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	<title>bioRxiv Channel: The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)</title>
	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
	<description>
	This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)"
	</description>

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	<title>bioRxiv</title>
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	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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	<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.02.522488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of replication origin licensing by ORC phosphorylation reveals a two-step mechanism for Mcm2-7 ring closing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.02.522488v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic DNA replication must occur exactly once per cell cycle to maintain cell ploidy. This outcome is ensured by temporally separating replicative helicase loading (G1 phase) and activation (S phase). In budding yeast, helicase loading is prevented outside of G1 by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) phosphorylation of three helicase-loading proteins: Cdc6, the Mcm2-7 helicase, and the origin recognition complex (ORC). CDK inhibition of Cdc6 and Mcm2-7 are well understood. Here we use single-molecule assays for multiple events during origin licensing to determine how CDK phosphorylation of ORC suppresses helicase loading. We find that phosphorylated ORC recruits a first Mcm2-7 to origins but prevents second Mcm2-7 recruitment. Phosphorylation of the Orc6, but not of the Orc2 subunit, increases the fraction of first Mcm2-7 recruitment events that are unsuccessful due to the rapid and simultaneous release of the helicase and its associated Cdt1 helicase-loading protein. Real-time monitoring of first Mcm2-7 ring closing reveals that either Orc2 or Orc6 phosphorylation prevents Mcm2-7 from stably encircling origin DNA. Consequently, we assessed formation of the MO complex, an intermediate that requires the closed-ring form of Mcm2-7. We found that ORC phosphorylation fully inhibits MO-complex formation and provide evidence that this event is required for stable closing of the first Mcm2-7. Our studies show that multiple steps of helicase loading are impacted by ORC phosphorylation and reveal that closing of the first Mcm2-7 ring is a two-step process started by Cdt1 release and completed by MO-complex formation.

Significance StatementEach time a eukaryotic cell divides (by mitosis) it must duplicate its chromosomal DNA exactly once to ensure that one full copy is passed to each resulting cell. Both under-replication or over-replication result in genome instability and disease or cell death. A key mechanism to prevent over-replication is the temporal separation of loading of the replicative DNA helicase at origins of replication and activation of these same helicases during the cell division cycle. Here we define the mechanism by which phosphorylation of the primary DNA binding protein involved in these events inhibits helicase loading. Our studies identify multiple steps of inhibition and provide new insights into the mechanism of helicase loading in the uninhibited condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amasino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of replication origin licensing by ORC phosphorylation reveals a two-step mechanism for Mcm2-7 ring closing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.04.522433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimensional Reduction for Single Molecule Imaging of DNA and Nucleosome Condensation by Polyamines, HP1α and Ki-67 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.04.522433v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macromolecules organize themselves into discrete membrane-less compartments. Mounting evidence has suggested that nucleosomes as well as DNA itself can undergo clustering or condensation to regulate genomic activity. Current in vitro condensation studies provide insight into the physical properties of condensates, such as surface tension and diffusion. However, such studies lack the resolution needed for complex kinetic studies of multicomponent condensation. Here, we use a supported lipid bilayer platform in tandem with total internal reflection microscopy to observe the 2-dimensional movement of DNA and nucleosomes at the single-molecule resolution. This dimensional reduction from 3-dimensional studies allows us to observe the initial condensation events and dissolution of these early condensates in the presence of physiological condensing agents. Using polyamines, we observed that the initial condensation happens on a timescale of minutes while dissolution occurs within seconds upon charge inversion. Polyamine valency, DNA length and GC content affect threshold polyamine concentration for condensation. Protein-based nucleosome condensing agents, HP1 and Ki-67, have much lower threshold concentration for condensation than charge-based condensing agents, with Ki-67 being the most effective as low as 100 pM for nucleosome condensation. In addition, we did not observe condensate dissolution even at the highest concentrations of HP1 and Ki-67 tested. We also introduce a two-color imaging scheme where nucleosomes of high density labeled in one color is used to demarcate condensate boundaries and identical nucleosomes of another color at low density can be tracked relative to the boundaries after Ki-67 mediated condensation. Our platform should enable the ultimate resolution of single molecules in condensation dynamics studies of chromatin components under defined physicochemical conditions.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benning, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestel-Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urteaga, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzakis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimensional Reduction for Single Molecule Imaging of DNA and Nucleosome Condensation by Polyamines, HP1α and Ki-67]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.05.522940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An entorhinal-like region in food-caching birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.05.522940v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian entorhinal cortex routes inputs from diverse sources into the hippocampus. This information is mixed and expressed in the activity of many specialized entorhinal cell types, which are considered indispensable for hippocampal function. However, functionally similar hippocampi exist even in non-mammals that lack an obvious entorhinal cortex, or generally any layered cortex. To address this dilemma, we mapped extrinsic hippocampal connections in chickadees, whose hippocampi are used for remembering numerous food caches. We found a well-delineated structure in these birds that is topologically similar to the entorhinal cortex and interfaces between the hippocampus and other pallial regions. Recordings of this structure revealed entorhinal-like activity, including border and multi-field grid-like cells. These cells were localized to the subregion predicted by anatomical mapping to match the dorsomedial entorhinal cortex. Our findings uncover an anatomical and physiological equivalence of vastly different brains, suggesting a fundamental nature of entorhinal-like computations for hippocampal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Applegate, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutnichenko, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackevicius, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An entorhinal-like region in food-caching birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.05.522836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wheat plant height locus RHT25 encodes a PLATZ transcription factor that interacts with DELLA (RHT1) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.05.522836v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant height is an important agronomic trait with a significant impact on grain yield, as demonstrated by the positive effect of the REDUCED HEIGHT (RHT) dwarfing alleles (Rht1b) on lodging and harvest index in the "Green Revolution" wheat varieties. However, these gibberellic acid (GA) insensitive alleles also reduce coleoptile length, biomass production, and yield potential in some environments, triggering the search for alternative GA-sensitive dwarfing genes. Here we report the identification, validation and characterization of the gene underlying the GA-sensitive dwarfing locus RHT25 in wheat. This gene, designated as PLATZ-A1 (TraesCS6A02G156600), is expressed mainly in the elongating stem and developing spike and encodes a plant-specific AT-rich sequence- and zinc-binding protein (PLATZ). Natural and induced loss-of-function mutations in PLATZ-A1 reduce plant height and its over-expression increases it, demonstrating that PLATZ-A1 is the causative gene of RHT25. PLATZ-A1 interacts physically and genetically with RHT1 (DELLA), and both genes have stronger effects on plant height in the presence of the wildtype than in the presence of the mutant allele of the other gene. These results suggest that PLATZ1 can modulate the effect of DELLA on wheat plant height. We identified four natural truncation mutations and one promoter insertion in PLATZ-A1 that are more frequent in modern varieties than in landraces, suggesting positive selection during wheat breeding. These mutations can be used to fine-tune wheat plant height and, in combination with other GA-sensitive dwarfing genes, to replace the GA-insensitive Rht1b alleles to search for grain yield improvements beyond those of the Green Revolution varieties.

Significance StatementWe have identified and characterized a previously unknown gene controlling plant height in wheat and named it PLATZ1. Mutations in PLATZ1 reduce plant height while its overexpression results in taller plants. PLATZ1 is expressed mainly in elongating stems and developing spikes and interacts physically and genetically with the "Green Revolution" dwarfing gene REDUCED HEIGHT 1 (RHT1). We discovered five natural mutants in the A genome copy of PLATZ1 in common wheat that have been favored during breeding, suggesting an overall positive effect on wheat performance. These mutations can be used to fine-tune wheat plant height and, eventually, to replace the RHT1 dwarfing alleles that impose limitations on planting depth and grain yield potential in some environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranquilli, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanzetti, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wheat plant height locus RHT25 encodes a PLATZ transcription factor that interacts with DELLA (RHT1)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.07.523036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solving the spike sorting problem with Kilosort 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.07.523036v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spike sorting is the computational process of extracting the firing times of single neurons from recordings of local electrical fields. This is an important but hard problem in neuroscience, complicated by the non-stationarity of the recordings and the dense overlap in electrical fields between nearby neurons. To solve the spike sorting problem, we have continuously developed over the past eight years a framework known as Kilosort. This paper describes the various algorithmic steps introduced in different versions of Kilosort. We also report the development of Kilosort4, a new version with substantially improved performance due to new clustering algorithms inspired by graph-based approaches. To test the performance of Kilosort, we developed a realistic simulation framework which uses densely sampled electrical fields from real experiments to generate non-stationary spike waveforms and realistic noise. We find that nearly all versions of Kilosort outperform other algorithms on a variety of simulated conditions, and Kilosort4 performs best in all cases, correctly identifying even neurons with low amplitudes and small spatial extents in high drift conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.07.523036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solving the spike sorting problem with Kilosort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.08.523062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel single molecule tracking of sequence-dependent DNA mismatch repair in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.08.523062v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether due to mutagens or replication errors, DNA mismatches arise spontaneously in vivo. Unrepaired mismatches are sources of genetic variation and point mutations which can alter cellular phenotype and cause dysfunction, diseases, and cancer. To understand how diverse mismatches in various sequence contexts are recognized and repaired, we developed a high-throughput sequencing-based approach to track single mismatch repair outcomes in vivo and determined the mismatch repair efficiencies of 5682 distinct singly mispaired sequences in E. coli. We found that CC mismatches are always poorly repaired, whereas local sequence context is a strong determinant of the hypervariable repair efficiency of TT, AG, and CT mismatches. Single molecule FRET analysis of MutS interactions with mismatched DNA showed that well-repaired mismatches have a higher effective rate of sliding clamp formation. The hypervariable repair of TT mismatches can cause selectively enhanced mutability if a failure to repair would result in synonymous codon change or a conservative amino acid change. Sequence-dependent repair efficiency in E. coli can explain the patterns of substitution mutations in mismatch repair-deficient tumors, human cells, and C. elegans. Comparison to biophysical and biochemical analyses indicate that DNA physics is the primary determinant of repair efficiency by its impact on the mismatch recognition by MutS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kayikcioglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarb, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel single molecule tracking of sequence-dependent DNA mismatch repair in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.07.522490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetics of Latin American Diversity (GLAD) Project: insights into population genetics and association studies in recently admixed groups in the Americas 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.07.522490v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latin America is underrepresented in genetic studies, which can exacerbate disparities in personalized genomic medicine. However, genetic data of thousands of Latin Americans are already publicly available, but require a bureaucratic maze to navigate all the data access and consenting issues. We present the Genetics of Latin American Diversity (GLAD) Project, a platform that compiles genome-wide information of 54,077 Latin Americans from 39 studies representing 45 geographical regions. Through GLAD, we identified heterogeneous ancestry composition and recent gene-flow across the Americas. Also, we developed a simulated-annealing-based algorithm to match the genetic background of external samples to our database and share summary statistics without transferring individual-level data. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of GLAD as a critical resource for evaluating statistical genetic softwares in the presence of admixture. By making this resource available, we promote genomic research in Latin Americans and contribute to the promises of personalized medicine to more people.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesch, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laboulaye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veliz-Otani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French-Kwawu, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peixoto Leal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikpe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouveia, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arboleda-Bustos, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arboleda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arboleda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreto, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezzera, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caceres, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chana-Cuevas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Custer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinardo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggirala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraz, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilliland, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkle,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.07.522490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetics of Latin American Diversity (GLAD) Project: insights into population genetics and association studies in recently admixed groups in the Americas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.09.523323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aclarubicin stimulates RNA polymerase II elongation at closely spaced divergent promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.09.523323v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthracyclines are a class of widely prescribed anti-cancer drugs that disrupt chromatin by intercalating into DNA and enhancing nucleosome turnover. To understand the molecular consequences of anthracycline-mediated chromatin disruption, we utilized CUT&Tag to profile RNA polymerase II during anthracycline treatment in Drosophila cells. We observed that treatment with the anthracycline aclarubicin leads to elevated levels of elongating RNA polymerase II and changes in chromatin accessibility. We found that promoter proximity and orientation impacts chromatin changes during aclarubicin treatment, as closely spaced divergent promoter pairs show greater chromatin changes when compared to codirectionally-oriented tandem promoters. We also found that aclarubicin treatment changes the distribution of non-canonical DNA G-quadruplex structures both at promoters and at G-rich pericentromeric repeats. Our work suggests that the anti-cancer activity of aclarubicin is driven by the effects of nucleosome disruption on RNA polymerase II, chromatin accessibility and DNA structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takushi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aclarubicin stimulates RNA polymerase II elongation at closely spaced divergent promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.11.523597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial meningitis in the early postnatal mouse studied at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.11.523597v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among infants and the elderly. Here we study mice to assess the response of each of the major meningeal cell types to early postnatal E. coli infection using single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq), immunostaining, and genetic and pharamacologic perturbations of immune cells and immune signaling. Flat mounts of the dissected arachnoid and dura were used to facilitiate high-quality confocal imaging and quantification of cell abundances and morphologies. Upon infection, the major meningeal cell types - including endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, and fibroblasts - exhibit distinctive changes in their transcriptomes. Additionally, ECs in the arachnoid redistribute CLDN5 and PECAM1, and arachnoid capillaries exhibit foci with reduced blood-brain barrier integrity. The vascular response to infection appears to be largely driven by TLR4 signaling, as determined by the nearly identical response induced by LPS administration and by the blunted response to infection in Tlr4-/- mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial meningitis in the early postnatal mouse studied at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.11.523558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two RNA-binding proteins mediate the sorting of miR223 from mitochondria into exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.11.523558v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane results in the secretion of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), or exosomes. The sorting of one exosomal cargo RNA, miR223, is facilitated by the RNA-binding protein, YBX1 (Shurtleff et al., 2016). We found that miR223 specifically binds a "cold shock" domain (CSD) of YBX1 through a 5 proximal sequence motif UCAGU that may represent a binding site or structural feature required for sorting. Prior to sorting into exosomes, most of the cytoplasmic miR223 resides in mitochondria. An RNA-binding protein localized to the mitochondrial matrix, YBAP1, appears to serve as a negative regulator of miR223 enrichment into exosomes. miR223 levels decreased in the mitochondria and increased in exosomes after loss of YBAP1. We observed YBX1 shuttle between mitochondria and endosomes in live cells. YBX1 also partitions into P body granules in the cytoplasm (Liu et al., 2021). We propose a model in which miR223 and likely other miRNAs are stored in mitochondria and are then mobilized by YBX1 to cytoplasmic phase condensate granules for capture into invaginations in the endosome that give rise to exosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two RNA-binding proteins mediate the sorting of miR223 from mitochondria into exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.13.523785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of amyloidogenic peptide traps 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.13.523785v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Segments of proteins with {beta}-strand propensity can self associate to form amyloid fibrils associated with many diseases. These regions often adopt alternative structures in their folded states, or are intrinsically disordered in solution, making it difficult to generate binders or inhibitors with existing strategies. Here we describe a general approach to bind such segments in {beta}-strand and {beta}-hairpin conformations using de novo designed scaffolds that contain deep peptide binding clefts flanked by {beta}-strands that form hydrogen bonds to the peptide upon binding. The designs bind their cognate peptides in vitro with nanomolar affinities and in mammalian cells. The crystal structure of a designed protein-peptide complex is close to the design model, and NMR characterization reveals how the peptide binding cleft is protected in the apo state. We use the approach to design binders to segments of the amyloid forming proteins Transthyretin, Tau, Serum amyloid A1 and A{beta}42. The A{beta} binders block assembly of A{beta} fibrils as effectively as the most potent of the clinically tested antibodies to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahtoe, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrzejewska, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennella, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meisl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlrichs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decarreau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of amyloidogenic peptide traps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.13.524003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nanoparticle priming agent reduces cellular uptake of cell-free DNA and enhances the sensitivity of liquid biopsies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.13.524003v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid biopsies are enabling minimally invasive monitoring and molecular profiling of diseases across medicine, but their sensitivity remains limited by the scarcity of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in blood. Here, we report an intravenous priming agent that is given prior to a blood draw to increase the abundance of cfDNA in circulation. Our priming agent consists of nanoparticles that act on the cells responsible for cfDNA clearance to slow down cfDNA uptake. In tumor-bearing mice, this agent increases the recovery of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) by up to 60-fold and improves the sensitivity of a ctDNA diagnostic assay from 0% to 75% at low tumor burden. We envision that this priming approach will significantly improve the performance of liquid biopsies across a wide range of clinical applications in oncology and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin Alonso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabrizi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blewett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekdemir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amini, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adalsteinsson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.524003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nanoparticle priming agent reduces cellular uptake of cell-free DNA and enhances the sensitivity of liquid biopsies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.13.523942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transplantation-based screen uncovers inducers of muscle progenitor cell engraftment across vertebrate species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.13.523942v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cell transplantation presents a potentially curative strategy for genetic disorders of skeletal muscle, but this approach is limited due to the deleterious effects of cell expansion in vitro and consequent poor engraftment efficiency. In an effort to overcome this limitation, we sought to identify molecular signals that enhance the myogenic activity of cultured muscle progenitors. Here, we report the development and application of a cross-species small molecule screening platform employing zebrafish and mouse, which enables rapid, direct evaluation of the effects of chemical compounds on the engraftment of transplanted muscle precursor cells. Using this system, we screened a library of bioactive lipids to identify those that could increase myogenic engraftment in vivo in zebrafish and mice. Two lipids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and niflumic acid (NFA), are linked to activation of intracellular calcium ion flux, which showed conserved, dose-dependent and synergistic effects in promoting muscle engraftment across these vertebrate species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tavakoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gahwiler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adatto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messemer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashrafi Kakhki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotowat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transplantation-based screen uncovers inducers of muscle progenitor cell engraftment across vertebrate species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.14.523958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting patterns of somatic mutations in neurons and glia reveal differential predisposition to disease in the aging human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.14.523958v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing the mechanisms of somatic mutations in the brain is important for understanding aging and disease, but little is known about the mutational patterns of different cell types. We performed whole-genome sequencing of 71 oligodendrocytes and 51 neurons from neurotypical individuals (0.4 to 104 years old) and identified >67,000 somatic single nucleotide variants (sSNVs) and small insertions and deletions (indels). While both cell types accumulate mutations with age, oligodendrocytes accumulate sSNVs 69% faster than neurons (27/year versus 16/year) whereas indels accumulate 42% slower (1.8/year versus 3.1/year). Correlation with single-cell RNA and chromatin accessibility from the same brains revealed that oligodendrocyte mutations are enriched in inactive genomic regions and are distributed similarly to mutations in brain cancers. In contrast, neuronal mutations are enriched in open, transcriptionally active chromatin. These patterns highlight differences in the mutagenic processes in glia and neurons and suggest cell type-specific, age-related contributions to neurodegeneration and oncogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luquette, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizzotto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohrson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.14.523958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting patterns of somatic mutations in neurons and glia reveal differential predisposition to disease in the aging human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequencing of N6-methyl-deoxyadenosine at single-base resolution across the mammalian genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524325v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While DNA N6-methyl-deoxyadenosine (6mA) is abundant in bacteria and protists, its presence and function in mammalian genomes have been less clear. We present Direct-Read 6mA sequencing (DR-6mA-seq), an antibody-independent method to measure 6mA at base-resolution with high sensitivity. DR-6mA-seq employs a unique mutation-based strategy to reveal 6mA sites as misincorporation signatures without any chemical or enzymatic modulation of 6mA. We validated DR-6mA-seq through successful mapping of the well-characterized G(6mA)TC motif in the E. coli DNA and identified 6mA sites in the mammalian mitochondrial DNA. As expected, when applying DR-6mA-seq to mammalian systems, we found that genomic DNA (gDNA) 6mA abundance is in general low in most mammalian tissues and cells; however, we did observe distinct gDNA 6mA sites in mouse testis and glioblastoma cells. DR-6mA-seq provides an enabling tool to detect 6mA at single-base resolution with high sensitivity for a comprehensive understanding of DNA 6mA in eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequencing of N6-methyl-deoxyadenosine at single-base resolution across the mammalian genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.18.524603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and DNA bridging activity of the essential Rec114-Mei4 trimer interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.18.524603v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination are formed by an evolutionarily conserved suite of factors that includes Rec114 and Mei4 (RM), which regulate DSB formation both spatially and temporally. In vivo, these proteins form large immunostaining foci that are integrated with higher order chromosome structures. In vitro, they form a 2:1 heterotrimeric complex that binds cooperatively to DNA to form large, dynamic condensates. However, understanding of the atomic structures and dynamic DNA binding properties of RM complexes is lacking. Here, we report a structural model of a heterotrimeric complex of the C-terminus of Rec114 with the N-terminus of Mei4, supported by nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. This minimal complex, which lacks the predicted intrinsically disordered region of Rec114, is sufficient to bind DNA and form condensates. Single-molecule experiments reveal that the minimal complex can bridge two or more DNA duplexes and can generate force to condense DNA through long-range interactions. AlphaFold2 predicts similar structural models for RM orthologs across diverse taxa despite their low degree of sequence similarity. These findings provide insight into the conserved networks of protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions that enable condensate formation and promote formation of meiotic DSBs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasso, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliezer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and DNA bridging activity of the essential Rec114-Mei4 trimer interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental Tests of the Virtual Circular Genome Model for Non-enzymatic RNA Replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524303v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The virtual circular genome (VCG) model was proposed as a means of going beyond template copying to indefinite cycles of nonenzymatic RNA replication during the origin of life. In the VCG model the protocellular genome is a collection of short oligonucleotides that map to both strands of a virtual circular sequence. Replication is driven by templated nonenzymatic primer extension on a subset of kinetically trapped partially base-paired configurations, followed by shuffling of these configurations to enable continued oligonucleotide elongation. Here we describe initial experimental studies of the feasibility of the VCG model for replication. We designed a small 12-nucleotide model VCG and synthesized all 247 oligonucleotides of length 2 to 12 corresponding to this genome. We experimentally monitored the fate of individual labeled primers in the pool of VCG oligonucleotides following the addition of activated nucleotides, and investigated factors such as oligonucleotide length, concentration, composition, and temperature on the extent of primer extension. We observe a surprisingly prolonged equilibration process in the VCG system that enables a considerable extent of reaction. We find that environmental fluctuations would be essential for continuous templated extension of the entire VCG system, since the shortest oligonucleotides can only bind to templates at low temperatures, while the longest oligonucleotides require high temperature spikes to escape from inactive configurations. Finally, we demonstrate that primer extension is significantly enhanced when the mix of VCG oligonucleotides is pre-activated. We discuss the necessity of ongoing in-situ activation chemistry for continuous and accurate VCG replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental Tests of the Virtual Circular Genome Model for Non-enzymatic RNA Replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.17.524433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GEARBOCS: An Adeno Associated Virus Tool for In Vivo Gene Editing in Astrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.17.524433v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome engineering enables rapid and precise gene manipulations in the CNS. Here, we developed a non-invasive astrocyte-specific method utilizing a single AAV vector, which we named GEARBOCS (Gene Editing in AstRocytes Based On CRISPR/Cas9 System). We verified GEARBOCS specificity to mouse cortical astrocytes and demonstrated its utility for three types of gene manipulations: knockout (KO); tagging (TagIn); and reporter knock-in (GeneTrap) strategies. Next, we deployed GEARBOCS in two test cases. First, we determined that astrocytes are a necessary source of the synaptogenic factor Sparcl1 for thalamocortical synapse maintenance in the mouse primary visual cortex. Second, we determined that cortical astrocytes express the synaptic vesicle associated Vamp2 protein and found that it is required for maintaining excitatory and inhibitory synapse numbers in the visual cortex. These results show that the GEARBOCS strategy provides a fast and efficient means to study astrocyte biology in vivo.

MotivationAstrocytes are indispensable for brain development, function, and health. However, molecular tools to study astrocyte biology and function in vivo have been largely limited to genetically modified mice. Here, we developed a CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing strategy within a single AAV vector that enables efficient genome manipulations in astrocytes. We designed and optimized this easy-to-use viral tool to understand gene expression, protein localization and function in astrocytes in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sivadasan Bindu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GEARBOCS: An Adeno Associated Virus Tool for In Vivo Gene Editing in Astrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apparent simplicity and emergent robustness in bacterial cell cycle control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524295v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To examine how bacteria achieve robust cell proliferation across diverse conditions, we developed a method that quantifies 77 cell morphological, cell cycle and growth phenotypes of a fluorescently-labeled Escherichia coli strain and >800 gene deletion derivatives under multiple nutrient conditions. This approach revealed extensive phenotypic plasticity and deviating mutant phenotypes were often found to be nutrient-dependent. From this broad phenotypic landscape emerged simple and robust unifying rules (laws) that connect DNA replication initiation, nucleoid segregation, FtsZ-ring formation, and cell constriction to specific aspects of cell size (volume, length, or added length). Furthermore, completion of cell division followed the initiation of cell constriction after a constant time delay across strains and nutrient conditions, identifying cell constriction as a key control point for cell size determination. Our work provides a systems-level understanding of the design principles by which E. coli integrates cell cycle processes and growth rate with cell size to achieve its robust proliferative capability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govers, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laloux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apparent simplicity and emergent robustness in bacterial cell cycle control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.19.524763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cas9-induced nonhomologous recombination in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.19.524763v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of the genetic basis of phenotypic variation within species remains challenging. In species with low recombination rates, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, genomic regions linked to a phenotype of interest by genetic mapping studies are often large, making it difficult to identify the specific genes and DNA sequence variants that underlie phenotypic differences. Here, we introduce a method that enables researchers to induce targeted recombination in C. elegans with Cas9. We demonstrate that high rates of targeted recombination can be induced by Cas9 in a genomic region in which naturally occurring recombination events are exceedingly rare. We anticipate that Cas9-induced nonhomologous recombination (CINR) will greatly facilitate high-resolution genetic mapping in this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zdraljevic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter-McNeill, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruglyak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cas9-induced nonhomologous recombination in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.20.524968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Woronin bodies move dynamically and bidirectionally by hitchhiking on early endosomes in Aspergillus nidulans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.20.524968v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proper functioning of organelles depends on their intracellular localization, mediated by motor protein-dependent transport on cytoskeletal tracks. Rather than directly associating with a motor protein, peroxisomes move by hitchhiking on motile early endosomes in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. However, the cellular function of peroxisome hitchhiking is unclear. Peroxisome hitchhiking requires the protein PxdA, which is conserved within the fungal subphylum Pezizomycotina, but absent from other fungal clades. Woronin bodies are specialized peroxisomes that are also unique to the Pezizomycotina. In these fungi, multinucleate hyphal segments are separated by incomplete cell walls called septa that possess a central pore enabling cytoplasmic exchange. Upon damage to a hyphal segment, Woronin bodies plug septal pores to prevent wide-spread leakage. Here, we tested if peroxisome hitchhiking is important for Woronin body motility, distribution, and function in A. nidulans. We show that Woronin body proteins are present within all motile peroxisomes and hitchhike on PxdA-labeled early endosomes during bidirectional, long-distance movements. Loss of peroxisome hitchhiking by knocking out pxdA significantly affected Woronin body distribution and motility in the cytoplasm, but Woronin body hitchhiking is ultimately dispensable for septal localization and plugging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Songster, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuyan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Woronin bodies move dynamically and bidirectionally by hitchhiking on early endosomes in Aspergillus nidulans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.20.524981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule visualization of native centromeric nucleosome formation reveals coordinated deposition by kinetochore proteins and centromere DNA sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.20.524981v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic chromosome segregation requires the kinetochore, a megadalton-sized machine that forms on specialized centromeric chromatin containing CENP-A, a histone H3 variant. CENP-A deposition requires a chaperone protein HJURP that targets it to the centromere, but it has remained unclear whether HJURP has additional functions beyond CENP-A targeting and why high AT DNA content, which disfavors nucleosome assembly, is widely conserved at centromeres. To overcome the difficulties of studying nucleosome formation in vivo, we developed a microscopy assay that enables direct observation of de novo centromeric nucleosome recruitment and maintenance with single molecule resolution. Using this assay, we discover that CENP-A can arrive at centromeres without its dedicated centromere-specific chaperone HJURP, but stable incorporation depends on HJURP and additional DNA-binding proteins of the inner kinetochore. We also show that homopolymer AT runs in the yeast centromeres are essential for efficient CENP-A deposition. Together, our findings reveal requirements for stable nucleosome formation and provide a foundation for further studies of the assembly and dynamics of native kinetochore complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popchock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubrulle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule visualization of native centromeric nucleosome formation reveals coordinated deposition by kinetochore proteins and centromere DNA sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.22.525077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling of African population history using f-statistics can be highly biased and is not addressed by previously suggested SNP ascertainment schemes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.22.525077v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
f-statistics have emerged as a first line of analysis for making inferences about demographic history from genome-wide data. These statistics can provide strong evidence for either admixture or cladality, which can be robust to substantial rates of errors or missing data. f-statistics are guaranteed to be unbiased under "SNP ascertainment" (analyzing non-randomly chosen subsets of single nucleotide polymorphisms) only if it relies on a population that is an outgroup for all groups analyzed. However, ascertainment on a true outgroup that is not co-analyzed with other populations is often impractical and uncommon in the literature. In this study focused on practical rather than theoretical aspects of SNP ascertainment, we show that many non-outgroup ascertainment schemes lead to false rejection of true demographic histories, as well as to failure to reject incorrect models. But the bias introduced by common ascertainments such as the 1240K panel is mostly limited to situations when more than one sub-Saharan African and/or archaic human groups (Neanderthals and Denisovans) or non-human outgroups are co-modelled, for example, f4-statistics involving one non-African group, two African groups, and one archaic group. Analyzing panels of SNPs polymorphic in archaic humans, which has been suggested as a solution for the ascertainment problem, cannot fix all these problems since for some classes of f-statistics it is not a clean outgroup ascertainment, and in other cases it demonstrates relatively low power to reject incorrect demographic models since it provides a relatively small number of variants common in anatomically modern humans. And due to the paucity of high-coverage archaic genomes, archaic individuals used for ascertainment often act as sole representatives of the respective groups in an analysis, and we show that this approach is highly problematic. By carrying out large numbers of simulations of diverse demographic histories, we find that bias in inferences based on f-statistics introduced by non-outgroup ascertainment can be minimized if the derived allele frequency spectrum in the population used for ascertainment approaches the spectrum that existed at the root of all groups being co-analyzed. Ascertaining on sites with variants common in a diverse group of African individuals provides a good approximation to such a set of SNPs, addressing the great majority of biases and also retaining high statistical power for studying population history. Such a "pan-African" ascertainment, although not completely problem-free, allows unbiased exploration of demographic models for the widest set of archaic and modern human populations, as compared to the other ascertainment schemes we explored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flegontov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isıldak, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yüncü, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changmai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.22.525077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling of African population history using f-statistics can be highly biased and is not addressed by previously suggested SNP ascertainment schemes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.22.525083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA Polymerase II, the BAF remodeler and transcription factors synergize to evict nucleosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.22.525083v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin accessibility is a hallmark of active transcription and requires ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling by Brahma-Associated Factor (BAF). However, the mechanistic link between transcription, nucleosome remodeling, and chromatin accessibility is unclear. Here, we used a chemical-genetic approach to dissect the interplay between RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII), BAF, and DNA-sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) in mouse embryonic stem cells. By time-resolved chromatin profiling with acute transcription block at distinct stages, we show that RNAPII promoter-proximal pausing stabilizes BAF chromatin occupancy and enhances nucleosome eviction by BAF. We find that RNAPII and BAF probe both transcriptionally active and Polycomb-repressed genomic regions and provide evidence that TFs capture transient site exposure due to nucleosome unwrapping by BAF to confer locus specificity for persistent chromatin remodeling. Our study reveals the mechanistic basis of cell-type-specific chromatin accessibility. We propose a new paradigm for how functional synergy between dynamically acting chromatin factors regulates nucleosome organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brahma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.22.525083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA Polymerase II, the BAF remodeler and transcription factors synergize to evict nucleosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.23.522648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome expansion by a CRISPR trimmer-integrase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.23.522648v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems capture DNA fragments from invading mobile genetic elements and integrate them into the host genome to provide a template for RNA-guided immunity. CRISPR systems maintain genome integrity and avoid autoimmunity by distinguishing between self and non-self, a process for which the CRISPR-Cas1:Cas2 integrase is necessary but not sufficient. In some microbes, the Cas4 endonuclease assists CRISPR adaptation, but many CRISPR-Cas systems lack Cas4. We show here that an elegant alternative pathway employs an internal exonuclease to select and process DNA for integration using the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). A natural Cas1:Cas2-exonuclease fusion (trimmer-integrase) catalyzes coordinated DNA capture, trimming and integration. Five cryo-EM structures of the CRISPR trimmer-integrase, visualized both before and during DNA integration, show how asymmetric processing generates size-defined, PAM-containing substrates. Before genome integration, the PAM sequence is released by Cas1 and cleaved by the exonuclease, marking inserted DNA as self and preventing aberrant CRISPR targeting of the host. Together, these data support a model in which CRISPR systems lacking Cas4 use fused or recruited exonucleases for faithful acquisition of new CRISPR immune sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuck, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.522648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome expansion by a CRISPR trimmer-integrase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.25.525425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hacking brain development to test models of sensory coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.25.525425v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals can discriminate myriad sensory stimuli but can also generalize from learned experience. You can probably distinguish the favorite teas of your colleagues while still recognizing that all tea pales in comparison to coffee. Tradeoffs between detection, discrimination, and generalization are inherent at every layer of sensory processing. During development, specific quantitative parameters are wired into perceptual circuits and set the playing field on which plasticity mechanisms play out. A primary goal of systems neuroscience is to understand how material properties of a circuit define the logical operations-- computations--that it makes, and what good these computations are for survival. A cardinal method in biology--and the mechanism of evolution--is to change a unit or variable within a system and ask how this affects organismal function. Here, we make use of our knowledge of developmental wiring mechanisms to modify hard-wired circuit parameters in the Drosophila melanogaster mushroom body and assess the functional and behavioral consequences. By altering the number of expansion layer neurons (Kenyon cells) and their dendritic complexity, we find that input number, but not cell number, tunes odor selectivity. Simple odor discrimination performance is maintained when Kenyon cell number is reduced and augmented by Kenyon cell expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Previero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clowney, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hacking brain development to test models of sensory coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.27.525968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of stimulus-responsive two-state hinge proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.27.525968v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins that switch between two structural states as a function of environmental stimuli are widespread in nature. These proteins structurally transduce biochemical information in a manner analogous to how transistors control information flow in computing devices. Engineering challenges ranging from biological computing devices to molecular motors require such two-state switches, but designing these is an unsolved problem as it requires sculpting an energy landscape with two low-energy but structurally distinct conformations that can be modulated by external inputs. Here we describe a general design approach for creating "hinge" proteins that populate one distinct state in the absence of ligand and a second designed state in the presence of ligand. X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy demonstrate that despite the significant structural differences, the two states are designed with atomic level accuracy. The kinetics and thermodynamics of effector binding can be finely tuned by modulating the free energy differences between the two states; when this difference becomes sufficiently small, we obtain bistable proteins that populate both states in the absence of effector, but collapse to a single state upon effector addition. Like the transistor, these switches now enable the design of a wide array of molecular information processing systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Praetorius, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, P. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessmer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broerman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demakis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishman, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of stimulus-responsive two-state hinge proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.30.526059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome comparisons identify repeated regulatory changes underlying convergent appendage evolution in diverse fish lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.30.526059v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fins are major functional appendages of fish that have been repeatedly modified in different lineages. To search for genomic changes underlying natural fin diversity, we compared the genomes of 36 wild fish species that either have complete or reduced pelvic and caudal fins. We identify 1,614 genomic regions that are well-conserved in fin-complete species but missing from multiple fin-reduced lineages. Recurrent deletions of conserved sequences (CONDELs) in wild fin-reduced species are enriched for functions related to appendage development, suggesting that convergent fin reduction at the organismal level is associated with repeated genomic deletions near fin-appendage development genes. We used sequencing and functional enhancer assays to confirm that PelA, a Pitx1 enhancer previously linked to recurrent pelvic loss in sticklebacks, has also been independently deleted and may have contributed to the fin morphology in distantly related pelvic-reduced species. We also identify a novel enhancer that is conserved in the majority of percomorphs, drives caudal fin expression in transgenic stickleback, is missing in tetraodontiform, syngnathid, and synbranchid species with caudal fin reduction, and which alters caudal fin development when targeted by genome editing. Our study illustrates a general strategy for mapping phenotypes to genotypes across a tree of vertebrate species, and highlights notable new examples of regulatory genomic hotspots that have been used to evolve recurrent phenotypes during 100 million years of fish evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turakhia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejerano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome comparisons identify repeated regulatory changes underlying convergent appendage evolution in diverse fish lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.30.526314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitness effects of mutations to SARS-CoV-2 proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.30.526314v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowledge of the fitness effects of mutations to SARS-CoV-2 can inform assessment of new variants, design of therapeutics resistant to escape, and understanding of the functions of viral proteins. However, experimentally measuring effects of mutations is challenging: we lack tractable lab assays for many SARS-CoV-2 proteins, and comprehensive deep mutational scanning has been applied to only two SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Here we develop an approach that leverages millions of publicly available SARS-CoV-2 sequences to estimate effects of mutations. We first calculate how many independent occurrences of each mutation are expected to be observed along the SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny in the absence of selection. We then compare these expected observations to the actual observations to estimate the effect of each mutation. These estimates correlate well with deep mutational scanning measurements. For most genes, synonymous mutations are nearly neutral, stop-codon mutations are deleterious, and amino-acid mutations have a range of effects. However, some viral accessory proteins are under little to no selection. We provide interactive visualizations of effects of mutations to all SARS-CoV-2 proteins (https://jbloomlab.github.io/SARS2-mut-fitness/). The framework we describe is applicable to any virus for which the number of available sequences is sufficiently large that many independent occurrences of each neutral mutation are observed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neher, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitness effects of mutations to SARS-CoV-2 proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.30.526383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human cytomegalovirus mediates APOBEC3B relocalization early during infection through a ribonucleotide reductase-independent mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.30.526383v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The APOBEC3 family of DNA cytosine deaminases comprises an important arm of the innate antiviral defense system. The gamma-herpesviruses EBV and KSHV and the alpha-herpesviruses HSV-1 and HSV-2 have evolved an efficient mechanism to avoid APOBEC3 restriction by directly binding to APOBEC3B and facilitating its exclusion from the nuclear compartment. The only viral protein required for APOBEC3B relocalization is the large subunit of the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). Here, we ask whether this APOBEC3B relocalization mechanism is conserved with the beta-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Although HCMV infection causes APOBEC3B relocalization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in multiple cell types, the viral RNR (UL45) is not required. APOBEC3B relocalization occurs rapidly following infection suggesting involvement of an immediate early or early (IE-E) viral protein. In support of this mechanism, cycloheximide treatment of HCMV-infected cells prevents the expression of viral proteins and simultaneously blocks APOBEC3B relocalization. In comparison, the treatment of infected cells with phosphonoacetic acid, which is a viral DNA synthesis inhibitor affecting late protein expression, still permits A3B relocalization. These results combine to show that the beta-herpesvirus HCMV uses a fundamentally different, RNR-independent molecular mechanism to antagonize APOBEC3B.

ImportanceHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections can range from asymptomatic to severe, particularly in neonates and immunocompromised patients. HCMV has evolved strategies to overcome host-encoded antiviral defenses in order to achieve lytic viral DNA replication and dissemination and, under some conditions, latency and long-term persistence. Here, we show that HCMV infection causes the antiviral factor, APOBEC3B, to relocalize from the nuclear compartment to the cytoplasm. This overall strategy resembles that used by related herpesviruses. However, the HCMV relocalization mechanism utilizes a different viral factor(s) and available evidence suggests the involvement of at least one protein expressed at the early stages of infection. This knowledge is important because a greater understanding of this mechanism could lead to novel antiviral strategies that enable APOBEC3B to naturally restrict HCMV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanunza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokensgard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biolatti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dell'Oste, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bresnahan, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human cytomegalovirus mediates APOBEC3B relocalization early during infection through a ribonucleotide reductase-independent mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.29.526158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The viral packaging motor potentiates late gene expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.29.526158v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses transcribe their late genes in a manner distinct from host transcription. This process is directed by a complex of viral transcriptional activator proteins that hijack cellular RNA polymerase II and an unknown set of additional factors. We employed proximity labeling coupled with mass spectrometry, followed by CRISPR and siRNA screening to identify proteins functionally associated with the Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) late gene transcriptional complex. These data revealed that the catalytic subunit of the viral DNA packaging motor, ORF29, is both dynamically associated with the viral transcriptional activator complex and potentiates late gene expression. Through genetic mutation and deletion of ORF29, we establish that its catalytic activity potentiates viral transcription and is required for robust accumulation of essential late proteins during infection. Thus, we propose an expanded role for ORF29 that encompasses its established function in viral packaging and its newly discovered contributions to viral transcription and late gene expression in KSHV.

Author summary{beta}- and {gamma}-herpesviruses express a class of genes essential for completion of the viral life cycle late during infection. A specialized complex of viral transcriptional activator proteins drives expression of these late genes in a manner dependent on viral genome replication, although the mechanisms and regulation of this process are largely unknown. Here, we identified factors that physically and functionally associate with the late gene transcription complex and unexpectedly found that the viral DNA packaging motor in Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) contributes to late gene expression. We show that the catalytic activity of this protein is not only required for genomic packaging but also for the robust expression of late genes to ensure the successful production of progeny virions. Thus, late gene transcription is mechanistically linked to the conserved processes of viral genome replication and packaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCollum, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray-Nerger, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christea, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The viral packaging motor potentiates late gene expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.01.526663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The formation of an expanding memory representation in the hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.01.526663v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How brain networks connected by labile synapses store new information without catastrophically overwriting previous memories remains poorly understood1,2. To examine this, we tracked the same population of hippocampal CA1 place cells (PC) as mice learned a task for 7 days. We found evidence of memory formation as both the number of PCs maintaining a stable place field (PF) and the stability of individual PCs progressively increased across the week until most of the representation was composed of long-term stable PCs. The stable PCs disproportionately represented task-related learned information, were retrieved earlier within a behavioral session, and showed a strong correlation with behavioral performance. Both the initial formation of PCs and their retrieval on subsequent days was accompanied by prominent signs of behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity (BTSP), suggesting that even stable PCs were re-formed by synaptic plasticity each session. Further experimental evidence supported by a cascade-type state model indicates that CA1 PCs increase their stability each day they are active eventually forming a highly stable population. The results suggest that CA1 memory is implemented by an increase in the likelihood of new neuron-specific synaptic plasticity, as opposed to extensive long-term synaptic weight stabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitwood, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The formation of an expanding memory representation in the hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.02.526638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a unique pathway for glutathione utilization in Francisella 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.02.526638v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant metabolite that can act as a signal, a nutrient source, or serve in a redox capacity for intracellular pathogens. For Francisella, GSH is thought to be a critical in vivo source of cysteine; however, the cellular pathways permitting GSH utilization by Francisella differ between strains and have remained poorly understood. Using genetic screening, we discovered a unique pathway for GSH utilization in Francisella spp. Whereas prior work suggested GSH catabolism initiates in the periplasm, the pathway we define consists of a major facilitator superfamily member that transports intact GSH and a previously unrecognized bacterial cytoplasmic enzyme that catalyzes the first step of GSH degradation. Interestingly, we find that the transporter gene for this pathway is pseudogenized in pathogenic Francisella, explaining phenotypic discrepancies in GSH utilization among Francisella spp. and revealing a critical role for GSH in the environmental niche of these bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledvina, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tower, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambarev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charity, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreuk, L. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radey, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rerolle, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penewit, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkarslan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerrett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salipante, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baliga, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dove, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougous, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a unique pathway for glutathione utilization in Francisella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.03.527041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA conformation and metal ion coordination in the nonenzymatic primer extension reaction center 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.03.527041v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanism by which genetic information was copied prior to the evolution of ribozymes is of great interest because of its importance to the origin of life. The most effective known process for the nonenzymatic copying of an RNA template is primer extension by a two-step pathway in which 2-aminoimidazole activated nucleotides first react with each other to form an imidazolium-bridged intermediate that subsequently reacts with the primer. Reaction kinetics, structure-activity relationships, and X-ray crystallography have provided insight into the overall reaction mechanism, but many puzzles remain. In particular, high concentrations of Mg2+ are required for efficient primer extension, but the mechanism by which Mg2+ accelerates primer extension remains unknown. By analogy with the mechanism of DNA and RNA polymerases, a role for Mg2+ in facilitating the deprotonation of the primer 3'-hydroxyl is often assumed, but no catalytic metal ion is seen in crystal structures of the primer extension complex. To explore the potential effects of Mg2+ binding in the reaction center, we performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of a series of modeled complexes in which a Mg2+ ion was placed in the reaction center with inner sphere coordination to different sets of functional groups. Our simulations suggest that coordination of a Mg2+ ion to both O3' of the terminal primer nucleotide and the pro-Sp non- bridging oxygen of the reactive phosphate of an imidazolium-bridged dinucleotide would help to preorganize the structure of the primer/template substrate complex to favor the primer-extension reaction. Our results suggest that the catalytic metal ion may play an important role in overcoming electrostatic repulsion between a deprotonated O3' and the reactive phosphate of the bridged dinucleotide. Our simulations lead to testable predictions of the mode of Mg2+ binding that is most relevant to catalysis of primer extension.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEPrior to the evolution of complex enzymes, the replication of genetic material must have relied on nonenzymatic mechanisms. Nonenzymatic RNA template copying can be achieved through the extension of a primer by reaction with a 2-aminoimidazole (2AI) bridged dinucleotide in the presence of Mg2+. Despite progress in understanding the mechanism of this reaction, the catalytic role of Mg2+ remains poorly understood. Here, we present a series of molecular dynamics simulations of a model RNA primer-extension complex in different potential reactive conformations. We find that one configuration of both the 2AI moiety and coordination state of the Mg2+ promotes a geometry that is most favorable to reaction, suggesting a potential structural role for Mg2+ and providing insights to guide future experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mittal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA conformation and metal ion coordination in the nonenzymatic primer extension reaction center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.03.527047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for the Gram-negative outer membrane in bacterial shape determination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.03.527047v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria consists of three distinct layers: the cytoplasmic membrane, a cell wall made of peptidoglycan (PG), and an asymmetric outer membrane (OM) composed of phospholipid in the inner leaflet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) glycolipid in the outer leaflet. The PG layer has long been thought to be the major structural component of the envelope protecting cells from osmotic lysis and providing them with their characteristic shape. In recent years, the OM has also been shown to be a load-bearing layer of the cell surface that fortifies cells against internal turgor pressure. However, whether the OM also plays a role in morphogenesis has remained unclear. Here, we report that changes in LPS synthesis or modification predicted to strengthen the OM can suppress the growth and shape defects of Escherichia coli mutants with reduced activity in a conserved PG synthesis machine called the Rod system (elongasome) that is responsible for cell elongation and shape determination. Evidence is presented that OM fortification in the shape mutants restores the ability of MreB cytoskeletal filaments to properly orient the synthesis of new cell wall material by the Rod system. Our results are therefore consistent with a role for the OM in the propagation of rod shape during growth in addition to its well-known function as a diffusion barrier promoting the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria.

SIGNIFICANCEThe cell wall has traditionally been thought to be the main structural determinant of the bacterial cell envelope that resists internal turgor and determines cell shape. However, the outer membrane (OM) has recently been shown to contribute to the mechanical strength of Gram-negative bacterial envelopes. Here, we demonstrate that changes to OM composition predicted to increase its load bearing capacity rescue the growth and shape defects of Escherichia coli mutants defective in the major cell wall synthesis machinery that determines rod shape. Our results therefore reveal a previously unappreciated role for the OM in bacterial shape determination in addition to its well-known function as a diffusion barrier that protects Gram-negative bacteria from external insults like antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fivenson, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohs, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vettiger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardis, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forchoh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for the Gram-negative outer membrane in bacterial shape determination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.03.527025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of TRIBE and STAMP for identifying targets of RNA binding proteins in human and Drosophila cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.03.527025v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) perform a myriad of functions and are implicated in numerous neurological diseases. To identify the targets of RBPs in small numbers of cells, we developed TRIBE, in which the catalytic domain of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR (ADARcd) is fused to a RBP. When the RBP binds to a mRNA, ADAR catalyzes A to G modifications in the target mRNA that can be easily identified in standard RNA-sequencing. In STAMP, the concept is the same except the ADARcd is replaced by the RNA editing enzyme APOBEC. Here we compared the two enzymes fused to the RBP TDP-43 in human cells. Although they both identified TDP-43 target mRNAs, combining the two methods more successfully identified high confidence targets. We also assayed the two enzymes in Drosophila cells: RBP-APOBEC fusions generated only low numbers of editing sites, comparable to the level of control editing. This was true for two different RBPs, Hrp48 and Thor (Drosophila EIF4E-BP), indicating that TRIBE performed better in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abruzzi, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of TRIBE and STAMP for identifying targets of RNA binding proteins in human and Drosophila cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.05.527227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketamine evoked disruption of entorhinal and hippocampal spatial maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.05.527227v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ketamine, a rapid-acting anesthetic and acute antidepressant, carries undesirable spatial cognition side effects including out-of-body experiences and spatial memory impairments. The neural substrates that underlie these alterations in spatial cognition however, remain incompletely understood. Here, we used electrophysiology and calcium imaging to examine ketamines impacts on the medial entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, which contain neurons that encode an animals spatial position, as mice navigated virtual reality and real world environments. Ketamine induced an acute disruption and long-term re-organization of entorhinal spatial representations. This acute ketamine-induced disruption reflected increased excitatory neuron firing rates and degradation of cell-pair temporal firing rate relationships. In the reciprocally connected hippocampus, the activity of neurons that encode the position of the animal was suppressed after ketamine administration. Together, these findings point to disruption in the spatial coding properties of the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit as a potential neural substrate for ketamine-induced changes in spatial cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masuda, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aery Jones, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.05.527227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketamine evoked disruption of entorhinal and hippocampal spatial maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into substrate coordination and glycosyl transfer of poplar cellulose synthase-8 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527505v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellulose is an abundant cell wall component of land plants. It is synthesized from UDP-activated glucose molecules by cellulose synthase, a membrane-integrated processive glycosyltransferase. Cellulose synthase couples the elongation of the cellulose polymer with its translocation across the plasma membrane. Here, we present substrate and product-bound cryogenic electron microscopy structures of the homotrimeric cellulose synthase isoform-8 (CesA8) from hybrid aspen (poplar). UDP-glucose binds to a conserved catalytic pocket adjacent to the entrance to a transmembrane channel. The substrates glucosyl unit is coordinated by conserved residues of the glycosyltransferase domain and amphipathic interface helices. Site-directed mutagenesis of a conserved gating loop capping the active site reveals its critical function for catalytic activity. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal prolonged interactions of the gating loop with the substrate molecule, particularly across its central conserved region. These transient interactions likely facilitate the proper positioning of the substrate molecule for glycosyl transfer and cellulose translocation.

HighlightsO_LICryo-EM structures of substrate and product bound poplar cellulose synthase provide insights into substrate selectivity
C_LIO_LISite directed mutagenesis signifies a critical function of the gating loop for catalysis
C_LIO_LIMolecular dynamics simulations support persistent gating loop - substrate interactions
C_LIO_LIGating loop helps in positioning the substrate molecule to facilitate cellulose elongation
C_LIO_LIConserved cellulose synthesis substrate binding mechanism across the kingdoms
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwansa, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yingling, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into substrate coordination and glycosyl transfer of poplar cellulose synthase-8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.06.527370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A remarkable transformation catalyzed by a domain-of-unknown-function 692 during the biosynthesis of a new RiPP natural product 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.06.527370v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The domain of unknown function 692 (DUF692) is an emerging family of posttranslational modification enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of ribosomally-synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural products. Members of this family are multinuclear iron-containing enzymes and only two members have been functionally characterized to date: MbnB and TglH. Here, we used bioinformatics to select another member of the DUF692 family, ChrH, that is ubiquitously encoded in the genomes of the Chryseobacterium genus along with a partner protein ChrI. We structurally characterized the ChrH reaction product and show that the enzyme catalyzes an unprecedented chemical transformation that results in the formation of a macrocycle, an imidazolidinedione heterocycle, two thioaminals, and a thiomethylation. Based on isotopic labeling studies, we propose a mechanism for the four-electron oxidation and methylation of the substrate peptide. This work identifies the first SAM-dependent DUF692 enzyme, further expanding the repertoire of remarkable reactions catalyzed by these enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayikpoe, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A remarkable transformation catalyzed by a domain-of-unknown-function 692 during the biosynthesis of a new RiPP natural product]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.06.527285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial metabolism in primary and metastatic human kidney cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.06.527285v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most kidney cancers display evidence of metabolic dysfunction1-4 but how this relates to cancer progression in humans is unknown. We used a multidisciplinary approach to infuse 13C-labeled nutrients during surgical tumour resection in over 70 patients with kidney cancer. Labeling from [U-13C]glucose varies across cancer subtypes, indicating that the kidney environment alone cannot account for all metabolic reprogramming in these tumours. Compared to the adjacent kidney, clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) display suppressed labelling of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates in vivo and in organotypic slices cultured ex vivo, indicating that suppressed labeling is tissue intrinsic. Infusions of [1,2-13C]acetate and [U-13C]glutamine in patients, coupled with respiratory flux of mitochondria isolated from kidney and tumour tissue, reveal primary defects in mitochondrial function in human ccRCC. However, ccRCC metastases unexpectedly have enhanced labeling of TCA cycle intermediates compared to primary ccRCCs, indicating a divergent metabolic program during ccRCC metastasis in patients. In mice, stimulating respiration in ccRCC cells is sufficient to promote metastatic colonization. Altogether, these findings indicate that metabolic properties evolve during human kidney cancer progression, and suggest that mitochondrial respiration may be limiting for ccRCC metastasis but not for ccRCC growth at the site of origin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bezwada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesner, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasitinon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aurora, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghandour, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudderth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumesnil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woldu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagrodia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadeddu, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedrosa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malloy, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial metabolism in primary and metastatic human kidney cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection of a de novo gene that can promote survival of E. coli by modulating protein homeostasis pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527531v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells sometime adapt to challenging environments by turning non-functional loci into functional genes in a process termed de novo gene birth. But how proteins with random amino acid sequences integrate into existing cellular pathways to provide a benefit remains poorly understood. Here, we screened [~]108 random genes for their ability to rescue growth arrest of E. coli cells producing the ribonuclease toxin MazF. Approximately 2,000 random genes could promote growth by reducing transcription from the promoter driving mazF expression. Additionally, one gene, named random antitoxin of MazF (ramF), whose protein product was well-tolerated in cells and neutralized MazF by interacting with chaperones, leading to MazF proteolysis. We show that the specificity of RamF for MazF relative to other toxins relies on the degron-like function of MazFs first 10 amino acids. Finally, we demonstrate that random proteins can improve during evolution by identifying beneficial mutations that turned RamF into a more efficient inhibitor. Our work provides a mechanistic basis for how de novo gene birth can produce new, functional proteins that are integrated into complex cellular systems and provide a benefit to cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frumkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection of a de novo gene that can promote survival of E. coli by modulating protein homeostasis pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplicity of Agrobacterium infection of Nicotiana benthamiana for transient DNA delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.07.527564v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological DNA transfer into plant cells mediated by Agrobacterium represents one of the most powerful tools for the engineering and study of plant systems. Transient expression of transfer DNA (T-DNA) in particular enables rapid testing of gene products and has recently been harnessed for facile combinatorial expression of multiple genes. In analogous mammalian cell-based gene expression systems, a clear sense of the multiplicity of infection (MOI) allows users to predict and control viral transfection frequencies for applications requiring single vs. multiple transfection events per cell. Despite the value of Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation of plants, MOI has not been quantified. Establishing MOI for Agrobacterium T-DNA delivery at the level of single plant cells would allow users to design genomic library delivery conditions (at most 1 event/cell), or maximize co-delivery of T-DNA loads from separate Agrobacterium (>1 event/cell). Here, we analyze the Poisson probability distribution of T-DNA transfer in leaf pavement cells to determine the MOI for the widely used model system Agrobacterium GV3101/Nicotiana benthamiana. These data delineate the relationship between an individual Agrobacterium strain infiltration OD600, plant cell perimeter and leaf age, as well as plant cell co-infection rates. Our analysis also establishes experimental regimes where the probability of near-simultaneous delivery of >20 unique T-DNAs to a given plant cell remains high throughout the leaf. We anticipate that these data will enable users to develop new approaches to in-leaf library development using Agrobacterium transient expression and the reliable combinatorial assaying of multiple heterologous proteins in a single plant cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajniak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplicity of Agrobacterium infection of Nicotiana benthamiana for transient DNA delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.09.527907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-catalyzed RNA Ligation within Prebiotically Plausible Model Protocells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.09.527907v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Demonstrating RNA catalysis within prebiotically relevant models of primordial cells (protocells) remains a challenge in Origins of life research. Fatty acid vesicles encapsulating genomic and catalytic RNAs (ribozymes) are attractive models for protocells; however, RNA catalysis has largely been incompatible with fatty acid vesicles due to their instability in the presence of Mg2+ at concentrations required for ribozyme function. Here, we report a ribozyme that catalyzes template-directed RNA ligation at low Mg2+ concentrations and thus remains active within stable vesicles. Ribose and adenine, both prebiotically relevant molecules, were found to greatly reduce Mg2+-induced RNA leakage from vesicles. When we co-encapsulated the ribozyme, substrate, and template within fatty acid vesicles, we observed efficient RNA-catalyzed RNA ligation upon subsequent addition of Mg2+. Our work shows that RNA-catalyzed RNA assembly can occur efficiently within prebiotically plausible fatty acid vesicles and represents a step toward the replication of primordial genomes within self-replicating protocells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DasGupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smela, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-catalyzed RNA Ligation within Prebiotically Plausible Model Protocells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.09.527927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified bursting strategies in ectopic and endogenous even-skipped expression patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.09.527927v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription often occurs in bursts as gene promoters switch stochastically between active and inactive states. Enhancers can dictate transcriptional activity in animal development through the modulation of burst frequency, duration, or amplitude. Previous studies observed that different enhancers can achieve a wide range of transcriptional outputs through the same strategies of bursting control. For example, despite responding to different transcription factors, all even-skipped enhancers increase transcription by upregulating burst frequency and amplitude while burst duration remains largely constant. These shared bursting strategies suggest that a unified molecular mechanism constraints how enhancers modulate transcriptional output. Alternatively, different enhancers could have converged on the same bursting control strategy because of natural selection favoring one of these particular strategies. To distinguish between these two scenarios, we compared transcriptional bursting between endogenous and ectopic gene expression patterns. Because enhancers act under different regulatory inputs in ectopic patterns, dissimilar bursting control strategies between endogenous and ectopic patterns would suggest that enhancers adapted their bursting strategies to their trans-regulatory environment. Here, we generated ectopic even-skipped transcription patterns in fruit fly embryos and discovered that bursting strategies remain consistent in endogenous and ectopic even-skipped expression. These results provide evidence for a unified molecular mechanism shaping even-skipped bursting strategies and serve as a starting point to uncover the realm of strategies employed by other enhancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berrocal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified bursting strategies in ectopic and endogenous even-skipped expression patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.11.528130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ormdl3 regulation of specific ceramides is dispensable for β-cell function and glucose homeostasis under obesogenic conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.11.528130v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic elevation of sphingolipids contributes to {beta}-cell failure. ORMDL3 has been identified as a key regulator of sphingolipid homeostasis, however, its function in pancreatic {beta}-cell pathophysiology remains unclear. Here, we generated a mouse model lacking Ormdl3 within pancreatic {beta}-cells (Ormdl3{beta}-/-). We show that loss of {beta}-cell Ormdl3 does not alter glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, islet morphology, or cellular ceramide levels on standard chow diet. When challenged with a high fat diet, while Ormdl3{beta}-/- mice did not exhibit any alteration in metabolic parameters or islet architecture, lipidomics analysis revealed significantly higher levels of very long chain ceramides in their islets. Taken together, our results reveal that loss of Ormdl3 alone is not sufficient to impinge upon {beta}-cell function or whole-body glucose and insulin homeostasis, but loss of Ormdl3 does alter specific sphingolipid levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hurley, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.11.528130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ormdl3 regulation of specific ceramides is dispensable for β-cell function and glucose homeostasis under obesogenic conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.14.528208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Template-assisted covalent modification of DCAF16 underlies activity of BRD4 molecular glue degraders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.14.528208v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small molecules that induce protein-protein interactions to exert proximity-driven pharmacology such as targeted protein degradation are a powerful class of therapeutics1-3. Molecular glues are of particular interest given their favorable size and chemical properties and represent the only clinically approved degrader drugs4-6. The discovery and development of molecular glues for novel targets, however, remains challenging. Covalent strategies could in principle facilitate molecular glue discovery by stabilizing the neo-protein interfaces. Here, we present structural and mechanistic studies that define a trans-labeling covalent molecular glue mechanism, which we term "template-assisted covalent modification". We found that a novel series of BRD4 molecular glue degraders act by recruiting the CUL4DCAF16 ligase to the second bromodomain of BRD4 (BRD4BD2). BRD4BD2, in complex with DCAF16, serves as a structural template to facilitate covalent modification of DCAF16, which stabilizes the BRD4-degrader-DCAF16 ternary complex formation and facilitates BRD4 degradation. A 2.2 [A] cryo-electron microscopy structure of the ternary complex demonstrates that DCAF16 and BRD4BD2 have pre-existing structural complementarity which optimally orients the reactive moiety of the degrader for DCAF16Cys58 covalent modification. Systematic mutagenesis of both DCAF16 and BRD4BD2 revealed that the loop conformation around BRD4His437, rather than specific side chains, is critical for stable interaction with DCAF16 and BD2 selectivity. Together our work establishes "template-assisted covalent modification" as a mechanism for covalent molecular glues, which opens a new path to proximity driven pharmacology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkeler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puvar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficarro, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groendyke, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigua, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavares, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewski, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slabicki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Template-assisted covalent modification of DCAF16 underlies activity of BRD4 molecular glue degraders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.16.528867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulated assembly and neurosteroid modulation constrain GABAA receptor pharmacology in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.16.528867v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type A GABA receptors (GABAARs) are the principal inhibitory receptors in the brain and the target of a wide range of clinical agents, including anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, and antidepressants. However, our understanding of GABAAR pharmacology has been hindered by the vast number of pentameric assemblies that can be derived from a total 19 different subunits and the lack of structural knowledge of clinically relevant receptors. Here, we isolate native murine GABAAR assemblies containing the widely expressed 1 subunit, and elucidate their structures in complex with drugs used to treat insomnia (zolpidem and flurazepam) and postpartum depression (the neurosteroid allopregnanolone). Using cryo-EM analysis and single-molecule photobleaching experiments, we uncover only three structural populations in the brain: the canonical 1{beta}2{gamma}2 receptor containing two 1 subunits and two unanticipated assemblies containing one 1 and either an 2, 3 or 5 subunit. Both of the noncanonical assemblies feature a more compact arrangement between the transmembrane and extracellular domains. Interestingly, allopregnanolone is bound at the transmembrane /{beta} subunit interface, even when not added to the sample, revealing an important role for endogenous neurosteroids in modulating native GABAARs. Together with structurally engaged lipids, neurosteroids produce global conformational changes throughout the receptor that modify both the pore diameter and binding environments for GABA and insomnia medications. Together, our data reveal that GABAAR assembly is a strictly regulated process that yields a small number of structurally distinct complexes, defining a structural landscape from which subtype-specific drugs can be developed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulated assembly and neurosteroid modulation constrain GABAA receptor pharmacology in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.18.529082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marginal specificity in protein interactions constrains evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.18.529082v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of novel functions in biology relies heavily on gene duplication and divergence, creating large paralogous protein families. Selective pressure to avoid detrimental cross-talk often results in paralogs that exhibit exquisite specificity for their interaction partners. But how robust or sensitive is this specificity to mutation? Here, using deep mutational scanning, we demonstrate that a paralogous family of bacterial signaling proteins exhibits marginal specificity, such that many individual substitutions give rise to substantial cross-talk between normally insulated pathways. Our results indicate that sequence space is locally crowded despite overall sparseness, and we provide evidence that this crowding has constrained the evolution of bacterial signaling proteins. These findings underscore how evolution selects for  good enough rather than optimized phenotypes, leading to restrictions on the subsequent evolvability of paralogs.

Significance StatementLarge paralogous protein families are found throughout biology, the product of extensive gene duplication. To execute different functions inside cells, paralogs typically acquire different specificities, interacting with only desired, cognate partners and avoiding cross-talk with non-cognate proteins. But how robust is this interaction specificity to mutation? Can individual mutations lead to cross-talk or do paralogs diverge enough such that multiple mutations would be required, providing a mutational  buffer against cross-talk? To address these questions, we built mutant libraries that produce all possible single substitutions of a bacterial kinase and then screened for cross-talk to non-cognate proteins. Strikingly, we find that many single substitutions can produce cross-talk, meaning that these pathways typically exhibit only  marginal specificity, and demonstrate that this restricts their evolvability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghose, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przydzial, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.18.529082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marginal specificity in protein interactions constrains evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.17.528834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OME-Zarr: a cloud-optimized bioimaging file format with international community support 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.17.528834v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing community is constructing a next-generation file format (NGFF) for bioimaging to overcome problems of scalability and heterogeneity. Organized by the Open Microscopy Environment (OME), individuals and institutes across diverse modalities facing these problems have designed a format specification process (OME-NGFF) to address these needs. This paper brings together a wide range of those community members to describe the cloud-optimized format itself - OME-Zarr - along with tools and data resources available today to increase FAIR access and remove barriers in the scientific process. The current momentum offers an opportunity to unify a key component of the bioimaging domain -- the file format that underlies so many personal, institutional, and global data management and analysis tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basurto-Lozada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burel, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Medeiros, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diel, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gault, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horsfall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittisopikul, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuepcue Yoldas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>le Tournoulx de la Villegeorges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linkert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luethi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitin-Shepard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>oezdemir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pape, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelkmans, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prete, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietzsch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzepka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stirling, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striebel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toloudis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczysko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.528834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OME-Zarr: a cloud-optimized bioimaging file format with international community support]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.22.529563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
O-GlcNAcylation regulates neurofilament-light assembly and function and is perturbed by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.22.529563v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neurofilament (NF) cytoskeleton is critical for neuronal morphology and function. In particular, the neurofilament-light (NF-L) subunit is required for NF assembly in vivo and is mutated in subtypes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. NFs are highly dynamic, and the regulation of NF assembly state is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that human NF-L is modified in a nutrient-sensitive manner by O-linked-{beta}-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a ubiquitous form of intracellular glycosylation. We identify five NF-L O-GlcNAc sites and show that they regulate NF assembly state. Interestingly, NF-L engages in O-GlcNAc-mediated protein-protein interactions with itself and with the NF component -internexin, implying that O-GlcNAc is a general regulator of NF architecture. We further show that NF-L O-GlcNAcylation is required for normal organelle trafficking in primary neurons, underlining its functional significance. Finally, several CMT-causative NF-L mutants exhibit perturbed O-GlcNAc levels and resist the effects of O-GlcNAcylation on NF assembly state, indicating a potential link between dysregulated O-GlcNAcylation and pathological NF aggregation. Our results demonstrate that site-specific glycosylation regulates NF-L assembly and function, and aberrant NF O-GlcNAcylation may contribute to CMT and other neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huynh, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsolova, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderblom, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, J.-T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[O-GlcNAcylation regulates neurofilament-light assembly and function and is perturbed by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.23.529279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting cell-specific functions of circadian genes using modified cell-specific CRISPR approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.23.529279v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian behavioral rhythms in Drosophila melanogaster are regulated by about 75 pairs of brain neurons. They all express the core clock genes but have distinct functions and gene expression profiles. To understand the importance of these distinct molecular programs, neuron-specific gene manipulations are essential. Although RNAi based methods are standard to manipulate gene expression in a cell-specific manner, they are often ineffective, especially in assays involving smaller numbers of neurons or weaker Gal4 drivers. We and others recently exploited a neuron-specific CRISPR-based method to mutagenize genes within circadian neurons. Here we further explore this approach to mutagenize three well-studied clock genes: the transcription factor gene vrille, the photoreceptor gene Cryptochrome (cry) and the neuropeptide gene Pdf. The CRISPR-based strategy not only reproduced their known phenotypes but also assigned cry function for different light mediated phenotypes to discrete, different subsets of clock neurons. We further tested two recently published methods for temporal regulation in adult neurons, inducible Cas9 and auxin-inducible gene expression system (AGES). The results were not identical, but both approaches successfully showed that the adult-specific knockout of the neuropeptide Pdf reproduces the canonical loss-of-function mutant phenotypes. In summary, a CRISPR-based strategy is a highly effective, reliable, and general method to temporally manipulate gene function in specific adult neurons.

