistent, balanced, contemporaneous and sympatric sampling efforts across host species and sources are needed for a full understanding of the distribution and emergence of CG103/314 and similar multi-host pathogens impacting food safety and public health.

Impact statementThis study provides a comprehensive, global genomic overview of generalist clonal groups 103/314 of the human and animal pathogen Group B Streptococcus (GBS). By analysing host switching, antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated markers, we show that these clonal groups display adaptation patterns shaped by region- and host-specific selective pressures. Our findings include potential expansion of the host range from humans and cattle into porcupines and pigs, and provides detailed discussion around anthropocentric sampling bias, highlighting the importance of balanced, multi-host sampling of generalist GBS lineages and One Health pathogens in general. This work reinforces the need for coordinated One Health surveillance to monitor emerging sub-lineages with relevance for food safety, human and animal health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hilbig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crestani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobo-Angel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos-Marquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirimanapong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin-Nordin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro Abreu Pinto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade de Oliveira, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbarino, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lembo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lycett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadoks, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Home is where the host is: Evolutionary history of geographic spread, host switching, and adaptive genomic signatures in two generalist Group B Streptococcus clonal groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.06.697763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep behavioral phenotyping of pathogen infected mosquitoes reveals species-specific behavior changes enhancing transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.06.697763v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquito-borne pathogens are often proposed to alter mosquito behavior to enhance transmission, yet the prevalence, magnitude, and consequences of such effects remain unclear. Using custom high- throughput behavioral assays and deep-learning analysis, we quantified the blood-feeding behavior of more than 5,000 mosquitoes, and long-term activity patterns of more than 1,000 mosquitoes across six clinically relevant mosquito-pathogen combinations. Infection effects were highly species-specific. Anopheles stephensi infected with an African Plasmodium falciparum strain showed elevated flight activity throughout infection, an increased tendency to blood-feed upon host contact, and prolonged feeding times. In contrast, infection with an Asian P. falciparum strain or P. vivax had little impact on An. stephensi behavior. We detected no behavioral changes associated with P. falciparum infection in Anopheles gambiae s.s. or Anopheles coluzzii. Interestingly, dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti increased landing, probing, and engorgement rates. Together, these results demonstrate that infection-induced behavioral change is not a general phenomenon among mosquito-borne pathogens, yet differs markedly per mosquito and pathogen species. A transmission model parameterized with our data showed that even modest behavioral shifts can substantially increase transmission, underscoring the potential epidemiological importance of subtle phenotypic shifts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maire, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyuzhnyy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Gemert, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordmueller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousema, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LAMBRECHTS, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hol, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep behavioral phenotyping of pathogen infected mosquitoes reveals species-specific behavior changes enhancing transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.06.697901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LORA: a polymorphic multi-sample LOng Read Assembly pipeline. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.06.697901v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome assembly from long-read sequencing data has become a standard approach for resolving complex genomic regions and producing high-contiguity assemblies. However, the diversity of available assemblers, their varying performance across species, and the need for reproducible workflows present ongoing challenges.

We developed LORA, an easy-to-use and reproducible application for assembling genomes from long-read data. LORA integrates several well-established assemblers, including Canu, HiFiasm, Flye, and Unicycler, as well as more recent tools such as Necat and Pecat. It is implemented as a Snakemake pipeline to parallelize tasks and support seamless execution on both local machines and computing clusters.

LORA includes multiple quality assessment steps, interactive HTML reports for interpretation, BLAST-based taxonomic identification, and completeness evaluation. Together, these features provide users with a comprehensive view of assembly quality and potential problematic.

We illustrate the capabilities of LORA using datasets from bacterial genomes and unicellular eukaryotes, sequenced with both PacBio and Oxford Nanopore technologies, highlighting typical outcomes and common pitfalls encountered during long-read assemblies. LORA is distributed as part of the Sequana project, an open-source framework designed for reproducibility, maintainability, and straightforward deployment across computing environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desvillechabrol, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouazahrou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipoli da Fonseca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cokelaer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LORA: a polymorphic multi-sample LOng Read Assembly pipeline.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.09.698551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ST8SIA4-mediated polysialylation is critical for CCR2-driven monocyte egress from the bone marrow 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.09.698551v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polysialylation is a rare post-translational protein modification essential for brain development and synaptic plasticity, where it fine-tunes cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions to direct neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Although polysialic acid is also expressed on circulating leukocytes, its functions in the immune system remain largely unexplored. Guided by analysis of publicly available human genomic data showing that naturally occurring variants of ST8SIA4, which encodes one of the two enzymes that mediate polysialylation, associate with reduced circulating monocyte counts, we investigated the in vivo role of this enzyme in monocyte biology. Using St8sia4-deficient mice, we show that ST8SIA4-dependent polysialylation is essential for CCR2-mediated egress of inflammatory monocytes from the bone marrow at steady state and during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We confirm NCAM1 as the principal polysialylated protein in inflammatory monocytes and demonstrate that Ncam1-deficient mice phenocopy the monocyte defects observed in St8sia4-deficient animals. Mechanistically, loss of ST8SIA4-dependent polysialylation impairs engagement and internalization of the CCR2 ligands CCL2 and CCL7, accompanied by disrupted CCR2 surface organization and extensive cytoskeletal remodeling. Together, these findings identify polysialylation as a previously unrecognized regulator of CCR2 function and monocyte mobilization, with broad implications for immune surveillance and inflammatory responses.

Highlights- Human ST8SIA4 variants are associated with reduced blood monocyte and lymphocyte counts and increased risk of SLE.
- St8sia4-/- mice exhibit monocytopenia with impaired CCR2-mediated egress of inflammatory monocytes from the bone marrow both at steady state and during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
- ST8SIA4 polysialylates NCAM1 (CD56) in inflammatory monocytes, and Ncam1-/-
- mice phenocopy the monocytopenia observed in St8sia4-/- mice.
- Loss of ST8SIA4 and polysialylation impairs CCR2-mediated binding and endocytosis of CCL2 and CCL7 by monocytes.
- Polysialic acid itself does not function as a co-receptor for these chemokines, revealing a new paradigm for its role in immune cell trafficking.
- Proper CCR2 surface distribution and function, as well as cytoskeletal organization in inflammatory monocytes, depend on ST8SIA4-mediated polysialylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyance, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilles, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotival, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorlt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaoui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangeat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiltz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lortat-Jacob, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Münster-Kühnel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez de Peredo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudrisier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyrolles, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rombouts, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ST8SIA4-mediated polysialylation is critical for CCR2-driven monocyte egress from the bone marrow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.11.698932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial targeting of host paraspeckles uncovers a new SFPQ-based regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.11.698932v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear functions are key in protecting cells against infections, yet intracellular pathogens like Legionella pneumophila can exploit these mechanisms to survive. We characterized a L. pneumophila protein, LpDot1, which shares sequence similarity with the eukaryotic catalytic domain of the histone methyltransferase DOT1. Structure determination, together with biochemical and biophysical analyses, revealed that LpDot1 methylates non-histone nuclear proteins, notably the splicing factor proline-glutamine rich protein (SFPQ). Importantly, LpDot1 targets the previously uncharacterized K518, located on an important structural motif of SFPQ, therefore impairing its dimerization in vitro. During infection, L. pneumophila modulates SFPQ abundance and activities in a LpDot1-dependent manner, thereby hijacking paraspeckle organization and the host cell splicing machinery, leading to alternative splice variants of infection related genes such as NF-kB2 and CD45. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bacterial effector directly modifying paraspeckle dynamics, providing new insight into previously uncharacterized eukaryotic regulatory pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>NICCHI, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusniok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giai Gianetto, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Rizza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrieux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martyn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschiazzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolando, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.11.698932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial targeting of host paraspeckles uncovers a new SFPQ-based regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.699239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Islands as minimal hitchers of conjugative elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.699239v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial chromosomes contain Genomic Islands carrying genes involved in virulence, mutualism, and resistance to antibiotics that are transferred horizontally. Some of them conjugate autonomously (Integrative Conjugative Elements, ICEs), while others use relaxases to hitch on the formers conjugation machinery (Integrative Mobilizable Elements, IMEs). Yet, the mobility mechanism of most Genomic Islands remains elusive. Here, we explore the hypothesis that many carry origins of transfer (oriTs) by conjugation. Since very few known oriTs were found in ICEs and IMEs, we identified 52 novel families of oriTs that cover most integrative elements in 6 major nosocomial species. Most of these oriTs are specific to integrative elements, suggesting a clear split in the targets of hitchers of conjugative elements between plasmids and integrative elements. Among 7,363 Genomic Islands, we discovered more than 1,500 IMEs carrying an oriT and lacking relaxases and MPF systems. These elements, coined iOriTs, form diverse large ancient families that can be found in different species. These hitchers are genetically unrelated to the putative helpers, beyond the similarity at the oriT sequence, and often outnumber them. They include well-known pathogenicity islands, for which the mechanisms of mobility remained unknown. Unlike plasmids, iOriTs have few antibiotic resistance genes, but high density of virulence factors. Like plasmids, the vicinity of oriTs concentrates defense and counter-defense systems potentially favoring Genomic Islands dissemination. Hence, iOriTs are frequent integrative mobile genetic elements that evolved to transfer horizontally by hitching on other elements while contributing to bacterial genetic adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ares-Arroyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Islands as minimal hitchers of conjugative elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.698397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphological transformation in Helicobacter pylori is a dynamic process leading to two types of coccoid 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.698397v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The helical shape of Helicobacter pylori is crucial for successful colonization of the human stomach. However, this pathogen can shapeshift into another form termed the "coccoid form" with a spherical shape, through a mechanism that remains elusive. Here, by a combination of fluorescence microscopy using fluorescent D-aminoacids, cryoelectron and atom force microscopy, we explored the dynamics of coccoid formation in H. pylori through interrogation of the peptidoglycan layer. Contrary to the widely held hypothesis, we showed that helical-rod H. pylori transformed into a coccoid without transiting through a U-form. We show that U-forms, characterized by a U-shaped peptidoglycan with enlarged periplasmic space, altered genetic material, and red autofluorescence, are the output of a parallel pathway, which, unlike the coccoid pathway, is independent of the HdpA/Csd3 peptidoglycan endopeptidase. Coccoid formation occurred along a rigid timeline, by bulging of the cytoplasmic membrane through a peptidoglycan crack, resulting in a spheroplast-like structure with the peptidoglycan stacked into a thick layer near the original cell poles. Resistance of that structure against lysis likely involves a switch in metabolic profile reminiscent of bacteria in dormancy, with a notable accumulation of lysophospholipids, demonstrated in this work. Altogether, the ultrastructure and properties of H. pylori coccoids evidenced here are compatible with a role of this form in relapse after antibiotic treatment.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUpon prolonged growth, stomach pathogen Helicobacter pylori undergoes a morphological change from a helical to a spherical form called coccoid, which may be involved in bacterial persistence and immune evasion. The pathway leading to this form, as well as its precise architecture, were unclear. In this work, we show by different microscopy techniques that the transition to coccoid does not involve a U-shaped intermediate as proposed before, but is triggered by progressive thinning, due to the activity of endopeptidase HdpA/Csd3, of the peptidoglycan meshwork that normally protects the cell, eventually leading to rupture. Because of the hole thus created, peptidoglycan can no longer contain the osmotic pressure in the cytoplasm, which leaks out within a membrane bulge, to eventually give rise to a kind of sphaeroplast, expected to be insensitive to cell wall-targeted antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adedeji-Olulana, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O. E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danot, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharat, T. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomperts Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.698397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphological transformation in Helicobacter pylori is a dynamic process leading to two types of coccoid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.699211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SENOMORPHIC EFFECT OF GENETIC AND CHEMICAL PARTIAL REPROGRAMMING 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.699211v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Partial reprogramming has emerged as a promising strategy to ameliorate aging phenotypes, yet its cellular targets and mechanisms remain poorly defined. Cellular senescence is a central hallmark of aging and a plausible mediator of reprogramming-induced rejuvenation. Here we show that genetic and chemical partial reprogramming act directly on senescent cells without restoring proliferative capacity. OSKM expression or a reduced two-compound regimen, tranylcypromine and RepSox (2c), attenuates senescence-associated secretory activity, restores mitochondrial homeostasis and apoptotic priming, and improves functional and inflammatory parameters in aged mice, establishing senomorphic, identity-preserving reprogramming as a potentially safer aging intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunez-Quintela, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantrel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prados, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedrosa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorandi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Failde-Fiestras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Perez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miralles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Silva-Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobato-Busto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Barcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chondronasiou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrocola, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovatcheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Duran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SENOMORPHIC EFFECT OF GENETIC AND CHEMICAL PARTIAL REPROGRAMMING]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.699195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial organization of mAbs in complex with the virus glycoprotein determines the success of intravenous rabies therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.699195v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rabies is a complex disease that has defied efforts to develop an effective treatment. Although it can be successfully prevented through vector control or pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis, no therapeutic options exist for symptomatic rabies, and the disease is still responsible for about 59 000 human deaths each year. Following our successful attempts to use the human monoclonal antibodies RVC20 and RVC58 for intracerebroventricular treatment of rabies, we report here on the effects of these mAbs when administered intravenously to symptomatic rabid mice. Only a small proportion of mAbs was detected to cross the blood-brain barrier, yet this limited amount sufficiently cleared the viral infection and was enough to cure the infected animals. Remarkably, these mAbs were more effective at preventing rabies-related death when used individually rather than when used as a cocktail. RVC58 achieved an 80% survival rate, likely due to its distinct binding topography, potent viral neutralization, and enhanced Fc{gamma}R engagement in the presence of virions. The significance of this work is that the use of a single mAb could substantially lower the costs and improve treatment accessibility in under-resourced settings, potentially contributing to improved equity of global health. These findings establish intravenous mAb therapy as a promising therapeutic approach for symptomatic rabies and provide a foundation for clinical development of an accessible treatment option.

HighlightsO_LIIntravenous injected RVC58 clears rabies virus from infected brains in vivo
C_LIO_LIRVC58 modulates immune response and restore clinical health in rabid mice
C_LIO_LITherapeutical effects of RVC58 relies on mAb binding topography, viral neutralization, and Fc{gamma}R engagement
C_LIO_LIRVC58 is a breakthrough for treating human clinical rabies
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrous, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergoat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lannoy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiago, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benigni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourhy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Melo, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial organization of mAbs in complex with the virus glycoprotein determines the success of intravenous rabies therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pangenome graph augmentation from unassembled long reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637057v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pangenomes are becoming increasingly popular data structures for genomics analyses due to their ability to compactly represent the genetic diversity within populations. Constructing a pangenome graph, however, is still a time-consuming and expensive process. A promising approach for pangenome construction consists of progressively augmenting a pangenome graph with additional high-quality assemblies. Currently, there is no method for augmenting a pangenome graph with unassembled reads from newly sequenced samples without first aligning the reads to a reference genome and performing variant calling and genotyping on the new individuals.

In this work, we present the first assembly-free and mapping-free approach for augmenting an existing pangenome graph using unassembled long reads from an individual not already present in the pangenome. Our approach consists of finding sample specific sequences in reads using efficient indexes, clustering reads corresponding to the same novel variant(s), and then building a consensus sequence to be added to the pangenome graph for each variant separately.