Significance statementMost animals have specific brain neurons that regulate sleep-wake cycles and other aspects of circadian behavior. Drosophila has only about 150 of these clock neurons. Despite their small numbers, they have remarkably diverse anatomy and gene expression profiles. To address the different functions of these neurons, we used highly specific and efficient CRISPR-based methods to create cell type-specific disruptions of three traditional circadian genes. We were able to assign the function of the photoreceptor cryptochrome to two tiny subsets of clock neurons. In addition, two independent methods assigned the neuropeptide PDF to the adult stage. In summary, we find that the CRISPR-based methods are very efficient at studying adult specific functions of genes in small, discrete sets of neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richhariya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting cell-specific functions of circadian genes using modified cell-specific CRISPR approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.24.529970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human APOBEC3B promotes tumor heterogeneity in vivo including signature mutations and metastases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.24.529970v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The antiviral DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B has been implicated as a source of mutation in many different cancers. Despite over 10 years of work, a causal relationship has yet to be established between APOBEC3B and any stage of carcinogenesis. Here we report a murine model that expresses tumor-like levels of human APOBEC3B after Cre-mediated recombination. Animals appear to develop normally with full-body expression of APOBEC3B. However, adult males manifest infertility and older animals of both sexes show accelerated rates of tumorigenesis (mostly lymphomas or hepatocellular carcinomas). Interestingly, primary tumors also show overt heterogeneity, and a subset spreads to secondary sites. Both primary and metastatic tumors exhibit increased frequencies of C-to-T mutations in TC dinucleotide motifs consistent with the established biochemical activity of APOBEC3B. Elevated levels of structural variation and insertion-deletion mutations also accumulate in these tumors. Together, these studies provide the first cause-and-effect demonstration that human APOBEC3B is an oncoprotein capable of causing a wide range of genetic changes and driving tumor formation in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durfee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temiz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin-Klein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsoe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carracedo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proehl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzhauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotillo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human APOBEC3B promotes tumor heterogeneity in vivo including signature mutations and metastases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.24.529909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-specific maturation of the epigenome in the Drosophila male germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.24.529909v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spermatogenesis in the Drosophila male germline proceeds through a unique transcriptional program controlled both by germline-specific transcription factors and by testis-specific versions of core transcriptional machinery. This program includes the activation of genes on the heterochromatic Y chromosome, and reduced transcription from the X chromosome, but how expression from these sex chromosomes is regulated has not been defined. To resolve this, we profiled active chromatin features in the testes from wildtype and meiotic arrest mutants and integrate this with single-cell gene expression data from the Fly Cell Atlas. These data assign the timing of promoter activation for genes with germline-enriched expression throughout spermatogenesis, and general alterations of promoter regulation in germline cells. By profiling both active RNA polymerase II and histone modifications in isolated spermatocytes, we detail widespread patterns associated with regulation of the sex chromosomes. Our results demonstrate that the X chromosome is not enriched for silencing histone modifications, implying that sex chromosome inactivation does not occur in the Drosophila male germline. Instead, a lack of dosage compensation in spermatocytes accounts for the reduced expression from this chromosome. Finally, profiling uncovers dramatic ubiquitinylation of histone H2A and lysine-16 acetylation of histone H4 across the Y chromosome in spermatocytes that may contribute to the activation of this heterochromatic chromosome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-specific maturation of the epigenome in the Drosophila male germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drought Recovery Induced Immunity Confers Pathogen Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530256v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All organisms experience stress as an inevitable part of life, from single-celled microorganisms to complex multicellular beings. The ability to recover from stress is a fundamental trait that determines the overall resilience of an organism, yet stress recovery is understudied. To begin unraveling the stress recovery process we studies recovery from drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. We performed a fine-scale time series of bulk RNA sequencing starting 15 minutes after rehydration following moderate drought. We reveal that drought recovery is a rapid process involving the activation of thousands of recovery-specific genes. To capture these rapid recovery responses in different leaf cell types, we performed single-nucleus transcriptome analysis at the onset of post-drought recovery, identifying a cell type-specific transcriptional state developing within 15 minutes of rehydration independently across cell types. Furthermore, we reveal a recovery-induced activation of the immune system that occurs independent of infection, which enhances pathogen resistance in vivo in A. thaliana, wild tomato (Solanum pennellii) and domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82). Since rehydration promotes microbial proliferation and thereby increases the risk of infection1-2, drought recovery-induced immunity may be crucial for plant survival in natural environments. These findings indicate that drought recovery coincides with a preventive defense response, unraveling the complex regulatory mechanisms that facilitate stress recovery in different plant cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Illouz-Eliaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lande, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drought Recovery Induced Immunity Confers Pathogen Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.25.530000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid resistance profiling of SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.25.530000v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resistance to nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) has been shown by multiple groups and may already exist in clinical SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Here a panel of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) variants and a robust cell-based assay are used to compare the resistance profiles of nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, and FB2001. The results reveal distinct resistance mechanisms ("fingerprints") and indicate that these next-generation drugs have the potential to be effective against nirmatrelvir-resistant variants and vice versa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moghadasi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harki, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.530000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid resistance profiling of SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.26.529821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural homology screens reveal poxvirus-encoded proteins impacting inflammasome-mediated defenses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.26.529821v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses acquire host genes via horizontal gene transfer and can express them to manipulate host biology during infections. Some viral and host homologs retain sequence identity, but evolutionary divergence can obscure host origins. We used structural modeling to compare vaccinia virus proteins with metazoan proteomes. We identified vaccinia A47L as a homolog of gasdermins, the executioners of pyroptosis. An X-ray crystal structure of A47 confirmed this homology and cell-based assays revealed that A47 inhibits pyroptosis. We also identified vaccinia C1L as the product of a cryptic gene fusion event coupling a Bcl-2 related fold with a pyrin domain. C1 associates with components of the inflammasome, a cytosolic innate immune sensor involved in pyroptosis, yet paradoxically enhances inflammasome activity, suggesting a benefit to poxvirus replication in some circumstances. Our findings demonstrate the potential of structural homology screens to reveal genes that viruses capture from hosts and repurpose to benefit viral fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boys, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzusch, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elde, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.529821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural homology screens reveal poxvirus-encoded proteins impacting inflammasome-mediated defenses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Requirements for establishment and epigenetic stability of mammalian heterochromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530221v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterochromatic domains of DNA account for a large fraction of mammalian genomes and play critical roles in silencing transposons and genes, but the mechanisms that establish and maintain these domains are not fully understood. Here we use an inducible heterochromatin formation system combined with a CRISPR-based genetic screen to investigate the requirements for the establishment and maintenance of heterochromatin in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We show that DNA sequence-independent and histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me)-dependent heterochromatin can be inherited for a limited number of cell divisions in mESCs but becomes stable upon differentiation. We provide evidence that the increased stability of heterochromatin in differentiated cells results from the downregulation of one or more enzymes that erase H3K9me and DNA methylation. Moreover, we show that in addition to components of the H3K9 and DNA methylation pathways, heterochromatin maintenance requires DHX9 and other RNA processing proteins. DHX9 is an RNA/DNA helicase with previously described roles in preventing genomic instability resulting from transcription-associated replication stress. We found that deletion of DHX9 results in defective heterochromatin inheritance and is associated with increased transcription of major satellite repeats, accumulation of R-loops, and loss of H3K9me. Our findings define the requirements for the establishment and epigenetic inheritance of mammalian heterochromatin and suggest that R-loops and replication stress lead to epigenetic instability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tatarakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Requirements for establishment and epigenetic stability of mammalian heterochromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three rules for epigenetic inheritance of human Polycomb silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530239v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heritable expression of developmental genes is mediated by autoregulating transcription factor networks (TFNs) and Polycomb repressive chromatin silencing complexes (PRCs). Whether the mammalian Polycomb pathway mediates DNA sequence-independent epigenetic memory at genes being activated by TFNs remains unknown. Here, we show that, in human cells, newly induced Polycomb silencing at initially active developmental genes can be inherited for many cell divisions. However, when Polycomb silencing is similarly induced near ubiquitously expressed housekeeping genes, it is not heritable. Inheritance requires the recognition of CG-rich DNA by a Polycomb accessory protein, MTF2/PCL2, the histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and histone H2A lysine 119 mono-ubiquitination (H2AK119ub1) activities of PRC1 and PRC2, and their associated positive feedback (read-write). In the absence of H3K27me3, H2AK119ub1 can mediate inheritance of silencing by a mechanism that requires the recognition of H2AK119ub1 by the variant Polycomb Repressive Complex 1. These findings indicate that inheritance of Polycomb silencing in human cells (1) depends on sequence features of developmental gene loci (2) requires PRC1 and H2AK119ub1, and (3) can be mediated by PRC1-H2AK119ub1 independently of H3K27me3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafiq, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three rules for epigenetic inheritance of human Polycomb silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecularly distinct accumbal-to-lateral hypothalamic circuit modulates food seeking and consumption 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530275v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orchestrating complex behavioral states, such as approach and consumption of food, is critical for survival. In addition to hypothalamus neuronal circuits, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) also plays an important role in controlling appetite and satiety in responses to changing external stimuli. However, the specific neuronal subtypes of NAc involved as well as how the humoral and neuronal signals coordinate to regulate feeding remain incompletely understood. Here, we deciphered the spatial diversity of neuron subtypes of the NAc shell (NAcSh) and defined a dopamine receptor D1(Drd1)- and Serpinb2-expressing subtype located in NAcSh encoding food consumption. Chemogenetics- and optogenetics-mediated regulation of Serpinb2+ neurons bidirectionally regulates food seeking and consumption specifically. Circuitry stimulation revealed the NAcShSerpinb2[-&gt;]LHLepR projection controls refeeding and can overcome leptin-mediated feeding suppression. Furthermore, NAcSh Serpinb2+ neuron ablation reduces food intake and upregulates energy expenditure resulting in body weight loss. Together, our study reveals a neural circuit consisted of molecularly distinct neuronal subtype that bidirectionally regulates energy homeostasis, which can serve as a potential therapeutic target for eating disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecularly distinct accumbal-to-lateral hypothalamic circuit modulates food seeking and consumption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.28.530351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pptc7 maintains mitochondrial protein content by suppressing receptor-mediated mitophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.28.530351v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pptc7 is a resident mitochondrial phosphatase essential for maintaining proper mitochondrial content and function. Newborn mice lacking Pptc7 exhibit aberrant mitochondrial protein phosphorylation, suffer from a range of metabolic defects, and fail to survive beyond one day after birth. Using an inducible knockout model, we reveal that loss of Pptc7 in adult mice causes marked reduction in mitochondrial mass concomitant with elevation of the mitophagy receptors Bnip3 and Nix. Consistently, Pptc7-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit a major increase in mitophagy that is reversed upon deletion of these receptors. Our phosphoproteomics analyses reveal a common set of elevated phosphosites between perinatal tissues, adult liver, and MEFs-- including multiple sites on Bnip3 and Nix. These data suggest that Pptc7 deletion causes mitochondrial dysfunction via dysregulation of several metabolic pathways and that Pptc7 may directly regulate mitophagy receptor function or stability. Overall, our work reveals a significant role for Pptc7 in the mitophagic response and furthers the growing notion that management of mitochondrial protein phosphorylation is essential for ensuring proper organelle content and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niemi, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlbauer, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balnis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozul, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashan, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishkova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attie, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pptc7 maintains mitochondrial protein content by suppressing receptor-mediated mitophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condensate-driven interfacial forces reposition DNA loci and measure chromatin viscoelasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530281v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates assemble in living cells through phase separation and related phase transitions. An underappreciated feature of these dynamic molecular assemblies is that they form interfaces with cellular structures, including membranes, cytoskeleton, DNA and RNA, and other membraneless compartments. These interfaces are expected to give rise to capillary forces, but there are few ways of quantifying and harnessing these forces in living cells. Here, we introduce VECTOR (ViscoElastic Chromatin Tethering and ORganization), which uses light-inducible biomolecular condensates to generate capillary forces at targeted DNA loci. VECTOR can be utilized to programmably reposition genomic loci on a timescale of seconds to minutes, quantitatively revealing local heterogeneity in the viscoelastic material properties of chromatin. These synthetic condensates are built from components that naturally form liquid-like structures in living cells, highlighting the potential role for native condensates to generate forces and do work to reorganize the genome and impact chromatin architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strom, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlovsky, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmirlj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condensate-driven interfacial forces reposition DNA loci and measure chromatin viscoelasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.01.530625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocarboxylate transporters facilitate succinate uptake into brown adipocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.01.530625v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uptake of circulating succinate by brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige fat elevates whole body energy expenditure, counteracts obesity, and antagonizes systemic tissue inflammation in mice. The plasma membrane transporters that facilitate succinate uptake in these adipocytes remain undefined. Here we elucidate a mechanism underlying succinate import into BAT via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). We show that succinate transport is strongly dependent on the proportion of it present in the monocarboxylate form. MCTs facilitate monocarboxylate succinate uptake, which is promoted by alkalinization of the cytosol driven by adrenoreceptor stimulation. In brown adipocytes, we show that MCT1 primarily facilitates succinate import, however other members of the MCT family can partially compensate and fulfill this role in the absence of MCT1. In mice, we show that acute pharmacological inhibition of MCT1 and 2 decreases succinate uptake into BAT. Conversely, congenital genetic depletion of MCT1 alone has little effect on BAT succinate uptake, indicative of additional transport mechanisms with high capacity in vivo. In sum, we define a mechanism of succinate uptake in BAT that underlies its protective activity in mouse models of metabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winther, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakob, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrity, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouchani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocarboxylate transporters facilitate succinate uptake into brown adipocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.02.527037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A critical role of a eubiotic microbiota in gating proper immunocompetence in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.02.527037v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although many studies have shown that microbes can ectopically stimulate or suppress plant immune responses, the fundamental question of whether the entire preexisting microbiota is indeed required for proper development of plant immune response remains unanswered. Using a recently developed peat-based gnotobiotic plant growth system we found that Arabidopsis grown in the absence of a natural microbiota lacked age-dependent maturation of plant immune response and were defective in several aspects of pattern-triggered immunity. Axenic plants exhibited hypersusceptibility to infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Microbiota-mediated immunocompetence was suppressed by rich nutrient conditions, indicating a tripartite interaction between the host, microbiota, and abiotic environment. A synthetic microbiota composed of 48 culturable bacterial strains from the leaf endosphere of healthy Arabidopsis plants was able to substantially restore immunocompetence similar to plants inoculated with a soil-derived community. In contrast, a 52-member dysbiotic synthetic leaf microbiota overstimulated the immune transcriptome. Together, these results provide evidence for a causal role of a eubiotic microbiota in gating proper immunocompetence and age-dependent immunity in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paasch, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvitko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedje, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.527037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A critical role of a eubiotic microbiota in gating proper immunocompetence in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.01.530520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide neural activity underlying memory-guided movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.01.530520v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavior requires neural activity across the brain, but most experiments probe neurons in a single area at a time. Here we used multiple Neuropixels probes to record neural activity simultaneously in brain-wide circuits, in mice performing a memory-guided directional licking task. We targeted brain areas that form multi-regional loops with anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM), a key circuit node mediating the behavior. Neurons encoding sensory stimuli, choice, and actions were distributed across the brain. However, in addition to ALM, coding of choice was concentrated in subcortical areas receiving input from ALM, in an ALM-dependent manner. Choice signals were first detected in ALM and the midbrain, followed by the thalamus, and other brain areas. At the time of movement initiation, choice-selective activity collapsed across the brain, followed by new activity patterns driving specific actions. Our experiments provide the foundation for neural circuit models of decision-making and movement initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, N.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druckmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide neural activity underlying memory-guided movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.04.531084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BuTT-Seq: a new method for facile profiling of transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.04.531084v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A wide range of sequencing methods have been developed to assess nascent RNA transcription and resolve the single-nucleotide position of RNA polymerase genome-wide. These techniques are often burdened with high input material requirements and lengthy protocols. We leveraged the template-switching properties of thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT) and developed BuTT-Seq (BUlk analysis of nascent Transcript Termini sequencing), which can produce libraries from purified nascent RNA in 6 hours and from as few as 10,000 cells - an improvement of at least 25-fold over existing techniques. BuTT-Seq shows that inhibition of the superelongation complex (SEC) causes promoter-proximal pausing to move upstream in a fashion correlated with subnucleosomal fragments. To address transcriptional regulation in a tissue, BuTT-Seq was used to measure the circadian regulation of transcription from fly heads. All the results indicate that BuTT-Seq is a simple and powerful technique to analyze transcription at a high level of resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.04.531084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BuTT-Seq: a new method for facile profiling of transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.04.531105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bile metabolite atlas reveals infection-triggered interorgan mediators of intestinal homeostasis and defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.04.531105v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An essential function of the liver is the formation of bile. This aqueous solution is critical for fat absorption and is transported to the duodenum via the common bile duct. Despite extensive studies of bile salts, other components of bile are less well-charted. Here, we characterized the murine bile metabolome and investigated how the microbiota and enteric infection influence bile composition. We discovered that the bile metabolome is not only substantially more complex than appreciated but is dynamic and responsive to the microbiota and enteric infection. Hepatic transcriptomics identified enteric infection-triggered pathways that likely underlie bile remodeling. Enteric infections stimulated elevation of four dicarboxylates in bile that modulated intestinal gut epithelial and microbiota composition, inflammasome activation, and host defense. Our data suggest that enteric infection-associated signals are relayed between the intestine and liver and induce transcriptional programs that shape the bile metabolome, modifying biles immunomodulatory and host defense functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.04.531105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bile metabolite atlas reveals infection-triggered interorgan mediators of intestinal homeostasis and defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structurally divergent and recurrently mutated regions of primate genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531415v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To better understand the pattern of primate genome structural variation, we sequenced and assembled using multiple long-read sequencing technologies the genomes of eight nonhuman primate species, including New World monkeys (owl monkey and marmoset), Old World monkey (macaque), Asian apes (orangutan and gibbon), and African ape lineages (gorilla, bonobo, and chimpanzee). Compared to the human genome, we identified 1,338,997 lineage-specific fixed structural variants (SVs) disrupting 1,561 protein-coding genes and 136,932 regulatory elements, including the most complete set of human-specific fixed differences. Across 50 million years of primate evolution, we estimate that 819.47 Mbp or ~27% of the genome has been affected by SVs based on analysis of these primate lineages. We identify 1,607 structurally divergent regions (SDRs) wherein recurrent structural variation contributes to creating SV hotspots where genes are recurrently lost (CARDs, ABCD7, OLAH) and new lineage-specific genes are generated (e.g., CKAP2, NEK5) and have become targets of rapid chromosomal diversification and positive selection (e.g., RGPDs). High-fidelity long-read sequencing has made these dynamic regions of the genome accessible for sequence-level analyses within and between primate species for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audano, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozanski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Rosario, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fattor, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structurally divergent and recurrently mutated regions of primate genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.06.531348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecularly defined and spatially resolved cell atlas of the whole mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.06.531348v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammalian brains, tens of millions to billions of cells form complex interaction networks to enable a wide range of functions. The enormous diversity and intricate organization of cells in the brain have so far hindered our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of its functions. Recent advances in spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomics have allowed systematic mapping of the spatial organization of molecularly defined cell types in complex tissues1-3. However, these approaches have only been applied to a few brain regions1-11 and a comprehensive cell atlas of the whole brain is still missing. Here, we imaged a panel of >1,100 genes in [~]8 million cells across the entire adult mouse brain using multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH)12 and performed spatially resolved, single-cell expression profiling at the whole-transcriptome scale by integrating MERFISH and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. Using this approach, we generated a comprehensive cell atlas of >5,000 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters, belonging to [~]300 major cell types, in the whole mouse brain with high molecular and spatial resolution. Registration of the MERFISH images to the common coordinate framework (CCF) of the mouse brain further allowed systematic quantifications of the cell composition and organization in individual brain regions defined in the CCF. We further identified spatial modules characterized by distinct cell-type compositions and spatial gradients featuring gradual changes in the gene-expression profiles of cells. Finally, this high-resolution spatial map of cells, with a transcriptome-wide expression profile associated with each cell, allowed us to infer cell-type-specific interactions between several hundred pairs of molecularly defined cell types and predict potential molecular (ligand-receptor) basis and functional implications of these cell-cell interactions. These results provide rich insights into the molecular and cellular architecture of the brain and a valuable resource for future functional investigations of neural circuits and their dysfunction in diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichhorn, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecularly defined and spatially resolved cell atlas of the whole mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.06.531285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of kinase Atg1 increases yeast maintenance energy requirement 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.06.531285v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintenance of cellular homeostasis underlies healthy aging. The processes involved in homeostasis rely on the so-called maintenance energy requirement and changes in this maintenance energy requirement impact aging and survival. Among maintenance processes, autophagy plays a crucial role as it is involved in the turn-over and recycling of damaged cellular material, such as organelles or proteins. The contribution of autophagy to the maintenance energy requirement is however unknown. Taking advantage of the high degree of conservation of autophagy between humans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have used this yeast as a model organism to study the impact of macroautophagy on the maintenance energy requirement. The combination of the GFP-Atg8 cleavage assay with yeast retentostat cultures showed that autophagy is highly active in chronologically aging yeast cells, in non-dividing, but non-starving conditions. Deletion of the autophagy-activating kinase ATG1, homolog of human ULK1, resulted in a 60% increase in the maintenance energy requirement and doubled the specific death rate. Both these increases cannot be solely attributed to an observed increase in loss of respiratory capacity. Intriguingly, loss of Atg1 only reduced GFP-Atg8 cleavage by 20% under these conditions, indicating that Atg1-indendent modes of autophagy might be active. Overall, we illustrate the importance of autophagy on the energetics of aging cells and propose an alternative system for the widely applied yeast stationary phase cultures in chronological aging studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Aalst, A. C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petranovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisschops, M. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of kinase Atg1 increases yeast maintenance energy requirement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial cGAS senses a viral RNA to initiate immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531596v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CBASS immunity protects prokaryotes from viral (phage) attack through the production of cyclic dinucleotides which activate effector proteins that trigger the death of the infected host. How bacterial cyclases recognize phage infection is not known. Here we show that staphylococcal phages produce a highly structured 400-nt RNA, termed CBASS-activating bacteriophage RNA (cabRNA), that binds to a positively charged surface of the CdnE03 cyclase and promotes the synthesis of the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP. Phages that escape CBASS immunity harbor mutations that lead to the generation of a longer form of the cabRNA that cannot activate CdnE03. Since the mammalian cyclase OAS1 also binds viral dsRNA during the interferon response, our results reveal a conserved mechanism for the activation of innate antiviral defense pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banh, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marraffini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial cGAS senses a viral RNA to initiate immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.09.531980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nanobody-based strategy for rapid and scalable purification of native human protein complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.09.531980v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Native isolation of proteins in high yield and purity is a major bottleneck for analysis of their three- dimensional structure, function, and interactome. Here, we present a streamlined workflow for the rapid production of proteins or protein complexes using lentiviral transduction of human suspension cells, combined with highly-specific nanobody-mediated purification and proteolytic elution. (1) First, generation of a plasmid coding for a protein of interest fused to an N- or C- terminal GFP or ALFA peptide tag is rapidly achieved using the lentiviral plasmid toolkit we have designed. (2) Human suspension cell lines stably expressing the tagged fusion protein can be generated in <5 days using lentiviral transduction. (3) Leveraging the picomolar affinity of the GFP and ALFA nanobodies for their respective tags, proteins expressed even at low levels can be specifically captured from the resulting cell lysate in a variety of conditions, including detergents and mild denaturants. (4) Finally, rapid and specific elution of tagged or untagged proteins under native conditions is achieved within minutes at 4{degrees}C using an engineered SUMO protease. We demonstrate the wide applicability of the method by purifying multiple challenging soluble and membrane protein complexes to high purity from human cells. Our strategy is also directly compatible with many widely used GFP expression plasmids, cell lines and transgenic model organisms; is faster than alternative approaches, requiring [~]8 days from cloning to purification; and results in substantially improved yields and purity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevens, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaleri, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeKalb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhees, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleiner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.531980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nanobody-based strategy for rapid and scalable purification of native human protein complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.08.531317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila antennae are dispensable for gravity orientation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.08.531317v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nearly constant downward force of gravity has powerfully shaped the behaviors of many organisms [1]. Walking flies readily orient against gravity in a behavior termed negative gravitaxis. In Drosophila this behavior is studied by observing the position of flies in vials [2-4] or simple mazes [5-9]. These assays have been used to conduct forward-genetic screens [5, 6, 8] and as simple tests of locomotion deficits [10-12]. Despite this long history of investigation, the sensory basis of gravitaxis is largely unknown [1]. Recent studies have implicated the antennae as a major mechanosensory input [3, 4], but many details remain unclear. Fly orientation behavior is expected to depend on the direction and amplitude of the gravitational pull, but little is known about the sensitivity of flies to these features of the environment. Here we directly measure the gravity-dependent orientation behavior of flies walking on an adjustable tilted platform, that is inspired by previous insect studies [13-16]. In this arena, flies can freely orient with respect to gravity. Our findings indicate that flies are exquisitely sensitive to the direction of gravitys pull. Surprisingly, this orientation behavior does not require antennal mechanosensory input, suggesting that other sensory structures must be involved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kladt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila antennae are dispensable for gravity orientation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.08.531827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking folding dynamics and function of SAM/SAH riboswitches at the single molecule level 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.08.531827v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Riboswitches are found in the 5-UTR of many bacterial mRNAs. They function as cisacting regulatory elements that control downstream gene expression through ligand-induced conformational changes. Here, we used single-molecule FRET to map the conformational landscape of the SAM/SAH riboswitch and probe how co-transcriptional ligand-induced conformational changes of this translational switch alter ribosome accessibility. The folding of the riboswitch is highly heterogenous, indicating a complex and rugged conformational landscape that enables sampling of the ligand-bound conformation even in the absence of the ligand. Upon ligand binding, the landscape shifts towards the ligand-bound conformation. Mutations at key stabilizing structures alter the ligand-free folding behavior and decrease ligand responsiveness. We also explored translational regulation through folding kinetics by utilizing short oligonucleotides to probe the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence within the riboswitch. Additionally, we employed a helicase-based vectorial folding assay to simulate co-transcriptional folding. We find that a competition between ligand binding and ribosome binding is fined tuned via the kinetics of folding. During transcription, the riboswitch takes minutes before reaching equilibrated conformations, and such slow equilibration decreases the effective ligand affinity. Overall, our data demonstrate the significance of conformational polymorphism in RNA function, emphasizing the utilization of complex folding landscapes for regulating ribosome accessibility through ligand induction. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence on how folding kinetics modulate this regulation process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilley, D. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking folding dynamics and function of SAM/SAH riboswitches at the single molecule level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.11.532239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-regulating living material with temperature-dependent light absorption 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.11.532239v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineered living materials (ELMs) exhibit desirable characteristics of the living component, including growth and repair, and responsiveness to external stimuli. Escherichia coli are a promising constituent of ELMs because they are very tractable to genetic engineering, produce heterologous proteins readily, and grow exponentially. However, seasonal variation in ambient temperature presents a challenge in deploying ELMs outside of a laboratory environment, because E. coli growth rate is impaired both below and above 37{degrees}C. Here, we develop a genetically-encoded mechanism for autonomous temperature homeostasis in ELMs containing E. coli by engineering circuits that control the expression of a light-absorptive chromophore in response to changes in temperature. We demonstrate that below 36{degrees}C, our engineered E. coli increase in pigmentation, causing an increase in sample temperature and growth rate above non-pigmented counterparts in a model planar ELM. On the other hand, above 36{degrees}C, they decrease in pigmentation, protecting their growth compared to bacteria with temperature-independent high pigmentation. Integrating our temperature homeostasis circuit into an ELM has the potential to improve living material performance by optimizing growth and protein production in the face of seasonal temperature changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornfield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.11.532239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-regulating living material with temperature-dependent light absorption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.11.532188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric oligomerization state and sequence patterning can tune multiphase condensate miscibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.11.532188v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endogenous biomolecular condensates, comprised of a multitude of proteins and RNAs, can organize into multiphasic structures, with compositionally-distinct phases. This multiphasic organization is generally understood to be critical for facilitating their proper biological function. However, the biophysical principles driving multiphase formation are not completely understood. Here, we utilize in vivo condensate reconstitution experiments and coarse-grained molecular simulations to investigate how oligomerization and sequence interactions modulate multiphase organization in biomolecular condensates. We demonstrate that increasing the oligomerization state of an intrinsically disordered protein region (IDR) results in enhanced immiscibility and multiphase formation. Interestingly, we found that oligomerization tunes the miscibility of IDRs in an asymmetric manner, with the effect being more pronounced when the IDR exhibiting stronger homotypic IDR interactions is oligomerized. Our findings suggest that oligomerization is a flexible biophysical mechanism which cells can exploit to tune the internal organization of biomolecular condensates and their associated biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rana, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walls, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panagiotopoulos, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avalos, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.11.532188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric oligomerization state and sequence patterning can tune multiphase condensate miscibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.12.532304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-resolution view of RNA endonuclease cleavage in Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.12.532304v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA endonucleases are the rate-limiting initiator of decay for many bacterial mRNAs. However, the positions of cleavage and their sequence determinants remain elusive even for the well-studied Bacillus subtilis. Here we present two complementary approaches - transcriptome-wide mapping of endoribonucleolytic activity and deep mutational scanning of RNA cleavage sites - that reveal distinct rules governing the specificity among B. subtilis endoribonucleases. Detection of RNA terminal nucleotides in both 5'- and 3'-exonuclease-deficient cells revealed >103 putative endonucleolytic cleavage sites with single-nucleotide resolution. We found a surprisingly weak consensus for RNase Y targets, a contrastingly strong primary sequence motif for EndoA targets, and long-range intramolecular secondary structures for RNase III targets. Deep mutational analysis of RNase Y cleavage sites showed that the specificity is governed by many disjointed sequence features, each with mild contributions. Our results highlight the delocalized nature of mRNA stability determinants and provide a strategy for elucidating endoribonuclease specificity in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taggart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalanne, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.12.532304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-resolution view of RNA endonuclease cleavage in Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.11.532232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectome-constrained deep mechanistic networks predict neural responses across the fly visual system at single-neuron resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.11.532232v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We can now measure the connectivity of every neuron in a neural circuit, but we are still blind to other biological details, including the dynamical characteristics of each neuron. The degree to which connectivity measurements alone can inform understanding of neural computation is an open question. Here we show that with only measurements of the connectivity of a biological neural network, we can predict the neural activity underlying neural computation. We constructed a model neural network with the experimentally determined connectivity for 64 cell types in the motion pathways of the fruit fly optic lobe but with unknown parameters for the single neuron and single synapse properties. We then optimized the values of these unknown parameters using techniques from deep learning, to allow the model network to detect visual motion. Our mechanistic model makes detailed experimentally testable predictions for each neuron in the connectome. We found that model predictions agreed with experimental measurements of neural activity across 24 studies. Our work demonstrates a strategy for generating detailed hypotheses about the mechanisms of neural circuit function from connectivity measurements. We show that this strategy is more likely to be successful when neurons are sparsely connected--a universally observed feature of biological neural networks across species and brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschopp, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakhya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinomiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemura, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruntman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macke, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.11.532232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectome-constrained deep mechanistic networks predict neural responses across the fly visual system at single-neuron resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.14.532620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hem25p is a mitochondrial IPP transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.14.532620v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone) is an essential cellular cofactor comprised of a redox-active quinone head group and a long hydrophobic polyisoprene tail. How mitochondria access cytosolic isoprenoids for CoQ biosynthesis is a longstanding mystery. Here, via a combination of genetic screening, metabolic tracing, and targeted uptake assays, we reveal that Hem25p--a mitochondrial glycine transporter required for heme biosynthesis--doubles as an isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mitochondria lacking Hem25p fail to efficiently incorporate IPP into early CoQ precursors, leading to loss of CoQ and turnover of CoQ biosynthetic proteins. Expression of Hem25p in Escherichia coli enables robust IPP uptake demonstrating that Hem25p is sufficient for IPP transport. Collectively, our work reveals that Hem25p drives the bulk of mitochondrial isoprenoid transport for CoQ biosynthesis in yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlbauer, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishkova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overmyer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hem25p is a mitochondrial IPP transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.532494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase marks the inhibition of in vivo neuronal activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.532494v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) such as c-fos has been the most widely used molecular marker representing neuronal activation. However, to date, there is no equivalent surrogate available for the decrease of neuronal activity (i.e., inhibition). Here, we developed an optogenetic-based biochemical screen in which population neural activities can be controlled by light with single action potential precision, followed by unbiased phosphoproteomic profiling. We identified that the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (pPDH) inversely correlated with the intensity of action potential firing in primary neurons. In in vivo mouse models, monoclonal antibody-based pPDH immunostaining detected neuronal inhibition across the brain induced by a wide range of factors including general anesthesia, sensory experiences, and natural behaviors. Thus, as an in vivo marker for neuronal inhibition, pPDH can be used together with IEGs or other cell-type markers to profile and identify bi-directional neural dynamics induced by experiences or behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClatchy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maximov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustine, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase marks the inhibition of in vivo neuronal activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.14.532572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topography of inputs into the hippocampal formation of a food-caching bird 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.14.532572v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian hippocampal formation (HF) is organized into domains associated with different functions. These differences are driven in part by the pattern of input along the hippocampal long axis, such as visual input to the septal hippocampus and amygdalar input to temporal hippocampus. HF is also organized along the transverse axis, with different patterns of neural activity in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. In some birds, a similar organization has been observed along both of these axes. However, it is not known what role inputs play in this organization. We used retrograde tracing to map inputs into HF of a food-caching bird, the black-capped chickadee. We first compared two locations along the transverse axis: the hippocampus and the dorsolateral hippocampal area (DL), which is analogous to the entorhinal cortex. We found that pallial regions predominantly targeted DL, while some subcortical regions like the lateral hypothalamus (LHy) preferentially targeted the hippocampus. We then examined the hippocampal long axis and found that almost all inputs were topographic along this direction. For example, the anterior hippocampus was preferentially innervated by thalamic regions, while posterior hippocampus received more amygdalar input. Some of the topographies we found bear resemblance to those described in the mammalian brain, revealing a remarkable anatomical similarity of phylogenetically distant animals. More generally, our work establishes the pattern of inputs to HF in chickadees. Some of these patterns may be unique to chickadees, laying the groundwork for studying the anatomical basis of these birds exceptional hippocampal memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Applegate, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutnichenko, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topography of inputs into the hippocampal formation of a food-caching bird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.14.532666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of FGF pathway signaling and vascular differentiation using designed oligomeric assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.14.532666v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth factors and cytokines signal by binding to the extracellular domains of their receptors and drive association and transphosphorylation of the receptor intracellular tyrosine kinase domains, initiating downstream signaling cascades. To enable systematic exploration of how receptor valency and geometry affects signaling outcomes, we designed cyclic homo-oligomers with up to 8 subunits using repeat protein building blocks that can be modularly extended. By incorporating a de novo designed fibroblast growth-factor receptor (FGFR) binding module into these scaffolds, we generated a series of synthetic signaling ligands that exhibit potent valency- and geometry-dependent Ca2+ release and MAPK pathway activation. The high specificity of the designed agonists reveal distinct roles for two FGFR splice variants in driving endothelial and mesenchymal cell fates during early vascular development. The ability to incorporate receptor binding domains and repeat extensions in a modular fashion makes our designed scaffolds broadly useful for probing and manipulating cellular signaling pathways.

HighlightsO_LIDe novo designed cyclic oligomers with tunable geometric properties
C_LIO_LICyclic, homo-oligomeric FGFR binding modules induce geometry- and valency-dependent activity of isoform-specific FGF signaling
C_LIO_LIModulation of FGFR isoform activity controls bifurcation of endothelial and mesenchymal fate during vascular development
C_LIO_LIC-isoform activation favors arterial endothelial cell formation while B-isoform induces pericyte differentiation
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=135 SRC="FIGDIR/small/532666v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@151f6eforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2ae877org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@103e0d1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19cd695_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edman, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redler, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivatsan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etemadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praetorius, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negahdari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapnell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhabha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohola-Baker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of FGF pathway signaling and vascular differentiation using designed oligomeric assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.15.532825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social association predicts immunological similarity in rewilded mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.15.532825v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental influences on immune phenotypes are well-documented, but our understanding of which elements of the environment affect immune systems, and how, remains vague. Behaviors, including socializing with others, are central to an individuals interaction with its environment. We tracked behavior of rewilded laboratory mice of three inbred strains in outdoor enclosures and examined contributions of behavior, including social associations, to immune phenotypes. We found that the more associated two individuals were, the more similar their immune phenotypes were. Social association was particularly predictive of similar memory T and B cell profiles and was more influential than sibling relationships or worm infection status. These results highlight the importance of social networks for immune phenotype and reveal important immunological correlates of social life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Downie, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyesola, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barre, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caudron, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.- H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiwanuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menezes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondragon-Palomino, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokita, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaldana, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social association predicts immunological similarity in rewilded mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.17.533188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional reconstructions of mechanosensory end organs suggest a unifying mechanism underlying dynamic, light touch 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.17.533188v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specialized mechanosensory end organs within mammalian skin--hair follicle-associated lanceolate complexes, Meissner corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles--enable our perception of light, dynamic touch1. In each of these end organs, fast-conducting mechanically sensitive neurons, called A{beta} low-threshold mechanoreceptors (A{beta} LTMRs), associate with resident glial cells, known as terminal Schwann cells (TSCs) or lamellar cells, to form complex axon ending structures. Lanceolate-forming and corpuscle-innervating A{beta} LTMRs share a low threshold for mechanical activation, a rapidly adapting (RA) response to force indentation, and high sensitivity to dynamic stimuli1-6. How mechanical stimuli lead to activation of the requisite mechanotransduction channel Piezo27-15 and A{beta} RA-LTMR excitation across the morphologically dissimilar mechanosensory end organ structures is not understood. Here, we report the precise subcellular distribution of Piezo2 and high-resolution, isotropic 3D reconstructions of all three end organs formed by A{beta} RA-LTMRs determined by large volume enhanced Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) imaging. We found that within each end organ, Piezo2 is enriched along the sensory axon membrane and is minimally or not expressed in TSCs and lamellar cells. We also observed a large number of small cytoplasmic protrusions enriched along the A{beta} RA-LTMR axon terminals associated with hair follicles, Meissner corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles. These axon protrusions reside within close proximity to axonal Piezo2, occasionally contain the channel, and often form adherens junctions with nearby non-neuronal cells. Our findings support a unified model for A{beta} RA-LTMR activation in which axon protrusions anchor A{beta} RA-LTMR axon terminals to specialized end organ cells, enabling mechanical stimuli to stretch the axon in hundreds to thousands of sites across an individual end organ and leading to activation of proximal Piezo2 channels and excitation of the neuron.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Handler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskols, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan-Tamariz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashjian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shotland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabeer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavarino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Africawala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional reconstructions of mechanosensory end organs suggest a unifying mechanism underlying dynamic, light touch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.16.533067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xiphoid nucleus of the midline thalamus controls cold-induced food seeking 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.16.533067v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining body temperature is calorically expensive for endothermic animals. Mammals eat more in the cold to compensate for energy expenditure, but the neural mechanism underlying this coupling is not well understood. Through behavioral and metabolic analyses, we found that mice dynamically switch between energy conservation and food-seeking states in the cold, the latter of which is primarily driven by energy expenditure rather than the sensation of cold. To identify the neural mechanisms underlying cold-induced food seeking, we use whole-brain cFos mapping and found that the xiphoid (Xi), a small nucleus in the midline thalamus, was selectively activated by prolonged cold associated with elevated energy expenditure but not with acute cold exposure. In vivo calcium imaging showed that Xi activity correlates with food-seeking episodes in cold conditions. Using activity-dependent viral strategies, we found that optogenetic and chemogenetic stimulation of cold-activated Xi neurons recapitulated cold-induced feeding, whereas their inhibition suppressed it. Mechanistically, Xi encodes a context-dependent valence switch promoting food-seeking behaviors in cold but not warm conditions. Furthermore, these behaviors are mediated by a Xi to nucleus accumbens projection. Our results establish Xi as a key region for controlling cold-induced feeding, an important mechanism for maintaining energy homeostasis in endothermic animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lal, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudell, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.533067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xiphoid nucleus of the midline thalamus controls cold-induced food seeking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.17.533217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A biophysical framework for double-drugging kinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.17.533217v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orthosteric inhibition of kinases has been challenging due to the conserved active site architecture of kinases and emergence of resistance mutants. Simultaneous inhibition of distant orthosteric and allosteric sites, which we refer to as "double-drugging", has recently been shown to be effective in overcoming drug resistance. However, detailed biophysical characterization of the cooperative nature between orthosteric and allosteric modulators has not been undertaken. Here, we provide a quantitative framework for double-drugging of kinases employing isothermal titration calorimetry, Forster resonance energy transfer, coupled-enzyme assays, and X-ray crystallography. We discern positive and negative cooperativity for Aurora A kinase (AurA) and Abelson kinase (Abl) with different combinations of orthosteric and allosteric modulators. We find that a conformational equilibrium shift is the main principle governing this cooperative effect. Notably, for both kinases, we find a synergistic decrease of the required orthosteric and allosteric drug dosages when used in combination to inhibit kinase activities to clinically relevant inhibition levels. X-ray crystal structures of the doubledrugged kinase complexes reveal the molecular principles underlying the cooperative nature of double-drugging AurA and Abl with orthosteric and allosteric inhibitors. Finally, we observe the first fully-closed conformation of Abl when bound to a pair of positively cooperative orthosteric and allosteric modulators, shedding light onto the puzzling abnormality of previously solved closed Abl structures. Collectively, our data provide mechanistic and structural insights into rational design and evaluation of doubledrugging strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludewig, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadzipasic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A biophysical framework for double-drugging kinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.19.533346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative landscape of genetic dependencies in human and chimpanzee stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.19.533346v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative studies of great apes provide a window into our evolutionary past, but the extent and identity of cellular differences that emerged during hominin evolution remain largely unexplored. We established a comparative loss-of-function approach to evaluate whether changes in human cells alter requirements for essential genes. By performing genome-wide CRISPR interference screens in human and chimpanzee pluripotent stem cells, we identified 75 genes with species-specific effects on cellular proliferation. These genes comprised coherent processes, including cell cycle progression and lysosomal signaling, which we determined to be human-derived by comparison with orangutan cells. Human-specific robustness to CDK2 and CCNE1 depletion persisted in neural progenitor cells, providing support for the G1-phase length hypothesis as a potential evolutionary mechanism in human brain expansion. Our findings demonstrate that evolutionary changes in human cells can reshape the landscape of essential genes and establish a platform for systematically uncovering latent cellular and molecular differences between species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>She, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.19.533346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative landscape of genetic dependencies in human and chimpanzee stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.16.533003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal recording of cell-cell contacts in vivo for interaction-based transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.16.533003v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular interactions are essential for tissue organization and functionality. In particular, immune cells rely on direct and usually transient interactions with other immune and non-immune populations to specify and regulate their function. To study these "kiss-and-run" interactions directly in vivo, we previously developed LIPSTIC (Labeling Immune Partnerships by SorTagging Intercellular Contacts), an approach that uses enzymatic transfer of a labeled substrate between the molecular partners CD40L and CD40 to label interacting cells. Reliance on this pathway limited the use of LIPSTIC to measuring interactions between CD4+ helper T cells and antigen presenting cells, however. Here, we report the development of a universal version of LIPSTIC (uLIPSTIC), which can record physical interactions both among immune cells and between immune and non-immune populations irrespective of the receptors and ligands involved. We show that uLIPSTIC can be used, among other things, to monitor the priming of CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells, reveal the cellular partners of regulatory T cells in steady state, and identify germinal center (GC)-resident T follicular helper (Tfh) cells based on their ability to interact cognately with GC B cells. By coupling uLIPSTIC with single-cell transcriptomics, we build a catalog of the immune populations that physically interact with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and find evidence of stepwise acquisition of the ability to interact with IECs as CD4+ T cells adapt to residence in the intestinal tissue. Thus, uLIPSTIC provides a broadly useful technology for measuring and understanding cell-cell interactions across multiple biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakandakari-Higa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canesso, M. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chudnovskiy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parigi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiedorczuk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilate, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqual, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritykin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.533003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal recording of cell-cell contacts in vivo for interaction-based transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.20.533541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nerve injury disrupts temporal processing in the spinal cord dorsal horn through alterations in PV+ interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.20.533541v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How mechanical allodynia following nerve injury is encoded in patterns of neural activity in the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH) is not known. We addressed this using the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain and in vivo electrophysiological recordings. Surprisingly, despite dramatic behavioral over-reactivity to mechanical stimuli following nerve injury, an overall increase in sensitivity or reactivity of DH neurons was not observed. We did, however, observe a marked decrease in correlated neural firing patterns, including the synchrony of mechanical stimulus-evoked firing, across the DH. Alterations in DH temporal firing patterns were recapitulated by silencing DH parvalbumin+ (PV+) inhibitory interneurons, previously implicated in mechanical allodynia, as were allodynic pain-like behaviors in mice. These findings reveal decorrelated DH network activity, driven by alterations in PV+ interneurons, as a prominent feature of neuropathic pain, and suggest that restoration of proper temporal activity is a potential treatment for chronic neuropathic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rankin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirila, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emanuel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolf, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drugowitsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nerve injury disrupts temporal processing in the spinal cord dorsal horn through alterations in PV+ interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.22.533709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitigation of chromosome loss in clinical CRISPR-Cas9-engineered T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.22.533709v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing has enabled advanced T cell therapies, but occasional loss of the targeted chromosome remains a safety concern. To investigate whether Cas9-induced chromosome loss is a universal phenomenon and evaluate its clinical significance, we conducted a systematic analysis in primary human T cells. Arrayed and pooled CRISPR screens revealed that chromosome loss was generalizable across the genome and resulted in partial and entire loss of the chromosome, including in pre-clinical chimeric antigen receptor T cells. T cells with chromosome loss persisted for weeks in culture, implying the potential to interfere with clinical use. A modified cell manufacturing process, employed in our first-in-human clinical trial of Cas9-engineered T cells,1 dramatically reduced chromosome loss while largely preserving genome editing efficacy. Expression of p53 correlated with protection from chromosome loss observed in this protocol, suggesting both a mechanism and strategy for T cell engineering that mitigates this genotoxicity in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsuchida, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadtmauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyquem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraietta, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>June, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitigation of chromosome loss in clinical CRISPR-Cas9-engineered T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.23.533992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Single-Nucleus Atlas of Seed-to-Seed Development in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.23.533992v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extensive studies of the reference plant Arabidopsis have enabled a deep understanding of tissues throughout development, yet a census of cell types and states throughout development is lacking. Here, we present a single-nucleus transcriptome atlas of seed-to-seed development employing over 800,000 nuclei, encompassing a diverse set of tissues across ten developmental stages, with spatial transcriptomic validation of the dynamic seed and silique. Cross-organ analyses revealed transcriptional conservation of cell types throughout development and heterogeneity within individual cell types influenced by organ-of-origin and developmental timing, including groups of transcription factors, suggesting gatekeeping by transcription factor activation. This atlas provides a resource for the study of cell type specification throughout the development continuum and a reference for stimulus-response and genetic perturbations at the single-cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illouz-Eliaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Single-Nucleus Atlas of Seed-to-Seed Development in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.24.534001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Split-intein Gal4 provides intersectional genetic labeling that is fully repressible by Gal80 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.24.534001v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The split-Gal4 system allows for intersectional genetic labeling of highly specific cell-types and tissues in Drosophila. However, the existing split-Gal4 system, unlike the standard Gal4 system, cannot be repressed by Gal80, and therefore cannot be controlled temporally. This lack of temporal control precludes split-Gal4 experiments in which a genetic manipulation must be restricted to specific timepoints. Here, we describe a new split-Gal4 system based on a self-excising split-intein, which drives transgene expression as strongly as the current split-Gal4 system and Gal4 reagents, yet which is fully repressible by Gal80. We demonstrate the potent inducibility of "split-intein Gal4" in vivo using both fluorescent reporters and via reversible tumor induction in the gut. Further, we show that our split-intein Gal4 can be extended to the drug-inducible GeneSwitch system, providing an independent method for intersectional labeling with inducible control. We also show that the split-intein Gal4 system can be used to generate highly cell-type specific genetic drivers based on in silico predictions generated by single cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) datasets, and we describe a new algorithm ("Two Against Background" or TAB) to predict cluster-specific gene pairs across multiple tissue-specific scRNA datasets. We provide a plasmid toolkit to efficiently create split-intein Gal4 drivers based on either CRISPR knock-ins to target genes or using enhancer fragments. Altogether, the split-intein Gal4 system allows for the creation of highly specific intersectional genetic drivers that are inducible/repressible.

Significance statementThe split-Gal4 system allows Drosophila researchers to drive transgene expression with extraordinary cell type specificity. However, the existing split-Gal4 system cannot be controlled temporally, and therefore cannot be applied to many important areas of research. Here, we present a new split-Gal4 system based on a self-excising split-intein, which is fully controllable by Gal80, as well as a related drug-inducible split GeneSwitch system. This approach can both leverage and inform single-cell RNAseq datasets, and we introduce an algorithm to identify pairs of genes that precisely and narrowly mark a desired cell cluster. Our split-intein Gal4 system will be of value to the Drosophila research community, and allow for the creation of highly specific genetic drivers that are also inducible/repressible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ewen-Campen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Split-intein Gal4 provides intersectional genetic labeling that is fully repressible by Gal80]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.23.533993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the neutralizing specificity of human anti-HIV serum by deep mutational scanning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.23.533993v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the specificities of human serum antibodies that broadly neutralize HIV can inform prevention and treatment strategies. Here we describe a deep mutational scanning system that can measure the effects of combinations of mutations to HIV envelope (Env) on neutralization by antibodies and polyclonal serum. We first show that this system can accurately map how all functionally tolerated mutations to Env affect neutralization by monoclonal antibodies. We then comprehensively map Env mutations that affect neutralization by a set of human polyclonal sera known to target the CD4-binding site that neutralize diverse strains of HIV. The neutralizing activities of these sera target different epitopes, with most sera having specificities reminiscent of individual characterized monoclonal antibodies, but one sera targeting two epitopes within the CD4 binding site. Mapping the specificity of the neutralizing activity in polyclonal human serum will aid in assessing anti-HIV immune responses to inform prevention strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schommers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieselmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingens, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overbaugh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the neutralizing specificity of human anti-HIV serum by deep mutational scanning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.22.533807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing Spatiotemporal Signaling Patterns in Cellular Data with Geometric Scattering Trajectory Homology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.22.533807v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural signals are high-dimensional, noisy, and dynamic, making it challenging to extract interpretable features linked to behavior or disease. We introduce Neurospectrum, a framework that encodes neural activity as latent trajectories shaped by spatial and temporal structure. At each timepoint, signals are represented on a graph capturing spatial relationships, with a learnable attention mechanism highlighting important regions. These are embedded using graph wavelets and passed through a manifold-regularized autoencoder that preserves temporal geometry. The resulting latent trajectory is summarized using a principled set of descriptors - including curvature, path signatures, persistent homology, and recurrent networks -that capture multiscale geometric, topological, and dynamical features. These features drive downstream prediction in a modular, interpretable, and end-to-end trainable framework.

We evaluate Neurospectrum on simulated and experimental datasets. It tracks phase synchronization in Kuramoto simulations, reconstructs visual stimuli from calcium imaging, and identifies biomarkers of obsessive-compulsive disorder in fMRI. Across tasks, Neurospectrum uncovers meaningful neural dynamics and outperforms traditional analysis methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khasawneh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing Spatiotemporal Signaling Patterns in Cellular Data with Geometric Scattering Trajectory Homology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.534017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex, single-cell CRISPRa screening for cell type specific regulatory elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.534017v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-based gene activation (CRISPRa) is a promising therapeutic approach for gene therapy, upregulating gene expression by targeting promoters or enhancers in a tissue/cell-type specific manner. Here, we describe an experimental framework that combines highly multiplexed perturbations with single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNA-seq) to identify cell-type-specific, CRISPRa-responsive cis-regulatory elements and the gene(s) they regulate. Random combinations of many gRNAs are introduced to each of many cells, which are then profiled and partitioned into test and control groups to test for effect(s) of CRISPRa perturbations of both enhancers and promoters on the expression of neighboring genes. Applying this method to a library of 493 gRNAs targeting candidate cis-regulatory elements in both K562 cells and iPSC-derived excitatory neurons, we identify gRNAs capable of specifically upregulating intended target genes and no other neighboring genes within 1 Mb, including gRNAs yielding upregulation of six autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) risk genes in neurons. A consistent pattern is that the responsiveness of individual enhancers to CRISPRa is restricted by cell type, implying a dependency on either chromatin landscape and/or additional trans-acting factors for successful gene activation. The approach outlined here may facilitate large-scale screens for gRNAs that activate therapeutically relevant genes in a cell type-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chardon, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDiarmid, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domcke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regalado, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalanne, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starita, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex, single-cell CRISPRa screening for cell type specific regulatory elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.534639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and implementation of suspended drop crystallization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.534639v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed a novel crystal growth method known as suspended drop crystallization. Unlike traditional methods, this technique involves mixing protein and precipitant directly on an electron microscopy grid without any additional support layers. The grid is then suspended within a crystallization chamber which we designed, allowing for vapor diffusion to occur from both sides of the drop. A UV transparent window above and below the grid enables the monitoring of crystal growth via light, UV, or fluorescence microscopy. Once crystals have formed, the grid can be removed and utilized for x-ray crystallography or microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) directly without having to manipulate the crystals. To demonstrate the efficacy of this method, we grew crystals of the enzyme proteinase K and determined its structure by MicroED following FIB/SEM milling to render the sample thin enough for cryoEM. Suspended drop crystallization overcomes many of the challenges associated with sample preparation, providing an alternative workflow for crystals embedded in viscous media, sensitive to mechanical stress, and/or suffering from preferred orientation on EM grids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynowycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and implementation of suspended drop crystallization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.534648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of bidirectional reprogramming between early embryonic states reveals mechanisms of differential lineage plasticities 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.534648v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two distinct fates, pluripotent epiblast (EPI) and primitive (extra-embryonic) endoderm (PrE), arise from common progenitor cells, the inner cell mass (ICM), in mammalian embryos. To study how these sister identities are forged, we leveraged embryonic (ES) and eXtraembryonic ENdoderm (XEN) stem cells - in vitro counterparts of the EPI and PrE. Bidirectional reprogramming between ES and XEN coupled with single-cell RNA and ATAC-seq analyses uncovered distinct rates, efficiencies and trajectories of state conversions, identifying drivers and roadblocks of reciprocal conversions. While GATA4-mediated ES-to-iXEN conversion was rapid and nearly deterministic, OCT4, KLF4 and SOX2-induced XEN-to-iPS reprogramming progressed with diminished efficiency and kinetics. The dominant PrE transcriptional program, safeguarded by Gata4, and globally elevated chromatin accessibility of EPI underscored the differential plasticities of the two states. Mapping in vitro trajectories to embryos revealed reprogramming in either direction tracked along, and toggled between, EPI and PrE in vivo states without transitioning through the ICM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowotschin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyzos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salataj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjantonakis, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of bidirectional reprogramming between early embryonic states reveals mechanisms of differential lineage plasticities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.30.534959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrin3 mediates differentiation through stabilizing chromatin accessibility and chromatin loop-domain interactions, and YY1 mediated enhancer-promoter interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.30.534959v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although emerging evidence indicates that alterations in proteins within nuclear compartments elicit changes in chromosomal architecture and differentiation, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we investigate the direct role of the abundant nuclear complex protein Matrin3 (Matr3) in chromatin architecture and development in the context of myogenesis. Using an acute targeted protein degradation platform (dTAG-Matr3), we reveal the dynamics of development-related chromatin reorganization. Upon acute depletion of Matr3, gains in chromatin accessibility and MyoD binding were observed, prior to widespread loss in the steady-state Matr3-knockout. These initial changes correlated with gene expression changes later in development. High-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) experiments revealed substantial chromatin loop rearrangements soon after Matr3 depletion. Notably, YY1 binding was detected in close proximity to enhancer and promoter regions, accompanied by the emergence of novel YY1-mediated enhancer-promoter loops, which occurred concurrently with changes in histone modifications and chromatin-level binding patterns. Overall, our results suggest that Matr3 mediates differentiation through stabilizing chromatin accessibility and chromatin loop-domain interactions, and highlight a conserved and direct role for Matr3 in maintenance of chromosomal architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orkin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bingham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlaeger, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.534959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrin3 mediates differentiation through stabilizing chromatin accessibility and chromatin loop-domain interactions, and YY1 mediated enhancer-promoter interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.29.534786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple repeat regions within mouse DUX recruit chromatin regulators to facilitate an embryonic gene expression program 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.29.534786v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The embryonic transcription factor DUX regulates chromatin opening and gene expression in totipotent cleavage-stage mouse embryos, and its expression in embryonic stem cells promotes their conversion to 2-cell embryo-like cells (2CLCs) with extraembryonic potential. However, little is known regarding which domains within mouse DUX interact with particular chromatin and transcription regulators. Here, we reveal that the C-terminus of mouse DUX contains five uncharacterized [~]100 amino acid (aa) repeats followed by an acidic 14 amino acid tail. Unexpectedly, structure-function approaches classify two repeats as  active and three as  inactive in cleavage/2CLC transcription program enhancement, with differences narrowed to a key 6 amino acid section. Our proximity dependent biotin ligation (BioID) approach identified factors selectively associated with active DUX repeat derivatives (including the 14aa  tail), including transcription and chromatin factors such as SWI/SNF (BAF) complex, as well as nucleolar factors that have been previously implicated in regulating the Dux locus. Finally, our mechanistic studies reveal cooperativity between DUX active repeats and the acidic tail in cofactor recruitment, DUX target opening, and transcription. Taken together, we provide several new insights into DUX structure-function, and mechanisms of chromatin and gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grow, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadle, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple repeat regions within mouse DUX recruit chromatin regulators to facilitate an embryonic gene expression program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.31.535166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structure of the neurotoxin palytoxin determined by MicroED 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.31.535166v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Palytoxin (PTX) is a potent neurotoxin found in marine animals that can cause serious symptoms such as muscle contractions, haemolysis of red blood cells and potassium leakage. Despite years of research, very little is known about the mechanism of PTX. However, recent advances in the field of cryoEM, specifically the use of microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED), have allowed us to determine the structure of PTX. It was discovered that PTX folds into a hairpin motif and is able to bind to the extracellular gate of Na,K-ATPase, which is responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. These findings, along with molecular docking simulations, have provided important insights into the mechanism of PTX and can potentially aid in the development of molecular agents for treating cases of PTX exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.31.535166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structure of the neurotoxin palytoxin determined by MicroED]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.03.535448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte-Secreted Neurocan Controls Inhibitory Synapse Formation and Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.03.535448v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes strongly promote the formation and maturation of synapses by secreted proteins. To date, several astrocyte-secreted synaptogenic proteins controlling different stages of excitatory synapse development have been identified. However, the identities of astrocytic signals that induce inhibitory synapse formation remain elusive. Here, through a combination of in vitro and in vivo experiments, we identified Neurocan as an astrocyte-secreted inhibitory synaptogenic protein. Neurocan is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that is best known as a protein localized to the perineuronal nets. However, Neurocan is cleaved into two after secretion from astrocytes. We found that the resulting N- and C-terminal fragments have distinct localizations in the extracellular matrix. While the N-terminal fragment remains associated with perineuronal nets, the Neurocan C-terminal fragment localizes to synapses and specifically controls cortical inhibitory synapse formation and function. Neurocan knockout mice lacking the whole protein or only its C-terminal synaptogenic region have reduced inhibitory synapse numbers and function. Through super-resolution microscopy and in vivo proximity labeling by secreted TurboID, we discovered that the synaptogenic domain of Neurocan localizes to somatostatin-positive inhibitory synapses and strongly regulates their formation. Together, our results unveil a mechanism through which astrocytes control circuit-specific inhibitory synapse development in the mammalian brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagendren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulloa-Severino, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindu, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte-Secreted Neurocan Controls Inhibitory Synapse Formation and Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.02.535232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No Transcriptional Compensation for Extreme Gene Dosage Imbalance in Fragmented Bacterial Endosymbionts of Cicadas 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.02.535232v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria that form long-term intracellular associations with host cells lose many genes, a process that often results in tiny, gene-dense, and stable genomes. Paradoxically, the same evolutionary processes that drive genome reduction and simplification may also sometimes cause genome expansion and complexification. A bacterial endosymbiont of cicadas, Hodgkinia cicadicola, exemplifies this paradox. In many cicada species, a single Hodgkinia lineage with a tiny, gene-dense genome has split into several interdependent cell and genome lineages. Each new Hodgkinia lineage encodes a unique subset of the ancestral unsplit genome in a complementary way, such that the collective gene contents of all lineages sum to the total found in the ancestral single genome. This splitting process creates genetically distinct Hodgkinia cells that must function together to carry out basic cellular processes, but also creates a gene dosage problem where some genes are encoded by only a small fraction of cells while others are much more abundant. Here, by sequencing DNA and RNA of Hodgkinia from different cicada species with different amounts of splitting - along with those of its structurally stable, unsplit partner endosymbiont Sulcia muelleri - we show that Hodgkinia does not transcriptionally compensate to rescue the wildly unbalanced gene and genome ratios that result from lineage splitting. We also find evidence that Hodgkinia has a reduced capacity for basic transcriptional control independent of the splitting process. Collectively, these findings reveal another layer of degeneration that further pushes the limits of canonical molecular and cell biology in Hodgkinia, and may in part explain its propensity to go extinct through symbiont replacement.

SignificanceMany cicadas host two bacterial endosymbionts, Hodgkinia and Sulcia, which produce essential amino acids missing from the insects xylem sap diet. Following 100+ million years of strict host association, both bacteria have lost many genes and posses extremely tiny genomes. In some cicadas, Hodgkinia has split into multiple cell lineages, distributing its genes, with little respect to their function, among separate lineages present at (sometimes wildly) different abundances. We find no transcriptional response to this in Hodgkinia, resulting in similarly imbalanced mRNA abundances. We also find less control of transcription in Hodgkinia compared to Sulcia. Hodgkinias transcriptome embodies an extreme, even relative to other highly-reduced endosymbionts, and raises questions about how cell biology in multi-lineage Hodgkinia can function at all.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spencer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Łukasik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veloso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No Transcriptional Compensation for Extreme Gene Dosage Imbalance in Fragmented Bacterial Endosymbionts of Cicadas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.05.535726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell transcriptional timelapse of mouse embryonic development, from gastrula to pup 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.05.535726v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The house mouse, Mus musculus, is an exceptional model system, combining genetic tractability with close homology to human biology. Gestation in mouse development lasts just under three weeks, a period during which its genome orchestrates the astonishing transformation of a single cell zygote into a free-living pup composed of >500 million cells. Towards a global framework for exploring mammalian development, we applied single cell combinatorial indexing (sci-*) to profile the transcriptional states of 12.4 million nuclei from 83 precisely staged embryos spanning late gastrulation (embryonic day 8 or E8) to birth (postnatal day 0 or P0), with 2-hr temporal resolution during somitogenesis, 6-hr resolution through to birth, and 20-min resolution during the immediate postpartum period. From these data (E8 to P0), we annotate dozens of trajectories and hundreds of cell types and perform deeper analyses of the unfolding of the posterior embryo during somitogenesis as well as the ontogenesis of the kidney, mesenchyme, retina, and early neurons. Finally, we leverage the depth and temporal resolution of these whole embryo snapshots, together with other published data, to construct and curate a rooted tree of cell type relationships that spans mouse development from zygote to pup. Throughout this tree, we systematically nominate sets of transcription factors (TFs) and other genes as candidate drivers of the in vivo differentiation of hundreds of mammalian cell types. Remarkably, the most dramatic shifts in transcriptional state are observed in a restricted set of cell types in the hours immediately following birth, and presumably underlie the massive changes in physiology that must accompany the successful transition of a placental mammal to extrauterine life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Day, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilcisin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivatsan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disteche, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamazaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moens, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schier, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spielmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapnell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell transcriptional timelapse of mouse embryonic development, from gastrula to pup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.05.535757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secondary Structure Detection Through Direct Nanopore RNA Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.05.535757v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic reverse transcriptases (RTs) can have essential or deleterious roles in normal human physiology and disease. Compared to well-studied helicases, it remains unclear how RTs overcome the ubiquitous RNA structural barriers during reverse transcription. Herein, we describe the development of a Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopore technique to sequence RNA to quantify the single-molecule kinetics of an RT from Bombyx mori with single-nucleotide resolution. By establishing a quadromer map that correlates RNA sequence and MspA ion current, we were able to quantify the RTs dwell time at every single nucleotide step along its RNA template. By challenging the enzyme with various RNA structures, we found that during cDNA synthesis the RT can sense and actively destabilize RNA structures 11-12 nt downstream of its front boundary. The ability to sequence single molecules of RNA with nanopores paves the way to investigate the single-nucleotide activity of other processive RNA translocases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundlach, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secondary Structure Detection Through Direct Nanopore RNA Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.06.535922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of LMAN1 and SURF4 dependent secretory cargoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.06.535922v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most proteins secreted into the extracellular space are first recruited from the endoplasmic reticulum into coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles or tubules that facilitate their transport to the Golgi apparatus. Although several secreted proteins have been shown to be actively recruited into COPII vesicles/tubules by the cargo receptors LMAN1 and SURF4, the full cargo repertoire of these receptors is unknown. We now report mass spectrometry analysis of conditioned media and cell lysates from HuH7 cells CRISPR targeted to inactivate the LMAN1 or SURF4 gene. We found that LMAN1 has limited clients in HuH7 cells whereas SURF4 traffics a broad range of cargoes. Analysis of putative SURF4 cargoes suggests that cargo recognition is governed by complex mechanisms rather than interaction with a universal binding motif.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbineni, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Veiga Leprevost, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basrur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmer, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesvizhskii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsburg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of LMAN1 and SURF4 dependent secretory cargoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.03.535482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescence lifetime analysis of smFRET with contribution of PIFE on donor and acceptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.03.535482v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful technique based on dipole-dipole interaction between donor and acceptor fluorophores to observe inter- and intra-molecular dynamics in realtime with sensitivity to macro-molecular distances ([~] 2.5-10 nm). That said, some fluorophores have an inherent characteristic known as protein induced fluorescence enhancement (PIFE). PIFE is a photo-physical feature of dyes undergoing cis-trans transitions and occurs for protein-dye interactions closer than 3 nm. Here, the challenge is uncoupling the PIFE effect in the FRET data. Ignoring the PIFE effect in the analysis of the FRET data may lead to misinterpretation of the system under investigation. As a solution to this problem, we develop a computational framework based on Bayesian statistics to analyze the fluorescence lifetime signals of the donor and acceptor channels which allows us to uncouple the PIFE effects from the FRET. Our framework can extract any changes in the FRET efficiency simultaneously with any changes in the fluorescence lifetimes of the donor and acceptor due to the PIFE effect. In addition, our framework can provide other parameters, such as the donor and acceptor excitation rates, background photon rates, and detectors cross-talk ratios. Our framework extracts all these parameters by analyzing a single photon arrival time trace with only a few thousand photons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jazani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescence lifetime analysis of smFRET with contribution of PIFE on donor and acceptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.06.535797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): A curated compendium of ancient human genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.06.535797v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than two hundred papers have reported genome-wide data from ancient humans. While the raw data for the vast majority are fully publicly available testifying to the commitment of the paleogenomics community to open data, formats for both raw data and meta-data differ. There is thus a need for uniform curation and a centralized, version-controlled compendium that researchers can download, analyze, and reference. Since 2019, we have been maintaining the Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR), which aims to provide an up-to-date, curated version of the worlds published ancient human DNA data, represented at more than a million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at which almost all ancient individuals have been assayed. The AADR has gone through six public releases since it first was made available and crossed the threshold of >10,000 ancient individuals with genome-wide data at the end of 2022. This note is intended as a citable description of the AADR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): A curated compendium of ancient human genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.07.535760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stepwise design of pseudosymmetric protein hetero-oligomers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.07.535760v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudosymmetric hetero-oligomers with three or more unique subunits with overall structural (but not sequence) symmetry play key roles in biology, and systematic approaches for generating such proteins de novo would provide new routes to controlling cell signaling and designing complex protein materials. However, the de novo design of protein hetero-oligomers with three or more distinct chains with nearly identical structures is a challenging problem because it requires the accurate design of multiple protein-protein interfaces simultaneously. Here, we describe a divide-and-conquer approach that breaks the multiple-interface design challenge into a set of more tractable symmetric single-interface redesign problems, followed by structural recombination of the validated homo-oligomers into pseudosymmetric hetero-oligomers. Starting from de novo designed circular homo-oligomers composed of 9 or 24 tandemly repeated units, we redesigned the inter-subunit interfaces to generate 15 new homo-oligomers and recombined them to make 17 new hetero-oligomers, including ABC heterotrimers, A2B2 heterotetramers, and A3B3 and A2B2C2 heterohexamers which assemble with high structural specificity. The symmetric homo-oligomers and pseudosymmetric hetero-oligomers generated for each system share a common backbone, and hence are ideal building blocks for generating and functionalizing larger symmetric assemblies.

Significance StatementProtein oligomers composed of multiple unique subunits are versatile building blocks for creating functional materials and controlling biological processes. However, designing robust hetero-oligomers with distinct subunits and precise structural symmetry remains a major challenge. Here, we present a general strategy for designing such complexes by breaking down the problem into simpler steps by first symmetrically re-designing the interfaces of homo-oligomeric proteins, and then recombining validated variants to form pseudosymmetric hetero-oligomers. Using this method, we generated 17 hetero-oligomers with up to three unique subunits that assemble with high specificity. Our approach can be extended to create a wide range of pseudosymmetric assemblies for manipulating cellular signaling and as building blocks for advanced protein materials. These pseudosymmeteric heterotrimers have already enabled the construction of a set of massive nanocages, including a T=4 icosahedral nanocage with a 70 nm diameter and 240 subunits.1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kibler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wicky, B. I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostelic, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoddard, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.535760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stepwise design of pseudosymmetric protein hetero-oligomers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.09.536178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocytic LRRK2 Controls Synaptic Connectivity through ERM Phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.09.536178v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes are highly complex cells that mediate critical roles in synapse formation and maintenance by establishing thousands of direct contacts with synapses through their perisynaptic processes. Here, we found that the most common Parkinsonism gene mutation, LRRK2 G2019S, enhances the phosphorylation of the ERM proteins (Ezrin, Radixin, and Moesin), components of the perisynaptic astrocyte processes in a subset of cortical astrocytes. The ERM hyperphosphorylation was accompanied by decreased astrocyte morphological complexity and reduced excitatory synapse density and function. Dampening ERM phosphorylation levels in LRRK2 G2019S mouse astrocytes restored both their morphology and the excitatory synapse density in the anterior cingulate cortex. To determine how LRRK2 mutation impacts Ezrin interactome, we used an in vivo BioID proteomic approach, and we found that astrocytic Ezrin interacts with Atg7, a master regulator of autophagy. The Ezrin/Atg7 interaction is inhibited by Ezrin phosphorylation, thus diminished in LRRK2 G2019S astrocytes. Importantly, the Atg7 function is required to maintain proper astrocyte morphology. Our data provide a molecular pathway through which the LRRK2 G2019S mutation alters astrocyte morphology and synaptic density in a brain-region-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivadasan Bindu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Salazar, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimond, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Spada, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.09.536178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocytic LRRK2 Controls Synaptic Connectivity through ERM Phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved single-cell and spatial gene regulatory atlas of plants under pathogen attack 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536170v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant leaf intercellular space provides a nutrient-rich and heterogeneous niche for microbes that critically impacts plant health. However, how individual plant cells respond to heterogeneous microbial colonization remains largely elusive. Here, by time-resolved simultaneous single-cell transcriptome and epigenome profiling of plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) infected by virulent and avirulent bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas syringae), we present cell atlases with gene regulatory logic involving transcription factors, putative cis-regulatory elements, and target genes associated with disease and immunity. We also identify previously uncharacterized cell populations with distinct immune gene expression within major developmental cell types. Furthermore, we employ time-resolved spatial transcriptomics to reveal spatial heterogeneity of plant immune responses linked to pathogen distribution. Integrating our single-cell multiomics and spatial omics data enables spatiotemporal mapping of defense gene regulatory logic with pathogen cells. Our study provides a molecularly-defined spatiotemporal map of plant-microbe interaction at the single-cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nobori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved single-cell and spatial gene regulatory atlas of plants under pathogen attack]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.07.536077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mental navigation and telekinesis with a hippocampal map-based brain-machine interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.07.536077v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is critical for recollecting and imagining experiences. This is believed to involve voluntarily drawing from hippocampal memory representations of people, events, and places, including the hippocampus map-like representations of familiar environments. However, whether the representations in such "cognitive maps" can be volitionally and selectively accessed is unknown. We developed a brain-machine interface to test if rats could control their hippocampal activity in a flexible, goal-directed, model-based manner. We show that rats can efficiently navigate or direct objects to arbitrary goal locations within a virtual reality arena solely by activating and sustaining appropriate hippocampal representations of remote places. This should provide insight into the mechanisms underlying episodic memory recall, mental simulation/planning, and imagination, and open up possibilities for high-level neural prosthetics utilizing hippocampal representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.536077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mental navigation and telekinesis with a hippocampal map-based brain-machine interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.12.536642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced nonenzymatic RNA copying with in-situ activation of short oligonucleotides 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.12.536642v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nonenzymatic copying of RNA is thought to have been necessary for the transition between prebiotic chemistry and ribozyme-catalyzed RNA replication in the RNA World. We have previously shown that a potentially prebiotic nucleotide activation pathway based on phospho-Passerini chemistry can lead to the efficient synthesis of 2-aminoimidazole activated mononucleotides when carried out under freeze-thaw cycling conditions. Such activated nucleotides react with each other to form 5'-5' 2-aminoimidazolium bridged dinucleotides, enabling template-directed primer extension to occur within the same reaction mixture. However, mononucleotides linked to oligonucleotides by a 5'-5' 2-aminoimidazolium bridge are superior substrates for nonenzymatic primer extension, due to their higher intrinsic reactivity and their higher template affinity. Here we show that eutectic phase phospho-Passerini chemistry efficiently activates short oligonucleotides and promotes the formation of monomer-bridged-oligonucleotide species during freeze-thaw cycles. We then demonstrate that in-situ generated monomer-bridged-oligonucleotides lead to efficient nonenzymatic template copying in the same reaction mixture. Our findings pave the way for future research into the activation of complex mixtures of mono- and oligonucleotides for the enhanced copying and potentially the replication of arbitrary RNA sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced nonenzymatic RNA copying with in-situ activation of short oligonucleotides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.11.536475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary protein shapes the profile and repertoire of intestinal CD4+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.11.536475v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal immune system must tolerate food antigens to avoid allergy, a process requiring CD4+ T cells. Combining antigenically defined diets with gnotobiotic models, we show that food and microbiota distinctly influence the profile and T cell receptor repertoire of intestinal CD4+ T cells. Independent of the microbiota, dietary proteins contributed to accumulation and clonal selection of antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells at the intestinal epithelium, imprinting a tissue specialized transcriptional program including cytotoxic genes on both conventional and regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs). This steady state CD4+ T cell response to food was disrupted by inflammatory challenge, and protection against food allergy in this context was associated with Treg clonal expansion and decreased pro-inflammatory gene expression. Finally, we identified both steady state epithelium-adapted CD4+ T cells and tolerance-induced Tregs that recognize dietary antigens, suggesting that both cell types may be critical for preventing inappropriate immune responses to food.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lockhart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, T. B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canesso, M. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary protein shapes the profile and repertoire of intestinal CD4+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.13.536294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome editing in the mouse brain with minimally immunogenic Cas9 RNPs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.13.536294v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) into the central nervous system (CNS) for therapeutic genome editing could avoid limitations of viral vector-based delivery including cargo capacity, immunogenicity, and cost. Here we tested the ability of cell penetrant Cas9 RNPs to edit the mouse striatum when introduced using a convection enhanced delivery system. These transient Cas9 RNPs showed comparable editing of neurons and reduced adaptive immune responses relative to one formulation of Cas9 delivered using AAV serotype 9. The production of ultra-low-endotoxin Cas9 protein manufactured at scale further improved innate immunity. We conclude that injection-based delivery of minimally immunogenic CRISPR genome editing RNPs into the CNS provides a valuable alternative to virus-mediated genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applegate, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemus, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas-Rios, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozniak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimberlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.536294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome editing in the mouse brain with minimally immunogenic Cas9 RNPs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.18.537377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A critical role for CaMKII in behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.18.537377v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity (BTSP) is a type of non-Hebbian synaptic plasticity reported to underlie place field formation in the hippocampal CA1 neurons. Despite this important function, the molecular mechanisms underlying BTSP are poorly understood. The -Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is activated by synaptic transmission-mediated calcium influx and its subsequent phosphorylation is central to synaptic plasticity. Because the activity of CaMKII is known to outlast the event triggering phosphorylation, we hypothesized it could be involved in the extended timescale of the BTSP process. To examine the role of CaMKII in BTSP, we performed whole-cell in-vivo and in-vitro recordings in CA1 pyramidal neurons from mice engineered to have a point mutation at the autophosphorylation site (T286A) causing accelerated signaling kinetics. Here we demonstrate a profound deficit in synaptic plasticity, strongly suggesting that CaMKII signaling is required for BTSP. This study elucidates part of the molecular mechanism of BTSP and provides insight into the function of CaMKII in place cell formation and ultimately learning and memory.

TeaserThe molecular mechanisms of BTSP have been revealed to require the autophosphorylation of CaMKII.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitwood, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A critical role for CaMKII in behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.17.537263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of non-porous, pH-responsive antibody nanoparticles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.17.537263v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programming protein nanomaterials to respond to changes in environmental conditions is a current challenge for protein design and important for targeted delivery of biologics. We describe the design of octahedral non-porous nanoparticles with the three symmetry axes (four-fold, three-fold, and two-fold) occupied by three distinct protein homooligomers: a de novo designed tetramer, an antibody of interest, and a designed trimer programmed to disassemble below a tunable pH transition point. The nanoparticles assemble cooperatively from independently purified components, and a cryo-EM density map reveals that the structure is very close to the computational design model. The designed nanoparticles can package a variety of molecular payloads, are endocytosed following antibody-mediated targeting of cell surface receptors, and undergo tunable pH-dependent disassembly at pH values ranging between to 5.9-6.7. To our knowledge, these are the first designed nanoparticles with more than two structural components and with finely tunable environmental sensitivity, and they provide new routes to antibody-directed targeted delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decarreau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarajovi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldbach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlrichs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skotheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somiya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khmelinskaia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of non-porous, pH-responsive antibody nanoparticles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.16.536509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell DNA Methylome and 3D Multi-omic Atlas of the Adult Mouse Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.16.536509v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytosine DNA methylation is essential in brain development and has been implicated in various neurological disorders. A comprehensive understanding of DNA methylation diversity across the entire brain in the context of the brains 3D spatial organization is essential for building a complete molecular atlas of brain cell types and understanding their gene regulatory landscapes. To this end, we employed optimized single-nucleus methylome (snmC-seq3) and multi-omic (snm3C-seq1) sequencing technologies to generate 301,626 methylomes and 176,003 chromatin conformation/methylome joint profiles from 117 dissected regions throughout the adult mouse brain. Using iterative clustering and integrating with companion whole-brain transcriptome and chromatin accessibility datasets, we constructed a methylation-based cell type taxonomy that contains 4,673 cell groups and 261 cross-modality-annotated subclasses. We identified millions of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) across the genome, representing potential gene regulation elements. Notably, we observed spatial cytosine methylation patterns on both genes and regulatory elements in cell types within and across brain regions. Brain-wide multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH2) data validated the association of this spatial epigenetic diversity with transcription and allowed the mapping of the DNA methylation and topology information into anatomical structures more precisely than our dissections. Furthermore, multi-scale chromatin conformation diversities occur in important neuronal genes, highly associated with DNA methylation and transcription changes. Brain-wide cell type comparison allowed us to build a regulatory model for each gene, linking transcription factors, DMRs, chromatin contacts, and downstream genes to establish regulatory networks. Finally, intragenic DNA methylation and chromatin conformation patterns predicted alternative gene isoform expression observed in a companion whole-brain SMART-seq3 dataset. Our study establishes the first brain-wide, single-cell resolution DNA methylome and 3D multi-omic atlas, providing an unparalleled resource for comprehending the mouse brains cellular-spatial and regulatory genome diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-Duarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.536509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell DNA Methylome and 3D Multi-omic Atlas of the Adult Mouse Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.18.537375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The covariance environment defines cellular niches for spatial inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.18.537375v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tsunami of new multiplexed spatial profiling technologies has opened a range of computational challenges focused on leveraging these powerful data for biological discovery. A key challenge underlying computation is a suitable representation for features of cellular niches. Here, we develop the covariance environment (COVET), a representation that can capture the rich, continuous multivariate nature of cellular niches by capturing the gene-gene covariate structure across cells in the niche, which can reflect the cell-cell communication between them. We define a principled optimal transport-based distance metric between COVET niches and develop a computationally efficient approximation to this metric that can scale to millions of cells. Using COVET to encode spatial context, we develop environmental variational inference (ENVI), a conditional variational autoencoder that jointly embeds spatial and single-cell RNA-seq data into a latent space. Two distinct decoders either impute gene expression across spatial modality, or project spatial information onto dissociated single-cell data. We show that ENVI is not only superior in the imputation of gene expression but is also able to infer spatial context to disassociated single-cell genomics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haviv, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjantonakis, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The covariance environment defines cellular niches for spatial inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.20.537689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation of chromatin organization within human and primate centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.20.537689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The focal attachment of the kinetochore to the centromere is essential for genome maintenance, yet the highly repetitive nature of satellite regional centromeres, such as those in humans, limits our understanding of their chromatin organization. We demonstrate that single-molecule chromatin fiber sequencing (Fiber-seq) can uniquely co-resolve kinetochore and surrounding chromatin architectures along point centromeres, revealing largely homogeneous single-molecule kinetochore occupancy along each chromosome. In contrast, extension of Fiber-seq to regional satellite centromeres exposed marked per-molecule heterogeneity in their chromatin organization. Regional CENP-A-marked centromere cores uniquely contain a dichotomous chromatin organization (dichromatin) composed of compacted nucleosome arrays punctuated with highly accessible chromatin patches. CENP-B occupancy phases dichromatin to the underlying alpha-satellite repeat within centromere cores, but is not necessary for dichromatin formation. Centromere core dichromatin is a conserved feature between humans despite the marked divergence of their underlying alpha-satellite organization and is similarly a conserved feature along regional centromeres that lack satellite repeats in gibbon. Overall, the chromatin organization of regional centromeres is defined by marked per-molecule heterogeneity, likely buffering kinetochore attachment against sequence and structural variability within regional centromeres.

HighlightsO_LIDichotomous accessible and compacted chromatin (dichromatin) marks centromere cores
C_LIO_LIHighly accessible chromatin patches punctuate sites of kinetochore attachment
C_LIO_LIDichromatin can form irrespective of CENP-B occupancy
C_LIO_LIConservation within centromeres is mediated at the level of chromatin, not DNA
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubocanin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, A. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranchalis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Real, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stergachis, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation of chromatin organization within human and primate centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.535069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian redox rhythm gates immune-induced cell death distinctly from the genetic clock 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.535069v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms use circadian clocks to synchronize physiological processes to anticipate the Earths day-night cycles and regulate responses to environmental stresses to gain competitive advantage1. While divergent genetic clocks have been studied extensively in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, a conserved circadian redox rhythm has only recently been reported and hypothesized to be a more ancient clock2, 3. However, it is controversial whether the redox rhythm serves as an independent clock and controls specific biological processes4. Here, we uncovered the coexistence of redox and genetic rhythms with distinct period lengths and transcriptional targets through concurrent metabolic and transcriptional time-course measurements in an Arabidopsis long-period clock mutant5. Analysis of the target genes indicated regulation of the immune-induced programmed cell death (PCD) by the redox rhythm. Moreover, this time-of-day-sensitive PCD was eliminated by redox perturbation and by blocking the signalling pathway of the plant defence hormones jasmonic acid/ethylene, while remaining intact in a genetic-clock-impaired line. We demonstrate that compared to robust genetic clocks, the more sensitive circadian redox rhythm serves as a signalling hub in regulating incidental energy-intensive processes, such as immune-induced PCD6, to provide organisms a flexible strategy to prevent metabolic overload caused by stress, a unique role for the redox oscillator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karapetyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwimba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.535069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian redox rhythm gates immune-induced cell death distinctly from the genetic clock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.22.537932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DRG genetic toolkit reveals molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.22.537932v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical and thermal stimuli acting on the skin are detected by morphologically and physiologically distinct sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Achieving a holistic view of how this diverse neuronal population relays sensory information from the skin to the central nervous system (CNS) has been challenging with existing tools. Here, we used transcriptomic datasets of the mouse DRG to guide development and curation of a genetic toolkit to interrogate transcriptionally defined DRG neuron subtypes. Morphological analysis revealed unique cutaneous axon arborization areas and branching patterns of each subtype. Physiological analysis showed that subtypes exhibit distinct thresholds and ranges of responses to mechanical and/or thermal stimuli. The somatosensory neuron toolbox thus enables comprehensive phenotyping of most principal sensory neuron subtypes. Moreover, our findings support a population coding scheme in which the activation thresholds of morphologically and physiologically distinct cutaneous DRG neuron subtypes tile multiple dimensions of stimulus space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskols, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lezgiyeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voisin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.22.537932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DRG genetic toolkit reveals molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.19.537477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for a role of human blood-borne factors in mediating age-associated changes in molecular circadian rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.19.537477v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with a number of physiologic changes including perturbed circadian rhythms; however, mechanisms by which rhythms are altered remain unknown. To test the idea that circulating factors mediate age-dependent changes in peripheral rhythms, we compared the ability of human serum from young and old individuals to synchronize circadian rhythms in culture. We collected blood from apparently healthy young (age 25-30) and old (age 70-76) individuals at 14:00 and used the serum to synchronize cultured fibroblasts. We found that young and old sera are equally competent at initiating robust [~]24h oscillations of a luciferase reporter driven by clock gene promoter. However, cyclic gene expression is affected, such that young and old sera promote cycling of different sets of genes. Genes that lose rhythmicity with old serum entrainment are associated with oxidative phosphorylation and Alzheimers Disease as identified by STRING and IPA analyses. Conversely, the expression of cycling genes associated with cholesterol biosynthesis increased in the cells entrained with old serum. Genes involved in the cell cycle and transcription/translation remain rhythmic in both conditions. We did not observe a global difference in the distribution of phase between groups, but found that peak expression of several clock-controlled genes (PER3, NR1D1, NR1D2, CRY1, CRY2, and TEF) lagged in the cells synchronized ex vivo with old serum. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that age-dependent blood-borne factors affect circadian rhythms in peripheral cells and have the potential to impact health and disease via maintaining or disrupting rhythms respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrcela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahens, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skarke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for a role of human blood-borne factors in mediating age-associated changes in molecular circadian rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.24.538174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isoform-specific C-terminal phosphorylation drives autoinhibition of Casein Kinase 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.24.538174v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Casein kinase 1 {delta} (CK1{delta}) controls essential biological processes including circadian rhythms and Wnt signaling, but how its activity is regulated is not well understood. CK1{delta} is inhibited by autophosphorylation of its intrinsically disordered C-terminal tail. Two CK1 splice variants, {delta}1 and {delta}2, are known to have very different effects on circadian rhythms. These variants differ only in the last 16 residues of the tail, referred to as the extreme C-termini (XCT), but with marked changes in potential phosphorylation sites. Here we test if the XCT of these variants have different effects in autoinhibition of the kinase. Using NMR and HDX-MS, we show that the {delta}1 XCT is preferentially phosphorylated by the kinase and the {delta}1 tail makes more extensive interactions across the kinase domain. Mutation of {delta}1-specific XCT phosphorylation sites increases kinase activity both in vitro and in cells and leads to changes in circadian period, similar to what is reported in vivo. Mechanistically, loss of the phosphorylation sites in XCT disrupts tail interaction with the kinase domain. {delta}1 autoinhibition relies on conserved anion binding sites around the CK1 active site, demonstrating a common mode of product inhibition of CK1{delta}. These findings demonstrate how a phosphorylation cycle controls the activity of this essential kinase.

SignificanceSubtle control of kinase activity is critical to physiologic modulation of multiple physiological processes including circadian rhythms. CK1{delta} and the closely related CK1{varepsilon} regulate circadian rhythms by phosphorylation of PER2, but how kinase activity itself is controlled is not clear. Building on the prior observation that two splice isoforms of CK1{delta} regulate the clock differently, we show that the difference maps to three phosphorylation sites in the variably spliced region (XCT) that cause feedback inhibition of the kinase domain. More broadly, the data suggest a general model where CK1 activity on diverse substrates can be controlled by signaling pathways that alter tail phosphorylation. These inhibitory phosphorylation sites could also be targets for new therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harold, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tulsian, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimamurthy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaitanes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, M. G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virshup, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isoform-specific C-terminal phosphorylation drives autoinhibition of Casein Kinase 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.25.538270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Turicibacterales protect mice from severe Citrobacter rodentium infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.25.538270v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the major contributors to child mortality in the world is diarrheal diseases, with an estimated 800,000 deaths per year. Many pathogens are causative agents of these illnesses, including the enteropathogenic (EPEC) or enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) forms of Escherichia coli. These bacteria are characterized by their ability to cause attaching and effacing lesions in the gut mucosa. Although much has been learned about the pathogenicity of these organisms and the immune response against them, the role of the intestinal microbiota during these infections is not well characterized. Infection of mice with E. coli requires pre-treatment with antibiotics in most mouse models, which hinders the study of the microbiota in an undisturbed environment. Using Citrobacter rodentium as a murine model for attaching and effacing bacteria, we show that C57BL/6 mice deficient in granzyme B expression are highly susceptible to severe disease caused by C. rodentium infection. Although a previous publication from our group shows that granzyme B-deficient CD4+ T cells are partially responsible for this phenotype, in this report we present data demonstrating that the microbiota, in particular members of the order Turicibacterales, have an important role in conferring resistance. Mice deficient in Turicibacter sanguinis have increased susceptibility to severe disease. However, when these mice are co-housed with resistant mice, or colonized with T. sanguinis, susceptibility to severe infection is reduced. These results clearly suggest a critical role for this commensal in the protection against entero-pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoek, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClanahan, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latour, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shealy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazuelo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallance, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivares-Villagomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Turicibacterales protect mice from severe Citrobacter rodentium infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.25.538167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Chromatin Insulating Activities Uncovered upon Eliminating KnownInsulators in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.25.538167v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Partitioning of repressive from actively transcribed chromatin in mammalian cells fosters cell-type specific gene expression patterns. While this partitioning is reconstructed during differentiation, the chromatin occupancy of the key insulator, CTCF, is unchanged at the developmentally important Hox clusters. Thus, dynamic changes in chromatin boundaries must entail other activities. Given its requirement for chromatin loop formation, we examined cohesin-based chromatin occupancy without known insulators, CTCF and MAZ, and identified a family of zinc finger proteins (ZNFs), some of which exhibit tissue-specific expression. Two such ZNFs foster chromatin boundaries at the Hox clusters that are distinct from each other and from MAZ. PATZ1 was critical to the thoracolumbar boundary in differentiating motor neurons and mouse skeleton, while ZNF263 contributed to cervicothoracic boundaries. We propose that these insulating activities act with cohesin, alone or combinatorially, with or without CTCF, to implement precise positional identity and cell fate during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortabozkoyun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsirigos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Chromatin Insulating Activities Uncovered upon Eliminating KnownInsulators in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of the IGCR1 regulatory element and the 3'Igh CBEs to Regulation of Igh V(D)J Recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537836v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region exons are assembled in progenitor-B cells, from VH, D, and JH gene segments located in separate clusters across the Igh locus. RAG endonuclease initiates V(D)J recombination from a JH-based recombination center (RC). Cohesin-mediated extrusion of upstream chromatin past RC-bound RAG presents Ds for joining to JHs to form a DJH-RC. Igh has a provocative number and organization of CTCF-binding-elements (CBEs) that can impede loop extrusion. Thus, Igh has two divergently oriented CBEs (CBE1 and CBE2) in the IGCR1 element between the VH and D/JH domains, over 100 CBEs across the VH domain convergent to CBE1, and 10 clustered 3Igh-CBEs convergent to CBE2 and VH CBEs. IGCR1 CBEs segregate D/JH and VH domains by impeding loop extrusion-mediated RAG-scanning. Down-regulation of WAPL, a cohesin unloader, in progenitor-B cells neutralizes CBEs, allowing DJH-RC-bound RAG to scan the VH domain and perform VH-to-DJH rearrangements. To elucidate potential roles of IGCR1-based CBEs and 3Igh-CBEs in regulating RAG-scanning and elucidate the mechanism of the "ordered" transition from D-to-JH to VH-to-DJH recombination, we tested effects of deleting or inverting IGCR1 or 3Igh-CBEs in mice and/or progenitor-B cell lines. These studies revealed that normal IGCR1 CBE orientation augments RAG-scanning impediment activity and suggest that 3Igh-CBEs reinforce ability of the RC to function as a dynamic loop extrusion impediment to promote optimal RAG scanning activity. Finally, our findings indicate that ordered V(D)J recombination can be explained by a gradual WAPL down-regulation mechanism in progenitor B cells as opposed to a strict developmental switch.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTo counteract diverse pathogens, vertebrates evolved adaptive immunity to generate diverse antibody repertoires through a B lymphocyte-specific somatic gene rearrangement process termed V(D)J recombination. Tight regulation of the V(D)J recombination process is vital to generating antibody diversity and preventing off-target activities that can predispose the oncogenic translocations. Recent studies have demonstrated V(D)J rearrangement is driven by cohesin-mediated chromatin loop extrusion, a process that establishes genomic loop domains by extruding chromatin, predominantly, between convergently-oriented CTCF looping factor-binding elements (CBEs). By deleting and inverting CBEs within a critical antibody heavy chain gene locus developmental control region and a loop extrusion chromatin-anchor at the downstream end of this locus, we reveal how these elements developmentally contribute to generation of diverse antibody repertoires.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ba, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alt, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of the IGCR1 regulatory element and the 3'Igh CBEs to Regulation of Igh V(D)J Recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.24.538127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ORFeus: A Computational Method to Detect Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifts and Other Non-Canonical Translation Events 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.24.538127v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCanonical protein translation requires that ribosomes initiate translation at the correct start codon, maintain a single reading frame throughout elongation, and terminate at the first in-frame stop codon. However, ribosomal behavior can deviate at each of these steps, sometimes in a programmed manner. Certain mRNAs contain sequence and structural elements that cause ribosomes to begin translation at non-canonical start codons, shift reading frame, read through stop codons, or reinitiate on the same mRNA. These processes represent important translational control mechanisms that can allow an mRNA to encode multiple functional protein products or regulate protein expression. The prevalence of these events remains uncertain, due to the difficulty of systematic detection.

ResultsWe have developed a computational model to infer non-canonical translation events from ribosome profiling data.

ConclusionORFeus identifies known examples of alternative open reading frames and recoding events across different organisms and enables transcriptome-wide searches for novel events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ORFeus: A Computational Method to Detect Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifts and Other Non-Canonical Translation Events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PEELing: an integrated and user-centric platform for cell-surface proteomics analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537871v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMolecular compartmentalization is vital for cellular physiology. Spatially-resolved proteomics allows biologists to survey protein composition and dynamics with subcellular resolution. Here we present PEELing, an integrated package and user-friendly web service for analyzing spatially- resolved proteomics data. PEELing assesses data quality using curated or user-defined references, performs cutoff analysis to remove contaminants, connects to databases for functional annotation, and generates data visualizations--providing a streamlined and reproducible workflow to explore spatially-resolved proteomics data.

Availability and ImplementationPEELing and its tutorial are publicly available at https://peeling.janelia.org/. A Python package of PEELing is available at https://github.com/JaneliaSciComp/peeling/.