Using simulated reads based on Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC) assemblies, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for progressively augmenting the pangenome with long reads, without the need for de novo assembly or predicting genetic variants of the new sample. The software is freely available at https://github.com/ldenti/palss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonizzoni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brejova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krannich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pangenome graph augmentation from unassembled long reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.14.699513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigenic landscape of rabies and related lyssaviruses revealed by cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.14.699513v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rabies continues to kill over 60,000 people per year despite life-saving vaccines and post-exposure treatments, and costs billions of dollars in prevention and treatment. Preventing rabies deaths and reducing the global economic burden of the virus will require both developing a monoclonal antibody cocktail to replace human serum in treatment and improving rabies vaccines to elicit long-lasting protection. Here, we solve nine cryo-EM structures of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in complex with the rabies virus surface glycoprotein (RABV-G). The nine structures span three known antigenic sites plus two new antigenic sites, not previously mapped. We further find that these two new sites are the targets of antibodies with the desired broad neutralization of rabies as well as other emerging lyssaviruses. Across the mAb panel, fusion inhibition and binding affinity correlate best with neutralization. Together, these results provide a roadmap for structure-guided vaccine and therapeutic antibody design for rabies and related lyssaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Callaway, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zyla, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkins, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothalawalage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarasinghe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhry, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dessain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigenic landscape of rabies and related lyssaviruses revealed by cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.21.649811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulated Outlier Chromosomes Drive Metabolic and Evolutionary Innovation in Minimal Eukaryotic Algae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.21.649811v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine picoeukaryotes of the order Mamiellales, including Ostreococcus tauri, the smallest known free-living eukaryote, possess compact genomes yet maintain enigmatic "outlier chromosomes" characterised by lower GC content and hypervariability. To determine the structural and functional nature of these regions, we applied chromosome conformation capture to O. tauri and conducted comparative multi-omics analyses across the Mamiellales order, presenting the first analysis of three-dimensional genome organisation in marine picoeukaryotes. We reveal that outlier regions form structures resembling topologically associating domains, with sharp boundaries that spatially insulate them from the standard chromosomes. These compartments are defined by a distinctive chromatin state characterised by hypomethylation and transcriptional hyperactivity, and are frequently, though not universally, enriched in transposable elements. Crucially, species that lack transposable element enrichment in their outlier chromosomes nonetheless retain the transcriptional hyperactivity and distinct nucleotide composition of these regions, indicating that the functional identity of these compartments persists independently of transposon accumulation. The dynamic nature of these insulated domains is highlighted by the presence of structurally diverse giant polyketide synthase loci. We identify convergent genomic organisation in other chlorophytes, as well as phylogenetically distant stramenopiles. Our results suggest that such compartmentalisation of rapidly evolving, dynamic genomic regions represents a fundamental architectural principle of minimal eukaryotic genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valiadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe-Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankrett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnoff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulated Outlier Chromosomes Drive Metabolic and Evolutionary Innovation in Minimal Eukaryotic Algae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.699681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The FANCM-RMI1/2 complex promotes genomic instability and PARP inhibitor sensitivity in BRCA2-deficicient cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.699681v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells lacking BRCA1 or BRCA2 must adapt to survive and proliferate despite defective DNA repair and high genomic instability. Restoration of homologous recombination (HR) through loss of DNA end protection rescues growth defects and promotes PARP inhibitor (PARPi) resistance in BRCA1-deficient cells; however, the genetic basis of adaptation to BRCA2 loss remains largely unexplored. To delineate BRCA1- and BRCA2-specific adaptation trajectories, we established a fully isogenic screening platform in mouse embryonic stem cells engineered for acute depletion of either protein. This approach uncovered hundreds of genes with shared, distinct, or even opposing effects between the two BRCA-deficiency states. We identified FANCM and its interacting partners RMI1/2, CENPS/MHF1, CENPX/MHF2, and FAAP24 as essential in BRCA1-deficient cells but toxic in BRCA2-deficient contexts. Loss of FANCM in BRCA2-deficient cells alleviated genomic instability and proliferation defects by preventing RMI1/2-dependent replication fork degradation, without rescuing HR. Moreover, we show that the FANCM-RMI1/2 complex drives PARPi sensitivity in both mouse and human BRCA2-deficient cells, in contrast to the 53BP1-SHLD-CST axis in BRCA1-deficient cells. These findings reveal distinct adaptation routes to BRCA1 and BRCA2 loss and establish FANCM as a determinant of BRCA2-specific vulnerability and therapeutic response, with direct implications for tailoring prevention and therapy according to BRCA mutation status.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dossin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brough, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margueron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deriano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The FANCM-RMI1/2 complex promotes genomic instability and PARP inhibitor sensitivity in BRCA2-deficicient cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.699651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taxonomic-free metagenome GWAS to identify gut microbiome functions influencing host phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.699651v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been pivotal for uncovering the genetics of human phenotypes, and there is now growing interest in applying GWAS-like methods to explore the role of the microbiome in human health. Here, we developed a taxonomy free GWAS approach that uses k-mers, i.e. DNA words of length k that can capture single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertion or deletion events, and gene presence-absence, to interrogate the gut microbiome. We applied this method to 26 traits spanning demographics, physiological measurements, health, and lifestyle in 938 healthy participants from the Milieu Interieur cohort. We generated a k-mer abundance matrix encompassing 97 million distinct k-mers. GWAS of the 26 traits identified significant associations for seven of them: age, sex, depression, appetite, cooked meat consumption, soda intake, and smoking. By modeling the correlation structure among k-mers, we identified a modest number of independent signals and conducted a comprehensive in silico functional annotation of these signals, revealing potential mechanisms of host-microbiota interaction. Overall, our analyses demonstrate that k-mers can capture biologically relevant functions shared across multiple taxa and provide a refined modeling framework that complements the standard taxonomic-based screening approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frouin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henches, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auvergne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boetto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milieu Interieur Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokol, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taxonomic-free metagenome GWAS to identify gut microbiome functions influencing host phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.06.579203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YraN is a helicase-associated nuclease fostering extended recombination events by natural transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.06.579203v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural transformation is a widespread mechanism driving genetic exchanges in bacteria. It proceeds by the capture and internalization of exogenous DNA in linear single strands, ultimately integrated in the genome by homologous recombination. It is unknown how the RecA-directed D-loop intermediate of this dedicated recombination pathway is processed. We report that resolution of the transformation D-loop depends on two endonucleases of opposing phylogenetic distribution in bacteria. One is YraN, which has co-evolved and interacts with the ComM helicase, known to extend DNA recombination at the transformation D-loop. The other is CoiA, which is restricted to the Bacillota. CoiA is shown to be a resolvase of the transformation D-loop, extended by the RadA helicase in these species. We demonstrate that both YraN and CoiA act synergistically with their cognate helicases. These findings reveal that bacteria have evolved two helicase/nuclease pairs for the maturation and recombination extension of the transformation D-loop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plantade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzamurro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charpentier, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.579203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YraN is a helicase-associated nuclease fostering extended recombination events by natural transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.16.699903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-quality proteins and RNAs extracted from exact same samples for proteomics and RNA-Seq analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.16.699903v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Back to the 1990 the single step method developed by Chomczynski and Sacchi for RNA isolation was extended for sequential isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins from a same sample. Although the quality of the extracted RNA turned compatible with RNA-Seq analyses, the extraction of the protein fraction from the same sample was time-consuming and resulting in low yield and quality of proteins not compatible with LC-MS proteomic analyses. Here we report a novel procedure by isolating in parallel the protein fraction and the RNA fraction from the same exact minute mosquito samples. We provide evidence that each cognate fractions are compatible with LC-MS proteomic analysis on the one hand and RNA-Seq analysis on the other hand. This protocol is simple, time efficient and adequate for studies involving limited sample size and could be applied easily to a broad range of animal and human samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fatou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douche, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puchot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgouin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-quality proteins and RNAs extracted from exact same samples for proteomics and RNA-Seq analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.19.700265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic analysis of enteroviruses from non-human primates reveals two new species within the genus Enterovirus and inter-species recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.19.700265v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To date, 15 species have been described within the genus Enterovirus. Previous studies suggested the existence of another species comprising strains isolated from the stool specimens of non-human primates (NHPs) in Central Africa. Moreover, numerous full-length or partial genomic sequences of NHP enteroviruses (EVs) can be found in GenBank without being properly classified. To our knowledge, no comprehensive synthesis of NHP EV data exists, leaving genetic relationships between strains across independent studies unclear. To address these gaps, we sequenced the complete genome of four NHP EVs from our stool collection and conducted an extensive search of NHP EV sequences in GenBank to perform a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. Our analyses revealed two new species tentatively named Enterovirus mbel and Enterovirus noa, which contain at least 6 and 2 virus types, respectively. We also identified new virus types within the known species EV-J.

Phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest interspecies recombination events between NHP EVs in the non-structural region of the genome, challenging the long-held view that recombination is confined within narrowly defined subsets of EVs belonging to the same species. We also performed the first comprehensive comparative analysis of full length human and NHP EV genomes, focusing on GC content, dinucleotide frequencies and codon-usage bias. GC content emerged as the most robust host-associated marker: all NHP-associated virus types within species E. alphacoxsackie and E. betacoxsackie displayed GC % below 47 %, whereas human-derived virus types exhibited GC % above 47 %. Dinucleotide frequency, Effective Number of Codons (ENC) and Relative Synonymous Codon Usage highlighted distinct codon-bias clusters that mirror the phylogenetic relationships between EVs but only partially correlate with their respective hosts of origin.

This work enhances our understanding of EVs circulating in NHPs and paves the way for future research aiming at understanding the mechanisms underlying host-adaptation among EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aube, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz de Casa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baidaliuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endegue Zanga, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Loriere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouvenet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadeuh-Mba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessaud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic analysis of enteroviruses from non-human primates reveals two new species within the genus Enterovirus and inter-species recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dynamics of β-lactam-resistant E. coli in young diseased calves in Wallonia, Belgium 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700780v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calves are one of the most common carriers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among farm animals. However, the impact of antibiotic usage on resistance mechanisms, transmission routes between farms, and the transmission of resistant bacteria to humans remain largely unknown. Here we analyzed the population of {beta}-lactam resistant E. coli isolated over five calving seasons on 444 farms scattered throughout Wallonia, Belgium. Restrictions on critical antibiotics usage led to a reduction of resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins but has no impact on population structure and {beta}-lactamase genes indicating a resilient population. The correlation between short genetic distances and geographic proximity suggests indirect transmission between farms by fomites with differences between regions east and west of the river Meuse. Phylogenetic analysis of calf isolates with isolates from public databases indicates transitions from bovine to human adaptation. These findings provide new means to further model the spread of E. coli in livestock farming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabanel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, G. M. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainil, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duprez, J.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dynamics of β-lactam-resistant E. coli in young diseased calves in Wallonia, Belgium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell spatially resolved transcriptomic characterization of the developing mouse cochlea 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700589v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cochlea, the sensory organ of hearing, functions as a frequency analyzer, analogous to a musical instrument. During development, while the medio-lateral axis supports differentiation of sensory cells and their surrounding supporting cells, the longitudinal axis underlies frequency-dependent properties of the cochlea. The combination of these two gene expression gradients defines unique physiological attributes of each cell intimately linked to its position within the cochlea. To determine which cochlear cell-types have a transcriptomic signature sensitive to these two gradients and identify the underlying gene regulatory networks, we took advantage of the advent of spatial single cell transcriptomics methodologies. We therefore generated a spatial transcriptomic atlas reaching single cell resolution based on the Visium HD technique, a sequencing-based technology that employ arrays of spatially barcoded probes to capture RNA molecules unbiasedly from histological tissue sections. Spatial transcriptional changes during embryonic stages, E14 and E16, as well as during postnatal development, P1 and P8, were investigated. Based on this dataset, not only cell-type assignment in single cell RNA-seq experiments could be validated, but the classification for some cell-types could be refined. Gradients of gene expression along the medio-lateral and longitudinal axes in multiple cell-types together with their temporal dynamics across development were also uncovered. Altogether, this atlas paves the way for deciphering gene regulatory networks controlling gene expression as a function of position in the cochlear cell types, providing a valuable resource for the design of efficient, robust and safe gene therapy strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jean, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaussier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh-Estivalet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trebeau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrio Cano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong Jun Tai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megharba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loulizi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes-Cabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etournay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell spatially resolved transcriptomic characterization of the developing mouse cochlea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.695950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An elementary model of homeostasis and immunity that generates symbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.695950v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune system was historically defined as a system that provides protection from pathogens. Numerous models have been developed to understand how immunity faces a complex world of microbes that includes pathogens and symbionts, as well as cells of our own self that may develop tumors. Based on the classical assumption that survival depends on internal homeostasis, we have developed a formal model of homeostasis for a host interacting with microbes and self. We propose that such a model must include two fundamental functions: a function that counters change (including tissue repair), and a function that counters the agent of change (such as "immunity" to microbes or self). We show that this elementary model is sufficient to generate symbiosis, and that symbiosis is an emergent property of the host-microbe relationship that does not require the microbe or the host to express "traits of symbiosis". We suggest that the conditions leading to symbiosis contribute to eukaryotic evolution and ontogeny. This model may be further applied to symbiotic interactions between organisms and non-microbial or non-cellular agents of change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eberl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.695950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An elementary model of homeostasis and immunity that generates symbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.20.700510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IMAGENE: Single-cell association of live cell imaging and gene expression profiles of non-adherent cells through photoactivatable adhesives 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.20.700510v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live cell imaging is uniquely placed to study cell behavior as it preserves spatial context and enables non-destructive observations over time. Integrating live cell imaging and molecular phenotypes with single-cell resolution is key to uncovering the relationship between the behavioral and morphological signatures of cells, and their molecular states. Non-adherent cells - as are most immune cells - however, present unique challenges in linking live cell imaging and fixed cell assays with single-cell resolution due to the difficulty of identifying individual cells across experimental modalities. To overcome this issue, we developed IMAGENE, an experimental and computational pipeline that leverages previously reported photoactivatable biocompatible adhesive material (PA-BAM) coatings for on-the-fly cell immobilization. We demonstrate the IMAGENE experimental and computational pipeline by generating a dataset of label-free time-lapse videos of primary human naive CD8+ T cells following 24 hours of polyclonal stimulation. Individual cells, including highly motile cells, can be matched to expression profiles of genes of interest obtained through KrakenFISH, a modified version of the previously reported autoFISH setup for automated, single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) experiments that supports sample parallelization. We use this data to train explainable machine learning models that predict expression levels of individual genes, with variable performance, from hand-crafted dynamic and spatial features obtained from live cell imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gariboldi, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturmach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umeda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamahira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Cirion, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IMAGENE: Single-cell association of live cell imaging and gene expression profiles of non-adherent cells through photoactivatable adhesives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.22.700529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global analysis of trimeric autotransporters reveals phylogenetically restricted secretion mechanism adaptations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.22.700529v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autotransporters are important diderm bacterial cell-surface proteins and are virulence factors enabling surface attachment and adhesion to other bacteria. These proteins are composed of a signal peptide, a {beta}-barrel that serves as an anchor in the outer membrane, and an extracellular passenger domain responsible for adhesion. Autotransporters rely on BamA for their insertion in the outer membrane (OM), but specific helper proteins, such as TpgA and SadB have been described to promote the surface exposure of trimeric autotransporters (TAAs), a specialized subclass of autotransporters forming homotrimer adhesins. To identify domains or proteins that could help TAAs secretion, we analyzed a recent dataset of all trimeric autotransporters found across the bacterial tree of life. While we did not find additional potential helper proteins for OM translocation, we found that the extended signal peptide (ESPR), sometimes found in TAAs, is associated with longer adhesins both for TAAs and type Va autotransporter adhesins. ESPRs are found in all bacteria but Fusobacteriia and Alphaproteobacteria. We also identified in Burkholderia, Veillonellales and Pasteurellales a DUF2827 domain proteins as potential glycosyltransferases constantly associated with TAAs. Finally, e describe the existence of extra periplasmic domains in some TAAs, featuring either a coiled-coil domain or a peptidoglycan-binding domain. Our research show that there is a strong phylogenetic separation between Terrabacteria, almost invariably displaying additional periplasmic domains, and Gracilicutes (represented by Proteobacteria) where they are largely absent. This suggests that the presence these domains might be correlated with specific Terrabacteria OM features. Using the diderm Firmicute Veillonella parvula as a model, we demonstrate that the absence of periplasmic domains in TAAs leads to a significant protein degradation, yet they are not essential for adhesin trimerization or secretion. Additionnaly, we show that the SLH domains of V. parvula TAAs excludes them from the septum during division, but that this exclusion is not crucial for adhesin function or stability in the tested conditions. Altogether, these results illuminate the genetic flexibility and modularity of autotransporters, enhancing our understanding of this important class of adhesins in diderm bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DORISON, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AUDRAIN, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamorro-Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GHIGO, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.700529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global analysis of trimeric autotransporters reveals phylogenetically restricted secretion mechanism adaptations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.20.700561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling multicellular coordination by bridging cell-cell communication and intracellular regulation through multilayer networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.20.700561v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multicellular organisms, cells with various roles and locations coordinate to provide systemic and cohesive response to perturbations. These complex behaviors emerge from a complex interplay between intracellular regulation and intercellular signals that mediate cell-cell communication. While single-cell technologies opened the possibility of studying both, most methods focus solely on one of these aspects. Thus, they are only able to partially recover in vivo and multicellular behaviors.

We here introduce ReCoN (REconstruction of multicellular COordination Networks from single-cell data), a framework combining intracellular gene regulation and cell-cell communication to provide insights into multicellular coordination from single-cell data. First, ReCoN infers from single-cell data a heterogeneous multilayer network containing both cell-type-specific intracellular subnetworks and ligand-receptor interactions. Through random walk with restart explorations, ReCoN then infers the response of each cell type to both intra- and extracellular perturbations, such as a gene knock-out or a cytokine, respectively.