ContactTechnical support for PEELing: peeling@janelia.hhmi.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PEELing: an integrated and user-centric platform for cell-surface proteomics analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.25.538330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessment of three-dimensional RNA structure prediction in CASP15 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.25.538330v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prediction of RNA three-dimensional structures remains an unsolved problem. Here, we report assessments of RNA structure predictions in CASP15, the first CASP exercise that involved RNA structure modeling. Forty two predictor groups submitted models for at least one of twelve RNA-containing targets. These models were evaluated by the RNA-Puzzles organizers and, separately, by a CASP-recruited team using metrics (GDT, lDDT) and approaches (Z-score rankings) initially developed for assessment of proteins and generalized here for RNA assessment. The two assessments independently ranked the same predictor groups as first (AIchemy_RNA2), second (Chen), and third (RNAPolis and GeneSilico, tied); predictions from deep learning approaches were significantly worse than these top ranked groups, which did not use deep learning. Further analyses based on direct comparison of predicted models to cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) maps and X-ray diffraction data support these rankings. With the exception of two RNA-protein complexes, models submitted by CASP15 groups correctly predicted the global fold of the RNA targets. Comparisons of CASP15 submissions to designed RNA nanostructures as well as molecular replacement trials highlight the potential utility of current RNA modeling approaches for RNA nanotechnology and structural biology, respectively. Nevertheless, challenges remain in modeling fine details such as non- canonical pairs, in ranking among submitted models, and in prediction of multiple structures resolved by cryo-EM or crystallography.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpkin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulvaney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westhof, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessment of three-dimensional RNA structure prediction in CASP15]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.25.538336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic content of samples from the Huanan Seafood Market 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.25.538336v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of the Huanan Seafood Market in the early SARS-CoV-2 outbreak remains unclear. Recently the Chinese CDC released data from deep sequencing of environmental samples collected from the market after it was closed on January-1-2020 (Liu et al. 2023a). Prior to this release, Crits-Christoph et al. (2023) analyzed data from a subset of the samples. Both studies concurred that the samples contained genetic material from a variety of species, including some like raccoon dogs that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. However, neither study systematically analyzed the relationship between the amount of genetic material from SARS-CoV-2 and different animal species. Here I implement a fully reproducible computational pipeline that jointly analyzes the number of reads mapping to SARS-CoV-2 and the mitochondrial genomes of chordate species across the full set of samples. I validate the presence of genetic material from numerous species, and calculate mammalian mitochondrial compositions similar to those reported by Crits-Christoph et al. (2023). However, the number of SARS-CoV-2 reads is not consistently correlated with reads mapping to non-human susceptible species. For instance, 14 samples have >20% of their chordate mitochondrial material from raccoon dogs, but only one of these samples contains any SARS-CoV-2 reads, and that sample only has 1 of[~] 200,000,000 reads mapping to SARS-CoV-2. Instead, SARS-CoV-2 reads are most correlated with reads mapping to various fish, such as catfish and largemouth bass. These results suggest that while metagenomic analysis of the environmental samples is useful for identifying animals or animal products sold at the market, co-mingling of animal and viral genetic material is unlikely to reliably indicate whether any animals were infected by SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomic content of samples from the Huanan Seafood Market]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.27.538541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Essential roles of the ANKRD31-REC114 interaction in meiotic recombination and mouse spermatogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.27.538541v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) initiate homologous recombination and are crucial for ensuring proper chromosome segregation. In mice, ANKRD31 recently emerged as a regulator of DSB timing, number, and location, with a particularly important role in targeting DSBs to the pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) of sex chromosomes. ANKRD31 interacts with multiple proteins, including the conserved and essential DSB-promoting factor REC114, so it was hypothesized to be a modular scaffold that "anchors" other proteins together and to meiotic chromosomes. To determine if and why the REC114 interaction is important for ANKRD31 function, we generated mice with Ankrd31 mutations that either reduced (missense mutation) or eliminated (C-terminal truncation) the ANKRD31- REC114 interaction without diminishing contacts with other known partners. A complete lack of the ANKRD31-REC114 interaction mimicked an Ankrd31 null, with delayed DSB formation and recombination, defects in DSB repair, and altered DSB locations including failure to target DSBs to the PARs. In contrast, when the ANKRD31- REC114 interaction was substantially but not completely disrupted, spermatocytes again showed delayed DSB formation globally, but recombination and repair were hardly affected and DSB locations were similar to control mice. The missense Ankrd31 allele showed a dosage effect, wherein combining it with the null or C-terminal truncation allele resulted in intermediate phenotypes for DSB formation, recombination, and DSB locations. Our results show that ANKRD31 function is critically dependent on its interaction with REC114, and that defects in ANKRD31 activity correlate with the severity of the disruption of the interaction.

SignificanceHomologous recombination initiated by double-strand breaks (DSBs) during meiosis is a nearly universal feature of eukaryotic lifecycles, but is also dangerous because DSBs are potentially toxic or mutagenic. The vertebrate-specific protein ANKRD31 is an important regulator of DSB formation, proposed to be a scaffold protein that coordinates the activities of multiple DSB-promoting factors, including the widely conserved REC114. We test this hypothesis here through generation of targeted Ankrd31 mutations that specifically attenuate or eliminate the ANKRD31-REC114 interaction. Analysis of this allelic series demonstrates that the ANKRD31-REC114 interaction is essential for all ANKRD31 activities in vivo, providing insight into how ANKRD31 controls DSB locations, timing, and number.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boekhout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.27.538541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Essential roles of the ANKRD31-REC114 interaction in meiotic recombination and mouse spermatogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.02.538944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Narrow Range of Transcript-error Rates Across the Tree of Life 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.02.538944v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expression of genomically-encoded information is not error-free. Transcript-error rates are dramatically higher than DNA-level mutation rates, and despite their transient nature, the steady-state load of such errors must impose some burden on cellular performance. However, a broad perspective on the degree to which transcript-error rates are constrained by natural selection and diverge among lineages remains to be developed. Here, we present a genome-wide analysis of transcript-error rates across the Tree of Life using a modified rolling-circle sequencing method, revealing that the range in error rates is remarkably narrow across diverse species. Transcript errors tend to be randomly distributed, with little evidence supporting local control of error rates associated with gene-expression levels. A majority of transcript errors result in missense errors if translated, and as with a fraction of nonsense transcript errors, these are underrepresented relative to random expectations, suggesting the existence of mechanisms for purging some such errors. To quantitatively understand how natural selection and random genetic drift might shape transcript-error rates across species, we present a model based on cell biology and population genetics, incorporating information on cell volume, proteome size, average degree of exposure of individual errors, and effective population size. However, while this model provides a framework for understanding the evolution of this highly conserved trait, as currently structured it explains only 20% of the variation in the data, suggesting a need for further theoretical work in this area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baehr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marasco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brister, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikaard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gout, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermulst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.02.538944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Narrow Range of Transcript-error Rates Across the Tree of Life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.03.539257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular choreography of primer synthesis by the eukaryotic Pol α-primase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.03.539257v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic polymerase  (Pol ) is a dual-function DNA polymerase/primase complex that synthesizes an RNA-DNA hybrid primer of 20-30 nucleotides for DNA replication. Pol  is composed of Pol1, Pol12, Primase 1 (Pri1), and Pri2, with Pol1 and Pri1 containing the DNA polymerase activity and RNA primase activity, respectively, whereas Pol12 and Pri2 serve a structural role. It has been unclear how Pol  hands over an RNA primer made by Pri1 to Pol1 for DNA primer extension, and how the primer length is defined, perhaps due to the difficulty in studying the highly mobile structure. Here we report a comprehensive cryo-EM analysis of the intact 4-subunit yeast Pol  in the apo, primer initiation, primer elongation, RNA primer hand-off from Pri1 to Pol1, and DNA extension states in a 3.5 [A] - 5.6 [A] resolution range. We found that Pol  is a three-lobed flexible structure. Pri2 functions as a flexible hinge that holds together the catalytic Pol1-core, and the noncatalytic Pol1 CTD that binds to Pol 12 to form a stable platform upon which the other components are organized. In the apo state, Pol1-core is sequestered on the Pol12-Pol1-CTD platform, and Pri1 is mobile perhaps in search of a template. Upon binding a ssDNA template, a large conformation change is induced that enables Pri1 to perform RNA synthesis, and positions Pol1-core to accept the future RNA primed site 50 [A] upstream of where Pri1 binds. We reveal in detail the critical point at which Pol1-core takes over the 3-end of the RNA from Pri1. DNA primer extension appears limited by the spiral motion of Pol1-core while Pri2-CTD stably holds onto the 5 end of the RNA primer. Since both Pri1 and Pol1-core are attached via two linkers to the platform, primer growth will produce stress within this "two-point" attachment that may limit the length of the RNA-DNA hybrid primer. Hence, this study reveals the large and dynamic series of movements that Pol  undergoes to synthesize a primer for DNA replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgescu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular choreography of primer synthesis by the eukaryotic Pol α-primase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.04.539448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome long-read sequencing downsampling and its effect on variant calling precision and recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.04.539448v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in long-read sequencing (LRS) technology continue to make whole-genome sequencing more complete, affordable, and accurate. LRS provides significant advantages over short-read sequencing approaches, including phased de novo genome assembly, access to previously excluded genomic regions, and discovery of more complex structural variants (SVs) associated with disease. Limitations remain with respect to cost, scalability, and platform-dependent read accuracy and the tradeoffs between sequence coverage and sensitivity of variant discovery are important experimental considerations for the application of LRS. We compare the genetic variant calling precision and recall of Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and PacBio HiFi platforms over a range of sequence coverages. For read-based applications, LRS sensitivity begins to plateau around 12-fold coverage with a majority of variants called with reasonable accuracy (F1 score above 0.5), and both platforms perform well for SV detection. Genome assembly increases variant calling precision and recall of SVs and indels in HiFi datasets with HiFi outperforming ONT in quality as measured by the F1 score of assembly-based variant callsets. While both technologies continue to evolve, our work offers guidance to design cost-effective experimental strategies that do not compromise on discovering novel biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audano, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garimella, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome long-read sequencing downsampling and its effect on variant calling precision and recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.04.539425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZBTB7A regulates MDD-specific chromatin signatures and astrocyte-mediated stress vulnerability in orbitofrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.04.539425v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperexcitability in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a key clinical feature of anhedonic domains of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, the cellular and molecular substrates underlying this dysfunction remain unknown. Here, cell-population-specific chromatin accessibility profiling in human OFC unexpectedly mapped genetic risk for MDD exclusively to non-neuronal cells, and transcriptomic analyses revealed significant glial dysregulation in this region. Characterization of MDD-specific cis-regulatory elements identified ZBTB7A - a transcriptional regulator of astrocyte reactivity - as an important mediator of MDD-specific chromatin accessibility and gene expression. Genetic manipulations in mouse OFC demonstrated that astrocytic Zbtb7a is both necessary and sufficient to promote behavioral deficits, cell-type-specific transcriptional and chromatin profiles, and OFC neuronal hyperexcitability induced by chronic stress - a major risk factor for MDD. These data thus highlight a critical role for OFC astrocytes in stress vulnerability and pinpoint ZBTB7A as a key dysregulated factor in MDD that mediates maladaptive astrocytic functions driving OFC hyperexcitability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gameiro-Ros, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Kachak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepack, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poller, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastle, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakira, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand-de Cuttoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathomas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milosevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swirski, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blitzer, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slesinger, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZBTB7A regulates MDD-specific chromatin signatures and astrocyte-mediated stress vulnerability in orbitofrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.04.539464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone H3 serotonylation dynamics in dorsal raphe nucleus contribute to stress-induced gene expression and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.04.539464v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD), along with related mood disorders, is a debilitating illness that affects millions of individuals worldwide. While chronic stress increases incidence levels of mood disorders, stress-mediated disruptions in brain function that precipitate these illnesses remain elusive. Serotonin-associated antidepressants (ADs) remain the first line of therapy for many with depressive symptoms, yet low remission rates and delays between treatment and symptomatic alleviation have prompted skepticism regarding precise roles for serotonin in the precipitation of mood disorders. Our group recently demonstrated that serotonin epigenetically modifies histone proteins (H3K4me3Q5ser) to regulate transcriptional permissiveness in brain. However, this phenomenon has not yet been explored following stress and/or AD exposures.

MethodsWe employed a combination of genome-wide and biochemical analyses in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of male and female mice exposed to chronic social defeat stress to examine the impact of stress exposures on H3K4me3Q5ser dynamics, as well as associations between the mark and stress-induced gene expression. We additionally assessed stress-induced regulation of H3K4me3Q5ser following AD exposures, and employed viral-mediated gene therapy to reduce H3K4me3Q5ser levels in DRN and examine the impact on stress-associated gene expression and behavior.

ResultsWe found that H3K4me3Q5ser plays important roles in stress-mediated transcriptional plasticity. Chronically stressed mice displayed dysregulated H3K4me3Q5ser dynamics in DRN, with both AD- and viral-mediated disruption of these dynamics proving sufficient to rescue stress-mediated gene expression and behavior.

ConclusionsThese findings establish a neurotransmission-independent role for serotonin in stress-/AD-associated transcriptional and behavioral plasticity in DRN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Kachak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrelly, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepack, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastle, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathomas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safovich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covington, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone H3 serotonylation dynamics in dorsal raphe nucleus contribute to stress-induced gene expression and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.07.539721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The subiculum encodes environmental geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.07.539721v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Corners are a cardinal feature of many of the complex environmental geometries found in the natural world but the neural substrates that could underlie the perception of corners remain elusive. Here we show that the dorsal subiculum contains neurons that encode corners across environmental geometries in an allocentric reference frame. Corner cells changed their activity to reflect concave corner angles, wall height and the degree of wall intersection. A separate population of subicular neurons encoded convex corners. Both concave and convex corner cells were non-overlapping with subicular neurons that encoded environmental boundaries, suggesting that the subiculum contains the geometric information needed to re-construct the shape and layout of naturalistic spatial environments.

One Sentence SummarySeparate neural populations in the subiculum encode concave and convex environmental corners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The subiculum encodes environmental geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.08.539869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jumbo phages are active against extensively-drug-resistant eyedrop-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.08.539869v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistant bacteria present an emerging challenge to human health as the pressure instituted on the microbial world through the liberal use of antibiotics has resulted in their emergence across the globe. Those bacteria that acquire mobile genetic elements such as plasmids are especially concerning because those plasmids may be shared readily with other microbes that then can also become antibiotic resistant. Serious infections have recently been related to contamination of preservative-free eyedrops with extensively drug resistant (XDR) isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, already resulting in three deaths. These drug-resistant isolates cannot be managed with most conventional antibiotics. We sought to identify alternatives to conventional antibiotics for lysis of these XDR isolates, and identified multiple bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria) that killed them efficiently. We found both jumbo phages (>200kb in genome size) and non-jumbo phages that were active against these isolates, the former killing more efficiently. Jumbo phages effectively killed the 3 separate XDR P. aeruginosa isolates both on solid and liquid medium. Given the ongoing nature of the XDR P. aeruginosa eyedrop outbreak, the identification of phages active against them provides physicians with several novel potential alternatives for treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cobian-Guemes, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghatbale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karthikeyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pride, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jumbo phages are active against extensively-drug-resistant eyedrop-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.07.539780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-10 constrains sphingolipid metabolism via fatty acid desaturation to limit inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.07.539780v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unchecked chronic inflammation is the underlying cause of many diseases, ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to obesity and neurodegeneration. Given the deleterious nature of unregulated inflammation, it is not surprising that cells have acquired a diverse arsenal of tactics to limit inflammation. IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine that can limit immune cell activation and cytokine production in innate immune cell types; however, the exact mechanism by which IL-10 signaling subdues inflammation remains unclear. Here, we find that IL-10 signaling constrains sphingolipid metabolism. Specifically, we find increased saturated very long chain (VLC) ceramides are critical for the heightened inflammatory gene expression that is a hallmark of IL-10-deficient macrophages. Genetic deletion of CerS2, the enzyme responsible for VLC ceramide production, limited exacerbated inflammatory gene expression associated with IL-10 deficiency both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that "metabolic correction" is able to reduce inflammation in the absence of IL-10. Surprisingly, accumulation of saturated VLC ceramides was regulated by flux through the de novo mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) synthesis pathway, where addition of exogenous MUFAs could limit both saturated VLC ceramide production and inflammatory gene expression in the absence of IL-10 signaling. Together, these studies mechanistically define how IL-10 signaling manipulates fatty acid metabolism as part of its molecular anti-inflammatory strategy and could lead to novel and inexpensive approaches to regulate aberrant inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>York, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skadow, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowel, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaffe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smale, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensinger, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-10 constrains sphingolipid metabolism via fatty acid desaturation to limit inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.09.539589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The developmental timing of spinal touch processing alterations and its relation to ASD-associated behaviors in mouse models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.09.539589v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered somatosensory reactivity is frequently observed among individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Here, we report that while multiple mouse models of ASD exhibit aberrant somatosensory behaviors in adulthood, some models exhibit altered tactile reactivity as early as embryonic development, while in others, altered reactivity emerges later in life. Additionally, tactile over-reactivity during neonatal development is associated with anxiety-like behaviors and social interaction deficits in adulthood, whereas tactile over-reactivity that emerges later in life is not. The locus of circuit disruption dictates the timing of aberrant tactile behaviors: altered feedback or presynaptic inhibition of peripheral mechanosensory neurons leads to abnormal tactile reactivity during neonatal development, while disruptions in feedforward inhibition in the spinal cord lead to touch reactivity alterations that manifest later in life. Thus, the developmental timing of aberrant touch processing can predict the manifestation of ASD-associated behaviors in mouse models, and differential timing of sensory disturbance onset may contribute to phenotypic diversity across individuals with ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tasnim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkislar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelaziz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orefice, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The developmental timing of spinal touch processing alterations and its relation to ASD-associated behaviors in mouse models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.08.539766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint Generation of Protein Sequence and Structure with RoseTTAFold Sequence Space Diffusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.08.539766v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs) show great promise in the de novo generation of protein backbones but are limited in their inability to guide generation of proteins with sequence specific attributes and functional properties. To overcome this limitation, we develop ProteinGenerator, a sequence space diffusion model based on RoseTTAfold that simultaneously generates protein sequences and structures. Beginning from random amino acid sequences, our model generates sequence and structure pairs by iterative denoising, guided by any desired sequence and structural protein attributes. To explore the versatility of this approach, we designed proteins enriched for specific amino acids, with internal sequence repeats, with masked bioactive peptides, with state dependent structures, and with key sequence features of specific protein families. ProteinGenerator readily generates sequence-structure pairs satisfying the input conditioning (sequence and/or structural) criteria, and experimental validation showed that the designs were monomeric by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), had the desired secondary structure content by circular dichroism (CD), and were thermostable up to 95{degrees}C. By enabling the simultaneous optimization of both sequence and structure, ProteinGenerator allows for the design of functional proteins with specific sequence and structural attributes, and paves the way for protein function optimization by active learning on sequence-activity datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lisanza, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, S. W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnoldt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint Generation of Protein Sequence and Structure with RoseTTAFold Sequence Space Diffusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electron transport inhibition increases cellular dependence on purine transport and salvage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540429v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to support cell growth and proliferation in harsh environments. While many studies have documented the importance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in tumor growth, some cancer cells experience conditions of reduced OXPHOS in vivo and induce alternative metabolic pathways to compensate. To assess how human cells respond to mitochondrial dysfunction, we performed metabolomics in fibroblasts and plasma from patients with inborn errors of mitochondrial metabolism, and in cancer cells subjected to inhibition of the electron transport chain (ETC). All these analyses revealed extensive perturbations in purine-related metabolites; in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, ETC blockade led to purine metabolite accumulation arising from a reduced cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio (NADH reductive stress). Stable isotope tracing demonstrated that ETC deficiency suppressed de novo purine nucleotide synthesis while enhancing purine salvage. Analysis of NSCLC patients infused with [U-13C]glucose revealed that tumors with markers of low oxidative mitochondrial metabolism exhibited high expression of the purine salvage enzyme HPRT1 and abundant levels of the HPRT1 product inosine monophosphate (IMP). ETC blockade also induced production of ribose-5 phosphate (R5P) by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and import of purine nucleobases. Blocking either HPRT1 or nucleoside transporters sensitized cancer cells to ETC inhibition, and overexpressing nucleoside transporters was sufficient to drive growth of NSCLC xenografts. Collectively, this study mechanistically delineates how cells compensate for suppressed purine metabolism in response to ETC blockade, and uncovers a new metabolic vulnerability in tumors experiencing NADH excess.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezwada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faubert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Sandoval, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oaxaca, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Bermudez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electron transport inhibition increases cellular dependence on purine transport and salvage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.09.540021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune-induced remodelling of mRNA structurome regulates uORF-mediated translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.09.540021v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To survive stress, eukaryotes selectively translate stress-related transcripts while inhibiting growth-associated protein production. How this translational reprogramming occurs under biotic stress has not been systematically studied. To identify common features shared by transcripts with stress-upregulated translation efficiency (TE-up), we first performed high-resolution ribosome-sequencing in Arabidopsis during pattern-triggered immunity and found that TE-up transcripts are enriched with upstream open reading frames (uORFs). Under non-stress conditions, start codons of these uORFs (uAUGs) have higher-than-background ribosomal association. Upon immune induction, there is an overall downshift in ribosome occupancy at uAUGs, accompanied by enhanced translation of main ORFs (mORFs). Using in planta nucleotide-resolution mRNA structurome probing, we discovered that this stress-induced switch in translation is mediated by highly structured regions detected downstream of uAUGs in TE-up transcripts. Without stress, these structures are responsible for uORF-mediated inhibition of mORF translation by slowing progression of the translation preinitiation complex to initiate translation from uAUGs, instead of mAUGs. In response to immune induction, uORF-inhibition is alleviated by three Ded1p/DDX3X-homologous RNA helicases which unwind the RNA structures, allowing ribosomes to bypass the inhibitory uORFs and upregulate defence protein production. Conservation of the RNA helicases suggests that mRNA structurome remodelling is a general mechanism for stress-induced translation across kingdoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune-induced remodelling of mRNA structurome regulates uORF-mediated translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric regulation of TRPV1 by the inflammatory lipid, LPA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540281v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TRP ion channels are modulated by phosphoinositide lipids, but the underlying structural mechanisms remain unclear. The capsaicin- and heat-activated receptor, TRPV1, has served as a model for deciphering lipid modulation, which is relevant to understanding how pro-algesic agents enhance channel activity in the setting of inflammatory pain. Identification of a pocket within the TRPV1 transmembrane core has provided initial clues as to how phosphoinositide lipids bind to and regulate the channel. Here we show that this regulatory pocket can accommodate diverse lipid species, including the inflammatory lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), whose actions are determined by their specific modes of binding. Furthermore, we show that an  empty pocket channel lacking an endogenous phosphoinositide lipid assumes an agonist-like state, even at low temperature, substantiating the concept that phosphoinositide lipids serve as negative TRPV1 modulators whose ejection from the binding pocket is a critical step towards activation by thermal or chemical stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julius, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric regulation of TRPV1 by the inflammatory lipid, LPA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular features driving condensate formation and gene expression by the BRD4-NUT fusion oncoprotein are overlapping but distinct 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540414v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant formation of biomolecular condensates has been proposed to play a role in several cancers. The oncogenic fusion protein BRD4-NUT forms condensates and drives changes in gene expression in Nut Carcinoma (NC). Here we sought to understand the molecular elements of BRD4-NUT and its associated histone acetyltransferase (HAT), p300, that promote these activities. We determined that a minimal fragment of NUT (MIN) in fusion with BRD4 is necessary and sufficient to bind p300 and form condensates. Furthermore, a BRD4-p300 fusion protein also forms condensates and drives gene expression similarly to BRD4-NUT(MIN), suggesting the p300 fusion may mimic certain features of BRD4-NUT. The intrinsically disordered regions, transcription factor-binding domains, and HAT activity of p300 all collectively contribute to condensate formation by BRD4-p300, suggesting that these elements might contribute to condensate formation by BRD4-NUT. Conversely, only the HAT activity of BRD4-p300 appears necessary to mimic the transcriptional profile of cells expressing BRD4-NUT. Our results suggest a model for condensate formation by the BRD4-NUT:p300 complex involving a combination of positive feedback and phase separation, and show that multiple overlapping, yet distinct, regions of p300 contribute to condensate formation and transcriptional regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kosno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currie, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular features driving condensate formation and gene expression by the BRD4-NUT fusion oncoprotein are overlapping but distinct]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.12.540595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A developmental gradient reveals biosynthetic pathways to eukaryotic toxins in monocot geophytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.12.540595v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous eukaryotic toxins that accumulate in geophytic plants are valuable in the clinic, yet their biosynthetic pathways have remained elusive. A lead example is the >150 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AmAs) including galantamine, an FDA-approved treatment for Alzheimers disease. We show that while AmAs accumulate to high levels in many tissues in daffodils, biosynthesis is localized to nascent, growing tissue at the base of leaves. A similar trend is found for the production of steroidal alkaloids (e.g. cyclopamine) in corn lily. This model of active biosynthesis enabled elucidation of a complete set of biosynthetic genes for the production of AmAs. Taken together, our work sheds light on the developmental and enzymatic logic of diverse alkaloid biosynthesis in daffodil. More broadly, it suggests a paradigm for biosynthesis regulation in monocot geophytes where plants are protected from herbivory through active charging of newly formed cells with eukaryotic toxins that persist as aboveground tissue develops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zare, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenetsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A developmental gradient reveals biosynthetic pathways to eukaryotic toxins in monocot geophytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural snapshots of hyaluronan formation reveal principles of length control and secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.11.540447v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyaluronan (HA) is an essential component of the vertebrate extracellular matrix. It is a heteropolysaccharide of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucuronic acid (GlcA) units reaching several megadaltons in healthy tissues. HA is synthesized and secreted in a coupled reaction by HA-synthase (HAS). Here, structural snapshots of HAS provide important insights into HA biosynthesis, from substrate recognition to HA elongation and translocation. We reveal a loop insertion mechanism for substrate binding, monitor the extension of a GlcNAc primer with GlcA, and capture the opening of a secretion channel that coordinates a nascent HA polymer. Further, we identify HA-interacting residues that control HA product lengths. Integrating structural and biochemical analyses, we propose a mechanism for HA length control based on finely tuned enzymatic processivity and catalytic rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorniak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural snapshots of hyaluronan formation reveal principles of length control and secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.12.540623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent Viral Capture of a Host-Derived Immune Antagonist 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.12.540623v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) encoded by viruses are putatively acquired by horizontal transfer of cellular PDE ancestor genes. Viral PDEs inhibit the OAS-RNase L antiviral pathway, a key effector component of the innate immune response. Although the function of these proteins is well-characterized, the origins of these gene acquisitions is less clear. Phylogenetic analysis revealed at least five independent PDE acquisition events by ancestral viruses. We found evidence that PDE-encoding genes were horizontally transferred between coronavirus genera. Three clades of viruses within Nidovirales: merbecoviruses (MERS-CoV), embecoviruses (OC43), and toroviruses encode independently acquired PDEs, and a clade of rodent alphacoronaviruses acquired an embecovirus PDE via recent horizontal transfer. Among rotaviruses, the PDE of Rotavirus A was acquired independently from Rotavirus B and G PDEs, which share a common ancestor. Conserved motif analysis suggests a link between all viral PDEs and a similar ancestor among the mammalian AKAP7 proteins despite low levels of sequence conservation. Additionally, we used ancestral sequence reconstruction and structural modeling to reveal that sequence and structural divergence are not well-correlated among these proteins. Specifically, merbecovirus PDEs are as structurally divergent from the ancestral protein and the solved structure of human AKAP7 PDE as they are from each other. In contrast, comparisons of Rotavirus B and G PDEs reveal virtually unchanged structures despite evidence for loss of function in one, suggesting impactful changes that lie outside conserved catalytic sites. These findings highlight the complex and volatile evolutionary history of viral PDEs and provide a framework to facilitate future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elde, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent Viral Capture of a Host-Derived Immune Antagonist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.17.541104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlapping representations of food and social stimuli in VTA dopamine neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.17.541104v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTADA) respond to food and social stimuli and contribute to both forms of motivation. However, it is unclear if the same or different VTADA neurons encode these different stimuli. To address this question, we performed 2-photon calcium imaging in mice presented with food and conspecifics, and found statistically significant overlap in the populations responsive to both stimuli. Both hunger and opposite-sex social experience further increased the proportion of neurons that respond to both stimuli, implying that modifying motivation for one stimulus affects responses to both stimuli. In addition, single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed significant co-expression of feeding- and social-hormone related genes in individual VTADA neurons. Taken together, our functional and transcriptional data suggest overlapping VTADA populations underlie food and social motivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willmore, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minerva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMannon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiberge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlapping representations of food and social stimuli in VTA dopamine neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.17.541057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of a learned behavior despite partial restoration of neuronal dynamics after chronic inactivation of inhibitory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.17.541057v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining motor behaviors throughout life is crucial for an individuals survival and reproductive success. The neuronal mechanisms that preserve behavior are poorly understood. To address this question, we focused on the zebra finch, a bird that produces a highly stereotypical song after learning it as a juvenile. Using cell-specific viral vectors, we chronically silenced inhibitory neurons in the pre-motor song nucleus called the high vocal center (HVC), which caused drastic song degradation. However, after producing severely degraded vocalizations for around 2 months, the song rapidly improved, and animals could sing songs that highly resembled the original. In adult birds, single-cell RNA sequencing of HVC revealed that silencing interneurons elevated markers for microglia and increased expression of the Major Histocompatibility Complex I (MHC I), mirroring changes observed in juveniles during song learning. Interestingly, adults could restore their songs despite lesioning the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN), a brain nucleus crucial for juvenile song learning. This suggests that while molecular mechanisms may overlap, adults utilize different neuronal mechanisms for song recovery. Chronic and acute electrophysiological recordings within HVC and its downstream target, the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), revealed that neuronal activity in the circuit permanently altered with higher spontaneous firing in RA and lower in HVC compared to control even after the song had fully recovered. Together, our findings show that a complex learned behavior can recover despite extended periods of perturbed behavior and permanently altered neuronal dynamics. These results show that loss of inhibitory tone can be compensated for by recovery mechanisms partly local to the perturbed nucleus and do not require circuits necessary for learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torok, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebbert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wongso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of a learned behavior despite partial restoration of neuronal dynamics after chronic inactivation of inhibitory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.15.540839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ERG-driven prostate cancer emerges from basal-luminal hybrid cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.15.540839v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To gain insight into how ERG translocations cause prostate cancer, we performed single cell transcriptional profiling of an autochthonous mouse model at an early stage of disease initiation. Despite broad expression of ERG in all prostate epithelial cells, proliferation was enriched in a small, stem-like population with mixed-luminal basal identity (called intermediate cells). Through a series of lineage tracing and primary prostate tissue transplantation experiments, we find that tumor initiating activity resides in a subpopulation of basal cells that co-express the luminal genes Tmprss2 and Nkx3.1 (called BasalLum) but not in the larger population of classical Krt8+ luminal cells. Upon ERG activation, BasalLum cells give rise to the highly proliferative intermediate state, which subsequently transitions to the larger population of Krt8+ luminal cells characteristic of ERG-positive human cancers. Furthermore, this proliferative population is characterized by an ERG-specific chromatin state enriched for NFkB, AP-1, STAT and NFAT binding, with implications for TF cooperativity. The fact that the proliferative potential of ERG is enriched in a small stem-like population implicates the chromatin context of these cells as a critical variable for unmasking its oncogenic activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladewig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salsabeel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosiek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Stanchina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carver, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ERG-driven prostate cancer emerges from basal-luminal hybrid cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.19.540391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Hypothalamic Circuit Underlying the Dynamic Control of Social Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.19.540391v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social grouping increases survival in many species, including humans1,2. By contrast, social isolation generates an aversive state (loneliness) that motivates social seeking and heightens social interaction upon reunion3-5. The observed rebound in social interaction triggered by isolation suggests a homeostatic process underlying the control of social drive, similar to that observed for physiological needs such as hunger, thirst or sleep3,6. In this study, we assessed social responses in multiple mouse strains and identified the FVB/NJ line as exquisitely sensitive to social isolation. Using FVB/NJ mice, we uncovered two previously uncharacterized neuronal populations in the hypothalamic preoptic nucleus that are activated during social isolation and social rebound and that orchestrate the behavior display of social need and social satiety, respectively. We identified direct connectivity between these two populations of opposite function and with brain areas associated with social behavior, emotional state, reward, and physiological needs, and showed that animals require touch to assess the presence of others and fulfill their social need, thus revealing a brain-wide neural system underlying social homeostasis. These findings offer mechanistic insight into the nature and function of circuits controlling instinctive social need and for the understanding of healthy and diseased brain states associated with social context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsui-Kimura, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logeman, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capo-Battaglia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watabe-Uchida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.540391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Hypothalamic Circuit Underlying the Dynamic Control of Social Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.22.541741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodic hypothalamic attractor-like dynamics during the estrus cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.22.541741v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic changes in hormonal state are well-known to regulate mating behavior during the female reproductive cycle, but whether and how these changes affect the dynamics of neural activity in the female brain is largely unknown. The ventromedial hypothalamus, ventro-lateral subdivision (VMHvl) contains a subpopulation of VMHvlEsr1+,Npy2r- neurons that controls female sexual receptivity. Longitudinal single cell calcium imaging of these neurons across the estrus cycle revealed that overlapping but distinct subpopulations were active during proestrus (mating-accepting) vs. non-proestrus (rejecting) phases. Dynamical systems analysis of imaging data from proestrus females uncovered a dimension with slow ramping activity, which generated approximate line attractor-like dynamics in neural state space. During mating, the neural population vector progressed along this attractor as male mounting and intromission proceeded. Attractor-like dynamics disappeared in non-proestrus states and reappeared following re-entry into proestrus. They were also absent in ovariectomized females but were restored by hormone priming. These observations reveal that hypothalamic line attractor-like dynamics are associated with female sexual receptivity and can be reversibly regulated by sex hormones, demonstrating that attractor dynamics can be flexibly modulated by physiological state. They also suggest a potential mechanism for the neural encoding of female sexual arousal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodic hypothalamic attractor-like dynamics during the estrus cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.22.541773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cells tightly regulate dead cell clearance to maintain tissue fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.22.541773v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphMacrophages and dendritic cells have long been appreciated for their ability to migrate to and engulf dying cells and debris, including some of the billions of cells that are naturally eliminated from our body daily. However, a substantial number of these dying cells are cleared by  non-professional phagocytes, local epithelial cells that are critical to organismal fitness. How non-professional phagocytes sense and digest nearby apoptotic corpses while still performing their normal tissue functions is unclear. Here, we explore the molecular mechanisms underlying their multifunctionality. Exploiting the cyclical bouts of tissue regeneration and degeneration during the hair cycle, we show that stem cells can transiently become non-professional phagocytes when confronted with dying cells. Adoption of this phagocytic state requires both local lipids produced by apoptotic corpses to activate RXR, and tissue-specific retinoids for RAR{gamma} activation. This dual factor dependency enables tight regulation of the genes requisite to activate phagocytic apoptotic clearance. The tunable phagocytic program we describe here offers an effective mechanism to offset phagocytic duties against the primary stem cell function of replenishing differentiated cells to preserve tissue integrity during homeostasis. Our findings have broad implications for other non-motile stem or progenitor cells which experience cell death in an immune-privileged niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonny, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infarinato, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levorse, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasolli, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothlin, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cells tightly regulate dead cell clearance to maintain tissue fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.20.541565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer initiation is influenced by sex-biased tissue environment or imbalanced hormones 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.20.541565v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is extensive evidence of sex differences in the susceptibility and prognosis of non-reproductive cancers. In addition to external factors, biological sex bias (e.g., sex chromosomes, hormones, and immune function) is suspected to function as a selective pressure that influences the evolutionary process of carcinogenesis. However, there remains a lack of clarity concerning the extent of the effect of sex bias on carcinogenesis, as well as the underlying mechanism. In this study, we show that tissue sex bias, correlated to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, varies among tissues and is associated with two distinct age-specific patterns of cancer incidence: parallel and nonparallel. Additionally, we reveal that imbalances in estrogen receptor alpha and thyroid hormone receptors are associated with levels of hypoxia-inducible factors, which have three phases (hypoxia, hyperoxia, and "chaotic-oxia") that exist in most cancers and are linked to specific cancer subtypes, including cancers with microsatellites, the CpG island methylator phenotype, or hypermethylation. Our results suggest that sex-biased tissue environments and hormonal imbalances may influence the incidence pattern and direction of carcinogenesis, emphasizing the importance of maintaining hormonal homeostasis for cancer prevention and providing insights toward improving therapies for cancer types with hormonal imbalances.

Plain English summarySex bias has been long observed in cancer susceptibility and prognosis. Hormone difference between the two sexes was believed to play a role. However, the mechanism is still largely unknown. Our study has shown that the activity of one hormone secreted from pituitary, namely gonadotropin-releasing hormone, are correlated to sex-biased tissue environment, which was speculated to influence incidence patterns of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, hormonal imbalance, particularly imbalance in receptors of estrogen and thyroid hormone, which is associated with specific cancer subtypes, was speculated to influence the direction of carcinogenesis.

HighlightsO_LIThere are two distinct patterns of cancer age-specific incidence curve between the two sexes: parallel and nonparallel.
C_LIO_LIThe parallel and nonparallel patterns are associated with sex bias in tissue environments which is correlated with sex-biased activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
C_LIO_LIThree sex-biased mutated genes: PTEN, PGM5 and LARP4B, have tissue-specific hotspot mutations which are associated with microsatellite instability (MSI), and the proportion of MSI exhibit sex bias in stomach cancer.
C_LIO_LIThree hypoxia induce factors (HIFs) phases: hypoxia, hyperoxia, and "chaotic-oxia", exist in most cancers and are linked to specific cancer subtypes, including cancers with MSI, the CpG island methylator phenotype, and hypermethylation.
C_LIO_LIThe phases of HIFs are associated with imbalances between estrogen receptor alpha and thyroid hormone receptors.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer initiation is influenced by sex-biased tissue environment or imbalanced hormones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.22.541780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of focused ultrasound in a "clean" mouse model of ultrasonic neuromodulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.22.541780v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies on ultrasonic neuromodulation (UNM) in rodents have shown that focused ultrasound (FUS) can activate peripheral auditory pathways, leading to off-target and brain-wide excitation, which obscures the direct activation of the target area by FUS. To address this issue, we developed a new mouse model, the double transgenic Pou4f3+/DTR x Thy1-GCaMP6s, which allows for inducible deafening using diphtheria toxin and minimizes off-target effects of UNM while allowing effects on neural activity to be visualized with fluorescent calcium imaging. Using this model, we found that the auditory confounds caused by FUS can be significantly reduced or eliminated within a certain pressure range. At higher pressures, FUS can result in focal fluorescence dips at the target, elicit non-auditory sensory confounds, and damage tissue, leading to spreading depolarization. Under the acoustic conditions we tested, we did not observe direct calcium responses in the mouse cortex. Our findings provide a cleaner animal model for UNM and sonogenetics research, establish a parameter range within which off-target effects are confidently avoided, and reveal the non-auditory side effects of higher-pressure stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salahshoor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of focused ultrasound in a "clean" mouse model of ultrasonic neuromodulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.25.542276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MRT-ModSeq - Rapid detection of RNA modifications with MarathonRT 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.25.542276v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical modifications are essential regulatory elements that modulate the behavior and function of cellular RNAs. Despite recent advances in sequencing-based RNA modification mapping, methods combining accuracy and speed are still lacking. Here, we introduce MRT- ModSeq for rapid, simultaneous detection of multiple RNA modifications using MarathonRT. MRT-ModSeq employs distinct divalent cofactors to generate 2-D mutational profiles that are highly dependent on nucleotide identity and modification type. As a proof of concept, we use the MRT fingerprints of well-studied rRNAs to implement a general workflow for detecting RNA modifications. MRT-ModSeq rapidly detects positions of diverse modifications across a RNA transcript, enabling assignment of m1acp3Y, m1A, m3U, m7G and 2-OMe locations through mutation-rate filtering and machine learning. m1A sites in sparsely modified targets, such as MALAT1 and PRUNE1 could also be detected. MRT-ModSeq can be trained on natural and synthetic transcripts to expedite detection of diverse RNA modification subtypes across targets of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araujo Tavares, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadeshwar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MRT-ModSeq - Rapid detection of RNA modifications with MarathonRT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.24.542203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid intracellular acidification is a novel plant defense response countered by the brown planthopper 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.24.542203v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brown planthopper (BPH) is the most destructive insect pest in rice. Through a stylet, BPH secrets a plethora of salivary proteins into rice phloem cells as a crucial step of infestation. However, how various salivary proteins function in rice cells to promote insect infestation is poorly understood. Among them, one of the salivary proteins is predicted to be a carbonic anhydrase (NlCA). The survival rate of the NlCA-RNA interference (RNAi) BPH insects was extremely low on rice, indicating a vital role of this salivary protein in BPH infestation. We generated NICA transgenic rice plants and found that NlCA expressed in rice plants could restore the ability of NlCA-RNAi BPH to survive on rice. Next, we produced rice plants expressing the ratiometric pH sensor pHusion and found that NlCA-RNAi BPH induced rapid intracellular acidification of rice cells during feeding. Further analysis revealed that both NlCA-RNAi BPH feeding and artificial of lowering intracellular pH activated plant defense responses, and that NICA-mediated intracellular pH stabilization is linked to diminished defense responses, including reduced callose deposition at the phloem sieve plates and suppressed defense gene expression. Given the importance of pH homeostasis across the kingdoms of life, discovery of NICA-mediated intracellular pH modulation uncovered a new dimension in the interaction between plants and piecing/sucking insect pests. The crucial role of NICA for BPH infestation of rice suggests that NICA is a promising target for chemical or trans-kingdom RNAi-based inactivation for BPH control strategies in plants.

HighlightsO_LIRapid intracellular acidification is a novel plant defense response.
C_LIO_LIBrown planthopper delivers into rice tissues a major virulence protein, carbonic anhydrase (NlCA), critical for survival.
C_LIO_LINlCA counters intracellular acidification to suppress plant defense.
C_LIO_LIResults implicate existence of pH-responsive regulators of defense responses in the rice-brown planthopper interaction.
C_LI

In briefThe brown planthopper (BPH) is the most devasting insect pest in rice. Jiang et al. discovered that BPH secretes a salivary carbonic anhydrase (NICA) to regulate the intracellular pH of the rice cell to facilitate its feeding and survival on rice plants and that NICA-counters host intracellular pH acidification to diminished defense responses. These findings uncovered that intracellular pH homeostasis is a previously uncharacterized battleground in plant-insect interactions, but also open a door to future discovery of pH-responsive intracellular regulators of defense responses, which could add a new research dimension in the study of plant-biotic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid intracellular acidification is a novel plant defense response countered by the brown planthopper]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.26.541296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping memories: pulse-chase labeling reveals AMPA receptor dynamics during memory formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.26.541296v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A tool to map changes in synaptic strength during a defined time window could provide powerful insights into the mechanisms governing learning and memory. We developed a technique, Extracellular Protein Surface Labeling in Neurons (EPSILON), to map -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) insertion in vivo by pulse-chase labeling of surface AMPARs with membrane-impermeable dyes. This approach allows for single-synapse resolution maps of plasticity in genetically targeted neurons during memory formation. We investigated the relationship between synapse-level and cell-level memory encodings by mapping synaptic plasticity and cFos expression in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells upon contextual fear conditioning (CFC). We observed a strong correlation between synaptic plasticity and cFos expression, suggesting a synaptic mechanism for the association of cFos expression with memory engrams. The EPSILON technique is a useful tool for mapping synaptic plasticity and may be extended to investigate trafficking of other transmembrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong-Campos, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.541296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping memories: pulse-chase labeling reveals AMPA receptor dynamics during memory formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.26.541240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stoichiometric expression of messenger polycistrons by eukaryotic ribosomes (SEMPER) for compact, ratio-tunable multi-gene expression from single mRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.26.541240v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Applications of mammalian synthetic biology increasingly require the ability to express multiple proteins at user-determined stoichiometries from single, compactly encoded transcripts. Here we present an approach for expressing multiple open reading frames (ORFs) from a single transcript, taking advantage of the leaky scanning model of translation initiation. In this method, adjacent ORFs are translated from a single messenger RNA at tunable ratios determined by their order in the sequence and the strength of their translation initiation sites. We call this approach Stoichiometric Expression of Messenger Polycistrons by Eukaryotic Ribosomes (SEMPER). We demonstrate the principles of this approach by expressing up to three fluorescent proteins from one plasmid in two different cell lines. We then use it to encode a stoichiometrically tuned polycistronic construct encoding gas vesicle acoustic reporter genes, showing that enforcing the optimal ratio in every cell enables efficient formation of the multi-protein complex while minimizing cellular toxicity. Finally, we demonstrate the polycistronic expression of two fluorescent proteins from single mRNAs made through in vitro transcription and delivered to cells. SEMPER will enable a broad range of applications requiring tunable expression from compact eukaryotic constructs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.541240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stoichiometric expression of messenger polycistrons by eukaryotic ribosomes (SEMPER) for compact, ratio-tunable multi-gene expression from single mRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.25.542363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage dynamics of dendritic integration and back-propagation in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.25.542363v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons integrate synaptic inputs within their dendrites and produce spiking outputs, which then propagate down the axon and back into the dendrites where they contribute to plasticity. Mapping the voltage dynamics in dendritic arbors of live animals is crucial for understanding neuronal computation and plasticity rules. Here we combine patterned channelrhodopsin activation with dual-plane structured illumination voltage imaging, for simultaneous perturbation and monitoring of dendritic and somatic voltage in Layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in anesthetized and awake mice. We examined the integration of synaptic inputs and compared the dynamics of optogenetically evoked, spontaneous, and sensory-evoked back-propagating action potentials (bAPs). Our measurements revealed a broadly shared membrane voltage throughout the dendritic arbor, and few signatures of electrical compartmentalization among synaptic inputs. However, we observed spike rate acceleration-dependent propagation of bAPs into distal dendrites. We propose that this dendritic filtering of bAPs may play a critical role in activity-dependent plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong-Campos, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkis, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plutkis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage dynamics of dendritic integration and back-propagation in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.27.542597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barcoding of episodic memories in the hippocampus of a food-caching bird 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.27.542597v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory, or memory of experienced events, is a critical function of the hippocampus1-3. It is therefore important to understand how hippocampal activity represents specific events in an animals life. We addressed this question in chickadees - specialist food-caching birds that hide food at scattered locations and use memory to find their caches later in time4, 5. We performed high-density neural recordings in the hippocampus of chickadees as they cached and retrieved seeds in a laboratory arena. We found that each caching event was represented by a burst of firing in a unique set of hippocampal neurons. These  barcode-like patterns of activity were sparse (<10% of neurons active), uncorrelated even for immediately adjacent caches, and different even for separate caches at the same location. The barcode representing a specific caching event was transiently reactivated whenever a bird later interacted with the same cache - for example, to retrieve food. Barcodes co-occurred with conventional place cell activity6, 7, as well as location-independent responses to cached seeds. We propose that barcodes are signatures of episodic memories evoked during memory recall. These patterns assign a unique identifier to each event and may be a mechanism for rapid formation and storage of many non-interfering memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chettih, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackevicius, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.27.542597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barcoding of episodic memories in the hippocampus of a food-caching bird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.29.541540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-guided transcription factor cooperativity shapes face and limb mesenchyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.29.541540v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) can define distinct cellular identities despite nearly identical DNA-binding specificities. One mechanism for achieving regulatory specificity is DNA-guided TF cooperativity. Although in vitro studies suggest it may be common, examples of such cooperativity remain scarce in cellular contexts. Here, we demonstrate how  Coordinator, a long DNA motif comprised of common motifs bound by many basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and homeodomain (HD) TFs, uniquely defines regulatory regions of embryonic face and limb mesenchyme. Coordinator guides cooperative and selective binding between the bHLH family mesenchymal regulator TWIST1 and a collective of HD factors associated with regional identities in the face and limb. TWIST1 is required for HD binding and open chromatin at Coordinator sites, while HD factors stabilize TWIST1 occupancy at Coordinator and titrate it away from HD-independent sites. This cooperativity results in shared regulation of genes involved in cell-type and positional identities, and ultimately shapes facial morphology and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgunova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taipale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.541540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-guided transcription factor cooperativity shapes face and limb mesenchyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.30.542781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of memory storage and retrieval in hippocampal area CA3 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.30.542781v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal area CA3 is thought to play a central role in memory formation and retrieval. Although various network mechanisms have been hypothesized to mediate these computations, direct evidence is lacking. Using intracellular membrane potential recordings from CA3 neurons and optogenetic manipulations in behaving mice we found that place field activity is produced by a symmetric form of Behavioral Timescale Synaptic Plasticity (BTSP) at recurrent synaptic connections among CA3 principal neurons but not at synapses from the dentate gyrus (DG). Additional manipulations revealed that excitatory input from the entorhinal cortex (EC) but not DG was required to update place cell activity based on the animals movement. These data were captured by a computational model that used BTSP and an external updating input to produce attractor dynamics under online learning conditions. Additional theoretical results demonstrate the enhanced memory storage capacity of such networks, particularly in the face of correlated input patterns. The evidence sheds light on the cellular and circuit mechanisms of learning and memory formation in the hippocampus.

One Sentence SummaryEvidence from behaving mice points to cellular and circuit mechanisms that underlie observed attractor dynamics in area CA3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briguglio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of memory storage and retrieval in hippocampal area CA3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.27.542553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudouridine guides germline small RNA transport and epigenetic inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.27.542553v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic modifications that arise during plant and animal development, such as DNA and histone modification, are mostly reset during gamete formation, but some are inherited from the germline including those marking imprinted genes1. Small RNAs guide these epigenetic modifications, and some are also inherited by the next generation2,3. In C. elegans, these inherited small RNAs have poly (UG) tails4, but how inherited small RNAs are distinguished in other animals and plants is unknown. Pseudouridine ({Psi}) is the most abundant RNA modification but has not been explored in small RNAs. Here, we develop novel assays to detect {Psi} in short RNA sequences, demonstrating its presence in mouse and Arabidopsis microRNAs and their precursors. We also detect substantial enrichment in germline small RNAs, namely epigenetically activated siRNAs (easiRNAs) in Arabidopsis pollen, and piwi-interacting piRNAs in mouse testis. In pollen, pseudouridylated easiRNAs are localized to sperm cells, and we found that PAUSED/HEN5 (PSD), the plant homolog of Exportin-t, interacts genetically with {Psi} and is required for transport of easiRNAs into sperm cells from the vegetative nucleus. We further show that Exportin-t is required for the triploid block: chromosome dosage-dependent seed lethality that is epigenetically inherited from pollen. Thus, {Psi} has a conserved role in marking inherited small RNAs in the germline.

One-Sentence SummaryPseudouridine marks germline small RNAs in plants and mammals, impacting epigenetic inheritance via nuclear transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herridge, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliori, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Santis Alves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ex, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schorn, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouzarides, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.27.542553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudouridine guides germline small RNA transport and epigenetic inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.30.542849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The variation and evolution of complete human centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.30.542849v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We completely sequenced and assembled all centromeres from a second human genome and used two reference sets to benchmark genetic, epigenetic, and evolutionary variation within centromeres from a diversity panel of humans and apes. We find that centromere single-nucleotide variation can increase by up to 4.1-fold relative to other genomic regions, with the caveat that up to 45.8% of centromeric sequence, on average, cannot be reliably aligned with current methods due to the emergence of new -satellite higher-order repeat (HOR) structures and two to threefold differences in the length of the centromeres. The extent to which this occurs differs depending on the chromosome and haplotype. Comparing the two sets of complete human centromeres, we find that eight harbor distinctly different -satellite HOR array structures and four contain novel -satellite HOR variants in high abundance. DNA methylation and CENP-A chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that 26% of the centromeres differ in their kinetochore position by at least 500 kbp--a property not readily associated with novel -satellite HORs. To understand evolutionary change, we selected six chromosomes and sequenced and assembled 31 orthologous centromeres from the common chimpanzee, orangutan, and macaque genomes. Comparative analyses reveal nearly complete turnover of -satellite HORs, but with idiosyncratic changes in structure characteristic to each species. Phylogenetic reconstruction of human haplotypes supports limited to no recombination between the p- and q-arms of human chromosomes and reveals that novel -satellite HORs share a monophyletic origin, providing a strategy to estimate the rate of saltatory amplification and mutation of human centromeric DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozanski, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepelev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The variation and evolution of complete human centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.31.542897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell type analysis of wing premotor circuits in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.31.542897v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To perform most behaviors, animals must send commands from higher-order processing centers in the brain to premotor circuits that reside in ganglia distinct from the brain, such as the mammalian spinal cord or insect ventral nerve cord. How these circuits are functionally organized to generate the great diversity of animal behavior remains unclear. An important first step in unraveling the organization of premotor circuits is to identify their constituent cell types and create tools to monitor and manipulate these with high specificity to assess their functions. This is possible in the tractable ventral nerve cord of the fly. To generate such a toolkit, we used a combinatorial genetic technique (split-GAL4) to create 195 sparse transgenic driver lines targeting 196 individual cell types in the ventral nerve cord. These included wing and haltere motoneurons, modulatory neurons, and interneurons. Using a combination of behavioral, developmental, and anatomical analyses, we systematically characterized the cell types targeted in our collection. In addition, we identified correspondences between the cells in this collection and a recent connectomic data set of the ventral nerve cord. Taken together, the resources and results presented here form a powerful toolkit for future investigations of neuronal circuits and connectivity of premotor circuits while linking them to behavioral outputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minegishi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otsuna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FlyLight Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meissner, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.542897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell type analysis of wing premotor circuits in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.31.543160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin and gene expression changes during female Drosophila germline stem cell development illuminate the biology of highly potent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.31.543160v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly potent animal stem cells either self renew or launch complex differentiation programs, using mechanisms that are only partly understood. Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSC) perpetuate without change over evolutionary time and generate cystoblast daughters that develop into nurse cells and oocytes. Cystoblasts initiate differentiation by generating a transient syncytial state, the germline cyst, and by increasing pericentromeric H3K9me3 modification, actions likely to suppress transposable element activity. Relatively open GSC chromatin is further restricted by Polycomb repression of testis or somatic cell-expressed genes briefly active in early female germ cells. Subsequently, Neijre/CBP and Myc help upregulate growth and reprogram GSC metabolism by altering mitochondrial transmembrane transport, gluconeogenesis and other processes. In all these respects GSC differentiation resembles development of the totipotent zygote. We propose that the totipotent stem cell state was shaped by the need to resist transposon activity over evolutionary time scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pang, L.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLuca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradling, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin and gene expression changes during female Drosophila germline stem cell development illuminate the biology of highly potent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.30.542205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning methylation-dependent silencing dynamics by synthetic modulation of CpG density 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.30.542205v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation of cytosines in CG dinucleotides (CpGs) within promoters has been shown to lead to gene silencing in mammals in natural contexts. Recently, engineered recruitment of methyltransferases (DNMTs) at specific loci was shown to be sufficient to silence synthetic and endogenous gene expression through this mechanism. A critical parameter for DNA methylation-based silencing is the distribution of CpGs within the target promoter. However, how the number or density of CpGs in the target promoter affects the dynamics of silencing by DNMT recruitment has remained unclear. Here we constructed a library of promoters with systematically varying CpG content, and analyzed the rate of silencing in response to recruitment of DNMT. We observed a tight correlation between silencing rate and CpG content. Further, methylation-specific analysis revealed a constant accumulation rate of methylation at the promoter after DNMT recruitment. We identified a single CpG site between TATA box and transcription start site (TSS) that accounted for a substantial part of the difference in silencing rates between promoters with differing CpG content, indicating that certain residues play disproportionate roles in controlling silencing. Together, these results provide a library of promoters for synthetic epigenetic and gene regulation applications, as well as insights into the regulatory link between CpG content and silencing rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budde, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning methylation-dependent silencing dynamics by synthetic modulation of CpG density]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.31.543136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep and memory consolidation are linked by RNA processing genes in the Drosophila mushroom body 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.31.543136v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory consolidation in Drosophila can be sleep-dependent or sleep-independent, depending on the availability of food. The anterior posterior (ap) alpha'/beta' ('/{beta}') neurons of the mushroom body (MB) are required for sleep-dependent memory consolidation in flies fed after training. These neurons are also involved in the increase of sleep after training, suggesting a coupling of sleep and memory. To better understand the mechanisms underlying sleep and memory consolidation initiation, we analyzed the transcriptome of ap '/{beta}' neurons one hour after appetitive memory conditioning. A small number of genes, enriched in RNA processing functions, were differentially expressed in flies fed after training relative to trained and starved flies or untrained flies. Knockdown of each of these differentially expressed genes in the ap '/{beta}' neurons revealed notable sleep phenotypes for Polr1F and Regnase-1, both of which decrease in expression after conditioning. Knockdown of Polr1F, a regulator of ribosome RNA transcription, in adult flies promotes sleep and increases pre-ribosome RNA expression as well as overall translation, supporting a function for Polr1F downregulation in sleep-dependent memory. Conversely, while constitutive knockdown of Regnase-1, an mRNA decay protein localized to the ribosome, reduces sleep, adult specific knockdown suggests that effects of Regnase-1 on sleep are developmental in nature. We further tested the role of each gene in memory consolidation. Knockdown of Polr1F does not affect memory, which may be expected from its downregulation during memory consolidation. Regnase-1 knockdown in ap '/{beta}' neurons impairs all memory, including short-term, implicating Regnase-1 in memory, but leaving open the question of why it is downregulated during sleep-dependent memory. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the expression of RNA processing genes is modulated during sleep-dependent memory and, in the case of Polr1F, this modulation likely contributes to increased sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouhan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep and memory consolidation are linked by RNA processing genes in the Drosophila mushroom body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.02.543490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendritic voltage imaging reveals biophysical basis of associative plasticity rules 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.02.543490v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendrites on neurons support nonlinear electrical excitations, but the computational significance of these events is not well understood. We developed molecular, optical, and analytical tools to map sub-millisecond voltage dynamics throughout the dendritic trees of CA1 pyramidal neurons under diverse optogenetic and synaptic stimulus patterns, in acute brain slices. We observed history-dependent spike back-propagation in distal dendrites, driven by locally generated Na+ spikes (dSpikes). Dendritic depolarization created a transient window for dSpike propagation, opened by A-type KV channel inactivation, and closed by slow NaV inactivation. Collisions of dSpikes with synaptic inputs triggered calcium channel and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent plateau potentials, with accompanying complex spikes at the soma. This hierarchical ion channel network acts as a spike-rate accelerometer, providing an intuitive picture of how dendritic excitations shape associative plasticity rules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong-Campos, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plutkis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendritic voltage imaging reveals biophysical basis of associative plasticity rules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.02.543516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between nutrient transporters ensures fertility in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.02.543516v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Females from many mosquito species feed on blood to acquire nutrients for egg development. The oogenetic cycle has been characterized in the arboviral vector Aedes aegypti, where after a bloodmeal, the lipid transporter lipophorin (Lp) shuttles lipids from the midgut and fat body to the ovaries, and a yolk precursor protein, vitellogenin (Vg), is deposited into the oocyte by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Our understanding of how the roles of these two nutrient transporters are mutually coordinated is however limited in this and other mosquito species. Here, we demonstrate that in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, Lp and Vg are reciprocally regulated in a timely manner to optimize egg development and ensure fertility. Defective lipid transport via Lp silencing triggers abortive ovarian follicle development, leading to misregulation of Vg and aberrant yolk granules. Conversely, depletion of Vg causes an upregulation of Lp in the fat body in a manner that appears to be at least partially dependent on target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling, resulting in excess lipid accumulation in the developing follicles. Embryos deposited by Vg-depleted mothers are completely infertile, and are arrested early during development, likely due to severely reduced amino acid levels and protein synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that the mutual regulation of these two nutrient transporters is essential to safeguard fertility by ensuring correct nutrient balance in the developing oocyte, and validate Vg and Lp as two potential candidates for mosquito control.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stryapunina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidoudez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulai, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauffman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catteruccia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between nutrient transporters ensures fertility in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.05.543668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural Silencing of Quorum-Sensing Activity Protects Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Lysis by an Autoinducer-Detecting Phage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.05.543668v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quorum sensing (QS) is a chemical communication process that bacteria use to track population density and orchestrate collective behaviors. QS relies on the production, accumulation, and group-wide detection of extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. Vibriophage 882 (phage VP882), a bacterial virus, encodes a homolog of the Vibrio QS receptor-transcription factor, called VqmA, that monitors the Vibrio QS autoinducer DPO. Phage VqmA binds DPO at high host-cell density and activates transcription of the phage gene qtip. Qtip, an antirepressor, launches the phage lysis program. Phage-encoded VqmA when bound to DPO also manipulates host QS by activating transcription of the host gene vqmR. VqmR is a small RNA that controls downstream QS target genes. Here, we sequence Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain O3:K6 882, the strain from which phage VP882 was initially isolated. The chromosomal region normally encoding vqmR and vqmA harbors a deletion encompassing vqmR and a portion of the vqmA promoter, inactivating that QS system. We discover that V. parahaemolyticus strain O3:K6 882 is also defective in its other QS systems, due to a mutation in luxO, encoding the central QS transcriptional regulator LuxO. Both the vqmR-vqmA and luxO mutations lock V. parahaemolyticus strain O3:K6 882 into the low-cell density QS state. Reparation of the QS defects in V. parahaemolyticus strain O3:K6 882 promotes activation of phage VP882 lytic gene expression and LuxO is primarily responsible for this effect. Phage VP882-infected QS-competent V. parahaemolyticus strain O3:K6 882 cells lyse more rapidly and produce more viral particles than the QS-deficient parent strain. We propose that, in V. parahaemolyticus strain O3:K6 882, constitutive maintenance of the low-cell density QS state suppresses the launch of the phage VP882 lytic cascade, thereby protecting the bacterial host from phage-mediated lysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duddy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silpe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural Silencing of Quorum-Sensing Activity Protects Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Lysis by an Autoinducer-Detecting Phage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.05.543407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic annotation of a complete adult male Drosophila nerve cord connectome reveals principles of functional organisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.05.543407v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous systems function as ensembles of neurons communicating via synaptic connections, and a functional understanding of nervous systems requires extensive knowledge of their connectomes. In a companion paper (Takemura et al., 2023), we describe the acquisition of a complete fruit fly nerve cord connectome, the first for an animal that can walk or fly. Here, to efficiently navigate and to appreciate the biological significance of this connectome, we categorise and name nearly all neurons systematically and link them to the experimental literature. We employ a system of hierarchical coarse annotations and group similar neurons across the midline and across segments, then define systematic cell types for sensory neurons, intrinsic neurons, ascending neurons, and non-motor efferent neurons. Stereotyped arrays of neuroblasts generate related neuron populations called hemilineages that repeat across the segments of the nerve cord. We confirm that larval-born neurons from a given hemilineage generally express the same neurotransmitter but find that earlier born neurons often express a different one. We match over 35% of intrinsic, ascending, and non-motor efferent neurons across segments, defining serial sets which were crucial for systematic typing of motor neurons and sensory neurons. We assign a sensory modality to over 5000 sensory neurons, cluster them by connectivity, and identify serially homologous cell types and a layered organisation likely corresponding to peripheral topography. Finally, we present selected examples of sensory circuits predicated on programmatic analysis of a complete VNC connectome. Our annotations are critical for analysing the structure of descending input to the nerve cord and of motor output, both described in a third companion paper (Cheong et al., 2023). These annotations are being released as part of the neuprint.janelia.org and clio.janelia.org web applications and also serve as the basis for programmatic analysis of the connectome through dedicated tools that we describe in this paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzeminski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badalamente, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkantia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemura, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamimi, I. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FlyEM Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic annotation of a complete adult male Drosophila nerve cord connectome reveals principles of functional organisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.05.543757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Connectome of the Male Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.05.543757v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal behavior is principally expressed through neural control of muscles. Therefore understanding how the brain controls behavior requires mapping neuronal circuits all the way to motor neurons. We have previously established technology to collect large-volume electron microscopy data sets of neural tissue and fully reconstruct the morphology of the neurons and their chemical synaptic connections throughout the volume. Using these tools we generated a dense wiring diagram, or connectome, for a large portion of the Drosophila central brain. However, in most animals, including the fly, the majority of motor neurons are located outside the brain in a neural center closer to the body, i.e. the mammalian spinal cord or insect ventral nerve cord (VNC). In this paper, we extend our effort to map full neural circuits for behavior by generating a connectome of the VNC of a male fly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takemura, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayworth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knecht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinomiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badalamente, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canino, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duclos, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbanks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley-May, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkantia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainmueller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalyak,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Connectome of the Male Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.06.543780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Spatiotemporal Compartmentalization of Glucose Metabolism Guides Mammalian Gastrulation Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.06.543780v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastrulation is considered the sine qua non of embryogenesis, establishing a multidimensional structure and the spatial coordinates upon which all later developmental events transpire. At this time, the embryo adopts a heavy reliance on glucose metabolism to support rapidly accelerating changes in morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. However, it is currently unknown how this conserved metabolic shift maps onto the three-dimensional landscape of the growing embryo and whether it is spatially linked to the orchestrated cellular and molecular processes necessary for gastrulation. Here we identify that glucose is utilised during mouse gastrulation via distinct metabolic pathways to instruct local and global embryonic morphogenesis, in a cell type and stage-specific manner. Through detailed mechanistic studies and quantitative live imaging of mouse embryos, in parallel with tractable in vitro stem cell differentiation models and embryo-derived tissue explants, we discover that cell fate acquisition and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) relies on the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway (HBP) branch of glucose metabolism, while newly-formed mesoderm requires glycolysis for correct migration and lateral expansion. This regional and tissue-specific difference in glucose metabolism is coordinated with Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) activity, demonstrating that reciprocal crosstalk between metabolism and growth factor signalling is a prerequisite for gastrulation progression. We expect these studies to provide important insights into the function of metabolism in other developmental contexts and may help uncover mechanisms that underpin embryonic lethality, cancer, and congenital disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemalatha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Spatiotemporal Compartmentalization of Glucose Metabolism Guides Mammalian Gastrulation Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.05.543763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human Y and inactive X chromosomes similarly modulate autosomal gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.05.543763v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic cells of human males and females have 45 chromosomes in common, including the "active" X chromosome. In males the 46th chromosome is a Y; in females it is an "inactive" X (Xi). Through linear modeling of autosomal gene expression in cells from individuals with zero to three Xi and zero to four Y chromosomes, we found that Xi and Y impact autosomal expression broadly and with remarkably similar effects. Studying sex-chromosome structural anomalies, promoters of Xi- and Y-responsive genes, and CRISPR inhibition, we traced part of this shared effect to homologous transcription factors - ZFX and ZFY - encoded by Chr X and Y. This demonstrates sex-shared mechanisms by which Xi and Y modulate autosomal expression. Combined with earlier analyses of sex-linked gene expression, our studies show that 21% of all genes expressed in lymphoblastoid cells or fibroblasts change expression significantly in response to Xi or Y chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>San Roman, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaletsky, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokil, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanton, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellott, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyntikova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutseva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buscetta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruszka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasutschinkow, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartaglia, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samango-Sprouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muenke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human Y and inactive X chromosomes similarly modulate autosomal gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.07.544131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence and epigenetic landscapes of active and silenced nucleolus organizers in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.07.544131v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arabidopsis thaliana has two ribosomal RNA gene loci, nucleolus organizer regions NOR2 and NOR4, whose complete sequences remain undefined. Ultra-long DNA sequences assembled using an unconventional approach yielded 5.5 and 3.9 Mbp sequences for NOR2 and NOR4 (in the reference strain, Col-0), revealing their distinct gene subtype compositions. RNA sequencing and identification of genes associated with flow-sorted nucleoli of wild-type or silencing-defective mutant plants shows that most of NOR4 is comprised of active genes whereas most, but not all, NOR2 genes are epigenetically silenced. Long intervals of low CG and CHG methylation overlap regions of gene activity and gene subtype homogenization. Collectively, the data reveal the genetic and epigenetic landscapes of the NORs and implicate transcription in rRNA gene concerted evolution.

One Sentence SummaryNOR2 and NOR4 sequences fill genome gaps and enable megabase-scale analyses of rRNA gene regulation and concerted evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fultz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinlay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enganti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikaard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence and epigenetic landscapes of active and silenced nucleolus organizers in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.06.543925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage motifs: developmental modules for control of cell type proportions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.06.543925v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multicellular organisms, cell types must be produced and maintained in appropriate proportions. One way this is achieved is through committed progenitor cells that produce specific sets of descendant cell types. However, cell fate commitment is probabilistic in most contexts, making it difficult to infer progenitor states and understand how they establish overall cell type proportions. Here, we introduce Lineage Motif Analysis (LMA), a method that recursively identifies statistically overrepresented patterns of cell fates on lineage trees as potential signatures of committed progenitor states. Applying LMA to published datasets reveals spatial and temporal organization of cell fate commitment in zebrafish and rat retina and early mouse embryo development. Comparative analysis of vertebrate species suggests that lineage motifs facilitate adaptive evolutionary variation of retinal cell type proportions. LMA thus provides insight into complex developmental processes by decomposing them into simpler underlying modules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage motifs: developmental modules for control of cell type proportions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.08.544272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HNF4a regulates acyl chain remodeling and ether lipid accumulation in hepatic steatosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.08.544272v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) is an established transcriptional master regulator of differentiation, maintenance, and metabolism. Polymorphisms in HNF4 are linked to several diseases in humans including diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Identifying novel regulation of lipid metabolism by HNF4 would inform on NAFLD development and progression. We directly assessed HNF4 activity through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing and integration of untargeted lipidomics. Direct regulation by HNF4 can be difficult to assess due to the role of HNF4 in liver homeostasis; to rapidly disrupt activity, mice were exposed to cold stress which induces hepatic steatosis in several hours. Cold exposure shifted HNF4 activity with differential genome occupancy of more than 50% of HNF4 binding sites. Focusing on HNF4 binding to promoter with active transcription determined that HNF4 directly regulates fatty acid desaturation, ether lipid synthesis, and peroxisomal biogenesis in response to cold exposure. Integration of lipidomics found that cold exposure increases the very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the hepatic lipid pool, including ether lipids, in an HNF4 dependent manner. Because portions of ether lipid synthesis are in the peroxisome and peroxisomal biogenesis is directly HNF4 regulated, we analyzed peroxisomal abundance and found increases with cold exposure that are ablated with loss of HNF4. This peroxisomal regulation was independent of PPAR-- a known regulator of peroxisomes and lipid metabolism--since loss of HNF4 was not rescued by PPAR overexpression. These data determined that regulation of hepatic steatosis by HNF4 is more complex than triglyceride accumulation and includes acyl chain modifications, ether lipid synthesis, and peroxisomal oxidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Von Bank, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoghegan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotulkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado-Thiele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attie, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HNF4a regulates acyl chain remodeling and ether lipid accumulation in hepatic steatosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.09.544258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blueprinting expandable nanomaterials with standardized protein building blocks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.09.544258v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A wooden house frame consists of many different lumber pieces, but because of the regularity of these building blocks, the structure can be designed using straightforward geometrical principles. The design of multicomponent protein assemblies in comparison has been much more complex, largely due to the irregular shapes of protein structures1. Here we describe extendable linear, curved, and angled protein building blocks, as well as inter-block interactions that conform to specified geometric standards; assemblies designed using these blocks inherit their extendability and regular interaction surfaces, enabling them to be expanded or contracted by varying the number of modules, and reinforced with secondary struts. Using X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy, we validate nanomaterial designs ranging from simple polygonal and circular oligomers that can be concentrically nested, up to large polyhedral nanocages and unbounded straight "train track" assemblies with reconfigurable sizes and geometries that can be readily blueprinted. Because of the complexity of protein structures and sequence-structure relationships, it has not been previously possible to build up large protein assemblies by deliberate placement of protein backbones onto a blank 3D canvas; the simplicity and geometric regularity of our design platform now enables construction of protein nanomaterials according to "back of an envelope" architectural blueprints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huddy, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, P. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courbet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coudray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calise, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila-Hernandez, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reggiano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunette, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhabha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blueprinting expandable nanomaterials with standardized protein building blocks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.09.544362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directing polymorph specific calcium carbonate formation with de novo protein templates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.09.544362v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecules modulate inorganic crystallization to generate hierarchically structured biominerals1-5, but the atomic structure of the organic-inorganic interfaces that regulate mineralization remain unknown6-8. We hypothesized that heterogeneous nucleation of calcium carbonate could be achieved by a structured flat molecular template that pre-organizes calcium ions on its surface. To test this hypothesis, we designed helical repeat proteins (DHRs) displaying regularly spaced carboxylate arrays on their surfaces and found that both protein monomers and protein-Ca2+ assemblies directly nucleate nano-calcite with non-natural (110) or (202) faces while vaterite, which forms first absent the proteins, is bypassed. The nanocrystals then assemble by oriented attachment into calcite mesocrystals. We find further that nanocrystal size and polymorph can be tuned by varying the length and surface chemistry of the designed protein templates. Thus, bio-mineralization can be programmed using de novo protein design, providing a route to next-generation hybrid materials.

One sentence summaryDe novo designed protein templates promote nucleation of nano-calcite and direct its growth by oriented particle attachment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davila Hernandez, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyles, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddy, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Yoreo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directing polymorph specific calcium carbonate formation with de novo protein templates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.11.543319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and immune determinants of E. coli liver abscess formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.11.543319v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic infections can yield distinct outcomes in different tissues. In mice, intravenous inoculation of E. coli leads to bacterial replication within liver abscesses while other organs such as the spleen largely clear the pathogen. Abscesses are macroscopic necrotic regions that comprise the vast majority of the bacterial burden in the animal, yet little is known about the processes underlying their formation. Here, we characterize E. coli liver abscesses and identify host determinants of abscess susceptibility. Spatial transcriptomics revealed that liver abscesses are associated with heterogenous immune cell clusters comprised of macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells, and T-cells that surround necrotic regions of the liver. Susceptibility to liver abscesses is heightened in the C57BL/6 lineage, particularly in C57BL/6N females. Backcross analyses demonstrated that abscess susceptibility is a polygenic trait inherited in a sex-dependent manner without direct linkage to sex chromosomes. As early as one day post infection, the magnitude of E. coli replication in the liver distinguishes abscess-susceptible and abscess-resistant strains of mice, suggesting that the immune pathways that regulate abscess formation are induced within hours. We characterized the early hepatic response with single-cell RNA sequencing and found that mice with reduced activation of early inflammatory responses, such as those lacking the LPS receptor TLR4, are resistant to abscess formation. Experiments with barcoded E. coli revealed that TLR4 mediates a tradeoff between abscess formation and bacterial clearance. Together, our findings define hallmarks of E. coli liver abscess formation and suggest that hyperactivation of the hepatic innate immune response drives liver abscess susceptibility.

ImportanceAnimal models of disseminating bacterial infections are critical for developing therapeutic interventions. Following systemic dissemination in mice, E. coli undergo dramatic replication within abscesses in the liver but not in other organs. Although liver abscesses are the largest reservoir of bacteria within the animal, the processes that lead to abscess formation are not known. Here, we characterize E. coli liver abscess formation and identify several determinants of abscess susceptibility, including sex, mouse genotype, and innate immune factors. By combining spatial and single-cell transcriptomics with genetic and phenotypic analyses, we delineate critical host pathways that underlie abscess formation. Our findings define several avenues for future studies to unravel how abscess susceptibility determinants interact to modulate clearance of systemic infections and govern tissue-specific bacterial replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hullahalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Threadgill, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.11.543319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and immune determinants of E. coli liver abscess formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.12.544643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAD-1 kinase controls presynaptic phase separation by relieving SYD-2/Liprin-α autoinhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.12.544643v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal development orchestrates the formation of an enormous number of synapses that connect the nervous system. In developing presynapses, the core active zone structure has been found to assemble through a liquid-liquid phase separation. Here, we find that the phase separation of SYD-2/Liprin-, a key active zone scaffold, is controlled by phosphorylation. Using phosphoproteomics, we identify the SAD-1 kinase to phosphorylate SYD-2 and a number of other substrates. Presynaptic assembly is impaired in sad-1 mutants and increased by overactivation of SAD-1. We determine SAD-1 phosphorylation of SYD-2 at three sites is critical to activate its phase separation. Mechanistically, phosphorylation relieves a binding interaction between two folded SYD-2 domains that inhibits phase separation by an intrinsically disordered region. We find synaptic cell adhesion molecules localize SAD-1 to nascent synapses upstream of active zone formation. We conclude that SAD-1 phosphorylates SYD-2 at developing synapses, enabling its phase separation and active zone assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAD-1 kinase controls presynaptic phase separation by relieving SYD-2/Liprin-α autoinhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.07.543976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transforming descending input into behavior: The organization of premotor circuits in the Drosophila Male Adult Nerve Cord connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.07.543976v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most animals, a relatively small number of descending neurons (DNs) connect higher brain centers in the animals head to circuits and motor neurons (MNs) in the nerve cord of the animals body that effect movement of the limbs. To understand how brain signals generate behavior, it is critical to understand how these descending pathways are organized onto the body MNs. In the fly, Drosophila melanogaster, MNs controlling muscles in the leg, wing, and other motor systems reside in a ventral nerve cord (VNC), analogous to the mammalian spinal cord. In companion papers, we introduced a densely-reconstructed connectome of the Drosophila Male Adult Nerve Cord (MANC, (Takemura et al., 2024)), including cell type and developmental lineage annotation (Marin et al., 2024), which provides complete VNC connectivity at synaptic resolution. Here, we present a first look at the organization of the VNC networks connecting DNs to MNs based on this new connectome information. We proofread and curated all DNs and MNs to ensure accuracy and reliability, then systematically matched DN axon terminals and MN dendrites with light microscopy data to link their VNC morphology with their brain inputs or muscle targets. We report both broad organizational patterns of the entire network and fine-scale analysis of selected circuits of interest. We discover that direct DN-MN connections are infrequent and identify communities of intrinsic neurons linked to control of different motor systems, including putative ventral circuits for walking, dorsal circuits for flight steering and power generation, and intermediate circuits in the lower tectulum for coordinated action of wings and legs. Our analysis generates hypotheses for future functional experiments and, together with the MANC connectome, empowers others to investigate these and other circuits of the Drosophila ventral nerve cord in richer mechanistic detail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asinof, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oram, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumathipala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatasubramanian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janelia FlyEM Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.543976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transforming descending input into behavior: The organization of premotor circuits in the Drosophila Male Adult Nerve Cord connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.13.544841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-mediated germline mutagenesis for genetic sterilization of Anopheles gambiae males. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.13.544841v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid spread of insecticide resistance among anopheline mosquitoes threatens malaria elimination efforts, necessitating development of alternative vector control technologies. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been successfully implemented in multiple insect pests to suppress field populations by the release of large numbers of sterile males, yet it has proven difficult to adapt to Anopheles vectors. Here we outline adaptation of a CRISPR-based genetic sterilization system to selectively ablate male sperm cells in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. We achieve robust mosaic biallelic mutagenesis of zero population growth (zpg, a gene essential for differentiation of germ cells) in F1 individuals after intercrossing a germline-expressing Cas9 transgenic line to a line expressing zpg-targeting gRNAs. Approximately 95% of mutagenized males display complete genetic sterilization, and cause similarly high levels of infertility in their female mates. Using a fluorescence reporter that allows detection of the germline leads to a 100% accurate selection of spermless males, improving the system. These males cause a striking reduction in mosquito population size when released at field-like frequencies in competition cages against wild type males. These findings demonstrate that such a genetic system could be adopted for SIT against important malaria vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smidler, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paton, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catteruccia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-mediated germline mutagenesis for genetic sterilization of Anopheles gambiae males.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.12.544653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociating the Contributions of Frontal Eye Field Activity to Spatial Working Memory and Motor Preparation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.12.544653v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons within dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of primates are characterized by robust persistent spiking activity exhibited during the delay period of working memory tasks. This includes the frontal eye field (FEF) where nearly half of the neurons are active when spatial locations are held in working memory. Past evidence has established the FEFs contribution to the planning and triggering of saccadic eye movements as well as to the control of visual spatial attention. However, it remains unclear if persistent delay activity reflects a similar dual role in movement planning and visuospatial working memory. We trained monkeys to alternate between different forms of a spatial working memory task which could dissociate remembered stimulus locations from planned eye movements. We tested the effects of inactivation of FEF sites on behavioral performance in the different tasks. Consistent with previous studies, FEF inactivation impaired the execution of memory-guided saccades, and impaired performance when remembered locations matched the planned eye movement. In contrast, memory performance was largely unaffected when the remembered location was dissociated from the correct eye movement response. Overall, the inactivation effects demonstrated clear deficits on eye movements, regardless of task type, but little or no evidence of a deficit in spatial working memory. Thus, our results indicate that persistent delay activity in the FEF contributes primarily to the preparation of eye movements and not to spatial working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonikaitis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noudoost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociating the Contributions of Frontal Eye Field Activity to Spatial Working Memory and Motor Preparation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.07.544074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organization of an Ascending Circuit that Conveys Flight Motor State 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.07.544074v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural behaviors are a coordinated symphony of motor acts which drive self-induced or reafferent sensory activation. Single sensors only signal presence and magnitude of a sensory cue; they cannot disambiguate exafferent (externally-induced) from reafferent sources. Nevertheless, animals readily differentiate between these sources of sensory signals to make appropriate decisions and initiate adaptive behavioral outcomes. This is mediated by predictive motor signaling mechanisms, which emanate from motor control pathways to sensory processing pathways, but how predictive motor signaling circuits function at the cellular and synaptic level is poorly understood. We use a variety of techniques, including connectomics from both male and female electron microscopy volumes, transcriptomics, neuroanatomical, physiological and behavioral approaches to resolve the network architecture of two pairs of ascending histaminergic neurons (AHNs), which putatively provide predictive motor signals to several sensory and motor neuropil. Both AHN pairs receive input primarily from an overlapping population of descending neurons, many of which drive wing motor output. The two AHN pairs target almost exclusively non-overlapping downstream neural networks including those that process visual, auditory and mechanosensory information as well as networks coordinating wing, haltere, and leg motor output. These results support the conclusion that the AHN pairs multi-task, integrating a large amount of common input, then tile their output in the brain, providing predictive motor signals to non-overlapping sensory networks affecting motor control both directly and indirectly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erginkaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dacks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organization of an Ascending Circuit that Conveys Flight Motor State]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.13.544671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic 1D Search and Processive Nucleosome Translocations by RSC and ISW2 Chromatin Remodelers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.13.544671v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic gene expression is linked to chromatin structure and nucleosome positioning by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers that establish and maintain nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) near transcription start-sites. Conserved yeast RSC and ISW2 remodelers exert antagonistic effects on nucleosomes flanking NDRs, but the temporal dynamics of remodeler search, engagement and directional nucleosome mobilization for promoter accessibility are unknown. Using optical tweezers and 2-color single-particle imaging, we investigated the Brownian diffusion of RSC and ISW2 on free DNA and sparse nucleosome arrays. RSC and ISW2 rapidly scan DNA by one-dimensional hopping and sliding respectively, with dynamic collisions between remodelers followed by recoil or apparent co-diffusion. Static nucleosomes block remodeler diffusion resulting in remodeler recoil or sequestration. Remarkably, both RSC and ISW2 use ATP hydrolysis to translocate mono-nucleosomes processively at [~]30 bp/sec on extended linear DNA under tension. Processivity and opposing push-pull directionalities of nucleosome translocation shown by RSC and ISW2 shape the distinctive landscape of promoter chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carcamo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poyton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic 1D Search and Processive Nucleosome Translocations by RSC and ISW2 Chromatin Remodelers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.14.544094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A window to the brain: ultrasound imaging of human neural activity through a permanent acoustic window 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.14.544094v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recording human brain activity is crucial for understanding normal and aberrant brain function. However, available recording methods are either highly invasive or have relatively low sensitivity. Functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) is an emerging technique that offers sensitive, large-scale, high-resolution neural imaging. However, fUSI cannot be performed through adult human skull. Here, we use a polymeric skull replacement material to create an acoustic window allowing ultrasound to monitor brain activity in fully intact adult humans. We design the window through experiments in phantoms and rodents, then implement it in a participant undergoing reconstructive skull surgery. Subsequently, we demonstrate fully non-invasive mapping and decoding of cortical responses to finger movement, marking the first instance of high-resolution (200 m) and large-scale (50 mmx38 mm) brain imaging through a permanent acoustic window.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griggs, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.544094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A window to the brain: ultrasound imaging of human neural activity through a permanent acoustic window]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.15.545141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch signaling and Bsh homeodomain activity are integrated to diversify Drosophila lamina neuron types 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.15.545141v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for specifying binary neuronal fates, yet how it specifies different fates in different contexts remains elusive. In our accompanying paper, using the Drosophila lamina neuron types (L1-L5) as a model, we show that the primary homeodomain transcription factor (HDTF) Bsh activates secondary HDTFs Ap (L4) and Pdm3 (L5) and specifies L4/L5 neuronal fates. Here we test the hypothesis that Notch signaling enables Bsh to differentially specify L4 and L5 fates. We show asymmetric Notch signaling between newborn L4 and L5 neurons, but they are not siblings; rather, Notch signaling in L4 is due to Delta expression in adjacent L1 neurons. While Notch signaling and Bsh expression are mutually independent, Notch is necessary and sufficient for Bsh to specify L4 fate over L5. The NotchON L4, compared to NotchOFF L5, has a distinct open chromatin landscape which allows Bsh to bind distinct genomic loci, leading to L4-specific identity gene transcription. We propose a novel model in which Notch signaling is integrated with the primary HDTF activity to diversify neuron types by directly or indirectly generating a distinct open chromatin landscape that constrains the pool of genes that a primary HDTF can activate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch signaling and Bsh homeodomain activity are integrated to diversify Drosophila lamina neuron types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.16.545300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changing protein-DNA interactions promote ORC binding site exchange during replication origin licensing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.16.545300v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During origin licensing, the eukaryotic replicative helicase Mcm2-7 forms head-to-head double hexamers to prime origins for bidirectional replication. Recent single-molecule and structural studies revealed that one molecule of the helicase loader ORC can sequentially load two Mcm2-7 hexamers to ensure proper head-to-head helicase alignment. To perform this task, ORC must release from its initial high-affinity DNA binding site and "flip" to bind a weaker, inverted DNA site. However, the mechanism of this binding-site switch remains unclear. In this study, we used single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (sm-FRET) to study the changing interactions between DNA and ORC or Mcm2-7. We found that the loss of DNA bending that occurs during DNA deposition into the Mcm2-7 central channel increases the rate of ORC dissociation from DNA. Further studies revealed temporally-controlled DNA sliding of helicase-loading intermediates, and that the first sliding complex includes ORC, Mcm2-7, and Cdt1. We demonstrate that sequential events of DNA unbending, Cdc6 release, and sliding lead to a stepwise decrease in ORC stability on DNA, facilitating ORC dissociation from its strong binding site during site switching. In addition, the controlled sliding we observed provides insight into how ORC accesses secondary DNA binding sites at different locations relative to the initial binding site. Our study highlights the importance of dynamic protein-DNA interactions in the loading of two oppositely-oriented Mcm2-7 helicases to ensure bidirectional DNA replication.