ReCoN was evaluated on predicting the in vivo response of immune cell-types to different cytokines and on recovering cardiac cell-type response in heart failure. It highlighted the role of indirect effects, where cells emit secondary messengers in response to the initial perturbation to coordinate multicellular transcriptomic responses. Additionally, ReCoN predicted distinct fibroblast states emerging in different microenvironments reconstructed from spatial data. ReCoN provides an interpretable modeling framework for multicellular systems that allows for the simulation of perturbations, including the assessment of the cellular selectivity of these treatments in vivo. Ultimately, it can help design patient-specific molecular therapies.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=107 SRC="FIGDIR/small/700561v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (34K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7cdceforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18cfa3eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@812645org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f7bce5_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trimbour, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Flores, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling multicellular coordination by bridging cell-cell communication and intracellular regulation through multilayer networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.23.701251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anopheles resistance to deltamethrin can be caused by the increased abundance of an enteric Aeromonas taxon 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.23.701251v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enteric bacteriome of Anopheles mosquito vector has been linked with its vectorial competence, however, its influence on insecticide resistance is poorly understood. We found that the depletion of the bacterial microbiome in susceptible Anopheles strains, resulting from antibiotic treatment, led to greater than 50% insecticide deltamethrin tolerance compared to untreated mosquitoes. Simultaneous inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity reverted the antibiotic-induced tolerance phenotype, indicating that the antibiotic-induced deltamethrin tolerance is P450-dependent. We found that the antibiotic treatment, while suppressing most enteric bacterial taxa, allowed proliferation of a particular antibiotic-tolerant Aeromonas taxon, most closely related to Aeromonas hydrophila. Increasing the abundance of this taxon in mosquitoes not treated with antibiotics phenocopied the tolerance phenotype, converting deltamethrin-susceptible Anopheles to deltamethrin-tolerant mosquitoes. Collectively, these results highlight a mechanistic interplay in Anopheles mosquitoes between antibiotic-induced enteric dysbiosis and cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification that promotes insecticide tolerance. This effect could influence mosquito vectorial capacity, especially in Africa, where auto-medication with antibiotics is highly prevalent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nardini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakhia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czarnecki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito-Fravallo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geneve, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavridis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricaux, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vontas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Goff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anopheles resistance to deltamethrin can be caused by the increased abundance of an enteric Aeromonas taxon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.24.701491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism-Specific Speech Encoding Failures in Auditory Neuropathy: A Computational Phenotyping Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.24.701491v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorders (ANSD) are best characterized by distorted patterns of auditory nerve activity despite preserved spectral analysis of sound in the cochlea. They should clinically translate into impaired speech recognition despite normal auditory sensitivity. While distinct pathophysiological mechanisms affecting auditory-nerve activity have been identified in animal models, current clinical speech tests cannot distinguish among them. Our working hypothesis is that current speech audiometry yields aggregate recognition scores that average across phoneme categories, obscuring mechanism-specific patterns instead of pinpointing distinctive signatures. Using computational modeling of auditory nerve responses, we tested four mechanism types, demonstrating that mechanism-specific encoding disruptions cascade into speech recognition failures. Brief consonants showed severe disruption while sustained vowels were preserved, with category-specific patterns differing across mechanisms. Models trained on ANSD-degraded signals developed compensation strategies that generalized to healthy signals, while the reverse failed completely: strategies exploiting slow temporal structure (sustained formants) generalize, while those requiring millisecond-scale timing do not. Noise training that benefited healthy models harmed ANSD models, explaining real-world listening difficulties. Phoneme-specific confusion patterns enable mechanism identification from behavioral testing alone, providing the missing diagnostic infrastructure for targeted intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partouche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerenton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaultier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.24.701491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism-Specific Speech Encoding Failures in Auditory Neuropathy: A Computational Phenotyping Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.02.703089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Core-sheath coupling controls flagellar curvature and motility in Leptospira 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.02.703089v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spirochete pathogens are among the most invasive bacteria known, causing syphilis, Lyme disease, and leptospirosis. Their tissue penetration depends on periplasmic flagellar filaments that, unlike other bacterial flagella, are encased in a spirochete-specific multi-protein sheath and deform the cell body into motile waves. How these filaments achieve the mechanical properties needed for invasive motility has remained unclear. Here we determine complete atomic structures of the Leptospira endoflagellar filament, revealing an elaborate sheath of 9 to 12 distinct asymmetrically arranged proteins. We show that the flagellin variant forming the filament core determines sheath composition, producing curvatures ranging from [~]3.5 {micro}m-1 to [~]5 {micro}m-1. The lower-curvature architecture, employed by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans, proves essential for motility in viscous environments and during infection. Thus, Leptospira achieves environment-specific motility through modular core-sheath coupling, linking atomic-scale structural plasticity to large-scale changes in swimming behaviour. Conservation of key sheath components suggests this mechanism may extend across spirochetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>San Martin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fule, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrieux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunder, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamot-Rooke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trajtenberg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindelar, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschiazzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Core-sheath coupling controls flagellar curvature and motility in Leptospira]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.06.704368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated Optimization of Bacterial Tracking Pipelines with TrackMate 8 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.06.704368v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of bacterial dynamics in time-lapse microscopy requires robust tracking pipelines, yet selecting and optimizing algorithms for specific experiments remains challenging. Indeed, Microbiologists are confronted with numerous algorithms that must be carefully chosen and parameterized to achieve optimal tracking for their experiments. We present an automated methodology to determine optimal tracking configurations for microbiological applications. It is based on TrackMate 8, a novel version of the TrackMate Fiji plugin extended with microbiology-specific tools. Our approach systematically evaluates algorithm-parameter combinations optimizing biologically relevant metrics (e.g., cell-cycle accuracy, bacteria morphology) and includes: (1) integration of deep-learning algorithms (Omnipose, YOLO, Trackastra) adequate for bacteria images in TrackMate, (2) a TrackMate-Helper extension for parameter optimization, and (3) a tracking and segmentation editor for tracking ground-truth generation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology on two use cases showing its adaptability to diverse experimental conditions. This methodology enables microbiologists with a widely applicable, automated framework to optimize tracking pipelines, facilitating quantitative analysis in bacterial imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anselmet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Cartin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokorny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallusser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehenkel, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomperts-Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumenil, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated Optimization of Bacterial Tracking Pipelines with TrackMate 8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.06.704039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AncientMetagenomeDir dating metadataset highlights need for standardised radiocarbon reporting in ancient DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.06.704039v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient DNA is a valuable data source for the understanding of our past. However, to effectively interpret this data, it is essential to know the age of the samples from which the DNA is obtained. Although the field of palaeogenomics has been recognised for its robust open data sharing practices, dating information associated with analysed samples is not reported consistently across palaeogenomic studies, nor is it included as metadata in most genetic data repositories. Here, we describe the addition of standardised precise dating information for ancient microbial genomes into the AncientMetagenomeDir metadata repository of published ancient metagenomic samples. This extension currently includes dating information for over 700 ancient microbial genomic datasets, of which 333 are dated using historical, contextual, or stratigraphic methods, and 405 are radiocarbon dated. We quantitatively assess the quality of radiocarbon date reporting and find that, despite established reporting conventions, radiocarbon dating information is often reported inconsistently across ancient metagenomic studies. This new resource provides ancient microbial researchers with standardised dating information that facilitates more accurate and consistent analysis of metagenomic sequencing data. The dataset also highlights the need for greater standardisation of radiocarbon date reporting in original publications in order to allow effective reuse of this and future ancient microbial data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hearne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurite, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hübner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonucci, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartholdy, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozwalak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becerra-Valdivia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brativnyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagtas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Dios, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller-Caskie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light-Maka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopopolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunes Yamunaque, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özdogan, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pochon, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce-Soto, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psonis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richtermeier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, C. N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velsko, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warinner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zampirolo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AncientMetagenomeDir dating metadataset highlights need for standardised radiocarbon reporting in ancient DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.09.704919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multiplex Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Chromosome Copy Number Determination in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.09.704919v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome copy number variation (CNV) is a major contributor to genome plasticity and adaptation in Candida albicans, a leading fungal pathogen of humans. Aneuploidy, defined as deviations from the normal diploid chromosome set, rapidly alters gene dosage, enabling tolerance to host-imposed and antifungal stress. Accurate detection and quantification of chromosomal copy number changes are thus essential to dissect the mechanisms by which C. albicans adapts and evolves. Here, we describe the development, optimization, and validation of a six-color, 16-plex droplet digital PCR assay for simultaneous quantification of all C. albicans chromosome arms in a single reaction. Each target is detected by a unique dual-color or single-color combination of probes, enabling high-order multiplexing through binary fluorescence encoding. Following optimization of probe concentrations, PCR cycling parameters, genomic DNA extraction and pre-treatment with restriction enzymes, the assay provides accurate, reproducible chromosome-level copy number estimates that correlate closely with WGS results across euploid and aneuploid isolates. Compared to whole-genome sequencing, the assay is rapid, cost-effective, and scalable, requiring minimal DNA input and allowing high-throughput analysis of large isolate collections. The 16-plex assay thus provides a platform for dissecting genome instability and adaptive evolution in C. albicans.

Article SummaryWe developed and validated a 16-plex droplet digital PCR assay that estimates chromosome dosage across the entire genome of the human fungal pathogen C. albicans in a single reaction. The assay uses six fluorescent colors and unique color combinations to track one marker on each chromosome arm, enabling rapid detection of aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes). Results closely matched whole-genome sequencing for isolates with simple aneuploid forms and detected low-frequency trisomic clones in mixed populations. With optimized DNA preparation, this method provides a practical tool for screening genome instability in research and clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maciel, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursuegui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed-Seghir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovelet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitayu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ene, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multiplex Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Chromosome Copy Number Determination in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.13.705726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pneumococcus drives STAT3 activation of lower airway epithelium in a strain and burden-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.13.705726v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crosstalk between respiratory bacteria and human airway epithelial cells initiates cellular immunity, yet the molecular determinants of asymptomatic carriage versus inflammation remain incompletely understood. A key regulator of airway epithelial cellular immunity is the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT3). Once activated by phosphorylation this host transcription factor signals through two cascades, canonical by phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 and non-canonical by phosphorylation at serine 727, which contributes to bacterial clearance and immune defense in pneumonia. Despite this, its role in epithelial responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae has not been defined. Revealing these processes are particularly important for understanding the variability in pathogenic potential for the pathobiont Streptococcus pneumoniae which triggers either host commensal-like carriage or susceptibility at this interface. Here we investigated the role of STAT3 signaling during pneumococcal challenge using lower airway epithelial cells and two pneumococcal isolates favoring either commensal-like carriage, 6B ST90, or with pathogenic potential, TIGR4. We show the invasive TIGR4 strain drives canonical STAT3 phosphorylation and suppresses non-canonical STAT3 in a burden-dependent manner. This contrasts with the 6B ST90 isolate which requires a 20-fold increase in burden to elicit minimal STAT3 responses. TIGR4 activation correlated with SOCS3 expression, while knockdown of endogenous STAT3 did not alter pneumococcal adherence or epithelial membrane integrity. Mechanistically, STAT3 activation required live bacteria and pneumolysin production but was independent of bacterial hydrogen peroxide. Altogether we reveal previously unrecognized divergence in STAT3 signaling during pneumococcal infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Both, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pneumococcus drives STAT3 activation of lower airway epithelium in a strain and burden-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.13.705736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo experimental model of β-glucan-induced innate immune memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.13.705736v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYInnate immune memory is the ability of innate immune cells to develop a recallable, epigenetically imprinted response after an initial stimulus, enabling them to mount differential responses upon restimulation. Here, we present a detailed protocol of {beta}-glucan preparation, and its in vivo application to modulate innate immune memory in mice through repeated intraperitoneal (IP) injections. This approach results in enhanced hematopoiesis and bone marrow specific myeloid bias, key hallmarks of in vivo innate immune memory responses.

For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hassan et al.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=184 SRC="FIGDIR/small/705736v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (30K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d41c3aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18939cdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@31e879org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@956f6b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIPreparation of {beta}-glucan for in vivo experiments.
C_LIO_LIIn vivo modulation of innate immune memory through repeated intraperitoneal {beta}-glucan injections in mice.
C_LIO_LIModulation of innate immune memory is assessed by enhanced bone marrow hematopoiesis and GMP production.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matvieieva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo experimental model of β-glucan-induced innate immune memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.18.706561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary Advantage of Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Switching Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.18.706561v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diversity-Generating Retroelements (DGRs) create rapid, targeted variation within specific genomic regions in phages and bacteria. They operate through stochastic retro-transcription of a template region (TR) into a variable region (VR), which typically encodes ligand-binding proteins. Despite their prevalence, the evolutionary conditions that maintain such hypermutating systems remain unclear. Here we introduce a two-timescale framework separating fast VR diversification from slow TR evolution, allowing the dynamics of DGR-controlled loci to be analytically understood from the TR design point of view. We quantity the fitness gain provided by the diversification mechanism of DGR in the presence of environmental switching with respect to standard mutagenesis. Our framework accounts for observed patterns of DGR activity in human-gut Bacteroides and clarifies when constitutive DGR activation is evolutionarily favored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regnier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurenceau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monasson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.18.706561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary Advantage of Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Switching Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.17.706397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMPRSS2 reduces antibody recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.17.706397v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The serine protease TMPRSS2 acts as a cofactor for SARS-CoV-2 entry by cleaving the viral spike (S) to initiate fusion. Whether TMPRSS2 has an impact on humoral immune response against S remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that TMPRSS2 impairs antibody binding to S. In S-expressing and infected cells, TMPRSS2 decreases monoclonal antibody (mAb) and immune serum binding, as well as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) induction. Using a panel of 39 mAbs targeting various S regions, we observe that those binding to the S2 subunit are the most affected by TMPRSS2. TMPRSS2 promotes a partial shedding of S1 and changes S2 conformation. This processing reduces Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding while increasing cell-cell fusion. We further observe that the capacity of TMPRSS2 to decrease antibody recognition is conserved across coronaviruses and shared with other TMPRSS proteins. However, TMPRSS2 expression in infected cells does not impact significantly virions infectivity or the antibody recognition, as measured by flow virometry. Collectively, our findings suggest that TMPRSS2 processing of S favors a fusion intermediate conformation which is less sensitive to antibody recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cottignies-Calamarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Cruz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porrot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzypow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungbauer-Groznica, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thuillier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wileveau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staropoli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guivel-Benhassine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trouillet-Assant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMPRSS2 reduces antibody recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.20.707105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hijacking of inflammasome responses by the complement system during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Aspergillus fumigatus sur-infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.20.707105v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) are highly susceptible to chronic pulmonary infections due to mutations in the CFTR gene. From early childhood, pwCF experience repeated lung infections and often develop chronic bacterial and/or fungal colonization. Among the most clinically relevant pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus frequently co-infect and are associated with worse outcomes, including excessive IL-1{beta}-driven inflammation and accelerated lung function decline. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying inflammasome overactivation during super-infection. We found that inflammasome hyperactivation occurred across macrophage populations, was independent of exogenous priming, and required live co-infection with both pathogens. P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus cooperatively activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, and this response required both caspase-1 and caspase-8. Unexpectedly, gasdermin D was dispensable for IL-1{beta} release. Bacterial flagellin, type IV pili and the type III secretion system, as well as the fungal polysaccharide galactosaminogalactan (GAG), were each required for overactivation. Mechanistically, P. aeruginosa activated the MyD88-TLR pathway, enhancing macrophage responses and promoting ITGAM (CD11b) expression. Under fungal super-infection, macrophages secreted complement component C3, which may bound fungal surface and engaged the complement receptor C3R (CD11b/CD18). Downstream SYK and ERK signaling amplified inflammasome activation and IL-1{beta} release. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of pwCF broncho-alveolar lavage and lung samples supported coordinated upregulation of complement and inflammasome pathways during bacterial-fungal infection. Together, these findings identify a complement-inflammasome signaling axis that drives pathological inflammation during bacterial-fungal co-infection in airways of pwCF and may represent a therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treps, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilango, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riteau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couillin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Togbe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balloy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrier Le Blan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouquenet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasseur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappworth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchbank, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paget, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biquand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britto, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si-Tahar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hijacking of inflammasome responses by the complement system during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Aspergillus fumigatus sur-infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning extracts MoA-specific signatures from high-throughput images of chemically and genetically perturbed  Corynebacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707449v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is the worldwide leading infectious killer due to a single pathogen and increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) makes it imperative to discover and develop new drugs with novel modes of action (MoAs) to treat TB infections. Phenotypic screening of chemical libraries has proven effective at identifying new compounds against bacterial pathogens. However, a major limitation of standard screens is their inability to uncover the MoA of hits thereby preventing targeted selection of compounds with novel MoAs. Linking drug perturbations to mutants from images could potentially enable to predict the targets of compounds that act through novel MoAs. Here, we develop a deep learning (DL)-based method to screen drug-treated Corynebacterium glutamicum (Cglu), a surrogate model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Our DL model is based on a convolutional neural network architecture that takes high throughput images as input and is trained to distinguish between different MoAs. We show that our approach can robustly differentiate between the MoAs of established antibiotics and correctly recognise the MoA of antibiotics that were not previously seen by the DL model. We also show that inhibitors with the same and previously unseen MoA cluster together and apart from all other reference drugs, allowing for new MoA discovery. Importantly, we show that our model links images of chemical (drugs) and genetic (mutants) perturbations targeting similar pathways, thus paving the way towards mutant-based target prediction of compounds that act through novel MoAs, directly from high-content images. Finally, we explore the phenotypes induced by genetic disruption of pathways and demonstrate that features extracted with our DL model recover known biological relationships from high-throughput images alone using the cell cycle of Cglu as a case study, a finding with promising potential for fundamental mechanistic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krentzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudehen, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahtal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadowski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zettor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaravalli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehenkel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning extracts MoA-specific signatures from high-throughput images of chemically and genetically perturbed  Corynebacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.07.663495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The phylodynamic threshold of measurably evolving populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.07.663495v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular clock is a fundamental tool for understanding the time and pace of evolution, requiring calibration information alongside molecular data. Sampling times are often used for calibration since some organisms accumulate enough mutations over the course of their sampling period. This practice ties together two key concepts: measurably evolving populations and the phylodynamic threshold. Our current understanding suggests that populations meeting these criteria are suitable for molecular clock calibration via sampling times. However, the definitions and implications of these concepts remain unclear. Using Hepatitis B virus-like simulations and analyses of empirical data, this study shows that determining whether a population is measurably evolving or has reached the phylodynamic threshold does not only depend on the data, but also on model assumptions and sampling strategies. In Bayesian applications, a lack of temporal signal due to a narrow sampling window results in a prior that is overly informative relative to the data, such that a prior that is potentially misleading typically requires a wider sampling window than one that is reasonable. In our analyses we demonstrate that assessing prior sensitivity is more important than the outcome of tests of temporal signal. Our results offer guidelines to improve molecular clock inferences and highlight limitations in molecular sequence sampling procedures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kende, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeversti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The phylodynamic threshold of measurably evolving populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A platform for high-throughput and ultrasensitive immunopeptidomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707388v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based immunopeptidomics is a powerful approach for untargeted discovery of peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which can guide the selection of vaccine antigens and immunotherapy targets. First-generation immunopeptidomics workflows require processing of hundreds of millions of cells using lengthy, manual procedures. More recent approaches focus on increasing either sensitivity or throughput, but rarely combine both aspects. Here, we describe a semi-automated immunopeptidomics platform that combines high sensitivity with high throughput by implementing highly optimized conditions for immunoprecipitation, elution and purification of MHC class I and II peptides on a 96-well positive-pressure device. Upon analysis of 25% of the eluate from 16 million cells, our workflow identified over 13,500 MHC I and 6,000 MHC II peptides on a timsTOF SCP mass spectrometer, operating in DDA-PASEF mode. Exploring the sensitivity limits of our platform, we identified over 1,000 MHC I peptides from as few as 20,000 JY cells. Validating the platforms performance for quantitative biological discovery, we report the identification of known and novel bacterial immunopeptides from U937 macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Together, our optimized immunopeptidomics platform enables robust immunopeptide detection from lower-input samples in a high-throughput fashion, enabling its use for biological applications where sample amounts are limiting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Moortel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willems, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aernout, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro-Cos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lentacker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekerckhove, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demangel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thery, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Impens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A platform for high-throughput and ultrasensitive immunopeptidomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-PK controls cyclic dinucleotide-associated type I Interferon responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613246v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory signal termination is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis. Cyclic dinucleotides (CDN) are second messengers that trigger inflammatory responses through the activation of the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) signaling platform. No broad-acting direct regulator of intracellular CDNs has been identified in mammals to date. We show that the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a major DNA damage response actor, directly interacts with the intracellular 23-cGAMP CDN through its kinase domain, tempering STING activation. DNA-PKcs also acts on the 33-cGAMP bacterial CDN and pharmacological STING agonists, impacting their bioactivity and ability to mount optimal antiviral responses. STING agonism has been considered as a therapeutic avenue to alleviate immunosuppression in human pathologies. By uncovering DNA-PKcs as a CDN signaling modulator and CDNs as inhibitors of DNA-PKcs kinase activity, we provide critical insights into CDN regulation, with implications for the development of STING-targeting therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>taffoni, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vila, i. k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jardine, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>schussler, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKellar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemarin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Re, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messaout-Nacer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Mansouri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrousos, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidere, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majzoub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachakis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laguette, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-PK controls cyclic dinucleotide-associated type I Interferon responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.24.707666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals high genetic diversity of Leishmania infantum strains causing tegumentary leishmaniasis in northern Italy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.24.707666v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) caused by Leishmania infantum has re-emerged in northern Italy, raising questions about the genetic diversity and population structure of circulating parasites and their potential role in shaping different clinical outcomes.