Significance StatementBidirectional DNA replication, in which two replication forks travel in opposite directions from each origin of replication, is required for complete genome duplication. To prepare for this event, two copies of the Mcm2-7 replicative helicase are loaded at each origin in opposite orientations. Using single-molecule assays, we studied the sequence of changing protein-DNA interactions involved in this process. These stepwise changes gradually reduce the DNA-binding strength of ORC, the primary DNA binding protein involved in this event. This reduced affinity promotes ORC dissociation and rebinding in the opposite orientation on the DNA, facilitating the sequential assembly of two Mcm2-7 molecules in opposite orientations. Our findings identify a coordinated series of events that drive proper DNA replication initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changing protein-DNA interactions promote ORC binding site exchange during replication origin licensing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.16.545341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of four component T=4 tetrahedral, octahedral, and icosahedral protein nanocages through programmed symmetry breaking 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.16.545341v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Four, eight or twenty C3 symmetric protein trimers can be arranged with tetrahedral (T-sym), octahedral (O-sym) or icosahedral (I-sym) point group symmetry to generate closed cage-like structures1,2. Generating more complex closed structures requires breaking perfect point group symmetry. Viruses do this in the icosahedral case using quasi-symmetry or pseudo-symmetry to access higher triangulation number architectures3-9, but nature appears not to have explored higher triangulation number tetrahedral or octahedral symmetries. Here, we describe a general design strategy for building T = 4 architectures starting from simpler T = 1 structures through pseudo-symmetrization of trimeric building blocks. Electron microscopy confirms the structures of T = 4 cages with 48 (T-sym), 96 (O-sym), and 240 (I-sym) subunits, each with four distinct chains and six different protein-protein interfaces, and diameters of 33nm, 43nm, and 75nm, respectively. Higher triangulation number viruses possess very sophisticated functionalities; our general route to higher triangulation number nanocages should similarly enable a next generation of multiple antigen displaying vaccine candidates10,11 and targeted delivery vehicles12,13.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philomin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoddard, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of four component T=4 tetrahedral, octahedral, and icosahedral protein nanocages through programmed symmetry breaking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.17.545412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Janelia Atalanta plasmids provide a simple and efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology directed repair platform for Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.17.545412v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homology-directed repair (HDR) is a powerful tool for modifying genomes in precise ways to address many biological questions. Use of Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 induced targeted DNA double-strand breakage has substantially simplified use of homology-directed repair to introduce specific perturbations in Drosophila, but existing platforms for CRISPR-Cas9-mediated HDR in Drosophila involve multiple cloning steps and have low efficiency. To simplify cloning of HDR plasmids, we designed a new plasmid platform, the Janelia Atalanta (pJAT) series, that exploits recent advances in dsDNA synthesis to facilitate Gateway cloning of gRNA sequences and homology arms in one step. Surprisingly, the pJAT plasmids yielded considerably higher HDR efficiency (approximately 25%) than we have observed with other approaches. pJAT plasmids work in multiple Drosophila species and exhibited such high efficiency that previously impossible experiments in Drosophila, such as driving targeted chromosomal inversions, were made possible. We provide pJAT plasmids for a range of commonly performed experiments including targeted insertional mutagenesis, insertion of phiC31-mediated attP landing sites, generation of strains carrying a germ-line source of Cas9, and induction of chromosomal rearrangements. We also provide "empty" pJAT plasmids with multiple cloning sites to simplify construction of plasmids with new functionality. The pJAT platform is generic and may facilitate improved efficiency CRISPR-Cas9 HDR in a wide range of model and non-model organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berhman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.17.545412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Janelia Atalanta plasmids provide a simple and efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology directed repair platform for Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.16.545308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The principles of peptide selection by the transporter associated with antigen processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.16.545308v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adaptive immune response eliminates infected and cancer cells through the recognition of antigenic peptides displayed by major compatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules1, 2. A single transporter, the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), supplies nearly the entire peptide repertoire for the many MHC-I alleles3-5. A fundamental unresolved question is how TAP transports peptides with vast sequence diversity. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we determined seven structures of human TAP in the presence and absence of peptides with different sequences and lengths. We observe that peptides are suspended in the transmembrane cavity of TAP with the peptide N-and C-termini anchored at two distal binding pockets. The central residues of the peptide are unrestricted, making few contacts with TAP. A minimum of eight residues is required to bridge the two binding pockets, aligning with the lower length limit for MHC-I binding6, 7. Mutations in TAP that disrupt hydrogen bonds with the peptide termini nearly abolish MHC-I surface expression, indicating that binding depends on interactions with mainchain atoms at the two termini. By utilizing two spatially separated binding pockets and concentrating interactions at the two ends of the peptide, TAP functions as a molecular caliper, selecting peptides for length while permitting sequence diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldham, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The principles of peptide selection by the transporter associated with antigen processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.18.545436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enzyme-mediated alkynylation enables transcriptome-wide identification of pseudouridine modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.18.545436v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudouridine ({Psi}) is one of the most abundant chemical modifications that exists in various types of RNA species and is known to play important roles in RNA function. The advances in studies of {Psi} in less abundant messenger RNA species have been hindered by a lack of suitable methods to precisely and sensitively map their distributions. Here we show that a methyltransferase from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii can label RNA {Psi} efficiently and specifically with various functional groups, both in isolated RNA and inside cells. We leveraged this enzymatic labeling strategy to develop ELAP-seq as a facile method to enrich {Psi}-modified transcripts for the detection of {Psi} modifications at single base resolution with high sensitivity and low background. Using this method, we identified over 10, 000 candidate {Psi} sites from human transcripts, which provides new insights into {Psi} biosynthesis and function. Our study provides a chemical biology method that specifically labels {Psi} for its detection and functional alteration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enzyme-mediated alkynylation enables transcriptome-wide identification of pseudouridine modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.20.545796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionalized graphene-oxide grids enable high-resolution cryo-EM structures of the SNF2h-nucleosome complex without crosslinking 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.20.545796v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-particle cryo-EM is widely used to determine enzyme-nucleosome complex structures. However, cryo-EM sample preparation remains challenging and inconsistent due to complex denaturation at the air-water interface (AWI). To address this issue, we developed graphene-oxide-coated EM grids functionalized with either single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or thiol-poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene) (TAASTY) co-polymer. These grids protect complexes between the chromatin remodeler SNF2h and nucleosomes from the AWI and facilitated collection of high-quality micrographs of intact SNF2h-nucleosome complexes in the absence of crosslinking. The data yields maps ranging from 2.3 to 3 [A] in resolution. 3D variability analysis reveals nucleotide-state linked conformational changes in SNF2h bound to a nucleosome. In addition, the analysis provides structural evidence for asymmetric coordination between two SNF2h protomers acting on the same nucleosome. We envision these grids will enable similar detailed structural analyses for other enzyme-nucleosome complexes and possibly other protein-nucleic acid complexes in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chio, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palovcak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Autzen, A. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Autzen, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armache, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narlikar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionalized graphene-oxide grids enable high-resolution cryo-EM structures of the SNF2h-nucleosome complex without crosslinking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.20.545743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic analysis of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded samples by CUT&Tag 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.20.545743v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For more than a century, Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) sample preparation has been the preferred method for long-term preservation of biological material. However, the use of FFPE samples for epigenomic studies has been difficult because of chromatin damage from long exposure to high concentrations of formaldehyde. Previously, we introduced Cleavage Under Targeted Accessible Chromatin (CUTAC), an antibody-targeted chromatin accessibility mapping protocol based on CUT&Tag. Here we show that simple modifications of our single-tube CUTAC protocol are sufficient to produce high-resolution maps of paused RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) at enhancers and promoters using FFPE samples. We find that transcriptional regulatory element differences produced by FFPE-CUTAC distinguish between mouse brain tumor specimens and identify regulatory element markers with high confidence and precision. Our simple work-flow is suitable for automation, making possible affordable epigenomic profiling of archived biological samples for biomarker identification, clinical applications and retrospective studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paranal, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szulzewsky, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic analysis of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded samples by CUT&Tag]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.21.546024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small-field visual projection neurons detect translational optic flow and support walking control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.21.546024v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals rely on visual motion for navigating the world, and research in flies has clarified how neural circuits extract information from moving visual scenes. However, the major pathways connecting these patterns of optic flow to behavior remain poorly understood. Using a high-throughput quantitative assay of visually guided behaviors and genetic neuronal silencing, we discovered a region in Drosophilas protocerebrum critical for visual motion following. We used neuronal silencing, calcium imaging, and optogenetics to identify a single cell type, LPC1, that innervates this region, detects translational optic flow, and plays a key role in regulating forward walking. Moreover, the population of LPC1s can estimate the travelling direction, such as when gaze direction diverges from body heading. By linking specific cell types and their visual computations to specific behaviors, our findings establish a foundation for understanding how the nervous system uses vision to guide navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isaacson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliason, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.546024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small-field visual projection neurons detect translational optic flow and support walking control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.21.545803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The widespread influence of ZSWIM8 on microRNAs during mouse embryonic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.21.545803v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) pair to sites in mRNAs to direct the degradation of these RNA transcripts. Conversely, certain RNA transcripts can direct the degradation of particular miRNAs. This target-directed miRNA degradation (TDMD) requires the ZSWIM8 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Here, we report the function of ZSWIM8 in the mouse embryo. Zswim8-/- embryos were smaller than their littermates and died near the time of birth. This highly penetrant perinatal lethality was apparently caused by a lung sacculation defect attributed to failed maturation of alveolar epithelial cells. Some mutant individuals also had heart ventricular septal defects. These developmental abnormalities were accompanied by aberrant accumulation of >50 miRNAs observed across 12 tissues, which often led to enhanced repression of their mRNA targets. These ZSWIM8-sensitive miRNAs were preferentially produced from genomic miRNA clusters, and in some cases, ZSWIM8 caused a switch in the dominant strand that accumulated from a miRNA hairpin--observations suggesting that TDMD provides a mechanism to uncouple co-produced miRNAs from each other. Overall, our findings indicate that the regulatory influence of TDMD in mammalian biology is widespread and posit the existence of many yet-unidentified transcripts that trigger miRNA degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elcavage, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chivukula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleaveland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The widespread influence of ZSWIM8 on microRNAs during mouse embryonic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.22.546003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems immunology of transcriptional responses to viral infection identifies conserved antiviral pathways across macaques and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.22.546003v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral pandemics and epidemics pose a significant global threat, with emerging and re-emerging viruses responsible for four pandemics in the 21st century alone. While macaques have been utilized as a model for understanding viral disease in a controlled setting, it remains unclear how conserved the antiviral responses to diverse viruses are between macaques and humans. To address this critical knowledge gap, we conducted a comprehensive cross-species analysis of transcriptomic data from over 6000 blood samples from macaques and humans infected with one of 31 viruses, including Lassa, Ebola, Marburg, Zika, and dengue. Our findings demonstrate that irrespective of primate or viral species, there are conserved antiviral responses which are consistent regardless of infection phase (acute, chronic, or latent) and viral genome type (DNA or RNA viruses). Moreover, by leveraging longitudinal data from experimental challenges, we identified virus-specific response dynamics such as host responses to Coronaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae infections peaking 1-3 days earlier than responses to Filoviridae and Arenaviridae viral infections. Additionally, through comparative analysis of immune responses across viruses, we identified a unique enrichment of lymphoid cellular response modules in macaque Flaviviridae infection that persists in human responses to dengue. Our results underscore macaque studies as a powerful tool for gaining new insights into viral pathogenesis and immune responses that translate to humans, which can inform viral therapeutic development and enable pandemic preparedness.

One sentence summaryUsing longitudinal macaque viral challenge studies, we identified shared and virus-specific responses to infection that replicate in human viral disease - thereby demonstrating the utility of macaque models of viral infection to understand antiviral biology and for pandemic preparedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratnasiri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, J.-P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulds, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francica, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douek, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems immunology of transcriptional responses to viral infection identifies conserved antiviral pathways across macaques and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.24.546411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOMM40 and TOMM22 of the Translocase Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Complex rescue statin-impaired mitochondrial dynamics, morphology, and mitophagy in skeletal myotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.24.546411v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundStatins are the drugs most commonly used for lowering plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Although generally well tolerated, statins can induce myopathy, a major cause of non-adherence to treatment. Impaired mitochondrial function has been implicated as a cause of statin-induced myopathy, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We have shown that simvastatin downregulates transcription of TOMM40 and TOMM22, genes that encode major subunits of the translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) complex which is responsible for importing nuclear-encoded proteins and maintaining mitochondrial function. We therefore investigated the role of TOMM40 and TOMM22 in mediating statin effects on mitochondrial function, dynamics, and mitophagy.

MethodsCellular and biochemical assays and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate effects of simvastatin and TOMM40 and TOMM22 expression on measures of mitochondrial function and dynamics in C2C12 and primary human skeletal cell myotubes.

ResultsKnockdown of TOMM40 and TOMM22 in skeletal cell myotubes impaired mitochondrial oxidative function, increased production of mitochondrial superoxide, reduced mitochondrial cholesterol and CoQ levels, disrupted mitochondrial dynamics and morphology, and increased mitophagy, with similar effects resulting from simvastatin treatment. Overexpression of TOMM40 and TOMM22 in simvastatin-treated muscle cells rescued statin effects on mitochondrial dynamics, but not on mitochondrial function or cholesterol and CoQ levels. Moreover, overexpression of these genes resulted in an increase in number and density of cellular mitochondria.

ConclusionThese results confirm that TOMM40 and TOMM22 are central in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and demonstrate that downregulation of these genes by statin treatment mediates disruption of mitochondrial dynamics, morphology, and mitophagy, effects that may contribute to statin-induced myopathy.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=102 SRC="FIGDIR/small/546411v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1845842org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1be8a26org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5fd618org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e0f523_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theusch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.24.546411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOMM40 and TOMM22 of the Translocase Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Complex rescue statin-impaired mitochondrial dynamics, morphology, and mitophagy in skeletal myotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.26.546601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Target-directed microRNA degradation regulates developmental microRNA expression and embryonic growth in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.26.546601v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that play critical roles in development and disease. Target-directed miRNA degradation (TDMD), a pathway in which miRNAs that bind to specialized targets with extensive complementarity are rapidly decayed, has emerged as a potent mechanism of controlling miRNA levels. Nevertheless, the biological role and scope of miRNA regulation by TDMD in mammals remains poorly understood. To address these questions, we generated mice with constitutive or conditional deletion of Zswim8, which encodes an essential TDMD factor. Loss of Zswim8 resulted in developmental defects in heart and lung, growth restriction, and perinatal lethality. Small RNA sequencing of embryonic tissues revealed widespread miRNA regulation by TDMD and greatly expanded the known catalog of miRNAs regulated by this pathway. These experiments also uncovered novel features of TDMD-regulated miRNAs, including their enrichment in co-transcribed clusters and examples in which TDMD underlies  arm switching, a phenomenon wherein the dominant strand of a miRNA precursor changes in different tissues or conditions. Importantly, deletion of two miRNAs, miR-322 and miR-503, rescued growth of Zswim8 null embryos, directly implicating the TDMD pathway as a regulator of mammalian body size. These data illuminate the broad landscape and developmental role of TDMD in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evers, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakheja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Target-directed microRNA degradation regulates developmental microRNA expression and embryonic growth in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.28.546957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Conformations of Mirabegron Determined by MicroED 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.28.546957v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mirabegron, commonly known as "Myrbetriq", has been widely prescribed as a medicine for overactive bladder syndrome for over a decade. However, the structure of the drug and what conformational changes it may undergo upon binding its receptor remain unknown. In this study, we employed microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) to reveal its elusive three-dimensional (3D) structure. We find that the drug adopts two distinct conformational states (conformers) within the asymmetric unit. Analysis of hydrogen bonding and packing demonstrated that the hydrophilic groups were embedded within the crystal lattice, resulting in a hydrophobic surface and low water solubility. Structural comparison revealed the presence of trans- and cis-forms in conformers 1 and 2, respectively. Comparison of the structures of Mirabegron alone with that of the drug bound to its receptor,1 the beta 3 adrenergic receptor ({beta}3AR) suggests that the drug undergoes major conformational change to fit in the receptor agonist binding site. This research highlights the efficacy of MicroED in determining the unknown and polymorphic structures of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) directly from powders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Conformations of Mirabegron Determined by MicroED]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.26.546578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SynBot: An open-source image analysis software for automated quantification of synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.26.546578v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of precise numbers of neuronal connections, known as synapses, is crucial for brain function. Therefore, synaptogenesis mechanisms have been one of the main focuses of neuroscience. Immunohistochemistry is a common tool for visualizing synapses. Thus, quantifying the numbers of synapses from light microscopy images enables screening the impacts of experimental manipulations on synapse development. Despite its utility, this approach is paired with low throughput analysis methods that are challenging to learn and results are variable between experimenters, especially when analyzing noisy images of brain tissue. We developed an open-source ImageJ-based software, SynBot, to address these technical bottlenecks by automating the analysis. SynBot incorporates the advanced algorithms ilastik and SynQuant for accurate thresholding for synaptic puncta identification, and the code can easily be modified by users. The use of this software will allow for rapid and reproducible screening of synaptic phenotypes in healthy and diseased nervous systems.

MotivationLight microscopy imaging of pre- and post-synaptic proteins from neurons in tissue or in vitro allows for the effective identification of synaptic structures. Previous methods for quantitative analysis of these images were time-consuming, required extensive user training, and the source code could not be easily modified. Here, we describe SynBot, a new open-source tool that automates the synapse quantification process, decreases the requirement for user training, and allows for easy modifications to the code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savage, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risher, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SynBot: An open-source image analysis software for automated quantification of synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.27.546773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Truly tiny acoustic biomolecules for ultrasound imaging and therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.27.546773v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanotechnology offers significant advantages for medical imaging and therapy, including enhanced contrast and precision targeting. However, integrating these benefits into ultrasonography has been challenging due to the size and stability constraints of conventional bubble-based agents. Here we describe bicones, truly tiny acoustic contrast agents based on gas vesicles, a unique class of air-filled protein nanostructures naturally produced in buoyant microbes. We show that these sub-80 nm particles can be effectively detected both in vitro and in vivo, infiltrate tumors via leaky vasculature, deliver potent mechanical effects through ultrasound-induced inertial cavitation, and are easily engineered for molecular targeting, prolonged circulation time, and payload conjugation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gungoren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Truly tiny acoustic biomolecules for ultrasound imaging and therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.29.546792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Immune Cell Epigenomic Signatures in Response to Infectious Diseases and Chemical Exposures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.29.546792v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epigenomic landscape of human immune cells is dynamically shaped by both genetic factors and environmental exposures. However, the relative contributions of these elements are still not fully understood. In this study, we employed single-nucleus methylation sequencing and ATAC-seq to systematically explore how pathogen and chemical exposures, along with genetic variation, influence the immune cell epigenome. We identified distinct exposure-associated differentially methylated regions (eDMRs) corresponding to each exposure, revealing how environmental factors remodel the methylome, alter immune cell states, and affect transcription factor binding. Furthermore, we observed a significant correlation between changes in DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility, underscoring the coordinated response of the epigenome. We also uncovered genotype-associated DMRs (gDMRs), demonstrating that while eDMRs are enriched in regulatory regions, gDMRs are preferentially located in gene body marks, suggesting that exposures and genetic factors exert differential regulatory control. Notably, disease-associated SNPs were frequently colocalized with meQTLs, providing new cell-type-specific insights into the genetic basis of disease. Our findings underscore the intricate interplay between genetic and environmental factors in sculpting the immune cell epigenome, offering a deeper understanding of how immune cell function is regulated in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenberg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunduz, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterwhite, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panuwet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beare, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurbeck, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangeti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudelman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealfon, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walley, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.546792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Immune Cell Epigenomic Signatures in Response to Infectious Diseases and Chemical Exposures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.27.546656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal wiring diagram of an adult brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.27.546656v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connections between neurons can be mapped by acquiring and analyzing electron microscopic (EM) brain images. In recent years, this approach has been applied to chunks of brains to reconstruct local connectivity maps that are highly informative, yet inadequate for understanding brain function more globally. Here, we present the first neuronal wiring diagram of a whole adult brain, containing 5x107 chemical synapses between [~]130,000 neurons reconstructed from a female Drosophila melanogaster. The resource also incorporates annotations of cell classes and types, nerves, hemilineages, and predictions of neurotransmitter identities. Data products are available by download, programmatic access, and interactive browsing and made interoperable with other fly data resources. We show how to derive a projectome, a map of projections between regions, from the connectome. We demonstrate the tracing of synaptic pathways and the analysis of information flow from inputs (sensory and ascending neurons) to outputs (motor, endocrine, and descending neurons), across both hemispheres, and between the central brain and the optic lobes. Tracing from a subset of photoreceptors all the way to descending motor pathways illustrates how structure can uncover putative circuit mechanisms underlying sensorimotor behaviors. The technologies and open ecosystem of the FlyWire Consortium set the stage for future large-scale connectome projects in other species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsliah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKellar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silversmith, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halageri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogedengbe, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macrina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehoran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovych, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemnitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ih, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the FlyWire Co</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal wiring diagram of an adult brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.29.547123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electron-counting in MicroED 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.29.547123v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The combination of high sensitivity and rapid readout makes it possible for electron-counting detectors to record cryogenic electron microscopy data faster and more accurately without increasing the exposure. This is especially useful for MicroED of macromolecular crystals where the strength of the diffracted signal at high resolution is comparable to the surrounding background. The ability to decrease the exposure also alleviates concerns about radiation damage which limits the information that can be recovered from a diffraction measurement. However, the dynamic range of electron-counting detectors requires careful data collection to avoid errors from coincidence loss. Nevertheless, these detectors are increasingly deployed in cryo-EM facilities, and several have been successfully used for MicroED. Provided coincidence loss can be minimized, electron-counting detectors bring high potential rewards.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hattne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynowycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clabbers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electron-counting in MicroED]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.30.547241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 spike glycosylation affects function and neutralization sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.30.547241v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The glycosylation of viral envelope proteins can play important roles in virus biology and immune evasion. The spike (S) glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) includes 22 N-linked glycosylation sequons and 17 O-linked glycosites. Here, we investigated the effect of individual glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S function in pseudotyped virus infection assays and on sensitivity to monoclonal and polyclonal neutralizing antibodies. In most cases, removal of individual glycosylation sites decreased the infectiousness of the pseudotyped virus. For glycosylation mutants in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor binding domain (RBD), reduction in pseudotype infectivity was predicted by a commensurate reduction in the level of virion-incorporated spike protein. Notably, the presence of a glycan at position N343 within the RBD had diverse effects on neutralization by RBD-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) cloned from convalescent individuals. The N343 glycan reduced overall sensitivity to polyclonal antibodies in plasma from COVID-19 convalescent individuals, suggesting a role for SARS-CoV-2 spike glycosylation in immune evasion. However, vaccination of convalescent individuals produced neutralizing activity that was resilient to the inhibitory effect of the N343 glycan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muecksch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazumyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaebler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatziioannou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieniasz, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 spike glycosylation affects function and neutralization sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.28.545586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophages sense ECM mechanics and growth factor availability through cytoskeletal remodeling to regulate their tissue repair program 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.28.545586v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue resident macrophages play important roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. However, how macrophages monitor and maintain tissue integrity is not well understood. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key structural and organizational component of all tissues. Here, we find that macrophages sense the mechanical properties of the ECM in order to regulate a specific tissue repair program. We show that macrophage mechanosensing is mediated by cytoskeletal remodeling and can be performed in three-dimensional environments through a non-canonical, integrin-independent mechanism analogous to amoeboid migration. We find that these cytoskeletal dynamics also integrate biochemical signaling by CSF1 and ultimately regulate chromatin accessibility to control the mechanosensitive gene expression program. This study suggests a distinct mode of ECM mechanosensing and growth factor signaling through which macrophages may regulate tissue repair and fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meizlish, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyaard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.545586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophages sense ECM mechanics and growth factor availability through cytoskeletal remodeling to regulate their tissue repair program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.01.547359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical alkylation of Asp12 enables mutant selective targeting of K-Ras(G12D) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.01.547359v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
K-Ras is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer, yet direct small-molecule targeting of K-Ras mutants has been mostly unsuccessful until recently. The discovery of an allosteric pocket under Switch-II with covalent cysteine-crosslinking molecules has allowed for the development of targeted therapies that selectively engage the highly reactive acquired cysteine in the K-Ras(G12C) mutation without affecting the wild-type protein. Sotorasib and adagrasib, two advanced Switch-II Pocket inhibitors, have received FDA approval to treat K-Ras(G12C)-driven non-small cell lung cancer. However, the most frequent K-Ras mutation G12D particularly prevalent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has remained untargetable with covalent drugs due to the poor nucleophilicity of the somatic aspartate residue. Here we present a set of malolactone-based electrophiles which exploit ring strain to crosslink K-Ras(G12D) at the mutant aspartate to form stable covalent complexes. Structural insights from x-ray crystallography and exploitation of the stereoelectronic requirements for attack of the electrophile allowed development of a substituted malolactone which resisted attack by aqueous buffer but rapidly crosslink with the aspartate-12 of K-Ras in both GDP- and GTP-state. The signaling-competent GTP-state targeting allowed effective suppression of downstream signaling and proliferation of cancer cells harboring K-Ras(G12D) mutation, and tumor growth of cell line-derive xenograft in mice. Our results demonstrate the rational design of covalent inhibitors to target a non-catalytic carboxylic acid side chain in K-Ras(G12D) which has resisted traditional drug discovery efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiley, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical alkylation of Asp12 enables mutant selective targeting of K-Ras(G12D)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.03.547545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single genetic locus lengthens deer mouse burrows via motor pattern evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.03.547545v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The question of how evolution builds complex behaviors has long fascinated biologists. To address this question from a genetic perspective, we capitalize on variation in innate burrowing behavior between two sister species of Peromyscus mice: P. maniculatus that construct short, simple burrows and P. polionotus that uniquely construct long, elaborate burrows. We identify three regions of the genome associated with differences in burrow length and then narrow in on one large-effect 12-Mb locus on chromosome 4. By introgressing the P. polionotus allele into a P. maniculatus background, we demonstrate this locus, on its own, increases burrow length by 20%. Next, by recording mice digging in a transparent tube, we find this locus has specific effects on burrowing behavior. This locus does not affect time spent digging or latency to dig, but rather affects usage of only two of the primary digging behaviors that differ between the focal species: forelimb digging, which loosens substrate, and hindlimb kicking, which powerfully ejects substrate. This locus has an especially large effect on hindkicking, explaining 56% and 22% of interspecific differences in latency and proportion of hindkicks, respectively. Together, these data provide genetic support for the hierarchical organization of complex behaviors, offering evolution the opportunity to tinker with specific behavioral components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harringmeyer, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihelic, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single genetic locus lengthens deer mouse burrows via motor pattern evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.03.547552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baited reconstruction with 2D template matching for high-resolution structure determination in vitro and in vivo without template bias 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.03.547552v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized structural biology, rapidly increasing the number of available molecular structures. Because of this, as well as advances in structure prediction, the focus of structural biology has begun to shift to studying macromolecular structures in their native cellular environment. A dominant feature of cryo-EM images is shot noise, making the identification of small particles of interest difficult. This is further compounded by structural noise if these particles are imaged against a background of other molecules, such as inside a cell. 2D template matching (2DTM) can be used to localize complexes with high precision, even in the presence of cellular background. Once localized, these particles may be averaged together in 3D reconstructions; however, regions included in the template may suffer from template bias, leading to inflated resolution estimates and making the interpretation of high-resolution features unreliable. We evaluate conditions that minimize template bias and show that molecular features not present in the template can be reconstructed at high resolution from targets found by 2DTM, extending prior work at low-resolution.

Moreover, we present a quantitative metric for template bias to aid the interpretation of 3D reconstructions calculated with particles localized using high-resolution templates and fine angular sampling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himes, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baited reconstruction with 2D template matching for high-resolution structure determination in vitro and in vivo without template bias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.04.547724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the Correlation between Z and B in an X-ray Crystal Structure Refinement 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.04.547724v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have examined how the refined B-factor changes as a function of Z (the atomic number of a scatterer) at the sulfur site of the [4Fe:4S] cluster of the nitrogenase iron protein by refinement. A simple model is developed that quantitatively captures the observed relationship between Z and B, based on a Gaussian electron density distribution with a constant electron density at the position of the scatterer. From this analysis, the fractional changes in B and Z are found to be similar. The utility of B-factor refinement to potentially distinguish atom types reflects the Z dependence of X-ray atomic scattering factors; the weaker dependence of electron atomic scattering factors on Z implies that distinctions between refined values of B in an electron scattering structure will be less sensitive to the atomic identity of a scatterer than for the case with X-ray-diffraction. This behavior provides an example of the complementary information that can be extracted from different types of scattering studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buscagan, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the Correlation between Z and B in an X-ray Crystal Structure Refinement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.04.547734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neural basis of defensive behaviour evolution in Peromyscus mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.04.547734v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evading imminent predator threat is critical for survival. Effective defensive strategies can vary, even between closely related species. However, the neural basis of such species-specific behaviours is still poorly understood. Here we find that two sister species of deer mice (genus Peromyscus) show different responses to the same looming stimulus: P. maniculatus, which occupy densely vegetated habitats, predominantly dart to escape, while the open field specialist, P. polionotus, pause their movement. This difference arises from species-specific escape thresholds, is largely context-independent, and can be triggered by both visual and auditory threat stimuli. Using immunohistochemistry and electrophysiological recordings, we find that although visual threat activates the superior colliculus in both species, the role of the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) in driving behaviour differs. While dPAG activity scales with running speed and involves both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in P. maniculatus, the dPAG is largely silent in P. polionotus, even when darting is triggered. Moreover, optogenetic activation of excitatory dPAG neurons reliably elicits darting behaviour in P. maniculatus but not P. polionotus. Together, we trace the evolution of species-specific escape thresholds to a central circuit node, downstream of peripheral sensory neurons, localizing an ecologically relevant behavioural difference to a specific region of the complex mammalian brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neural basis of defensive behaviour evolution in Peromyscus mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.05.547888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroED structure of the human vasopressin 1B receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.05.547888v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small size and flexibility of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have long posed a significant challenge to determining their structures for research and therapeutic applications. Single particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) is often out of reach due to the small size of the receptor without a signaling partner. Crystallization of GPCRs in lipidic cubic phase (LCP) often results in crystals that may be too small and difficult to analyze using X-ray microcrystallography at synchrotron sources or even serial femtosecond crystallography at X-ray free electron lasers. Here, we determine the previously unknown structure of the human vasopressin 1B receptor (V1BR) using microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED). To achieve this, we grew V1BR microcrystals in LCP and transferred the material directly onto electron microscopy grids. The protein was labeled with a fluorescent dye prior to crystallization to locate the microcrystals using cryogenic fluorescence microscopy, and then the surrounding material was removed using a plasma-focused ion beam to thin the sample to a thickness amenable to MicroED. MicroED data from 14 crystalline lamellae were used to determine the 3.2 [A] structure of the receptor in the crystallographic space group P 1. These results demonstrate the use of MicroED to determine previously unknown GPCR structures that, despite significant effort, were not tractable by other methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiriaeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynowycz, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherezov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroED structure of the human vasopressin 1B receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.07.548173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-carboxysome size is controlled by the disordered scaffold protein CsoS2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.07.548173v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carboxysomes are protein microcompartments that function in the bacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to facilitate CO2 assimilation. To do so, carboxysomes assemble from thousands of constituent proteins into an icosahedral shell which encapsulates the enzymes rubisco and carbonic anhydrase to form structures typically >100 nm and >300 megadaltons. Although many of the protein interactions driving the assembly process have been determined, it remains unknown how size and composition are precisely controlled. Here we show that the size of -carboxysomes is controlled by the disordered scaffolding protein CsoS2. CsoS2 contains two classes of related peptide repeats which bind to the shell in a distinct fashion, and our data indicate that size is controlled by the relative number of these interactions. We propose an energetic and structural model wherein the two repeat classes bind at the junction of shell hexamers but differ in their preferences for the shell contact angles, and thus the local curvature. In total, this model suggests that a set of specific and repeated interactions between CsoS2 and shell proteins collectively achieve the large size and monodispersity of -carboxysomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaijarasphong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnsek, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-carboxysome size is controlled by the disordered scaffold protein CsoS2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.08.548221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved and repetitive motifs in an intrinsically disordered protein drive α-carboxysome assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.08.548221v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All photosynthetic bacteria and some chemoautotrophic bacteria fix CO2 into sugars in specialized proteinaceous compartments called carboxysomes. Carboxysomes enclose the enzymes Rubisco and carbonic anhydrase inside a layer of shell proteins to increase the CO2 concentration for efficient carbon fixation by Rubisco. In the -carboxysome lineage, a disordered and highly repetitive protein named CsoS2 is essential for carboxysome formation and function. Without it, the bacteria are unable to fix enough carbon to grow in air. How a protein lacking structure serves as the architectural scaffold for such a vital cellular compartment remains unknown. In this study, we identify key residues in CsoS2 that are necessary for building functional -carboxysomes in vivo. These highly conserved and repetitive residues, VTG and Y, contribute to the interaction between CsoS2 and shell proteins. We also demonstrate in vitro reconstitution of the -carboxysome into spherical condensates with CsoS2, Rubisco, and shell proteins, and show the utility of reconstitution as a biochemical tool to study carboxysome biogenesis. The precise self-assembly of thousands of proteins is crucial for carboxysome formation, and understanding this process could enable their use in alternative biological hosts or industrial processes as effective tools to fix carbon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turnsek, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved and repetitive motifs in an intrinsically disordered protein drive α-carboxysome assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.11.548614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GIGANTEA accelerates wheat heading time through gene interactions converging on FLOWERING LOCUS T1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.11.548614v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise regulation of flowering time is critical for cereal crops to synchronize reproductive development with optimum environmental conditions, thereby maximizing grain yield. The plant specific gene GIGANTEA (GI) plays an important role in the control of flowering time, with additional functions on the circadian clock and plant stress responses. In this study, we show that GI loss-of-function mutants in a photoperiod sensitive tetraploid wheat background exhibit significant delays in heading time under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) photoperiods, with stronger effects under LD. However, this interaction between GI and photoperiod is no longer observed in isogenic lines carrying either a photoperiod insensitive allele in the PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD1) gene or a loss-of-function allele in EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), a known repressor of PPD1. These results suggest that the normal circadian regulation of PPD1 is required for the differential effect of GI on heading time in different photoperiods. Using crosses between mutants or transgenic of GI and those of critical genes in the flowering regulation pathway, we show that GI accelerates wheat heading time by promoting FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FT1) expression via interactions with ELF3, VERNALIZATION 2 (VRN2), CONSTANS (CO), and the age-dependent microRNA172-APETALA2 (AP2) pathway, at both transcriptional and protein levels. Our study reveals conserved GI mechanisms between wheat and Arabidopsis, but also identifies specific interactions of GI with the distinctive photoperiod and vernalization pathways of the temperate grasses. These results provide valuable knowledge for modulating wheat heading time and engineering new varieties better adapted to a changing environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debernardi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GIGANTEA accelerates wheat heading time through gene interactions converging on FLOWERING LOCUS T1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.12.548762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ladder-like multimerization of FoxP3 enables microsatellite recognition and DNA bridging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.12.548762v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FoxP3 is a transcription factor (TF) essential for development of regulatory T cells (Tregs), a branch of T cells that suppress excessive inflammation and autoimmunity1-5. Molecular mechanisms of FoxP3, however, remain elusive. We here show that FoxP3 utilizes the Forkhead domain--a DNA binding domain (DBD) that is commonly thought to function as a monomer or dimer--to form a higher-order multimer upon binding to TnG repeat microsatellites. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of FoxP3 in complex with T3G repeats reveals a ladder-like architecture, where two double-stranded DNA molecules form the two "side rails" bridged by five pairs of FoxP3 molecules, with each pair forming a "rung". Each FoxP3 subunit occupies TGTTTGT within the repeats in the manner indistinguishable from that of FoxP3 bound to the Forkhead consensus motif (FKHM; TGTTTAC). Mutations in the "intra-rung" interface impair TnG repeat recognition, DNA bridging and cellular functions of FoxP3, all without affecting FKHM binding. FoxP3 can tolerate variable "inter-rung" spacings, explaining its broad specificity for TnG repeat-like sequences in vivo and in vitro. Both FoxP3 orthologs and paralogs show similar TnG repeat recognition and DNA bridging. These findings thus reveal a new mode of DNA recognition that involves TF homo-multimerization and DNA bridging, and further implicates microsatellites in transcriptional regulation and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ladder-like multimerization of FoxP3 enables microsatellite recognition and DNA bridging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple mechanism for epigenetic inheritance of silent chromatin. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549577v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms enabling genetically identical cells to differentially regulate gene expression are complex and central to organismal development and evolution. While gene silencing pathways involving sequence-specific recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes are prevalent in nature, examples of sequence-independent heritable gene silencing are scarce. Studies of Schizosaccharomyces pombe indicate that sequence-independent propagation of heterochromatin can occur but requires numerous multisubunit protein complexes and their various activities. Such complexity has precluded a coherent articulation of the minimal requirements for heritable gene silencing by conventional approaches. Here, we take an unconventional approach to defining these requirements by engineering sequence-independent silent chromatin inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The memory-conferring mechanism is remarkably simple and requires only two proteins, one that recognizes histone H3 methylation and deacetylates histone H4, and another that recognizes unmodified H4 and catalyzes H3 methylation. These bilingual "read-write" proteins form an interdependent positive feedback loop capable of transmitting sequence-independent silent information over multiple generations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple mechanism for epigenetic inheritance of silent chromatin.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cell transcriptional profiles from mouse subspecies reveal cis-regulatory evolution at ribosomal large-subunit genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549406v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key goal of evolutionary genomics is to harness molecular data to draw inferences about selective forces that have acted on genomes. The field progresses in large part through the development of advanced molecular-evolution analysis methods. Here we explored the intersection between classical sequence-based tests for selection and an empirical expression-based approach, using stem cells from Mus musculus subspecies as a model. Using a test of directional, cis-regulatory evolution across genes in pathways, we discovered a unique program of induction of translation genes in stem cells of the Southeast Asian mouse M. m. castaneus relative to its sister taxa. We then mined population-genomic sequences to pursue underlying regulatory mechanisms for this expression divergence, finding robust evidence for alleles unique to M. m. castaneus at the upstream regions of the translation genes. We interpret our data under a model of changes in lineage-specific pressures across Mus musculus in stem cells with high translational capacity. Our findings underscore the rigor of integrating expression and sequence-based methods to generate hypotheses about evolutionary events from long ago.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simon, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cell transcriptional profiles from mouse subspecies reveal cis-regulatory evolution at ribosomal large-subunit genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A modular chemigenetic calcium indicator enables in vivo functional imaging with near-infrared light 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549527v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators have revolutionized neuroscience and other biological fields by allowing cellular-resolution recording of physiology during behavior. However, we currently lack bright, genetically targetable indicators in the near infrared that can be used in animals. Here, we describe WHaloCaMP, a modular chemigenetic calcium indicator built from bright dye-ligands and protein sensor domains that can be genetically targeted to specific cell populations. Fluorescence change in WHaloCaMP results from reversible quenching of the bound dye via a strategically placed tryptophan. WHaloCaMP is compatible with rhodamine dye-ligands that fluoresce from green to near-infrared, including several dye-ligands that efficiently label the central nervous system in animals. When bound to a near-infrared dye-ligand, WHaloCaMP1a is more than twice as bright as jGCaMP8s, and shows a 7x increase in fluorescence intensity and a 2.1 ns increase in fluorescence lifetime upon calcium binding. We use WHaloCaMP1a with near-infrared fluorescence emission to image Ca2+ responses in flies and mice, to perform three-color multiplexed functional imaging of hundreds of neurons and astrocytes in zebrafish larvae, and to quantitate calcium concentration using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrants, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemon, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaska, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A modular chemigenetic calcium indicator enables in vivo functional imaging with near-infrared light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated inheritance of extrachromosomal DNA species in human cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549597v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chromosomal theory of inheritance has dominated human genetics, including cancer genetics. Genes on the same chromosome segregate together while genes on different chromosomes assort independently, providing a fundamental tenet of Mendelian inheritance. Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a frequent event in cancer that drives oncogene amplification, dysregulated gene expression and intratumoral heterogeneity, including through random segregation during cell division. Distinct ecDNA sequences, herein termed ecDNA species, can co-exist to facilitate intermolecular cooperation in cancer cells. However, how multiple ecDNA species within a tumor cell are assorted and maintained across somatic cell generations to drive cancer cell evolution is not known. Here we show that cooperative ecDNA species can be coordinately inherited through mitotic co-segregation. Imaging and single-cell analyses show that multiple ecDNAs encoding distinct oncogenes co-occur and are correlated in copy number in human cancer cells. EcDNA species are coordinately segregated asymmetrically during mitosis, resulting in daughter cells with simultaneous copy number gains in multiple ecDNA species prior to any selection. Computational modeling reveals the quantitative principles of ecDNA co-segregation and co-selection, predicting their observed distributions in cancer cells. Finally, we show that coordinated inheritance of ecDNAs enables co-amplification of specialized ecDNAs containing only enhancer elements and guides therapeutic strategies to jointly deplete cooperating ecDNA oncogenes. Coordinated inheritance of ecDNAs confers stability to oncogene cooperation and novel gene regulatory circuits, allowing winning combinations of epigenetic states to be transmitted across cell generations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, I. T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brückner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmargon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dörr, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henssen, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated inheritance of extrachromosomal DNA species in human cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear manifolds underlie neural population activity during behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549575v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is rich variety in the activity of single neurons recorded during behaviour. Yet, these diverse single neuron responses can be well described by relatively few patterns of neural co-modulation. The study of such low-dimensional structure of neural population activity has provided important insights into how the brain generates behaviour. Virtually all of these studies have used linear dimensionality reduction techniques to estimate these population-wide co-modulation patterns, constraining them to a flat "neural manifold". Here, we hypothesised that since neurons have nonlinear responses and make thousands of distributed and recurrent connections that likely amplify such nonlinearities, neural manifolds should be intrinsically nonlinear. Combining neural population recordings from monkey, mouse, and human motor cortex, and mouse striatum, we show that: 1) neural manifolds are intrinsically nonlinear; 2) their nonlinearity becomes more evident during complex tasks that require more varied activity patterns; and 3) manifold nonlinearity varies across architecturally distinct brain regions. Simulations using recurrent neural network models confirmed the proposed relationship between circuit connectivity and manifold nonlinearity, including the differences across architecturally distinct regions. Thus, neural manifolds underlying the generation of behaviour are inherently nonlinear, and properly accounting for such nonlinearities will be critical as neuroscientists move towards studying numerous brain regions involved in increasingly complex and naturalistic behaviours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fortunato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennasar-Vazquez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perich, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear manifolds underlie neural population activity during behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.19.549514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neuronal substrate for translating nutrient state and resource density estimations into foraging decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.19.549514v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foraging animals must balance the costs of exploring their surroundings with the potential benefits of finding nutritional resources. Each time an animal encounters a food source it must decide whether to initiate feeding or continue searching for potentially better options. Experimental evidence and patch foraging models predict that this decision depends on both nutritional state and the density of available resources in the environment. How the brain integrates such internal and external states to adapt the so-called exploration-exploitation trade-off remains poorly understood. We use video-based tracking to show that Drosophila regulates the decision to engage with food patches based on nutritional state and travel time between food patches, the latter being a measure of food patch density in the environment. To uncover the neuronal basis of this decision process, we performed a neurogenetic silencing screen of more than 400 genetic driver lines with sparse expression patterns in the fly brain. We identified a population of neurons in the central complex that acts as a key regulator of the decision to engage with a food patch. We show that manipulating the activity of these neurons alters the probability to engage, that their activity is modulated by the protein state of the animal, and that silencing these neurons perturbs the ability of the animal to adjust foraging decisions to the flys travel time between food patches. Taken together, our results reveal a neuronal substrate that integrates nutritional state and patch density information to control a specific foraging decision, and therefore provide an important step towards a mechanistic explanation of the cognitive computations that resolve complex cost-benefit trade-offs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldschmidt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tastekin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberkern, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltazar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neuronal substrate for translating nutrient state and resource density estimations into foraging decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.20.549963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coenyzme Q4 is a functional substitute for coenyzme Q10 and can be targeted to the mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.20.549963v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an important cofactor and antioxidant for numerous cellular processes, and its deficiency has been linked to human disorders including mitochondrial disease, heart failure, Parkinsons disease, and hypertension. Unfortunately, treatment with exogenous oral CoQ10 is often ineffective, likely due to the extreme hydrophobicity and high molecular weight of CoQ10. Here, we show that less hydrophobic CoQ species with shorter isoprenoid tails can serve as viable substitutes for CoQ10 in human cells. We demonstrate that CoQ4 can perform multiple functions of CoQ10 in CoQ-deficient cells at markedly lower treatment concentrations, motivating further investigation of CoQ4 as a supplement for CoQ10 deficiencies. In addition, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of an initial set of compounds designed to target CoQ4 selectively to mitochondria using triphenylphosphonium (TPP). Our results indicate that select versions of these compounds can successfully be delivered to mitochondria in a cell model and be cleaved to produce CoQ4, laying the groundwork for further development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenberge, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coenyzme Q4 is a functional substitute for coenyzme Q10 and can be targeted to the mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.19.549685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified fate mapping in multiview single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.19.549685v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing allows us to model cellular state dynamics and fate decisions using expression similarity or RNA velocity to reconstruct state-change trajectories. However, trajectory inference does not incorporate valuable time point information or utilize additional modalities, while methods that address these different data views cannot be combined and do not scale. Here, we present CellRank 2, a versatile and scalable framework to study cellular fate using multiview single-cell data of up to millions of cells in a unified fashion. CellRank 2 consistently recovers terminal states and fate probabilities across data modalities in human hematopoiesis and mouse endodermal development. Our framework also allows combining transitions within and across experimental time points, a feature we use to recover genes promoting medullary thymic epithelial cell formation during pharyngeal endoderm development. Moreover, we enable estimating cell-specific transcription and degradation rates from metabolic labeling data, which we apply to an intestinal organoid system to delineate differentiation trajectories and pinpoint regulatory strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified fate mapping in multiview single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.20.549908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors govern PV neuron feature selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.20.549908v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain helps us survive by forming internal representations of the external world1,2. Excitatory cortical neurons are often precisely tuned to specific external stimuli3,4. However, inhibitory neurons, such as parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons, are generally less selective5. PV interneurons differ from excitatory cells in their neurotransmitter receptor subtypes, including AMPA receptors6,7. While excitatory neurons express calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors containing the GluA2 subunit, PV interneurons express receptors that lack the GluA2 subunit and are calcium-permeable (CP-AMPARs). Here we demonstrate a causal relationship between CP-AMPAR expression and the low feature selectivity of PV interneurons. We find a low expression stoichiometry of GluA2 mRNA relative to other subunits in PV interneurons which is conserved across ferrets, rodents, marmosets, and humans, causing abundant CP-AMPAR expression. Replacing CP-AMPARs in PV interneurons with calcium-impermeable AMPARs increased their orientation selectivity in the visual cortex. Sparse CP-AMPAR manipulations demonstrated that this increase was cell-autonomous and could occur well beyond development. Interestingly, excitatory-PV interneuron connectivity rates and unitary synaptic strength were unaltered by CP-AMPAR removal, suggesting that the selectivity of PV interneurons can be altered without drastically changing connectivity. In GluA2 knockout mice, where all AMPARs are calcium-permeable, excitatory neurons showed significantly reduced orientation selectivity, suggesting that CP-AMPARs are sufficient to drive lower selectivity regardless of cell type. Remarkably, hippocampal PV interneurons, which usually exhibit low spatial tuning, became more spatially selective after removing CP-AMPARs, indicating that CP-AMPARs suppress the feature selectivity of PV interneurons independent of modality. These results reveal a novel role of CP-AMPARs in maintaining a low-selectivity sensory representation in PV interneurons and suggest a conserved molecular mechanism that distinguishes the unique synaptic computations of inhibitory and excitatory neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hainmueller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limjunyawong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cholvin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krienen, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huganir, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors govern PV neuron feature selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.21.550110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequencing 4.3 million mutations in wheat promoters to understand and modify gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.21.550110v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wheat is an important contributor to global food security, and further improvements are required to feed a growing human population. New functional genetics and genomics tools can help us to understand the function of different genes and to engineer beneficial changes. In this study, we used a promoter capture assay to sequence 2-kb regions upstream of all high-confidence annotated genes from 1,513 mutagenized plants from the tetraploid wheat variety Kronos. We identified 4.3 million induced mutations with an accuracy of 99.8%, resulting in a mutation density of 41.9 mutations per kb. We also remapped Kronos exome capture reads to Chinese Spring RefSeq v1.1, identified 4.7 million mutations, and predicted their effects on annotated genes. Using these predictions, we identified 59% more non-synonymous substitutions and 49% more truncation mutations than in the original study. To show the biological value of the new promoter dataset, we selected two mutations within the promoter of the VRN-A1 vernalization gene. Both mutations, located within transcription factor binding sites, significantly altered VRN-A1 expression, and one reduced the number of spikelets per spike. These publicly available sequenced mutant datasets provide rapid and inexpensive access to induced variation in the promoters and coding regions of most wheat genes. These mutations can be used to understand and modulate gene expression and phenotypes for both basic and commercial applications, where limited governmental regulations can facilitate deployment. These mutant collections, together with gene editing, provide valuable tools to accelerate functional genetic studies in this economically important crop.

Significance StatementWe sequenced 4.3 million induced mutations in the promoters and 4.7 million in the coding regions of most wheat genes. We also show how this public resource can be used to understand gene function, modulate gene expression, and generate changes in valuable wheat agronomic traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burguener, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Gross, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debernardi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhunova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell-Garland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kianian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown-Guedira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhunov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequencing 4.3 million mutations in wheat promoters to understand and modify gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.21.550043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The density of regulatory information is a major determinant of evolutionary constraint on non-coding DNA in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.21.550043v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The density and distribution of regulatory information in non-coding DNA of eukaryotic genomes is largely unknown. Evolutionary analyses have estimated that [~]60% of nucleotides in intergenic regions of the D. melanogaster genome is functionally relevant. This estimate is difficult to reconcile with the commonly accepted idea that enhancers are compact regulatory elements that generally encompass less than 1 kilobase of DNA. Here, we approached this issue through a functional dissection of the regulatory region of the gene shavenbaby (svb). Most of the [~]90 kilobases of this large regulatory region is highly conserved in the genus Drosophila, though characterized enhancers occupy a small fraction of this region. By analyzing the regulation of svb in different contexts of Drosophila development, we found that the regulatory architecture that drives svb expression in the abdominal pupal epidermis is organized in a dramatically different way than the information that drives svb expression in the embryonic epidermis. While in the embryonic epidermis svb is activated by compact and dispersed enhancers, svb expression in the pupal epidermis is driven by large regions with enhancer activity, which occupy a great portion of the svb cis-regulatory DNA. We observed that other developmental genes also display a dense distribution of putative regulatory elements in their regulatory regions. Furthermore, we found that a large percentage of conserved non-coding DNA of the Drosophila genome is contained within putative regulatory DNA. These results suggest that part of the evolutionary constraint on non-coding DNA of Drosophila is explained by the density of regulatory information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sabaris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laiker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayansky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preger-Ben Noon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The density of regulatory information is a major determinant of evolutionary constraint on non-coding DNA in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.20.549924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glial-derived mitochondrial signals impact neuronal proteostasis and aging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.20.549924v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nervous system plays a critical role in maintaining whole-organism homeostasis; neurons experiencing mitochondrial stress can coordinate the induction of protective cellular pathways, such as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMT), between tissues. However, these studies largely ignored non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. Here, we found that UPRMT activation in four, astrocyte-like glial cells in the nematode, C. elegans, can promote protein homeostasis by alleviating protein aggregation in neurons. Surprisingly, we find that glial cells utilize small clear vesicles (SCVs) to signal to neurons, which then relay the signal to the periphery using dense-core vesicles (DCVs). This work underlines the importance of glia in establishing and regulating protein homeostasis within the nervous system, which can then impact neuron-mediated effects in organismal homeostasis and longevity.

One-Sentence SummaryGlial cells sense mitochondrial stress and signal a beneficial stress signal to promote neuronal health and longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar-Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hruby, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukarto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tronnes, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averbukh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishart, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi-Sanabria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glial-derived mitochondrial signals impact neuronal proteostasis and aging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.25.550562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hippo kinase cascade regulates a contractile cell behavior and cell density in a close unicellular relative of animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.25.550562v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomes of close unicellular relatives of animals encode orthologs of many genes that regulate animal development. However, little is known about the function of such genes in unicellular organisms or the evolutionary process by which these genes came to function in multicellular development. The Hippo pathway, which regulates cell proliferation and tissue size in animals, is present in some of the closest unicellular relatives of animals, including the amoeboid organism Capsaspora owczarzaki. We previously showed that the Capsaspora ortholog of the Hippo pathway nuclear effector Yorkie/YAP/TAZ (coYki) regulates actin dynamics and the three-dimensional morphology of Capsaspora cell aggregates, but is dispensable for cell proliferation control (Phillips et al., 2022). However, the function of upstream Hippo pathway components, and whether and how they regulate coYki in Capsaspora, remained unknown. Here, we analyze the function of the upstream Hippo pathway kinases coHpo and coWts in Capsaspora by generating mutant lines for each gene. Loss of either kinase results in increased nuclear localization of coYki, indicating an ancient, premetazoan origin of this Hippo pathway regulatory mechanism. Strikingly, we find that loss of either kinase causes a contractile cell behavior and increased density of cell packing within Capsaspora aggregates. We further show that this increased cell density is not due to differences in proliferation, but rather actomyosin-dependent changes in the multicellular architecture of aggregates. Given its well-established role in cell density-regulated proliferation in animals, the increased density of cell packing in coHpo and coWts mutants suggests a shared and possibly ancient and conserved function of the Hippo pathway in cell density control. Together, these results implicate cytoskeletal regulation but not proliferation as an ancestral function of the Hippo pathway kinase cascade and uncover a novel role for Hippo signaling in regulating cell density in a proliferation-independent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hippo kinase cascade regulates a contractile cell behavior and cell density in a close unicellular relative of animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.24.550434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gas vesicle-blood interactions enhance ultrasound imaging contrast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.24.550434v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gas vesicles (GVs) are genetically encoded, air-filled protein nanostructures of broad interest for biomedical research and clinical applications, acting as imaging and therapeutic agents for ultrasound, magnetic resonance, and optical techniques. However, the biomedical applications of GVs as a systemically injectable nanomaterial have been hindered by a lack of understanding of GVs interactions with blood components, which can significantly impact in vivo performance. Here, we investigate the dynamics of GVs in the bloodstream using a combination of ultrasound and optical imaging, surface functionalization, flow cytometry, and mass spectrometry. We find that erythrocytes and serum proteins bind to GVs and shape their acoustic response, circulation time, and immunogenicity. We show that by modifying the GV surface, we can alter these interactions and thereby modify GVs in vivo performance. These results provide critical insights for the development of GVs as agents for nanomedicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stordy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didden, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malounda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, W. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gas vesicle-blood interactions enhance ultrasound imaging contrast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.21.550124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional single-cell transcriptome imaging of thick tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.21.550124v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in-situ hybridization (MERFISH) allows genome-scale imaging of RNAs in individual cells in intact tissues. To date, MERFISH has been applied to image thin tissue samples of [~]10-{micro}m thickness. Here, we present a thick-tissue three-dimensional (3D) MERFISH imaging method, which uses confocal microscopy for optical sectioning, deep learning for increasing imaging speed and quality, as well as sample preparation and imaging protocol optimized for image registration of thick samples. We demonstrated 3D MERFISH on mouse brain tissue sections of up to 200 {micro}m thickness with high detection efficiency and accuracy. We anticipate that 3D thick-tissue MERFISH imaging will broaden the scope of questions that can be addressed by spatial genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpern, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional single-cell transcriptome imaging of thick tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.24.550176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglia Regulate Sleep via Calcium-Dependent Modulation of Norepinephrine Transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.24.550176v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep interacts reciprocally with immune system activity, but its specific relationship with microglia - the resident immune cells in the brain - remains poorly understood. Here we show that microglia can regulate sleep through a mechanism involving Gi-coupled GPCRs, intracellular Ca2+ signaling, and suppression of norepinephrine transmission. Chemogenetic activation of microglia Gi signaling strongly promoted sleep, whereas pharmacological blockade of Gi-coupled P2Y12 receptors decreased sleep. Two-photon imaging showed that P2Y12/Gi activation elevated microglia intracellular Ca2+, and blockade of this Ca2+ elevation largely abolished the Gi-induced sleep increase. Microglia Ca2+ level also increased at natural wake-to-sleep transitions, caused partly by reduced norepinephrine. Furthermore, imaging of norepinephrine activity with its biosensor showed that microglia P2Y12/Gi activation significantly reduced norepinephrine, partly by increasing the adenosine concentration. Thus, microglia can regulate sleep through reciprocal interactions with norepinephrine transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muroy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tso, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saijo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglia Regulate Sleep via Calcium-Dependent Modulation of Norepinephrine Transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.25.550557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Plasma Proteomic Profile of Clonal Hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.25.550557v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma proteomic profiles associated with subclinical somatic mutations in blood cells may offer novel insights into downstream clinical consequences. Here, we explore such patterns in clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), which is linked to several cancer and non-cancer outcomes, including coronary artery disease (CAD). Among 61,833 ancestrally diverse participants (3,881 with CHIP) from NHLBI TOPMed and UK Biobank with blood-based DNA sequencing and proteomic measurements (1,148 proteins by SomaScan in TOPMed and 2,917 proteins by Olink in UK Biobank), we identified 32 and 345 unique proteins from TOPMed and UK Biobank, respectively, associated with the most prevalent driver genes (DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1). These associations showed substantial heterogeneity by driver genes, sex, and race, and were enriched for immune response and inflammation pathways. Mendelian randomization in humans, coupled with ELISA in hematopoietic Tet2-/- vs wild-type mice validation, disentangled causal proteomic perturbations from TET2 CHIP. Lastly, we identified plasma proteins shared between CHIP and CAD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vromman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. Q. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellarikkal, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niroula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honigberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahir, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haidermota, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>peloso, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornsby, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, Y.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballantyne, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Plasma Proteomic Profile of Clonal Hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.27.550865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H2O2 sulfenylates CHE linking local infection to establishment of systemic acquired resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.27.550865v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In plants, a local infection can lead to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) through increased production of salicylic acid (SA). For 30 years, the identity of the mobile signal and its direct transduction mechanism for systemic SA synthesis in initiating SAR have been hotly debated. We found that, upon pathogen challenge, the cysteine residue of transcription factor CHE undergoes sulfenylation in systemic tissues, enhancing its binding to the promoter of SA-synthesis gene, ICS1, and increasing SA production. This occurs independently of previously reported pipecolic acid (Pip) signal. Instead, H2O2 produced by NADPH oxidase, RBOHD, is the mobile signal that sulfenylates CHE in a concentration-dependent manner. This modification serves as a molecular switch that activates CHE-mediated SA-increase and subsequent Pip-accumulation in systemic tissues to synergistically induce SAR.

One Sentence SummaryRBOHD-generated H2O2 sulfenylates transcription factor CHE to establish systemic acquired resistance in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwimba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H2O2 sulfenylates CHE linking local infection to establishment of systemic acquired resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.25.550571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rastermap: a discovery method for neural population recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.25.550571v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurophysiology has long progressed through exploratory experiments and chance discoveries. Anecdotes abound of researchers setting up experiments while listening to spikes in real time and observing a pattern of consistent firing when certain stimuli or behaviors happened. With the advent of large-scale recordings, such close observation of data has become harder because high-dimensional spaces are impenetrable to our pattern-finding intuitions. To help ourselves find patterns in neural data, our lab has been openly developing a visualization framework known as "Rastermap" over the past five years. Rastermap takes advantage of a new global optimization algorithm for sorting neural responses along a one-dimensional manifold. Displayed as a raster plot, the sorted neurons show a variety of activity patterns, which can be more easily identified and interpreted. We first benchmark Rastermap on realistic simulations with multiplexed cognitive variables. Then we demonstrate it on recordings of tens of thousands of neurons from mouse visual and sensorimotor cortex during spontaneous, stimulus-evoked and task-evoked epochs, as well as on whole-brain zebrafish recordings, widefield calcium imaging data, population recordings from rat hippocampus and artificial neural networks. Finally, we illustrate high-dimensional scenarios where Rastermap and similar algorithms cannot be used effectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syeda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rastermap: a discovery method for neural population recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.29.551086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Statistics of the Whole-Brain Connectome of Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.29.551086v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brains comprise complex networks of neurons and connections. Network analysis applied to the wiring diagrams of brains can offer insights into how brains support computations and regulate information flow. The completion of the first whole-brain connectome of an adult Drosophila, the largest connectome to date, containing 130,000 neurons and millions of connections, offers an unprecedented opportunity to analyze its network properties and topological features. To gain insights into local connectivity, we computed the prevalence of two- and three-node network motifs, examined their strengths and neurotransmitter compositions, and compared these topological metrics with wiring diagrams of other animals. We discovered that the network of the fly brain displays rich club organization, with a large population (30% percent of the connectome) of highly connected neurons. We identified subsets of rich club neurons that may serve as integrators or broadcasters of signals. Finally, we examined subnetworks based on 78 anatomically defined brain regions or neuropils. These data products are shared within the FlyWire Codex and will serve as a foundation for models and experiments exploring the relationship between neural activity and anatomical structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsliah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKellar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.29.551086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Statistics of the Whole-Brain Connectome of Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.29.547699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial pathogens deliver water/solute-permeable channels as a virulence strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.29.547699v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animal and plant pathogenic bacteria utilize a type III secretion system to deliver effector proteins into the host cell1,2. Elucidation of how these effector proteins function in the host cell is critical for understanding infectious diseases in animals and plants3-5. The widely conserved AvrE/DspE-family effectors play a central role in the pathogenesis of diverse phytopathogenic bacteria6. These conserved effectors are involved in the induction of "water-soaking" and host cell death that are conducive to bacterial multiplication in infected tissues. However, the exact biochemical functions of AvrE/DspE-family effectors have been recalcitrant to mechanistic understanding for three decades. Here we show that AvrE/DspE-family effectors fold into a {beta}-barrel structure that resembles bacterial porins. Expression of AvrE and DspE in Xenopus oocytes results in (i) inward and outward currents, (ii) permeability to water and (iii) osmolarity-dependent oocyte swelling and bursting. Liposome reconstitution confirmed that the DspE channel alone is sufficient to allow the passage of small molecules such as fluorescein dye. Targeted screening of chemical blockers based on the predicted pore size (15-20 [A]) of the DspE channel identified polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as inhibitors of the DspE/AvrE channels. Remarkably, PAMAMs broadly inhibit AvrE/DspE virulence activities in Xenopus oocytes and during Erwinia amylovora and Pseudomonas syringae infections. Thus, we have unraveled the enigmatic function of a centrally important family of bacterial effectors with significant conceptual and practical implications in the study of bacterial pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nomura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreazza, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.29.547699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial pathogens deliver water/solute-permeable channels as a virulence strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A diversified, widespread microbial gene cluster encodes homologs of methyltransferases involved in methanogenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551370v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyses of microbial genomes have revealed unexpectedly wide distributions of enzymes from specialized metabolism, including methanogenesis, providing exciting opportunities for discovery. Here, we identify a family of gene clusters (the type 1 mlp gene clusters (MGCs)) that encodes homologs of the soluble coenzyme M methyltransferases (SCMTs) involved in methylotrophic methanogenesis and is widespread in bacteria and archaea. Type 1 MGCs are expressed and regulated in medically, environmentally, and industrially important organisms, making them likely to be physiologically relevant. Enzyme annotation, analysis of genomic context, and biochemical experiments suggests these gene clusters play a role in methyl-sulfur and/or methyl-selenide metabolism in numerous anoxic environments, including the human gut microbiome, potentially impacting sulfur and selenium cycling in diverse, anoxic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kountz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A diversified, widespread microbial gene cluster encodes homologs of methyltransferases involved in methanogenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroED as a powerful tool for structure determination of macrocyclic drug compounds directly from their powder formulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551405v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrocycles are important drug leads with many advantages including the ability to target flat and featureless binding sites as well as act as molecular chameleons and thereby reach intracellular targets. However, due to their complex structures and inherent flexibility, macrocycles are difficult to study structurally and there are limited structural data available. Herein, we use the cryo-EM method MicroED to determine the novel atomic structures of several macrocycles which have previously resisted structural determination. We show that structures of similar complexity can now be obtained rapidly from nanograms of material, and that different conformations of flexible compounds can be derived from the same experiment. These results will have impact on contemporary drug discovery as well as natural product exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danelius, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieske, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroED as a powerful tool for structure determination of macrocyclic drug compounds directly from their powder formulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.01.551478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A feedback control mechanism governs the synthesis of lipid-linked precursors of the bacterial cell wall 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.01.551478v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacterial surface glycans such as the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall, O-antigens, and capsules are built from monomeric units linked to a polyprenyl lipid carrier. How this limiting lipid carrier is effectively distributed among competing pathways has remained unclear for some time. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of hyperactive variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MraY, the essential and conserved enzyme catalyzing the formation of the first lipid-linked PG precursor called lipid I. These variants result in the elevated production of the final PG precursor lipid II in cells and are hyperactive in a purified system. Amino acid substitutions within the activated MraY variants unexpectedly map to a cavity on the extracellular side of the dimer interface, far from the active site. Our structural evidence and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the cavity is a binding site for lipid II molecules that have been transported to the outer leaflet of the membrane. Overall, our results support a model in which excess externalized lipid II allosterically inhibits MraY, providing a feedback mechanism to prevent the sequestration of lipid carrier in the PG biogenesis pathway. MraY belongs to the broadly distributed polyprenyl-phosphate N-acetylhexosamine 1-phosphate transferase (PNPT) superfamily of enzymes. We therefore propose that similar feedback mechanisms may be widely employed to coordinate precursor supply with demand by polymerases, thereby optimizing the partitioning of lipid carriers between competing glycan biogenesis pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marmont, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orta, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sychantha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Galliano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baileeves, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stansfeld, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemons, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A feedback control mechanism governs the synthesis of lipid-linked precursors of the bacterial cell wall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple host targets of Pseudomonas effector protein HopM1 form a protein complex regulating apoplastic immunity and water homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551310v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial type III effector proteins injected into the host cell play a critical role in mediating bacterial interactions with plant and animal hosts. Notably, some bacterial effectors are reported to target sequence-unrelated host proteins with unknown functional relationships. The Pseudomonas syringae effector HopM1 is such an example; it interacts with and/or degrades several HopM1-interacting (MIN) Arabidopsis proteins, including HopM1-interacting protein 2 (MIN2/RAD23), HopM1-interacting protein 7 (MIN7/BIG5), HopM1-interacting protein 10 (MIN10/14-3-3), and HopM1-interacting protein 13 (MIN13/BIG2). In this study, we purified the MIN7 complex formed in planta and found that it contains MIN7, MIN10, MIN13, as well as a tetratricopeptide repeat protein named HLB1. Mutational analysis showed that, like MIN7, HLB1 is required for pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-, effector-, and benzothiadiazole (BTH)-triggered immunity. HLB1 is recruited to the trans-Golgi network (TGN)/early endosome (EE) in a MIN7-dependent manner. Both min7 and hlb1 mutant leaves contained elevated water content in the leaf apoplast and artificial water infiltration into the leaf apoplast was sufficient to phenocopy immune-suppressing phenotype of HopM1. These results suggest that multiple HopM1-targeted MIN proteins form a protein complex with a dual role in modulating water level and immunity in the apoplast, which provides an explanation for the dual phenotypes of HopM1 during bacterial pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple host targets of Pseudomonas effector protein HopM1 form a protein complex regulating apoplastic immunity and water homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.01.551540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Ensemble Generation through VariationalAutoencoder Latent Space Sampling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.01.551540v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping the ensemble of protein conformations that contribute to function and can be targeted by small molecule drugs remains an outstanding challenge. Here we explore the use of soft-introspective variational autoencoders for reducing the challenge of dimensionality in the protein structure ensemble generation problem. We convert high-dimensional protein structural data into a continuous, low-dimensional representation, carry out search in this space guided by a structure quality metric, then use RoseTTAFold to generate 3D structures. We use this approach to generate ensembles for the cancer relevant protein K-Ras, training the VAE on a subset of the available K-Ras crystal structures and MD simulation snapshots, and assessing the extent of sampling close to crystal structures withheld from training. We find that our latent space sampling procedure rapidly generates ensembles with high structural quality and is able to sample within 1 angstrom of held out crystal structures, with a consistency higher than MD simulation or AlphaFold2 prediction. The sampled structures sufficiently recapitulate the cryptic pockets in the held-out K-Ras structures to allow for small molecule docking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mansoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Ensemble Generation through VariationalAutoencoder Latent Space Sampling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.01.551548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wheat bZIPC1 interacts with FT2 and contributes to the regulation of spikelet number per spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.01.551548v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss-of-function mutations and natural variation in the gene FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) in wheat have previously been shown to affect spikelet number per spike (SNS). However, while other FT-like wheat proteins interact with bZIP-containing transcription factors from the A-group, FT2 does not interact with any of them. In this study, we used a yeast-two-hybrid screen with FT2 as bait and identified a grass-specific bZIP-containing transcription factor from the C-group, designated here as bZIPC1. Within the C-group, we identified four clades including wheat proteins that show Y2H interactions with different sets of FT-like and CEN-like encoded proteins. bZIPC1 and FT2 expression partially overlap in the developing spike, including the inflorescence meristem. Combined loss-of-function mutations in bZIPC-A1 and bZIPC-B1 (bzipc1) in tetraploid wheat resulted in a drastic reduction in SNS with a limited effect on heading date. Analysis of natural variation in the bZIPC-B1 (TraesCS5B02G444100) region revealed three major haplotypes (H1-H3), with the H1 haplotype showing significantly higher SNS, grain number per spike and grain weight per spike than both the H2 and H3 haplotypes. The favorable effect of the H1 haplotype was also supported by its increased frequency from the ancestral cultivated tetraploids to the modern durum and common wheat varieties. We developed markers for the two non-synonymous SNPs that differentiate the bZIPC-B1b allele in the H1 haplotype from the ancestral bZIPC-B1a allele present in all other haplotypes. These diagnostic markers are useful tools to accelerate the deployment of the favorable bZIPC-B1b allele in pasta and bread wheat breeding programs.

Key MessageThe wheat transcription factor bZIPC1 interacts with FT2 and affects spikelet and grain number per spike. We identified a natural allele with positive effects on these two economically important traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glenn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wheat bZIPC1 interacts with FT2 and contributes to the regulation of spikelet number per spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidative rearrangement of tryptophan to indole nitrile by a single diiron enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551874v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitriles are uncommon in nature and are typically constructed from oximes via the oxidative decarboxylation of amino acid substrates or from the derivatization of carboxylic acids. Here we report a third strategy of nitrile biosynthesis featuring the cyanobacterial nitrile synthase AetD. During the biosynthesis of the  eagle-killing neurotoxin, aetokthonotoxin, AetD converts the alanyl side chain of 5,7-dibromo-L-tryptophan to a nitrile. Employing a combination of structural, biochemical, and biophysical techniques, we characterized AetD as a non-heme diiron enzyme that belongs to the emerging Heme Oxygenase-like Diiron Oxidase and Oxygenase (HDO) superfamily. High-resolution crystal structures of AetD together with the identification of catalytically relevant products provide mechanistic insights into how AetD affords this unique transformation that we propose proceeds via an aziridine intermediate. Our work presents a new paradigm for nitrile biogenesis and portrays a substrate binding and metallocofactor assembly mechanism that may be shared among other HDO enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderone, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, R. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukowski, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandelia, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drennan, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidative rearrangement of tryptophan to indole nitrile by a single diiron enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.01.551382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysosomal release of amino acids at ER three-way junctions regulates transmembrane and secretory protein mRNA translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.01.551382v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One-third of the mammalian proteome is comprised of transmembrane and secretory proteins that are synthesized on endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we investigate the spatial distribution and regulation of mRNAs encoding these membrane and secretory proteins (termed "secretome" mRNAs) through live cell, single molecule tracking to directly monitor the position and translation states of secretome mRNAs on ER and their relationship to other organelles. Notably, translation of secretome mRNAs occurred preferentially near lysosomes on ER marked by the ER junction-associated protein, Lunapark. Knockdown of Lunapark reduced the extent of secretome mRNA translation without affecting translation of other mRNAs. Less secretome mRNA translation also occurred when lysosome function was perturbed by raising lysosomal pH or inhibiting lysosomal proteases. Secretome mRNA translation near lysosomes was enhanced during amino acid deprivation. Addition of the integrated stress response inhibitor, ISRIB, reversed the translation inhibition seen in Lunapark knockdown cells, implying an eIF2 dependency. Altogether, these findings uncover a novel coordination between ER and lysosomes, in which local release of amino acids and other factors from ER-associated lysosomes patterns and regulates translation of mRNAs encoding secretory and membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysosomal release of amino acids at ER three-way junctions regulates transmembrane and secretory protein mRNA translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the complete S. cerevisiae Rpd3S-nucleosome complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551877v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acetylation of histones is a key post-translational modification that guides gene expression regulation. In yeast, the class I histone deacetylase containing Rpd3S complex plays a critical role in the suppression of spurious transcription by removing histone acetylation from actively transcribed genes. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rpd3S complex has five subunits (Rpd3, Sin3, Rco1, Eaf3, and Ume1) but its subunit stoichiometry and how the complex engages nucleosomes to achieve substrate specificity remains elusive. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of the complete Rpd3S complex bound to a nucleosome. Sin3 and two copies of subunits Rco1 and Eaf3 encircle the deacetylase subunit Rpd3 and coordinate the binding of Ume1. The Rpd3S complex binds both trimethylated H3 tails at position lysine 36 and makes multiple additional contacts with the nucleo-somal DNA, the H2A-H2B acidic patch, and histone H3. Direct regulation via the Sin3 subunit coordinates binding of the acetylated histone substrate to achieve substrate specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markert, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the complete S. cerevisiae Rpd3S-nucleosome complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.04.552066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius adhesion pili power twitching motility in the absence of a dedicated retraction ATPase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.04.552066v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type IV pili are ancient and widespread filamentous organelles found in most bacterial and archaeal phyla where they support a wide range of functions, including substrate adhesion, DNA uptake, self aggregation, and cell motility. In most bacteria, PilT-family ATPases disassemble adhesion pili, causing them to rapidly retract and produce twitching motility, important for surface colonization. As archaea do not possess homologs of PilT, it was thought that archaeal pili cannot retract. Here, we employ live-cell imaging under native conditions (75{degrees}C and pH 2), together with automated single-cell tracking, high-temperature fluorescence imaging, and genetic manipulation to demonstrate that S. acidocaldarius exhibits bona fide twitching motility, and that this behavior depends specifically on retractable adhesion pili. Our results demonstrate that archaeal adhesion pili are capable of retraction in the absence of a PilT retraction ATPase and suggests that the ancestral type IV pilus machinery in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) relied on such a bifunctional ATPase for both extension and retraction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles-Orszag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wolferen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albers, S.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulfolobus acidocaldarius adhesion pili power twitching motility in the absence of a dedicated retraction ATPase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.02.551673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomes and epigenomes of aquatic plants (Lemnaceae) promote triploid hybridization and clonal reproduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.02.551673v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Lemnaceae (duckweeds) are the worlds smallest but fastest growing flowering plants. Prolific clonal propagation facilitates continuous micro-cropping for plant-based protein and starch production, and holds tremendous promise for sequestration of atmospheric CO2. Here, we present chromosomal assemblies, annotations, and phylogenomic analysis of Lemna genomes that uncover candidate genes responsible for the metabolic and developmental traits of the family, such as anatomical reduction, adaxial stomata, lack of stomatal closure, and carbon sequestration via crystalline calcium oxalate. Lemnaceae have selectively lost genes required for RNA interference, including Argonaute genes required for reproductive isolation (the triploid block) and haploid gamete formation. Triploid hybrids arise commonly among Lemna, and we have found mutations in highly-conserved meiotic crossover genes that could support polyploid meiosis. Syntenic comparisons with Wolffia and Spirodela reveal that diversification of these genera coincided with the "Azolla event" in the mid-Eocene, during which aquatic macrophytes reduced high atmospheric CO2 levels to those of the current ice age.