Methodology/Principal findingsMultilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) based on 15 polymorphic loci was applied to 44 L. infantum strains obtained from TL cases diagnosed between 2013 and 2024 in the Emilia-Romagna region. These strains were compared with sympatric isolates from VL cases, dogs and sand flies. MLMT revealed a considerable genetic variation among TL-associated strains, with 43 distinct multilocus genotypes identified. Population structure analyses using Bayesian clustering, multivariate approaches and phylogenetic reconstruction consistently identified three highly differentiated genetic populations (Fst >0.25). TL strains were divided into two main populations: one shared with VL-associated strains (PopB; 9/44) and a second population found exclusively among TL cases (PopC; 28/44). In contrast, the canine-associated population (PopA) showed no overlap with TL cases in this region. Populations also displayed divergent heterozygosity patterns, as indicated by positive and negative Fis values.

Conclusions/SignificanceThese findings revealed previously unknown diversity within L. infantum in the study area and demonstrated that inclusion of tegumentary strains is essential to uncover hidden components of parasite population structure. The identification of a TL-associated population supports the existence of multiple evolutionary pathways and emphasises the importance of integrated One Health surveillance, which combines data from humans, animal hosts and vectors to improve understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Italy.

Author summaryLeishmania infantum is a parasite transmitted to humans through the bite of infected insect vectors. It can cause different forms of leishmaniasis, ranging from a systemic disease known as visceral leishmaniasis to a less common form that affects the skin and mucous membranes, called tegumentary leishmaniasis. Dogs are the main reservoir of the parasite and play a key role in maintaining its circulation in endemic areas. In recent years, cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis have re-emerged in northern Italy. This unexpected increase has raised questions about how the parasite is spreading and whether genetic differences among the parasites could explain these new patterns. To explore this, we examined parasitic DNA obtained from tegumentary leishmaniasis cases and compared it with DNA from patients with visceral leishmaniasis, from dogs and insect vectors from the same area. By examining multiple genetic markers, we found that parasites causing the tegumentary form of the disease are genetically diverse and belong to different groups. Notably, one parasite group was found only in cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis and not in visceral infections nor in infected dogs, suggesting that some parasite lineages may be more closely associated with skin and mucosal disease. Overall, our findings show that studying parasites from cutaneous and mucosal lesions provides important information that would otherwise remain hidden. By combining data from humans, animals and insect vectors, our study highlights the importance of integrated surveillance systems for improving our understanding of disease spread and supporting effective public health strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rugna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carra, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calzolari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergamini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabitti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gritti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortalli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazzarotto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Späth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals high genetic diversity of Leishmania infantum strains causing tegumentary leishmaniasis in northern Italy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.25.707879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling metabolic enhancement to plasmid spread enables programmable antimicrobial control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.25.707879v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens underscores the need for precise antimicrobial strategies that extend beyond conventional antibiotics. Conjugation-based approaches offer a powerful yet underexploited means of delivering targeted genetic interventions directly within microbial communities. In this work, we combined selective killing modules with rationally optimized conjugative vectors to target antibiotic-resistant pathogens and clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance plasmids. First, we engineered and validated toxin-intein modules, programmable cassettes that restrict toxic activity to highly specific regulatory contexts. Specifically, we developed and validated modules targeting Shigella spp., Salmonella enterica, and bacteria carrying the resistance plasmid pOXA-48, demonstrating a tunable system capable of selective activity at both the species and strain levels. To identify the most effective delivery platform, we compared mobilizable and conjugative systems and found that, in vitro, conjugative plasmids consistently outperformed mobilizable ones by approximately one order of magnitude. To further optimize delivery, we streamlined the broad-host-range plasmid RP4 and enhanced its functionality by incorporating either the metabolic fos locus, which confers a fitness advantage to cells carrying the delivery vehicle; a type IV pilus operon that promotes mating-pair stabilization and enables efficient conjugation in liquid environments; or both features combined. Using these engineered RP4 derivatives, we integrated the toxin-intein module targeting pOXA-48 and evaluated its performance in complex microbial communities. In this setting, the RP4 variant carrying both the fos locus and the type IV pilus operon effectively blocked the spread of pOXA-48. Together, this work advances the use of conjugative plasmids as robust and programmable platforms to combat antibiotic resistance and enable microbiome engineering. Beyond introducing highly specific antimicrobial modules and a new generation of optimized conjugative vectors, our results identify ecological competitiveness and plasmid transfer dynamics as critical determinants of the success of such interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorado Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Villamanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audrain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niedermeier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamberioux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducos-Galand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stecher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Millan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.25.707879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling metabolic enhancement to plasmid spread enables programmable antimicrobial control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.25.707907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic phosphoproteomics and proteomics uncover Leishmania donovani-driven ferritin hijacking, contributing to the control of iron homeostasis and iron-related oxidative stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.25.707907v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, survives within the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) of mammalian macrophages by extensively rewiring host cellular pathways. Although transcriptional and proteomic changes in infected macrophages have been characterized, the impact on the host phosphoproteome, a pivotal, reversible regulator of signalling, remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we combined time-resolved quantitative phosphoproteomics and proteomics to map the dynamic response of murine macrophages to L. donovani infection. Early after infection, the parasite rapidly attenuates the macrophage signaling cascades normally triggered by phagocytosis. Between 24 h and 48 h post-infection we observed a progressive de-phosphorylation of proteins involved in innate immunity, apoptosis and other stress-responsive pathways, consistent with a partial shutdown of multiple host kinases. From 24 h onward, a global decline in protein abundance was also detected, most notably within lysosomal network. Strikingly, only five host proteins were consistently up-regulated, suggesting their importance for parasite survival. Ferritin light chain (Ftl1) displayed the largest increase. Immunofluorescence and transmission-electron microscopy revealed that Ftl1 accumulates within the parasitophorous vacuole, colocalizes with the ferritin receptor Ncoa4, and yet fails to undergo degradation, indicating that Leishmania co-opts ferritin as its own intracellular iron-storage compartment. Ferritin is not confined to the PV; it is also internalized by the parasite. Within L. donovani, ferritin accumulates not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus, where it may function both as an iron-storage depot and as an iron buffer that protects the parasite from oxidative damage. Finally, we demonstrate that Leishmania donovani pre-conditions its host macrophage for the iron-rich environments of the liver and spleen by driving the assembly of ferritin particles enriched in ferritin-light chain. This contrasts with L. amazonensis, which, residing in the iron-poor skin, induces ferritin predominated by ferritin-heavy chain (Fth1). Knock-down of Ftl1 did not decrease parasite survival because macrophages compensated for its loss by up-regulating Hspb1, which encodes a protein that limits lipid peroxidation by inhibiting the Fenton reaction. Although this response protects the host cell, it also diminishes iron import, imposing a metabolic cost on Leishmania. Hspb1 represents only one example; additional, as yet unidentified, compensatory pathways are likely activated by the parasite to mitigate the loss of ferritin-light chain. Collectively, our data uncover a previously unknown strategy whereby L. donovani hijacks host ferritin trafficking to create a protected iron reservoir, thereby preventing ferroptosis. This mechanism sets Leishmania, a eukaryotic intracellular parasite, apart from the canonical iron-acquisition tactics employed by bacteria and fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shintre, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerhoefer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgette, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thouvenot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenthal, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RACHIDI, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.25.707907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic phosphoproteomics and proteomics uncover Leishmania donovani-driven ferritin hijacking, contributing to the control of iron homeostasis and iron-related oxidative stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.25.707901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pocket-centric framework for selective targeting of amyloid fibril polymorphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.25.707901v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid expansion of high-resolution cryo-EM structures of amyloid fibrils has not yet translated into the rational design of selective or specific ligands of protein aggregates involved in Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases. This persistent limitation suggests that the obstacle lies into a certain degree of communality within the organization of fibrillar polymorphs surfaces available for small molecule binding. Here, we present a systematic and global analysis of binding pockets across 97 cryo-EM structures of amyloid-{beta}, tau, and -synuclein protein fibrillar polymorphs. Using a unified pocket similarity index and minimum spanning tree representations, we construct global and protein-specific "pocketomes" that reveal how surface cavities are distributed across different amyloid-forming proteins and the fibrillar polymorphs they form. We show that most detectable pockets are shared across multiple fibrillar folds and, in many cases, across different amyloid-forming proteins, providing a structural explanation for the widespread lack of ligand selectivity. Conversely, a limited subset of pockets forms isolated clusters associated with specific proteins or polymorphs, delineating the rare structural conditions under which selective or specific ligand design is feasible. Together, these results reframe amyloid targeting as a problem of constrained pocket diversity within the amyloid polymorphs landscape, and provide a conceptual framework to guide both the design of future ligands and the strategic avoidance of intrinsically non-discriminatory binding sites.

Significance StatementDespite major advances in cryo-EM structure determination of amyloid fibrils, the development of selective ligands for such assemblies remains largely unsuccessful. By systematically comparing surface binding pockets across nearly one hundred amyloid-{beta}, tau, and -synuclein fibrillar structures, we show that this failure is rooted in the global similarity of fibril interaction pockets across amyloid-forming proteins and the various resulting polymorphs. Our analysis reveals that only a small fraction of pockets displays the structural isolation required for protein-selective or polymorph-specific targeting, while most are intrinsically prone to off-target binding. This work provides a structural rationale for decades of limited ligand specificity and establishes a pocket-centric framework to guide realistic design strategies for amyloid imaging and therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ossard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciambur, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperandio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.25.707901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pocket-centric framework for selective targeting of amyloid fibril polymorphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.26.707722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel evolution of industrial melanism in the peppered moth: one locus, many alleles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.26.707722v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extent to which adaptation to environmental change occurs via single or multiple advantageous mutations remains an open question, which we examined by studying the spread of melanic forms of the peppered moth in Britain and continental Europe, in response to industrial coal pollution. In Britain, the darkest melanic form is due to the insertion of a transposable element (carb-TE) into a genomic region called ivory. Here, we characterize the spread of melanic forms in continental Europe from historical records and uncover the genetic basis of European melanism using genomic analyses of modern and museum specimens. We show that European melanism is also associated with variants at ivory, but with multiple alleles featuring structural variants, including several transposable elements, though not carb-TE. The primary central European melanic allele is a genetically dominant 805 base pair deletion (sollichau). Interestingly, melanic individuals with either sollichau (deletion) or carb-TE (insertion) alleles show elevated expression of ivory and its effector micro-RNA (mir-193) compared to non-melanic (typica) individuals, suggesting that contrasting structural variants in ivory have similar regulatory effects. A functional role for sollichau was corroborated, serendipitously, by its presence in a typica individual which also contains a linked deletion of mir-193, which is predicted to cancel the melanizing effect of the sollichau deletion. Our results support the idea that there can be many genetic origins of the same adaptive trait within a species, particularly one with a large effective population size and heterogeneous natural habitat, and when many mutations can give rise to the same phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whiteford, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campagne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van't Hof, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berenbrink, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marec, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakosy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betancourt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SACCHERI, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.707722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel evolution of industrial melanism in the peppered moth: one locus, many alleles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.26.708344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross hybridization Inference for Phylogenetic Resolution (CIPHR)-FISH enables microbiome imaging with strain level taxonomic resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.26.708344v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial organization of microbial communities is a critical determinant of host-microbe interactions, yet species-level mapping remains challenging due to high 16S rRNA sequence homology and spectral crosstalk in multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To address this challenge, we developed Cross-hybridization Inference for Phylogenetic Resolution (CIPHR)-FISH, a pipeline that integrates strategic probe design with supervised machine learning. CIPHR-FISH transforms probe cross-hybridization and spectral overlap, traditionally viewed as experimental noise, into informative molecular signatures. Using a gnotobiotic zebrafish model colonized with a defined mix of 10 zebrafish bacterial strains, we trained a support vector machine (SVM) on empirical hybridization patterns from pure bacterial cultures. CIPHR-FISH achieved 99.2 % macro-averaged accuracy, significantly outperforming standard linear unmixing (62.5 %), and successfully discriminated strains with 99.7% sequence homology. Applying this tool to gnotobiotic zebrafish larvae revealed distinct biogeographies: the intestinal bulb hosted highly structured, multi-layered polymicrobial aggregates, while the skin exhibited sparse, uniformly dispersed individual bacterial cells. Notably, we observed significant inter-individual variation in spatial community structure that was obscured by traditional bulk 16S rRNA sequencing. CIPHR-FISH provides a robust, scalable framework for high-resolution spatial biology by converting the limitations of molecular labeling into a rich data source for taxonomic classification. This approach enables the quantification of micro-scale ecological and stochastic forces that shape the microbiome across hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adade, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henneberry, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemus, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevick, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Pascual, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audrain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsino, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnsworth, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valm, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross hybridization Inference for Phylogenetic Resolution (CIPHR)-FISH enables microbiome imaging with strain level taxonomic resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.26.708144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrin beta 1 and mannose receptor 2 are involved in the antifungal activity of bronchial epithelial cells through Aspergillus fumigatus lectin FleA interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.26.708144v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus is a world-wide saprophyte filamentous fungus which released conidia, its infectious morphotype, in the atmosphere. These conidia are inhaled daily by humans and can colonize the respiratory tract, where they may develop into hyphae, the invasive morphotype. We previously showed that bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) restrict A. fumigatus virulence by inhibiting conidial germination and filament formation through a process requiring PI3K signaling and the conidial fucose-specific lectin FleA. In the present study, we are looking to identify host factors and cellular partners involved in the BEC antifungal response and to define the molecular interactions underpinning FleA recognition.

For this, we analyzed transcriptome of BECs infected with A. fumigatus in the presence or absence of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Functional involvement of candidate genes was assessed by siRNA knockdown and readouts of fungal filamentation (microscopic scoring and galactomannan release). FleA-interacting host proteins were identified by biotin-FleA affinity co-precipitation coupled to Tandem mass spectrometry, and validated by surface plasmon resonance and biolayer interferometry. The spatiotemporal dynamics of FleA and candidate partners were analyzed by confocal microscopy and proximity ligation assay

We demonstrated that BEC antifungal activity involves at least two complementary pathways: a PI3K/laminin-332 axis promoting conidial adhesion, and a FleA-dependent pathway engaging ITGB1 and MRC2 consistent with lectin uptake and trafficking toward LAMP1-positive compartments. These findings nominate FleA-host receptor interactions as attractive targets for anti-adhesive strategies against A. fumigatus.

Author summaryFungal pathogens are an increasing threat to public health, as they are becoming more common and harder to treat due to rising drug resistance. Among them, Aspergillus fumigatus has been classified as a critical pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). This filamentous fungus delivers spores in the air daily, which are constantly inhaled by humans. In people with weakened immunity, these spores can cause a range of lung diseases known as aspergillosis, with severity ranging from mild to life-threatening. Lung epithelial cells are the first cells of the respiratory tract to encounter inhaled spores. In a previous study, we showed that bronchial cells can prevent spore from developing into filaments, the invasive form of A. fumigatus that is responsible for tissue damage. This protective effect depends of on the recognition of a fungal protein called FleA. In the present study, we identified host cell proteins that bind to FleA and transport it into intracellular compartments. Our findings suggest that these proteins help bronchial epithelial cells to internalize fungal spores, thereby blocking their transformation into the invasive filamentous form.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Millet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarizzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varrot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pionneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chardonnet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morichon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balloy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrin beta 1 and mannose receptor 2 are involved in the antifungal activity of bronchial epithelial cells through Aspergillus fumigatus lectin FleA interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid modular evolution of antiviral repertoires in P2 phages and their P4 satellites: shuttling, swapping and mixing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708500v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between bacteria, bacteriophages, and their satellites are shaped by a myriad of defence and counter-defence mechanisms. Here, we identified and characterized the defence hotspots of thousands of P2-like phages and P4-like satellites to elucidate the origins and evolutionary dynamics of defence systems. Both P4 and P2 encode a broad diversity of recognizable defence systems. Defences are a substantial, yet likely underestimated, share of the elements pangenomes, as shown by novel antiviral functions discovered in P4 loci lacking known defence genes. Defence loci are very rapidly swapped, without pseudogenization, suggesting defences are replaced before becoming non-adaptive. This intense local recombination melds components of distinct systems into novel functional chimeras. Systems swap so rapidly that many elements with identical core genes have completely different defences. Surprisingly, despite P4 and P2s concomitant replication and packaging, they almost never exchange defence genes. In contrast, near identical defence systems can be found in distinct types of MGEs and in cryptic chromosomal locations. Our findings highlight P4 and P2 as mobile platforms driving the modular diversification of bacterial antiviral repertoires. Hence, bacterial defences change quickly by phage and satellite turnover, and by the quick swap of defences within these elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moura de Sousa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depardieu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touchon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurenceau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid modular evolution of antiviral repertoires in P2 phages and their P4 satellites: shuttling, swapping and mixing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modified Elek test improves in-vitro detection of diphtheria toxin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708555v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeDiphtheria is caused by toxigenic strains of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae complex, mainly Corynebacterium diphtheriae and C. ulcerans. The diagnosis of diphtheria relies on detecting the diphtheria toxin (DT), for which Englers method of Eleks immunoprecipitation test is the gold standard. A recent optimization of Englers method was proposed by Melnikov and colleagues, showing higher sensitivity for C. ulcerans. The goal of our study was to test and adapt this optimized method, and to re-analyze apparent non-toxigenic tox gene bearing (NTTB) isolates from our collection.

MethodsWe included 48 C. ulcerans, C. ramonii and C. diphtheriae isolates previously categorized as NTTB but for which no genetic explanation was found for the lack of DT expression. DT production was tested using Melnikovs method with further modifications made by us: i) increasing the antitoxin concentration; ii) using 5{degrees}C as the incubation temperature after 24h; and iii) modifying the layout of control and test strains on agar plates.

Results35 of 38 C. ulcerans, 3 C. ramonii and 8 of 10 C. diphtheriae were found to be toxigenic. No genetic explanation was found regarding two non-toxigenic isolates (1 C. diphtheriae and 1 C. ulcerans), whereas for one C. diphtheriae, IS1132 was detected upstream of the tox gene.

ConclusionOur modified implementation of Melnikovs Elek test improved our ability to detect diphtheria toxin production. Most isolates previously considered as NTTB but with no genetic explanation, were shown to be toxigenic using the novel method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badell-Ocando, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crestani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modified Elek test improves in-vitro detection of diphtheria toxin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-guided generative design of peptides targeting the FtsQBL divisome complex inhibit Escherichia coli cell division. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708549v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery of antibiotics targeting Gram-negative bacteria remains limited in part by the difficulty of pharmacologically modulating protein-protein interactions essential for bacterial physiology. The divisome complex formed by FtsQ, FtsB and FtsL represents an attractive but challenging target, as its assembly relies on {beta}-strand-mediated interface interactions within the bacterial periplasm. Here, we combined interpretable interface mapping using InDeep with hotspot-constrained RFdiffusion design to generate peptides targeting the FtsB-binding site of Escherichia coli FtsQ. The designed peptides mimic the native {beta}-augmentation interaction and selectively engage the FtsQ interface both in bacterial cells and in vitro. X-ray crystallography of one of these peptides in complex with FtsQ reveals that it accurately adopts the native binding geometry while introducing additional stabilizing interactions within a hydrophobic pocket. Complementary NMR analyses further show that optimized peptides adopt pre-organized {beta}-hairpin conformations in solution consistent with the bound state. Several of these peptides disrupt bacterial cell division and inhibit growth in an E. coli strain exhibiting increased outer membrane permeability. Together, these results establish a structurally validated framework in which predictive interface analysis and generative design can be combined to target cooperative protein-protein interfaces in bacteria and provide a foundation for the development of divisome-targeting antibacterial strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Remont, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guijarro, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciambur, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucharlat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaravalli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladant, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperandio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-guided generative design of peptides targeting the FtsQBL divisome complex inhibit Escherichia coli cell division.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A crypt-operating DNA repair checkpoint for uncoupling regeneration and tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708480v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid turnover of the intestinal epithelium increases its vulnerability to genomic instability and environmental insults such as irradiation. Defects in DNA damage resolution can compromise epithelial regeneration, promote chronic tissue injury, and predispose to colorectal tumorigenesis. However, the intrinsic mechanisms that coordinate DNA repair with epithelial regeneration at the crypt level remain poorly defined. Here, we identify the Nod-like receptor protein 6 (Nlrp6) as a key epithelial regulator of genome surveillance and regenerative control in intestinal crypts. Nlrp6 is strategically expressed in crypt base columnar cells, where it preserves crypt homeostasis by restraining proliferation under genotoxic stress conditions. Loss of Nlrp6 in crypt base columnar cells results in uncontrolled oncogenic stress, defective epithelial regeneration, and accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage, features associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Conversely, aberrant Nlrp6 overexpression induces cytoplasmic retention of Csnk2 catalytic subunits, limiting their nuclear availability when DNA repair is required. These findings position Nlrp6 as a non-canonical, cell-intrinsic surveillance mechanism that links DNA damage responses to epithelial regeneration through Csnk2-dependent signaling. Collectively, our study reveals a crypt-intrinsic DNA repair pathway that governs epithelial regeneration and disease outcomes, providing new insight into how genome instability and regenerative failure contribute to colorectal cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radulovic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Torres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mound, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz Del Socorro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seillier-Turini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muharram, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Seuningen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbadie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobhani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Oliveira Alves, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHAMAILLARD, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A crypt-operating DNA repair checkpoint for uncoupling regeneration and tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common γ-chain cytokines induce an epigenomically plastic precursor-like KIT+ ILC2 state linked to immune disease susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708582v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGroup 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are key effector cells of type-2 immunity. A subset of ILC2s expresses KIT (CD117), which display increased phenotypic plasticity and were previously linked to severe asthma and psoriasis. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting a KIT+ ILC2 state remain poorly understood.

ObjectiveDefine the molecular basis for the enhanced plasticity of KIT+ ILC2s and identify signals that induce this phenotype, including links with immune disease susceptibility.

MethodsWe combine bulk as well as single-cell transcriptome (RNA-seq) and epigenome (ATAC-seq) with in vitro culture assays using primary human KIT+ or KITneg ILC2s and multipotent ILC precursors (ILCPs). Epigenomic data were integrated with genetic risk variants for major human immune diseases.

ResultsMulti-omics analyses revealed that KIT+ ILC2s maintain a unique hybrid character marked by expression and open chromatin of genes linked to both ILCP and ILC2 biology. KIT+ ILC2s showed extensive epigenomic priming at gene loci related to naive lymphocyte biology, tissue homing, and ILC3 effector functions, including IL17 and IL23R - explaining why KIT+ ILC2s are poised to adopt an ILC3-like phenotype. Genetic risk variants for asthma and autoimmunity are enriched in the poised epigenome of KIT+ ILC2s. Common {gamma}-chain cytokines IL-2 and IL-7 induced a KIT+ phenotype in KITneg ILC2s through STAT5 activation.

ConclusionsOur study defines KIT+ ILC2s as a developmentally immature state carrying a precursor-like epigenome that promotes phenotypic plasticity and is linked to immune disease susceptibility. Importantly, we identify STAT5-mediated cytokine signals as candidates for therapeutic targeting of KIT+ ILC2s.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olsthoorn, S. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onrust-Van Schoonhoven, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bruijn, M. J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Nimwegen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Beek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Koning, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trap, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Ploeg, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surace, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Santo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendriks, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadhouders, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common γ-chain cytokines induce an epigenomically plastic precursor-like KIT+ ILC2 state linked to immune disease susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GTA-5: A Unified Graph Transformer Framework for Ligands and Protein Binding Sites - Part I: Constructing the PDB Pocket and Ligand Space 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708634v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural recognition between a protein target and a ligand underpins therapeutic innovation, yet computational representations of protein binding sites and small molecules remain largely disjoint. Here we introduce GTA-5, a unified graph transformer auto-encoder framework designed to capture the geometric structure and chemical composition of ligands and protein binding pockets, embedding them into multidimensional latent spaces where proximity reflects functional compatibility. Ligands and pockets are represented as three-dimensional point clouds annotated with Tripos atom type labels, omitting explicit bond connectivity to enable structural reasoning based on spatial context rather than predefined connectivity graphs. By not enforcing bond topology, GTA-5 maintains representational flexibility across molecular modalities while preserving chemically meaningful local environments. The model was trained on a curated dataset from the Protein Data Bank comprising 64,124 liganded pockets and 23,133 unique ligands spanning 2,257 protein families. We find that functional protein families cluster coherently in both pocket and ligand latent spaces while retaining biologically meaningful heterogeneity. The model captures physicochemical pocket properties such as volume, exposure, and hydrophobicity directly from raw structural data, while ligands with distinct scaffolds co-localise when occupying similar binding environments. This provides a basis for several downstream applications including scaffold hopping in ligand-based virtual screening, QSAR/QSPR modelling using embedding-derived descriptors, and drug repurposing via pocket similarity. More broadly, the GTA-5 framework establishes a foundation for structural reasoning across molecular modalities in drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciambur, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pageau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperandio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GTA-5: A Unified Graph Transformer Framework for Ligands and Protein Binding Sites - Part I: Constructing the PDB Pocket and Ligand Space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.28.708707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The limits of Bayesian estimates of divergence times in measurably evolving populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.28.708707v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bayesian inference of divergence times for extant species using molecular data is an unconventional statistical problem: Divergence times and molecular rates are confounded, and only their product, the molecular branch length, is statistically identifiable. This means we must use priors on times and rates to break the identifiability problem. As a consequence, there is a lower bound in the uncertainty that can be attained under infinite data for estimates of evolutionary timescales using the molecular clock. With infinite data (i.e., an infinite number of sites and loci in the alignment) uncertainty in ages of nodes in phylogenies increases proportionally with their mean age, such that older nodes have higher uncertainty than younger nodes. On the other hand, if extinct taxa are present in the phylogeny, and if their sampling times are known (i.e.,  heterochronous data), then times and rates are identifiable and uncertainties of inferred times and rates go to zero with infinite data. However, in real heterochronous datasets (such as viruses and bacteria), alignments tend to be small and how much uncertainty is present and how it can be reduced as a function of data size are questions that have not been explored. This is clearly important for our understanding of the tempo and mode of microbial evolution using the molecular clock. Here we conducted extensive simulation experiments and analyses of empirical data to develop the infinite-sites theory for heterochronous data. Contrary to expectations, we find that uncertainty in ages of internal nodes scales positively with the distance to their closest tip with known age (i.e., calibration age), not their absolute age. Our results also demonstrate that estimation uncertainty decreases with calibration age more slowly in data sets with more, rather than fewer site patterns, although overall uncertainty is lower in the former. Our statistical framework establishes the minimum uncertainty that can be attained with perfect calibrations and sequence data that are effectively infinitely informative. Finally, we discuss the implications for viral sequence data sets. In a vast majority of cases viral data from outbreaks is not sufficiently informative to display infinite-sites behaviour and thus all estimates of evolutionary timescales will be associated with a degree of uncertainty that will depend on the size of the data set, its information content, and the complexity of the model. We anticipate that our framework is useful to determine such theoretical limits in empirical analyses of microbial outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fosse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos reis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.28.708707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The limits of Bayesian estimates of divergence times in measurably evolving populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.03.709265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of MfpD, a versatile pathogeny protein from the mfp conservon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.03.709265v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mfp conservon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been associated with fluoroquinolone resistance and encodes five conserved proteins, including the small GTPase MfpB and its regulatory partner MfpD. In this study, we combined phylogenetic, structural, and biophysical approaches to define the molecular basis of MfpD function. MfpD adopts a Roadblock/LC7-like /{beta} fold and forms a stable dimer in solution, with hydrophobic 2-helix interactions stabilizing the interface. Additional biophysical analyses and AlphaFold3 modeling suggest that MfpD may promote GTP hydrolysis by MfpB through a noncanonical Switch I-dependent mechanism. These findings establish the first structural framework for MfpD-MfpB interactions, building on previously identified in vitro catalytic properties and proposing new insights into MfpDs non-catalytic pathogenesis activity of MfpD in macrophages.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=69 SRC="FIGDIR/small/709265v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gedeon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micaletto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megrian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzari, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of MfpD, a versatile pathogeny protein from the mfp conservon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.04.706323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ViroSeek: a viral detection pipeline for second-generation sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.04.706323v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arbovirus emergences represent a rising public health issue and are exacerbated by climate change and globalization. Virome analysis has become a key approach for monitoring and managing infectious diseases, yet existing tools often remain technically complex and inaccessible to non-specialists. In this context, we present ViroSeek, a lightweight, reproducible and accessible bioinformatics pipeline specifically designed for the taxonomic analysis of second-generation sequencing data. ViroSeek performs a series of automated steps: quality control (FastQC), trimming (TrimGalore or fastp), host and bacterial sequence removal (BBduk), assembly (SPAdes), taxonomic assignment (DIAMOND and TaxonKit), read remapping for quantification (minimap2), and PCR duplicate removal (Samtools). The whole process is designed to produce a clear, usable viral taxonomy table that is suitable for diversity studies. ViroSeek was empirically validated on enriched control samples containing a known panel of viruses. All the expected viruses were correctly detected. Bacterial and host contaminant sequences were effectively removed. The pipeline is freely available and fully documented, supporting its adoption and adaptation by the research community. It provides an optimized solution for virome analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, M. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dainat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiolle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conclois, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talignani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastriani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paupy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.706323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ViroSeek: a viral detection pipeline for second-generation sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.03.709246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual blockade of LILRB1 and LILRB2 enhances antiviral immune responses in SIV infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.03.709246v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Restoring effective antiviral immunity remains a major challenge in HIV infection. Among emerging immune checkpoint molecules, the inhibitory receptors LILRB1 and LILRB2 have been proposed as therapeutic targets, yet their in vivo function remains undefined due to the lack of cross-reactive blocking antibodies for relevant preclinical models. To address this, we developed a dual-specific blocking monoclonal antibody, mac20G10, targeting cynomolgus macaque LILRB1 and LILRB2 and assessed its immunomodulatory activity in an SIV model of infection.

Pharmacodynamics analyses demonstrated that mac20G10 persisted in circulation and engaged target myeloid cells for up to 14 days without detectable adverse effects. A single administration prior to SIVmac251 infection enhanced early myeloid immune activation, characterized by increased frequencies of CD80+ pDC and CD80+ monocyte/macrophage subsets in blood and lymphoid tissues. These changes were accompanied by increased plasma levels of IFN-{lambda}, IL8, and IL-1RA during acute infection. Although viral replication remained unchanged, mac20G10 treatment promoted the development of SIV-specific memory CD8 T-cell responses.