Facile regeneration of transgenic fronds from tissue culture, aided by reduced epigenetic silencing, makes Lemna a powerful biotechnological platform, as exemplified by recent engineering of high-oil Lemna that outperforms oil seed crops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ernst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateo-Elizalde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaribu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylward, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birchler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomes and epigenomes of aquatic plants (Lemnaceae) promote triploid hybridization and clonal reproduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Txnip deletions and missense alleles prolong the survival of cones in a retinitis pigmentosa mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551766v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a prevalent inherited retinal degenerative disease worldwide, affecting 1 in 4,000 people. The disease is characterized by an initial loss of night vision followed by a loss of daylight and color vision. Many of the RP disease genes are expressed in the rod photoreceptors, the cell type that initiates dim light vision. Following loss of rods, the cone photoreceptors, which initiate daylight vision, also are affected and can die leading to total loss of vision. The reasons for loss of cone vision are not entirely clear, but appear to be due to loss of the rods. Previously we showed that overexpressing Txnip, an -arrestin protein, in mouse models of RP using AAV gene therapy prolonged the survival of RP cones (Xue et al., 2021). At least part of the mechanism for cone survival was a switch in the fuel source, from glucose to lactate. In addition, the mitochondria of cones were both morphologically and functionally improved by delivery of Txnip. We have gone on to test several alleles of Txnip for the ability to prolong cone survival in rd1, a mouse model of RP. In addition, proteins that bind to Txnip and/or have homology to Txnip were tested. Five different deletion alleles of Txnip were expressed in cones or the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Here we show that the C-terminal half of Txnip (149-397aa) is sufficient to remove GLUT1 from the RPE cell surface, and improved rd1 cone survival when expressed specifically in the RPE. Overexpressing Arrdc4, an -arrestin that shares 60% similar protein sequence to Txnip, reduced rd1 cone survival. Reduction of the expression of HSP90AB1, a protein that interacts with Txnip and regulates metabolism, improved the survival of rd1 cones alone and was additive for cone survival when combined with Txnip. However, full length Txnip with a single amino acid change, C247S, as we tested in our original study, remains the most highly efficacious form of the gene for cone rescue. The above observations suggest that only a subset of the hypothesized and known activities of Txnip play a role in promoting RP cone survival, and that the activities of Txnip in the RPE differ from those in cone photoreceptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Txnip deletions and missense alleles prolong the survival of cones in a retinitis pigmentosa mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning produces a hippocampal cognitive map in the form of an orthogonalized state machine 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551900v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive maps confer animals with flexible intelligence by representing spatial, temporal, and abstract relationships that can be used to shape thought, planning, and behavior. Cognitive maps have been observed in the hippocampus, but their algorithmic form and the processes by which they are learned remain obscure. Here, we employed large-scale, longitudinal two-photon calcium imaging to record activity from thousands of neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus while mice learned to efficiently collect rewards from two subtly different versions of linear tracks in virtual reality. The results provide a detailed view of the formation of a cognitive map in the hippocampus. Throughout learning, both the animal behavior and hippocampal neural activity progressed through multiple intermediate stages, gradually revealing improved task representation that mirrored improved behavioral efficiency. The learning process led to progressive decorrelations in initially similar hippocampal neural activity within and across tracks, ultimately resulting in orthogonalized representations resembling a state machine capturing the inherent structure of the task. We show that a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and a biologically plausible recurrent neural network trained using Hebbian learning can both capture core aspects of the learning dynamics and the orthogonalized representational structure in neural activity. In contrast, we show that gradient-based learning of sequence models such as Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs) and Transformers do not naturally produce such orthogonalized representations. We further demonstrate that mice exhibited adaptive behavior in novel task settings, with neural activity reflecting flexible deployment of the state machine. These findings shed light on the mathematical form of cognitive maps, the learning rules that sculpt them, and the algorithms that promote adaptive behavior in animals. The work thus charts a course toward a deeper understanding of biological intelligence and offers insights toward developing more robust learning algorithms in artificial intelligence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winnubst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natrajan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajikawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattoni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spruston, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning produces a hippocampal cognitive map in the form of an orthogonalized state machine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.06.552150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A competitive disinhibitory network for robust optic flow processing in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.06.552150v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animals rely on optic flow for navigation, using differences in eye image velocity to detect deviations from their intended direction of travel. However, asymmetries in image velocity between the eyes are often overshadowed by strong, symmetric translational optic flow during navigation. Yet, the brain efficiently extracts these asymmetries for course control. While optic flow sensitive-neurons have been found in many animal species, far less is known about the postsynaptic circuits that support such robust optic flow processing. In the fly Drosophila melanogaster, a group of neurons called the horizontal system (HS) are involved in course control during high-speed translation. To understand how HS cells facilitate robust optic flow processing, we identified central networks that connect to HS cells using full brain electron microscopy datasets. These networks comprise three layers: convergent inputs from different, optic flow-sensitive cells, a middle layer with reciprocal, and lateral inhibitory interactions among different interneuron classes, and divergent output projecting to both the ventral nerve cord (equivalent to the vertebrate spinal cord), and to deeper regions of the fly brain. By combining two-photon optical imaging to monitor free calcium dynamics, manipulating GABA receptors and modeling, we found that lateral disinhibition between brain hemispheres enhance the selectivity to rotational visual flow at the output layer of the network. Moreover, asymmetric manipulations of interneurons and their descending outputs induce drifts during high-speed walking, confirming their contribution to steering control. Together, these findings highlight the importance of competitive disinhibition as a critical circuit mechanism for robust processing of optic flow, which likely influences course control and heading perception, both critical functions supporting navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erginkaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varela, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiappe, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.06.552150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A competitive disinhibitory network for robust optic flow processing in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific plasticity shapes neocortical dynamics for motor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552699v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neocortical spiking dynamics control aspects of behavior, yet how these dynamics emerge during motor learning remains elusive. Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is likely a key mechanism, as it reconfigures network architectures that govern neural dynamics. Here, we examined how the mouse premotor cortex acquires its well-characterized neural dynamics that control movement timing, specifically lick timing. To probe the role of synaptic plasticity, we have genetically manipulated proteins essential for major forms of synaptic plasticity, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and Cofilin, in a region and cell-type-specific manner. Transient inactivation of CaMKII in the premotor cortex blocked learning of new lick timing without affecting the execution of learned action or ongoing spiking activity. Furthermore, among the major glutamatergic neurons in the premotor cortex, CaMKII and Cofilin activity in pyramidal tract (PT) neurons, but not intratelencephalic (IT) neurons, is necessary for learning. High-density electrophysiology in the premotor cortex uncovered that neural dynamics anticipating licks are progressively shaped during learning, which explains the change in lick timing. Such reconfiguration in behaviorally relevant dynamics is impeded by CaMKII manipulation in PT neurons. Altogether, the activity of plasticity-related proteins in PT neurons plays a central role in sculpting neocortical dynamics to learn new behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majumder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirokawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerfen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontolan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasuda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inagaki, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific plasticity shapes neocortical dynamics for motor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Erythroid differentiation dependent interaction of VPS13A with XK at the plasma membrane of K562 cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552634v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations of the bridge-like lipid transport protein VPS13A and of the lipid scramblase XK result in Chorea Acanthocytosis (ChAc) and McLeod syndrome (MLS) respectively, two similar conditions involving neurodegeneration and deformed erythrocytes (acanthocytes). VPS13A binds XK, suggesting a model in which VPS13A forms a lipid transport bridge between the ER and the plasma membrane (PM) where XK resides. However, studies of VPS13A in HeLa and COS7 cells showed that this protein localizes primarily at contacts of the ER with mitochondria. Overexpression of XK in these cells redistributed VPS13A to the biosynthetic XK pool in the ER but not to PM localized XK. Colocalization of VPS13A with XK at the PM was only observed if overexpressed XK harbored mutations that disengage its VPS13A binding site from an intramolecular interaction. As the acanthocytosis phenotype of ChAc and MLS suggests a role of the two proteins in cells of the erythroid lineage, we explored their localization in K562 cells, which differentiate into erythroblasts upon hemin addition. When tagged VPS13A was overexpressed in hemin treated K562 cells, robust formation of ER-PM contacts positive for VPS13A were observed and their formation was abolished in XK KO cells. ER-PM contacts positive for VPS13A were seldomly observed in undifferentiated K562 cells, in spite of the presence of XK in these cells at concentrations similar to those observed after differentiation. These findings reveal that the interaction of VPS13A with XK at ER-PM contacts requires a permissive state which depends upon cell type and/or functional state of the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Erythroid differentiation dependent interaction of VPS13A with XK at the plasma membrane of K562 cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Casein kinase II promotes piRNA production through direct phosphorylation of USTC component TOFU-4 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552615v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are genomically encoded small RNAs that engage Piwi Argonaute proteins to direct mRNA surveillance and transposon silencing. Despite advances in understanding piRNA pathways and functions, how the production of piRNA is regulated remains elusive. Here, using a genetic screen, we identify casein kinase II (CK2) as a factor required for piRNA pathway function. We show that CK2 is required for the localization of PRG-1 and for the proper localization of several factors that comprise the  upstream sequence transcription complex (USTC), which is required for piRNA transcription. Loss of CK2 impairs piRNA levels suggesting that CK2 promotes USTC function. We identify the USTC component twenty-one-U fouled-up 4 (TOFU-4) as a direct substrate for CK2. Our findings suggest that phosphorylation of TOFU-4 by CK2 promotes the assembly of USTC and piRNA transcription. Notably, during the aging process, CK2 activity declines, resulting in the disassembly of USTC, decreased piRNA production, and defects in piRNA-mediated gene silencing, including transposons silencing. These findings highlight the significance of posttranslational modification in regulating piRNA biogenesis and its implications for the aging process. Overall, our study provides compelling evidence for the involvement of a posttranslational modification mechanism in the regulation of piRNA biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ding, y.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Casein kinase II promotes piRNA production through direct phosphorylation of USTC component TOFU-4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.11.551903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The juxtamembrane linker of synaptotagmin 1 regulates Ca2+ binding via liquid-liquid phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.11.551903v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptotagmin (syt) 1, a Ca2+ sensor for synaptic vesicle exocytosis, functions in vivo as a multimer. Syt1 senses Ca2+ via tandem C2-domains that are connected to a single transmembrane domain via a juxtamembrane linker. Here, we show that this linker segment harbors a lysine-rich, intrinsically disordered region that is necessary and sufficient to mediate liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Interestingly, condensate formation negatively regulates the Ca2+-sensitivity of syt1. Moreover, Ca2+ and anionic phospholipids facilitate the observed phase separation, and increases in [Ca2+]i promote the fusion of syt1 droplets in living cells. Together, these observations suggest a condensate-mediated feedback loop that serves to fine-tune the ability of syt1 to trigger release, via alterations in Ca2+ binding activity and potentially through the impact of LLPS on membrane curvature during fusion reactions. In summary, the juxtamembrane linker of syt1 emerges as a regulator of syt1 function by driving self-association via LLPS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.551903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The juxtamembrane linker of synaptotagmin 1 regulates Ca2+ binding via liquid-liquid phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.14.553235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecular proximity sensor based on an engineered, dual-component guide RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.14.553235v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the goals of synthetic biology is to enable the design of arbitrary molecular circuits with programmable inputs and outputs. Such circuits bridge the properties of electronic and natural circuits, processing information in a predictable manner within living cells. Genome editing is a potentially powerful component of synthetic molecular circuits, whether for modulating the expression of a target gene or for stably recording information to genomic DNA. However, programming molecular events such as protein-protein interactions or induced proximity as triggers for genome editing remains challenging. Here we demonstrate a strategy termed "P3 editing", which links protein-protein proximity to the formation of a functional CRISPR-Cas9 dual-component guide RNA. By engineering the crRNA:tracrRNA interaction, we demonstrate that various known protein-protein interactions, as well as the chemically-induced dimerization of protein domains, can be used to activate prime editing or base editing in human cells. Additionally, we explore how P3 editing can incorporate outputs from ADAR-based RNA sensors, potentially allowing specific RNAs to induce specific genome edits within a larger circuit. Our strategy enhances the controllability of CRISPR-based genome editing, facilitating its use in synthetic molecular circuits deployed in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecular proximity sensor based on an engineered, dual-component guide RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.14.553238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental transcriptomes predict adult social behaviors in the socially flexible sweat bee, Lasioglossum baleicum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.14.553238v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural variation can provide important insights into the genetic and environmental factors that shape social behavior and its evolution. The sweat bee, Lasioglossum baleicum, is a socially flexible bee capable of producing both solitary and eusocial nests. We demonstrate that within a single nesting aggregation, soil temperatures are a strong predictor of the social structure of nests. Sites with warmer temperatures in the spring have a higher frequency of social nests than cooler sites, perhaps because warmer temperatures provide a longer reproductive window for those nests. To identify the molecular correlates of this behavioral variation, we generated a de novo genome assembly for L. baleicum, and we used transcriptomic profiling to compare adults and developing offspring from eusocial and solitary nests. We find that adult, reproductive females have similar expression profiles regardless of social structure in the nest, but that there are strong differences between reproductive females and workers from social nests. We also find substantial differences in the transcriptomic profiles of stage-matched pupae from warmer, social-biased sites compared to cooler, solitary-biased sites. These transcriptional differences are strongly predictive of adult reproductive state, suggesting that the developmental environment may set the stage for adult behaviors in L. baleicum. Together, our results help to characterize the molecular mechanisms shaping variation in social behavior and highlight a potential role of environmental tuning during development as a factor shaping adult behavior and physiology in this socially flexible bee.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omufwoko, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traniello, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental transcriptomes predict adult social behaviors in the socially flexible sweat bee, Lasioglossum baleicum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.14.553227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial Ca2+ waves triggered by enteric neurons heal the gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.14.553227v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental and unresolved question in regenerative biology is how tissues return to homeostasis after injury. Answering this question is essential for understanding the etiology of chronic disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer. We used the Drosophila midgut to investigate this question and discovered that during regeneration a subpopulation of cholinergic enteric neurons triggers Ca2+ currents among enterocytes to promote return of the epithelium to homeostasis. Specifically, we found that down-regulation of the cholinergic enzyme Acetylcholinesterase in the epithelium enables acetylcholine from defined enteric neurons, referred as ARCENs, to activate nicotinic receptors in enterocytes found near ARCEN- innervations. This activation triggers high Ca2+ influx that spreads in the epithelium through Inx2/Inx7 gap junctions promoting enterocyte maturation followed by reduction of proliferation and inflammation. Disrupting this process causes chronic injury consisting of ion imbalance, Yki activation and increase of inflammatory cytokines together with hyperplasia, reminiscent of inflammatory bowel diseases. Altogether, we found that during gut regeneration the conserved cholinergic pathway facilitates epithelial Ca2+ waves that heal the intestinal epithelium. Our findings demonstrate nerve- and bioelectric-dependent intestinal regeneration which advance the current understanding of how a tissue returns to its homeostatic state after injury and could ultimately help existing therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petsakou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comjean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial Ca2+ waves triggered by enteric neurons heal the gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.16.553624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Triaging of -helical proteins to the mitochondrial outer membrane by distinct chaperone machinery based on substrate topology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.16.553624v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial outer membrane -helical proteins play critical roles in mitochondrial-cytoplasmic communication, but the rules governing the targeting and insertion of these biophysically diverse substrates remain unknown. Here, we first defined the complement of required mammalian biogenesis machinery through genome-wide CRISPRi screens using topologically distinct membrane proteins. Systematic analysis of nine identified factors across 21 diverse -helical substrates reveals that these components are organized into distinct targeting pathways which act on substrates based on their topology. NAC is required for efficient targeting of polytopic proteins whereas signal-anchored proteins require TTC1, a novel cytosolic chaperone which physically engages substrates. Biochemical and mutational studies reveal that TTC1 employs a conserved TPR domain and a hydrophobic groove in its C-terminal domain to support substrate solubilization and insertion into mitochondria. Thus, targeting of diverse mitochondrial membrane proteins is achieved through topological triaging in the cytosol using principles with similarities to ER membrane protein biogenesis systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muthukumar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inglis, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esantsi, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhees, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.16.553624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Triaging of -helical proteins to the mitochondrial outer membrane by distinct chaperone machinery based on substrate topology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.16.553618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of C. elegans TMC-2 complex suggests roles of lipid-mediated subunit contacts in mechanosensory transduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.16.553618v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanotransduction is the process by which a mechanical force, such as touch, is converted into an electrical signal. Transmembrane channel-like (TMC) proteins are an evolutionarily-conserved family of ion channels whose function has been linked to a variety of mechanosensory processes, including hearing and balance sensation in vertebrates and locomotion in Drosophila. The molecular features that tune homologous TMC ion channel complexes to diverse mechanical stimuli are unknown. Caenorhabditis elegans express two TMC homologs, TMC-1 and TMC-2, both of which are the likely pore-forming subunits of mechanosensitive ion channels but differ in their expression pattern and functional role in the worm. Here we present the single particle cryo-electron microscopy structure of the native TMC-2 complex isolated from C. elegans. The complex is composed of two copies each of the pore-forming TMC-2 subunit, the calcium and integrin binding protein CALM-1 and the transmembrane inner ear protein TMIE. Comparison of the TMC-2 complex to the recently published cryo-EM structure of the C. elegans TMC-1 complex reveals differences in subunit composition and highlights conserved protein-lipid interactions, as well as other structural features, that together suggest a mechanism for TMC-mediated mechanosensory transduction.

Significance StatementOne mechanism by which organisms sense their environment is through the perception of mechanical stimuli such as sound, touch, and vibration. Transmembrane channel-like (TMC) proteins are ion channels whose function has been linked to a variety of mechanosensitive processes, including hearing and balance in vertebrates and touch sensation in worms. The molecular mechanisms by which TMCs respond to mechanical stimuli are unknown. Here we present the structure of the TMC-2 complex isolated from worms. Comparison of the TMC-2 complex to the recently solved structure of the worm TMC-1 complex highlights common structural features that are likely important for sensing mechanical stimuli yet also illuminates key differences that may explain the distinct functional roles of TMC-1 and TMC-2 in the worm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goehring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.16.553618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of C. elegans TMC-2 complex suggests roles of lipid-mediated subunit contacts in mechanosensory transduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.20.554025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular blueprints of the Langya virus attachment and fusion glycoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.20.554025v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Langya virus (LayV) is a recently discovered henipavirus (HNV), isolated from febrile patients in China. HNV entry into host cells is mediated by the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins which are the main targets of neutralizing antibodies. We show here that the LayV F and G glycoproteins promote membrane fusion with human, mouse and hamster target cells using a different, yet unknown, receptor than NiV and HeV and that NiV-and HeV-elicited monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies do not cross-react with LayV F and G. We determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of LayV F, in the prefusion and postfusion states, and of LayV G, revealing previously unknown conformational landscapes and their distinct antigenicity relative to NiV and HeV. We computationally designed stabilized LayV G constructs and demonstrate the generalizability of an HNV F prefusion-stabilization strategy. Our data will support the development of vaccines and therapeutics against LayV and closely related HNVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharkey, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Person, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broder, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.20.554025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular blueprints of the Langya virus attachment and fusion glycoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.21.554214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglia mediate contact-independent neuronal pruning via secreted Neuraminidase-3 associated with extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.21.554214v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons communicate with each other through electrochemical transmission at synapses. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, can prune these synapses through a variety of contact-dependent and -independent means. Microglial secretion of active sialidase enzymes upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli is one unexplored mechanism of pruning. Recent work from our lab showed that treatment of neurons with bacterial sialidases disrupts neuronal network connectivity. Here, we find that activated microglia secrete Neuraminidase-3 (Neu3) associated with fusogenic extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, we show Neu3 mediates contact-independent pruning of neurons and subsequent disruption of neuronal networks through neuronal glycocalyx remodeling. We observe that NEU3 is transcriptionally upregulated upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli, and that a genetic knock-out of NEU3 abrogates the sialidase activity of inflammatory microglial secretions. Moreover, we demonstrate that Neu3 is associated with a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, possibly exosomes, that are secreted by microglia upon inflammatory insult. Finally, we demonstrate that Neu3 is both necessary and sufficient to both desialylate neurons and decrease neuronal network connectivity. These results implicate Neu3 in remodeling of the glycocalyx leading to aberrant network-level activity of neurons, with implications in neuroinflammatory diseases such as Parkinsons disease and Alzheimers disease.

Graphical AbstractNeuroinflammation induces secretion of the sialidase Neu3 via extracellular vesicles from microglia that prune neuronal synapses and disrupt neuronal communication.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delaveris, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglia mediate contact-independent neuronal pruning via secreted Neuraminidase-3 associated with extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.19.553321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designed Endocytosis-Triggering Proteins mediate Targeted Degradation and amplify signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.19.553321v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocytosis and lysosomal trafficking of cell surface receptors can be triggered by interaction with endogenous ligands. Therapeutic approaches such as LYTAC1,2 and KineTAC3, have taken advantage of this to target specific proteins for degradation by fusing modified native ligands to target binding proteins. While powerful, these approaches can be limited by possible competition with the endogenous ligand(s), the requirement in some cases for chemical modification that limits genetic encodability and can complicate manufacturing, and more generally, there may not be natural ligands which stimulate endocytosis through a given receptor. Here we describe general protein design approaches for designing endocytosis triggering binding proteins (EndoTags) that overcome these challenges. We present EndoTags for the IGF-2R, ASGPR, Sortillin, and Transferrin receptors, and show that fusing these tags to proteins which bind to soluble or transmembrane protein leads to lysosomal trafficking and target degradation; as these receptors have different tissue distributions, the different EndoTags could enable targeting of degradation to different tissues. The modularity and genetic encodability of EndoTags enables AND gate control for higher specificity targeted degradation, and the localized secretion of degraders from engineered cells. The tunability and modularity of our genetically encodable EndoTags should contribute to deciphering the relationship between receptor engagement and cellular trafficking, and they have considerable therapeutic potential as targeted degradation inducers, signaling activators for endocytosis-dependent pathways, and cellular uptake inducers for targeted antibody drug and RNA conjugates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sappington, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin-Gray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misquith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasovic, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piraner, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M. J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlrichs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mout, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivaei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardes, G. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roybal, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greisen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.19.553321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designed Endocytosis-Triggering Proteins mediate Targeted Degradation and amplify signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.21.554156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfaction regulates peripheral mitophagy and mitochondrial function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.21.554156v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central nervous system is a master regulator of peripheral homeostasis and cellular-stress responses; however, the contexts for which this regulatory capability evolved remain unknown. The olfactory sensory nervous system has access to privileged information about environmental conditions and can signal to the periphery to prepare for potential metabolic perturbations. The unfolded protein response of the mitochondria (UPRMT) is upregulated upon infection by many pathogens and in metabolic flux, and pathogenic infection and metabolic byproducts are a present hazard in consuming nutrients. Therefore, we asked whether the olfactory nervous system in C. elegans regulates the UPRMT cell nonautonomously. We found that loss of a single olfactory neuron pair, AWC, led to robust induction of the UPRMT downstream of enhanced, serotonin-dependent mitophagy. Further, AWC ablation confers resistance to the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa partially dependent on the UPRMT transcription factor atfs-1, and fully dependent on mitophagy machinery pdr-1/Parkin. These data demonstrate a novel role for the olfactory nervous system in regulating whole-organism mitochondrial dynamics, perhaps in preparation for postprandial metabolic stress or pathogenic infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dishart, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pender, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfaction regulates peripheral mitophagy and mitochondrial function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.21.554217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline mitochondria integrate neuronal cell nonautonomous signaling for the mitochondrial unfolded protein response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.21.554217v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of mitochondria to coordinate stress responses across tissues is critical for health. In C. elegans, neurons experiencing mitochondrial stress elicit an inter-tissue signaling pathway through the release of mitokine signals, such as serotonin or the WNT ligand EGL-20, which activate the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMT) in the periphery to promote organismal health and lifespan. We find that germline mitochondria play a surprising role in neuron-to-peripheral UPRMT signaling. Specifically, we find that germline mitochondria signal downstream of neuronal mitokines, like WNT and serotonin, and upstream of lipid metabolic pathways in the periphery to regulate UPRMT activation. We also find that the germline tissue itself is essential in UPRMT signaling. We propose that the germline has a central signaling role in coordinating mitochondrial stress responses across tissues, and germline mitochondria play a defining role in this coordination because of their inherent roles in germline integrity and inter-tissue signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durieux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berendzen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.21.554217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline mitochondria integrate neuronal cell nonautonomous signaling for the mitochondrial unfolded protein response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.22.554384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of buttressed loops for sculpting protein functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.22.554384v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In natural proteins, structured loops play central roles in molecular recognition, signal transduction and enzyme catalysis. However, because of the intrinsic flexibility and irregularity of loop regions, organizing multiple structured loops at protein functional sites has been very difficult to achieve by de novo protein design. Here we describe a solution to this problem that generates structured loops buttressed by extensive hydrogen bonding interactions with two neighboring loops and with secondary structure elements. We use this approach to design tandem repeat proteins with buttressed loops ranging from 9 to 14 residues in length. Experimental characterization shows the designs are folded and monodisperse, highly soluble, and thermally stable. Crystal structures are in close agreement with the computational design models, with the loops structured and buttressed by their neighbors as designed. We demonstrate the functionality afforded by loop buttressing by designing and characterizing binders for extended peptides in which the loops form one side of an extended binding pocket. The ability to design multiple structured loops should contribute quite generally to efforts to design new protein functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jude, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunette, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyles, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of buttressed loops for sculpting protein functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.23.554515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Fate Programming by Transcription Factors and Epigenetic Machinery in Stomatal Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.23.554515v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of multi-cellular organisms requires coordinated changes in gene expression that are often mediated by the interaction between transcription factors (TFs) and their corresponding cis-regulatory elements (CREs). During development and differentiation, the accessibility of CREs is dynamically modulated by the epigenome. How the epigenome, CREs and TFs together exert control over cell fate commitment remains to be fully understood. In the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis, meristemoids undergo a series of stereotyped cell divisions, then switch fate to commit to stomatal differentiation. Newly created or reanalyzed scRNA-seq and ChIP-seq data confirm that stomatal development involves distinctive phases of transcriptional regulation and that differentially regulated genes are bound by the stomatal basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TFs. Targets of the bHLHs often reside in repressive chromatin before activation. MNase-seq evidence further suggests that the repressive state can be overcome and remodeled upon activation by specific stomatal bHLHs. We propose that chromatin remodeling is mediated through the recruitment of a set of physical interactors that we identified through proximity labeling - the ATPase-dependent chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex and the histone acetyltransferase HAC1. The bHLHs and chromatin remodelers localize to overlapping genomic regions in a hierarchical order. Furthermore, plants with stage-specific knock-down of the SWI/SNF components or HAC1 fail to activate specific bHLH targets and display stomatal development defects. Together these data converge on a model for how stomatal TFs and epigenetic machinery cooperatively regulate transcription and chromatin remodeling during progressive fate specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollbrecht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Fate Programming by Transcription Factors and Epigenetic Machinery in Stomatal Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome of the Wollemi pine, a critically endangered living fossil unchanged since the Cretaceous, reveals extensive ancient transposon activity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554647v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the genome of the living fossil, Wollemia nobilis, a southern hemisphere conifer morphologically unchanged since the Cretaceous. Presumed extinct until rediscovery in 1994, the Wollemi pine is critically endangered with less than 60 wild adults threatened by intensifying bushfires in the Blue Mountains of Australia. The 12 Gb genome is among the most contiguous large plant genomes assembled, with extremely low heterozygosity and unusual abundance of DNA transposons. Reduced representation and genome re-sequencing of individuals confirms a relictual population since the last major glacial/drying period in Australia, 120 ky BP. Small RNA and methylome sequencing reveal conservation of ancient silencing mechanisms despite the presence of thousands of active and abundant transposons, including some transferred horizontally to conifers from arthropods in the Jurassic. A retrotransposon burst 8-6 my BP coincided with population decline, possibly as an adaptation enhancing epigenetic diversity. Wollemia, like other conifers, is susceptible to Phytophthora, and a suite of defense genes, similar to those in loblolly pine, are targeted for silencing by sRNAs in leaves. The genome provides insight into the earliest seed plants, while enabling conservation efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, C. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sondervan, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumajo-Cardona, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossetto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moschin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katari, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolokotronis, S.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croft, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coruzzi, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome of the Wollemi pine, a critically endangered living fossil unchanged since the Cretaceous, reveals extensive ancient transposon activity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated high-confidence and high-throughput approaches for quantifying synapse engulfment by oligodendrocyte precursor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554663v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) sculpt neural circuits through the phagocytic engulfment of synapses during development and in adulthood. However, precise techniques for analyzing synapse engulfment by OPCs are limited. Here, we describe a two-pronged cell biological approach for quantifying synapse engulfment by OPCs which merges low-and high-throughput methodologies. In the first method, an adeno-associated virus encoding a pH-sensitive, fluorescently-tagged synaptic marker is expressed in neurons in vivo. This construct allows for the differential labeling of presynaptic inputs that are contained outside of and within acidic phagolysosomal compartments. When followed by immunostaining for markers of OPCs and synapses in lightly fixed tissue, this approach enables the quantification of synapses engulfed by around 30-50 OPCs within a given experiment. In the second method, OPCs isolated from dissociated brain tissue are fixed, incubated with fluorescent antibodies against presynaptic proteins, and then analyzed by flow cytometry. This approach enables the quantification of presynaptic material within tens of thousands of OPCs in less than one week. These methods extend beyond the current imaging-based engulfment assays designed to quantify synaptic phagocytosis by brain-resident immune cells, microglia. Through the integration of these methods, the engulfment of synapses by OPCs can be rigorously quantified at both the individual and populational levels. With minor modifications, these approaches can be adapted to study synaptic phagocytosis by numerous glial cell types in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kahng, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auguste, Y. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheadle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated high-confidence and high-throughput approaches for quantifying synapse engulfment by oligodendrocyte precursor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity in Notch ligand-receptor signaling interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554677v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Notch signaling pathway uses families of ligands and receptors to transmit signals to nearby cells. These components are expressed in diverse combinations in different cell types, interact in a many-to-many fashion, both within the same cell (in cis) and between cells (in trans), and their interactions are modulated by Fringe glycosyltransferases. A fundamental question is how the strength of Notch signaling depends on which pathway components are expressed, at what levels, and in which cells. Here, we used a quantitative, bottom-up, cell-based approach to systematically characterize trans-activation, cis-inhibition, and cis-activation signaling efficiencies across a range of ligand and Fringe expression levels in two mammalian cell types. Each ligand (Dll1, Dll4, Jag1, and Jag2) and receptor variant (Notch1 and Notch2) analyzed here exhibited a unique profile of interactions, Fringe-dependence, and signaling outcomes. All four ligands were able to bind receptors in cis and in trans, and all ligands trans-activated both receptors, although Jag1-Notch1 signaling was substantially weaker than other ligand-receptor combinations. Cis-interactions were predominantly inhibitory, with the exception of the Dll1-and Dll4-Notch2 pairs, which exhibited cis-activation stronger than trans-activation. Lfng strengthened Delta-mediated trans-activation and weakened Jagged-mediated trans-activation for both receptors. Finally, cis-ligands showed diverse cis-inhibition strengths, which depended on the identity of the trans-ligand as well as the receptor. The map of receptor-ligand-Fringe interaction outcomes revealed here should help guide rational perturbation and control of the Notch pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuintzle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santat, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity in Notch ligand-receptor signaling interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.29.555401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PTPN2 copper-sensing rapidly relays copper level fluctuations into EGFR/CREB activation and associated CTR1 transcriptional repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.29.555401v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluxes in human intra- and extracellular copper levels recently garnered attention for roles in cellular signaling, including affecting levels of the signaling molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). We herein applied an unbiased temporal evaluation of the whole-genome transcriptional activities modulated by fluctuations in copper levels to identify the copper sensor proteins responsible for driving these activities. We found that fluctuations in physiologically-relevant copper levels rapidly modulate EGFR/MAPK/ERK signal transduction and activation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Both intracellular and extracellular assays support Cu1+ inhibition of the EGFR-phosphatase PTPN2 (and potentially the homologous PTPN1)-via direct ligation to the PTPN2 active site cysteine side chain-as the underlying mechanism of copper-stimulated EGFR signal transduction activation. Depletion of copper represses this signaling pathway. We additionally show i) copper supplementation drives transcriptional repression of the copper importer CTR1 and ii) CREB activity is inversely correlated with CTR1 expression. In summary, our study reveals PTPN2 as a physiological copper sensor and defines a regulatory mechanism linking feedback control of copper-stimulated MAPK/ERK/CREB-signaling and CTR1 expression, thereby uncovering a previously unrecognized link between copper levels and cellular signal transduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ross, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owyang, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zbihley, O. N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karginova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopade, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PTPN2 copper-sensing rapidly relays copper level fluctuations into EGFR/CREB activation and associated CTR1 transcriptional repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.30.555537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Neural Basis of Drosophila Courtship Song 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.30.555537v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many motor control systems generate multiple movements using a common set of muscles. How are premotor circuits able to flexibly generate diverse movement patterns? Here, we characterize the neuronal circuits that drive the distinct courtship songs of Drosophila melanogaster. Male flies vibrate their wings towards females to produce two different song modes - pulse and sine song - which signal species identity and male quality. Using cell-type specific genetic reagents and the connectome, we provide a cellular and synaptic map of the circuits in the male ventral nerve cord that generate these songs and examine how activating or inhibiting each cell type within these circuits affects the song. Our data reveal that the song circuit is organized into two nested feed-forward pathways, with extensive reciprocal and feed-back connections. The larger network produces pulse song, the more complex and ancestral song form. A subset of this network produces sine song, the simpler and more recent form. Such nested organization may be a common feature of motor control circuits in which evolution has layered increasing flexibility on to a basic movement pattern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lillvis, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozaki, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Neural Basis of Drosophila Courtship Song]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.30.554672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified open-source platform for multimodal neural recording and perturbation during naturalistic behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.30.554672v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral neuroscience faces two conflicting demands: long-duration recordings from large neural populations and unimpeded animal behavior. To meet this challenge, we developed ONIX, an open-source data acquisition system with high data throughput (2GB/sec) and low closed-loop latencies (<1ms) that uses a novel 0.3 mm thin tether to minimize behavioral impact. Head position and rotation are tracked in 3D and used to drive active commutation without torque measurements. ONIX can acquire from combinations of passive electrodes, Neuropixels probes, head-mounted microscopes, cameras, 3D-trackers, and other data sources. We used ONIX to perform uninterrupted, long ([~]7 hours) neural recordings in mice as they traversed complex 3-dimensional terrain. ONIX allowed exploration with similar mobility as non-implanted animals, in contrast to conventional tethered systems which restricted movement. By combining long recordings with full mobility, our technology will enable new progress on questions that require high-quality neural recordings during ethologically grounded behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas-Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Goes, M.-S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leighton, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakunina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegle, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnett, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.554672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified open-source platform for multimodal neural recording and perturbation during naturalistic behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.03.556122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate single-molecule spot detection for image-based spatial transcriptomics with weakly supervised deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.03.556122v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Image-based spatial transcriptomics methods enable transcriptome-scale gene expression measurements with spatial information but require complex, manually-tuned analysis pipelines. We present Polaris, an analysis pipeline for image-based spatial transcriptomics that combines deep learning models for cell segmentation and spot detection with a probabilistic gene decoder to quantify single-cell gene expression accurately. Polaris offers a unifying, turnkey solution for analyzing spatial transcriptomics data from MERFSIH, seqFISH, or ISS experiments. Polaris is available through the DeepCell software library (https://github.com/vanvalenlab/deepcell-spots) and https://www.deepcell.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laubscher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ombelets, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffitt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Valen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate single-molecule spot detection for image-based spatial transcriptomics with weakly supervised deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.03.556080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene protein sequence evolution can predict the rapid divergence of ovariole numbers in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.03.556080v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovaries play key roles in fitness and evolution: they are essential female reproductive structures that develop and house the eggs in sexually reproducing animals. In Drosophila, the mature ovary contains multiple tubular egg-producing structures known as ovarioles. Ovarioles arise from somatic cellular structures in the larval ovary called terminal filaments, formed by terminal filament cells and subsequently enclosed by sheath cells. As in many other insects, ovariole number per female varies extensively in Drosophila. At present however, there is a striking gap of information on genetic mechanisms and evolutionary forces that shape the well-documented rapid interspecies divergence of ovariole numbers. To address this gap, here we studied genes associated with D. melanogaster ovariole number or functions based on recent experimental and transcriptional datasets from larval ovaries, including terminal filaments and sheath cells, and assessed their rates and patterns of molecular evolution in five closely related species of the melanogaster subgroup that exhibit species-specific differences in ovariole numbers. From comprehensive analyses of protein sequence evolution (dN/dS), branch-site positive selection, expression specificity (tau) and phylogenetic regressions (PGLS), we report evidence of 42 genes that showed signs of playing roles in the genetic basis of interspecies evolutionary change of Drosophila ovariole number. These included the signalling genes upd2 and Ilp5 and extracellular matrix genes vkg and Col4a1, whose dN/dS predicted ovariole numbers among species. Together, we propose a model whereby a set of ovariole-involved gene proteins have an enhanced evolvability, including adaptive evolution, facilitating rapid shifts in ovariole number among Drosophila species.

Significance StatementOvaries in Drosophila, like in other insects, contain egg producing structures, known as ovarioles. The number of ovarioles per female varies among Drosophila species, but little is known about the genes and evolutionary dynamics that may shape interspecies changes in ovariole numbers. Here, used a priori experimental and transcriptome data from D. melanogaster to identify genes involved in ovariole formation and functions, and studied their molecular evolution among its closely related species within the melanogaster subgroup. Using a multi-layered analysis consisting of protein sequence divergence (dN/dS), adaptive evolution, expression breadth, and phylogenetic regressions, we identified 42 genes whose molecular evolution patterns were well linked to ovariole numbers divergence. Further, gene protein sequence divergence was often predictive of species ovariole numbers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whittle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene protein sequence evolution can predict the rapid divergence of ovariole numbers in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.05.556418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling the Structure of Meclizine Dihydrochloride with MicroED 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.05.556418v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meclizine (Antivert, Bonine) is a first-generation H1 antihistamine used in the treatment of motion sickness and vertigo. Despite its wide medical use for over 70 years, its crystal structure and the details of protein-drug interactions remained unknown. In this study, we used microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) to determine the three-dimensional (3D) crystal structure of meclizine dihydrochloride directly from a seemingly amorphous powder. Two racemic enantiomers (R/S) were found in the unit cell, which packed as repetitive double layers in the crystal lattice. The packing was made of multiple strong N-H{middle dot}{middle dot}{middle dot}Cl- hydrogen bonding interactions and weak interactions like C-H{middle dot}{middle dot}{middle dot}Cl- and pi-stacking. Molecular docking revealed the binding mechanism of meclizine to the histamine H1 receptor. A comparison of the docking complexes between histamine H1 receptor and meclizine or levocetirizine (a second-generation antihistamine) showed the conserved binding sites. This research illustrates the combined use of MicroED and molecular docking in unraveling protein-drug interactions for precision drug design and optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling the Structure of Meclizine Dihydrochloride with MicroED]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.05.556436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A potential space making role for a lytic transglycosylase in cell wall biogenesis revealed by a beta-lactamase induction phenotype in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.05.556436v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes the beta-lactamase AmpC, which promotes resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Expression of ampC is induced by fragments of the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall released upon beta-lactam treatment. These drugs target transpeptidase enzymes that form cell wall crosslinks. However, they do not block the activity of the transglycosylases that polymerize the glycan chains. Thus, drug-treated cells produce uncrosslinked PG polymers that have been shown to be rapidly degraded in the related gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. This degradation is performed by enzymes called lytic transglycosylases (LTs), which generate the anhydro-muropeptide (AMP) products sensed by the AmpR regulator that activates ampC expression. To identify factors required for proper PG biogenesis in P. aeruginosa, we used a reporter gene fusion to the ampC promoter to screen for mutants induced for ampC expression in the absence of drug. To our surprise, we found that inactivation of SltB1, an LT enzyme expected to produce the AMP products required for ampC induction, counterintuitively led to elevated ampC expression. This induction required another LT enzyme called MltG, suggesting that inactivation of SltB1 reduces the efficiency of PG crosslinking, causing the degradation of a subset of nascent PG strands by MltG to generate the inducing signal. Our results therefore support a model in which SltB1 uses its LT activity to open space in the PG matrix for the efficient insertion of new material, a function commonly thought to be restricted to endopeptidases that cut cell wall crosslinks.

IMPORTANCEInducible beta-lactamases like the ampC system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a common determinant of beta-lactam resistance among gram-negative bacteria. The regulation of ampC is elegantly tuned to detect defects in cell wall synthesis caused by beta-lactam drugs. Studies of mutations causing ampC induction in the absence of drug therefore promise to reveal new insights into the process of cell wall biogenesis in addition to aiding our understanding of how resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics arises in the clinic. In this study, an ampC induction phenotype for a mutant lacking an enzyme that cleaves cell wall glycans was used to uncover a potential role for glycan cleavage in making space in the wall matrix for the insertion of new material during cell growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fumeaux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A potential space making role for a lytic transglycosylase in cell wall biogenesis revealed by a beta-lactamase induction phenotype in Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.07.556744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One-shot entorhinal maps enable flexible navigation in novel environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.07.556744v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals face the substantial challenge of navigating novel environments to find food, shelter, or mates. In mammals, hexagonal grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex create a map-like population representation of the external environment 1-7. However, it remains unclear how the grid map can adapt to novel environmental features on a rapid, behaviorally relevant time scale. By recording over fifteen thousand grid cells in mice navigating virtual environments, we found grid cell activity was weakly anchored to landmark inputs through a fixed circuit relationship. A computational model based on this fixed circuit assumption accurately predicted grid spatial patterns in environments with novel landmark rearrangements. Finally, a medial entorhinal cortex-dependent task revealed that while grid cell firing patterns remain anchored to landmarks, behavior can adapt to changes in landmark location via a downstream region implementing behavioral time scale synaptic plasticity 8. This fixed but weak anchoring of grid cells to landmarks endows the grid map with powerful computational properties. The fixed nature allows the generation of rapid stable maps for novel environments after a single exposure. The weak nature allows these rapidly formed maps to incur only small distortions between distances traveled in real versus neural space. Overall, such rapid low distortion mapping can then mediate accurate navigational behavior in rapidly changing environments through downstream plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorscher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One-shot entorhinal maps enable flexible navigation in novel environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.09.556999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymorphic Structure Determination of the Macrocyclic Drug Paritaprevir by MicroED 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.09.556999v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paritaprevir is an orally bioavailable, macrocyclic drug used for treating chronic Hepatitis C virus infection. Its structures had been elusive to the public until recently when one of the crystal forms was solved by MicroED. In this work, we report the MicroED structures of two distinct polymorphic crystal forms of paritaprevir from the same experiment. The different polymorphs show conformational changes in the macrocyclic core, as well as the cyclopropylsulfonamide and methylpyrazinamide substituents. Molecular docking shows that one of the conformations fits well into the active site pocket of the NS3/4A serine protease target, and can interact with the pocket and catalytic triad via hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. These results can provide further insight for optimization of the binding of acylsulfonamide inhibitors to the NS3/4A serine protease. In addition, this also demonstrate the opportunity of deriving different polymorphs and distinct macrocycle conformations from the same experiments using MicroED.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danelius, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieske, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.09.556999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymorphic Structure Determination of the Macrocyclic Drug Paritaprevir by MicroED]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.09.557002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based discovery of CFTR potentiators and inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.09.557002v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a crucial ion channel whose loss of function leads to cystic fibrosis, while its hyperactivation leads to secretory diarrhea. Small molecules that improve CFTR folding (correctors) or function (potentiators) are clinically available. However, the only potentiator, ivacaftor, has suboptimal pharmacokinetics and inhibitors have yet to be clinically developed. Here we combine molecular docking, electrophysiology, cryo-EM, and medicinal chemistry to identify novel CFTR modulators. We docked [~]155 million molecules into the potentiator site on CFTR, synthesized 53 test ligands, and used structure-based optimization to identify candidate modulators. This approach uncovered novel mid-nanomolar potentiators as well as inhibitors that bind to the same allosteric site. These molecules represent potential leads for the development of more effective drugs for cystic fibrosis and secretory diarrhea, demonstrating the feasibility of large-scale docking for ion channel drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einsiedel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omattage, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondratov, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moroz, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietz, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gmeiner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoichet, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.09.557002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based discovery of CFTR potentiators and inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.12.557371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broad receptor tropism and immunogenicity of a clade 3 sarbecovirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.12.557371v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although Rhinolophus bats harbor diverse clade 3 sarbecoviruses, the structural determinants of receptor tropism along with the antigenicity of their spike (S) glycoproteins remain uncharacterized. Here, we show that the African Rinolophus bat clade 3 sarbecovirus PRD-0038 S has a broad ACE2 usage and that RBD mutations further expand receptor promiscuity and enable human ACE2 utilization. We determined a cryoEM structure of the PRD-0038 RBD bound to R. alcyone ACE2, explaining receptor tropism and highlighting differences with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Characterization of PRD-0038 S using cryoEM and monoclonal antibody reactivity revealed its distinct antigenicity relative to SARS-CoV-2 and identified PRD-0038 cross-neutralizing antibodies for pandemic preparedness. PRD-0038 S vaccination elicited greater titers of antibodies cross-reacting with vaccine-mismatched clade 2 and clade 1a sarbecoviruses compared to SARS-CoV-2 S due to broader antigenic targeting, motivating the inclusion of clade 3 antigens in next-generation vaccines for enhanced resilience to viral evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quispe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leaf, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treichel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broad receptor tropism and immunogenicity of a clade 3 sarbecovirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.12.557402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toolkits for detailed and high-throughput interrogation of synapses in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.12.557402v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing synaptic connectivity has traditionally relied on time-consuming electron microscopy-based imaging approaches. To scale the analysis of synaptic connectivity, fluorescent protein-based techniques have been established, ranging from the labeling of specific pre- or postsynaptic components of chemical or electrical synapses to transsynaptic proximity labeling technology such as GRASP and iBLINC. In this paper, we describe WormPsyQi, a generalizable image analysis pipeline that automatically quantifies synaptically localized fluorescent signals in a high-throughput and robust manner, with reduced human bias. We also present a resource of 30 transgenic strains that label chemical or electrical synapses throughout the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans, using CLA-1, RAB-3, GRASP (chemical synapses), or innexin (electrical synapse) reporters. We show that WormPsyQi captures synaptic structures in spite of substantial heterogeneity in neurite morphology, fluorescence signal, and imaging parameters. We use these toolkits to quantify multiple obvious and subtle features of synapses - such as number, size, intensity, and spatial distribution of synapses - in datasets spanning various regions of the nervous system, developmental stages, and sexes. Although the pipeline is described in the context of synapses, it may be utilized for other  punctate signals, such as fluorescently-tagged neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules, as well as proteins in other subcellular contexts. By overcoming constraints on time, sample size, cell morphology, and phenotypic space, this work represents a powerful resource for further analysis of synapse biology in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toolkits for detailed and high-throughput interrogation of synapses in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.14.557812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt signaling and contact-mediated repulsion shape sensory dendritic fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.14.557812v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complete and non-redundant coverage of sensory tissues by neighboring neurons enables effective detection of stimuli in the environment. How the neurites of adjacent neurons establish their boundaries to achieve this completeness in coverage remains incompletely understood. Here, we use distinct fluorescent reporters to study two neighboring sensory neurons with complex dendritic arbors, FLP and PVD, in C. elegans. We quantify the sizes of their dendritic fields, and identify CWN-2/Wnt and LIN-17/Frizzled as a ligand and receptor that regulate the relative dendritic field sizes of these two neurons. Loss of either cwn-2 or lin-17 results in complementary changes in the size of the dendritic fields of both neurons; the FLP arbor expands, while that of PVD shrinks. Using an endogenous knock-in mNeonGreen-CWN-2/Wnt, we find that CWN-2/Wnt is localized along the path of growing FLP dendrites. Dynamic imaging shows a significant braking of FLP dendrite growth upon CWN-2/Wnt contact. We find that LIN-17/Frizzled functions cell-autonomously in FLP to limit dendritic field size and propose that PVD fills the space left by FLP through contact-induced retraction. Our results reveal that interactions of dendrites with adjacent dendrites and with environmental cues both shape the boundaries of neighboring dendritic fields.

Highlights{square} Secreted Wnt CWN-2 and cell-autonomous activity of neuronal LIN-17/Frizzled receptors restrict FLP dendritic field sizes
{square}Endogenously tagged CWN-2/Wnt is punctate and visible in the same plane of growing FLP dendrites
{square}Growth of developing FLP dendrites is inhibited upon contact with extracellular CWN-2/Wnt and with PVD dendrites
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tzeng, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt signaling and contact-mediated repulsion shape sensory dendritic fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.15.556782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory neuron population expansion enhances odour tracking through relaxed projection neuron adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.15.556782v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary expansion of sensory neuron populations detecting important environmental cues is widespread, but functionally enigmatic. We investigated this phenomenon through comparison of homologous neural pathways of Drosophila melanogaster and its close relative Drosophila sechellia, an extreme specialist for Morinda citrifolia noni fruit. D. sechellia has evolved species-specific expansions in select, noni-detecting olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) populations, through multigenic changes. Activation and inhibition of defined proportions of neurons demonstrate that OSN population increases contribute to stronger, more persistent, noni-odor tracking behavior. These sensory neuron expansions result in increased synaptic connections with their projection neuron (PN) partners, which are conserved in number between species. Surprisingly, having more OSNs does not lead to greater odor-evoked PN sensitivity or reliability. Rather, pathways with increased sensory pooling exhibit reduced PN adaptation, likely through weakened lateral inhibition. Our work reveals an unexpected functional impact of sensory neuron expansions to explain ecologically-relevant, species-specific behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stupski, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arguello, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto-Godino, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Ocana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wienecke, C. F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Breugel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.556782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory neuron population expansion enhances odour tracking through relaxed projection neuron adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.15.557808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Driver lines for studying associative learning in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.15.557808v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe mushroom body (MB) is the center for associative learning in insects. In Drosophila, intersectional split-GAL4 drivers and electron microscopy (EM) connectomes have laid the foundation for precise interrogation of the MB neural circuits. However, investigation of many cell types upstream and downstream of the MB has been hindered due to lack of specific driver lines. Here we describe a new collection of over 800 split-GAL4 and split-LexA drivers that cover approximately 300 cell types, including sugar sensory neurons, putative nociceptive ascending neurons, olfactory and thermo-/hygro-sensory projection neurons, interneurons connected with the MB-extrinsic neurons, and various other cell types. We characterized activation phenotypes for a subset of these lines and identified a sugar sensory neuron line most suitable for reward substitution. Leveraging the thousands of confocal microscopy images associated with the collection, we analyzed neuronal morphological stereotypy and discovered that one set of mushroom body output neurons, MBON08/MBON09, exhibits striking individuality and asymmetry across animals. In conjunction with the EM connectome maps, the driver lines reported here offer a powerful resource for functional dissection of neural circuits for associative learning in adult Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shuai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibbard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Managan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Driver lines for studying associative learning in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.17.558119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The diverse evolutionary histories of domesticated metaviral capsid genes in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.17.558119v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selfish genetic elements and their remnants comprise at least half of the human genome. Active transposons duplicate by inserting copies at new sites in a host genome. Following insertion, transposons can acquire mutations that render them inactive; the accrual of additional mutations can render them unrecognizable over time. However, in rare instances, segments of transposons become useful for the host, in a process called gene domestication. Using the first complete human genome assembly and 25 additional vertebrate genomes, we analyzed the evolutionary trajectories and functional potential of genes domesticated from the capsid genes of Metaviridae, a retroviral-like retrotransposon family. Our analysis reveals four families of domesticated capsid genes in placental mammals with varied evolutionary outcomes, ranging from universal retention to lineage-specific duplications or losses and from purifying selection to lineage-specific rapid evolution. The four families of domesticated capsid genes have divergent amino-terminal domains, inherited from four distinct ancestral metaviruses. Structural predictions reveal that many domesticated genes encode a previously unrecognized RNA-binding domain retained in multiple paralogs in mammalian genomes both adjacent to and independent from the capsid domain. Collectively, our study reveals diverse outcomes of domestication of diverse metaviruses, which led to structurally and evolutionarily diverse genes that encode important, but still largely-unknown functions in placental mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henriques, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemudryi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemudraia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiedenheft, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.558119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The diverse evolutionary histories of domesticated metaviral capsid genes in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.16.558080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A modular circuit architecture coordinates the diversification of courtship strategies in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.16.558080v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying a mate is a central imperative for males of most species but poses the challenge of distinguishing a suitable partner from an array of potential male competitors or females of related species. Mate recognition systems are thus subject to strong selective pressures, driving the rapid coevolution of female sensory cues and male sensory preferences. Here we leverage the rapid evolution of female pheromones across the Drosophila genus to gain insight into how males coordinately adapt their detection and interpretation of these chemical cues to hone their mating strategies. While in some Drosophila species females produce unique pheromones that act to attract and arouse their conspecific males, the pheromones of most species are sexually monomorphic such that females possess no distinguishing chemosensory signatures that males can use for mate recognition. By comparing several close and distantly-related Drosophila species, we reveal that D. yakuba males have evolved the distinct ability to use a sexually-monomorphic pheromone, 7-tricosene (7-T), as an excitatory cue to promote courtship, a sensory innovation that enables D. yakuba males to court in the dark thereby expanding their reproductive opportunities. To gain insight into the neural adaptations that enable 7-T to act as an excitatory cue, we compared the functional properties of two key nodes within the pheromone circuits of D. yakuba and a subset of its closest relatives. We show that the instructive role of 7-T in D. yakuba arises from concurrent peripheral and central circuit changes: a distinct subpopulation of sensory neurons has acquired sensitivity to 7-T which in turn selectively signals to a distinct subset of P1 neurons in the central brain that trigger courtship behaviors. Such a modular circuit organization, in which different sensory inputs can independently couple to multiple parallel courtship control nodes, may facilitate the evolution of mate recognition systems by allowing males to take advantage of novel sensory modalities to become aroused. Together, our findings suggest how peripheral and central circuit adaptations can be flexibly linked to underlie the rapid evolution of mate recognition and courtship strategies across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morantte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koreman, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.16.558080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A modular circuit architecture coordinates the diversification of courtship strategies in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.15.557961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Novel Gut-derived Lantibiotics Against Human Gut Commensals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.15.557961v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in sequencing techniques unveiled the vast potential of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) encoded in microbiomes. Class I lantibiotics such as nisin A, widely used as a food preservative, have been investigated for their efficacy in killing pathogens. However, the impact of nisin and nisin-like class I lantibiotics on commensal bacteria residing in the human gut remains unclear. Here, we report six gut-derived class I lantibiotics that are close homologs of nisin, four of which are novel. We applied an improved lantibiotic expression platform to produce and purify these lantibiotics for antimicrobial assays. We determined their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against both Gram-positive human pathogens and gut commensals, and profiled the lantibiotic resistance genes in these pathogens and commensals. SAR studies with variants revealed key regions and residues that impact their antimicrobial properties. Our characterization and SAR studies of nisin-like lantibiotics against both pathogens and human gut commensals could shed light on the future development of lantibiotic-based therapeutics and food preservatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorantes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Novel Gut-derived Lantibiotics Against Human Gut Commensals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.17.558134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
General Transcription Factor from E. coli with a Distinct Mechanism of Action 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.17.558134v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression in E. coli is controlled by well-established mechanisms that activate or repress transcription. Here, we identify CedA as an unconventional transcription factor specifically associated with the RNA polymerase (RNAP) {sigma}70 holoenzyme. Structural and biochemical analysis of CedA bound to RNAP reveal that it bridges distant domains of {beta} and {sigma}70 subunits to stabilize an open-promoter complex. Remarkably, CedA does so without contacting DNA. We further show that cedA is strongly induced in response to amino acid starvation, oxidative stress, and aminoglycosides. CedA provides a basal level of tolerance to these clinically relevant antibiotics, as well as to rifampicin and peroxide. Finally, we show that CedA modulates transcription of hundreds of bacterial genes, which explains its pleotropic effect on cell physiology and pathogenesis.

One sentence summaryAn integrated structure-function approach uncovers CedA as a general transcription initiation factor in E. coli and elucidates its multifaceted role and unique mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nudler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilyev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epshtein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamovsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.558134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[General Transcription Factor from E. coli with a Distinct Mechanism of Action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.18.558157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide Characterization of Diverse Bacteriophages Enabled by RNA-Binding CRISPRi 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.18.558157v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages constitute one of the largest sources of unknown gene content in the biosphere. Even for well-studied model phages, robust experimental approaches to identify and study their essential genes remain elusive. We uncover and exploit the conserved vulnerability of the phage transcriptome to facilitate genome-wide protein expression knockdown via programmable RNA-binding protein dRfxCas13d (CRISPRi-ART) across diverse phages and their host. Establishing the first broad-spectrum phage functional genomics platform, we predict over 90 essential genes across four phage genomes, a third of which have no known function. These results highlight hidden infection strategies encoded in the most abundant biological entities on earth and provide a facile platform to study them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shimary, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambruster, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colognori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomburg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beurnier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrangou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutalik, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeniger, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide Characterization of Diverse Bacteriophages Enabled by RNA-Binding CRISPRi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.20.557569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-directed generation of CRISPR-Cas13a guide RNAs designs artificial sequences that improve nucleic acid detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.20.557569v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generating maximally-fit biological sequences has the potential to transform CRISPR guide RNA design as it has other areas of biomedicine. Here, we introduce model-directed exploration algorithms (MEAs) for designing maximally-fit, artificial CRISPR-Cas13a guides--with multiple mismatches to any natural sequence--that are tailored for desired properties around nucleic acid diagnostics. We find that MEA-designed guides offer more sensitive detection of diverse pathogens and discrimination of pathogen variants compared to guides derived directly from natural sequences, and illuminate interpretable design principles that broaden Cas13a targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mantena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petros, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myhrvold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metsky, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.557569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-directed generation of CRISPR-Cas13a guide RNAs designs artificial sequences that improve nucleic acid detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.21.558834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and targeting of microbial putrescine acetylation in bloodstream infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.21.558834v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growth of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has highlighted an urgent need to identify bacterial pathogenic functions that may be targets for clinical intervention. Although severe bacterial infections profoundly alter host metabolism, prior studies have largely ignored alterations in microbial metabolism in this context. Performing metabolomics on patient and mouse plasma samples, we identify elevated levels of bacterially-derived N- acetylputrescine during gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI), with higher levels associated with worse clinical outcomes. We discover that SpeG is the bacterial enzyme responsible for acetylating putrescine and show that blocking its activity reduces bacterial proliferation and slows pathogenesis. Reduction of SpeG activity enhances bacterial membrane permeability and results in increased intracellular accumulation of antibiotics, allowing us to overcome AMR of clinical isolates both in culture and in vivo. This study highlights how studying pathogen metabolism in the natural context of infection can reveal new therapeutic strategies for addressing challenging infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel-Ivad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulieu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bholse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasser, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenauer, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinilla Vera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttenhower, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrella, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and targeting of microbial putrescine acetylation in bloodstream infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.21.558871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of protein G-quadruplex interactions on phase transitions and protein aggregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.21.558871v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SERF family of proteins were originally discovered for their ability to accelerate amyloid formation. Znf706 is an uncharacterized protein whose N-terminus is homologous to SERF proteins. We show here that human Znf706 can promote protein aggregation and amyloid formation. Unexpectedly, Znf706 specifically interacts with stable, non-canonical nucleic acid structures known as G-quadruplexes. G-quadruplexes can affect gene regulation and suppress protein aggregation; however, it is unknown if and how these two activities are linked. We find Znf706 binds preferentially to parallel G-quadruplexes with low micromolar affinity, primarily using its N-terminus, and upon interaction, its dynamics are constrained. G-quadruplex binding suppresses Znf706s ability to promote protein aggregation. Znf706 in conjunction with G-quadruplexes therefore may play a role in regulating protein folding. RNAseq analysis shows that Znf706 depletion specifically impacts the mRNA abundance of genes that are predicted to contain high G-quadruplex density. Our studies give insight into how proteins and G-quadruplexes interact, and how these interactions affect both partners and lead to the modulation of protein aggregation and cellular mRNA levels. These observations suggest that the SERF family of proteins, in conjunction with G-quadruplexes, may have a broader role in regulating protein folding and gene expression than previously appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plavec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardwell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of protein G-quadruplex interactions on phase transitions and protein aggregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.23.559140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution dissection of human cell type-specific enhancers in cis and trans activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.23.559140v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatiotemporal specific gene expression is regulated by cell type-specific regulatory elements including enhancers, silencers and insulators etc. The massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) methods like STARR-seq facilitate the systematic study of DNA sequence intrinsic enhancer activities in a large scale. However, when applied to human cells, it remains challenging to identify and quantify cell type-specific active enhancers in the genome-wide scale with high-resolution, due to the large size of human genome. In this study, we selected the H3K4me1 associated dinucleosome with the linker DNA sequences as candidate enhancer sequences in two different human cell lines and performed ChIP-STARR-seq to quantify the cell type-specific enhancer activities with high-resolution in a genome-wide scale. Furthermore, we investigated how the activity landscape of enhancer repository would change when transferred from native cells (cis activity) to another cell lines (trans activity). Using ChIP-STARR-seq of the candidate enhancers in native cells and another type of cells, we obtained enhancers cis activity maps and trans activity maps in two different cell lines. The cis and trans activity maps enabled us to identify cell type-specific active enhancers, with enrichment of motifs of differentially expressed TFs. Comparisons between the cis and trans activity maps revealed general consistent regulatory property with different levels of activity in the two cell types, suggesting the sequence intrinsic regulatory properties keep similar in different type of cells. This study provides a new perspective of sequence intrinsic enhancer activities in different types of cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.559140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution dissection of human cell type-specific enhancers in cis and trans activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.23.559109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-dependent development of the body's touch receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.23.559109v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a role for activity in the development of the primary sensory neurons that detect touch. Genetic deletion of Piezo2, the principal mechanosensitive ion channel in somatosensory neurons, caused profound changes in the formation of mechanosensory end organ structures and altered somatosensory neuron central targeting. Single cell RNA sequencing of Piezo2 conditional mutants revealed changes in gene expression in the sensory neurons activated by light mechanical forces, whereas other neuronal classes were less affected. To further test the role of activity in mechanosensory end organ development, we genetically deleted the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.6 (Scn8a) in somatosensory neurons throughout development and found that Scn8a mutants also have disrupted somatosensory neuron morphologies and altered electrophysiological responses to mechanical stimuli. Together, these findings indicate that mechanically evoked neuronal activity acts early in life to shape the maturation of the mechanosensory end organs that underlie our sense of gentle touch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Africawala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegrist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasnim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anjum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehnert, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan-Tamariz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskols, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paradis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.559109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-dependent development of the body's touch receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.25.559373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rotational velocity estimate constructed through visuomotor competition updates the fly's neural compass 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.25.559373v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Navigating animals continuously integrate velocity signals to update internal representations of their directional heading and spatial location in the environment. How neural circuits combine sensory and motor information to construct these velocity estimates and how these self-motion signals, in turn, update internal representations that support navigational computations are not well understood. Recent work in Drosophila has identified a neural circuit that performs angular path integration to compute the flys head direction, but the nature of the velocity signal is unknown. Here we identify a pair of neurons necessary for angular path integration that encode the flys rotational velocity with high accuracy using both visual optic flow and motor information. This estimate of rotational velocity does not rely on a moment-to-moment integration of sensory and motor information. Rather, when visual and motor signals are congruent, these neurons prioritize motor information over visual information, and when the two signals are in conflict, reciprocal inhibition selects either the motor or visual signal. Together, our results suggest that flies update their head direction representation by constructing an estimate of rotational velocity that relies primarily on motor information and only incorporates optic flow signals in specific sensorimotor contexts, such as when the motor signal is absent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hulse, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanoev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner-Evans, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seelig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rotational velocity estimate constructed through visuomotor competition updates the fly's neural compass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.26.559533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane Bound O-Acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) Shapes Lysosomal Lipid Homeostasis and Function to Control Alcohol-Associated Liver Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.26.559533v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) near the gene encoding membrane-bound O-acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) that is associated with advanced liver diseases. In fact, a common MBOAT7 variant (rs641738), which is associated with reduced MBOAT7 expression, confers increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and liver fibrosis in those chronically infected with hepatitis viruses B and C. The MBOAT7 gene encodes a lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) acyltransferase enzyme that produces the most abundant form of phosphatidylinositol 38:4 (PI 18:0/20:4). Although these recent genetic studies clearly implicate MBOAT7 function in liver disease progression, the mechanism(s) by which MBOAT7-driven LPI acylation regulates liver disease is currently unknown. Previously we showed that antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-mediated knockdown of Mboat7 promoted non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice (Helsley et al., 2019). Here, we provide mechanistic insights into how MBOAT7 loss of function promotes alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). In agreement with GWAS studies, we find that circulating levels of metabolic product of MBOAT7 (PI 38:4) are significantly reduced in heavy drinkers compared to age-matched healthy controls. Hepatocyte specific genetic deletion (Mboat7HSKO), but not myeloid-specific deletion (Mboat7MSKO), of Mboat7 in mice results in enhanced ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and high concentrations of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Given MBOAT7 is a lipid metabolic enzyme, we performed comprehensive lipidomic profiling of the liver and identified a striking reorganization of the hepatic lipidome upon ethanol feeding in Mboat7HSKO mice. Specifically, we observed large increases in the levels of endosomal/lysosomal lipids including bis(monoacylglycero)phosphates (BMP) and phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) in ethanol-exposed Mboat7HSKO mice. In parallel, ethanol-fed Mboat7HSKO mice exhibited marked dysregulation of autophagic flux and lysosomal biogenesis when exposed to ethanol. This was associated with impaired transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosomal biogenesis and accumulation of autophagosomes. Collectively, this works provides new molecular insights into how genetic variation in MBOAT7 impacts ALD progression in humans and mice. This work is the first to causally link MBOAT7 loss of function in hepatocytes, but not myeloid cells, to ethanol-induced liver injury via dysregulation of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic flux.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varadharajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandiran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massey, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMullen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorkowski, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulshan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helsley, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasarathy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasarathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streem, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reizes, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allende, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane Bound O-Acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) Shapes Lysosomal Lipid Homeostasis and Function to Control Alcohol-Associated Liver Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.27.559826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the biochemical landscape of rubisco 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.27.559826v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rubisco is the primary CO2 fixing enzyme of the biosphere yet has slow kinetics. The roles of evolution and chemical mechanism in constraining the sequence landscape of rubisco remain debated. In order to map sequence to function, we developed a massively parallel assay for rubisco using an engineered E. coli where enzyme function is coupled to growth. By assaying >99% of single amino acid mutants across CO2 concentrations, we inferred enzyme velocity and CO2 affinity for thousands of substitutions. We identified many highly conserved positions that tolerate mutation and rare mutations that improve CO2 affinity. These data suggest that non-trivial kinetic improvements are readily accessible and provide a comprehensive sequence-to-function mapping for enzyme engineering efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prywes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor-Kearney, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the biochemical landscape of rubisco]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.28.559955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exonuclease Xrn1 regulates TORC1 signaling in response to SAM availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.28.559955v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is a conserved process of cellular self-digestion that promotes survival during nutrient stress. In yeast, methionine starvation is sufficient to induce autophagy. One pathway of autophagy induction is governed by the SEACIT complex, which regulates TORC1 activity in response to amino acids through the Rag GTPases Gtr1 and Gtr2. However, the precise mechanism by which SEACIT senses amino acids and regulates TORC1 signaling remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify the conserved 5-3 RNA exonuclease Xrn1 as a surprising and novel regulator of TORC1 activity in response to methionine starvation. This role of Xrn1 is dependent on its catalytic activity, but not on degradation of any specific class of mRNAs. Instead, Xrn1 modulates the nucleotide-binding state of the Gtr1/2 complex, which is critical for its interaction with and activation of TORC1. This work identifies a critical role for Xrn1 in nutrient sensing and growth control that extends beyond its canonical housekeeping function in RNA degradation and indicates an avenue for RNA metabolism to function in amino acid signaling into TORC1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahangiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exonuclease Xrn1 regulates TORC1 signaling in response to SAM availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.28.559844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of gene expression across brain regions in behaviorally divergent deer mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.28.559844v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of innate behaviors is ultimately due to genetic variation likely acting in the nervous system. Gene regulation may be particularly important because it can evolve in a modular brain-region specific fashion through the concerted action of cis- and trans-regulatory changes. Here, to investigate transcriptional variation and its regulatory basis across the brain, we perform RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on ten brain subregions in two sister species of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus and P. polionotus) - which differ in a range of innate behaviors, including their social system - and their F1 hybrids. We find that most of the variation in gene expression distinguishes subregions, followed by species. Interspecific differential expression (DE) is pervasive (52-59% of expressed genes), whereas the number of DE genes between sexes is modest overall ([~]3%). Interestingly, the identity of DE genes varies considerably across brain regions. Much of this modularity is due to cis-regulatory divergence, and while 43% of genes were consistently assigned to the same gene regulatory class across subregions (e.g., conserved, cis-, or trans-regulatory divergence), a similar number were assigned to two or more different gene regulatory classes. Together, these results highlight the modularity of gene expression differences and divergence in the brain, which may be key to explain how the evolution of brain gene expression can contribute to the astonishing diversity of animal behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kautt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewarch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassance, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendesky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of gene expression across brain regions in behaviorally divergent deer mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.27.559754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient States During Oligonucleotides Hybridization: Insights from Annealing Kinetics of Mismatches and Bulges 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.27.559754v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligonucleotide hybridization is crucial in various biological, prebiotic and nanotechnological processes, including gene regulation, non-enzymatic primer extension and DNA nanodevice assembly. Although extensive research has focused on the thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleic acid hybridization, the behavior of complex mixtures and the outcome of competition for target binding remain less well understood. In this study, we investigate the impact of mismatches and bulges in a 12bp DNA or RNA duplex on its association (kon) and dissociation (koff) kinetics. We find that such defects have relatively small effects on the association kinetics, while the dissociation kinetics vary in a position-dependent manner by up to 6 orders of magnitude. Building upon this observation, we explored a competition scenario involving multiple oligonucleotides, and observed a transient low specificity of probe hybridization to fully vs. partially complementary targets in solution. We characterize these long-lived metastable states and their evolution toward equilibrium, and show that sufficiently long-lived mis-paired duplexes can serve as substrates for prebiotically relevant chemical copying reactions. Our results suggest that transient low accuracy states may spontaneously emerge within all complex nucleic acid systems comprising a large enough number of competing strands, with potential repercussions for gene regulation in the realm of modern biology and the prebiotic preservation of genetic information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Todisco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient States During Oligonucleotides Hybridization: Insights from Annealing Kinetics of Mismatches and Bulges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.28.560045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HI-FISH: WHOLE BRAIN IN SITU MAPPING OF NEURONAL ACTIVATION IN DROSOPHILA DURING SOCIAL BEHAVIORS AND OPTOGENETIC STIMULATION 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.28.560045v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring neuronal activity at single-cell resolution in freely moving Drosophila engaged in social behaviors is challenging because of their small size and lack of transparency. Extant methods, such as Flyception, are highly invasive. Whole-brain calcium imaging in head-fixed, walking flies is feasible but the animals cannot perform the consummatory phases of social behaviors like aggression or mating under these conditions. This has left open the fundamental question of whether neurons identified as functionally important for such behaviors using loss- or gain-of-function screens are actually active during the natural performance of such behaviors, and if so during which phase(s). Here we perform brain-wide mapping of active cells expressing the Immediate Early Gene hr38 using a high-sensitivity/low background FISH amplification method called HCR-3.0. Using double-labeling for hr38 mRNA and for GFP, we describe the activity of several classes of aggression-promoting neurons during courtship and aggression, including P1a cells, an intensively studied population of male-specific interneurons. Using HI-FISH in combination with optogenetic activation of aggression-promoting neurons (opto-HI-FISH) we identify candidate downstream functional targets of these cells in a brain-wide, unbiased manner. Finally we compare the activity of P1a neurons during sequential performance of courtship and aggression, using intronic vs. exonic hr38 probes to differentiate newly synthesized nuclear transcripts from cytoplasmic transcripts synthesized at an earlier time. These data provide evidence suggesting that different subsets of P1a neurons may be active during courtship vs. aggression. HI-FISH and associated methods may help to fill an important lacuna in the armamentarium of tools for neural circuit analysis in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.560045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HI-FISH: WHOLE BRAIN IN SITU MAPPING OF NEURONAL ACTIVATION IN DROSOPHILA DURING SOCIAL BEHAVIORS AND OPTOGENETIC STIMULATION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.30.560325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleepiness, not total sleep amount, increases seizure risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.30.560325v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep loss has been associated with increased seizure risk since antiquity. Despite this observation standing the test of time, how poor sleep drives susceptibility to seizures remains unclear. To identify underlying mechanisms, we restricted sleep in Drosophila epilepsy models and developed a method to identify spontaneous seizures using quantitative video tracking. Here we find that sleep loss exacerbates seizures but only when flies experience increased sleep need, or sleepiness, and not necessarily with reduced sleep quantity. This is supported by the paradoxical finding that acute activation of sleep-promoting circuits worsens seizures, because it increases sleep need without changing sleep amount. Sleep-promoting circuits become hyperactive after sleep loss and are associated with increased whole-brain activity. During sleep restriction, optogenetic inhibition of sleep-promoting circuits to reduce sleepiness protects against seizures. Downregulation of the 5HT1A serotonin receptor in sleep-promoting cells mediates the effect of sleep need on seizures, and we identify an FDA-approved 5HT1A agonist to mitigate seizures. Our findings demonstrate that while homeostatic sleep is needed to recoup lost sleep, it comes at the cost of increasing seizure susceptibility. We provide an unexpected perspective on interactions between sleep and seizures, and surprisingly implicate sleep- promoting circuits as a therapeutic target for seizure control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuddapah, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saul, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killiany, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gionet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putt, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleepiness, not total sleep amount, increases seizure risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRWN nuclear lamina components maintain the H3K27me3 landscape and promote successful reproduction in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560721v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear lamina, a sub-nuclear protein matrix, maintains nuclear structure and genome function. Here, we investigate the role of Arabidopsis lamin analogs CROWDED NUCLEIs during gametophyte and seed development. We observed defects in crwn mutant seeds, including seed abortion and reduced germination rate. Quadruple crwn null genotypes were rarely transmitted through gametophytes. We focused on the crwn1 crwn2 (crwn1/2) endosperm, which exhibited enlarged chalazal cysts and increased expression of stress-related genes and the MADS-box transcription factor PHERES1 and its targets. Previously, it was shown that PHERES1 is regulated by H3K27me3 and that CRWN1 interacts with the PRC2 interactor PWO1. Thus, we tested whether crwn1/2 alters H3K27me3 patterns. We observed a mild loss of H3K27me3 at several hundred loci, which differed between endosperm and leaves. These data indicate that CRWNs are necessary to maintain the H3K27me3 landscape, with tissue-specific chromatin and transcriptional consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRWN nuclear lamina components maintain the H3K27me3 landscape and promote successful reproduction in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving protein expression, stability, and function with ProteinMPNN 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560713v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural proteins are highly optimized for function, but are often difficult to produce at a scale suitable for biotechnological applications due to poor expression in heterologous systems, limited solubility, and sensitivity to temperature. Thus, a general method that improves the physical properties of native proteins while maintaining function could have wide utility for protein-based technologies. Here we show that the deep neural network ProteinMPNN together with evolutionary and structural information provides a route to increasing protein expression, stability, and function. For both myoglobin and tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease, we generated designs with improved expression, elevated melting temperatures, and improved function. For TEV protease, we identified multiple designs with improved catalytic activity as compared to the parent sequence and previously reported TEV variants. Our approach should be broadly useful for improving the expression, stability, and function of biotechnologically important proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sumida, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez Franco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalvet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wicky, B. I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milles, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez Oses, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving protein expression, stability, and function with ProteinMPNN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatinization Modulates Topoisomerase II Processivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560726v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type IIA topoisomerases are essential DNA processing enzymes that must robustly and reliably relax DNA torsional stress in vivo. While cellular processes constantly create different degrees of torsional stress, how this stress feeds back to control type IIA topoisomerase function remains obscure. Using a suite of single-molecule approaches, we examined the torsional impact on supercoiling relaxation of both naked DNA and chromatin by eukaryotic topoisomerase II (topo II). We observed that topo II was at least [~] 50-fold more processive on plectonemic DNA than previously estimated, capable of relaxing > 6000 turns. We further discovered that topo II could relax supercoiled DNA prior to plectoneme formation, but with a [~]100-fold reduction in processivity; strikingly, the relaxation rate in this regime decreased with diminishing torsion in a manner consistent with the capture of transient DNA loops by topo II. Chromatinization preserved the high processivity of the enzyme under high torsional stress. Interestingly, topo II was still highly processive ([~] 1000 turns) even under low torsional stress, consistent with the predisposition of chromatin to readily form DNA crossings. This work establishes that chromatin is a major stimulant of topo II function, capable of enhancing function even under low torsional stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulbright, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatinization Modulates Topoisomerase II Processivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide Transition-State Ensemble as Key Component for Enzyme Catalysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560706v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transition-state theory has provided the theoretical framework to explain the enormous rate accelerations of chemical reactions by enzymes. Given that proteins display large ensembles of conformations, unique transition states would pose a huge entropic bottleneck for enzyme catalysis. To shed light on this question, we studied the nature of the enzymatic transition state for the phosphoryl-transfer step in adenylate kinase by quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics calculations. We find a structurally wide set of energetically equivalent configurations that lie along the reaction coordinate and hence a broad transition-state ensemble (TSE). A conformationally delocalized ensemble, including asymmetric transition states, is rooted in the macroscopic nature of the enzyme. The computational results are buttressed by enzyme kinetics experiments that confirm the decrease of the entropy of activation predicted from such wide TSE. Transition-state ensembles as a key for efficient enzyme catalysis further boosts a unifying concept for protein folding and conformational transitions underlying protein function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontiggia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agafonov, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide Transition-State Ensemble as Key Component for Enzyme Catalysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.04.560957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conjoint specification of action by neocortex and striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.04.560957v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interplay between two major forebrain structures - cortex and subcortical striatum - is critical for flexible, goal-directed action. Traditionally, it has been proposed that striatum is critical for selecting what type of action is initiated while the primary motor cortex is involved in the online control of movement execution. Recent data indicates that striatum may also be critical for specifying movement execution. These alternatives have been difficult to reconcile because when comparing very distinct actions, as in the vast majority of work to date, they make essentially indistinguishable predictions. Here, we develop quantitative models to reveal a somewhat paradoxical insight: only comparing neural activity during similar actions makes strongly distinguishing predictions. We thus developed a novel reach-to-pull task in which mice reliably selected between two similar, but distinct reach targets and pull forces. Simultaneous cortical and subcortical recordings were uniquely consistent with a model in which cortex and striatum jointly specify flexible parameters of action during movement execution.

One sentence summaryMotor cortex and subcortical striatum act in concert to specify the movement parameters of a reach-to-pull action in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polidoro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortunato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensh, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conjoint specification of action by neocortex and striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.06.561121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cue-specific neuronal ensembles span intermittent rate coding of working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.06.561121v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent, memorandum-specific neuronal spiking activity has long been hypothesized to underlie working memory. However, emerging evidence suggests a possible role for  activity-silent synaptic mechanisms. This issue remains controversial because evidence for either view has largely depended on datasets that fail to capture single-trial population dynamics or on indirect measures of neuronal spiking. We addressed this by examining the dynamics of mnemonic information on single trials obtained from large, local populations of prefrontal neurons recorded simultaneously in monkeys performing a working memory task. We show that mnemonic information does not persist in the spiking activity of prefrontal neurons, but instead alternates between  On and  Off periods during memory delays. At the level of single neurons, Off periods are driven by a coordinated loss of selectivity for memoranda and a return of firing rates to baseline levels. Further exploiting the large-scale recordings, we asked whether the functional connectivity among large neuronal ensembles depended on information held in working memory. We show that mnemonic information is available in the pattern of ensemble connectivity during the memory delay in both On and Off periods of neuronal activity. Intermittent epochs of memoranda-specific spiking therefore coexist with activity-silent mechanisms to span memory delays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panichello, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikaitis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepka, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cue-specific neuronal ensembles span intermittent rate coding of working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.06.559866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Flat Protein Complex Shapes Rough ER Membrane Sheets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.06.559866v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rough ER sheets are a fundamental domain of the ER and the gateway into the secretory pathway. While reticulon proteins stabilize high-curvature ER tubules, it is unclear if other proteins scaffold the flat membranes of rough ER sheets. Through a proteomics screen using ER sheet localized RNA-binding proteins as bait, we identify the Sigma-1 receptor (SigmaR1) as an ER sheet shaping factor. High-resolution live cell imaging and electron tomography assign SigmaR1 as an ER sheet-localized factor whose levels determine the amount of rough ER sheets in cells. Structure-guided mutagenesis and in vitro reconstitution on giant unilamellar vesicles further support a mechanism whereby SigmaR1 oligomers use their extended arrays of amphipathic helices to bind and flatten the lumenal leaflet of ER membranes. Our results demonstrate an unexpected way for proteins to sense and propagate flat membrane sheets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehl, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petito, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voeltz, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.559866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Flat Protein Complex Shapes Rough ER Membrane Sheets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.09.561603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalized Biomolecular Modeling and Design with RoseTTAFold All-Atom 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.09.561603v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although AlphaFold2 (AF2) and RoseTTAFold (RF) have transformed structural biology by enabling high-accuracy protein structure modeling, they are unable to model covalent modifications or interactions with small molecules and other non-protein molecules that can play key roles in biological function. Here, we describe RoseTTAFold All-Atom (RFAA), a deep network capable of modeling full biological assemblies containing proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, metals, and covalent modifications given the sequences of the polymers and the atomic bonded geometry of the small molecules and covalent modifications. Following training on structures of full biological assemblies in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), RFAA has comparable protein structure prediction accuracy to AF2, excellent performance in CAMEO for flexible backbone small molecule docking, and reasonable prediction accuracy for protein covalent modifications and assemblies of proteins with multiple nucleic acid chains and small molecules which, to our knowledge, no existing method can model simultaneously. By fine-tuning on diffusive denoising tasks, we develop RFdiffusion All-Atom (RFdiffusionAA), which generates binding pockets by directly building protein structures around small molecules and other non-protein molecules. Starting from random distributions of amino acid residues surrounding target small molecules, we design and experimentally validate proteins that bind the cardiac disease therapeutic digoxigenin, the enzymatic cofactor heme, and optically active bilin molecules with potential for expanding the range of wavelengths captured by photosynthesis. We anticipate that RFAA and RFdiffusionAA will be widely useful for modeling and designing complex biomolecular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturmfels, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalvet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey-Burrows, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitchcock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalized Biomolecular Modeling and Design with RoseTTAFold All-Atom]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.06.561214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural mechanism for learning from delayed postingestive feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.06.561214v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals learn the value of foods based on their postingestive effects and thereby develop aversions to foods that are toxic1-6 and preferences to those that are nutritious7-14. However, it remains unclear how the brain is able to assign credit to flavors experienced during a meal with postingestive feedback signals that can arise after a substantial delay. Here, we reveal an unexpected role for postingestive reactivation of neural flavor representations in this temporal credit assignment process. To begin, we leverage the fact that mice learn to associate novel15-18, but not familiar, flavors with delayed gastric malaise signals to investigate how the brain represents flavors that support aversive postingestive learning. Surveying cellular resolution brainwide activation patterns reveals that a network of amygdala regions is unique in being preferentially activated by novel flavors across every stage of the learning process: the initial meal, delayed malaise, and memory retrieval. By combining high-density recordings in the amygdala with optogenetic stimulation of genetically defined hindbrain malaise cells, we find that postingestive malaise signals potently and specifically reactivate amygdalar novel flavor representations from a recent meal. The degree of malaise-driven reactivation of individual neurons predicts strengthening of flavor responses upon memory retrieval, leading to stabilization of the population-level representation of the recently consumed flavor. In contrast, meals without postingestive consequences degrade neural flavor representations as flavors become familiar and safe. Thus, our findings demonstrate that interoceptive reactivation of amygdalar flavor representations provides a neural mechanism to resolve the temporal credit assignment problem inherent to postingestive learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan-Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keppler, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetcho, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolkan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMannon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoag, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janarthanan, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Luna, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkner, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural mechanism for learning from delayed postingestive feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.06.561290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of epithelial proliferation and tumorigenesis by immunoglobulin A 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.06.561290v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant antibody isotype produced across mammals and plays a specialized role in mucosal homeostasis1. Constantly secreted into the lumen of the intestine, IgA binds commensal microbiota to regulate their colonization and function2,3 with unclear implications for health. IgA deficiency is common in humans but is difficult to study due to its complex aetiology and comorbidities4-8. Using genetically and environmentally controlled mice, here we show that IgA-deficient animals have increased susceptibility to endogenous colorectal tumours. Cellular and molecular analyses revealed that, in the absence of IgA, colonic epithelial cells induce antibacterial factors and accelerate cell cycling in response to the microbiota. Oral treatment with IgA was sufficient to both reduce steady-state proliferation and protect mice from tumours, but this function was due to antibody structure rather than binding specificity. In both organoid and monolayer culture systems, IgA directly suppressed epithelial growth. Co-immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry and a targeted CRISPR screen identified DMBT1 as an IgA-binding epithelial surface protein required for IgA-mediated suppression of proliferation. Together, IgA and DMBT1 regulate Notch signalling and tune the normal cycling of absorptive colonocyte progenitors. In mice, deleting the transmembrane and cytoplasmic signalling portions of DMBT1 or blocking Notch signalling was sufficient to reverse both the increased proliferation and tumour susceptibility of IgA knockouts. These experiments establish a homeostatic function for IgA in tempering physiological epithelial responses to microbiota to maintain mucosal health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamede, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGaudio, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, T. B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grivennikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadtmueller, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of epithelial proliferation and tumorigenesis by immunoglobulin A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.09.561578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A feasibility study of smartphone sensors to assess the effect of acute high altitude (3,800 m) exposure on cognition and motor function in healthy participants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.09.561578v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute exposure to hypoxia at attitude has neurologic effects. Some subjects develop severe neurologic symptoms, including Parkinsonism, when hypoxic at high altitude as part of an Acute Mountain Sickness syndrome. Digital health technologies can provide continuous monitoring and objective, real-world measures of movement disorders, but only limited validation data of wearable sensors is available in the high-altitude setting. This equipment validation and feasibility study assessed smartphone microphone and accelerometer function at sea level and 12470 feet (3,800 m) to assess their potential value to predict and prevent neurologic features of acute mountain sickness. A feasibility study of standardized assessments of motor, speech and cognitive tasks was performed in 3 normal subjects at sea level and at altitude. All subjects were hypoxic at altitude with O2 saturations ranging from 77-81%. Shaker table (range of frequencies) and high-fidelity speaker (range of frequencies) controls confirmed high correlation of observed and expected measurements for microphone and accelerometer under all conditions. The feasibility study demonstrated that under conditions of hypoxia at attitude, fine motor skills are impaired; visual short-term memory is not impaired but has longer response time; gait and balance is impaired, and a postural tremor develops with frequencies below 10 Hz. Future studies could use these wearable sensors to further assess effects at altitude of more severe hypoxia with applications in the high-altitude environment for Parkinsons Disease patients, with further opportunity for aviation and military use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldman, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A feasibility study of smartphone sensors to assess the effect of acute high altitude (3,800 m) exposure on cognition and motor function in healthy participants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.09.561572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SERF2, an RNA G-quadruplex Binding Protein, promotes stress granule formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.09.561572v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase transitions govern a wide range of protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions. Although the importance of multivalency and protein disorder in driving these transitions is clear, there is limited knowledge concerning the structural basis of phase transitions or the conformational changes that accompany this process. In this work, we found that a small human protein, SERF2, is important for the formation of stress granules. We determined the solution NMR structure ensemble of SERF2. We show that SERF2 specifically interacts with non-canonical tetrahelical RNA structures called G-quadruplexes, structures linked to stress granule formation. The biophysical amenability of both SERF2 and RNA G4 quadruplexes have allowed us to characterize the multivalent protein-RNA interactions involved in liquid-liquid phase transitions, the role that protein disorder plays in these transitions, identify the specific contacts involved, and describe how these interactions impact the structural dynamics of the components enabling a detailed understanding of the structural transitions involved in early stages of ribonucleoprotein condensate formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehury, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyashita, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardwell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SERF2, an RNA G-quadruplex Binding Protein, promotes stress granule formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.11.561735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Simple Subcortical Feeding Circuit Linking Interoceptive Inputs to Consummatory Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.11.561735v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain processes an array of stimuli enabling the selection of an appropriate behavioural response but the neural pathways linking interoceptive inputs to outputs for feeding are poorly understood. Here we delineate a subcortical circuit in which brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expressing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) directly connect interoceptive inputs to motor centers controlling food consumption and jaw movements. VMHBDNF neuron inhibition increases food intake by gating motor sequences of feeding through projections to premotor areas of the jaw. When food is unavailable, VMHBDNF inhibition elicits consummatory behaviors directed at inanimate objects such as a wooden block and inhibition of mesencephalic trigeminal area (Me5) projections evokes rhythmic jaw movements. The activity of these neurons is decreased during food consumption and increases when food is in proximity but not consumed. Activity is also increased in obese animals and after leptin treatment. VMHBDNF neurons receive monosynaptic inputs from both agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and constitutive VMHBDNF activation blocks the orexigenic effect of AgRP activation. These data delineate an Arc[-&gt;]VMHBDNF[-&gt;]Me5 circuit that senses the energy state of an animal and regulates consummatory behaviors in a state dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kosse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Simple Subcortical Feeding Circuit Linking Interoceptive Inputs to Consummatory Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.10.561721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.10.561721v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory compensation is a process that allows individuals with a loss of one sense, for instance hearing or vision, to adapt to changes in their sensory abilities. Where this phenomenon has been observed, there is enhanced perception by another sense to compensate for deficiency of the lost sense. Such compensation is important for humans and non-human animals that use multisensory integration for effective navigation and the execution of vital tasks. Among these, female mosquitoes are sensory specialists that rely heavily on integrating multiple human-emitted cues in their quest for a suitable host to obtain a blood meal. Here, we identify a previously undescribed mechanism of sensory compensation in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Mutant mosquitoes lacking the odorant receptor co-receptor Orco show specific enhancement in heat-seeking behavior. This s compensation does not require the antenna, which was previously assumed to be the primary mosquito thermosensitive organ. Instead, we found that the tips of the forelegs are required to detect heat, and that the heightened sensitivity in heat detection is mediated by increased neuronal activity in foreleg sensory neurons, which are distant from the head appendage neurons that express Orco. By comparative gene expression analysis in wildtype and Orco mutant legs, we identify Ir140, a foreleg-enriched member of the Ionotropic Receptor (IR) superfamily of sensory receptors, as strongly upregulated in Orco mutant legs. Emphasizing the important role of IRs in thermosensation, we find that mutant mosquitoes lacking the IR co-receptor, Ir25a, lose all responses to heat, and Ir140 mutants show strong deficits in responding to human skin temperatures. We generated an Ir140, Orco double mutant and show that these animals lose the remarkable sensory compensation seen in Orco mutants. This strongly suggests that upregulation of Ir140 in the foreleg is the mechanism of sensory compensation in Orco mutants. Odorant receptor expression is sparse in legs, suggesting an indirect, long-range mechanism of sensory compensation. Our findings reveal a novel compensatory mechanism in which loss of one sensory modality in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes results in greater sensitivity in another to maintain the overall effectiveness of their host-seeking behavior, further enhancing their status as the most dangerous predator of humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyn, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Heynitz, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrells, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGennaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houri-Zeevi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosshall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.11.561899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for CFTR inhibition by CFTRinh-172 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.11.561899v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion channel that regulates electrolyte and fluid balance in epithelial tissues. Whereas activation of CFTR is vital to treating cystic fibrosis, selective inhibition of CFTR is a potential therapeutic strategy for secretory diarrhea and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Although several CFTR inhibitors have been developed by high-throughput screening, their modes of action remain elusive. In this study, we determined the structure of CFTR in complex with the inhibitor CFTRinh- 172 to 2.7 [A] resolution by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). We observe that CFTRinh- 172 binds inside the pore near transmembrane helix 8 (TM8), a critical structural element that links ATP hydrolysis with channel gating. Binding of CFTRinh-172 stabilizes a conformation in which the chloride selectivity filter is collapsed and the pore is blocked from the extracellular side of the membrane. Single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments indicate that CFTRinh-172 inhibits channel gating without compromising nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) dimerization. Together, these data show that CFTRinh-172 acts as both a pore blocker and a gating modulator, setting it apart from typical ion channel inhibitors. The dual functionality of CFTRinh-172 reconciles previous biophysical observations and provides a molecular basis for its activity.

Significance statementThe pathogenesis of secretory diarrhea and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease involves hyperactivation of the CFTR ion channel. CFTR inhibitors, including the small-molecule CFTRinh-172, have been developed as therapeutic candidates to treat these diseases. This study offers a structural understanding of CFTRinh-172s mode of action, clarifying its dual inhibitory role as both a pore blocker and gating modulator. The molecular description of how CFTRinh-172 interacts with CFTR provides a structural foundation to its specificity and efficacy. Furthermore, the observation that CFTR inhibitors and potentiators both interact with TM8 strengthens the notion that this helix serves as an allosteric link between the ATPase site and the channel gate, and is therefore a hotspot for pharmacological modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiedorczuk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for CFTR inhibition by CFTRinh-172]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.11.561906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural identification of a selectivity filter in CFTR 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.11.561906v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel that regulates transepithelial salt and fluid homeostasis. CFTR dysfunction leads to reduced chloride secretion into the mucosal lining of epithelial tissues, thereby causing the inherited disease cystic fibrosis. Although several structures of CFTR are available, our understanding of the ion-conduction pathway is incomplete. In particular, the route that connects the cytosolic vestibule with the extracellular space has not been clearly defined, and the structure of the open pore remains elusive. Furthermore, although many residues have been implicated in altering the selectivity of CFTR, the structure of the "selectivity filter" has yet to be determined. In this study, we identify a chloride-binding site at the extracellular ends of transmembrane helices 1, 6, and 8, where a dehydrated chloride is coordinated by residues G103, R334, F337, T338, and Y914. Alterations to this site, consistent with its function as a selectivity filter, affect ion selectivity, conductance, and open channel block. The selectivity filter is accessible from the cytosol through a large inner vestibule and opens to the extracellular solvent through a narrow portal. The identification of a chloride-binding site at the intra- and extracellular bridging point leads us to propose a complete conductance path that permits dehydrated chloride ions to traverse the lipid bilayer.

Significance statementCystic fibrosis is a fatal disease caused by inherited defects in the cftr gene. Understanding the structure and function of the CFTR protein is crucial for cystic fibrosis research. As an ion channel evolved from a family of ATP-driven active transporters, CFTR is structurally distinct from any other ion channel. This study describes the structure of CFTRs  selectivity filter, which enables us to complete the molecular description of the CFTR pore. Moreover, it enriches our broader knowledge of ion channel physiology, with a particular focus on chloride permeation mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural identification of a selectivity filter in CFTR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.13.562291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representations of information value in mouse orbitofrontal cortex during information seeking 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.13.562291v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals are motivated to seek information that does not influence reward outcomes, suggesting that information has intrinsic value. We have developed an odor-based information seeking task that reveals that mice choose to receive information even though it does not alter the reward outcome. Moreover, mice are willing to pay for information by sacrificing water reward, suggesting that information is of intrinsic value to a mouse. We used a microendoscope to reveal neural activity in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) while mice learned the information seeking task. We observed the emergence of distinct populations of neurons responsive to odors predictive of information and odors predictive of water reward. A latent variable model recapitulated these different representations in the low-dimensional dynamics of OFC neuronal population activity. These data suggest that mice have evolved separate pathways to represent the intrinsic value of information and the extrinsic value of water reward. Thus, the desire to acquire knowledge is observed in mice, and the value of this information is represented in the OFC. The mouse now provides a facile experimental system to study the representation of the value of information, a higher cognitive variable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bussell, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badman, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marton, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg-Martin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.562291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representations of information value in mouse orbitofrontal cortex during information seeking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinsonism Sac domain mutation in Synaptojanin-1 affects ciliary properties in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562142v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptojanin-1 (SJ1) is a major neuronal-enriched PI(4,5)P2 4- and 5-phosphatase implicated in the shedding of endocytic factors during endocytosis. A mutation (R258Q) that impairs selectively its 4-phosphatase activity causes Parkinsonism in humans and neurological defects in mice (SJ1RQKI mice). Studies of these mice showed, besides an abnormal assembly state of endocytic factors at synapses, the presence of dystrophic nerve terminals selectively in a subset of nigro-striatal dopamine (DA)-ergic axons, suggesting a special lability of DA neurons to the impairment of SJ1 function. Here we have further investigated the impact of SJ1 on DA neurons using iPSC-derived SJ1 KO and SJ1RQKI DA neurons and their isogenic controls. In addition to the expected enhanced clustering of endocytic factors in nerve terminals, we observed in both SJ1 mutant neuronal lines increased cilia length. Further analysis of cilia of SJ1RQDA neurons revealed abnormal accumulation of the Ca2+ channel Cav1.3 and of ubiquitin chains, suggesting an impaired clearing of proteins from cilia which may result from an endocytic defect at the ciliary base, where a focal concentration of SJ1 was observed. We suggest that SJ1 may contribute to the control of ciliary protein dynamics in DA neurons, with implications on cilia-mediated signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohd Rafiq, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujise, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinsonism Sac domain mutation in Synaptojanin-1 affects ciliary properties in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.561935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden evolutionary constraints dictate the retention of coronavirus accessory genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.561935v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses exhibit many mechanisms of genetic innovation, including the acquisition of accessory genes that originate by capture of cellular genes or through duplication of existing viral genes. Accessory genes influence viral host range and cellular tropism, but little is known about how selection acts on these variable regions of virus genomes. We used experimental evolution of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) encoding a cellular AKAP7 phosphodiesterase and an inactive native phosphodiesterase, NS2 to model the evolutionary fate of accessory genes. After courses of serial infection, the gene encoding inactive NS2, ORF2, unexpectedly remained intact, suggesting it is under cryptic constraint uncoupled from the function of NS2. In contrast, AKAP7 was retained under strong selection but rapidly lost under relaxed selection. Experimental evolution also led to altered viral replication in a cell type-specific manner and changed the relative proportions of subgenomic viral RNA in plaque-purified viral isolates, revealing additional mechanisms of adaptation. Guided by the retention of ORF2 and similar patterns in related betacoronaviruses, we analyzed ORF8 of SARS-CoV-2, which arose via gene duplication and contains premature stop codons in several globally successful lineages. As with MHV ORF2, the coding-defective SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 gene remains largely intact, mirroring patterns observed during MHV experimental evolution, challenging assumptions on the dynamics of gene loss in virus genomes and extending these findings to viruses currently adapting to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feeley, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babler, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbert, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downhour, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elde, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.561935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden evolutionary constraints dictate the retention of coronavirus accessory genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.14.562356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic basis of novel trait gain in walking fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.14.562356v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major goal in biology is to understand how organisms evolve novel traits. Multiple studies have identified genes contributing to regressive evolution, the loss of structures that existed in a recent ancestor. However, fewer examples exist for genes underlying constructive evolution, the gain of novel structures and capabilities in lineages that previously lacked them. Sea robins are fish that have evolved enlarged pectoral fins, six mobile locomotory fin rays (legs) and six novel macroscopic lobes in the central nervous system (CNS) that innervate the corresponding legs. Here, we establish successful husbandry and use a combination of transcriptomics, CRISPR-Cas9 editing, and behavioral assays to identify key transcription factors that are required for leg formation and function in sea robins. We also generate hybrids between two sea robin species with distinct leg morphologies and use allele-specific expression analysis and gene editing to explore the genetic basis of species-specific trait diversity, including a novel sensory gain of function. Collectively, our study establishes sea robins as a new model for studying the genetic basis of novel organ formation, and demonstrates a crucial role for the conserved limb gene tbx3a in the evolution of chemosensory legs in walking fish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herbert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucherpfennig, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourlay, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbo, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhyne, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellono, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.14.562356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic basis of novel trait gain in walking fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liver size is predetermined in the neonate by adding lobules at the periphery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562109v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organs vary in size between and within species to match organismal needs1,2. Decades-old theoretical work has proposed that scaling of organs and body parts relative to the body relies on the features of energy-transport systems, the vascular system in mammals3. Yet, experimental studies on whether or how vascularization helps determine organ size have lagged behind. The mammalian liver is a remarkable example, as liver size scales proportionally with high precision between individuals4. Here, we use quantitative clonal mapping, volumetric imaging, and genetic perturbations combined with novel molecular and genetic tools to identify the temporal and spatial constraints that establish mouse liver size. We find that adult liver size is predetermined during a neonatal period when new functional units, termed lobules, are added to the organ. New lobules are vascularized by prominent sprouting angiogenesis of the hepatic vein, restricted to the periphery of the organ. When Wnt signals are ablated in the single cell-layered mesothelium at the periphery, lobule growth fails, and the organ adopts a compromised size set point. Remarkably, within a week after birth and well before hepatocyte division stops, vein sprouting rapidly declines and lobule addition concludes, setting a limit on the final liver size. These findings posit that vascularization in the neonate constrains and helps determine adult liver size. Together, these results propose a novel, vasculature-centric experimental framework for studying organ size control and scaling in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azizoglu, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rim, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anbarchian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Red-Horse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusse, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liver size is predetermined in the neonate by adding lobules at the periphery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Time Capsules Enable Transcriptomic Recording in Living Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562053v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live-cell transcriptomic recording can help reveal hidden cellular states that precede phenotypic transformation. Here we demonstrate the use of protein-based encapsulation for preserving samples of cytoplasmic RNAs inside living cells. These molecular time capsules (MTCs) can be induced to create time-stamped transcriptome snapshots, preserve RNAs after cellular transitions, and enable retrospective investigations of gene expression programs that drive distinct developmental trajectories. MTCs also open the possibility to uncover transcriptomes in difficult-to-reach conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Time Capsules Enable Transcriptomic Recording in Living Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.14.562357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of myosin regulatory light chain and myosin light chain kinase on hair cells of the inner ear 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.14.562357v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the receptor organs of the inner ear and lateral line, sensory hair cells detect mechanical stimuli such as sounds, accelerations, and water movements. In each instance a stimulus deflects the hair bundle, a hair cells mechanically sensitive organelle. The bundle pivots upon the cells apical surface, which includes an actin meshwork called the cuticular plate and is surrounded by a ring of filamentous actin and non-muscle myosin II (NM2). Myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) is expressed at the apical surfaces of hair cells and RLC is additionally found in hair bundles. NM2 and the phosphorylation of RLC by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) have earlier been shown to regulate the sizes and shapes of hair cells apical surfaces. We have found that inhibitors of NM2 and MLCK reduce the stiffness of hair bundles from the bullfrogs sacculus. Moreover, MLCK inhibition inhibits the spontaneous oscillation of hair bundles and increases the resting open probability of transduction channels. In addition, MLCK inhibition elevates hearing thresholds in mice. We conclude that NM2 and the phosphorylation of RLC modulate slow adaptation and thereby help to set the normal operating conditions of hair bundles.

Statement of significanceSensory hair cells play a key role in mechanoelectrical transduction by the inner ear and lateral-line system. To detect stimuli such as sounds and accelerations, hair cells use an active process to amplify their mechanical inputs. Although amplification is accomplished in part by the activity of the mechanosensitive hair bundles, the molecular mechanism of the active process remains uncertain. The present study shows that non-muscle myosin II (NM2) and the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory right chains (RLC) by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) regulate the stiffness and spontaneous oscillation of hair bundles as well as the resting open probability of mechanotransduction channels. The results implicate myosin motors in the control of the active process of hair cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudspeth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.14.562357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of myosin regulatory light chain and myosin light chain kinase on hair cells of the inner ear]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The rotavirus VP5*/VP8* conformational transition permeabilizes membranes to Ca2+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562449v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rotaviruses infect cells by delivering into the cytosol a transcriptionally active inner capsid particle (a "double-layer particle": DLP). Delivery is the function of a third, outer layer, which drives uptake from the cell surface into small vesicles from which the DLPs escape. In published work, we followed stages of rhesus rotavirus (RRV) entry by live-cell imaging and correlated them with structures from cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography (cryo-EM and cryo-ET). The virus appears to wrap itself in membrane, leading to complete engulfment and loss of Ca2+ from the vesicle produced by the wrapping. One of the outer-layer proteins, VP7, is a Ca2+-stabilized trimer; loss of Ca2+ releases both outer-layer proteins from the particle. The other outer-layer protein, VP4, activated by cleavage into VP8* and VP5*, is a trimer that undergoes a large-scale conformational rearrangement, reminiscent of the transition that viral fusion proteins undergo to penetrate a membrane. The rearrangement of VP5* thrusts a 250-residue, C-terminal segment of each of the three subunits outward, while allowing the protein to remain attached to the virus particle and to the cell being infected. We proposed that this segment inserts into the membrane of the target cell, enabling Ca2+ to cross. In the work reported here, we show the validity of key aspects of this proposed sequence. By cryo-EM studies of liposome-attached virions ("triple-layer particles": TLPs) and single-particle fluorescence imaging of liposome-attached TLPs, we confirm insertion of the VP4 C-terminal segment into the membrane and ensuing generation of a Ca2+ "leak". The results allow us to formulate a molecular description of early events in entry. We also discuss our observations in the context of other work on double-strand RNA virus entry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Sautu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The rotavirus VP5*/VP8* conformational transition permeabilizes membranes to Ca2+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The guide RNA sequence dictates the slicing kinetics and conformational dynamics of the Argonaute silencing complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562437v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYThe RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which powers RNA interference (RNAi), consists of a guide RNA and an Argonaute protein that slices target RNAs complementary to the guide. We find that for different guide-RNA sequences, slicing rates of perfectly complementary, bound targets can be surprisingly different (>250-fold range), and that faster slicing confers better knockdown in cells. Nucleotide sequence identities at guide-RNA positions 7, 10, and 17 underlie much of this variation in slicing rates. Analysis of one of these determinants implicates a structural distortion at guide nucleotides 6-7 in promoting slicing. Moreover, slicing directed by different guide sequences has an unanticipated, 600-fold range in 3'-mismatch tolerance, attributable to guides with weak (AU-rich) central pairing requiring extensive 3' complementarity (pairing beyond position 16) to more fully populate the slicing-competent conformation. Together, our analyses identify sequence determinants of RISC activity and provide biochemical and conformational rationale for their action.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LISequence of guide RNA can alter slicing rate of fully paired substrate by 250-fold
C_LIO_LISequences that cause more rapid slicing direct more efficient RNAi in cells
C_LIO_LIStrong central pairing imparts tolerance for mismatches to the guide 3' region
C_LIO_LIThis tolerance is attributable to more fully populating the slicing conformation
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The guide RNA sequence dictates the slicing kinetics and conformational dynamics of the Argonaute silencing complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-grained descending control of steering in walking Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562426v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locomotion involves rhythmic limb movement patterns that originate in circuits outside the brain. Purposeful locomotion requires descending commands from the brain, but we do not understand how these commands are structured. Here we investigate this issue, focusing on the control of steering in walking Drosophila. First, we describe different limb "gestures" associated with different steering maneuvers. Next, we identify a set of descending neurons whose activity predicts steering. Focusing on two descending cell types downstream from distinct brain networks, we show that they evoke specific limb gestures: one lengthens strides on the outside of a turn, while the other attenuates strides on the inside of a turn. Notably, a single descending neuron can have opposite effects during different locomotor rhythm phases, and we identify networks positioned to implement this phase-specific gating. Together, our results show how purposeful locomotion emerges from brain cells that drive specific, coordinated modulations of low-level patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brezovec, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serratosa Capdevila, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderbeck, Q. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayshubskiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-grained descending control of steering in walking Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.16.562634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive neuroanatomical survey of the Drosophila Lobula Plate Tangential Neurons with predictions for their optic flow sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.16.562634v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flying insects exhibit remarkable navigational abilities controlled by their compact nervous systems. Optic flow, the pattern of changes in the visual scene induced by locomotion, is a crucial sensory cue for robust self-motion estimation, especially during rapid flight. Neurons that respond to specific, large-field optic flow patterns have been studied for decades, primarily in large flies, such as houseflies, blowflies, and hover flies. The best-known optic-flow sensitive neurons are the large tangential cells of the dipteran lobula plate, whose visual-motion responses, and to a lesser extent, their morphology, have been explored using single-neuron neurophysiology. Most of these studies have focused on the large, Horizontal and Vertical System neurons, yet the lobula plate houses a much larger set of  optic-flow sensitive neurons, many of which have been challenging to unambiguously identify or to reliably target for functional studies. Here we report the comprehensive reconstruction and identification of the Lobula Plate Tangential Neurons in an Electron Microscopy (EM) volume of a whole Drosophila brain. This catalog of 58 LPT neurons (per brain hemisphere) contains many neurons that are described here for the first time and provides a basis for systematic investigation of the circuitry linking self-motion to locomotion control. Leveraging computational anatomy methods, we estimated the visual motion receptive fields of these neurons and compared their tuning to the visual consequence of body rotations and translational movements. We also matched these neurons, in most cases on a one-for-one basis, to stochastically labeled cells in genetic driver lines, to the mirror-symmetric neurons in the same EM brain volume, and to neurons in an additional EM data set. Using cell matches across data sets, we analyzed the integration of optic flow patterns by neurons downstream of the LPTs and find that most central brain neurons establish sharper selectivity for global optic flow patterns than their input neurons. Furthermore, we found that self-motion information extracted from optic flow is processed in distinct regions of the central brain, pointing to diverse foci for the generation of visual behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erginkaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laughland, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiappe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive neuroanatomical survey of the Drosophila Lobula Plate Tangential Neurons with predictions for their optic flow sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome erosion in Alzheimer's disease brain cells and induced neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562394v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Late-onset Alzheimers disease (LOAD) is typically sporadic, correlated only to advanced age, and has no clear genetic risk factors. The sporadic nature of LOAD presents a challenge to understanding its pathogenesis and mechanisms. Here, we comprehensively investigated the epigenome of LOAD primary entorhinal cortex brain tissues via single-cell multi-omics technologies, simultaneously capturing DNA methylation and 3D chromatin conformation. We identified AD-specific DNA methylation signatures and found they interact with bivalent promoters of AD differentially expressed genes. In addition, we discovered global chromosomal epigenome erosion of 3D genome structure within and across brain cell types. Furthermore, to evaluate whether these age- and disease-dependent molecular signatures could be detected in the in vitro cellular models, we derived induced neurons (iNs) converted directly from AD patients fibroblasts and found a set of conserved methylation signatures and shared molecular processes. We developed a machine-learning algorithm to identify robust and consistent methylation signatures of LOAD in vivo primary brain tissues and in vitro fibroblast-derived iNs. The results recapitulate the age- and disease-related epigenetic features in iNs and highlight the power of epigenome and chromatin conformation for identifying molecular mechanisms of neuronal aging and generating biomarkers for LOAD.

HIGHLIGHTO_LIAD-specific DNA methylation signatures are identified in entorhinal cortex brain cell types
C_LIO_LIThe AD differentially expressed genes linked with differentially methylated regions via loop interactions are enriched in a bivalent chromatin state
C_LIO_LIChromosomal epigenome erosion of 3D genome structures occurs in LOAD brain cell types.
C_LIO_LIShared and reliable methylation signatures are observed in both in vitro cellular iN models and primary brain tissues.
C_LIO_LIMachine learning models identify robust and reliable methylation loci as AD biomarkers across cell types.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valadon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claffey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome erosion in Alzheimer's disease brain cells and induced neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.18.562922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of poly(A)-tail length and translation in vertebrate oocytes and early embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.18.562922v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis, changes in mRNA poly(A)-tail lengths strongly influence translation, but how these tail-length changes are orchestrated has been unclear. Here, we performed tail-length and translational profiling of mRNA reporter libraries (each with millions of 3'-UTR sequence variants) in frog oocytes and embryos, and fish embryos. We found that the UUUUA element, together with the polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA or AUUAAA), specifies cytoplasmic polyadenylation, and identified contextual features that modulate the activity of both elements. In maturing oocytes, this tail lengthening occurs against a backdrop of global deadenylation and the action of C-rich elements that specify tail-length-independent translational repression. In embryos, cytoplasmic polyadenylation becomes more permissive, and additional elements specify waves of stage-specific deadenylation. Together, these findings largely explain the complex tapestry of tail-length changes observed in early frog and fish development, with strong evidence of conservation in both mice and humans.

HighlightsO_LIUUUUA, modulated by contextual features, specifies most cytoplasmic polyadenylation
C_LIO_LIStage-specific sequence motifs drive waves of tail-length shortening in embryos
C_LIO_LIUUUUA and C-rich motifs can direct tail-length-independent translational repression
C_LIO_LITail-length control is conserved in oocytes of frogs, mice, and humans
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of poly(A)-tail length and translation in vertebrate oocytes and early embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.16.562583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conflicts in natural selection constrain adaptation to climate change in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.16.562583v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change has already caused noticeable changes in species-wide traits, such as the well-documented acceleration of spring flowering. Because the evolutionary past has favored certain combinations of traits, some strategies like fast growth with early flowering that are adaptive today are at odds with other plant resilience strategies such as elevated water use efficiency. We know that the evolution of trait combinations is shaped by genomic constraints, but it is unclear whether and how this is affected by natural selection from climate change. Growing hundreds of Arabidopsis thaliana natural populations under different rainfall regimes revealed opposing natural selection on flowering time and water use efficiency, with strong antagonistic genetic correlations and contrasting causal alleles identified by Genome-Wide Association analyses. Inactivation of the central flowering regulator FLC in multiple, diverse accessions relaxed trait correlations in a genetic background-dependent manner and allowed for the emergence of a novel adaptive trait combination--early flowering and intermediate water use efficiency. Future climates are predicted to escalate conflicts in natural selection among adaptive traits, but our work shows that surprisingly simple genetic changes can help solve these conflicts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruffley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levanthal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hateley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conflicts in natural selection constrain adaptation to climate change in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.18.562080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-Term In Vivo Molecular Monitoring Using Aptamer-Graphene Microtransistors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.18.562080v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term, real-time molecular monitoring in complex biological environments is critical for our ability to understand, prevent, diagnose, and manage human diseases. Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors possess the promise due to their generalizability and a high degree of selectivity. Nevertheless, the operation of existing aptamer-based biosensors in vivo is limited to a few hours. Here, we report a first-generation long-term in vivo molecular monitoring platform, named aptamer-graphene microtransistors (AGMs). The AGM incorporates a layer of pyrene- (polyethylene glycol)5-alcohol and DNase inhibitor-doped polyacrylamide hydrogel coating to reduce biofouling and aptamer degradation. As a demonstration of function and generalizability, the AGM achieves the detection of biomolecules such as dopamine and serotonin in undiluted whole blood at 37 {degrees}C for 11 days. Furthermore, the AGM successfully captures optically evoked dopamine release in vivo in mice for over one week and demonstrates the capability to monitor behaviorally-induced endogenous dopamine release even after eight days of implantation in freely moving mice. The results reported in this work establish the potential for chronic aptamer-based molecular monitoring platforms, and thus serve as a new benchmark for molecular monitoring using aptamer-based technology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esmonde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaniello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruchas, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-Term In Vivo Molecular Monitoring Using Aptamer-Graphene Microtransistors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.20.563333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of rice PSBS1 non-coding sequences for transgene-free overexpression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.20.563333v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding CRISPR/Cas9s capacity to generate native overexpression (OX) alleles would accelerate agronomic gains achievable by gene editing. To generate OX alleles with increased RNA and protein abundance, we leveraged multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of non-coding DNA sequences located upstream of the rice PSBS1 gene. We isolated 120 transgene-free, gene-edited alleles with varying NPQ capacity in vivo --ranging from complete knockout to overexpression, using a high-throughput phenotyping and transgene screening pipeline. Overexpression of OsPSBS1 increased protein abundance 2-3-fold, matching fold changes obtained by transgenesis. Increased PsbS protein abundance enhanced non-photochemical quenching capacity and improved water-use efficiency. Across our resolved genetic variation, we identify the role of 5UTR indels and inversions in driving knockout/knockdown and overexpression phenotypes, respectively. Complex structural variants, such as the 252kb duplication/inversion generated in this study, evidence the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to facilitate significant genomic changes with negligible off-target transcriptomic perturbations. Our results may inform future gene-editing strategies for hypermorphic alleles and have opened the door to the pursuit of gene-edited, non-transgenic rice plants with accelerated relaxation of photoprotection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelikian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leipertz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maryn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjahjadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karavolias, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of rice PSBS1 non-coding sequences for transgene-free overexpression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.19.563098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Markovian dynamics for C. elegans behavior across scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.19.563098v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do we capture the breadth of behavior in animal movement, from rapid body twitches to aging? Using high-resolution videos of the nematode worm C. elegans, we show that a single dynamics connects posture-scale fluctuations with trajectory diffusion, and longer-lived behavioral states. We take short posture sequences as an instantaneous behavioral measure, fixing the sequence length for maximal prediction. Within the space of posture sequences we construct a fine-scale, maximum entropy partition so that transitions among microstates define a high-fidelity Markov model, which we also use as a means of principled coarse-graining. We translate these dynamics into movement using resistive force theory, capturing the statistical properties of foraging trajectories. Predictive across scales, we leverage the longest-lived eigenvectors of the inferred Markov chain to perform a top-down subdivision of the worms foraging behavior, revealing both "runs-and-pirouettes" as well as previously uncharacterized finer-scale behaviors. We use our model to investigate the relevance of these fine-scale behaviors for foraging success, recovering a trade-off between local and global search strategies.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTComplex phenotypes, such as an animals behavior, generally depend on an overwhelming number of processes that span a vast range of scales. While there is no reason that behavioral dynamics permit simple models, by subsuming inherent nonlinearities and memory into maximally-predictive microstates, we find one for C. elegans foraging. The resulting "Markov worm" is effectively indistinguishable from real worm motion across a range of timescales, and we can decompose our model dynamics both to recover and discover behavioral states. Employing a simple form of substrate interactions, we connect postures to trajectories, illuminating how worms explore the environment. In more complex organisms, our approach can also link behaviors across time, from rapid muscular control to neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costa, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahamed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Markovian dynamics for C. elegans behavior across scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.20.563285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-cost camera-based estrous tracking enables transgenesis in Peromyscus leucopus, the primary reservoir for Lyme disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.20.563285v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized the production of animal models by reducing experimental timelines, slashing costs and streamlining gene editing, leading to a rapid expansion in the number of unique models for the study of human disease and gene function. However, most non-model animals, many of which are important in cancer and aging research, remain recalcitrant to genome engineering due to our limited understanding of their reproductive biology. Many wild rodents that transmit human diseases remain particularly challenging to engineer due to low pregnancy rates, the lack of external copulatory plugs, and susceptibility to premature termination of pregnancy. Here, we present low-cost activity-based estrous tracking for the efficient generation of timed pregnant and pseudopregnant white-footed mice and extend this tracking method to both lab mice and hamsters. Leveraging this technology, we demonstrate the generation of engineered Peromyscus leucopus, the primary reservoir for Lyme disease-causing bacteria and a putative model organism for studies of aging. These tools have broad implications for biomedical research and ecological engineering.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchthal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chory, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wierenga, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cevrim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telford, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markoulaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esvelt, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-cost camera-based estrous tracking enables transgenesis in Peromyscus leucopus, the primary reservoir for Lyme disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.19.563208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of Lanthipeptides in Human Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.19.563208v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic peptides represent a burgeoning area of interest in therapeutic and biotechnological research. In opposition to their linear counterparts, cyclic peptides, such as certain ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), are more conformationally constrained and less susceptible to proteolytic degradation. The lanthipeptide RiPP cytolysin L forms a covalently enforced helical structure that may be used to disrupt helical interactions at protein-protein interfaces. Herein, an expression system is reported to produce lanthipeptides and structurally diverse cytolysin L derivatives in mammalian cells. Successful targeting of lanthipeptides to the nucleus is demonstrated. In vivo expression and targeting of such peptides in mammalian cells may allow for screening of lanthipeptide inhibitors of native protein-protein interactions.

Table of contents graphic

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eslami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of Lanthipeptides in Human Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.22.563489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disparate pathways for extrachromosomal DNA biogenesis and genomic DNA repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.22.563489v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogene amplification on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a pervasive driver event in cancer, yet our understanding of how ecDNA forms is limited. Here, we couple a CRISPR-based method for induction of ecDNA with extensive characterization of newly formed ecDNA to examine ecDNA biogenesis. We find that DNA circularization is efficient, irrespective of 3D genome context, with formation of a 1 Mb and 1.8 Mb ecDNA both reaching 15%. We show non-homologous end joining and microhomology mediated end joining both contribute to ecDNA formation, while inhibition of DNA-PKcs and ATM have opposing impacts on ecDNA formation. EcDNA and the corresponding chromosomal excision scar form at significantly different rates and respond differently to DNA-PKcs and ATM inhibition. Taken together, our results support a model of ecDNA formation in which double strand break ends dissociate from their legitimate ligation partners prior to joining of illegitimate ends to form the ecDNA and excision scar.

SIGNIFICANCEOur study harnesses a CRISPR-based method to examine ecDNA biogenesis, uncovering efficient circularization between DSBs. ecDNAs and their corresponding chromosomal scars can form via NHEJ or MMEJ, but the ecDNA and scar formation processes are distinct. Based on our findings, we establish a mechanistic model of excisional ecDNA formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, I. T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.22.563489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disparate pathways for extrachromosomal DNA biogenesis and genomic DNA repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.23.563662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial CRISPR screens and lectin microarrays identify novel glycosylation regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.23.563662v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycans play critical roles in cellular signaling and function. Unlike proteins, glycan structures are not templated from genes but the concerted activity of many genes, making them historically challenging to study. Here, we present a strategy that utilizes pooled CRISPR screens and lectin microarrays to uncover and characterize regulators of cell surface glycosylation. We applied this approach to study the regulation of high mannose glycans - the starting structure of all asparagine(N)-linked-glycans. We used CRISPR screens to uncover the expanded network of genes controlling high mannose surface levels, followed by lectin microarrays to fully measure the complex effect of select regulators on glycosylation globally. Through this, we elucidated how two novel high mannose regulators - TM9SF3 and the CCC complex - control complex N-glycosylation via regulating Golgi morphology and function. Notably, this method allowed us to interrogate Golgi function in-depth and reveal that similar disruption to Golgi morphology can lead to drastically different glycosylation outcomes. Collectively, this work demonstrates a generalizable approach for systematically dissecting the regulatory network underlying glycosylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twells, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulepa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahal, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial CRISPR screens and lectin microarrays identify novel glycosylation regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.23.563603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new mode of transcriptional hub assembly by autoimmune regulator Aire 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.23.563603v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional condensates play a crucial role in gene expression and regulation1-4, yet the mechanisms governing their assembly at the correct location and time remain poorly understood2,5-7. We here report a multi-layered mechanism for condensate assembly by the Autoimmune regulator (Aire), an essential transcriptional regulator (TR) that orchestrates gene expression reprogramming for central T-cell tolerance8,9. Previous studies demonstrated that Aire utilizes its polymerizing domain CARD to form nuclear condensates critical for its transcriptional activity10,11. Our current data show that Aire condensates assemble on enhancers, stimulating local transcriptional activities, while also connecting disparate inter-chromosomal genomic loci. This process of functional condensate formation hinges upon the coordination between three Aire domains: the CARD, the histone binding domain PHD1 and the activation domain C-terminal tail (CTT). Specifically, CTT directly binds CBP/p300 coactivators, recruiting Aire to CBP/p300-rich enhancers and promoting CARD-mediated condensate assembly. Conversely, PHD1 restrains spontaneous Aire polymerization by binding to the ubiquitous unmethylated H3K4, ensuring Aire remains dispersed throughout the genome until it nucleates on enhancers. Accordingly, deletion of CTT or PHD1 leads to a complete loss of Aires functions through distinct mechanisms--deletion of CTT abrogates Aire condensate formation, whereas deletion of PHD1 leads to dysfunctional Aire condensates detached from chromatin. Thus, our findings highlight the balance between PHD1-mediated suppression and CTT-mediated stimulation of Aire polymerization to form transcriptionally active condensates at appropriate target sites, providing new insights into controlled polymerization of TRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huoh, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baca, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthanari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new mode of transcriptional hub assembly by autoimmune regulator Aire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.26.564210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Facile Method for Determining Lanthipeptide Stereochemistry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.26.564210v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lanthipeptides are a large group of natural products that belong to the ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Lanthipeptides contain lanthionine and methyllanthionine bis amino acids that have varying stereochemistry. The stereochemistry of new lanthipeptides is often not determined because current methods require equipment that is not standard in most laboratories. In this study, we developed a facile, efficient, and user-friendly method for detecting lanthipeptide stereochemistry utilizing advanced Marfeys analysis. Under optimized conditions, 0.05 mg peptide is sufficient to characterize the stereochemistry of five (methyl)lanthionines of different stereochemistry using a simple liquid chromatography set-up, which is a much lower detection limit than current methods. In addition, we describe methods to readily access standards of the three different methyllanthionine stereoisomers and the two different lanthionine stereoisomers that have been reported in known lanthipeptides. The developed workflow uses commonly used non-chiral column system and offers a scalable platform to assist antimicrobial discovery. We illustrate its utility with an example of a lanthipeptide discovered by genome mining.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Facile Method for Determining Lanthipeptide Stereochemistry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.24.563693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural-circuit basis of song preference learning in fruit flies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.24.563693v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As observed in human language learning and song learning in birds, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster changes its auditory behaviors according to prior sound experiences. Female flies that have heard male courtship songs of the same species are less responsive to courtship songs of different species. This phenomenon, known as song preference learning in flies, requires GABAergic input to pC1 neurons in the central brain, with these neurons playing a key role in mating behavior by integrating multimodal sensory and internal information. The neural circuit basis of this GABAergic input, however, has not yet been identified.

Here, we find that pCd-2 neurons, totaling four cells per hemibrain and expressing the sex-determination gene doublesex, provide the GABAergic input to pC1 neurons for song preference learning. First, RNAi-mediated knockdown of GABA production in pCd-2 neurons abolished song preference learning. Second, pCd-2 neurons directly, and in many cases mutually, connect with pC1 neurons, suggesting the existence of reciprocal circuits between pC1 and pCd-2 neurons. Finally, GABAergic and dopaminergic inputs to pCd-2 neurons are necessary for song preference learning. Together, this study suggests that reciprocal circuits between pC1 and pCd-2 neurons serve as a sensory and internal state-integrated hub, allowing flexible control over female copulation. Consequently, this provides a neural circuit model that underlies experience-dependent auditory plasticity.

SignificanceTo find a suitable mate, an organism must adapt its behavior based on past experiences. In the case of Drosophila, female assessments of male song signals, which contain information about the status and species of the sender, are experience dependent. Here, we show that reciprocal circuits in the central brain modulate the females song response depending on her previous auditory experiences. These circuits exhibit feedback and lateral inhibition motifs, and are regulated by dopaminergic and GABAergic inputs. While the effects of prior auditory experiences on sound responsiveness have been extensively studied in other species, our research advances the use of Drosophila as a model for dissecting the circuitry underlying experience-dependent auditory plasticity at single-cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamikouchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural-circuit basis of song preference learning in fruit flies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.27.563951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale imaging reveals the mechanisms of ER-to-Golgi transport via a dynamic tubular-vesicular network 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.27.563951v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus are the first sorting stations along the secretory pathway of mammalian cells and have a crucial role in protein quality control and cellular homeostasis. While machinery components mediating ER-to-Golgi transport have been mapped, it is unclear how exchange between the two closely juxtaposed organelles is coordinated in living cells. Here, using gene editing to tag machinery components, live-cell confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution microscopy, we show that ER-to-Golgi transport occurs via a dynamic network of tubules positive for the small GTPase ARF4. swCOPI machinery is tightly associated to this network and moves with tubular-vesicular structures. Strikingly, the ARF4 network appears to be continuous with the ER and ARF4 tubules remodel around static ER exit sites (ERES) defined by COPII machinery. We were further able to dissect the steps of ER-to-Golgi transport with functional trafficking assays. A wave of cargo released from the ER percolates through peripheral and Golgi-tethered ARF4 structures before filling the cis-Golgi. Perturbation via acute degradation of ARF4 shows an active regulatory role for the GTPase and COPI in anterograde transport. Our data supports a model in which anterograde ER-to-Golgi transport occurs via an ARF4 tubular-vesicular network directly connecting the ER and Golgi-associated pre-cisternae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong-Dilworth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bregu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodilla-Ramirez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebeling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leupold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottanelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angulo-Capel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campelo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.563951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale imaging reveals the mechanisms of ER-to-Golgi transport via a dynamic tubular-vesicular network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.28.564506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemically induced proximity reveals mechanotransduction of a meiotic checkpoint at the nuclear envelope 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.28.564506v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful sexual reproduction relies on robust quality control during meiosis. Assembly of the synaptonemal complex between homologous chromosomes (synapsis) regulates meiotic recombination and is crucial for accurate chromosome segregation in most eukaryotes. Synapsis defects can trigger cell cycle delays and, in some cases, apoptosis. Here, by developing and deploying a new chemically induced proximity system, we iden-tify key players in this quality control pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that persistence of the Polo-like kinase PLK-2 at pairing centers, specialized chromosome regions that interact with the nuclear envelope to promote homolog pairing and synapsis, induces apoptosis of oocytes by phosphorylating and destabilizing the nuclear lamina. Unexpectedly, we find that a mechanosensitive Piezo1/PEZO-1 channel localizes to the nuclear envelope and is required to transduce this signal to promote apoptosis. Thus, mechanosensitive ion channels play essential roles in detecting nuclear events and triggering apoptosis during gamete production.

One-sentence summaryDestabilization of the nuclear lamina triggers Piezo-dependent germline apoptosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.28.564506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemically induced proximity reveals mechanotransduction of a meiotic checkpoint at the nuclear envelope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.30.564719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of biaryl macrocyclic peptides with C-terminal beta-keto acid groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.30.564719v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in genome sequencing and bioinformatics methods have identified a myriad of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding uncharacterized molecules. By mining genomes for BGCs containing a prevalent peptide-binding domain used for the biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), we uncovered a new class involving modifications installed by a cytochrome P450, a multi-nuclear iron-dependent non-heme oxidative enzyme (MNIO, formerly DUF692), a cobalamin- and radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent enzyme (B12-rSAM), and a methyltransferase. All enzymes encoded by the BGC were functionally expressed in Burkholderia sp. FERM BP-3421. Structural characterization with 2D-NMR and Marfeys method on the resulting RiPP demonstrated that the P450 enzyme catalyzed the formation of a biaryl C-C crosslink between two Tyr residues with the B12-rSAM generating {beta}-methyltyrosine. The MNIO transformed a C-terminal Asp residue into aminopyruvic acid while the methyltransferase acted on the {beta}-carbon of the -keto acid. Exciton-coupled circular dichroism spectroscopy and microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) were used to elucidate the stereochemical configurations of the atropisomer that formed upon biaryl crosslinking. The conserved Cys residue in the precursor peptide was not modified as in all other characterized MNIO-containing BGCs; However, mutational analyses demonstrated that it was essential for the MNIO activity on the C-terminal Asp. To the best of our knowledge, the MNIO featured in this pathway is the first to modify a residue other than Cys. This study underscores the utility of genome mining to discover new macrocyclic RiPPs and that RiPPs remain a significant source of previously undiscovered enzyme chemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of biaryl macrocyclic peptides with C-terminal beta-keto acid groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.26.564223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parabrachial Calca neurons drive nociplasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.26.564223v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pain that persists beyond the time required for tissue healing and pain that arises in the absence of tissue injury are poorly understood phenomena mediated by plasticity within the central nervous system. The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is a hub that relays aversive sensory information and appears to play a role in nociplasticity. Here, by preventing PBN Calca neurons from releasing neurotransmitter or directly stimulating them we demonstrate that activation of Calca neurons is both necessary for the manifestation of chronic pain after nerve ligation and is sufficient to drive nociplasticity in wild-type mice. Aversive stimuli such as exposure to nitroglycerin, cisplatin, or LiCl can drive nociplasticity in a Calca-neuron-dependent manner. Calcium fluorescence imaging reveals that nitroglycerin activates PBN Calca neurons and potentiates their responses to mechanical stimulation. The activity and excitability of Calca neurons increased for several days after aversive events, but prolonged nociplasticity likely occurs in downstream circuitry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Condon, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmiter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parabrachial Calca neurons drive nociplasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.29.564578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dms-viz: Structure-informed visualizations for deep mutational scanning and other mutation-based datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.29.564578v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary and PurposeUnderstanding how mutations impact a proteins functions is valuable for many types of biological questions. High-throughput techniques such as deep-mutational scanning (DMS) have greatly expanded the number of mutation-function datasets. For instance, DMS has been used to determine how mutations to viral proteins affect antibody escape (Dadonaite et al. 2023), receptor affinity (Starr et al. 2020), and essential functions such as viral genome transcription and replication (Li et al. 2023). With the growth of sequence databases, in some cases the effects of mutations can also be inferred from phylogenies of natural sequences (Bloom and Neher 2023) (Figure 1).

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=147 SRC="FIGDIR/small/564578v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (31K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6c623forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a62199org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e7d71eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dc1252_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 1.C_FLOATNO Large mutation-associated datasets are used in a variety of experimental contexts. They can be used to map antibody footprints on viral glycoproteins, assess the impact of mutations on protein function in a laboratory setting, and identify patterns of selection from natural mutation frequencies.

C_FIG The mutation-based data generated by these approaches is often best understood in the context of a proteins 3D structure; for instance, to assess questions like how mutations that affect antibody escape relate to the physical antibody binding epitope on the protein. However, current approaches for visualizing mutation data in the context of a proteins structure are often cumbersome and require multiple steps and softwares. To streamline the visualization of mutation-associated data in the context of a protein structure, we developed a web-based tool, dms-viz. With dms-viz, users can straightforwardly visualize mutation-based data such as those from DMS experiments in the context of a 3D protein model in an interactive format. See https://dms-viz.github.io/ to use dms-viz.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hannon, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dms-viz: Structure-informed visualizations for deep mutational scanning and other mutation-based datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.31.564838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanometer-scale views of visual cortex reveal anatomical features of primary cilia poised to detect synaptic spillover 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.31.564838v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A primary cilium is a thin membrane-bound extension off a cell surface that contains receptors for perceiving and transmitting signals that modulate cell state and activity. While many cell types have a primary cilium, little is known about primary cilia in the brain, where they are less accessible than cilia on cultured cells or epithelial tissues and protrude from cell bodies into a deep, dense network of glial and neuronal processes. Here, we investigated cilia frequency, internal structure, shape, and position in large, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy volumes of mouse primary visual cortex. Cilia extended from the cell bodies of nearly all excitatory and inhibitory neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), but were absent from oligodendrocytes and microglia. Structural comparisons revealed that the membrane structure at the base of the cilium and the microtubule organization differed between neurons and glia. OPC cilia were distinct in that they were the shortest and contained pervasive internal vesicles only occasionally observed in neuron and astrocyte cilia. Investigating cilia-proximal features revealed that many cilia were directly adjacent to synapses, suggesting cilia are well poised to encounter locally released signaling molecules. Cilia proximity to synapses was random, not enriched, in the synapse-rich neuropil. The internal anatomy, including microtubule changes and centriole location, defined key structural features including cilium placement and shape. Together, the anatomical insights both within and around neuron and glia cilia provide new insights into cilia formation and function across cell types in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elabbady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collman, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macarico da Costa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanometer-scale views of visual cortex reveal anatomical features of primary cilia poised to detect synaptic spillover]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.31.564985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the Spo11 core complex bound to DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.31.564985v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DNA double-strand breaks that initiate meiotic recombination are formed by topoisomerase relative Spo11, supported by conserved auxiliary factors. Because high-resolution structural data are lacking, many questions remain about the architecture of Spo11 and its partners and how they engage with DNA. We report cryo-EM structures at up to 3.3 [A] resolution of DNA-bound core complexes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spo11 with Rec102, Rec104, and Ski8. In these structures, monomeric core complexes make extensive contacts with the DNA backbone and with the recessed 3-OH and first 5 overhanging nucleotide, definitively establishing the molecular determinants of DNA end-binding specificity and providing insight into DNA cleavage preferences in vivo. The structures of individual subunits and their interfaces, supported by functional data in yeast, provide insight into the role of metal ions in DNA binding and uncover unexpected structural variation in homologs of the Top6BL component of the core complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouuaert, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the Spo11 core complex bound to DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.27.564420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunosuppression is a conserved driver of tuberculosis susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.27.564420v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes 1.25 million deaths a year. However, tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis remains poorly understood and is not fully recapitulated in standard mouse models. Here we find that gene signatures from three different Mtb-susceptible mouse models predict active TB disease in humans significantly better than a signature from resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Conserved among susceptible mice, non-human primates, and humans, but largely absent from B6 mice, was Mtb-induced differentiation of macrophages into an Spp1+ differentiation state. Spp1+ macrophages expressed high levels of immunosuppressive molecules including IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). IL-1Ra was previously reported to cause Mtb susceptibility in one mouse model, but whether IL-1Ra is broadly important remains uncertain. Here we report that enhancement of IL-1 signaling via deletion of IL-Ra promoted bacterial control across three susceptible mouse models. We found IL-1 signaling amplified production of multiple cytokines by lymphoid and stromal cells, providing a multifactorial mechanism for how IL-1 promotes Mtb control. Our results indicate that myeloid cell expression of immunosuppressive molecules, in particular IL-1 receptor antagonist, is a conserved early mechanism limiting Mtb control in mice, non-human primates, and humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, D. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaye, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suliman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.564420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunosuppression is a conserved driver of tuberculosis susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.30.564854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of Computation by Competitive Protein Dimerization Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.30.564854v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many biological signaling pathways employ proteins that competitively dimerize in diverse combinations. These dimerization networks can perform biochemical computations, in which the concentrations of monomers (inputs) determine the concentrations of dimers (outputs). Despite their prevalence, little is known about the range of input-output computations that dimerization networks can perform (their "expressivity") and how it depends on network size and connectivity. Using a systematic computational approach, we demonstrate that even small dimerization networks (3-6 monomers) are expressive, performing diverse multi-input computations. Further, dimerization networks are versatile, performing different computations when their protein components are expressed at different levels, such as in different cell types. Remarkably, individual networks with random interaction affinities, when large enough ([&ge;]8 proteins), can perform nearly all ([~]90%) potential one-input network computations merely by tuning their monomer expression levels. Thus, even the simple process of competitive dimerization provides a powerful architecture for multi-input, cell-type-specific signal processing.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/564854v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (36K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1917f39org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13795bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@47913eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@90bd30_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parres-Gold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of Computation by Competitive Protein Dimerization Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.01.565073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuropeptide Signaling Is Required To Implement A Line Attractor Encoding A Persistent Internal Behavioral State 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.01.565073v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internal states drive survival behaviors, but their neural implementation is not well understood. Recently we identified a line attractor in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) that represents an internal state of aggressiveness. Line attractors can be implemented by recurrent connectivity and/or neuromodulatory signaling, but evidence for the latter is scant. Here we show that neuropeptidergic signaling is necessary for line attractor dynamics in this system, using a novel approach that integrates cell type-specific, anatomically restricted CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing with microendoscopic calcium imaging. Co-disruption of receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin in adult VMH Esr1+ neurons that control aggression suppressed attack, reduced persistent neural activity and eliminated line attractor dynamics, while only modestly impacting neural activity and sex- or behavior-tuning. These data identify a requisite role for neuropeptidergic signaling in implementing a behaviorally relevant line attractor. Our approach should facilitate mechanistic studies in neuroscience that bridge different levels of biological function and abstraction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mountoufaris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuropeptide Signaling Is Required To Implement A Line Attractor Encoding A Persistent Internal Behavioral State]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.01.565201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small-molecule binding and sensing with a designed protein family 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.01.565201v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite transformative advances in protein design with deep learning, the design of small-molecule-binding proteins and sensors for arbitrary ligands remains a grand challenge. Here we combine deep learning and physics-based methods to generate a family of proteins with diverse and designable pocket geometries, which we employ to computationally design binders for six chemically and structurally distinct small-molecule targets. Biophysical characterization of the designed binders revealed nanomolar to low micromolar binding affinities and atomic-level design accuracy. The bound ligands are exposed at one edge of the binding pocket, enabling the de novo design of chemically induced dimerization (CID) systems; we take advantage of this to create a biosensor with nanomolar sensitivity for cortisol. Our approach provides a general method to design proteins that bind and sense small molecules for a wide range of analytical, environmental, and biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roullier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddox, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, A. H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small-molecule binding and sensing with a designed protein family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.02.564550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting editing of tomato SPEECHLESS cis-regulatory regions generates plants with altered stomatal density in response to changing climate conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.02.564550v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible developmental programs enable plants to customize their organ size and cellular composition. In leaves of eudicots, the stomatal lineage produces two essential cell types, stomata and pavement cells, but the total numbers and ratio of these cell types can vary. Central to this flexibility is the stomatal lineage initiating transcription factor, SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Here we show, by multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 editing of SlSPCH cis-regulatory sequences in tomato, that we can identify variants with altered stomatal development responses to light and temperature cues. Analysis of tomato leaf development across different conditions, aided by newly-created tools for live-cell imaging and translational reporters of SlSPCH and its paralogues SlMUTE and SlFAMA, revealed the series of cellular events that lead to the environmental change-driven responses in leaf form. Plants bearing the novel SlSPCH variants generated in this study are powerful resources for fundamental and applied studies of tomato resilience in response to climate change.

Significance statementPlants can change their shape, size and cellular composition in response to environmental cues. Here, by precise gene editing of a core stomatal development regulator gene in tomato, we generate new alleles with enhanced or dampened responses to light and temperature cues. Combined with live imaging of development, we show the genetic and cellular pathways that contribute to customization of the leaf epidermis, and how this could lead to better climate-adapted varieties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budrys, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoot, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erberich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.564550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting editing of tomato SPEECHLESS cis-regulatory regions generates plants with altered stomatal density in response to changing climate conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.03.565498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of hepatic transcription factor EB activity during cold exposure uncovers direct regulation of bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate lipids by Pla2g15 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.03.565498v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cold exposure is a selective environmental stress that elicits a rapid metabolic shift to maintain energy homeostasis. In response to cold exposure, the liver rewires the metabolic state shifting from glucose to lipid catabolism. By probing the liver lipids in cold exposure, we observed that the lysosomal bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) lipids were rapidly increased during cold exposure. BMP lipid changes occurred independently of lysosomal abundance but were dependent on the lysosomal transcriptional regulator transcription factor EB (TFEB). Knockdown of TFEB in hepatocytes decreased BMP lipid levels and led to cold intolerance in mice. We assessed TFEB binding sites of lysosomal genes and determined that the phospholipase Pla2g15 regulates BMP lipid catabolism. Knockdown of Pla2g15 in mice increased BMP lipid levels, ablated the cold-induced rise, and improved cold tolerance. Knockout of Pla2g15 in mice and hepatocytes led to increased BMP lipid levels, that were decreased with re-expression of Pla2g15. Mutation of the catalytic site of Pla2g15 ablated the BMP lipid breakdown. Together, our studies uncover TFEB regulation of BMP lipids through Pla2g15 catabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoghegan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesbitt, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michorowska, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinkoka-Galcheva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishkova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of hepatic transcription factor EB activity during cold exposure uncovers direct regulation of bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate lipids by Pla2g15]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.03.565559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitrate-mediated luminal expansion of Salmonella Typhimurium is dependent on the ER stress protein CHOP 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.03.565559v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen that employs a variety of mechanisms to exploit inflammation resulting in expansion in the intestinal tract, but host factors that contribute to or counteract the luminal expansion are not well-defined. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces inflammation and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. However, little is known about the contribution of ER stress-induced inflammation during Salmonella pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the ER stress markers Hspa5 and Xbp1 are induced in the colon of S. Typhimurium infected mice, but the pro-apoptotic transcription factor Ddit3, that encodes for the protein CHOP, is significantly downregulated. S. Typhimurium-infected mice deficient for CHOP displayed a significant decrease in inflammation, colonization, dissemination, and pathology compared to littermate control mice. Preceding the differences in S. Typhimurium colonization, a significant decrease in Nos2 gene and iNOS protein expression was observed. Deletion of Chop decreased the bioavailability of nitrate in the colon leading to reduced fitness advantage of wild type S. Typhimurium over a napA narZ narG mutant strain (deficient in nitrate respiration). CD11b+ myeloid cells, but not intestinal epithelial cells, produced iNOS resulting in nitrate bioavailability for S. Typhimurium to expand in the intestinal tract in a CHOP-dependent manner. Altogether our work demonstrates that the host protein CHOP facilitates iNOS expression in CD11b+ cells thereby contributing to luminal expansion of S. Typhimurium via nitrate respiration.

Author SummarySalmonella Typhimurium is a gastroenteric bacterium that replicates to large numbers within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract allowing for efficient host-to-host transmission. One strategy that allows Salmonella to expand in the GI tract is via nitrate respiration that is generated during Salmonella infections. Our results presented here provide more insight into the role of the host protein CHOP in the production of nitrate and the subsequent growth of Salmonella in the GI tract. CHOP expression is regulated within the unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive response pathway that is activated when cells are undergoing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress has been implicated in several infectious and inflammatory diseases; however, little is known about the contribution of ER stress and the UPR during Salmonella infections. Here, we demonstrate that Chop is downregulated in mice infected with S. Typhimurium, and that mice deficient for CHOP have reduced bacterial numbers in the colon, suggesting that downregulation of Chop is a host response to resist intestinal colonization by Salmonella. Our results further show that CHOP contributes to increased expression of iNOS, responsible for nitrate production, thereby increasing the bioavailability of nitrate that allows for Salmonella growth. Altogether, our research provides a better understanding of the contribution of the ER stress protein CHOP in intestinal health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sweet, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuss-Duerkop, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keestra-Gounder, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitrate-mediated luminal expansion of Salmonella Typhimurium is dependent on the ER stress protein CHOP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.02.565340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seven-up acts in neuroblasts to specify adult central complex neuron identity and initiate neuroblast decommissioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.02.565340v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An open question in neurobiology is how diverse neuron cell types are generated from a small number of neural stem cells. In the Drosophila larval central brain, there are eight bilateral Type 2 neuroblast (T2NB) lineages that express a suite of early temporal factors followed by a different set of late temporal factors and generate the majority of the central complex (CX) neurons. The early-to-late switch is triggered by the orphan nuclear hormone receptor Seven-up (Svp), yet little is known about this Svp-dependent switch in specifying CX neuron identities. Here, we (i) birthdate the CX neurons P-EN and P-FN (early and late, respectively); (ii) show that Svp is transiently expressed in all early T2NBs; and (iii) show that loss of Svp expands the population of early born P-EN neurons at the expense of late born P-FN neurons. Furthermore, in the absence of Svp, T2NBs fail decommissioning and abnormally extend their lineage into week-old adults. We conclude that Svp is required to specify CX neuron identity, as well as to initiate T2NB decommissioning.

SummarySeven-up acts in Type 2 neuroblasts to specify adult central complex columnar neuron identity and to initiate neuroblast decommissioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dillon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirono, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seven-up acts in neuroblasts to specify adult central complex neuron identity and initiate neuroblast decommissioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.03.564551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially resolved proteomics of the stomatal lineage: polarity complexes for cell divisions and stomatal pores 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.03.564551v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell polarity is used to guide asymmetric divisions and create morphologically diverse cells. We find that two oppositely oriented cortical polarity domains present during the asymmetric divisions in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage are reconfigured into polar domains marking ventral (pore-forming) and outward facing domains of maturing stomatal guard cells. Proteins that define these opposing polarity domains were used as baits in miniTurboID-based proximity labeling. Among differentially enriched proteins we find kinases, putative microtubule-interacting proteins, polar SOSEKIs with their effector ANGUSTIFOLIA, and using AI-facilitated protein structure prediction models, we identify their potential interaction interfaces. Functional and localization analysis of polarity protein OPL2 and its newly discovered partners suggest a positive interaction with mitotic microtubules and a potential role in cytokinesis. This combination of cutting-edge proteomics and structural modeling with live cell imaging provides insights into how polarity is rewired in different cell types and cell cycle stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallner, E.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhite, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.564551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially resolved proteomics of the stomatal lineage: polarity complexes for cell divisions and stomatal pores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.02.565263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LEAFY interacts with WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 to regulate spikelet number per spike in wheat 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.02.565263v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In wheat, the transition of the inflorescence meristem to a terminal spikelet (IM[-&gt;]TS) determines the spikelet number per spike (SNS), an important yield component. In this study, we demonstrate that the plant-specific transcription factor LEAFY (LFY) physically and genetically interacts with WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 (WAPO1) to regulate SNS and floret development. Loss-of-function mutations in either or both genes result in significant and similar reductions in SNS, as a result of a reduction in the rate of spikelet meristems formation per day. SNS is also modulated by significant genetic interactions between LFY and SQUAMOSA MADS-box genes VRN1 and FUL2, which promote the IM[-&gt;]TS transition. Single-molecule fluorescence in-situ hybridization revealed a down-regulation of LFY and up-regulation of the SQUAMOSA MADS-box genes in the distal part of the developing spike during the IM[-&gt;]TS transition, supporting their opposite roles in the regulation of SNS in wheat. Concurrently, the overlap of LFY and WAPO1 transcription domains in the developing spikelets contributes to normal floret development. Understanding the genetic network regulating SNS is a necessary first step to engineer this important agronomic trait.

SUMMARY STATEMENTThe plant specific transcription factor LEAFY plays an important role in the regulation of the number of spikelets per spike in wheat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paraiso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debernardi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LEAFY interacts with WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 to regulate spikelet number per spike in wheat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.02.565226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical inhibition of stomatal differentiation by perturbation of the master-regulatory bHLH heterodimer via an ACT-Like domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.02.565226v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective perturbation of protein interactions with chemical compounds enables dissection and control of developmental processes. Differentiation of stomata, cellular valves vital for plant growth and survival, is specified by the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) heterodimers. Harnessing a new amination reaction, we here report a synthesis, derivatization, target identification, and mode of action of an atypical doubly-sulfonylated imidazolone, Stomidazolone, which triggers stomatal stem cell arrest. Our forward chemical genetics followed by biophysical analyses elucidated that Stomidazolone directly binds to the C-terminal ACT-Like (ACTL) domain of MUTE, a master regulator of stomatal differentiation, and perturbs its heterodimerization with a partner bHLH, SCREAM in vitro and in plant cells. On the other hand, Stomidazolone analogs that are biologically inactive did not bind to MUTE or disrupt the SCREAM-MUTE heterodimers. Guided by structural docking modeling, we rationally designed MUTE with reduced Stomidazolone binding. These engineered MUTE proteins are fully functional and confer Stomidazolone resistance in vivo. Our study identifies doubly-sulfonylated imidazolone as a direct inhibitor of the stomatal master regulator, further expanding the chemical space for perturbing bHLH-ACTL proteins to manipulate plant development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepuru, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, S. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aihara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinoshita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torii, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical inhibition of stomatal differentiation by perturbation of the master-regulatory bHLH heterodimer via an ACT-Like domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.02.565326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High temporal frequency light response in mouse retina is mediated by ON and OFF bipolar cells and requires FAT3 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.02.565326v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vision is initiated by the reception of light by photoreceptors and subsequent processing via downstream retinal neurons. Proper cellular organization depends on the multi-functional tissue polarity protein FAT3, which is required for amacrine cell connectivity and retinal lamination. Here we investigated the retinal function of Fat3 mutant mice and found decreases in physiological and perceptual responses to high frequency flashes. These defects did not correlate with abnormal amacrine cell wiring, pointing instead to a role in bipolar cell subtypes that also express FAT3. The role of FAT3 in the response to high temporal frequency flashes depends upon its ability to transduce an intracellular signal. Mechanistically, FAT3 binds to the synaptic protein PTP{sigma}, intracellularly, and is required to localize GRIK1 to OFF-cone bipolar cell synapses with cone photoreceptors. These findings expand the repertoire of FAT3s functions and reveal its importance in bipolar cells for high frequency light response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aviles, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kefalov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodrich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High temporal frequency light response in mouse retina is mediated by ON and OFF bipolar cells and requires FAT3 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.03.565582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male-male interactions shape mate selection in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.03.565582v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Males of many species have evolved behavioral traits to both attract females and repel rivals. Here, we explore mate selection in Drosophila from both the male and female perspective to shed light on how these key components of sexual selection -- female choice and male-male competition -- work in concert to guide reproductive strategies. We find that male flies fend off competing suitors by interleaving their courtship of a female with aggressive wing flicks, which both repel competitors and generate a  song that obscures the females auditory perception of other potential mates. Two higher-order circuit nodes - P1a and pC1x neurons - are coordinately recruited to allow males to flexibly interleave these agonistic actions with courtship displays, assuring they persistently pursue females until their rival falters. Together, our results suggest that female mating decisions are shaped by male-male interactions, underscoring how a males ability to subvert his rivals is central to his reproductive success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hindmarsh Sten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollunder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male-male interactions shape mate selection in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.04.565646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Renal mechanotransduction is an essential regulator of renin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.04.565646v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kidneys tightly control the composition of our internal environment to maintain homeostasis in the face of external variability. The regulation of blood volume begins in the kidneys and is essential for vertebrate life in terrestrial environments where salt and water availability are unpredictable1,2. Renin synthesis and release by juxtaglomerular granular cells of the kidney is the rate-limiting step in a hormonal cascade that modulates blood volume, filtration, and salt balance2. Renin is stimulated during hypovolemia and salt deprivation in response to chemical cues released from sympathetic efferent neurons and the macula densa onto the juxtaglomerular granular cells. Renin levels are also proposed to be modulated by mechanical forces elicited by changes in blood volume and/or pressure exerted upon juxtaglomerular cells2-4. However, the identity and significance of the juxtaglomerular mechanotransducer(s) was unknown. We found that the force-gated ion channel PIEZO2 is expressed in juxtaglomerular granular cells and in neighboring mesangial cells. Selective genetic ablation of PIEZO2 dysregulated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by elevating renin, raising systemic blood pressure, inducing glomerular hyperfiltration, and exaggerating the hormonal response to volume depletion. These findings demonstrate that PIEZO2 contributes to renal blood volume sensing and kidney function in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirvan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servin Vences, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miner, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patapoutian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.04.565646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Renal mechanotransduction is an essential regulator of renin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.06.565681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in an aversive teaching signal produce brainwide and behavioral substrates of susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.06.565681v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some individuals are susceptible to the experience of chronic stress and others are more resilient. While many brain regions implicated in learning are dysregulated after stress, little is known about whether and how neural teaching signals during stress differ between susceptible and resilient individuals. Here, we seek to determine if activity in the lateral habenula (LHb), which encodes a negative teaching signal, differs between susceptible and resilient mice during stress to produce different outcomes. After, but not before, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), the LHb is active when susceptible mice are in the proximity of the aggressor strain. During stress itself, LHb activity is higher in susceptible mice during aggressor proximity, and activation of the LHb during stress biases mice towards susceptibility. This manipulation generates a persistent and widespread increase in the balance of subcortical versus cortical activity in susceptible mice. Taken together, our results indicate that heightened activity in the LHb during stress produces lasting brainwide and behavioral substrates of susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhukovskaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willmore, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janarthanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falkner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in an aversive teaching signal produce brainwide and behavioral substrates of susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.06.565899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell lineage analysis with somatic mutations reveals late divergence of neuronal cell types and cortical areas in human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.06.565899v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian cerebral cortex shows functional specialization into regions with distinct neuronal compositions, most strikingly in the human brain, but little is known in about how cellular lineages shape cortical regional variation and neuronal cell types during development. Here, we use somatic single nucleotide variants (sSNVs) to map lineages of neuronal sub-types and cortical regions. Early-occurring sSNVs rarely respect Brodmann area (BA) borders, while late-occurring sSNVs mark neuron-generating clones with modest regional restriction, though descendants often dispersed into neighboring BAs. Nevertheless, in visual cortex, BA17 contains 30-70% more sSNVs compared to the neighboring BA18, with clones across the BA17/18 border distributed asymmetrically and thus displaying different cortex-wide dispersion patterns. Moreover, we find that excitatory neuron-generating clones with modest regional restriction consistently share low-mosaic sSNVs with some inhibitory neurons, suggesting significant co-generation of excitatory and some inhibitory neurons in the dorsal cortex. Our analysis reveals human-specific cortical cell lineage patterns, with both regional inhomogeneities in progenitor proliferation and late divergence of excitatory/inhibitory lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanadham, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizzotto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshkoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhouk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akula, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rento, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szeto, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell lineage analysis with somatic mutations reveals late divergence of neuronal cell types and cortical areas in human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.07.566005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NLRP3 Cys126 palmitoylation by ZDHHC7 Promotes Inflammasome Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.07.566005v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NACHT-, leucine-rich-repeat- (LRR), and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) mediates inflammasome activation in response to multiple pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns in macrophages. Hyperactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to many human chronic inflammatory diseases. Understanding how NLRP3 inflammasome is regulated can potentially provide new strategies to treat inflammatory diseases. Here, we demonstrated that NLRP3 is palmitoylated on Cys126 by palmitoyl-acyltransferase ZDHHC7 in macrophages, which is critical for NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation. Perturbating NLRP3 Cys126 palmitoylation by ZDHHC7 knockout, pharmacological inhibition, or modification site mutation, diminishes NLRP3 activation and the consequential Caspase-1 and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage, and IL-1{beta} and IL-18 secretion in mouse primary macrophages and human macrophages. Furthermore, NLRP3 Cys126 palmitoylation is vital for inflammasome activation in vivo, as Zdhhc7 knockout, pharmacological inhibition, or NLRP3 C126A mutation protects mice from LPS-induced endotoxic shock and monosodium urate (MSU)-induced peritonitis. Mechanistically, ZDHHC7-mediated NLRP3 Cys126 palmitoylation promotes resting NLRP3 localizing on the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and activated NLRP3 on the dispersed TGN (dTGN), which is indispensable for the recruitment and oligomerization of adaptor protein ASC after inflammasome activation. The activation of NLRP3 by ZDHHC7-mediated Cys126 palmitoylation is different from the previously reported inhibitory effect by ZDHHC12-mediated Cys841 palmitoylation, highlighting the versatile regulatory roles of S-palmitoylation. Therefore, our study identifies a new regulatory mechanism of NLRP3 activation and suggests targeting ZDHHC7 or NLRP3 Cys126 residue as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat NLRP3-related human disorders.

HighlightsO_LINLRP3 Cys126 is palmitoylated by ZDHHC7.
C_LIO_LIZDHHC7 promotes NLRP3 activation in macrophages, which can be inhibited by ZDHHCs inhibitors, 2-bromopalmitate and MY-D4.
C_LIO_LICys126 palmitoylation of NLRP3 is critical for NLRP3 activation.
C_LIO_LINLRP3 TGN/dTGN localization depends on ZDHHC7-mediated Cys126 palmitoylation, which is crucial for ASC recruitment and inflammasome assembly.
C_LIO_LINLRP3 inflammasome activation by ZDHHC7 differs from ZDHHC12-mediated NLRP3 inhibition.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greentree, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conde, D.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linder, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NLRP3 Cys126 palmitoylation by ZDHHC7 Promotes Inflammasome Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.08.566333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatum supports fast learning but not memory recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.08.566333v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals learn to carry out motor actions in specific sensory contexts to achieve goals. The striatum has been implicated in producing sensory-motor associations, yet its contribution to memory formation or recall is not clear. To investigate the contribution of striatum to these processes, mice were taught to associate a cue, consisting of optogenetic activation of striatum-projecting neurons in visual cortex, with forelimb reaches to access food pellets. As necessary to direct learning, striatal neural activity encoded both the sensory context and outcome of reaching. With training, the rate of cued reaching increased, but brief optogenetic inhibition of striatal activity arrested learning and prevented trial-to-trial improvements in performance. However, the same manipulation did not affect performance improvements already consolidated into short- (within an hour) or long-term (across days) memories. Hence, striatal activity is necessary for trial-to-trial improvements in task performance, leading to plasticity in other brain areas that mediate memory recall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinhold, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iadarola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuwamoto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatum supports fast learning but not memory recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.09.566421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social isolation recruits amygdala-cortical circuitry to escalate alcohol drinking 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.09.566421v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do social factors impact the brain and contribute to increased alcohol drinking? We found that social rank predicts alcohol drinking, where subordinates drink more than dominants. Furthermore, social isolation escalates alcohol drinking, particularly impacting subordinates who display a greater increase in alcohol drinking compared to dominants. Using cellular resolution calcium imaging, we show that the basolateral amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex (BLA-mPFC) circuit predicts alcohol drinking in a rank-dependent manner, unlike non-specific BLA activity. The BLA-mPFC circuit becomes hyperexcitable during social isolation, detecting social isolation states. Mimicking the observed increases in BLA-mPFC activity using optogenetics was sufficient to increase alcohol drinking, suggesting the BLA-mPFC circuit may be a neural substrate for the negative impact of social isolation. To test the hypothesis that the BLA-mPFC circuit conveys a signal induced by social isolation to motivate alcohol consumption, we first determined if this circuit detects social information. Leveraging optogenetics in combination with calcium imaging and SLEAP automated pose tracking, we found that BLA-mPFC circuitry governs social behavior and neural representation of social contact. We further show that BLA-mPFC stimulation mimics social isolation-induced mPFC encoding of sucrose and alcohol, and inhibition of the BLA-mPFC circuit decreases alcohol drinking following social isolation. Collectively, these data suggest the amygdala-cortical circuit mirrors a neural encoding state similar to social isolation and underlies social isolation-associated alcohol drinking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patarino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamintuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taschbach, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hoek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delahanty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libster, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichmann, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tye, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social isolation recruits amygdala-cortical circuitry to escalate alcohol drinking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.07.566091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct and interdependent functions of three RING proteins regulate recombination during mammalian meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.07.566091v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During meiosis, each pair of homologous chromosomes becomes connected by at least one crossover, as required for accurate segregation at the first division, and adjacent crossovers are widely separated thereby limiting total numbers. In coarsening models, crossover patterning results from nascent recombination sites competing to accrue a limiting pro-crossover RING-domain protein (COR) that diffuses between synapsed chromosomes. Here we delineate the localization dynamics of three mammalian CORs in mouse and determine their interdependencies. RNF212, HEI10 and a new member RNF212B show divergent spatiotemporal dynamics along synapsed chromosomes, including profound differences in spermatocytes and oocytes, that are not easily reconciled by elementary coarsening models. Contrasting mutant phenotypes and genetic requirements indicate that RNF212B, RNF212, and HEI10 play distinct but interdependent functions in regulating meiotic recombination and coordinating the events of meiotic prophase-I by integrating signals from DNA breaks, homolog synapsis, the cell-cycle, and incipient crossover sites.

SIGNIFICANCEMeiosis produces haploid gametes by precisely halving the chromosome complement. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes (homologs) is essential for their accurate segregation and defects are associated with infertility, miscarriage, and congenital disease. Factors that ensure crossing over between each pair of homologs include mammalian RING-domain proteins RNF212, HEI10, and RNF212B, alleles of which are linked to infertility and heritable variation in crossover rate. This study focuses on understanding the functions and relationships between pro-crossover RING proteins (CORs) in mouse, providing important insights into their roles in regulating recombination, the DNA repair process that gives rise to crossovers. Notably, chromosomal localization dynamics of the three CORs are distinct and show striking sexual dimorphism with important implications for models of crossover control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirota, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct and interdependent functions of three RING proteins regulate recombination during mammalian meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.09.566364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasonic reporters of calcium for deep tissue imaging of cellular signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.09.566364v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium imaging has enabled major biological discoveries. However, the scattering of light by tissue limits the use of standard fluorescent calcium indicators in living animals. To address this limitation, we introduce the first genetically encoded ultrasonic reporter of calcium (URoC). Based on a unique class of air-filled protein nanostructures called gas vesicles, we engineered URoC to produce elevated nonlinear ultrasound signal upon binding to calcium ions. With URoC expressed in mammalian cells, we demonstrate noninvasive ultrasound imaging of calcium signaling in vivo during drug-induced receptor activation. URoC brings the depth and resolution advantages of ultrasound to the in vivo imaging of dynamic cellular function and paves the way for acoustic biosensing of a broader variety of biological signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurt, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malounda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasonic reporters of calcium for deep tissue imaging of cellular signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.08.566310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypermetabolic state is associated with circadian rhythm disruption in mouse and human cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.08.566310v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crosstalk between cellular metabolism and circadian rhythms is a fundamental building block of multicellular life, and disruption of this reciprocal communication could be relevant to degenerative disease, including cancer. Here, we investigated whether maintenance of circadian rhythms depends upon specific metabolic pathways, particularly in the context of cancer. We found that in adult mouse fibroblasts, ATP levels were a major contributor to overall levels of a clock gene luciferase reporter, although not necessarily to the strength of circadian cycling. In contrast, we identified significant metabolic control of circadian function in an in vitro mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Metabolic profiling of a library of congenic tumor cell clones revealed significant differences in levels of lactate, pyruvate, ATP, and other crucial metabolites that we used to identify candidate clones with which to generate circadian reporter lines. Despite the shared genetic background of the clones, we observed diverse circadian profiles among these lines that varied with their metabolic phenotype: the most hypometabolic line had the strongest circadian rhythms while the most hypermetabolic line had the weakest rhythms. Treatment of these tumor cell lines with bezafibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist shown to increase OxPhos, decreased the amplitude of circadian oscillation in a subset of tumor cell lines. Strikingly, treatment with the Complex I antagonist rotenone enhanced circadian rhythms only in the tumor cell line in which glycolysis was also low, thereby establishing a hypometabolic state. We further analyzed metabolic and circadian phenotypes across a panel of human patient-derived melanoma cell lines and observed a significant negative association between metabolic activity and circadian cycling strength. Together, these findings suggest that metabolic heterogeneity in cancer directly contributes to circadian function, and that high levels of glycolysis or OxPhos independently disrupt circadian rhythms in these cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iascone, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafford, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesaros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofbauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pivarshev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypermetabolic state is associated with circadian rhythm disruption in mouse and human cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.567020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin transporter-dependent histone serotonylation in placenta contributes to the neurodevelopmental transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.567020v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain development requires appropriate regulation of serotonin (5-HT) signaling from distinct tissue sources across embryogenesis. At the maternal-fetal interface, the placenta is thought to be an important contributor of offspring brain 5-HT and is critical to overall fetal health. Yet, how placental 5-HT is acquired, and the mechanisms through which 5-HT influences placental functions, are not well understood. Recently, our group identified a novel epigenetic role for 5-HT, in which 5-HT can be added to histone proteins to regulate transcription, a process called H3 serotonylation. Here, we show that H3 serotonylation undergoes dynamic regulation during placental development, corresponding to gene expression changes that are known to influence key metabolic processes. Using transgenic mice, we demonstrate that placental H3 serotonylation largely depends on 5-HT uptake by the serotonin transporter (SERT/SLC6A4). SERT deletion robustly reduces enrichment of H3 serotonylation across the placental genome, and disrupts neurodevelopmental gene networks in early embryonic brain tissues. Thus, these findings suggest a novel role for H3 serotonylation in coordinating placental transcription at the intersection of maternal physiology and offspring brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alenina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin transporter-dependent histone serotonylation in placenta contributes to the neurodevelopmental transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.13.566961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Full-spike deep mutational scanning helps predict the evolutionary success of SARS-CoV-2 clades 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.13.566961v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 variants acquire mutations in spike that promote immune evasion and impact other properties that contribute to viral fitness such as ACE2 receptor binding and cell entry. Knowledge of how mutations affect these spike phenotypes can provide insight into the current and potential future evolution of the virus. Here we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how >9,000 mutations across the full XBB.1.5 and BA.2 spikes affect ACE2 binding, cell entry, or escape from human sera. We find that mutations outside the receptor-binding domain (RBD) have meaningfully impacted ACE2 binding during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. We also measure how mutations to the XBB.1.5 spike affect neutralization by serum from individuals who recently had SARS-CoV-2 infections. The strongest serum escape mutations are in the RBD at sites 357, 420, 440, 456, and 473--however, the antigenic impacts of these mutations vary across individuals. We also identify strong escape mutations outside the RBD; however many of them decrease ACE2 binding, suggesting they act by modulating RBD conformation. Notably, the growth rates of human SARS-CoV-2 clades can be explained in substantial part by the measured effects of mutations on spike phenotypes, suggesting our data could enable better prediction of viral evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asarnow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Full-spike deep mutational scanning helps predict the evolutionary success of SARS-CoV-2 clades]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.567065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for VLDLR recognition by eastern equine encephalitis virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.567065v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne enveloped RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens with outbreak potential. Among them, eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is the most virulent, and many survivors develop neurological sequelae, including paralysis and intellectual disability. The spike proteins of alphaviruses comprise trimers of heterodimers of their envelope glycoproteins E2 and E1 that mediate binding to cellular receptors and fusion of virus and host cell membranes during entry. We recently identified very-low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), two closely related proteins that are expressed in the brain, as cellular receptors for EEEV and a distantly related alphavirus, Semliki forest virus (SFV)1. The EEEV and SFV spike glycoproteins have low sequence homology, and how they have evolved to bind the same cellular receptors is unknown. Here, we used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine structures of the EEEV and SFV spike glycoproteins bound to the VLDLR ligand-binding domain. The structures reveal that EEEV and SFV use distinct surfaces to bind VLDLR; EEEV uses a cluster of basic residues on the E2 subunit of its spike glycoprotein, while SFV uses two basic residues at a remote site on its E1 glycoprotein. Our studies reveal that different alphaviruses interact with the same cellular receptor through divergent binding modes. They further suggest that the ability of LDLR-related proteins to interact with viral spike proteins through very small footprints with flexible binding modes results in a low evolutionary barrier to the acquisition of LDLR-related proteins as cellular receptors for diverse sets of viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varnum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for VLDLR recognition by eastern equine encephalitis virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.15.566339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lung and liver editing by lipid nanoparticle delivery of a stable CRISPR-Cas9 RNP 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.15.566339v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery of CRISPR ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) has the potential to enable high-efficiency in vivo genome editing with low toxicity and an easily manufactured technology, if RNP efficacy can be maintained during LNP production. In this study, we engineered a thermostable Cas9 from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GeoCas9) using directed evolution to generate iGeoCas9 evolved variants capable of robust genome editing of cells and organs. iGeoCas9s were significantly better at editing cells than wild-type GeoCas9, with genome editing levels >100X greater than those induced by the native GeoCas9 enzyme. Furthermore, iGeoCas9 RNP:LNP complexes edited a variety of cell lines and induced homology-directed repair (HDR) in cells receiving co-delivered single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) templates. Using tissue-selective LNP formulations, we observed genome editing of 35-56% efficiency in the liver or lungs of mice that received intravenous injections of iGeoCas9 RNP:LNPs. In particular, iGeoCas9 complexed to acid-degradable LNPs edited lung tissue in vivo with an average of 35% efficiency, a significant improvement over editing efficiencies observed previously using viral or non-viral delivery strategies. These results show that thermostable Cas9 RNP:LNP complexes are a powerful alternative to mRNA:LNP delivery vehicles, expanding the therapeutic potential of genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgstone, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.566339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lung and liver editing by lipid nanoparticle delivery of a stable CRISPR-Cas9 RNP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.567117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed Evolution of Genetically Encoded LYTACs for Cell-Mediated Delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.567117v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs) are a promising therapeutic modality to drive the degradation of extracellular proteins. However, early versions of LYTAC contain synthetic glycopeptides that cannot be genetically encoded. Here we present our designs for a fully genetically encodable LYTAC (GELYTAC), making our tool compatible with integration into therapeutic cells for targeted delivery at diseased sites. To achieve this, we replaced the glycopeptide portion of LYTACs with the protein insulin like growth factor 2 (IGF2). After showing initial efficacy with wild type IGF2, we increased the potency of GELYTAC using directed evolution. Subsequently, we demonstrated that our engineered GELYTAC construct not only secretes from HEK293T cells but also from human primary T-cells to drive the uptake of various targets into receiver cells. Immune cells engineered to secrete GELYTAC thus represent a promising avenue for spatially-selective targeted protein degradation.