Together, these findings provide in vivo evidence that LILRB1 and LILRB2 function as myeloid immune checkpoints restraining antiviral priming, supporting this pathway as a rational target for combination immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at achieving durable HIV remission during analytic treatment interruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meurisse, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coindre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijkhuisen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier Le Ray, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abi-Rached, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallouet, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relouzat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Cirion, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arase, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosquet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Grand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambotte, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual blockade of LILRB1 and LILRB2 enhances antiviral immune responses in SIV infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.04.709546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Signatures Enable Stratified Combination Therapy for Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.04.709546v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), extensive intra-tumoral heterogeneity hinders complete eradication and remains a major obstacle to developing combination therapies capable of eliminating subpopulations resistant to standard-of-care treatment. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of 72 samples from 54 HGSC patients spanning treatment-naive, post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy and relapse stages, we established a carboplatin-anchored framework that identifies transcriptional signatures of intrinsic (pre-existing) and adaptive (therapy-induced) resistance in individual tumors and prioritizes mechanistically matched drugs to potentiate carboplatin efficacy. Candidate compounds were ranked by integrating orthogonal resources--viability (GDSC, PRISM) and perturbational transcriptomics (L1000, Perturb-seq)--to reduce context bias. Among 64 candidates, three carboplatin adjuvants enhanced long-term efficacy in patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and pevonedistat further significantly reduced tumor burden in orthotopic xenografts. This tiered validation pipeline--from short-term and long-term PDOs and in vivo orthoptic xenografts--establishes a translational framework linking single cell resistance programs to actionable, tumor-specific, carboplatin-anchored combinations for HGSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gall Mas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinmanns, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirttikoski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stangeland, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin Falco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaneda-Arenas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hautaniemi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hynninen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormac, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wennerberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vähärautio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwikowski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.709546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Transcriptomic Signatures Enable Stratified Combination Therapy for Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.05.709850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NK cell receptor repertoires evolve under increased constraint butare not more diverse in menstruating mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.05.709850v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune system plays key roles in the mammalian uterine cycle, particularly for menstruation, a dramatic tissue renewal mechanism independently acquired four times in eutherians. These roles specifically involve NK cells through the expression of KIR and KLR surface receptors, respectively part of the immunoglobulin-like and lectin-like gene superfamilies with poorly resolved phylogenetic histories. Acquisition of menstruation in primates reportedly coincides with a large expansion of the KIR family, suggesting that gains and losses in NK cell receptor families may have been crucial for the evolution of menstruation. To test this hypothesis, we performed an in-depth analysis of the evolutionary histories of the KIR and KLR gene families across 41 mammalian genomes, including all four clades that acquired menstruation. Our results reveal the existence of undescribed KIR and KLR genes across many mammalian species, including elephants, armadillos, rhinoceroses, and leaf-nosed bats, as well as a novel subfamily within the KLR phylogeny. Altogether, we identify more than twice as many NK cell receptor genes across mammals than currently reported in reference genomes. Further, we show that the KIR gene family has experienced intensified selection in menstruating species compared non-menstruating species, suggesting specific evolutionary pressures related to menstruation. Our data however do not support that menstruation coincides with expansions or contractions in NK cell receptor repertoires, even in primates, invalidating a current hypothesis regarding how menstruation evolved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavergne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daunesse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BERTHELOT, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NK cell receptor repertoires evolve under increased constraint butare not more diverse in menstruating mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.709337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lysosomal glutamine transporter SLC38A7/SNAT7 modulates SAMHD1 antiviral activity and promotes HIV-1 production in human macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.709337v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1) infects macrophages, which resist to the cytopathic effects of the virus and are considered as viral reservoirs. However, the cellular factors involved in viral production by human macrophages have not been fully identified. In this study, we focused on the amino acid transporter SNAT7 (small neutral amino-acid transporter 7), member of the SLC38 solute carrier family, which is the main lysosomal transporter of glutamine from the lysosome to the cytoplasm. Its expression was increased by HIV-1 infection. We revealed that the absence of SNAT7 inhibited viral production not only at the level of protein synthesis, but also early at the level of reverse transcription, without affecting global RNA or protein synthesis in the cells. The reduction in HIV expression upon SNAT7 depletion correlated with a reduction in the levels of an inactive form of the SAMHD1 (SAM domain- and HD domain-containing protein) restriction factor and was rescued following SAMHD1 degradation. Lastly, supplementation of the extracellular medium with glutamine in the absence of SNAT7 partially restored viral production.

Together, our data reveal that glutamine extracted from lysosomes is involved in the early stages of the HIV-1 cycle and that the SNAT7 glutamine transporter acts as a dependency factor for HIV-1 in human macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niedergang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herit, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Bury, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provot, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To-Puzenat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matozo de Souza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margottin-Goguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Cirion, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.709337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lysosomal glutamine transporter SLC38A7/SNAT7 modulates SAMHD1 antiviral activity and promotes HIV-1 production in human macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.710092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleoid-binding protein RicO anchors replication origins to the membrane to ensure correct chromosome segregation in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.710092v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms underlying chromosome segregation in bacteria, particularly in non-canonical models, remain incompletely understood. The coccoid bacterium Staphylococcus aureus encodes a limited set of conserved proteins involved in chromosome segregation, including the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complex and an incomplete partition system. Here, we identified a protein of previously unknown function that interacts with the nucleoid and ensures accurate chromosome segregation in S. aureus. RicO (Regulator and Insulator of Chromosomal Origins) contains a conserved N-terminal DNA-binding domain that recognizes a specific sequence motif in the origin-proximal region of the chromosome, as well as a C-terminal amphipathic helix that interacts with the cell membrane, thereby bridging DNA and the membrane. RicO localizes in membrane-proximal foci at the tip of each hemisphere (or cell poles). Cells lacking RicO fail to correctly position replication origins at the cell poles and have weakened genomic interactions in the origin-proximal region, resulting in chromosome segregation defects. The combined absence of RicO and a functional SMC complex leads to nearly half of the population appearing as anucleate cells, indicating that these two systems are key contributors to chromosome segregation in S. aureus. Collectively, our data support a model in which RicO anchors chromosomal origins at the cell periphery to ensure genome maintenance in this spherical bacterial pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaeper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izquierdo-Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraiva, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinho, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.710092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleoid-binding protein RicO anchors replication origins to the membrane to ensure correct chromosome segregation in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.05.709805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into the inactive state of the adhesion GPCR ADGRV1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.05.709805v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are involved in numerous physiological processes, including cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and are associated with several human diseases. ADGRV1 is a member of the aGPCR family and plays a significant role in the sensorineural systems. Mutations of ADGRV1 are linked to the Usher syndrome, a genetic disorder causing deafness and blindness in human. However, the molecular mechanisms that control the activity of ADGRV1 remain unclear. In this study, we present the high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the inactive ADGRV1 receptor in complex with the nanobody RE02, providing detailed insights into its transmembrane domain, intracellular loop conformations and the inactive orthosteric site. Functional cellular assays revealed that ADGRV1 exhibits a weak constitutive activation independent of the tethered agonist peptide, primarily coupling with Gi proteins. These findings suggest that ADGRV1 may employ an alternative activation mechanism, distinct that from other aGPCRs reported so far. Our structural analysis highlights that ADGRV1 does not follow the conventional tethered agonist activation mechanism. This is due to the divergent sequence of its tethered agonist peptide, as well as the lack of residues critical for conformational transitions toward the active state in other aGPCRs. Moreover, the large intracellular loop 3 (ICL3) adopts a closed conformation, tightly packed against the transmembrane region of ADGRV1. This suggests that the ICL3 loop can compete with G-protein binding, ultimately acting as an additional barrier for ADGRV1 activation.

Significance StatementAdhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) regulate essential processes such as cell communication and sensory function, yet the mechanisms controlling many family members remain poorly understood. We report the first high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human receptor ADGRV1, a protein linked to Usher syndrome, a major genetic cause of deafness and blindness. Structural and functional analyses reveal that ADGRV1 displays weak constitutive signaling and likely operates through an activation mechanism distinct from the canonical tethered agonist model that defines most aGPCRs. Unique structural features, including a closed intracellular loop (ICL3) that may limit G-protein engagement, suggest an alternative regulatory strategy. These findings expand the conceptual framework of aGPCR activation and provide a foundation for understanding ADGRV1 function in sensory physiology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Achat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colcombet-Cazenave, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venien-Bryan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayme, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prezeau, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into the inactive state of the adhesion GPCR ADGRV1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.07.710307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A general methodology for liver sinusoid fenestration analysis based on 3D electron microscopy data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.07.710307v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The liver has a complex architecture composed of millions of lobules. Within these lobules, hepatocytes, the main hepatic cells, are organized in rows separated by blood capillaries known as sinusoids. These capillaries are lined by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) that form a very specific fenestrated endothelium essential for the exchange of metabolites and proteins between the blood and hepatocytes. Alterations in the size and number of LSEC fenestrations are associated with the onset and the progression of various liver diseases. The analysis of liver architecture is thus of utmost importance for advancing our knowledge of liver ultrastructure and its alterations.

Liver architecture has been studied since decades, mainly using 2D electron microscopy, and more recently using advanced super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. In recent years, volume electron microscopy techniques, including focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) progressed and nowadays enable the 3D reconstruction of biological ultrastructures down to nanometer resolution. However, the analysis of large volumes (e.g., several tens of {micro}m3) remains challenging due to various constraints in the segmentation of large datasets. In the current study, we developed a workflow to semi-automatically segment hepatic sinusoids from FIB-SEM mice liver datasets using the CNN-based (convolutional neural network) tool known as "nnU-Net", after fine-tuning a ground truth model. We also implemented tools for semi-automatic quantification of LSEC fenestrae diameters and sinusoid porosity from segmented datasets. This workflow enabled us to compare the distribution of LSEC fenestrae diameters in wild-type versus Bmp9-deleted mice, a hepatic factor known to be involved in fenestration maintenance. Our results confirm the importance of BMP9 for LSEC differentiation. Therefore, the developed methodology represents a valuable tool for characterizing the fenestrated endothelium under various physiological and pathological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pohar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rekik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desroches-Castane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevallet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouneau, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.07.710307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A general methodology for liver sinusoid fenestration analysis based on 3D electron microscopy data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.10.710740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological Regulation of the Mammalian Genome by Positive DNA Supercoiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.10.710740v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA supercoiling is a fundamental aspect of genome topology characterizing all DNA transactions. While negative supercoiling has been extensively characterized, positive supercoiling remains poorly understood. Using a quantitative GapR profiling system, we establish comprehensive maps of positive supercoiling across interphase and mitosis. We show that positive super-coils accumulate not only at gene ends but prominently at promoters, enhancers, insulators and loop anchors, where they are resolved by Topoisomerases. Biochemical and functional assays reveal the main sources of positive torsion: transcription generates genic supercoils, while R-loops and Cohesin drive accumulation at regulatory elements, topologically associating domains and their boundaries. During mitotic chromosomal compaction, Condensins establish a global wave of positive supercoiling that largely homogenizes the genome, yet promoters with rapid post-mitotic reactivation retain elevated torsion and R-loops. These findings establish positive DNA supercoiling as a form of topological memory that links DNA mechanics to transcriptional control, genome architecture and epigenetic inheritance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altamirano-Pacheco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DUBOIS, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological Regulation of the Mammalian Genome by Positive DNA Supercoiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.09.710573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient cytoskeletal anisotropy encodes short-term mechanical memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.09.710573v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells can experience time-varying mechanical cues, particularly when navigating through changing and complex microenvironments. Yet whether and how cells retain and use a short-term mechanical memory of recent deformations remains unclear. Here we show that, in glioblastoma cells, this memory is encoded by transient cytoskeletal anisotropy. Using uniaxial magneto-mechanical actuation aligned or perpendicular to the cell long axis, nanoindentation, and selective cytoskeletal perturbations, we find that distinct architectures of the actin cytoskeleton drive opposite mechanical responses: actin stress fibers mediate stiffening under stretch, whereas the actin cortex underlies softening under perpendicular loading. Vimentin intermediate filaments are essential to stabilize actin organization under load, preserving deformation-specific mechanics. Quantitative imaging reveals that mechanical actuation induces network-specific alignment and anisotropy, stronger for actin than vimentin, that persists transiently after unloading and bias subsequent responses, revealing a short-lived, deformation-dependent mechanical memory. To integrate these observations, we develop a multi-network constitutive model that links cytoskeletal architecture and loading history to cell-scale mechanics, reproducing both the asymmetric mechanical responses and the measured reorganization dynamics. These findings provide a structural basis for short-term mechanical memory and suggest how cancer cells could exploit residual anisotropy to adapt to fluctuating solid stresses and confinement, transiently biasing polarization, force transmission, and directional persistence during invasion. They also identify vimentin-actin coupling and the kinetics of cytoskeletal remodeling as potential levers to limit the mechanical adaptability of invasive cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Cruz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradeau-Phelut, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etienne-Manneville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient cytoskeletal anisotropy encodes short-term mechanical memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.09.710514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity of squamous differentiation drives drug resistance in HNSCC 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.09.710514v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical hallmark of carcinogenesis is the ability of cancer cells to evade the loss of self-renewal normally imposed by terminal differentiation. However, therapies directly attempting to promote differentiation have shown limited efficacy in solid tumours and the cellular mechanisms behind cancer cell persistence are poorly understood. Here we established a patient-derived orthotopic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) model in vivo that recapitulates the genetic, cellular and histopathological heterogeneity of HNSCC. Experimental induction of differentiation and clonal lineage tracing by fluorescent barcoding revealed a heterogeneous response to terminal differentiation stimuli, enabling subsets of cancer cells to escape differentiation-associated loss of self-renewal. While pharmacological inhibition of ErbB-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway by afatinib could induce the differentiation of patient-derived cancer cells, some highly clonogenic cells remained refractory to differentiation signals even though they were capable of differentiating. Differentiation reporter IVLmCherry further confirmed that differentiation and loss of self-renewal ability were partially uncoupled in patient-derived HNSCC cells. These findings identify differentiation-resistant clonogenic populations as a key barrier to therapeutic efficacy and provide a framework for improving differentiation-based strategies in HNSCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sipila, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vietri Rudan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhosale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Blakeley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rognoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watt, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity of squamous differentiation drives drug resistance in HNSCC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.10.710534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking BEAGLE to find optimal parameters for BEAST X 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.10.710534v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bayesian phylogenetic analyses are notoriously time-consuming, largely because exploring the posterior distribution requires computing Felsensteins likelihood. The BEAGLE library is a high-performance computational tool that dramatically accelerates the calculation of such likelihoods by leveraging parallel processing on GPUs, multicore CPUs, and SSE vectorisation. Here we present results from benchmarking a widely popular phylogenetics package, BEAST X, using BEAGLE integration, focusing on how hardware allocation affects running times. We demonstrate substantial differences among BEAGLE settings on real Dengue Virus (DENV) data, both with and without partitioning. Using simulated sequences, we establish guidelines for GPU usage in BEAST X runs. These guidelines can be used for effective resource allocation for empirical analyses and simulation studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fosse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duchene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duitama Gonzalez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking BEAGLE to find optimal parameters for BEAST X]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.10.710770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optonanobody for reversible photoactivation of recombinant and native α7 nicotinic 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.10.710770v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photopharmacology which enables the precise optical control of endogenous receptor activity, represents a powerful approach in neuroscience. However, photochromic diffusible ligands often exhibit limited subtype specificity, while alternative strategies for controlling specific receptor subtypes require genetic modification. Here, to achieve high subtype selectivity without the need of receptor engineering, we introduce a genetically independent strategy for optical control of endogenous receptors based on highly selective photoswitchable nanobodies. By covalently coupling a light-sensitive azobenzene agonist to a high-affinity nanobody targeting 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), we engineered MalAzoCh-C4, an optonanobody that confers reversible, light-dependent activation of native 7 receptors. In Xenopus oocytes, MalAzoCh-C4 enables wavelength-controlled modulation of recombinant 7 receptors, with enhanced activity in trans configuration. In acute hippocampal slices, application of MalAzoCh-C4 produces robust photocontrol of endogenous 7 nAChRs in interneurons, sufficient to modulate action potential firing. This strategy combines nanobody specificity with the temporal resolution of photopharmacology, establishing optonanobodies as a platform for control of native neuronal receptors.