Significance StatementBetter therapeutic windows can be achieved by targeting therapeutics to their desired sites of action. For protein therapeutics, this might be achieved by engineering cell therapies that home to a tissue of interest and secrete the biologic drug locally. Here, we demonstrate that human primary T cells can be engineered to produce genetically encoded lysosome targeting chimeras (GELYTACs). These GELYTACs mediate the degradation of extracellular proteins associated with cancer progression. Thus, cells engineered to produce GELYTACs represent a potential new class of cancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada-Hunter, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labanieh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheah, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed Evolution of Genetically Encoded LYTACs for Cell-Mediated Delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.15.567251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering self-deliverable ribonucleoproteins for genome editing in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.15.567251v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The delivery of CRISPR ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) for genome editing in vitro and in vivo has important advantages over other delivery methods, including reduced off-target and immunogenic effects1. However, effective delivery of RNPs remains challenging in certain cell types due to low efficiency and cell toxicity. To address these issues, we engineered self-deliverable RNPs that can promote efficient cellular uptake and carry out robust genome editing without the need for helper materials or biomolecules. Screening of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) fused to CRISPR-Cas9 protein identified potent constructs capable of efficient genome editing of neural progenitor cells. Further engineering of these fusion proteins identified a C-terminal Cas9 fusion with three copies of A22p, a peptide derived from human semaphorin-3a, that exhibited substantially improved editing efficacy compared to other constructs. We found that self-deliverable Cas9 RNPs generated robust genome edits in clinically relevant genes when injected directly into the mouse striatum. Overall, self-deliverable Cas9 proteins provide a facile and effective platform for genome editing in vitro and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering self-deliverable ribonucleoproteins for genome editing in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.11.566714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expansion of human centromeric arrays in cells undergoing break-induced replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.11.566714v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human centromeres are located within -satellite arrays and evolve rapidly, which can lead to individual variation in array lengths. Proposed mechanisms for such alterations in lengths are unequal cross-over between sister chromatids, gene conversion, and break-induced replication. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the massive, complex, and homogeneous organization of centromeric arrays have not been experimentally validated. Here, we use droplet digital PCR assays to demonstrate that centromeric arrays can expand and contract within ~20 somatic cell divisions of a cell line. We find that the frequency of array variation among single-cell-derived subclones ranges from a minimum of ~7% to a maximum of ~100%. Further clonal evolution revealed that centromere expansion is favored over contraction. We find that the homologous recombination protein RAD52 and the helicase PIF1 are required for extensive array change, suggesting that centromere sequence evolution can occur via break-induced replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Showman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbert, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemi, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expansion of human centromeric arrays in cells undergoing break-induced replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.17.567630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Foundation Model for Cell Segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.17.567630v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells are a fundamental unit of biological organization, and identifying them in imaging data - cell segmentation - is a critical task for various cellular imaging experiments. While deep learning methods have led to substantial progress on this problem, most models are specialist models that work well for specific domains but cannot be applied across domains or scale well with large amounts of data. In this work, we present CellSAM, a universal model for cell segmentation that generalizes across diverse cellular imaging data. CellSAM builds on top of the Segment Anything Model (SAM) by developing a prompt engineering approach for mask generation. We train an object detector, CellFinder, to automatically detect cells and prompt SAM to generate segmentations. We show that this approach allows a single model to achieve human-level performance for segmenting images of mammalian cells, yeast, and bacteria collected across various imaging modalities. We show that CellSAM has strong zero-shot performance and can be improved with a few examples via few-shot learning. Additionally, we demonstrate how CellSAM can be applied across diverse bioimage analysis workflows. A deployed version of CellSAM is available at https://cellsam.deepcell.org/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Israel, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilip, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson-Goulart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perona, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkioxari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Valen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Foundation Model for Cell Segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.21.568163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed representations of innate behaviors in the hypothalamus do not predict specialized functional centers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.21.568163v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial activation of anatomically localized, genetically defined hypothalamic neuron populations is known to trigger distinct innate behaviors, suggesting a hypothalamic nucleus-centered organization of behavior control. To assess whether the encoding of behavior is similarly anatomically confined, we performed simultaneous neuron recordings across twenty hypothalamic regions in freely moving animals. Here we show that distinct but anatomically distributed neuron ensembles encode the social and fear behavior classes, primarily through mixed selectivity. While behavior class-encoding ensembles were spatially distributed, individual ensembles exhibited strong localization bias. Encoding models identified that behavior actions, but not motion-related variables, explained a large fraction of hypothalamic neuron activity variance. These results identify unexpected complexity in the hypothalamic encoding of instincts and provide a foundation for understanding the role of distributed neural representations in the expression of behaviors driven by hardwired circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stagkourakis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spigolon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perona, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed representations of innate behaviors in the hypothalamus do not predict specialized functional centers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.20.567978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal place code plasticity in CA1 requires postsynaptic membrane fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.20.567978v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid delivery of glutamate receptors to the postsynaptic membrane via vesicle fusion is a central component of synaptic plasticity. However, it is unknown how this process supports specific neural computations during behavior. To bridge this gap, we combined conditional genetic deletion of a component of the postsynaptic membrane fusion machinery, Syntaxin3 (Stx3), in hippocampal CA1 neurons of mice with population in vivo calcium imaging. This approach revealed that Stx3 is necessary for forming the neural dynamics that support novelty processing, spatial reward memory and offline memory consolidation. In contrast, CA1 Stx3 was dispensable for maintaining aspects of the neural code that exist presynaptic to CA1 such as representations of context and space. Thus, manipulating postsynaptic membrane fusion identified computations that specifically require synaptic restructuring via membrane trafficking in CA1 and distinguished them from neural representation that could be inherited from upstream brain regions or learned through other mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plitt, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaganovsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Südhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal place code plasticity in CA1 requires postsynaptic membrane fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.21.568149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One-Hour Phosphoproteome Analysis with the Orbitrap Astral Mass Spectrometer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.21.568149v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Owing to its roles in cellular signal transduction, protein phosphorylation plays critical roles in myriad cell processes. That said, detecting and quantifying protein phosphorylation has remained a challenge. We describe the use of a novel mass spectrometer (Orbitrap Astral) coupled with data-independent acquisition (DIA) to achieve rapid and deep analysis of human and mouse phosphoproteomes. With this method we map approximately 30,000 unique human phosphorylation sites within a half-hour of data collection. The technology was benchmarked to other state-of-the-art MS platforms using both synthetic peptide standards and with EGF-stimulated HeLa cells. We applied this approach to generate a phosphoproteome multi-tissue atlas of the mouse. Altogether, we detected 81,120 unique phosphorylation sites within 12 hours of measurement. With this unique dataset, we examine the sequence, structural, and kinase specificity context of protein phosphorylation. Finally, we highlight the discovery potential of this resource with multiple examples of novel phosphorylation events relevant to mitochondrial and brain biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lancaster, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinitcyn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters-Clarke, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fecher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishkova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrey, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pashkova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arp, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galmozzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westphall, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damoc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabrouskov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One-Hour Phosphoproteome Analysis with the Orbitrap Astral Mass Spectrometer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.22.567964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tertiary folds of the SL5 RNA from the 5' proximal region of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.22.567964v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronavirus genomes sequester their start codons within stem-loop 5 (SL5), a structured, 5' genomic RNA element. In most alpha- and betacoronaviruses, the secondary structure of SL5 is predicted to contain a four-way junction of helical stems, some of which are capped with UUYYGU hexaloops. Here, using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and computational modeling with biochemically-determined secondary structures, we present three-dimensional structures of SL5 from six coronaviruses. The SL5 domain of betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, resolved at 4.7 [A] resolution, exhibits a T-shaped structure, with its UUYYGU hexaloops at opposing ends of a coaxial stack, the Ts "arms." Further analysis of SL5 domains from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS (7.1 and 6.4-6.9 [A] resolution, respectively) indicate that the junction geometry and inter-hexaloop distances are conserved features across the studied human-infecting betacoronaviruses. The MERS SL5 domain displays an additional tertiary interaction, which is also observed in the non-human-infecting betacoronavirus BtCoV-HKU5 (5.9-8.0 [A] resolution). SL5s from human-infecting alphacoronaviruses, HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 (6.5 and 8.4-9.0 [A] resolution, respectively), exhibit the same coaxial stacks, including the UUYYGU-capped arms, but with a phylogenetically distinct crossing angle, an X-shape. As such, all SL5 domains studied herein fold into stable tertiary structures with cross-genus similarities, with implications for potential protein-binding modes and therapeutic targets.

SignificanceThe three-dimensional structures of viral RNAs are of interest to the study of viral pathogenesis and therapeutic design, but the three-dimensional structures of viral RNAs remain poorly characterized. Here, we provide the first 3D structures of the SL5 domain (124-160 nt, 40.0-51.4 kDa) from the majority of human-infecting coronaviruses. All studied SL5s exhibit a similar 4-way junction, with their crossing angles grouped along phylogenetic boundaries. Further, across all species studied, conserved UUYYGU hexaloop pairs are located at opposing ends of a coaxial stack, suggesting that their three-dimensional arrangement is important for their as-of-yet defined function. These conserved tertiary features support the relevance of SL5 for pan-coronavirus fitness and highlight new routes in understanding its molecular and virological roles and in developing SL5-based antivirals.

Classification: Biological Sciences, Biophysics and Computational Biology
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheludev, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nye, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.567964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tertiary folds of the SL5 RNA from the 5' proximal region of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.21.568159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asgard archaea modulate potential methanogenesis substrates in wetland soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.21.568159v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The roles of Asgard archaea in eukaryogenesis and marine biogeochemical cycles are well studied, yet their contributions in soil ecosystems are unknown. Of particular interest are Asgard archaeal contributions to methane cycling in wetland soils. To investigate this, we reconstructed two complete genomes for soil-associated Atabeyarchaeia, a new Asgard lineage, and the first complete genome of Freyarchaeia, and defined their metabolism in situ. Metatranscriptomics highlights high expression of [NiFe]-hydrogenases, pyruvate oxidation and carbon fixation via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway genes. Also highly expressed are genes encoding enzymes for amino acid metabolism, anaerobic aldehyde oxidation, hydrogen peroxide detoxification and glycerol and carbohydrate breakdown to acetate and formate. Overall, soil-associated Asgard archaea are predicted to be non-methanogenic acetogens, likely impacting reservoirs of substrates for methane production in terrestrial ecosystems.

One-Sentence SummaryComplete genomes of Asgard archaea, coupled with metatranscriptomic data, indicate roles in production and consumption of carbon compounds that are known to serve as substrates for methane production in wetlands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appler, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Anda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kivenson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asgard archaea modulate potential methanogenesis substrates in wetland soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.22.568383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A communication hub for phosphoregulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.22.568383v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mps1 and Aurora B kinases regulate and monitor kinetochore attachment to spindle microtubules during cell division, ultimately ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. In yeast, the critical attachment components are the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes (Ndc80c and DASH/Dam1c, respectively). Ndc80c is an 600-[A] long heterotetramer that binds microtubules through a globular "head" at one end and centromere-proximal kinetochore components through a globular knob at the other end. Dam1c is a heterodecamer that forms a ring of 16-17 protomers around the shaft of the single kinetochore microtubule in point-centromere yeast. The ring coordinates the approximately eight Ndc80c rods per kinetochore. In published work, we showed that a site on the globular "head" of Ndc80c, including residues from both Ndc80 and Nuf2, binds a bipartite segment in the long, C-terminal extension of Dam1. Results reported here show, both by in vitro binding experiments and by crystal structure determination, that the same site binds a conserved segment in the long N-terminal extension of Mps1 and a similarly conserved segment in the N-terminal extension of Ipl1 (yeast Aurora B). Together with results from experiments in yeast cells and from biochemical assays reported in two accompanying papers, the structures and graded affinities identify a communication hub for ensuring uniform bipolar attachment and for signaling anaphase onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zahm, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A communication hub for phosphoregulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.23.568469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-dependent place-cell referencing in hippocampal area CA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.23.568469v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CA1 hippocampal place cells (PCs) are known for using both self-centric (egocentric) and world-centric (allocentric) reference frames to support a cognitive map1,2. The mechanism of PC referencing and the role of experience in this process, however, remain poorly understood3-5. Here we longitudinally recorded the activity of CA1 PCs while mice performed a spatial learning task. In a familiar environment, the CA1 representation consisted of PCs that were referenced to either spatial locations (allocentric PCs) or mouse running (egocentric PCs) in approximately equal proportions. In a novel environment, however, the CA1 representation became predominately egocentrically referenced. Notably, individual allocentric PCs in a familiar environment adaptively switched reference frames to become egocentric in a novel environment. In addition, intracellular membrane potential recordings revealed that individual CA1 neurons simultaneously received both ego- and allo-centric synaptic inputs, and the ratio of these two input streams correlated with the level of individual PC referencing. Furthermore, behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity6,7 (BTSP) was an active participant in shaping PC referencing through the rapid adjustment of synaptic weights on many PCs. Together, these results suggest that experience-dependent adjustment of synaptic input shapes ego and allocentric PC referencing to support a flexible cognitive map in CA1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.23.568469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-dependent place-cell referencing in hippocampal area CA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.24.568537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal calcium spikes enable vector inversion in the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.24.568537v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A typical neuron signals to downstream cells when it is depolarized and firing sodium spikes. Some neurons, however, also fire calcium spikes when hyperpolarized. The function of such bidirectional signaling remains unclear in most circuits. Here we show how a neuron class that participates in vector computation in the fly central complex employs hyperpolarization-elicited calcium spikes to invert two-dimensional mathematical vectors. By switching from firing sodium to calcium spikes, these neurons implement a [~]180{degrees} realignment between the vector encoded in the neuronal population and the flys internal compass signal, thus inverting the vector. We show that the calcium spikes rely on the T-type calcium channel Ca-1T, and argue, via analytical and experimental approaches, that these spikes enable vector computations in portions of angular space that would otherwise be inaccessible. These results reveal a seamless interaction between molecular, cellular and circuit properties for implementing vector mathematics in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishida, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohren, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.24.568537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal calcium spikes enable vector inversion in the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.28.569059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioorthogonal metabolic labeling of the virulence factor phenolic glycolipid in mycobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.28.569059v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surface lipids on pathogenic mycobacteria modulate infection outcomes by regulating host immune responses. Phenolic glycolipid (PGL) is a host-modulating surface lipid that varies among clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. PGL is also found in Mycobacterium marinum where it promotes infection of zebrafish through effects on the innate immune system. Given the important role this lipid plays in the host-pathogen relationship, tools for profiling its abundance, spatial distribution, and dynamics are needed. Here we report a strategy for imaging PGL in live mycobacteria using bioorthogonal metabolic labeling. We functionalized the PGL precursor p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHB) with an azide group (3-azido pHB). When fed to mycobacteria, 3-azido pHB was incorporated into the cell surface, which could then be visualized via bioorthogonal conjugation of a fluorescent probe. We confirmed that 3-azido pHB incorporates into PGL using mass spectrometry methods and demonstrated selectivity for PGL-producing Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Finally, we applied this metabolic labeling strategy to study the dynamics of PGL within the mycobacterial membrane. This new tool enables visualization of PGL which may facilitate studies of mycobacterial pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guzman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiloh, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioorthogonal metabolic labeling of the virulence factor phenolic glycolipid in mycobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.28.569054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of a holo-insertase complex in the biogenesis of biophysically diverse ER membrane proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.28.569054v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian membrane proteins perform essential physiologic functions that rely on their accurate insertion and folding at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using forward and arrayed genetic screens, we systematically studied the biogenesis of a panel of membrane proteins, including several G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We observed a central role for the insertase, the ER membrane protein complex (EMC), and developed a dual-guide approach to identify genetic modifiers of the EMC. We found that the back of sec61 (BOS) complex, a component of the  multipass translocon, was a physical and genetic interactor of the EMC. Functional and structural analysis of the EMC*BOS holocomplex showed that characteristics of a GPCRs soluble domain determine its biogenesis pathway. In contrast to prevailing models, no single insertase handles all substrates. We instead propose a unifying model for coordination between the EMC, multipass translocon, and Sec61 for biogenesis of diverse membrane proteins in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Page, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleiner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomaleri, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhees, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of a holo-insertase complex in the biogenesis of biophysically diverse ER membrane proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.29.569241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectomic reconstruction predicts the functional organization of visual inputs to the navigation center of the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.29.569241v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animals, including humans, navigate their surroundings by visual input, yet we understand little about how visual information is transformed and integrated by the navigation system. In Drosophila melanogaster, compass neurons in the donut-shaped ellipsoid body of the central complex generate a sense of direction by integrating visual input from ring neurons, a part of the anterior visual pathway (AVP). Here, we densely reconstruct all neurons in the AVP using FlyWire, an AI-assisted tool for analyzing electron-microscopy data. The AVP comprises four neuropils, sequentially linked by three major classes of neurons: MeTu neurons, which connect the medulla in the optic lobe to the small unit of anterior optic tubercle (AOTUsu) in the central brain; TuBu neurons, which connect the anterior optic tubercle to the bulb neuropil; and ring neurons, which connect the bulb to the ellipsoid body. Based on neuronal morphologies, connectivity between different neural classes, and the locations of synapses, we identified non-overlapping channels originating from four types of MeTu neurons, which we further divided into ten subtypes based on the presynaptic connections in medulla and postsynaptic connections in AOTUsu. To gain an objective measure of the natural variation within the pathway, we quantified the differences between anterior visual pathways from both hemispheres and between two electron-microscopy datasets. Furthermore, we infer potential visual features and the visual area from which any given ring neuron receives input by combining the connectivity of the entire AVP, the MeTu neurons dendritic fields, and presynaptic connectivity in the optic lobes. These results provide a strong foundation for understanding how distinct visual features are extracted and transformed across multiple processing stages to provide critical information for computing the flys sense of direction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kind, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sancer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wernet, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectomic reconstruction predicts the functional organization of visual inputs to the navigation center of the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.28.569129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent immune imprinting after XBB.1.5 COVID vaccination in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.28.569129v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune imprinting - also known as  original antigenic sin - describes how the first exposure to a virus shapes the immunological outcome of subsequent exposures to antigenically related strains. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron breakthrough infections and bivalent COVID-19 vaccination were shown to primarily recall cross-reactive memory B cells and antibodies induced by prior mRNA vaccination with the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike rather than priming naive B cells that recognize Omicron-specific epitopes. These findings underscored a strong immune imprinting resulting from repeated Wuhan-Hu-1 spike exposures. To understand if immune imprinting can be overcome, we investigated memory and plasma antibody responses after administration of the updated XBB.1.5 COVID mRNA vaccine booster. Our data show that the XBB.1.5 booster elicits neutralizing antibody responses against current variants that are dominated by recall of pre-existing memory B cells previously induced by the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike. These results indicate that immune imprinting persists even after multiple exposures to Omicron spikes through vaccination and infection, including post XBB.1.5 spike booster mRNA vaccination, which will need to be considered to guide the design of future vaccine boosters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tortorici, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addetia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprouse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent immune imprinting after XBB.1.5 COVID vaccination in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.30.569436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic Mosaicism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia Reveals Widespread Degeneration from Focal Mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.30.569436v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although mutations in many genes cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, most cases are sporadic (sALS and sFTD) with unclear etiology. We tested whether somatic mutations contribute to sALS and sFTD by deep targeted sequencing of 88 neurodegeneration-related genes in postmortem brain and spinal cord samples from 399 sporadic cases and 144 controls. Predicted deleterious somatic variants in ALS/FTD genes were observed in 2.1% of sporadic cases lacking deleterious germline variants. These variants occurred at very low allele fractions (typically <2%) and were often focal and enriched in disease-affected regions. Analysis of bulk RNA-seq data from an additional cohort identified deleterious somatic variants in DYNC1H1 and LMNA, genes associated with pediatric motor neuron degeneration. Targeted long-read sequencing further identified one sFTD case with de novo somatic C9orf72 repeat expansions. Together, these findings suggest that rare, focal somatic variants can contribute to sALS and sFTD and drive widespread neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhouk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morillo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohkubo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagier-Tourenne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic Mosaicism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia Reveals Widespread Degeneration from Focal Mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.30.569486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioorthogonal labeling enables in situ fluorescence imaging of expressed gas vesicle nanostructures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.30.569486v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gas vesicles (GVs) are proteinaceous nanostructures that, along with virus-like particles, encapsulins, nano-cages, and other macromolecular assemblies are being developed for potential biomedical applications. To facilitate such development, it would be valuable to characterize these nanostructures sub-cellular assembly and localization. However, traditional fluorescent protein fusions are not tolerated by GVs primary constituent protein, making optical microscopy a challenge. Here, we introduce a method for fluorescently visualizing intracellular GVs using the bioorthogonal label FlAsH, which becomes fluorescent upon binding the six-amino acid tetracysteine (TC) tag. We engineered the GV subunit protein, GvpA, to display the TC tag, and showed that GVs bearing TC-tagged GvpA can be successfully assembled and fluorescently visualized in HEK 293T cells. We used fluorescence images of the tagged GVs to study GV size and distance distributions within these cells. This bioorthogonal labeling approach will enable research to provide a greater understanding of GVs and could be adapted to similar proteinaceous nanostructures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrunk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurt, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioorthogonal labeling enables in situ fluorescence imaging of expressed gas vesicle nanostructures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.01.568979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure, interaction, and nervous connectivity of beta cell primary cilia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.01.568979v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary cilia are sensory organelles present in many cell types. Based on an array of microtubules termed axoneme they form a specialized membrane compartment partaking in various signaling processes. Primary cilia of pancreatic islet beta cells play a role in autocrine and paracrine signaling and are linked to diabetes. Yet, the structural basis for their functions is unclear. We present three-dimensional reconstructions of complete mouse and human beta cell cilia, revealing a disorganized 9+0 axoneme structure. Within the islet, cilia are spatially confined within deep ciliary pockets or squeezed into narrow extracellular spaces between adjacent cells. Beta and alpha cell cilia physically interact with neighboring islet cells pushing and strongly bending their plasma membranes. Furthermore, beta cells can contain multiple cilia that can meet with other islet cell cilia in the extracellular space. Additionally, beta cell cilia establish connections with islet-projecting nerves. These findings highlight the pivotal role of beta cell primary cilia in islet cell connectivity, pointing at their potential functional role in integrating islet intrinsic and extrinsic signals. These novel insights contribute to understanding their significance in health and diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Müller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klena, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, L. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulaymankhil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topcheva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seliskar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mziaut, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schöniger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretschmar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Münster, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pigino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solimena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.568979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure, interaction, and nervous connectivity of beta cell primary cilia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.30.569492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Negative feedback control of hunger circuits by the taste of food 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.30.569492v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rewarding taste of food is critical for motivating animals to eat, but whether taste has a parallel function in promoting meal termination is not well understood. Here we show that hunger-promoting AgRP neurons are rapidly inhibited during each bout of ingestion by a signal linked to the taste of food. Blocking these transient dips in activity via closed-loop optogenetic stimulation increases food intake by selectively delaying the onset of satiety. We show that upstream leptin receptor-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMHLepR) are tuned to respond to sweet or fatty tastes and exhibit time-locked activation during feeding that is the mirror image of downstream AgRP cells. These findings reveal an unexpected role for taste in the negative feedback control of ingestion. They also reveal a mechanism by which AgRP neurons, which are the primary cells that drive hunger, are able to influence the moment-by-moment dynamics of food consumption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aitken, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shehata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Santa Medina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dundar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Negative feedback control of hunger circuits by the taste of food]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.03.569786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncoupled substrate binding underlies the evolutionary switch between Na+ and H+-coupled prokaryotic aspartate transporters 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.03.569786v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secondary active membrane transporters harness the energy of ion gradients to concentrate their substrates. Homologous transporters evolved to couple transport to different ions in response to changing environments and needs. The bases of such diversification, and thus principles of ion coupling, are unexplored. Employing phylogenetics and ancestral protein reconstruction, we investigated sodium-coupled transport in prokaryotic glutamate transporters, a mechanism ubiquitous across life domains and critical to neurotransmitter recycling in humans. We found that the evolutionary transition from sodium-dependent to independent substrate binding to the transporter preceded changes in the coupling mechanism. Structural and functional experiments suggest that the transition entailed allosteric mutations, making sodium binding dispensable without affecting ion-binding sites. Allosteric tuning of transporters energy landscapes might be a widespread route of their functional diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasool, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akher, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutlesic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncoupled substrate binding underlies the evolutionary switch between Na+ and H+-coupled prokaryotic aspartate transporters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.04.570024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific 3D-genome organization and transcription regulation in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.04.570024v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
3D organization of the genome plays a critical role in regulating gene expression. However, it remains unclear how chromatin organization differs among different cell types in the brain. Here we used genome-scale DNA and RNA imaging to investigate 3D-genome organization in transcriptionally distinct cell types in the primary motor cortex of the mouse brain. We uncovered a wide spectrum of differences in the nuclear architecture and 3D-genome organization among different cell types, ranging from the physical size of the cell nucleus to the active-inactive chromatin compartmentalization and radial positioning of chromatin loci within the nucleus. These cell-type-dependent variations in nuclear architecture and chromatin organization exhibited strong correlation with both total transcriptional activity of the cell and transcriptional regulation of cell-type-specific marker genes. Moreover, we found that the methylated-DNA-binding protein MeCP2 regulates transcription in a divergent manner, depending on the nuclear radial positions of chromatin loci, through modulating active-inactive chromatin compartmentalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.570024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific 3D-genome organization and transcription regulation in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.03.568403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging neuronal voltage beyond the scattering limit 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.03.568403v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage imaging is a promising technique for high-speed recording of neuronal population activity. However, tissue scattering severely limits its application in dense neuronal populations. Here, we adopted the principle of localization microscopy, a technique that enables super-resolution imaging of single-molecules, to resolve dense neuronal activities in vivo. Leveraging the sparse activation of neurons during action potentials (APs), we precisely localize the fluorescence change associated with each AP, creating a super-resolution image of neuronal activities. This approach, termed Activity Localization Imaging (ALI), identifies overlapping neurons and separates their activities with over 10-fold greater precision than what tissue scattering permits. Using ALI, we simultaneously recorded over a hundred densely-labeled CA1 neurons, creating a map of hippocampal theta oscillation at single-cell and single-cycle resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plutkis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.568403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging neuronal voltage beyond the scattering limit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.05.570292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Modeling of the Short-Term Response to Nitrogen Availability that Coordinates Early Events in Lateral Root Initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.05.570292v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient and its bioavailability plays a major role in how plant development is tuned to environmental nutrient status. To find novel factors in early root system architecture responses to N conditions, we performed Arabidopsis thaliana root transcriptome profiling of a short-term time course in limiting and sufficient N conditions. Using this data, we inferred transcriptional regulatory networks in each condition, which revealed the N-condition specific responses of jasmonate regulation; transcriptional factor (TF) ERF107 plays a more generalized role in lateral root development while TF LBD13 is specific to N-limiting conditions. Further, we used a single cell LR cell-type specific transcriptome dataset to model and analyze the roles of TFs LBD13, ERF107, and PDF2 in early stages of LR development. Linking the N time course transcriptomics, LR mutant phenotypes, and cell-type specific single cell profiling, these approaches provide multiple lines of evidence to find and test the roles of TFs that are involved in early root patterning responses to N conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaudinier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Broeck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Risueno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Mendina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozzani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Modeling of the Short-Term Response to Nitrogen Availability that Coordinates Early Events in Lateral Root Initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.06.570396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A complex of the lipid transport ER proteins TMEM24 and C2CD2 with band 4.1 at cell-cell contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.06.570396v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Junctions between the ER and the plasma membrane (ER/PM junctions) are implicated in calcium homeostasis, non-vesicular lipid transfer and other cellular functions. Two ER proteins that function both as membrane tethers to the PM via a polybasic motif in their C-terminus and as phospholipid transporters are brain-enriched TMEM24 (C2CD2L) and its paralog C2CD2. Based on an unbiased proximity ligation analysis, we found that both proteins can also form a complex with band 4.1 family members, which in turn can bind a variety of plasma membrane proteins including cell adhesion molecules such as SynCAM 1. This complex results in the enrichment of TMEM24 and C2CD2 containing ER/PM junctions at sites of cell contacts. Dynamic properties of TMEM24-dependent ER/PM contacts are impacted when in complex as TMEM24 present at cell adjacent junctions is not shed by calcium rise, unlike TMEM24 at non-cell adjacent junctions. These findings suggest that cell-contact interactions control ER/PM junctions via TMEM24 complexes involving band 4.1 proteins.

SUMMARYThe ER-anchored lipid transfer proteins TMEM24/C2CD2L and its paralog C2CD2 mediate formation of ER-plasma membrane junctions at sites of cell-cell contacts by interacting with band 4.1 family members and indirectly with cell adhesion proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuliano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A complex of the lipid transport ER proteins TMEM24 and C2CD2 with band 4.1 at cell-cell contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.06.570341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid, concerted switching of the neural code in inferotemporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.06.570341v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental paradigm in neuroscience is the concept of neural coding through tuning functions1. According to this idea, neurons encode stimuli through fixed mappings of stimulus features to firing rates. Here, we report that the tuning of visual neurons can rapidly and coherently change across a population to attend to a whole and its parts. We set out to investigate a longstanding debate concerning whether inferotemporal (IT) cortex uses a specialized code for representing specific types of objects or whether it uses a general code that applies to any object. We found that face cells in macaque IT cortex initially adopted a general code optimized for face detection. But following a rapid, concerted population event lasting < 20 ms, the neural code transformed into a face-specific one with two striking properties: (i) response gradients to principal detection-related dimensions reversed direction, and (ii) new tuning developed to multiple higher feature space dimensions supporting fine face discrimination. These dynamics were face specific and did not occur in response to objects. Overall, these results show that, for faces, face cells shift from detection to discrimination by switching from an object-general code to a face-specific code. More broadly, our results suggest a novel mechanism for neural representation: concerted, stimulus-dependent switching of the neural code used by a cortical area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfranchi, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid, concerted switching of the neural code in inferotemporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.06.570471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A niche-derived non-ribosomal peptide triggers planarian sexual development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.06.570471v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germ cells are regulated by local microenvironments (niches), which secrete instructive cues. Conserved developmental signaling molecules act as niche-derived regulatory factors, yet other types of niche signals remain to be identified. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of sexual planarians revealed niche cells expressing a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps). Inhibiting nrps led to loss of female reproductive organs and testis hyperplasia. Mass spectrometry detected the dipeptide {beta}-alanyl-tryptamine (BATT), which is associated with reproductive system development and requires nrps and a monoamine-transmitter-synthetic enzyme (AADC) for its production. Exogenous BATT rescued the reproductive defects after nrps or aadc inhibition, restoring fertility. Thus, a non-ribosomal, monoamine-derived peptide provided by niche cells acts as a critical signal to trigger planarian reproductive development. These findings reveal an unexpected function for monoamines in niche-germ cell signaling. Furthermore, given the recently reported role for BATT as a male-derived factor required for reproductive maturation of female schistosomes, these results have important implications for the evolution of parasitic flatworms and suggest a potential role for non-ribosomal peptides as signaling molecules in other organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Issigonis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browder, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newmark, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A niche-derived non-ribosomal peptide triggers planarian sexual development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.07.565988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Permanent deconstruction of intracellular primary cilia in differentiating granule cell neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.07.565988v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary cilia on granule cell neuron progenitors in the developing cerebellum detect sonic hedgehog to facilitate proliferation. Following differentiation, cerebellar granule cells become the most abundant neuronal cell type in the brain. While essential during early developmental stages, the fate of granule cell cilia is unknown. Here, we provide nanoscopic resolution of ciliary dynamics in situ by studying developmental changes in granule cell cilia using large-scale electron microscopy volumes and immunostaining of mouse cerebella. We found that many granule cell primary cilia were intracellular and concealed from the external environment. Cilia were disassembed in differentiating granule cell neurons in a process we call cilia deconstruction that was distinct from pre-mitotic cilia resorption in proliferating progenitors. In differentiating granule cells, ciliary loss involved unique disassembly intermediates, and, as maturation progressed, mother centriolar docking at the plasma membrane. Cilia did not reform from the docked centrioles, rather, in adult mice granule cell neurons remained unciliated. Many neurons in other brain regions require cilia to regulate function and connectivity. In contrast, our results show that granule cell progenitors had concealed cilia that underwent deconstruction potentially to prevent mitogenic hedgehog responsiveness. The ciliary deconstruction mechanism we describe could be paradigmatic of cilia removal during differentiation in other tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.565988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Permanent deconstruction of intracellular primary cilia in differentiating granule cell neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.08.570828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrostatic encoding of genome organization principles within single native nucleosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.08.570828v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic genome, first packed into nucleosomes of about 150 bp around the histone core, is organized into euchromatin and heterochromatin, corresponding to the A and B compartments, respectively. Here, we asked if individual nucleosomes in vivo know where to go. That is, do mono-nucleosomes by themselves contain A/B compartment information, associated with transcription activity, in their biophysical properties? We purified native mono-nucleosomes to high monodispersity and used physiological concentrations of biological polyamines to determine their condensability. The chromosomal regions known to partition into A compartments have low condensability and vice versa. In silico chromatin polymer simulations using condensability as the only input showed that biophysical information needed to form compartments is all contained in single native nucleosomes and no other factors are needed. Condensability is also strongly anticorrelated with gene expression, and especially so near the promoter region and in a cell type dependent manner. Therefore, individual nucleosomes in the promoter know whether the gene is on or off, and that information is contained in their biophysical properties. Comparison with genetic and epigenetic features suggest that nucleosome condensability is a very meaningful axis onto which to project the high dimensional cellular chromatin state. Analysis of condensability using various condensing agents including those that are protein-based suggests that genome organization principle encoded into individual nucleosomes is electrostatic in nature. Polyamine depletion in mouse T cells, by either knocking out ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) or inhibiting ODC, results in hyperpolarized condensability, suggesting that when cells cannot rely on polyamines to translate biophysical properties of nucleosomes to control gene expression and 3D genome organization, they accentuate condensability contrast, which may explain dysfunction known to occur with polyamine deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athreya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrizo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benning, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchener, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhanu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrostatic encoding of genome organization principles within single native nucleosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.08.570796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic chromosomes harbor cell type and species-specific structural features within a universal looping architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.08.570796v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The architecture of mammalian mitotic chromosomes is considered to be universal across species and cell types. However, some studies suggest that features of mitotic chromosomes might be cell type or species specific. We previously reported that CTCF binding in human differentiated cell lines is lost in mitosis, whereas mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) display prominent binding at a subset of CTCF sites in mitosis. Here, we perform parallel footprint ATAC-seq data analyses of mESCs and somatic mouse and human cells to further explore these differences. We then investigate roles of mitotically bound (bookmarked) CTCF in prometaphase chromosome organization by Hi-C. We do not find any remaining interphase structures such as TADs or CTCF loops at mitotically bookmarked CTCF sites in mESCs. This suggests that mitotic loop extruders condensin I and II are not blocked by bound CTCF, and thus that any remaining CTCF binding does not alter mitotic chromosome folding. Lastly, we compare mitotic Hi-C data generated in this study in mouse with publicly available data from human and chicken cell lines. We do not find any cell type specific differences; however, we do find a difference between species. The average genomic size of mitotic loops is much smaller in chicken (200-350 kb), compared to human (500-750 kb) and mouse (1-2 mb). Interestingly, we find that this difference in loop size is correlated with the average genomic length of the q-arm in these species, a finding we confirm by microscopy measurements of chromosome compaction. This suggests that the dimensions of mitotic chromosomes can be modulated through control of sizes of loops generated by condensins to facilitate species-appropriate shortening of chromosome arms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oomen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molliex, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic chromosomes harbor cell type and species-specific structural features within a universal looping architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.09.570830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Umbrella toxin particles produced by Streptomyces block mycelial growth of competing species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.09.570830v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Streptomyces are a genus of ubiquitous soil bacteria from which the majority of clinically utilized antibiotics derive. The production of these antibacterial molecules reflects the relentless competition Streptomyces engage in with other bacteria, including other Streptomyces species. Here we show that in addition to small molecule antibiotics, Streptomyces produce and secrete antibacterial protein complexes that feature a large, degenerate repeat-containing polymorphic toxin protein. A cryo-EM structure of these particles reveals an extended stalk topped by a ringed crown comprising the toxin repeats scaffolding five lectin-tipped spokes, leading to our naming them umbrella particles. S. coelicolor encodes three umbrella particles with distinct toxin and lectin composition, and supernatant containing these toxins specifically and potently inhibits the growth of select Streptomyces species from among a diverse collection of bacteria screened. For one target, S. griseus, we find inhibition relies on a single toxin and that intoxication manifests as rapid cessation of vegetative mycelial growth. Our data show that Streptomyces umbrella particles mediate competition between vegetative mycelia of related species, a function distinct from small molecule antibiotics, which are produced at the onset of reproductive growth and act broadly. Sequence analyses suggest this role of umbrella particles extends beyond Streptomyces, as we find umbrella loci in nearly one-thousand species across Actinobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asfahl, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca Garcia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Derr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougous, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.09.570830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Umbrella toxin particles produced by Streptomyces block mycelial growth of competing species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.09.570606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid long-distance migration of RPA on single stranded DNA occurs through intersegmental transfer utilizing multivalent interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.09.570606v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication Protein A (RPA) is a single stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that coordinates diverse DNA metabolic processes including DNA replication, repair, and recombination. RPA is a heterotrimeric protein with six functional oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide (OB) domains and flexible linkers. Flexibility enables RPA to adopt multiple configurations and is thought to modulate its function. Here, using single molecule confocal fluorescence microscopy combined with optical tweezers and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the diffusional migration of single RPA molecules on ssDNA under tension. The diffusion coefficient D is the highest (20,000 nucleotides2/s) at 3 pN tension and in 100 mM KCl and markedly decreases when tension or salt concentration increases. We attribute the tension effect to intersegmental transfer which is hindered by DNA stretching and the salt effect to an increase in binding site size and interaction energy of RPA-ssDNA. Our integrative study allowed us to estimate the size and frequency of intersegmental transfer events that occur through transient bridging of distant sites on DNA by multiple binding sites on RPA. Interestingly, deletion of RPA trimeric core still allowed significant ssDNA binding although the reduced contact area made RPA 15-fold more mobile. Finally, we characterized the effect of RPA crowding on RPA migration. These findings reveal how the high affinity RPA-ssDNA interactions are remodeled to yield access, a key step in several DNA metabolic processes.

SignificanceReplication Protein A (RPA) binds to the exposed single stranded DNA (ssDNA) during DNA metabolism. RPA dynamics are essential to reposition RPA on ssDNA and recruit downstream proteins at the bound site. Here in this work, we perform a detailed biophysical study on dynamics of yeast RPA on ssDNA. We show that RPA can diffuse on ssDNA and is affected by tension and salt. Our observations are best explained by the intersegmental transfer model where RPA can transiently bridge two distant DNA segments for its migration over long distances. We further dissect the contributions of the trimerization core of RPA and other adjacent RPA molecules on RPA migration. This study provides detailed experimental and computational insights into RPA dynamics on ssDNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuppa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.09.570606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid long-distance migration of RPA on single stranded DNA occurs through intersegmental transfer utilizing multivalent interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.07.565993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmed withdrawal of cilia maintenance followed by centriole capping leads to permanent cilia loss during cerebellar granule cell neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.07.565993v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary cilia in brain neurons provide a privileged compartment for binding and responding to extracellular ligands such as sonic hedgehog. Paradoxically, cilia in differentiating cerebellar granule cells are deconstructed during neurogenesis. To identify mechanisms underlying this newly defined cilia deconstruction pathway, we used single cell transcriptomic and immunocytological analyses to compare the transcript and protein signatures of differentiating and progenitor granule cells. We found that differentiating granule cells lacked transcripts for key regulators of pre-mitotic cilia resorption, suggesting cilia disassembly in differentiating cells was distinct from pre-mitotic cilia resorption. Further analysis revealed that during differentiation, transcription of genes required for cilia maintenance decreased. Specifically, protein components of intraflagellar transport complexes, pericentrosomal material and centriolar satellites all decreased as granule cells matured. The changes in transcription and translation correlated with the downregulation of sonic hedgehog signaling at the onset of differentiation. We also found binding of centriolar cap proteins to the mother centrioles as granule cell neurons matured. These data indicate that global, developmentally programmed, diminution of cilium maintenance caused cilia deconstruction in differentiating granule cells. Furthermore, the capping of docked mother centrioles prevents cilia regrowth likely blocking dysregulated sonic hedgehog signaling and tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Constable, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemire, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.565993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmed withdrawal of cilia maintenance followed by centriole capping leads to permanent cilia loss during cerebellar granule cell neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.10.571022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional complexity in the insect central complex: single nuclei RNA sequencing of adult brain neurons derived from type 2 neuroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.10.571022v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In both invertebrates such as Drosophila and vertebrates such as mouse or human, the brain contains the most diverse population of cell types of any tissue. It is generally accepted that transcriptional diversity is an early step in generating neuronal and glial diversity, followed by the establishment of a unique gene expression profile that determines morphology, connectivity, and function. In Drosophila, there are two types of neural stem cells, called Type 1 (T1) and Type 2 (T2) neuroblasts. In contrast to T1 neuroblasts, T2 neuroblasts generate intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) that expand the number and diversity of cell types. The diversity of T2-derived neurons contributes a large portion of the central complex (CX), a conserved brain region that plays a role in sensorimotor integration. Recent work has revealed much of the connectome of the CX, but how this connectome is assembled remains unclear. Mapping the transcriptional diversity of neurons derived from T2 neuroblasts is a necessary step in linking transcriptional profile to the assembly of the adult brain. Here we perform single nuclei RNA sequencing of T2 neuroblast-derived adult neurons and glia. We identify clusters containing all known classes of glia, clusters that are male/female enriched, and 161 neuron-specific clusters. We map neurotransmitter and neuropeptide expression and identify unique transcription factor combinatorial codes for each cluster (presumptive neuron subtype). This is a necessary step that directs functional studies to determine whether each transcription factor combinatorial code specifies a distinct neuron type within the CX. We map several columnar neuron subtypes to distinct clusters and identify two neuronal classes (NPF+ and AstA+) that both map to two closely related clusters. Our data support the hypothesis that each transcriptional cluster represents one or a few closely related neuron subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Epiney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaya, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>doe, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.10.571022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional complexity in the insect central complex: single nuclei RNA sequencing of adult brain neurons derived from type 2 neuroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.08.570740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RluA is the major mRNA pseudouridine synthase in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.08.570740v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudouridine ({Psi}) is an ubiquitous RNA modification, present in the tRNAs and rRNAs of species across all domains of life. Conserved pseudouridine synthases modify the mRNAs of diverse eukaryotes, but the modification has yet to be identified in bacterial mRNAs. Here, we report the discovery of pseudouridines in mRNA from E. coli. By testing the mRNA modification capacity of all 11 known pseudouridine synthases, we identify RluA as the predominant mRNA-modifying enzyme. RluA, a known tRNA and 23S rRNA pseudouridine synthase, modifies at least 31 of the 44 high-confidence sites we identified in E. coli mRNAs. Using RNA structure probing data to inform secondary structures, we show that the target sites of RluA occur in a common sequence and structural motif comprised of a {Psi}URAA sequence located in the loop of a short hairpin. This recognition element is shared with previously identified target sites of RluA in tRNAs and rRNA. Overall, our work identifies pseudouridine in key mRNAs and suggests the capacity of {Psi} to regulate the transcripts that contain it.

Author SummaryWhile RNAs are initially transcribed using only the nucleotides A, G, C and U, these can be enzymatically modified into many different post-transcriptional modifications. tRNAs and rRNAs across all domains of life are modified with pseudouridine, an isoform of uridine that is inserted by highly conserved enzymes. In many eukaryotes, it has been demonstrated that some of these enzymes can also insert pseudouridines in mRNA, where they are poised to impact gene expression through their effects on the transcript. Here we show that protein-coding transcripts in E. coli are also modified with pseudouridine, indicating that mRNA pseudouridylation is also a highly conserved activity. RluA is the main mRNA pseudouridine synthase, introducing the modification into the transcripts of dozens of protein coding genes with high specificity. Its target sites are defined by a combined sequence and secondary structure motif. Two additional enzymes, RluC and RluD, introduce a few additional sites. All three of these enzymes belong to the same sub-family of pseudouridine synthases, and homologs of these also modify mRNAs in humans. Thus, mRNA modification by these enzymes might be a conserved activity with the capacity to impact gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaening Burgos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RluA is the major mRNA pseudouridine synthase in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.12.571235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-dependent heterogeneity in the antigenic effects of mutations to influenza hemagglutinin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.12.571235v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTHuman influenza virus evolves to escape neutralization by polyclonal antibodies. However, we have a limited understanding of how the antigenic effects of viral mutations vary across the human population, and how this heterogeneity affects virus evolution. Here we use deep mutational scanning to map how mutations to the hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of the A/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2) and A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2) strains affect neutralization by serum from individuals of a variety of ages. The effects of HA mutations on serum neutralization differ across age groups in ways that can be partially rationalized in terms of exposure histories. Mutations that fixed in influenza variants after 2020 cause the greatest escape from sera from younger individuals. Overall, these results demonstrate that influenza faces distinct antigenic selection regimes from different age groups, and suggest approaches to understand how this heterogeneous selection shapes viral evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welsh, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguia, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddox, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinh, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nhat, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanh, N. T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greninger, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englund, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boni, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-dependent heterogeneity in the antigenic effects of mutations to influenza hemagglutinin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.11.571162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule studies of the native hair cell mechanosensory transduction complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.11.571162v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hearing and balance rely on the conversion of a mechanical stimulus into an electrical signal, a process known as mechanosensory transduction (MT). In vertebrates, this process is accomplished by an MT complex that is located in hair cells of the inner ear. While the past three decades of research have identified many subunits that are important for MT and revealed interactions between these subunits, the composition and organization of a functional complex remains unknown. The major challenge associated with studying the MT complex is its extremely low abundance in hair cells; current estimates of MT complex quantity range from 3-60 attomoles per cochlea or utricle, well below the detection limit of most biochemical assays that are used to characterize macromolecular complexes. Here we describe the optimization of two single molecule assays, single molecule pull-down (SiMPull) and single molecule array (SiMoA), to study the composition and quantity of native mouse MT complexes. We demonstrate that these assays are capable of detecting and quantifying low attomoles of the native MT subunits protocadherin-15 (PCDH15) and lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like protein 5 (LHFPL5). Our results illuminate the stoichiometry of PCDH15- and LHFPL5-containing complexes and establish SiMPull and SiMoA as productive methods for probing the abundance, composition, and arrangement of subunits in the native MT complex.

Impact StatementIn the present work, the authors develop and employ single molecule methods to detect, characterize, and quantitate attomole quantities of the hair cell mechanosensory transduction complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goehring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule studies of the native hair cell mechanosensory transduction complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.11.571103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model Based Inference of Synaptic Plasticity Rules 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.11.571103v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the synaptic plasticity rules that govern learning in the brain is a key challenge in neuroscience. We present a novel computational method to infer these rules from experimental data, applicable to both neural and behavioral data. Our approach approximates plasticity rules using a parameterized function, employing either truncated Taylor series for theoretical interpretability or multilayer perceptrons. These plasticity parameters are optimized via gradient descent over entire trajectories to align closely with observed neural activity or behavioral learning dynamics. This method can uncover complex rules that induce long nonlinear time dependencies, particularly involving factors like postsynaptic activity and current synaptic weights. We validate our approach through simulations, successfully recovering established rules such as Ojas, as well as more intricate plasticity rules with reward-modulated terms. We assess the robustness of our technique to noise and apply it to behavioral data from Drosophila in a probabilistic reward-learning experiment. Notably, our findings reveal an active forgetting component in reward learning in flies, improving predictive accuracy over previous models. This modeling framework offers a promising new avenue for elucidating the computational principles of synaptic plasticity and learning in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyulmankov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model Based Inference of Synaptic Plasticity Rules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.12.571160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A broadly generalizable stabilization strategy for sarbecovirus fusion machinery vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.12.571160v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 alters the antigenicity of the immunodominant spike (S) receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain, undermining the efficacy of vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. To overcome this challenge, we set out to develop a vaccine focusing antibody responses on the highly conserved but metastable S2 subunit, which folds as a spring-loaded fusion machinery. Here, we describe a protein design strategy enabling prefusion-stabilization of the SARS-CoV-2 S2 subunit and high yield recombinant expression of trimers with native structure and antigenicity. We demonstrate that our design strategy is broadly generalizable to all sarbecoviruses, as exemplified with the SARS-CoV-1 (clade 1a) and PRD-0038 (clade 3) S2 fusion machineries. Immunization of mice with a prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 S2 trimer vaccine elicits broadly reactive sarbecovirus antibody responses and neutralizing antibody titers of comparable magnitude against Wuhan-Hu-1 and the immune evasive XBB.1.5 variant. Vaccinated mice were protected from weight loss and disease upon challenge with SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5, providing proof-of-principle for fusion machinery sarbecovirus vaccines motivating future development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leaf, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asarnow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treichel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A broadly generalizable stabilization strategy for sarbecovirus fusion machinery vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.13.571520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistence of backtracking by human RNA polymerase II 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.13.571520v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA polymerase II (pol II) can backtrack during transcription elongation, exposing the 3 end of nascent RNA. Nascent RNA sequencing can approximate the location of backtracking events that are quickly resolved; however, the extent and genome wide distribution of more persistent backtracking is unknown. Consequently, we developed a novel method to directly sequence the extruded, "backtracked" 3 RNA. Our data shows that pol II slides backwards more than 20 nucleotides in human cells and can persist in this backtracked state. Persistent backtracking mainly occurs where pol II pauses near promoters and intron-exon junctions, and is enriched in genes involved in translation, replication, and development, where gene expression is decreased if these events are unresolved. Histone genes are highly prone to persistent backtracking, and the resolution of such events is likely required for timely expression during cell division. These results demonstrate that persistent backtracking has the potential to affect diverse gene expression programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasouly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epshtein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamovsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.13.571520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistence of backtracking by human RNA polymerase II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.13.571473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A translation-independent directed evolution strategy to engineer aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.13.571473v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using directed evolution, engineered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) have been developed that enable co-translational incorporation of numerous noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins in living cells. Until now, the selection of such novel aaRS mutants has relied on coupling their activity to the expression of a reporter protein with a selectable phenotype. However, such translation-dependent selection schemes are incompatible with exotic monomers that diverge structurally from canonical -amino acids and are suboptimal substrates for the ribosome. To enable the ribosomal incorporation of such exotic monomers, a two-step solution is needed: A) Engineering an aaRS to acylate its cognate tRNA with the exotic monomer, without relying on ribosomal translation as a readout, and B) Subsequent engineering of the ribosome to accept the resulting acylated tRNA for translation. Here, we report a platform for aaRS engineering that directly selects for tRNA-acylation without ribosomal translation (START). In START, each distinct aaRS mutant is correlated to a cognate tRNA containing a unique sequence barcode. Acylation by an active aaRS mutant protects the associated barcode-containing tRNAs from an oxidative treatment designed to damage the 3'-terminus of the uncharged tRNAs. Sequencing of these surviving barcode-containing tRNAs is then used to reveal the identity of aaRS mutants that acylated the correlated tRNA sequences. The efficacy of START was demonstrated by identifying novel mutants of the M. alvus pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase from a naive library that charge noncanonical amino acids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prywes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.13.571473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A translation-independent directed evolution strategy to engineer aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.15.571831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recent evolution of large offspring size and post-fertilization nutrient provisioning in swordtails 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.15.571831v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms have evolved diverse reproductive strategies that impact the probability that their offspring survive to adulthood. Here, we describe divergence in reproductive strategy between two closely related species of swordtail fish (Xiphophorus). Swordtail fish and their relatives have evolved viviparity: they have internal fertilization and give birth to fully developed fry. We find that one species, X. malinche, which lives in high-elevation environments, has evolved larger offspring than its closest relative X. birchmanni and dwarfs the offspring size of other species in the genus. The larger fry of X. malinche are more resilient to starvation than their X. birchmanni relatives, hinting that the evolution of large offspring size may be an adaptation to the particularly challenging environments in which X. malinche are born. We find evidence that X. malinche achieves larger offspring size in part by continuing to provision their offspring over the course of embryonic development after fertilization, the first time this process has been documented in the Xiphophorus genus. Moreover, we observe differential regulation in the ovary of genes associated with maternal nutrient provisioning in other species that use this reproductive strategy. Intriguingly, these reproductive differences may drive an asymmetric hybrid incompatibility, since X. birchmanni mothers pregnant with F1 embryos give birth to premature and stillborn fry at an exceptionally high rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Payne, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Soto, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baczenas, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent evolution of large offspring size and post-fertilization nutrient provisioning in swordtails]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.14.571752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate-interacting pore loops of two ATPase subunits determine the degradation efficiency of the 26S proteasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.14.571752v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the major eukaryotic protease responsible for protein quality control, proteostasis, and the modulation of numerous vital processes through the degradation of regulatory proteins. Commitment to degradation occurs when conserved pore loops in the proteasomal heterohexameric ATPase motor engage the flexible initiation region of a polyubiquitinated protein substrate for subsequent mechanical unfolding and translocation into a proteolytic chamber. Here, we used in vitro biochemical and single-molecule FRET-based assays with mutant reconstituted 26S proteasomes from yeast to characterize how the pore-1 loops of individual ATPase subunits in the AAA+ motor contribute to the different steps of substrate degradation and affect the proteasome conformational dynamics. We found that the pore-1 loop of the Rpt6 ATPase subunit plays particularly important roles in substrate capture, engagement, and unfolding, while the pore-1 loop of the Rpt4 ATPase is critical for providing sufficient grip for substrate unraveling and maintaining a processing-competent state of the proteasome. Interestingly, these pore-1-loop contributions correlate with their positions in the spiral-staircase arrangements of ATPase subunits in the substrate-free and substrate-degrading proteasome, providing new insights into the mechanisms of substrate processing by the 26S proteasome and related hexameric ATPase motors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Alfonzo, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saurabh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarafshan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.14.571752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate-interacting pore loops of two ATPase subunits determine the degradation efficiency of the 26S proteasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.15.571936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing effects of pre-existing antibody and memory T cell help on the dynamics of recall germinal centers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.15.571936v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Re-exposure to an antigen generates serum antibody responses that greatly exceed in magnitude those elicited by primary antigen encounter, while simultaneously driving the formation of recall germinal centers (GCs). Although recall GCs in mice are composed almost entirely of naive B cells, recall antibody titers derive overwhelmingly from memory B cells, suggesting a division between cellular and serum compartments. Here, we show that this schism is at least partly explained by a marked decrease in the ability of recall GC B cells to detectably bind antigen. Variant priming and plasmablast ablation experiments show that this decrease is largely due to suppression by pre-existing antibody, whereas hapten-carrier experiments reveal a role for memory T cell help in allowing B cells with undetectable antigen binding to access GCs. We propose a model in which antibody-mediated feedback steers recall GC B cells away from previously targeted epitopes, thus enabling specific targeting of variant epitopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiepers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van 't Wout, M. F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing effects of pre-existing antibody and memory T cell help on the dynamics of recall germinal centers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.14.571777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid DNA unwinding accelerates genome editing by engineered CRISPR-Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.14.571777v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermostable CRISPR-Cas9 enzymes could improve genome editing efficiency and delivery due to extended protein lifetimes. However, initial experimentation demonstrated Geobacillus stearothermophilus Cas9 (GeoCas9) to be virtually inactive when used in cultured human cells. Laboratory-evolved variants of GeoCas9 overcome this natural limitation by acquiring mutations in the wedge (WED) domain that produce >100-fold higher genome editing levels. Cryo-EM structures of the wildtype and improved GeoCas9 (iGeoCas9) enzymes reveal extended contacts between the WED domain of iGeoCas9 and DNA substrates. Biochemical analysis shows that iGeoCas9 accelerates DNA unwinding to capture substrates under the magnesium-restricted conditions typical of mammalian but not bacterial cells. These findings enabled rational engineering of other Cas9 orthologs to enhance genome editing levels, pointing to a general strategy for editing enzyme improvement. Together, these results uncover a new role for the Cas9 WED domain in DNA unwinding and demonstrate how accelerated target unwinding dramatically improves Cas9-induced genome editing activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eggers, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuck, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.14.571777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid DNA unwinding accelerates genome editing by engineered CRISPR-Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.15.571964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging the voltage of neurons distributed across entire brains of larval zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.15.571964v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons interact in networks distributed throughout the brain. Although much effort has focused on whole-brain calcium imaging, recent advances in genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) raise the possibility of imaging voltage of neurons distributed across brains. To achieve this, a microscope must image at high volumetric rate and signal-to-noise ratio. We present a remote scanning light-sheet microscope capable of imaging GEVI-expressing neurons distributed throughout entire brains of larval zebrafish at a volumetric rate of 200.8 Hz. We measured voltage of [~]1/3 of the neurons of the brain, distributed throughout. We observed that neurons firing at different times during a sequence were located at different brain locations, for sequences elicited by a visual stimulus, which mapped onto locations throughout the optic tectum, as well as during stimulus-independent bursts, which mapped onto locations in the cerebellum and medulla. Whole-brain voltage imaging may open up frontiers in the fundamental operation of neural systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symvoulidis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging the voltage of neurons distributed across entire brains of larval zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.18.572081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VPS13B is localized at the cis-trans Golgi complex interface and is a functional partner of FAM177A1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.18.572081v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in VPS13B, a member of a protein family implicated in bulk lipid transport between adjacent membranes, cause Cohen syndrome. VPS13B is known to be concentrated in the Golgi complex, but its precise location within this organelle and thus the site(s) where it achieves lipid transport remains unclear. Here we show that VPS13B is localized at the interface between cis and trans Golgi sub-compartments and that Golgi complex re-formation after Brefeldin A (BFA) induced disruption is delayed in VPS13B KO cells. This delay is phenocopied by loss of FAM177A1, a Golgi complex protein of unknown function reported to be a VPS13B interactor and whose mutations also result in a developmental disorder. In zebrafish, the vps13b orthologue, not previously annotated in this organism, genetically interacts with fam177a1. Collectively, these findings raise the possibility that bulk lipid transport by VPS13B may play a role in expanding Golgi membranes and that VPS13B may be assisted in this function by FAM177A1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ugur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonzino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAdow, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postlethwait, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solnica-Krezel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VPS13B is localized at the cis-trans Golgi complex interface and is a functional partner of FAM177A1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.19.572386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The membrane curvature inducing REEP1 proteins generate a novel ER-derived vesicular compartment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.19.572386v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is shaped by abundant, membrane curvature-generating proteins that include the REEP family member REEP5. The REEP1 subfamily, consisting of REEP1-4 in mammals, differs in abundance and topology from REEP5. Mutations in REEP1 and REEP2 cause Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, but REEP1-4s function remains enigmatic. Here we show that the REEP1 proteins reside in a novel vesicular compartment and identify features that determine their localization. Mutations in REEP1 proteins that compromise curvature-inducing activity, including those that cause disease, relocalize the proteins to the bulk ER. These mutants interact with wildtype proteins to retain them in the ER, consistent with their autosomal-dominant disease inheritance. REEP1vesicles contain the fusogen atlastin-1, but not general ER proteins. We propose that REEP1 proteins generate these vesicles themselves by budding directly from the ER, and that they cycle back to the ER by atlastin-mediated fusion. The vesicles may serve to regulate ER tubule dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shibata, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazur, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapoport, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.19.572386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The membrane curvature inducing REEP1 proteins generate a novel ER-derived vesicular compartment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.19.572369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase diversity-based wavefront sensing for fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.19.572369v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence microscopy is an invaluable tool in biology, yet its performance is compromised when the wavefront of light is distorted due to optical imperfections or the refractile nature of the sample. Such optical aberrations can dramatically lower the information content of images by degrading image contrast, resolution, and signal. Adaptive optics (AO) methods can sense and subsequently cancel the aberrated wavefront, but are too complex, inefficient, slow, or expensive for routine adoption by most labs. Here we introduce a rapid, sensitive, and robust wavefront sensing scheme based on phase diversity, a method successfully deployed in astronomy but underused in microscopy. Our method enables accurate wavefront sensing to less than {lambda}/35 root mean square (RMS) error with few measurements, and AO with no additional hardware besides a corrective element. After validating the method with simulations, we demonstrate calibration of a deformable mirror > 100-fold faster than comparable methods (corresponding to wavefront sensing on the ~100 ms scale), and sensing and subsequent correction of severe aberrations (RMS wavefront distortion exceeding {lambda}/2), restoring diffraction-limited imaging on extended biological samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuon, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.19.572369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase diversity-based wavefront sensing for fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.20.572403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional substrate shuttling between the 26S proteasome and the Cdc48 ATPase promotes protein degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.20.572403v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most eukaryotic proteins are degraded by the 26S proteasome after modification with a polyubiquitin chain. Substrates lacking unstructured segments cannot be degraded directly and require prior unfolding by the Cdc48 ATPase (p97 or VCP in mammals) in complex with its ubiquitin-binding partner Ufd1-Npl4 (UN). Here, we use purified yeast components to reconstitute Cdc48-dependent degradation of well-folded model substrates by the proteasome. We show that a minimal system consists of the 26S proteasome, the Cdc48-UN ATPase complex, the proteasome cofactor Rad23, and the Cdc48 cofactors Ubx5 and Shp1. Rad23 and Ubx5 stimulate polyubiquitin binding to the 26S proteasome and the Cdc48-UN complex, respectively, allowing these machines to compete for substrates before and after their unfolding. Shp1 stimulates protein unfolding by the Cdc48-UN complex, rather than substrate recruitment. In vivo experiments confirm that many proteins undergo bidirectional substrate shuttling between the 26S proteasome and Cdc48 ATPase before being degraded.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapoport, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.20.572403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional substrate shuttling between the 26S proteasome and the Cdc48 ATPase promotes protein degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.20.572550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extreme restructuring of cis-regulatory regions controlling a deeply conserved plant stem cell regulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.20.572550v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A striking paradox is that genes with conserved protein sequence, function and expression pattern over deep time often exhibit extremely divergent cis-regulatory sequences. It remains unclear how such drastic cis-regulatory evolution across species allows preservation of gene function, and to what extent these differences influence how cis-regulatory variation arising within species impacts phenotypic change. Here, we investigated these questions using a plant stem cell regulator conserved in expression pattern and function over [~]125 million years. Using in-vivo genome editing in two distantly related models, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), we generated over 70 deletion alleles in the upstream and downstream regions of the stem cell repressor gene CLAVATA3 (CLV3) and compared their individual and combined effects on a shared phenotype, the number of carpels that make fruits. We found that sequences upstream of tomato CLV3 are highly sensitive to even small perturbations compared to its downstream region. In contrast, Arabidopsis CLV3 function is tolerant to severe disruptions both upstream and downstream of the coding sequence. Combining upstream and downstream deletions also revealed a different regulatory outcome. Whereas phenotypic enhancement from adding downstream mutations was predominantly weak and additive in tomato, mutating both regions of Arabidopsis CLV3 caused substantial and synergistic effects, demonstrating distinct distribution and redundancy of functional cis-regulatory sequences. Our results demonstrate remarkable malleability in cis-regulatory structural organization of a deeply conserved plant stem cell regulator and suggest that major reconfiguration of cis-regulatory sequence space is a common yet cryptic evolutionary force altering genotype-to-phenotype relationships from regulatory variation in conserved genes. Finally, our findings underscore the need for lineage-specific dissection of the spatial architecture of cis-regulation to effectively engineer trait variation from conserved productivity genes in crops.

Author summaryWe investigated the evolution of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and their interactions in the regulation of a plant stem cell regulator gene, CLAVATA3 (CLV3), in Arabidopsis and tomato. Despite diverging [~]125 million years ago, the function and expression of CLV3 is conserved in these species; however, cis-regulatory sequences upstream and downstream have drastically diverged, preventing identification of conserved non-coding sequences between them. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to engineer dozens of mutations within the cis-regulatory regions of Arabidopsis and tomato CLV3. In tomato, our results show that tomato CLV3 function primarily relies on interactions among CREs in the 5 non-coding region, unlike Arabidopsis CLV3, which depends on a more balanced distribution of functional CREs between the 5 and 3 regions. Therefore, despite a high degree of functional conservation, our study demonstrates divergent regulatory strategies between two distantly related CLV3 orthologs, with substantial alterations in regulatory sequences, their spatial arrangement, and their relative effects on CLV3 regulation. These results suggest that regulatory regions are not only extremely robust to mutagenesis, but also that the sequences underlying this robustness can be lineage-specific for conserved genes, due to the complex and often redundant interactions among CREs that ensure proper gene function amidst large-scale sequence turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciren, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zebell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.20.572550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extreme restructuring of cis-regulatory regions controlling a deeply conserved plant stem cell regulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.19.572389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput computational discovery of inhibitory protein fragments with AlphaFold 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.19.572389v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptides can bind to specific sites on larger proteins and thereby function as inhibitors and regulatory elements. Peptide fragments of larger proteins are particularly attractive for achieving these functions due to their inherent potential to form native-like binding interactions. Recently developed experimental approaches allow for high-throughput measurement of protein fragment inhibitory activity in living cells. However, it has thus far not been possible to predict de novo which of the many possible protein fragments bind to protein targets, let alone act as inhibitors. We have developed a computational method, FragFold, that employs AlphaFold to predict protein fragment binding to full-length proteins in a high-throughput manner. Applying FragFold to thousands of fragments tiling across diverse proteins revealed peaks of predicted binding along each protein sequence. Comparisons with experimental measurements establish that our approach is a sensitive predictor of fragment function: Evaluating inhibitory fragments from known protein-protein interaction interfaces, we find 87% are predicted by FragFold to bind in a native-like mode. Across full protein sequences, 68% of FragFold-predicted binding peaks match experimentally measured inhibitory peaks. Deep mutational scanning experiments support the predicted binding modes and uncover superior inhibitory peptides in high throughput. Further, FragFold is able to predict previously unknown protein binding modes, explaining prior genetic and biochemical data. The success rate of FragFold demonstrates that this computational approach should be broadly applicable for discovering inhibitory protein fragments across proteomes.

Significance StatementPeptides can regulate protein interactions by binding to specific interfaces, and fragments of larger proteins have high potential to function in this manner. Recently developed experimental methods allow massively parallel measurement of protein fragment-based inhibition in vivo. However, we have lacked comparable computational methods to predict which protein fragments act as inhibitors and how they bind. Here we report a new approach, FragFold, which leverages high-throughput AlphaFold predictions of protein - fragment binding to tackle these problems at scale. FragFold is successful at predicting inhibitory protein fragments and their binding modes across diverse protein structures and functions. This new approach stands to enable proteome-wide discovery of inhibitory protein fragments and aid the interpretation of high-throughput experimental measurements of inhibitory activity.

ClassificationBiological Sciences / Biophysics and Computational Biology
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savinov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.19.572389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput computational discovery of inhibitory protein fragments with AlphaFold]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.20.572361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a short, single site matriglycan that maintains neuromuscular function in the mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.20.572361v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Matriglycan (-1,3-{beta}-glucuronic acid-1,3--xylose-) is a polysaccharide that is synthesized on -dystroglycan, where it functions as a high-affinity glycan receptor for extracellular proteins, such as laminin, perlecan and agrin, thus anchoring the plasma membrane to the extracellular matrix. This biological activity is closely associated with the size of matriglycan. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry and site-specific mutant mice, we show for the first time that matriglycan on the T317/T319 and T379 sites of -dystroglycan are not identical. T379-linked matriglycan is shorter than the previously characterized T317/T319-linked matriglycan, although it maintains its laminin binding capacity. Transgenic mice with only the shorter T379-linked matriglycan exhibited mild embryonic lethality, but those that survived were healthy. The shorter T379-linked matriglycan exists in multiple tissues and maintains neuromuscular function in adult mice. In addition, the genetic transfer of -dystroglycan carrying just the short matriglycan restored grip strength and protected skeletal muscle from eccentric contraction-induced damage in muscle-specific dystroglycan knock-out mice. Due to the effects that matriglycan imparts on the extracellular proteome and its ability to modulate cell-matrix interactions, our work suggests that differential regulation of matriglycan length in various tissues optimizes the extracellular environment for unique cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prouty, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garringer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocampo Landa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonekawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walimbe, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venzke, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hord, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.20.572361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a short, single site matriglycan that maintains neuromuscular function in the mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.20.572602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of diverse small molecule binders and sensors using Shape Complementary Pseudocycles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.20.572602v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A general method for designing proteins to bind and sense any small molecule of interest would be widely useful. Due to the small number of atoms to interact with, binding to small molecules with high affinity requires highly shape complementary pockets, and transducing binding events into signals is challenging. Here we describe an integrated deep learning and energy based approach for designing high shape complementarity binders to small molecules that are poised for downstream sensing applications. We employ deep learning generated psuedocycles with repeating structural units surrounding central pockets; depending on the geometry of the structural unit and repeat number, these pockets span wide ranges of sizes and shapes. For a small molecule target of interest, we extensively sample high shape complementarity pseudocycles to generate large numbers of customized potential binding pockets; the ligand binding poses and the interacting interfaces are then optimized for high affinity binding. We computationally design binders to four diverse molecules, including for the first time polar flexible molecules such as methotrexate and thyroxine, which are expressed at high levels and have nanomolar affinities straight out of the computer. Co-crystal structures are nearly identical to the design models. Taking advantage of the modular repeating structure of pseudocycles and central location of the binding pockets, we constructed low noise nanopore sensors and chemically induced dimerization systems by splitting the binders into domains which assemble into the original pseudocycle pocket upon target molecule addition.

One Sentence SummaryWe use a pseuodocycle-based shape complementarity optimizing approach to design nanomolar binders to diverse ligands, including the flexible and polar methotrexate and thyroxine, that can be directly converted into ligand-gated nanopores and chemically induced dimerization systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Said, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salveson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorobieva, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.20.572602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of diverse small molecule binders and sensors using Shape Complementary Pseudocycles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.22.573103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atomic context-conditioned protein sequence design using LigandMPNN 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.22.573103v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein sequence design in the context of small molecules, nucleotides, and metals is critical to enzyme and small molecule binder and sensor design, but current state-of-the-art deep learning-based sequence design methods are unable to model non-protein atoms and molecules. Here, we describe a deep learning-based protein sequence design method called LigandMPNN that explicitly models all non-protein components of biomolecular systems. LigandMPNN significantly outperforms Rosetta and ProteinMPNN on native backbone sequence recovery for residues interacting with small molecules (63.3% vs. 50.4% & 50.5%), nucleotides (50.5% vs. 35.2% & 34.0%), and metals (77.5% vs. 36.0% & 40.6%). LigandMPNN generates not only sequences but also sidechain conformations to allow detailed evaluation of binding interactions. Experimental characterization demonstrates that LigandMPNN can generate small molecule and DNA-binding proteins with high affinity and specificity.

One-sentence summaryWe present a deep learning-based protein sequence design method that allows explicit modeling of small molecule, nucleotide, metal, and other atomic contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecoraro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasscock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.22.573103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atomic context-conditioned protein sequence design using LigandMPNN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.21.572897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome evolution is surprisingly predictable after initial hybridization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.21.572897v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past two decades, evolutionary biologists have come to appreciate that hybridization, or genetic exchange between distinct lineages, is remarkably common - not just in particular lineages but in taxonomic groups across the tree of life. As a result, the genomes of many modern species harbor regions inherited from related species. This observation has raised fundamental questions about the degree to which the genomic outcomes of hybridization are repeatable and the degree to which natural selection drives such repeatability. However, a lack of appropriate systems to answer these questions has limited empirical progress in this area. Here, we leverage independently formed hybrid populations between the swordtail fish Xiphophorus birchmanni and X. cortezi to address this fundamental question. We find that local ancestry in one hybrid population is remarkably predictive of local ancestry in another, demographically independent hybrid population. Applying newly developed methods, we can attribute much of this repeatability to strong selection in the earliest generations after initial hybridization. We complement these analyses with time-series data that demonstrates that ancestry at regions under selection has remained stable over the past [~]40 generations of evolution. Finally, we compare our results to the well-studied X. birchmannixX. malinche hybrid populations and conclude that deeper evolutionary divergence has resulted in stronger selection and higher repeatability in patterns of local ancestry in hybrids between X. birchmanni and X. cortezi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langdon, Q. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groh, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguillon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baczenas, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios-Cardenas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.21.572897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome evolution is surprisingly predictable after initial hybridization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.23.573212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PEARL-catalyzed peptide bond formation after chain reversal during the biosynthesis of non-ribosomal peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.23.573212v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A subset of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) are encoded in their biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) with enzymes annotated as lantibiotic dehydratases. The functions of these putative lantibiotic dehydratases remain unknown. Here, we characterize an NRPS-PKS BGC with a putative lantibiotic dehydratase from the bacterium Stackebrandtia nassauensis (sna). Heterologous expression revealed several metabolites produced by the BGC, and the omission of selected biosynthetic enzymes revealed the biosynthetic sequence towards these compounds. The putative lantibiotic dehydratase catalyzes peptide bond formation that extends the peptide scaffold opposite to the NRPS and PKS biosynthetic direction. The condensation domain of the NRPS catalyzes the formation of a ureido group, and bioinformatics analysis revealed distinct active site residues of ureido-generating condensation (UreaC) domains. This work demonstrates that the annotated lantibiotic dehydratase serves as a separate amide bond-forming machinery in addition to the NRPS, and that the lantibiotic dehydratase enzyme family possesses diverse catalytic activities in the biosynthesis of both ribosomal and non-ribosomal natural products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.23.573212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PEARL-catalyzed peptide bond formation after chain reversal during the biosynthesis of non-ribosomal peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.24.573258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neurotransmitter atlas of the nervous system of C.elegans males and hermaphrodites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.24.573258v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping neurotransmitter identities to neurons is key to understanding information flow in a nervous system. It also provides valuable entry points for studying the development and plasticity of neuronal identity features. In the C. elegans nervous system, neurotransmitter identities have been largely assigned by expression pattern analysis of neurotransmitter pathway genes that encode neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes or transporters. However, many of these assignments have relied on multicopy reporter transgenes that may lack relevant cis-regulatory information and therefore may not provide an accurate picture of neurotransmitter usage. We analyzed the expression patterns of 16 CRISPR/Cas9-engineered knock-in reporter strains for all main types of neurotransmitters in C. elegans (glutamate, acetylcholine, GABA, serotonin, dopamine, tyramine, and octopamine) in both the hermaphrodite and the male. Our analysis reveals novel sites of expression of these neurotransmitter systems within both neurons and glia, as well as non-neural cells. The resulting expression atlas defines neurons that may be exclusively neuropeptidergic, substantially expands the repertoire of neurons capable of co-transmitting multiple neurotransmitters, and identifies novel neurons that uptake monoaminergic neurotransmitters. Furthermore, we also observed unusual co-expression patterns of monoaminergic synthesis pathway genes, suggesting the existence of novel monoaminergic transmitters. Our analysis results in what constitutes the most extensive whole-animal-wide map of neurotransmitter usage to date, paving the way for a better understanding of neuronal communication and neuronal identity specification in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sural, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toker, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.24.573258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neurotransmitter atlas of the nervous system of C.elegans males and hermaphrodites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.29.573681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KMT2A oncoproteins induce epigenetic resistance to targeted therapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.29.573681v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal translocations involving the Lysine-Methyl-Transferase-2A (KMT2A) locus generate potent oncogenic fusion proteins (oncoproteins) that disrupt regulation of developmental gene expression. By profiling the oncoprotein-target sites of 36 broadly representative KMT2A-rearranged leukemia samples, including three samples that underwent a lymphoid-to-myeloid lineage-switching event in response to therapy, we find the genomic enrichment of the oncoprotein is highly variable between samples and subject to dynamic regulation. At high levels of expression, the oncoproteins preferentially activate either an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) program, enriched for pro-B-cell genes, or an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) program, enriched for hematopoietic-stem-cell genes. The fusion-partner-specific-binding patterns over these gene sets are highly correlated with the prevalence of each mutation in ALL versus AML. In lineage-switching samples the oncoprotein levels are reduced and the oncoproteins preferentially activate granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) genes. In a sample that lineage switched during treatment with the menin inhibitor revumenib, the oncoprotein and menin are reduced to undetectable levels, but ENL, a transcriptional cofactor of the oncoprotein, persists on numerous oncoprotein-target loci, including genes in the GMP-like lineage-switching program. We propose KMT2A oncoproteins promote lineage-switching events through dynamic chromatin binding and can induce epigenetic lesions, marked by ENL, that support resistance to targeted therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Janssens, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshinchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarthy, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.29.573681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KMT2A oncoproteins induce epigenetic resistance to targeted therapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.31.573776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial choline import regulates purine nucleotide pools via SLC25A48 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.31.573776v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Choline is an essential nutrient for cellular metabolism, including the biosynthesis of phospholipids, neurotransmitters, and one-carbon metabolism. A critical step of choline catabolism is the mitochondrial import and synthesis of chorine-derived methyl donors, such as betaine. However, the underlying mechanisms and the biological significance of mitochondrial choline catabolism remain insufficiently understood. Here, we report that a mitochondrial inner-membrane protein SLC25A48 controls mitochondrial choline transport and catabolism in vivo. We demonstrate that SLC25A48 is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue and required for whole-body cold tolerance, thermogenesis, and mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, choline uptake into the mitochondrial matrix via SLC25A48 facilitates betaine synthesis and one-carbon metabolism. Importantly, cells lacking SLC25A48 exhibited reduced synthesis of purine nucleotides and failed to initiate the G1-to-S phase transition, thereby leading to cell death. Taken together, the present study identified SLC25A48 as a mitochondrial carrier that mediates choline import and plays a critical role in mitochondrial respiratory capacity, purine nucleotide synthesis, and cell survival.