TeaserOptonanobodies merge photopharmacology and precision targeting for light-controlled activation of native 7 receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vangelatou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenboltk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medjebeur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayme, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafaye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blondel, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corringer, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optonanobody for reversible photoactivation of recombinant and native α7 nicotinic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.12.711350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for continuous DNA-end protection during ligation of double-strand breaks in yeast Non-Homologous End-Joining 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.12.711350v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repairs DNA double-strand breaks by synapsing and ligating DNA ends. In vertebrates, DNA-PKcs promotes end alignment and processing, yet several eukaryotes - including budding yeast - perform NHEJ without DNA-PKcs, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of reconstituted Saccharomyces cerevisiae NHEJ synaptic complexes assembled on DNA ends bearing either 4-bp terminal microhomologies or blunt termini. On the microhomology substrate with a single 5-P, we capture a ligation-competent short-range complex in which a single Dnl4 catalytic core is fully ordered and engaged at the 5'-adenylated nick. When two 5-P are present, we resolve two predominant, coexisting DNA-aligned protective states in which both Dnl4 DBD-NTD modules occupy the break region with reciprocal geometries, supporting an alternating engagement model for sequential sealing of the two strands while maintaining continuous end association. In contrast, blunt-ended substrates yield a non-aligned protective configuration in which two Dnl4 catalytic modules constrain the DNA ends [~]30 [A] apart in a ligation-incompatible arrangement, providing a structural explanation for slow blunt-end joining in yeast. Together, these structures define architectural and mechanistic principles of DNA-PKcs-independent NHEJ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>missoury, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tettaravou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varela, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ropars, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattarocci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legrand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modesti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charbonnier, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for continuous DNA-end protection during ligation of double-strand breaks in yeast Non-Homologous End-Joining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for Defective Viral Genomes in viral consensus genome reconstruction, application to influenza virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711002v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the context of viral epidemic surveillance, generating accurate consensus viral genomes from sequencing data is critical for tracking the emergence of mutations of concern, evaluating the genomic diversity of circulating viruses, and anticipating which viral strains could become most prevalent. However, this task is made difficult by the presence of Deletion-containing Viral Genomes (DelVGs), which contain truncated (or rearranged) and potentially mutated versions of the full length virus genome. Because these DelVGs can outnumber the full genome in terms of coverage, potential DelVG specific mutations may be erroneously incorporated into the final consensus, thereby compromising its accuracy. Automatic detection of these DelVGs and of the genomic positions that may harbor DelVG specific mutations is therefore crucial. Here, we present DIPScan, a new method able to (i) accurately and efficiently detect DelVGs in short read datasets, and (ii) mask or correct positions in the consensus genome that may be affected by DelVG-specific mutations. Using several hundreds of simulated and real patient-derived NGS datasets from the National Reference Center (NRC) for respiratory viruses at Institut Pasteur, we demonstrate the capacity of DIPScan to accurately and efficiently detect DelVGs and to correctly adjust the consensus sequences. DIPScan is implemented as a Nextflow workflow, making it highly flexible, scalable, and reproducible, and is now used routinely at the NRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Da Silva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naffakh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameix-Welti, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for Defective Viral Genomes in viral consensus genome reconstruction, application to influenza virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.710792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CAR-MACROPHAGES ACTIVATE ANTI TUMOR T CELLS IN THE ABSENCE OF PHAGOCYTOSIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.710792v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are highly abundant within the tumor microenvironment and serve as an essential bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus, they have emerged as promising candidates for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based therapeutic strategies. Previous studies demonstrated that adenovirally-transduced CAR-macrophages (CAR-M), used in clinical trials, can perform tumor cell phagocytosis, reshape the tumor microenvironment towards a proinflammatory state, and promote host T cell activation. However, how early interactions between CAR-M and tumor cells shape subsequent T cell effector functions remains poorly understood. Particularly, uncoupling the adenoviral-induced proinflammatory phenotype from CAR-M effector functions remains to be dissected. Here, using phagocytosis-optimized CAR-Ms, we demonstrated that T cells are crucial mediators of CAR-M therapeutic efficacy. Mechanistically, we identify that CAR-M-derived cytokines and chemokines are key drivers of T cell functions while antigen cross presentation appears largely dispensable. Dynamic imaging of CAR-M-tumor cell interactions revealed heterogenous phagocytic abilities, regardless of contact duration. Finally, we show that non-phagocytic interactions can instruct pro-inflammatory macrophage repolarization and subsequent T cell activation. Altogether, these findings define an alternative mode of CAR-M action in which CAR engagement alone, independently of target cell uptake, is sufficient to enhance T cell functions. Our study underscores the importance of non-phagocytic CAR signaling as an additional mechanism for CAR-M effector functions opening new avenues for the design of next generation CAR for macrophage-based therapies.

Significance statementMacrophages are a crucial player of the tumor microenvironment. They have been targeted for therapies, for example by arming them with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). CAR-macrophages (CAR-M) are currently in clinical trials, but their precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood. The prevailing model proposes that enhanced phagocytosis by CAR-M leads to T cell activation. Here, using dynamic imaging, we uncover substantial heterogeneity in CAR-M ability to engulf tumor cells. However, we show that CAR engagement albeit lack of tumor engulfment, can produce proinflammatory mediators to activate T cells. Thus, our study recenter CAR signaling, in the absence of tumor engulfment, as a complementary mode of action of CAR-M, opening new strategies for next generation CAR-macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feldmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ALONSO, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VAGANAY, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUERIN, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GRANDJEAN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.710792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CAR-MACROPHAGES ACTIVATE ANTI TUMOR T CELLS IN THE ABSENCE OF PHAGOCYTOSIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D printed titanium anodized effects on human gingival fibroblasts response and bacterial colonization: a dual approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711067v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucointegration is as important as osseointegration to ensure the survival of implant-supported prosthesis. Indeed, effective soft tissue integration (STI) prevents the appearance of complication through bacterial dissemination. To optimize STI, electrochemical anodization can be used to nanostructure the trans-gingival part of the prosthetic component. Moreover, Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a new 3D-manufacturing technique that enables the production of customized implant-supported prosthesis with complex geometry.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a SLM manufactured and anodized Ti6Al4V surface on the behaviour of both, human gingival fibroblasts and oral bacteria.

MethodSLM-Ti6Al4V discs were polished and anodized with defined parameters to obtain nanotubes (NTs) with specific morphology. Surface characterization was assessed through surface topography and wettability. Human gingival Fibroblasts were cultured, and cell morphology was observed by SEM at day 7. Proliferation, viability (day 1,4,7) and adhesion (6 h and 36 h) were analyzed. Then immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR were used to detect the distribution and the gene expression of vinculin at 48 h. An early colonizer (Streptococcus gordonii) was used for a parallel evaluation of bacteriological adhesion.

ResultsSLM-ANO-Ti6Al4V showed similar performances in terms of cytotoxicity, compared with a machined and polished titanium surface currently used in clinics. Interestingly, cell adhesion was enhanced on anodized SLM surfaces, with a difference in the distribution of focal adhesion plaques in HGFs, while biofilm formation of S. gordonii was not affected by anodization.

SignificanceSLM anodized surface showed promising ability to promote STI while controlling bacterial adhesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lefort, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamorro-Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giorgi, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asselin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BELOIN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crenn, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D printed titanium anodized effects on human gingival fibroblasts response and bacterial colonization: a dual approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.12.711312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Seven-Protein Assembly Promotes Stability, Neutralisation and Secretion of the T7SSb LXG-effector TelE 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.12.711312v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (SGG) is a gut pathobiont associated with colorectal cancer. Like many Firmicutes, SGG utilizes a specialized Type VII Secretion System (T7SSb) to export WXG100 and LXG proteins, the latter involved in bacterial competition. We previously identified TelE, an LXG protein whose C-terminus mediates membrane pore formation in Escherichia coli. In SGG UCN34, TelE (Gallo_0562) is co-expressed with six proteins (Gallo_0559 to Gallo_0565), including its immunity protein TipE (Gallo_0565). Here we show that the absence of those co-expressed proteins affects TelE stability and secretion. These proteins associate with TelE to form a soluble and stable seven-protein complex. Gallo_0559 and Gallo_0560 interact with the N-terminal LXG domain of TelE, Gallo_0561 binds to its central region, while the six-transmembrane protein Gallo_0563, together with Gallo_0564 and TipE associates with its C-terminal domain. These findings describe a new modular complex that stabilizes TelE while reducing its toxicity and optimizing its T7SSb-mediated delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorkisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raoux-barbot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Merle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouscasse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keong Teh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellinzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dramsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubellini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Seven-Protein Assembly Promotes Stability, Neutralisation and Secretion of the T7SSb LXG-effector TelE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.13.711673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress-responsive Mycobacterium tuberculosis subpopulations manipulate macrophage polarization and can be targeted to limit inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.13.711673v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis is characterized by broad clinical heterogeneity that hinders infection control, with differences in lesion development, progression, and treatment outcomes. This complexity is likely associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis inherent phenotypic variation and its capacity to diversify under host microenvironmental and antimicrobial stressors. Here, we analyze M. tuberculosis at the single-cell and subpopulation level using fluorescent reporters, imaging, transcriptomic, and functional assays. We identify RNA signatures specific to stress-responsive bacilli with translational potential. Focusing on the clinically validated chaperone GroEL2, we find that it correlates with M. tuberculosis growth rate and stress tolerance in vitro and intracellularly. Furthermore, GroEL2 phenotypic diversity influences innate responses in macrophages, which experience different polarization, in turn affecting GroEL2 expression. We also show that targeting GroEL2 impairs pathogen survival and dampens inflammation. This study provides a link between pathogen phenotypic variation and macrophage fates, with implications for early infection outcomes, local disease progression, and subpopulation-targeted interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pokorny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangneux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrosemoli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perthame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala Alvarado, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rochais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoutey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepailleur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornobis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouscasse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grall, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress-responsive Mycobacterium tuberculosis subpopulations manipulate macrophage polarization and can be targeted to limit inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.16.712017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Free-Living Amoeba act as transient permissive hosts for Leptospira spp. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.16.712017v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLeptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp., which persist in soil and water environments for extended periods of time. The mechanisms enabling this environmental survival remain elusive. Free-living amoebae (FLA) are widespread protozoa that act as reservoirs or "Trojan horses" for numerous bacterial pathogens, protecting them from stress and contributing to their persistence. Whether pathogenic Leptospira exploit similar interactions with FLA has not been resolved.

Methodology/Principal FindingsUsing live confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and gentamicin protection assays, we investigated the interactions between pathogenic (Leptospira interrogans) and saprophytic (Leptospira biflexa) leptospires with three FLA species: Acanthamoeba castellanii, Dictyostelium discoideum, and Hartmannella vermiformis. While rapid internalization was observed, entry was only partially dependent on actin-driven processes and was enhanced by the presence of live bacteria. Following internalization, bacteria persisted for at least 48h as indicated by colony-forming assays. However, no evidence of intracellular replication was detected. The number of fluorescently labeled leptospires progressively declined over time, providing further evidence of leptospires survival without multiplication. Finally, analysis of environmental soils in New Caledonia showed co-occurrence of FLA and Leptospira. Soil-derived FLA also internalized pathogenic Leptospira in vitro, showing that these interactions extend to natural isolates.

Conclusions/SignificanceOur results demonstrate that free-living amoebae internalize both pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires and allow their transient persistence without replication. By providing protection and prolonging viability in soil environments, FLA may contribute to the ecological maintenance of Leptospira. These findings pinpoint FLA as potential environmental reservoirs that could play a role in shaping leptospires survival strategies relevant for transmission and host infection.

Author SummaryFor bacteria living in soils and freshwater environments, survival depends on their ability to adapt to complex ecological landscapes populated by numerous predators and competitors. In such habitats, interactions with other microorganisms are unavoidable and may shape long-term survival strategies. Pathogenic Leptospira, the bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, can persist for long periods outside their hosts, yet the ecological mechanisms supporting this environmental survival remain poorly understood. In soil and freshwater ecosystems, microscopic predators known as free-living amoebae commonly feed on bacteria. However, several bacterial pathogens can survive inside these amoebae and use them as temporary shelters. Because ancestral Leptospira were soil-dwelling saprophytes, interactions with amoebae likely represent an ancient ecological relationship in which successful survival strategies may have evolved and remain conserved in present-day pathogenic species.

With this perspective in mind, we used microscopy approaches and bacterial viability assays to investigate whether Leptospira interacts with amoebae. We found that several amoeba species rapidly engulf both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Leptospira. Once internalized, the bacteria remained viable for up to two days but did not multiply. We also detected both amoebae and Leptospira in the same soil samples and showed that environmental amoebae could internalize the bacteria. These findings suggest that amoebae may act as temporary shelters for Leptospira, helping them persist in soils and water and potentially contributing to the environmental stage of leptospirosis transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inizan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meunier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burtet-Sarramegna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goarant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.712017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Free-Living Amoeba act as transient permissive hosts for Leptospira spp.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.16.712009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oscillatory Hedgehog signaling and temporal coordination of atonal dynamics at the eye differentiation front in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.16.712009v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pattern formation in the Drosophila eye involves the pulsatile expression of the proneural gene atonal (ato) and the periodic activation of Notch. Oscillatory expression of the ato gene results from the synchronous activation of two distinct ato enhancers that are active in two adjacent rows of cell clusters along the front of differentiation. How synchronous enhancer activation is achieved along the front is not known. Hedgehog (Hh) is a diffusive signal produced just posterior to the front which contributes to regulate ato gene expression. Here, we find that both ato enhancers are regulated by Hh and that two Hh target genes, patched (ptc) and decapentaplegic (dpp), are expressed at the front of differentiation in an oscillatory manner downstream of a constant Hh signal. Consistent with a role of Hh in the temporal coordination of ato gene expression along the front, lowering Hh activity was associated with pattern irregularities along the front. We propose a model whereby the periodic expression of the Hh receptor Ptc under the control of pulsatile Ato and/or Notch dynamics produces rhythmic changes in extracellular Hh which would in turn coordinate ato dynamics locally. In this model, oscillatory Hh would provide a temporal cue to coordinate patterning dynamics along the front of differentiation in the developing eye.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mestdagh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweisguth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.712009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oscillatory Hedgehog signaling and temporal coordination of atonal dynamics at the eye differentiation front in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.19.712902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A NAPE-LRRK2 metabolic axis controls lysosomal homeostasis in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.19.712902v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) are atypical glycerophospholipids that accumulate in response to cellular stress, yet their roles beyond serving as precursors of fatty-acid ethanolamines (FAEs) remain largely unexplored. Here, we identify NAPEs as endogenous regulators of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a master controller of lysosomal homeostasis and a genetic driver of Parkinsons disease. We show that increasing NAPE synthesis or blocking their hydrolysis inhibits LRRK2 kinase activity, enhances lysosomal function, and promotes the clearance of a-synuclein aggregates. Conversely, cells in which NAPE hydrolysis is enhanced display increased LRRK2 activation and lysosomal dysfunction. Importantly, in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons carrying the LRRK2-G2019S variant, pharmacological inhibition of NAPE-PLD - the enzyme that degrades NAPEs - restores lysosomal activity and favors the clearance of preformed a-synuclein fibrils. Together, our findings identify NAPEs as previously unrecognized lipid regulators of LRRK2 signaling and lysosomal function, revealing a metabolic axis with therapeutic potential in Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giachino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottonello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciandrone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipponi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armirotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurzolo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.712902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A NAPE-LRRK2 metabolic axis controls lysosomal homeostasis in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.22.713064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic dynamics as a tunable substrate shaping neuronal activity sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.22.713064v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across brain regions and behaviors, neural population activity unfolds as temporally structured sequences that underlie perception, memory, and precisely timed actions1-10. However, how neural circuits transform continuous information streams into transient patterns of activity over time remains poorly understood. A long-standing hypothesis for cerebellar learning posits that the granule cell (GC) layer segments sensory and motor information arriving via mossy fibers (MFs) into temporal basis sets that enable precisely timed motor and cognitive commands11-15. Measurements of such basis sets have been elusive. Using high-speed multiphoton calcium imaging of MF and GC responses to whisker air puff stimulation, we show that prolonged MF activity is transformed into temporally sharpened GC responses that form a sparse population sequence tiling the sensory event in time. Temporal sparsity of GC sequences varied between cerebellar regions. By combining in vivo glutamate imaging with ex vivo synaptic recordings, we identify heterogeneous MF-GC synaptic strength and short-term plasticity as the mechanisms underlying region-specific temporal sparsification. Mathematical modeling predicted that region-specific MF-GC synaptic dynamics generate temporally sparse GC sequences with distinct statistics specifically suited for learning across different timescales. Thus, heterogeneous synaptic dynamics provide a biological substrate for shaping population activity in time, setting the temporal precision of sensorimotor associations underlying adaptive behavior.

One-sentence summaryDiverse short-term synaptic dynamics transform input activity patterns into temporally sparse neural sequences in the cerebellar cortex, providing a mechanistic basis for precise temporal learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bender, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sermet, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borda Bossana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schamiloglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diana, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costreie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moneron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hantman, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiGregorio, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.713064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic dynamics as a tunable substrate shaping neuronal activity sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.24.713926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the genetic architecture of uterine disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.24.713926v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uterine disorders and menstrual abnormalities are prevalent reproductive conditions with significant clinical consequences. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of variants contributing to different uterine disorders, while epidemiological evidence suggests that these disorders co-occur more frequently than expected, implying shared genetic mechanisms. However, the specific genetic variants and biological pathways underlying this shared architecture remain poorly characterized. Here, we conducted a uterus-centric, multi-trait genome-wide association analysis across ten uterine disorders in a European cohort to elucidate this shared genetic architecture. Further, we embedded this architecture in a functional and population genomics framework to investigate its plausible biological mechanisms and its evolutionary history in humans. We confirm strong positive genetic correlations between major uterine disorders and identify 31 independent susceptibility loci jointly affecting the genetic risk of multiple uterine pathologies, substantiating an intertwined biological basis. Populational analyses demonstrated that several of these susceptibility variants exhibit pronounced allele frequency differentiation across global populations suggestive of recent polygenic selection, including variants with well-supported regulatory functions at the ESR1-CCDC170, WNT4, SFR1, FOXO1, ITPR1, DMRT1 and CDKN2B loci. Notably, we show that most derived alleles acquired during recent human evolution increase risk across multiple uterine disorders and may evolve under antagonistic selection. These findings provide functional annotation and population-level prioritization of genetic variants influencing multiple uterine disorders. They also highlight how past evolutionary histories may contribute to population differences in uterine disease prevalence and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liorzou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julienne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daunesse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laval, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthelot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.24.713926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the genetic architecture of uterine disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.22.713337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MaRNAV-1 infection of Plasmodium vivax is associated with increased parasite transmission and host inflammatory responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.22.713337v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Matryoshka RNA virus 1 (MaRNAV-1) is an RNA virus recently identified in Plasmodium vivax infected samples, but definitive evidence that it infects the parasite and influences malaria pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MaRNAV-1 is an intracellular virus infecting P. vivax across various stages of its lifecycle, including blood stages, sporozoites, and liver stages. Viral prevalence varied geographically between Cambodia and Ethiopia, and sequence analyses revealed substantial nucleotide polymorphisms but a high level of protein conservation among viruses. MaRNAV-1 presence and load were positively associated with parasite transmission potential, as reflected by increased gametocyte abundance and higher oocyst prevalence and intensity in mosquito infection assays.

In the patients, higher MaRNAV-1 loads were associated with elevated body temperature and increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-{gamma}, IP-10, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1RA, and VEGF, independently of parasitemia. Consistent with this inflammatory profile, MaRNAV-1 loads were lower in asymptomatic infections compared to symptomatic malaria cases. Transcriptomic analyses further revealed differences in host immune-cell composition, including higher proportions of innate immune populations in virus-positive infections.

Together, these findings demonstrate that MaRNAV-1 is a genuine parasite-infecting virus that is associated with increased parasite transmission potential and host inflammatory responses. Our study broadens the conventional view of host-pathogen interactions in malaria by revealing complex virus-parasite-host relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feufack-Donfack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebben, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumetz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunebast, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignolini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dore, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouaid, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefevre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohuet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamand, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruberto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abebe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsigie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malleret, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenkutie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantaert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovici, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.713337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MaRNAV-1 infection of Plasmodium vivax is associated with increased parasite transmission and host inflammatory responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lytic bacteriophages active in urine against multi-drug resistant clinically derived Klebsiella pneumoniae causing urinary tract infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713486v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesMultidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae is an increasingly important cause of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in high-risk patients such as those with neurogenic bladder, where therapeutic options are limited. Bacteriophage therapy represents a promising alternative, but pre-clinical models and characterization of phages active against UTI-derived strains remain scarce. We therefore aimed to isolate and characterize bacteriophages targeting a clinical MDR K. pneumoniae strain causing recurrent UTI and evaluate their activity under urinary conditions.

MethodsThree bacteriophages were isolated from environmental samples using an ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae clinical isolate obtained from a neurogenic bladder patient. Phages were characterized by genome sequencing, electron microscopy, stability assays, one-step growth curves, and host-range analysis across 79 clinical UTI isolates. Phage activity was quantified in LB medium and human urine using bacterial growth kinetics and a lytic activity score.

ResultsThree lytic phages from the former siphoviridae family (EDIRA083, EDIRA088, and EDIRA092) belonging to distinct genera were identified. Genomic analysis confirmed the absence of lysogeny-associated, virulence, or antibiotic-resistance genes. Latent periods ranged from 8 to 40 minutes and burst sizes from 38 to 170 virions per infected bacterium. Host-range analysis revealed narrow activity for EDIRA083 and EDIRA088, whereas EDIRA092 infected 29% of the 79 clinical isolates tested. In liquid phage infection assays, overall lytic activity was consistently higher and more sustained in human urine than in LB, suggesting reduced fitness of resistant mutants under urinary conditions.

ConclusionsThese results identify three genetically distinct lytic phages targeting MDR K. pneumoniae and highlight the importance of testing phage activity under infection-relevant conditions. Their activity in urine supports further evaluation of these phages as candidates for therapeutic development against MDR Klebsiella UTI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabeu Vilaplana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gedeon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galinat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffarian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierrat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benzerara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tournebize, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lytic bacteriophages active in urine against multi-drug resistant clinically derived Klebsiella pneumoniae causing urinary tract infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homozygosity for rare or common hypomorphic IL23R variants confers a predisposition to tuberculosis in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713554v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homozygosity for rare loss-of-function IL23R variants abolishes IL-23-dependent IFN-{gamma} production by lymphocytes, including NK and innate-like T cells, thereby underlying clinical disease due to weakly virulent mycobacterial species. We report selective enrichment in homozygosity for four hypomorphic IL23R variants in our cohort of patients with tuberculosis. Three of these IL23R alleles are rare (G300V, G149R and L372F), with a minor allele frequency (MAF) under 1%, but the fourth (R381Q) is surprisingly common, with a MAF as high as 10.2% in certain populations. The other 15 missense alleles found in the homozygous state in public databases are isomorphic. The four hypomorphic IL-23R variants identified dimerize with IL-12R{beta}1 and bind IL-23. However, their function is impaired by low levels of cell-surface expression (R381Q, G300V) and/or as a consequence of conformational changes altering agonist efficacy. IFN-{gamma} production in response to IL-23 is impaired in innate-like T cells and NK cells. These data suggest that recessive partial IL-23R deficiency, whether due to rare or common variants, confers a predisposition to tuberculosis while preserving immunity to less virulent mycobacteria.

One sentence summaryHomozygous hypomorphic IL23R variants impair IL-23-dependent IFN-{gamma} production and underlie tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olguin Calderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpatrick, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippot, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellutini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eun Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feredj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momenilandi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeleuthner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>soudee, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leloup, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debuisson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanternier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitoun, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariette, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skhoun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EL Ouazzani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abderahmani-Ghorfi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EL Baghdadi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejada-Giraldo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrabba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emiroglu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezrodnik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EL Zein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammoud, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homozygosity for rare or common hypomorphic IL23R variants confers a predisposition to tuberculosis in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.25.714204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of emerging Oropouche virus tropism and pathogenicity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.25.714204v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOropouche virus is an emerging arbovirus increasingly associated with neurological complications, but its human cellular tropism and potential routes to the central nervous system remain poorly defined. This study aimed to characterize infection across clinically relevant human cell types and to investigate interactions with a human blood-brain barrier model and human neuronal/glial cells.

MethodsA panel of human cell lines and primary human cells relevant to systemic and neurological disease was infected with Oropouche virus. Viral replication and production of infectious particles were quantified using molecular assays and infectivity titrations, and viral protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Barrier crossing was evaluated using a Transwell brain endothelial model with permeability monitoring, and infection dynamics in neuronal/glial cultures derived from human neural progenitors were quantified by imaging-based analyses. Group comparisons used non-parametric tests with Dunn-Bonferroni correction and Mann-Whitney tests; neuronal/glial cell counts were analysed using linear models with Fisher tests for interaction terms and multiplicity-adjusted post hoc comparisons.

ResultsOropouche virus productively infected hepatocyte-like and intestinal epithelial cells, with high viral RNA output and release of infectious progeny. Primary synoviocytes, chondrocytes and skeletal muscle cells were permissive but produced lower infectious titers. Brain endothelial cells were inoculated and virus was progressively detected in the basolateral compartment, while endothelial permeability remained unchanged, indicating barrier crossing without disruption. In neuronal/glial cultures, both neurons and astrocytes were susceptible; infection was associated with marked cytopathic changes and a preferential, accelerated decline in neuron abundance over time.

ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate broad human cell tropism and support blood-brain barrier crossing without major loss of barrier integrity, alongside pronounced neuronal vulnerability. The described models provide a platform to dissect mechanisms of neuroinvasion and to evaluate targeted antiviral strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruant, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeannin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geolier, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouly, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perthame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahtal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piumi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousset, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CECCALDI, P.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulpier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choumet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of emerging Oropouche virus tropism and pathogenicity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.714683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EpiCure (Epithelial Curation): a versatile and handy tool for curation of epithelial segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.714683v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigating single-cell dynamics and morphology in tissues and embryos requires highly accurate quantitative analysis of microscopy images. Despite significant advances in the field of bioimage analysis, even the most sophisticated segmentation and tracking algorithms inevitably produce errors (e.g. : over segmentation, missing objects, miss-connected objects). Although error rate may be small, their propagation throughout a time-lapse sequence has catastrophic effects on the accuracy of tracking and extraction of single cell parameters. Extracting single cell temporal information in the context of tissue/embryo requires thus expert curation to identify and correct segmentation errors. In the movies commonly used in developmental biology and stem cell research, both the number of imaged cells and the duration of recording are large, making this manual correction task extremely time-consuming. This has now become a major bottleneck in the fields of development, stem cell biology and bioimage analysis. We present here EpiCure (Epithelial Curation), a versatile tool designed to streamline and accelerate manual curation of segmentation and tracking in 2D movies of large epithelial tissues. EpiCure uses temporal information and morphometric parameters to automatically identify segmentation and tracking errors and provides user-friendly tools to correct them. It focuses on ergonomics and offers several visualization options to help navigating in movies of tissue covering a large number of cells, speeding up the detection of errors and their curation. EpiCure is highly interoperable and supports input from a wide range of segmentation tools. It also includes multiple export filters, enabling seamless integration with downstream analysis pipelines. In this paper, using movies from several animal models, we highlight the importance of curating cell segmentation and tracking for accurate downstream analysis, and demonstrate how EpiCure helps the curation process for extracting accurate single cell dynamics and cellular events detection, making it faster and amenable on large dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Letort, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xenard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueden, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweisguth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levayer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EpiCure (Epithelial Curation): a versatile and handy tool for curation of epithelial segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.12.653592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative model of SARS-CoV-2 variants under functional and immune pressure unveils viral escape potential and antibody resilience 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.12.653592v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 is shaped by competing pressures for ACE2 binding, viability, and escape from neutralizing antibodies targeting its receptor-binding domain (RBD). Here, we present EscapeMap, a modular framework that enables prediction and design of variants escaping antibodies. EscapeMap integrates deep mutational scanning data for ACE2 and 31 monoclonal antibodies with a generative sequence model trained on pre-pandemic Coronaviridae. To experimentally probe escape potential, we designed RBD variants under pressure from four clinically relevant antibodies (SA55, S2E12, S309, VIR-7229). Among these designs, bearing up to 21 mutations from wildtype, 50% expressed as stable proteins. Binding assays confirm that S309 and VIR-7229 retain recognition across diverse mutation combinations. EscapeMap accurately forecasts which antibodies are vulnerable to escape by our designed sequences. Finally, by identifying correlated escape routes, we predict and experimentally verify, antibody combinations less prone to simultaneous escape, offering a quantitative basis for guiding therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planchais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monasson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative model of SARS-CoV-2 variants under functional and immune pressure unveils viral escape potential and antibody resilience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.30.715196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positional cues, not Notch, direct Neuroblast selection during early neurogenesis in the Drosophila embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.30.715196v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Notch-mediated lateral inhibition is a conserved patterning process that controls alternative cell fate decisions and produces regular cell fate patterns. Prevailing models posit that lateral inhibition singles-out cells from fields of initially equipotent cells by amplifying stochastic fluctuations of Notch or pre-existing fate biases. Here, we revisited the role of Notch in early Drosophila neurogenesis, studying the dynamics of Neuroblast specification by live imaging the transcription of two proneural genes, scute and lethal of scute. We found that proneural gene expression is biased spatially along the dorsal-ventral axis prior to germ band extension and that early proneural expression predicts Neuroblast fate acquisition. This indicated that Neuroblast specification is pre-patterned by positional cues. Additionally, positional cues appeared to instruct individual cells to delaminate in a correct stereotyped pattern in proneural mutant embryos. Finally, contrary to current models, Notch signaling, measured by E(spl)m8 expression, was not detectable within proneural clusters until after Neuroblasts had initiated delamination. This indicated that Notch functions to stabilize rather than initiate fate decisions. We therefore propose that positional cues, not Notch, single-out Neuroblasts during early Drosophila neurogenesis, challenging long-held assumptions about the role of Notch in Neuroblast selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Green, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazouni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweisguth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positional cues, not Notch, direct Neuroblast selection during early neurogenesis in the Drosophila embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.27.640520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and dynamics of a multidomain ligand-gated ion channel revealed under acidic conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.27.640520v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ligand-gated ion channels are critical mediators of electrochemical signal transduction across evolution. The bacterial channel DeCLIC constitutes a provocative model system for structure, function, and dynamics in this family, including a modulatory N-terminal domain (NTD). Previous closed structures of DeCLIC support a rationale for its inhibition by calcium; however, properties of its open state remain unclear. Here we used cryogenic electron microscopy under acidic conditions to determine a previously unreported conformation of DeCLIC with an expanded pore. This structure was relatively stable and permeable in simulations, and agreed with the average low-pH solution structure by small-angle neutron scattering. In the absence of calcium, an alternative closed class exhibited dynamic rearrangements in the NTD. We propose that our expanded-pore structure corresponds to a functional open state of DeCLIC, while calcium-site and NTD dynamics drive channel closure, providing a detailed template for modulatory mechanisms in the larger channel family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anden, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovsnik, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lycksell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and dynamics of a multidomain ligand-gated ion channel revealed under acidic conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.31.713600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contextual Prediction Tunes the Tempo of Speech Segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.31.713600v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech comprehension draws on both temporal structure and contextual prediction, yet how these mechanisms coordinate is poorly understood. Time-compressed speech provides a controlled probe: by degrading temporal structure, it reveals the architecture of ordinary speech comprehension. Using 3x compression with silence insertion, we varied delivery rate, temporal regularity, and boundary alignment (syllabic vs. time-defined) across two behavioural experiments. Comprehension peaked near the upper theta boundary and declined at slower and faster rates. Temporal regularity helped only when boundaries coincided with syllabic onsets, while periodic pacing alone was insufficient. Contextual predictability (word-level entropy) facilitated comprehension when temporal cues were least effective, but only under syllabic segmentation. Computational modeling confirmed that {beta}-mediated contextual prediction selectively benefited syllabic-aligned conditions, was detrimental under time-based segmentation, and better reproduced human pattern overall. Together, these results suggest that contextual prediction is continuously active but behaviorally visible only when temporal scaffolding is insufficient and syllabic structure is preserved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Platonova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogonasheva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.713600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contextual Prediction Tunes the Tempo of Speech Segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.04.01.715814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling a missing component of the atypical type IV secretion system required for natural transformation of Helicobacter pylori 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.04.01.715814v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exchange of genetic information by natural transformation shapes bacterial evolution. In Helicobacter pylori it is thought to drive its unusually high recombination rate, which has a crucial role in the evolution of virulence and the propagation of antibiotics resistance genes. While in most cases uptake of the incoming DNA into the periplasm is mediated by type IV pili, in H. pylori this initial step of natural transformation requires ComB, a unique competence-specific type IV secretion system (T4SS). The mechanisms by which ComB mediates DNA uptake are still poorly understood, since T4SS are usually involved in an opposite process of DNA export. Here, we identify a gene (hp1421) that is absolutely required for uptake of the transforming DNA into the periplasm, although distant from the comB operons. We show that hp1421 codes for a hexameric ATPase from the VirB11 family. HP1421 is present in the cytoplasm and interacts with ComB4, another ATPase of the T4SS inner membrane subcomplex. The structural modelling and functional analysis of HP1421 and its interaction with ComB4 indicate that HP1421 is a missing component of the ComB inner-membrane subcomplex that we propose to name ComB11. Phylogenetic analyses show that comB11 is a H. pylori core gene and suggest that the competence-dedicated ComB T4SS was a recent acquisition within Helicobacteraceae. Hence, co-option of the T4SS for DNA transformation requires nearly all the proteins that were previously essential for DNA conjugation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villa, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauconnet, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machouri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacrouts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veaute, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerois, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radicella, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.715814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling a missing component of the atypical type IV secretion system required for natural transformation of Helicobacter pylori]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.04.01.715566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared and distinct oscillatory fingerprints underlying episodic memory and word retrieval 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.04.01.715566v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both episodic memory and word retrieval have been linked to power decreases in the alpha and beta oscillatory bands, but these patterns have rarely been related to each other, partly due to a lack of methodological approaches available. In this explorative study, we investigate the similarities and dissimilarities in the oscillatory fingerprints of the retrieval of words and episodes by directly comparing the activity patterns across time, frequency, and space. We acquired electroencephalography (EEG) data of participants performing a language and an episodic memory task based on the same stimulus material. With a newly developed approach, we directly compared the source-reconstructed oscillatory activity using mutual information and a feature-impact analysis. While left temporal and frontal regions showed dissimilarities between the tasks, right-hemispheric parietal regions exhibited similarities. We speculate that this could indicate a homologous function of these regions, potentially sharing less-specific representations between the tasks. We further uncovered a dissociation of the alpha and beta bands regarding the similarity across tasks. While the beta band was dissimilar between word and episodic memory retrieval, the alpha band seemed to contribute to the similarity we observed in right parietal regions. Whether this points to a task-unspecific function of the alpha band or a functional role in the retrieval process of the presumed representations, remains to be determined. In summary, we present an approach to study similarity across tasks using the temporal, spectral, and spatial dimensions of EEG data, and present results of exploring the shared oscillatory fingerprints between episodic memory and word retrieval.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westner, B. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.715566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared and distinct oscillatory fingerprints underlying episodic memory and word retrieval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