Key pointsO_LISLC25A48 is required for mitochondrial choline uptake.
C_LIO_LIMitochondrial choline uptake regulates one-carbon contribution to purine nucleotide synthesis.
C_LIO_LIBrown fat thermogenesis requires mitochondrial choline catabolism for respiratory capacity.
C_LIO_LICancer cells require mitochondrial choline uptake for cell survival.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verkerke, A. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.31.573776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial choline import regulates purine nucleotide pools via SLC25A48]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.03.574113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Sortilin as the Receptor Responsible for Galectin-1 Lysosomal Trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.03.574113v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Galectins are a family of mammalian glycan-binding proteins that have been implicated as regulators of myriad cellular processes including cell migration, apoptosis, and immune modulation. Several members of this family, such as galectin-1, exhibit both cell-surface and intracellular functions. Interestingly, galectin-1 can be found in the endomembrane system, nucleus, or cytosol, as well as on the cell surface. The mechanisms by which galectin-1 traffics between cellular compartments, including its unconventional secretion and internalization processes, are poorly understood. Here, we determined the pathways by which exogenous galectin-1 enters cells and explored its capacity as a delivery vehicle for protein and siRNA therapeutics. We used a galectin-1-toxin conjugate, modelled on antibody-drug conjugates, as a selection tool in a genome-wide CRISPR screen. We discovered that galectin-1 interacts with the endosome-lysosome trafficking receptor sortilin in a glycan-dependent manner, which regulates galectin-1 trafficking to the lysosome. Further, we show that this pathway can be exploited for delivery of a functional siRNA. This study sheds light on the mechanisms by which galectin-1 is internalized by cells and suggests a new strategy for intracellular drug delivery via galectin-1 conjugation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamber, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnovsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltan, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.03.574113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Sortilin as the Receptor Responsible for Galectin-1 Lysosomal Trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.572289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compact RNA sensors for increasingly complex functions of multiple inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.572289v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Designing single molecules that compute general functions of input molecular partners represents a major unsolved challenge in molecular design. Here, we demonstrate that high-throughput, iterative experimental testing of diverse RNA designs crowdsourced from Eterna yields sensors of increasingly complex functions of input oligonucleotide concentrations. After designing single-input RNA sensors with activation ratios beyond our detection limits, we created logic gates, including challenging XOR and XNOR gates, and sensors that respond to the ratio of two inputs. Finally, we describe the OpenTB challenge, which elicited 85-nucleotide sensors that compute a score for diagnosing active tuberculosis, based on the ratio of products of three gene segments. Building on OpenTB design strategies, we created an algorithm Nucleologic that produces similarly compact sensors for the three-gene score based on RNA and DNA. These results open new avenues for diverse applications of compact, single molecule sensors previously limited by design complexity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choe, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, J. O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melaine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kladwang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portela, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington-Oguri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicol, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayment-Steele, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotrik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eterna Participants,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahtri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.04.572289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compact RNA sensors for increasingly complex functions of multiple inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.03.574078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic cancer driver mutations are enriched and associated with inflammatory states in Alzheimer's disease microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.03.574078v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuronal loss and pathological accumulation of the misfolded proteins amyloid-{beta} and tau1,2. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and brain-resident macrophages plays a crucial role in AD pathogenesis1-5, though the mechanisms by which age, genes, and other risk factors interact remain largely unknown. Somatic mutations accumulate with age and lead to clonal expansion of many cell types, contributing to cancer and many non-cancer diseases6,7. Here we studied somatic mutation in normal aged and AD brains by three orthogonal methods and in three independent AD cohorts. Analysis of bulk RNA sequencing data from 866 samples from different brain regions revealed significantly higher ([~]two-fold) overall burdens of somatic single-nucleotide variants (sSNVs) in AD brains compared to age-matched controls. Molecular-barcoded deep (>1000X) gene panel sequencing of 311 prefrontal cortex samples showed enrichment of sSNVs and somatic insertions and deletions (sIndels) in cancer driver genes in AD brain compared to control, with recurrent, and often multiple, mutations in genes implicated in clonal hematopoiesis (CH)8,9. Pathogenic sSNVs were enriched in CSF1R+ microglia of AD brains, and the high proportion of microglia (up to 40%) carrying some sSNVs in cancer driver genes suggests mutation-driven microglial clonal expansion (MiCE). Analysis of single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) from temporal neocortex of 62 additional AD cases and controls exhibited nominally increased mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) associated with CH10,11. Microglia carrying mCA showed upregulated pro-inflammatory genes, resembling the transcriptomic features of disease-associated microglia (DAM) in AD. Our results suggest that somatic driver mutations in microglia are common with normal aging but further enriched in AD brain, driving MiCE with inflammatory and DAM signatures. Our findings provide the first insights into microglial clonal dynamics in AD and identify potential new approaches to AD diagnosis and therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talukdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhouk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enyenihi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stronge, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshkhoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglini, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabitto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.03.574078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic cancer driver mutations are enriched and associated with inflammatory states in Alzheimer's disease microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.03.574047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next-generation mapping of the salicylic acid signaling hub and transcriptional cascade 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.03.574047v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For over 60 years, salicylic acid (SA) has been known as a plant immune signal required for both basal and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SA activates these immune responses by reprogramming up to 20% of the transcriptome through the function of NPR1. However, components in the NPR1-signaling hub, which appears as nuclear condensates, and the NPR1-signaling cascade remained elusive due to difficulties in studying transcriptional cofactors whose chromatin associations are often indirect and transient. To overcome this challenge, we applied TurboID to divulge the NPR1-proxiome, which detected almost all known NPR1-interactors as well as new components of transcription-related complexes. Testing of new components showed that chromatin remodeling and histone demethylation contribute to SA-induced resistance. Globally, NPR1-proxiome shares a striking similarity to GBPL3-proxiome involved in SA synthesis, except associated transcription factors (TFs), suggesting that common regulatory modules are recruited to reprogram specific transcriptomes by transcriptional cofactors, like NPR1, through binding to unique TFs. Stepwise greenCUT&RUN analyses showed that, upon SA-induction, NPR1 initiates the transcriptional cascade primarily through association with TGA TFs to induce expression of secondary TFs, predominantly WRKYs. WRKY54 and WRKY70 then play a major role in inducing immune-output genes without interacting with NPR1 at the chromatin. Moreover, a loss of NPR1 condensate formation decreases its chromatin-association and transcriptional activity, indicating the importance of condensates in organizing the NPR1-signaling hub and initiating the transcriptional cascade. This study demonstrates how combinatorial applications of TurboID and stepwise greenCUT&RUN transcend traditional genetic methods to globally map signaling hubs and transcriptional cascades.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavaliev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.03.574047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next-generation mapping of the salicylic acid signaling hub and transcriptional cascade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.03.573434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing cell histories in space with image-readable base editor recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.03.573434v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowing the ancestral states and lineage relationships of individual cells could unravel the dynamic programs underlying development. Engineering cells to actively record information within their own genomic DNA could reveal these histories, but existing recording systems have limited information capacity or disrupt spatial context. Here, we introduce baseMEMOIR, which combines base editing, sequential hybridization imaging, and Bayesian inference to allow reconstruction of high-resolution cell lineage trees and cell state dynamics while preserving spatial organization. BaseMEMOIR stochastically and irreversibly edits engineered dinucleotides to one of three alternative image-readable states. By genomically integrating arrays of editable dinucleotides, we constructed an embryonic stem cell line with 792 bits of recordable, image-readable memory, a 50-fold increase over the state of the art. Simulations showed that this memory size was sufficient for accurate reconstruction of deep lineage trees. Experimentally, baseMEMOIR allowed precise reconstruction of lineage trees 6 or more generations deep in embryonic stem cell colonies. Further, it also allowed inference of ancestral cell states and their quantitative cell state transition rates, all from endpoint images. baseMEMOIR thus provides a scalable framework for reconstructing single cell histories in spatially organized multicellular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chadly, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieda, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klock, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouckaert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.03.573434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing cell histories in space with image-readable base editor recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.574240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroED structure of the C11 cysteine protease Clostripain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.574240v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostripain secreted from Clostridium histolyticum is the founding member of the C11 family of Clan CD cysteine peptidases, which is an important group of peptidases secreted by numerous bacteria. Clostripain is an arginine specific endopeptidase. Because of its efficacy as a cysteine peptidase, it is widely used in laboratory settings. Despite its importance the structure of clostripain remains unsolved. Here we describe the first structure of an active form of C. histolyticum Clostripain determined at 3.6 [A] resolution using microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED). The structure was determined from a single nanocrystal after focused ion beam milling. The structure of Clostripain shows a typical Clan CD /{beta}/ sandwich architecture and the Cys231/His176 catalytic dyad in the active site. It has a large electronegative substrate binding pocket showing its ability to accommodate large and diverse substrates. A loop in the heavy chain formed between residues 452 to 457 is potentially important for substrate binding. In conclusion, this result demonstrates the importance of MicroED to determine the unknown structure of macromolecules such as Clostripain, which can be further used as a platform to study substrate binding and design of potential inhibitors against this class of peptidases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruma, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.04.574240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroED structure of the C11 cysteine protease Clostripain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.574265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the Elusive Structures and Mechanisms of Prevalent Antidepressants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.574265v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most treatments to alleviate major depression work by either inhibiting human monoamine transporters, vital for the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters, or by inhibiting monoamine oxidases, which are vital for their degradation. The analysis of the experimental 3D structures of those antidepressants in their drug formulation state is key to precision drug design and development. In this study, we apply microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) to reveal the atomic 3D structures for the first time of five of the most prevalent antidepressants (reboxetine, pipofezine, ansofaxine, phenelzine, bifemelane) directly from the commercially available powder of the active ingredients. Their modes of binding are investigated by molecular docking, revealing the essential contacts and conformational changes into the biologically active state. This study underscores the combined use of MicroED and molecular docking to uncover elusive drug structures and mechanisms to aid in further drug development pipelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.04.574265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the Elusive Structures and Mechanisms of Prevalent Antidepressants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.574225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive landscape of the zinc-regulated human proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.574225v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that regulates a wide range of physiological processes, principally through Zn2+ binding to protein cysteine residues. Despite being critical for modulation of protein function, for the vast majority of the human proteome the cysteine sites subject to regulation by Zn2+ binding remain undefined. Here we develop ZnCPT, a comprehensive and quantitative mapping of the zinc-regulated cysteine proteome. We define 4807 zinc-regulated protein cysteines, uncovering protein families across major domains of biology that are subject to either constitutive or inducible modification by zinc. ZnCPT enables systematic discovery of zinc-regulated structural, enzymatic, and allosteric functional domains. On this basis, we identify 52 cancer genetic dependencies subject to zinc regulation, and nominate malignancies sensitive to zinc-induced cytotoxicity. In doing so, we discover a mechanism of zinc regulation over Glutathione Reductase (GSR) that drives cell death in GSR-dependent lung cancers. We provide ZnCPT as a resource for understanding mechanisms of zinc regulation over protein function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittenbuhler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprenger, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darabedian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrocelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorre Muro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouchani, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.04.574225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive landscape of the zinc-regulated human proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.574232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retention of an endosymbiont for the production of a single molecule 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.574232v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sap-feeding insects often maintain multiple nutritional endosymbionts, which act in concert to produce compounds essential for insect survival. Many mealybugs have endosymbionts in a nested configuration: one or two bacterial species reside within the cytoplasm of another bacterium, and to-gether these bacteria have genomes which encode interdependent but complete sets of genes needed to produce key nutritional molecules. Here we show that the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni has three endosymbionts, one of which contributes only two genes that produce a single host nutrition-related molecule. All three bacterial endosymbionts have tiny genomes, suggesting that they have been co-evolving inside their insect host for millions of years.

SignificanceNutritional endosymbionts synthesize (or contribute to the synthesis of) key metabolites such as essential amino acids and vitamins for their host organism. These nutrients are required by hosts because of their restricted diets, which in the case of mealybugs consists solely of plant phloem sap. Genome sequencing of insect endosymbionts has shown that their genomes can be very small, encoding few genes outside of core bacterial processes and nutrient provisioning. Here we highlight an example that has taken this reductive process to the extreme: a mealybug endosymbiont contributes only a single essential compound, chorismate, to the symbiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia de la Filia Molina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vea, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.04.574232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retention of an endosymbiont for the production of a single molecule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.574214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A historical sequence deletion in a commonly used Bacillus subtilis chromosome integration vector generates undetected loss-of-function mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.04.574214v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the 1980s, chromosome-integration vectors have been used as a core method of engineering Bacillus subtilis. One of the most frequently used vector backbones contains chromosomally derived regions that direct homologous recombination into the amyE locus. Here, we report a gap in the homology region inherited from the original amyE integration vector, leading to erroneous recombination in a subset of transformants and a loss-of-function mutation in the downstream gene. Internal to the homology arm that spans the 3' portion of amyE and the downstream gene ldh, an unintentional 227-bp deletion generates two crossover events. The major event yields the intended genotype, but the minor event, occurring in [~]10% of colonies, results in a truncation of ldh, which encodes lactate dehydrogenase. Although both types of colonies test positive for amyE disruption by starch plating, the potential defect in fermentative metabolism may be left undetected and confound the results of subsequent experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dierksheide, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.04.574214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A historical sequence deletion in a commonly used Bacillus subtilis chromosome integration vector generates undetected loss-of-function mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.07.574148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concerted neuron-astrocyte gene expression declines in aging and schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.07.574148v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brains vary across people and over time; such variation is not yet understood in cellular terms. Here we describe a striking relationship between peoples cortical neurons and cortical astrocytes. We used single-nucleus RNA-seq to analyze the prefrontal cortex of 191 human donors ages 22-97 years, including healthy individuals and persons with schizophrenia. Latent-factor analysis of these data revealed that in persons whose cortical neurons more strongly expressed genes for synaptic components, cortical astrocytes more strongly expressed distinct genes with synaptic functions and genes for synthesizing cholesterol, an astrocyte-supplied component of synaptic membranes. We call this relationship the Synaptic Neuron- and-Astrocyte Program (SNAP). In schizophrenia and aging - two conditions that involve declines in cognitive flexibility and plasticity 1,2 - cells had divested from SNAP: astrocytes, glutamatergic (excitatory) neurons, and GABAergic (inhibitory) neurons all reduced SNAP expression to corresponding degrees. The distinct astrocytic and neuronal components of SNAP both involved genes in which genetic risk factors for schizophrenia were strongly concentrated. SNAP, which varies quantitatively even among healthy persons of similar age, may underlie many aspects of normal human interindividual differences and be an important point of convergence for multiple kinds of pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ling, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemesh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamitaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelgsang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerges, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutservitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullally, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysoker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berretta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.07.574148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concerted neuron-astrocyte gene expression declines in aging and schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.09.574893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACAD10 and ACAD11 enable mammalian 4-hydroxy acid lipid catabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.09.574893v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fatty acid {beta}-oxidation (FAO) is a central catabolic pathway with broad implications for organismal health. However, various fatty acids are largely incompatible with standard FAO machinery until they are modified by other enzymes. Included among these are the 4-hydroxy acids (4-HAs)--fatty acids hydroxylated at the 4 ({gamma}) position--which can be provided from dietary intake, lipid peroxidation, and certain drugs of abuse. Here, we reveal that two atypical and poorly characterized acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs), ACAD10 and ACAD11, drive 4-HA catabolism in mice. Unlike other ACADs, ACAD10 and ACAD11 feature kinase domains N-terminal to their ACAD domains that phosphorylate the 4-OH position as a requisite step in the conversion of 4-hydroxyacyl-CoAs into 2-enoyl-CoAs--conventional FAO intermediates. Our ACAD11 cryo-EM structure and molecular modeling reveal a unique binding pocket capable of accommodating this phosphorylated intermediate. We further show that ACAD10 is mitochondrial and necessary for catabolizing shorter-chain 4-HAs, whereas ACAD11 is peroxisomal and enables longer-chain 4-HA catabolism. Mice lacking ACAD11 accumulate 4-HAs in their plasma while comparable 3- and 5-hydroxy acids remain unchanged. Collectively, this work defines ACAD10 and ACAD11 as the primary gatekeepers of mammalian 4-HA catabolism and sets the stage for broader investigations into the ramifications of aberrant 4-HA metabolism in human health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rashan, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khana, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfleger, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador-Noguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.09.574893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACAD10 and ACAD11 enable mammalian 4-hydroxy acid lipid catabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.09.574565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human coronavirus HKU1 recognition of the TMPRSS2 host receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.09.574565v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human coronavirus HKU1 spike (S) glycoprotein engages host cell surface sialoglycans and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) to initiate infection. The molecular basis of HKU1 binding to TMPRSS2 and determinants of host receptor tropism remain elusive. Here, we designed an active human TMPRSS2 construct enabling high-yield recombinant production in human cells of this key therapeutic target. We determined a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the HKU1 RBD bound to human TMPRSS2 providing a blueprint of the interactions supporting viral entry and explaining the specificity for TMPRSS2 among human type 2 transmembrane serine proteases. We found that human, rat, hamster and camel TMPRSS2 promote HKU1 S-mediated entry into cells and identified key residues governing host receptor usage. Our data show that serum antibodies targeting the HKU1 RBD TMPRSS2 binding-site are key for neutralization and that HKU1 uses conformational masking and glycan shielding to balance immune evasion and receptor engagement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCallum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprouse, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tortorici, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ieven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telenti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.09.574565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human coronavirus HKU1 recognition of the TMPRSS2 host receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.09.574895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevotella are major contributors of sialidases in the human vaginal microbiome. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.09.574895v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elevated bacterial sialidase activity in the female genital tract is strongly associated with poor health outcomes including preterm birth and bacterial vaginosis. These negative effects may arise from sialidase-mediated degradation of the protective mucus layer in the cervicovaginal environment. Prior biochemical studies of vaginal bacterial sialidases have focused solely on the bacterial vaginosis-associated organism Gardnerella vaginalis. Despite their implications for sexual and reproductive health, sialidases from other vaginal bacteria have not been characterized. Here, we show that vaginal Prevotella species produce active sialidases that possess variable activity toward mucin. These sialidases are highly conserved across clades of Prevotella from different geographies, hinting at their importance globally. Finally, we find that Prevotella sialidases, including mucin-degrading enzymes from Prevotella timonensis, are highly prevalent and abundant in human vaginal metagenomes and metatranscriptomes, Together, our results identify Prevotella as a critical source of sialidases in the vaginal microbiome, improving our understanding of this detrimental bacterial activity.

Significance StatementSialidase activity in the vaginal microbiome is increased in bacterial vaginosis and strongly associated with other adverse health outcomes. Sialidase enzymes release sialic acid from host-derived glycans in the vaginal environment, altering their structures and functions. However, biochemical studies of vaginal bacterial sialidases have been limited to one genus, Gardnerella. In this work, we identify and characterize multiple active sialidase enzymes in vaginal bacteria of the genus Prevotella. We find that Prevotella sialidases are more prevalent and abundant in vaginal microbial communities than Gardnerella sialidases. Our work highlights Prevotella bacteria as an underappreciated source of sialidase activity with important implications for both our understanding of vaginal health and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pelayo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werlang, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolston, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribbeck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.09.574895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevotella are major contributors of sialidases in the human vaginal microbiome.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.09.574712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Song Torrent: A modular, open-source 96-chamber audio and video recording apparatus with optogenetic activation and inactivation capabilities for Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.09.574712v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundO_LIMany Drosophila species use acoustic communication during courtship and studies of these communication systems have provided insight into neurobiology, behavioral ecology, ethology, and evolution.
C_LIO_LIRecording Drosophila courtship sounds and associated behavior is challenging, especially at high throughput, and previously designed devices are relatively expensive and complex to assemble.
C_LI

ResultsO_LIWe present construction plans for a modular system utilizing mostly off-the-shelf, relatively inexpensive components that provides simultaneous high-resolution audio and video recording of 96 isolated or paired Drosophila individuals.
C_LIO_LIWe provide open-source control software to record audio and video.
C_LIO_LIWe designed high intensity LED arrays that can be used to perform optogenetic activation and inactivation of labelled neurons.
C_LIO_LIThe basic design can be modified to facilitate novel study designs or to record insects larger than Drosophila.
C_LIO_LIFewer than 96 microphones can be used in the system if the full array is not required or to reduce costs.
C_LI

ImplicationsO_LIOur hardware design and software provide an improved platform for reliable and comparatively inexpensive high-throughput recording of Drosophila courtship acoustic and visual behavior and perhaps for recording acoustic signals of other small animals.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sawtelle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berhman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillvis, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawase, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.09.574712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Song Torrent: A modular, open-source 96-chamber audio and video recording apparatus with optogenetic activation and inactivation capabilities for Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.09.574419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A split-GAL4 driver line resource for Drosophila CNS cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.09.574419v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Techniques that enable precise manipulations of subsets of neurons in the fly central nervous system have greatly facilitated our understanding of the neural basis of behavior. Split-GAL4 driver lines allow specific targeting of cell types in Drosophila melanogaster and other species. We describe here a collection of 3060 lines targeting a range of cell types in the adult Drosophila central nervous system and 1373 lines characterized in third-instar larvae. These tools enable functional, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies based on precise anatomical targeting. NeuronBridge and other search tools relate light microscopy images of these split-GAL4 lines to connectomes reconstructed from electron microscopy images. The collections are the result of screening over 77,000 split hemidriver combinations. Previously published and new lines are included, all validated for driver expression and curated for optimal cell type specificity across diverse cell types. In addition to images and fly stocks for these well-characterized lines, we make available 300,000 new 3D images of other split-GAL4 lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meissner, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beringer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibney, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausenfluck, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liaw, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motaher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundeyi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petruncio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Protopapas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tae, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorimo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, K. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zugates, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibbard, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.09.574419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A split-GAL4 driver line resource for Drosophila CNS cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.10.575114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease activates nociceptors to drive sneeze and pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.10.575114v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, triggers symptoms such as sneezing, aches and pain.1 These symptoms are mediated by a subset of sensory neurons, known as nociceptors, that detect noxious stimuli, densely innervate the airway epithelium, and interact with airway resident epithelial and immune cells.2-6 However, the mechanisms by which viral infection activates these neurons to trigger pain and airway reflexes are unknown. Here, we show that the coronavirus papain-like protease (PLpro) directly activates airway-innervating trigeminal and vagal nociceptors in mice and human iPSC-derived nociceptors. PLpro elicits sneezing and acute pain in mice and triggers the release of neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from airway afferents. We find that PLpro-induced sneeze and pain requires the host TRPA1 ion channel that has been previously demonstrated to mediate pain, cough, and airway inflammation.7-9 Our findings are the first demonstration of a viral product that directly activates sensory neurons to trigger pain and airway reflexes and highlight a new role for PLpro and nociceptors in COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mali, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronce, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.10.575114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease activates nociceptors to drive sneeze and pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.11.575188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic priming of embryonic lineages in the mammalian epiblast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.11.575188v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the diversification of mammalian cell lineages is an essential to embryonic development, organ regeneration and tissue engineering. Shortly after implantation in the uterus, the pluripotent cells of the mammalian epiblast generate the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm1. Although clonal analyses suggest early specification of epiblast cells towards particular cell lineages2-4, single-cell transcriptomes do not identify lineage-specific markers in the epiblast5-11 and thus, the molecular regulation of such specification remains unknow. Here, we studied the epigenetic landscape of single epiblast cells, which revealed lineage priming towards endoderm, ectoderm or mesoderm. Unexpectedly, epiblast cells with mesodermal priming show a strong signature for the endothelial/endocardial fate, suggesting early specification of this lineage aside from other mesoderm. Through clonal analysis and live imaging, we show that endothelial precursors show early lineage divergence from the rest of mesodermal derivatives. In particular, cardiomyocytes and endocardial cells show limited lineage relationship, despite being temporally and spatially co-recruited during gastrulation. Furthermore, analysing the live tracks of single cells through unsupervised classification of cell migratory activity, we found early behavioral divergence of endothelial precursors shortly after the onset of mesoderm migration towards the cardiogenic area. These results provide a new model for the phenotypically silent specification of mammalian cell lineages in pluripotent cells of the epiblast and modify current knowledge on the sequence and timing of cardiovascular lineages diversification12,13.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDole, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Carretero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Dios-Hourcade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temino Valbuena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raiola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guignard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Cabo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.11.575188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic priming of embryonic lineages in the mammalian epiblast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.11.575146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA polymerase II-mediated rDNA transcription mediates rDNA copy number expansion in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.11.575146v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA), which encodes ribosomal RNA, is an essential but unstable genomic element due to its tandemly repeated nature. rDNAs repetitive nature causes spontaneous intrachromatid recombination, leading to copy number (CN) reduction, which must be counteracted by a mechanism that recovers CN to sustain cells viability. Akin to telomere maintenance, rDNA maintenance is particularly important in cell types that proliferate for an extended time period, most notably in the germline that passes the genome through generations. In Drosophila, the process of rDNA CN recovery, known as  rDNA magnification, has been studied extensively. rDNA magnification is mediated by unequal sister chromatid exchange (USCE), which generates a sister chromatid that gains the rDNA CN by stealing copies from its sister. However, much remains elusive regarding how germ cells sense rDNA CN to decide when to initiate magnification, and how germ cells balance between the need to generate DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to trigger USCE vs. avoiding harmful DSBs. Recently, we identified an rDNA-binding Zinc-finger protein Indra as a factor required for rDNA magnification, however, the underlying mechanism of action remains unknown. Here we show that Indra is a negative regulator of rDNA magnification, balancing the need of rDNA magnification and repression of dangerous DSBs. Mechanistically, we show that Indra is a repressor of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription of rDNA: Under low rDNA CN conditions, Indra protein amount is downregulated, leading to Pol II-mediated transcription of rDNA. This results in the expression of rDNA-specific retrotransposon, R2, which we have shown to facilitate rDNA magnification via generation of DBSs at rDNA. We propose that differential use of Pol I and Pol II plays a critical role in regulating rDNA CN expansion only when it is necessary.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watase, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.11.575146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA polymerase II-mediated rDNA transcription mediates rDNA copy number expansion in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.12.575420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
D-type cyclins regulate DNA mismatch repair in the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle, maintaining genome stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.12.575420v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The large majority of oxidative DNA lesions occurring in the G1 phase of the cell cycle are repaired by base excision repair (BER) rather than mismatch repair (MMR) to avoid long resections that can lead to genomic instability and cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms dictating pathway choice between MMR and BER have remained unknown. Here, we show that, during G1, D-type cyclins are recruited to sites of oxidative DNA damage in a PCNA- and p21-dependent manner. D-type cyclins shield p21 from its two ubiquitin ligases CRL1SKP2 and CRL4CDT2 in a CDK4/6-independent manner. In turn, p21 competes through its PCNA-interacting protein degron with MMR components for their binding to PCNA. This inhibits MMR while not affecting BER. At the G1/S transition, the CRL4AMBRA1-dependent degradation of D-type cyclins renders p21 susceptible to proteolysis. These timely degradation events allow the proper binding of MMR proteins to PCNA, enabling the repair of DNA replication errors. Persistent expression of cyclin D1 during S-phase increases the mutational burden and promotes microsatellite instability. Thus, the expression of D-type cyclins inhibits MMR in G1, whereas their degradation is necessary for proper MMR function in S.

One-Sentence SummaryTo maintain genome stability, D-type cyclins limit mismatch repair (MMR) in G1, whereas their degradation is necessary for proper MMR function in S phase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rona, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miwatani-Minter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerzhnerman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoneschi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverty, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piett, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongor, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicinski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askenazi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueberheide, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.12.575420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[D-type cyclins regulate DNA mismatch repair in the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle, maintaining genome stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.11.575283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eliminating the missing cone challenge through innovative approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.11.575283v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) has emerged as a powerful technique for unraveling molecular structures from microcrystals too small for X-ray diffraction. However, a significant hurdle arises with plate-like crystals that consistently orient themselves flat on the electron microscopy grid. If, as is typically the case, the normal of the plate correlates with the axes of the crystal lattice, the crystal orientations accessible for measurement are restricted because the grid cannot be arbitrarily rotated. This limits the information that can be acquired, resulting in a missing cone of information. We recently introduced a novel crystallization strategy called suspended drop crystallization and proposed that this method could effectively address the challenge of preferred crystal orientation. Here we demonstrate the success of the suspended drop crystallization approach in eliminating the missing cone in two samples that crystallize as thin plates: bovine liver catalase and the COVID-19 main protease (Mpro). This innovative solution proves indispensable for crystals exhibiting preferred orientations, unlocking new possibilities for structure determination by MicroED.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danelius, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nannenga, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.11.575283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eliminating the missing cone challenge through innovative approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.16.575933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNA polymerase II general transcription factor TFIIB is a target for transcriptome control during cellular stress and viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.16.575933v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many stressors, including viral infection, induce a widespread suppression of cellular RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription, yet the mechanisms underlying transcriptional repression are not well understood. Here we find that a crucial component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme, general transcription factor IIB (TFIIB), is targeted for post-translational turnover by two pathways, each of which contribute to its depletion during stress. Upon DNA damage, translational stress, apoptosis, or replication of the oncogenic Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), TFIIB is cleaved by activated caspase-3, leading to preferential downregulation of pro-survival genes. TFIIB is further targeted for rapid proteasome-mediated turnover by the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM28. KSHV counteracts proteasome-mediated turnover of TFIIB, thereby preserving a sufficient pool of TFIIB for transcription of viral genes. Thus, TFIIB may be a lynchpin for transcriptional outcomes during stress and a key target for nuclear replicating DNA viruses that rely on host transcriptional machinery.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=138 SRC="FIGDIR/small/575933v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8c8db7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ac2421org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7828baorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b9de0a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Significance StatementTranscription by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) synthesizes all cellular protein-coding mRNA. Many cellular stressors and viral infections dampen RNAPII activity, though the processes underlying this are not fully understood. Here we describe a two-pronged degradation strategy by which cells respond to stress by depleting the abundance of the key RNAPII general transcription factor, TFIIB. We further demonstrate that an oncogenic human gammaherpesvirus antagonizes this process, retaining enough TFIIB to support its own robust viral transcription. Thus, modulation of RNAPII machinery plays a crucial role in dictating the outcome of cellular perturbation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulyas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.16.575933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNA polymerase II general transcription factor TFIIB is a target for transcriptome control during cellular stress and viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.17.576058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Insights into the DNA-Binding Mechanism of BCL11A: The Integral Role of ZnF6 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.17.576058v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor BCL11A is a critical regulator of the switch from fetal hemoglobin (HbF: 2{gamma}2) to adult hemoglobin (HbA: 2{beta}2) during development. BCL11A binds at a cognate recognition site (TGACCA) in the {gamma}-globin gene promoter and represses its expression. DNA-binding is mediated by a triple zinc finger domain, designated ZnF456. Here, we report comprehensive investigation of ZnF456, leveraging X-ray crystallography and NMR to determine the structures in both the presence and absence of DNA. We delve into the dynamics and mode of interaction with DNA. Moreover, we discovered that the last zinc finger of BCL11A (ZnF6) plays a special role in DNA binding and {gamma}-globin gene repression. Our findings help account for some rare {gamma}-globin gene promoter mutations that perturb BCL11A binding and lead to increased HbF in adults (hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin). Comprehending the DNA binding mechanism of BCL11A opens avenues for the strategic, structure-based design of novel therapeutics targeting sickle cell disease and {beta}-thalassemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viennet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.-Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiwara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seruggia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhe-Paganon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orkin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthanari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.17.576058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Insights into the DNA-Binding Mechanism of BCL11A: The Integral Role of ZnF6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.17.576110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated cancer cell-specific single-cell RNA-seq datasets of immune checkpoint blockade-treated patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.17.576110v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have emerged as a promising avenue for the treatment of various cancers. Despite their success, the efficacy of these treatments is variable across patients and cancer types. Numerous single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies have been conducted to unravel cell-specific responses to ICB treatment. However, these studies are limited in their sample sizes and require advanced coding skills for exploration. Here, we have compiled eight scRNA-seq datasets from nine cancer types, encompassing 174 patients, and 90,270 cancer cells. This compilation forms a unique resource tailored for investigating how cancer cells respond to ICB treatment across cancer types. We meticulously curated, quality-checked, pre-processed, and analyzed the data, ensuring easy access for researchers. Moreover, we designed a user-friendly interface for seamless exploration. By sharing the code and data for creating these interfaces, we aim to assist fellow researchers. These resources offer valuable support to those interested in leveraging and exploring single-cell datasets across diverse cancer types, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of ICB responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gondal, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.17.576110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated cancer cell-specific single-cell RNA-seq datasets of immune checkpoint blockade-treated patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.21.576316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constraints on the Emergence of RNA through Non-Templated Primer Extension with Mixtures of Potentially Prebiotic Nucleotides 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.21.576316v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of RNA on the early Earth is likely to have been influenced by a series of chemical and physical processes that acted to filter out various alternative nucleic acids. For example, UV photostability is thought to have favored the survival of the canonical nucleotides. In a recent proposal for the prebiotic synthesis of the building blocks of RNA, ribonucleotides share a common pathway with arabino- and threo-nucleotides. We have therefore investigated non-templated primer extension with 2-aminoimidazole-activated forms of these alternative nucleotides to see if the synthesis of the first oligonucleotides might have been biased in favor of RNA. We show that non-templated primer extension occurs predominantly through 5'-5' imidazolium bridged dinucleotides, echoing the mechanism of template-directed primer extension. Ribo- and arabino-nucleotides exhibited comparable rates and yields of non-templated primer extension, whereas threo-nucleotides showed lower reactivity. Competition experiments with mixtures of nucleotides confirmed the bias against the incorporation of threo-nucleotides into oligonucleotides. This bias, coupled with selective prebiotic synthesis and templated copying favoring ribonucleotides, provides a plausible model for the exclusion of threo-nucleotides from primordial oligonucleotides. In contrast, the exclusion of arabino-nucleotides may have resulted primarily from biases in synthesis and in template-directed primer extension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.21.576316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constraints on the Emergence of RNA through Non-Templated Primer Extension with Mixtures of Potentially Prebiotic Nucleotides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.22.576756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex generation and single cell analysis of structural variants in a mammalian genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.22.576756v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional consequences of structural variants (SVs) in mammalian genomes are challenging to study. This is due to several factors, including: 1) their numerical paucity relative to other forms of standing genetic variation such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and short insertions or deletions (indels); 2) the fact that a single SV can involve and potentially impact the function of more than one gene and/or cis regulatory element; and 3) the relative immaturity of methods to generate and map SVs, either randomly or in targeted fashion, in in vitro or in vivo model systems. Towards addressing these challenges, we developed Genome-Shuffle-seq, a straightforward method that enables the multiplex generation and mapping of several major forms of SVs (deletions, inversions, translocations) throughout a mammalian genome. Genome-Shuffle-seq is based on the integration of "shuffle cassettes to the genome, wherein each shuffle cassette contains components that facilitate its site-specific recombination (SSR) with other integrated shuffle cassettes (via Cre-loxP), its mapping to a specific genomic location (via T7-mediated in vitro transcription or IVT), and its identification in single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data (via T7-mediated in situ transcription or IST). In this proof-of-concept, we apply Genome-Shuffle-seq to induce and map thousands of genomic SVs in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) in a single experiment. Induced SVs are rapidly depleted from the cellular population over time, possibly due to Cre-mediated toxicity and/or negative selection on the rearrangements themselves. Leveraging T7 IST of barcodes whose positions are already mapped, we further demonstrate that we can efficiently genotype which SVs are present in association with each of many single cell transcriptomes in scRNA-seq data. Finally, preliminary evidence suggests our method may be a powerful means of generating extrachromosomal circular DNAs (ecDNAs). Looking forward, we anticipate that Genome-Shuffle-seq may be broadly useful for the systematic exploration of the functional consequences of SVs on gene expression, the chromatin landscape, and 3D nuclear architecture. We further anticipate potential uses for in vitro modeling of ecDNAs, as well as in paving the path to a minimal mammalian genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinglay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalanne, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koeppel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.22.576756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex generation and single cell analysis of structural variants in a mammalian genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.22.576744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Birth of new protein folds and functions in the virome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.22.576744v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid virus evolution generates proteins essential to infectivity and replication but with unknown function due to extreme sequence divergence1. Using a database of 67,715 newly predicted protein structures from 4,463 eukaryotic viral species, we found that 62% of viral proteins are evolutionarily young and lack homologs in the Alphafold database2,3. Among the 38% of more ancient viral proteins, many have non-viral structural homologs that revealed surprising similarities between human pathogens and their eukaryotic hosts. Structural comparisons suggested putative functions for >25% of unannotated viral proteins, including those with roles in the evasion of innate immunity. In particular, RNA ligase T- (ligT) like phosphodiesterases were found to resemble phage-encoded proteins that hydrolyze the host immune-activating cyclic dinucleotides 33 and 23 cyclic G-A monophosphate (cGAMP). Experimental analysis showed that ligT homologs encoded by avian poxviruses likewise hydrolyze 23 cGAMP, showing that ligT-mediated targeting of cGAMP is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of immune evasion present in both bacteriophage and eukaryotic viruses. Together, the viral protein structural database and analytics presented here afford new opportunities to identify mechanisms of virus-host interactions that are common across the virome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nomburg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.22.576744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Birth of new protein folds and functions in the virome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.22.576705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FicD Sensitizes Cellular Response to Glucose Fluctuations in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.22.576705v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During homeostasis, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) maintains productive transmembrane and secretory protein folding that is vital for proper cellular function. The ER-resident HSP70 chaperone, BiP, plays a pivotal role in sensing ER stress to activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). BiP function is regulated by the bifunctional enzyme FicD that mediates AMPylation and deAMPylation of BiP in response to changes in ER stress. AMPylated BiP acts as a molecular rheostat to regulate UPR signaling, yet little is known about the molecular consequences of FicD loss. In this study, we investigate the role of FicD in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) response to pharmacologically and metabolically induced ER stress. We find differential BiP AMPylation signatures when comparing robust chemical ER stress inducers to physiological glucose starvation stress and recovery. Wildtype MEFs respond to pharmacological ER stress by downregulating BiP AMPylation. Conversely, BiP AMPylation in wildtype MEFs increases upon metabolic stress induced by glucose starvation. Deletion of FicD results in widespread gene expression changes under baseline growth conditions. In addition, FicD null MEFs exhibit dampened UPR signaling, altered cell stress recovery response, and unconstrained protein secretion. Taken together, our findings indicate that FicD is important for tampering UPR signaling, stress recovery, and the maintenance of secretory protein homeostasis.

Significance StatementThe chaperone BiP plays a key quality control role in the endoplasmic reticulum, the cellular location for the production, folding, and transport of secreted proteins. The enzyme FicD regulates BiPs activity through AMPylation and deAMPylation. Our study unveils the importance of FicD in regulating BiP and the unfolded protein response (UPR) during stress. We identify distinct BiP AMPylation signatures for different stressors, highlighting FicDs nuanced control. Deletion of FicD causes widespread gene expression changes, disrupts UPR signaling, alters stress recovery, and perturbs protein secretion in cells. These observations underscore the pivotal contribution of FicD for preserving secretory protein homeostasis. Our findings deepen the understanding of FicDs role in maintaining cellular resilience and open avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting UPR-associated diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinch, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servage, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blevins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.22.576705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FicD Sensitizes Cellular Response to Glucose Fluctuations in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.23.576835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory Input, Sex, and Function Shape Hypothalamic Cell Type Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.23.576835v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian behavior and physiology undergo dramatic changes in early life. Young animals rely on conspecifics to meet their homeostatic needs, until weaning and puberty initiate nutritional independence and sex-specific social interactions, respectively. How neuronal populations regulating homeostatic functions and social behaviors develop and mature during these transitions remains unclear. We used paired transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiling to examine the developmental trajectories of neuronal populations in the hypothalamic preoptic region, where cell types with key roles in physiological and behavioral control have been identified1-6. These data reveal a remarkable diversity of developmental trajectories shaped by the sex of the animal, and the location and behavioral or physiological function of the corresponding cell types. We identify key stages of preoptic development, including the perinatal emergence of sex differences, postnatal maturation and subsequent refinement of signaling networks, and nonlinear transcriptional changes accelerating at the time of weaning and puberty. We assessed preoptic development in various sensory mutants and find a major role for vomeronasal sensing in the timing of preoptic cell type maturation. These results provide novel insights into the development of neurons controlling homeostatic functions and social behaviors and lay ground for examining the dynamics of these functions in early life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logeman, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohail, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naumenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho Sui, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.576835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory Input, Sex, and Function Shape Hypothalamic Cell Type Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.22.576576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic screening of covalent compound libraries identifies chloromethyl ketone antibiotics and MiaA as a new target 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.22.576576v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emerging antibiotic resistance requires the development of new antibiotics working on novel bacterial targets. Here, we reported an antibiotic discovery workflow by combining the cysteine-reactive compound library phenotypic screening with activity-based protein profiling, which enables the rapid identification of lead compounds as well as new druggable targets in pathogens. Compounds featuring chloromethyl ketone scaffolds exhibited a notably high hit rate against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains, but not the more commonly used warheads such as acrylamide or chloroacetamide. Target identification of the lead compound, 10-F05, revealed that its primary targets in S. flexneri are FabH Cys112 and MiaA Cys273. We validated the target relevance through biochemical and genetic interactions. Mechanistic studies revealed modification of MiaA by 10-F05 impair substrate tRNA binding, leading to decreased bacterial stress resistance and virulence. Our findings underscore chloromethyl ketone as a novel antibacterial warhead in covalent antibiotic design. The study showcases that combining covalent compound library phenotypic screening with chemoproteomics is an efficient way to identify new drug targets as well as lead compounds, with the potential to open new research directions in drug discovery and chemical biology.

Graphic Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=121 SRC="FIGDIR/small/576576v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (21K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8d6420org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a89d44org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ed0ae2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1659d3e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.22.576576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic screening of covalent compound libraries identifies chloromethyl ketone antibiotics and MiaA as a new target]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.22.576669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting the mSWI/SNF Complex in POU2F-POU2AF Transcription Factor-Driven Malignancies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.22.576669v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The POU2F3-POU2AF2/3 (OCA-T1/2) transcription factor complex is the master regulator of the tuft cell lineage and tuft cell-like small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Here, we found that the POU2F3 molecular subtype of SCLC (SCLC-P) exhibits an exquisite dependence on the activity of the mammalian switch/sucrose non-fermentable (mSWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex. SCLC-P cell lines were sensitive to nanomolar levels of a mSWI/SNF ATPase proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degrader when compared to other molecular subtypes of SCLC. POU2F3 and its cofactors were found to interact with components of the mSWI/SNF complex. The POU2F3 transcription factor complex was evicted from chromatin upon mSWI/SNF ATPase degradation, leading to attenuation of downstream oncogenic signaling in SCLC-P cells. A novel, orally bioavailable mSWI/SNF ATPase PROTAC degrader, AU-24118, demonstrated preferential efficacy in the SCLC-P relative to the SCLC-A subtype and significantly decreased tumor growth in preclinical models. AU-24118 did not alter normal tuft cell numbers in lung or colon, nor did it exhibit toxicity in mice. B cell malignancies which displayed a dependency on the POU2F1/2 cofactor, POU2AF1 (OCA-B), were also remarkably sensitive to mSWI/SNF ATPase degradation. Mechanistically, mSWI/SNF ATPase degrader treatment in multiple myeloma cells compacted chromatin, dislodged POU2AF1 and IRF4, and decreased IRF4 signaling. In a POU2AF1-dependent, disseminated murine model of multiple myeloma, AU-24118 enhanced survival compared to pomalidomide, an approved treatment for multiple myeloma. Taken together, our studies suggest that POU2F-POU2AF-driven malignancies have an intrinsic dependence on the mSWI/SNF complex, representing a therapeutic vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingbeil, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyunni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, J. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miner, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbineni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samajdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parolia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakoc, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.22.576669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting the mSWI/SNF Complex in POU2F-POU2AF Transcription Factor-Driven Malignancies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.24.577118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidation of chalkophomycin biosynthesis reveals N-hydroxypyrrole-forming enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.24.577118v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactive functional groups, such as N-nitrosamines, impart unique bioactivities to the natural products in which they are found. Recent work has illuminated enzymatic N-nitrosation reactions in microbial natural product biosynthesis, motivating an interest in discovering additional metabolites constructed using such reactivity. Here, we use a genome mining approach to identify over 400 cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding homologs of the N-nitrosating biosynthetic enzyme SznF, including the BGC for chalkophomycin, a CuII-binding metabolite that contains a C-type diazeniumdiolate and N-hydroxypyrrole. Characterizing chalkophomycin biosynthetic enzymes reveals previously unknown enzymes responsible for N-hydroxypyrrole biosynthesis, including the first prolyl-N-hydroxylase, and a key step in assembly of the diazeniumdiolate-containing amino acid graminine. Discovery of this pathway enriches our understanding of the biosynthetic logic employed in constructing unusual heteroatom-heteroatom bondcontaining functional groups, enabling future efforts in natural product discovery and biocatalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crooke, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chand, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.24.577118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidation of chalkophomycin biosynthesis reveals N-hydroxypyrrole-forming enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.25.577295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spyglass: a data analysis framework for reproducible and shareable neuroscience research 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.25.577295v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scientific progress depends on reliable and reproducible results. Progress can be accelerated when data are shared and re-analyzed to address new questions. Current approaches to storing and analyzing neural data involve bespoke formats and software that make replication and reuse of data difficult. To address these challenges, we created Spyglass, an open-source data management and analysis framework written in Python. Spyglass provides reproducible pipelines for common neuroscience analyses and sharing of raw data, intermediate analyses, and final results within and across labs. Spyglass uses the Neurodata Without Borders (NWB) standard and includes pipelines for spectral filtering, spike sorting, pose tracking, and neural decoding. Spyglass can be extended to apply existing and newly developed pipelines to datasets from multiple sources. We demonstrate these features in the context of a cross-laboratory replication by applying advanced state space decoding algorithms to publicly available data.

New users can try out Spyglass on a Jupyter Hub hosted by HHMI and 2i2c: https://spyglass.hhmi.2i2c.cloud/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denovellis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soules, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comrie, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gramling, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adenekan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brozdowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tritt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Ruebel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yatsenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buccino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.577295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spyglass: a data analysis framework for reproducible and shareable neuroscience research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.25.577315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptin Activated Hypothalamic BNC2 Neurons Acutely Suppress Food Intake 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.25.577315v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptin is an adipose tissue hormone that maintains homeostatic control of adipose tissue mass by regulating the activity of specific neural populations controlling appetite and metabolism1. Leptin regulates food intake by inhibiting orexigenic agouti-related protein (AGRP) neurons and activating anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons2. However, while AGRP neurons regulate food intake on a rapid time scale, acute activation of POMC neurons has only a minimal effect3-5. This has raised the possibility that there is a heretofore unidentified leptin-regulated neural population that suppresses appetite on a rapid time scale. Here, we report the discovery of a novel population of leptin-target neurons expressing basonuclin 2 (Bnc2) that acutely suppress appetite by directly inhibiting AGRP neurons. Opposite to the effect of AGRP activation, BNC2 neuronal activation elicited a place preference indicative of positive valence in hungry but not fed mice. The activity of BNC2 neurons is finely tuned by leptin, sensory food cues, and nutritional status. Finally, deleting leptin receptors in BNC2 neurons caused marked hyperphagia and obesity, similar to that observed in a leptin receptor knockout in AGRP neurons. These data indicate that BNC2-expressing neurons are a key component of the neural circuit that maintains energy balance, thus filling an important gap in our understanding of the regulation of food intake and leptin action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plucinska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilanges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herb, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.577315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptin Activated Hypothalamic BNC2 Neurons Acutely Suppress Food Intake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.26.577493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly specific intracellular ubiquitination of a small molecule 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.26.577493v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitin is a small, highly conserved protein that acts as a posttranslational modification in eukaryotes. Ubiquitination of proteins frequently serves as a degradation signal, marking them for disposal by the proteasome. Here, we report a novel small molecule from a diversity-oriented synthesis library, BRD1732, that is directly ubiquitinated in cells, resulting in dramatic accumulation of inactive ubiquitin monomers and polyubiquitin chains causing broad inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Ubiquitination of BRD1732 and its associated cytotoxicity are stereospecific and dependent upon two homologous E3 ubiquitin ligases, RNF19A and RNF19B. Our finding opens the possibility for indirect ubiquitination of a target through a ubiquitinated bifunctional small molecule, and more broadly raises the potential for posttranslational modification in trans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Rivera, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chick, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maetani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirasaki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Matos Simoes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulice, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitsiades, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadoch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrem, J. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly specific intracellular ubiquitination of a small molecule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.26.577275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited genomic signatures of population collapse in the critically endangered black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.26.577275v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, is a large, long-lived marine mollusc that inhabits rocky intertidal habitats along the coast of California and Mexico. In 1985, populations were impacted by a bacterial disease known as withering syndrome (WS) that wiped out >90% of individuals, leading to the species designation as critically endangered. Current conservation strategies include restoring diminished populations by translocating healthy individuals. However, population collapse on this scale may have dramatically lowered genetic diversity and strengthened geographic differentiation, making translocation-based recovery contentious. Additionally, the current prevalence of WS is unknown. To address these uncertainties, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 133 black abalone individuals from across their present range. We observed no spatial genetic structure among black abalone, with the exception of a single chromosomal inversion that increases in frequency with latitude. Genetic divergence between sites is minimal, and does not scale with either geographic distance or environmental dissimilarity. Genetic diversity appears uniformly high across the range. Despite this, however, demographic inference confirms a severe population bottleneck beginning around the time of WS onset, highlighting the temporal offset that may occur between a population collapse and its potential impact on genetic diversity. Finally, we find the bacterial agent of WS is equally present across the sampled range, but only in 10% of individuals. The lack of genetic structure, uniform diversity, and prevalence of WS bacteria indicates that translocation could be a valid and low-risk means of population restoration for black abalone species recovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wooldridge, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enbody, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirchandani, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Detig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapp, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimondi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited genomic signatures of population collapse in the critically endangered black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.29.577429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed fMRI dynamics predict distinct EEG rhythms across sleep and wakefulness 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.29.577429v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain exhibits rich oscillatory dynamics that play critical roles in vigilance and cognition, such as the neural rhythms that define sleep. These rhythms continuously fluctuate, signaling major changes in vigilance, but the widespread brain dynamics underlying these oscillations are difficult to investigate. Using simultaneous EEG and fast fMRI in humans who fell asleep inside the scanner, we developed a machine learning approach to investigate which fMRI regions and networks predict fluctuations in neural rhythms. We demonstrated that the rise and fall of alpha (8-12 Hz) and delta (1-4 Hz) power-- two canonical EEG bands critically involved with cognition and vigilance--can be predicted from fMRI data in subjects that were not present in the training set. This approach also identified predictive information in individual brain regions across the cortex and subcortex. Finally, we developed an approach to identify shared and unique predictive information, and found that information about alpha rhythms was highly separable in two networks linked to arousal and visual systems. Conversely, delta rhythms were diffusely represented on a large spatial scale primarily across the cortex. These results demonstrate that EEG rhythms can be predicted from fMRI data, identify large-scale network patterns that underlie alpha and delta rhythms, and establish a novel framework for investigating multimodal brain dynamics.

Author summaryNeurons often fire in synchrony, generating rhythms that play major roles in brain functioning. These rhythms are hallmarks of different brain states of vigilance, such as sleep and wakefulness. Sleep disorders are extremely prevalent among adults, and studying neural rhythms associated with vigilance states is a key step towards understanding sleep disorders and how healthy sleep can be restored. Measuring how neural rhythms affect the brain, however, is difficult: the primary method used in humans, electroencephalography (EEG), can only measure neural activity close to the scalp. EEG can be combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which is capable of measuring activity in deep brain regions, but fMRI data can be difficult to analyze, as it estimates neural activity indirectly by measuring changes in blood oxygenation. We developed an approach to analyze combined EEG-fMRI data using machine learning, and used it to investigate how fluctuations in neural rhythms across sleep and wakefulness are tied to changes in neural activity throughout the whole brain. Our results describe how different brain networks are coupled to alpha and delta rhythms, and provide a new approach for analyzing EEG-fMRI data that can be employed to investigate other neural rhythms necessary for healthy brain functioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, L. P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailes, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.29.577429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed fMRI dynamics predict distinct EEG rhythms across sleep and wakefulness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.30.578076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational basis of hierarchical and counterfactual information processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.30.578076v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive theories attribute humans unparalleled capacity in solving complex multistage decision problems to distinctive hierarchical and counterfactual reasoning strategies. Here, we used a combination of human psychophysics and behaviorally-constrained neural network modeling to understand the computational basis of these cognitive strategies. We first developed a multi-stage decision-making task that humans solve using a combination of hierarchical and counterfactual processing. We then used a series of hypothesis-driven behavioral experiments to systematically dissect the potential computational constraints that underlie these strategies. One experiment revealed that humans have limited capacity for parallel processing. Another indicated that counterfactuals do not fully compensate for this limitation because of working memory limits. A third experiment revealed that the degree to which humans use counterfactuals depends on the fidelity of their working memory. Next, we asked whether the strategies humans adopt are computationally rational; i.e., optimal under these constraints. To do so, we analyzed the behavior of a battery of task-optimized recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that were subjected to one or more of these constraints. Remarkably, only RNNs that were subjected to all these constraints behaved similarly to humans. Further analysis of the RNNs revealed that what cognitive theories posit as distinctive strategies such as hierarchical and counterfactual are subdivisions in a continuum of computationally rational solutions that includes optimal, counterfactual, postdictive, and hierarchical.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.30.578076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational basis of hierarchical and counterfactual information processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.02.578646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRD4-mediated epigenetic regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites is governed by the mitochondrial complex III 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.02.578646v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inter-organellar communication is critical for cellular metabolic homeostasis. One of the most abundant inter-organellar interactions are those at the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria contact sites (ERMCS). However, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms governing ERMCS regulation and their roles in cellular metabolism are limited by a lack of tools that permit temporal induction and reversal. Through unbiased screening approaches, we identified fedratinib, an FDA-approved drug, that dramatically increases ERMCS abundance by inhibiting the epigenetic modifier BRD4. Fedratinib rapidly and reversibly modulates mitochondrial and ER morphology and alters metabolic homeostasis. Moreover, ERMCS modulation depends on mitochondria electron transport chain complex III function. Comparison of fedratinib activity to other reported inducers of ERMCS revealed common mechanisms of induction and function, providing clarity and union to a growing body of experimental observations. In total, our results uncovered a novel epigenetic signaling pathway and an endogenous metabolic regulator that connects ERMCS and cellular metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn-Nguyen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halligan, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossiter, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morlacchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosalaganti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRD4-mediated epigenetic regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites is governed by the mitochondrial complex III]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.01.577463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism ameliorates myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.01.577463v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The established clinical therapy for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction is primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) to restore blood flow to the ischemic myocardium. PPCI is effective at reperfusing the ischemic myocardium, however the rapid re-introduction of oxygenated blood also can cause ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Reperfusion injury is the culprit for up to half of the final myocardial damage, but there are no clinical interventions to reduce I/R injury. We previously demonstrated that inhibiting the lactate exporter, monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), and re-directing pyruvate towards oxidation can blunt isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that the same pathway might be important during I/R. Here, we establish that the pyruvate-lactate metabolic axis plays a critical role in determining myocardial salvage following injury. Post-I/R injury, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), required for pyruvate oxidation, is upregulated in the surviving myocardium following I/R injury. MPC loss in cardiomyocytes caused more cell death with less myocardial salvage, which was associated with an upregulation of MCT4 in the myocardium at risk of injury. We deployed a pharmacological strategy of MCT4 inhibition with a highly selective compound (VB124) at the time of reperfusion. This strategy normalized reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential ({Delta}{psi}), and Ca2+, increased pyruvate entry to TCA cycle, and improved myocardial salvage and functional outcomes following I/R injury. Altogether, our data suggest that normalizing the pyruvate-lactate metabolic axis via MCT4 inhibition is a promising pharmacological strategy to mitigate I/R injury.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=112 SRC="FIGDIR/small/577463v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Visker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cluntun, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco-Silva, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhardt, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamouche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillas, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aist, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseliou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navankasattusas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducker, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drakos, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.577463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism ameliorates myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.05.579020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep mutational scanning reveals functional constraints and antigenic variability of Lassa virus glycoprotein complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.05.579020v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lassa virus is estimated to cause thousands of human deaths per year, primarily due to spillovers from its natural host, Mastomys rodents. Efforts to create vaccines and antibody therapeutics must account for the evolutionary variability of Lassa viruss glycoprotein complex (GPC), which mediates viral entry into cells and is the target of neutralizing antibodies. To map the evolutionary space accessible to GPC, we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how nearly all GPC amino-acid mutations affect cell entry and antibody neutralization. Our experiments define functional constraints throughout GPC. We quantify how GPC mutations affect neutralization by a panel of monoclonal antibodies and show that all antibodies are escaped by mutations that exist among natural Lassa virus lineages. Overall, our work describes a biosafety-level-2 method to elucidate the mutational space accessible to GPC and shows how prospective characterization of antigenic variation could aid design of therapeutics and vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddox, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.05.579020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep mutational scanning reveals functional constraints and antigenic variability of Lassa virus glycoprotein complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.05.579004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Functional and Non-Homuncular Representation of the Larynx in the Primary Motor Cortex of Mice, a Vocal Non-Learner 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.05.579004v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocalization is a complex behavior ranging from fully innate to advanced vocal learning. Vocal learning species possess a vocal primary motor cortex (M1) region that makes direct projections to brainstem vocal motor neurons, which are thought to facilitate learning and fine modulation of vocalizations. Surprisingly, a similar, albeit sparse, direct projection from M1 was found in mice. Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) which appear to be mostly innate. Modulation of these USVs is impacted by lesions to this M1 region, but genetic ablation of the cortex leads to few, if any, changes to USVs. It remained unclear whether M1 has any control over the vocal organ in a vocal non-learning species. In the current study, we found that stimulation in different parts of M1 in mice can generate contractions in laryngeal and jaw muscles, with different latencies suggestive of both direct and indirect projections to brainstem vocal motor neurons. Viral tracing reveals both single- and double-labeled populations of cortical neurons that simultaneously innervate laryngeal, jaw, and forelimb motor circuits. Chemical lesions reveal that an anterolateral orofacial region of M1 regulates the number of syllables in vocal sequences. Our results provide evidence that M1 in a vocal non-learner has some influence on vocal musculature, consistent with the continuum hypothesis of vocal learning. They also reveal that the representations of muscles for different behaviors across mouse M1 are more intermixed than previously considered. We discuss how these results impact hypotheses on the evolution of cortical vocal control and motor cortex organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vargas, C. D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agravat, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waidmann, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bochalis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermudez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannakopoulos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.05.579004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Functional and Non-Homuncular Representation of the Larynx in the Primary Motor Cortex of Mice, a Vocal Non-Learner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.07.579384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay of condensation and chromatin binding underlies BRD4 targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.07.579384v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear compartments form via biomolecular phase separation, mediated through multivalent properties of biomolecules concentrated within condensates. Certain compartments are associated with specific chromatin regions, including transcriptional initiation condensates, which are composed of transcription factors and transcriptional machinery, and form at acetylated regions including enhancer and promoter loci. While protein self-interactions, especially within low-complexity and intrinsically disordered regions, are known to mediate condensation, the role of substrate-binding interactions in regulating the formation and function of biomolecular condensates is under-explored. Here, utilizing live-cell experiments in parallel with coarse-grained simulations, we investigate how chromatin interaction of the transcription factor BRD4 modulates its condensate formation. We find that both kinetic and thermodynamic properties of BRD4 condensation are affected by chromatin binding: nucleation rate is sensitive to BRD4-chromatin interactions, providing an explanation for the selective formation of BRD4 condensates at acetylated chromatin regions, and thermodynamically, multivalent acetylated chromatin sites provide a platform for BRD4 clustering below the concentration required for off-chromatin condensation. This provides a molecular and physical explanation of the relationship between nuclear condensates and epigenetically modified chromatin that results in their mutual spatiotemporal regulation, suggesting that epigenetic modulation is an important mechanism by which the cell targets transcriptional condensates to specific chromatin loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strom, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eeftens, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyachenko, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, H.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlovsky, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jumper, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.07.579384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay of condensation and chromatin binding underlies BRD4 targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.09.579730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for the inhibition of PRC2 by active transcription histone posttranslational modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.09.579730v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is an epigenetic regulator essential for embryonic development and maintenance of cell identity that trimethylates histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) leading to gene silencing. PRC2 is regulated by association with protein cofactors and crosstalk with histone posttranslational modifications. Trimethylated histone H3 K4 (H3K4me3) and K36 (H3K36me3) localize to sites of active transcription where H3K27me3 is absent and inhibit PRC2 activity through unknown mechanisms. Using cryo-electron microscopy we reveal that histone H3 tails modified with H3K36me3 engage poorly with the PRC2 active site and preclude its effective interaction with chromatin, while the H3K4me3 modification binds to the allosteric site in the EED subunit, acting as an antagonist that competes with allosteric activators required for the spreading of the H3K27me3 repressive mark. Thus, the location along the H3 tail of the H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 modifications allow them to target two essential requirements for efficient trimethylation of histone H3K27. We further show that the JARID2 cofactor modulates PRC2 activity in the presence of these histone modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cookis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lydecker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasinath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.09.579730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for the inhibition of PRC2 by active transcription histone posttranslational modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.09.579553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unselfish meiotic drive maintains heterozygosity in a parthenogenetic ant 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.09.579553v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
According to Mendels second law, chromosomes segregate randomly in meiosis. Non-random segregation is primarily known for cases of selfish meiotic drive in females, in which particular alleles bias their own transmission into the oocyte1,2. Here, we report a rare example of unselfish meiotic drive for crossover inheritance in the clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi. This species produces diploid offspring parthenogenetically via fusion of two haploid nuclei from the same meiosis3. This process should cause rapid genotypic degeneration due to loss of heterozygosity, which results if crossover recombination is followed by random (Mendelian) segregation of chromosomes4,5. However, by comparing whole genomes of mothers and daughters, we show that loss of heterozygosity is exceedingly rare, raising the possibility that crossovers are infrequent or absent in O. biroi meiosis. Using a combination of cytology and whole genome sequencing, we show that crossover recombination is, in fact, common, but that loss of heterozygosity is avoided because crossover products are faithfully co-inherited. This results from a programmed violation of Mendels law of segregation, such that crossover products segregate together rather than randomly. This discovery highlights an extreme example of cellular "memory" of crossovers, which could be a common yet cryptic feature of chromosomal segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lacy, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronauer, D. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.09.579553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unselfish meiotic drive maintains heterozygosity in a parthenogenetic ant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.10.579780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellpose3: one-click image restoration for improved cellular segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.10.579780v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generalist methods for cellular segmentation have good out-of-the-box performance on a variety of image types. However, existing methods struggle for images that are degraded by noise, blurred or undersampled, all of which are common in microscopy. We focused the development of Cellpose3 on addressing these cases, and here we demonstrate substantial out-of-the-box gains in segmentation and image quality for noisy, blurry or undersampled images. Unlike previous approaches, which train models to restore pixel values, we trained Cellpose3 to output images that are well-segmented by a generalist segmentation model, while maintaining perceptual similarity to the target images. Furthermore, we trained the restoration models on a large, varied collection of datasets, thus ensuring good generalization to user images. We provide these tools as "one-click" buttons inside the graphical interface of Cellpose as well as in the Cellpose API.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.10.579780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellpose3: one-click image restoration for improved cellular segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.11.579731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cas10 nuclease activity relieves host dormancy to facilitate spacer acquisition and retention during type III-A CRISPR immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.11.579731v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of CRISPR immunity is the acquisition of short viral DNA sequences, known as spacers, that are transcribed into guide RNAs to recognize complementary sequences. The staphylococcal type III-A CRISPR-Cas system uses guide RNAs to locate viral transcripts and start a response that displays two mechanisms of immunity. When immunity is triggered by an early-expressed phage RNA, degradation of viral ssDNA can cure the host from infection. In contrast, when the RNA guide targets a late-expressed transcript, defense requires the activity of Csm6, a non-specific RNase. Here we show that Csm6 triggers a growth arrest of the host that provides immunity at the population level which hinders viral propagation to allow the replication of non-infected cells. We demonstrate that this mechanism leads to defense against not only the target phage but also other viruses present in the population that fail to replicate in the arrested cells. On the other hand, dormancy limits the acquisition and retention of spacers that trigger it. We found that the ssDNase activity of type III-A systems is required for the re-growth of a subset of the arrested cells, presumably through the degradation of the phage DNA, ending target transcription and inactivating the immune response. Altogether, our work reveals a built-in mechanism within type III-A CRISPR-Cas systems that allows the exit from dormancy needed for the subsistence of spacers that provide broad-spectrum immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aviram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brivanlou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marraffini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.11.579731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cas10 nuclease activity relieves host dormancy to facilitate spacer acquisition and retention during type III-A CRISPR immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.10.579769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction and in silico staging of human gastruloids with neural tube, segmented somites & advanced cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.10.579769v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryonic organoids are emerging as powerful models for studying early mammalian development. For example, stem cell-derived  gastruloids form elongating structures containing all three germ layers1-4. However, although elongated, human gastruloids do not morphologically resemble post-implantation embryos. Here we show that a specific, discontinuous regimen of retinoic acid (RA) robustly induces human gastruloids with embryo-like morphological structures, including a neural tube and segmented somites. Single cell RNA-seq (sc-RNA-seq) further reveals that these human  RA-gastruloids contain more advanced cell types than conventional gastruloids, including neural crest cells, renal progenitor cells, skeletal muscle cells, and, rarely, neural progenitor cells. We apply a new approach to computationally stage human RA-gastruloids relative to somite-resolved mouse embryos, early human embryos and other gastruloid models, and find that the developmental stage of human RA-gastruloids is comparable to that of E9.5 mouse embryos, although some cell types show greater or lesser progression. We chemically perturb WNT and BMP signaling in human RA-gastruloids and find that these signaling pathways regulate somite patterning and neural tube length, respectively, while genetic perturbation of the transcription factors PAX3 and TBX6 markedly compromises the formation of neural crest and somites/renal cells, respectively. Human RA-gastruloids complement other embryonic organoids in serving as a simple, robust and screenable model for decoding early human embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamazaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garge, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regalado, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivatsan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.10.579769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction and in silico staging of human gastruloids with neural tube, segmented somites & advanced cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.13.580041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt signaling modulates the response to DNA damage in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc by regulating the EGFR pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.13.580041v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the deep conservation of the DNA damage response pathway (DDR), cells in different contexts vary widely in their susceptibility to DNA damage and their propensity to undergo apoptosis as a result of genomic lesions. One of the cell signaling pathways implicated in modulating the DDR is the highly conserved Wnt pathway, which is known to promote resistance to DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation in a variety of human cancers.

However, the mechanisms linking Wnt signal transduction to the DDR remain unclear. Here, we use a genetically encoded system in Drosophila to reliably induce consistent levels of DNA damage in vivo, and demonstrate that canonical Wnt signaling in the wing imaginal disc buffers cells against apoptosis in the face of DNA double-strand breaks. We show that Wg, the primary Wnt ligand in Drosophila, activates Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling via the ligand-processing protease Rhomboid, which in turn modulates the DDR in a Chk2, p53, and E2F1-dependent manner. These studies provide mechanistic insight into the modulation of the DDR by the Wnt and EGFR pathways in vivo in a highly proliferative tissue. Furthermore, they reveal how the growth and patterning functions of Wnt signaling are coupled with pro-survival, anti-apoptotic activities, thereby facilitating developmental robustness in the face of genomic damage.

Author SummaryEctopic activation of the highly conserved Wnt signaling pathway has been previously demonstrated to promote resistance to radiation and chemoradiation therapy in a variety of human cancers, yet the mechanisms by which Wnt modulates the DDR pathway are not clearly established. Furthermore, putative interactions between Wnt signaling and the DDR outside the context of pathological Wnt over-expressing tumors have not been clearly elucidated. Here, we show that, in Drosophila, loss of canonical Wnt signaling during development of the highly proliferative wing imaginal disc sensitizes cells to DNA damage, biasing them towards apoptosis and ultimately disrupting normal wing development. In contrast, ectopic Wnt signaling reduces the level of apoptosis for a given level of DNA damage. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Wnt signaling acts via Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling, a well characterized pro-survival pathway, by activating the ligand-processing protease Rhomboid, and that this effect requires core DDR components Chk2, p53, and E2F1. Altogether, we show that Wnt signaling can promote developmental robustness by opposing apoptosis in the face of DNA damage, and reveal a mechanism by which Wnt signaling modulates the DDR via EGFR signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ewen-Campen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt signaling modulates the response to DNA damage in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc by regulating the EGFR pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.12.580000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advanced Surface Passivation for High-Sensitivity Studies of Biomolecular Condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.12.580000v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are cellular compartments that concentrate biomolecules without an encapsulating membrane. In recent years, significant advances have been made in the understanding of condensates through biochemical reconstitution and microscopic detection of these structures. Quantitative visualization and biochemical assays of biomolecular condensates rely on surface passivation to minimize background and artifacts due to condensate adhesion. However, the challenge of undesired interactions between condensates and glass surfaces, which can alter material properties and impair observational accuracy, remains a critical hurdle. Here, we introduce an efficient, generically applicable, and simple passivation method employing self-assembly of the surfactant Pluronic F127 (PF127). The method greatly reduces nonspecific binding across a range of condensates systems for both phase-separated droplets and biomolecules in dilute phase. Additionally, by integrating PF127 passivation with the Biotin-NeutrAvidin system, we achieve controlled multi-point attachment of condensates to surfaces. This not only preserves condensate properties but also facilitates long-time FRAP imaging and high-precision single-molecule analyses. Using this method, we have explored the dynamics of polySIM molecules within polySUMO/polySIM condensates at the single-molecule level. Our observations suggest a potential heterogeneity in the distribution of available polySIM-binding sites within the condensates.

Significance StatementThe understanding of biomolecular condensates has significantly benefited from biochemical reconstitution with microscopy detection. Here, we present a novel surface passivation method utilizing self-assembly of Pluronic F127 on hydrophobic surfaces. This approach not only effectively minimizes non-specific binding without altering the physical properties of the condensates but also offers universal passivation across a variety of condensate systems. It demonstrates high resistance to different treatments and enables condensate immobilization through controlled anchor points. This allows for highly sensitive analytical techniques, including single-molecule imaging. The simplicity and high-performance of this method, coupled with time and cost efficiencies, could facilitate robustness and throughput of experiments, and could broaden the accessibility of biochemical phase separation studies to a wider scientific community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, R.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.12.580000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advanced Surface Passivation for High-Sensitivity Studies of Biomolecular Condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.14.580277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila histone methyl-transferase SET1 coordinates multiple signaling pathways in regulating male germline stem cell maintenance and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.14.580277v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cell types come from tissue-specific adult stem cells that maintain the balance between proliferation and differentiation. Here, we study how the H3K4me3 methyltransferase, Set1, regulates early-stage male germ cell proliferation and differentiation in Drosophila. Early-stage germline-specific knockdown of set1 results in a temporally progressed defects, arising as germ cell loss and developing to overpopulated early-stage germ cells. These germline defects also impact the niche architecture and cyst stem cell lineage in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Additionally, wild-type Set1, but not the catalytically inactive Set1, could rescue the set1 knockdown phenotypes, highlighting the functional importance of the methyl-transferase activity of the Set1 enzyme. Further, RNA-seq experiments reveal key signaling pathway components, such as the JAK-STAT pathway gene stat92E and the BMP pathway gene mad, that are upregulated upon set1 knockdown. Genetic interaction assays support the functional relationships between set1 and JAK-STAT or BMP pathways, as mutations of both the stat92E and mad genes suppress the set1 knockdown phenotypes. These findings enhance our understanding of the balance between proliferation and differentiation in an adult stem cell lineage. The germ cell loss followed by over-proliferation phenotypes when inhibiting a histone methyl-transferase raise concerns about using their inhibitors in cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vidaurre, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila histone methyl-transferase SET1 coordinates multiple signaling pathways in regulating male germline stem cell maintenance and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.12.580018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postdoctoral Scholar Recruitment and Hiring Practices in STEM: A Pilot Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.12.580018v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the importance of the postdoctoral position in the training of scientists for independent research careers, few studies have addressed recruiting and hiring of postdocs. We conducted a pilot study on postdoctoral hiring in the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology to serve as a starting point to better understand postdoctoral recruiting and hiring processes. From this survey of both postdocs and faculty, together with the available literature, the picture emerges that the postdoc hiring process is more decentralized than either faculty hiring or graduate admissions. Postdoc positions are often filled through a passive process where the initial expression of interest from a prospective postdoc is through a "cold-call" contact to a prospective advisor. Individual faculty members are often responsible for developing and implementing their own outreach and recruitment plans and deciding who to hire into a postdoc position. The overall opacity of the processes and practices by which postdocs are identified, recruited, and hired make it difficult to pinpoint where interventions could be effective to ensure equitable hiring practices. Implementation of such practices is critical to training a diverse postdoc population and subsequently of the future STEM faculty recruited from this group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heirwegh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcom-Piqueux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.12.580018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postdoctoral Scholar Recruitment and Hiring Practices in STEM: A Pilot Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.13.580193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pheromone representation in the ant antennal lobe changes with age 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.13.580193v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the neural basis of age-related decline has been extensively studied (1-3), less is known about changes in neural function during the pre-senescent stages of adulthood. Adult neural plasticity is likely a key factor in social insect age polyethism, where individuals perform different tasks as they age and divide labor in an age-dependent manner (4-9). Primarily, workers transition from nursing to foraging tasks (5, 10), become more aggressive, and more readily display alarm behavior (11-16) as they get older. While it is unknown how these behavioral dynamics are neurally regulated, they could partially be generated by altered salience of behaviorally relevant stimuli (4, 6, 7). Here, we investigated how odor coding in the antennal lobe (AL) changes with age in the context of alarm pheromone communication in the clonal raider ant (Ooceraea biroi) (17). Similar to other social insects (11, 12, 16), older ants responded more rapidly to alarm pheromones, the chemical signals for danger. Using whole-AL calcium imaging (18), we then mapped odor representations for five general odorants and two alarm pheromones in young and old ants. Alarm pheromones were represented sparsely at all ages. However, alarm pheromone responses within individual glomeruli changed with age, either increasing or decreasing. Only two glomeruli became sensitized to alarm pheromones with age, while at the same time becoming desensitized to general odorants. Our results suggest that the heightened response to alarm pheromones in older ants occurs via increased sensitivity in these two core glomeruli, illustrating the importance of sensory modulation in social insect division of labor and age-associated behavioral plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronauer, D. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pheromone representation in the ant antennal lobe changes with age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.13.580128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro function, assembly, and interaction of primary cell wall cellulose synthase homotrimers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.13.580128v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant cell walls contain a meshwork of cellulose fibers embedded into a matrix of other carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate-based biopolymers. This composite material exhibits extraordinary properties, from stretchable and pliable cell boundaries to solid protective shells. Cellulose, a linear glucose polymer, is synthesized and secreted across the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CesA), of which plants express multiple isoforms. Different subsets of CesA isoforms are necessary for primary and secondary cell wall biogenesis. Here, we structurally and functionally characterize the Glycine max (soybean) primary cell wall CesAs CesA1, CesA3, and CesA6. The CesA isoforms exhibit robust in vitro catalytic activity. Cryo-electron microscopy analyses reveal their assembly into homotrimeric complexes in vitro in which each CesA protomer forms a cellulose-conducting transmembrane channel with a large lateral opening. Biochemical and co-purification analyses demonstrate that different CesA isoforms interact in vitro, leading to synergistic cellulose biosynthesis. Interactions between CesA trimers are only observed between different CesA isoforms and require the class-specific region (CSR). The CSR forms a hook-shaped extension of CesAs catalytic domain at the cytosolic water-lipid interface. Negative stain and cryo-electron microscopy analyses of mixtures of different CesA isoform trimers reveal their side-by-side arrangement into loose clusters. Our data suggest a model by which CesA homotrimers of different isoforms assemble into cellulose synthase complexes to synthesize and secrete multiple cellulose chains for microfibril formation. Inter-trimer interactions are mediated by fuzzy interactions between their CSR extension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pallinti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro function, assembly, and interaction of primary cell wall cellulose synthase homotrimers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.16.580703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic repression of cFos supports sequential formation of distinct spatial memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.16.580703v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression of the immediate early gene cFos modifies the epigenetic landscape of activated neurons with downstream effects on synaptic plasticity. The production of cFos is inhibited by a long-lived isoform of another Fos family gene, {Delta}FosB. It has been speculated that this negative feedback mechanism may be critical for protecting episodic memories from being overwritten by new information. Here, we investigate the influence of {Delta}FosB inhibition on cFos expression and memory. Hippocampal neurons in slice culture produce more cFos on the first day of stimulation compared to identical stimulation on the following day. This downregulation affects all hippocampal subfields and requires histone deacetylation. Overexpression of {Delta}FosB in individual pyramidal neurons effectively suppresses cFos, indicating that accumulation of {Delta}FosB is the causal mechanism. Water maze training of mice over several days leads to accumulation of {Delta}FosB in granule cells of the dentate gyrus, but not in CA3 and CA1. Because the dentate gyrus is thought to support pattern separation and cognitive flexibility, we hypothesized that inhibiting the expression of {Delta}FosB would affect reversal learning, i.e., the ability to successively learn new platform locations in the water maze. The results indicate that pharmacological HDAC inhibition, which prevents cFos repression, impairs reversal learning, while learning and memory of the initial platform location remain unaffected. Our study supports the hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms tightly regulate cFos expression in individual granule cells to orchestrate the formation of time-stamped memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franzelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamothe-Molina, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formozov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morellini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oertner, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.580703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic repression of cFos supports sequential formation of distinct spatial memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.20.581304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TFEB controls syncytiotrophoblast differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.20.581304v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During human development, a subset of differentiating fetal cells form a temporary organ, the placenta, which invades the uterine wall to support nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange between the mother and fetus until birth. Most of the human placenta is formed by a syncytial villous structure which arises via cell-cell fusion of underlying fetal trophoblast stem cells. Genetic and functional studies have characterized the membrane protein fusogens, Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2, that are both necessary and sufficient for human trophoblast cell-cell fusion. However, identification and characterization of upstream transcriptional regulators regulating their expression has been limited. Here, using CRISPR knockout in an in vitro cellular model of syncytiotrophoblast development (BeWo cells), we find that the transcription factor TFEB, mainly known as a regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, is required for cell-cell fusion of syncytiotrophoblasts. TFEB translocates to the nucleus, exhibits increased chromatin interactions, and directly binds the Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2 promoters to control their expression during differentiation. While TFEB appears to play an important role in syncytiotrophoblast differentiation, ablation of TFEB largely does not affect lysosomal gene expression or lysosomal biogenesis in differentiating BeWo cells, suggesting that TFEB plays an alternative role in placental cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esbin, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TFEB controls syncytiotrophoblast differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.21.581483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral fingerprinting of the naked mole-rat uncovers signatures of eusociality and social touch 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.21.581483v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The East African naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) lives in cooperative subterranean colonies and displays a capacity to recognize social novelty, rank, and identity. The sensory cues used for social recognition remain poorly understood, especially because many of their senses are either lost or greatly reduced in comparison to other mammals. Here, we found that naked mole-rats actively touch faces 100% of the time they encounter one another in a tunnel test, followed by milliseconds speed determination of the rank of the other animal. Even in an open arena, naked mole-rats engage in face-to-face touch hundreds of times in a 10-minute social pairing and colonies do so tens of thousands of times over a 24-hour period in their home environment. To demonstrate the prominence of face touch at a molecular level, we show that social housing conditions lead to widespread activation of mechanosensory ion channels, including Piezo2, in neurons that innervate the face, but not the body. Lastly, to determine the ethological relevance of face touch, we reduced its capacity with facial whisker trimming and revealed an apparent inability for animals to recognize colony members. Together, these findings uncover face touch as a prominent social behavior in naked mole-rats that is intimately linked to social recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwark, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toussaint, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comfere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guadagnino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCloskey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral fingerprinting of the naked mole-rat uncovers signatures of eusociality and social touch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.20.580917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanobody-targeted conditional antimicrobial therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.20.580917v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conditional therapeutics that rely on disease microenvironment-specific triggers for activation are a promising strategy to improve therapeutic cargos. Among the investigated triggers, protease activity is used most often, because of its dysregulation in several diseases. How to optimally fine-tune protease activation for different therapeutic cargos remains a challenge. Here, we designed nanobody-targeted conditional antimicrobial therapeutics to deliver a model therapeutic peptide and protein to the site of bacterial infection. We explored several parameters that influence proteolytic activation. We report the use of targeting nanobodies to enhance the activation of therapeutics that are otherwise activated inefficiently, despite extensive optimization of the cleavable linker. Specifically, pairing of Ly6G/C or ADAM10-targeting nanobodies with ADAM10-cleavable linkers improved activation via proximity-enabled reactivity. More broadly, this optimization framework provides a guideline for the development of conditional therapeutics to treat various diseases where protease activity is dysregulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngambenjawong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pishesha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploegh, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.580917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanobody-targeted conditional antimicrobial therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.20.581310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diaminopurine in Nonenzymatic RNA Template Copying 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.20.581310v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the primordial RNA World, before the advent of ribozymes, nonenzymatic template copying would have been essential for the transmission of genetic information. However, the products of chemical copying with the canonical nucleotides are heavily biased towards the incorporation of G and C. Diaminopurine (D) can form a D:U base pair that is almost as strong as a G:C base pair. We therefore asked whether replacing A with D might lead to more efficient and less biased nonenzymatic template copying. As expected, primer extension substrates containing D bind to U in the template more tightly than substrates containing A. However, primer extension with D exhibited elevated reaction rates on a C template, leading to concerns about fidelity. To investigate the nature of the D:C mismatch, we solved the crystal structure of RNA duplexes containing D:C mismatches, and showed that D can form a wobble-type base pair with C. We then asked whether competition with G would decrease mismatched primer extension. We performed nonenzymatic primer extension with all four activated nucleotides on randomized RNA templates containing all four letters, and used deep sequencing to analyze the products. We found that the DUCG genetic system exhibited a more even product distribution and a lower mismatch frequency than the canonical AUCG system. Furthermore, primer extension is greatly reduced following all mismatches, including the D:C mismatch. Our study suggests that diaminopurine deserves further attention for its possible role in the RNA World, and as a potentially useful component of artificial nonenzymatic RNA replication systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diaminopurine in Nonenzymatic RNA Template Copying]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.21.581474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of plant prickles is drivenby repeated gene co-option over deep time 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.21.581474v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An enduring question in evolutionary biology concerns the degree to which episodes of convergent trait evolution depend on the same genetic programs, particularly over long timescales. Here we genetically dissected repeated origins and losses of prickles, sharp epidermal projections, that convergently evolved in numerous plant lineages. Mutations in a cytokinin hormone biosynthetic gene caused at least 16 independent losses of prickles in eggplants and wild relatives in the genus Solanum. Strikingly, homologs promote prickle formation across angiosperms that collectively diverged over 150 million years ago. By developing new Solanum genetic systems, we leveraged this discovery to eliminate prickles in a wild species and an indigenously foraged berry. Our findings implicate a shared hormone-activation genetic program underlying evolutionarily widespread and recurrent instances of plant morphological innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satterlee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gramazio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plazas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robitaille, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartwood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passalacqua, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilgenhof, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizenga, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendahmane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prohens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilanova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of plant prickles is drivenby repeated gene co-option over deep time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.23.581689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Teneurin Signaling in Synaptic Partner Matching 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.23.581689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In developing brains, axons exhibit remarkable precision in selecting synaptic partners among many non-partner cells. Evolutionally conserved teneurins were the first identified transmembrane proteins that instruct synaptic partner matching. However, how intracellular signaling pathways execute teneurins functions is unclear. Here, we use in situ proximity labeling to obtain the intracellular interactome of teneurin (Ten-m) in the Drosophila brain. Genetic interaction studies using quantitative partner matching assays in both olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and projection neurons (PNs) reveal a common pathway: Ten-m binds to and negatively regulates a RhoGAP, thus activating the Rac1 small GTPases to promote synaptic partner matching. Developmental analyses with single-axon resolution identify the cellular mechanism of synaptic partner matching: Ten-m signaling promotes local F-actin levels and stabilizes ORN axon branches that contact partner PN dendrites. Combining spatial proteomics and high-resolution phenotypic analyses, this study advanced our understanding of both cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic partner matching.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIIn situ spatial proteomics reveal the first intracellular interactome of teneurins
C_LIO_LITen-m signals via a RhoGAP and Rac1 GTPase to regulate synaptic partner matching
C_LIO_LISingle-axon analyses reveal a stabilization-upon-contact model for partner matching
C_LIO_LITen-m signaling promotes F-actin in axon branches contacting partner dendrites
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svinkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guajardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.23.581689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Teneurin Signaling in Synaptic Partner Matching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.20.581208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Dorsal Column Nuclei Scales Mechanical Allodynia During Neuropathic Pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.20.581208v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tactile perception relies on reliable transmission and modulation of low-threshold information as it travels from the periphery to the brain. During pathological conditions, tactile stimuli can aberrantly engage nociceptive pathways leading to the perception of touch as pain, known as mechanical allodynia. Two main drivers of peripheral tactile information, low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) and postsynaptic dorsal column neurons (PSDCs), terminate in the brainstem dorsal column nuclei (DCN). Activity within the DRG, spinal cord, and DCN have all been implicated in mediating allodynia, yet the DCN remains understudied at the cellular, circuit, and functional levels compared to the other two. Here, we show that the gracile nucleus (Gr) of the DCN mediates tactile sensitivity for low-threshold stimuli and contributes to mechanical allodynia during neuropathic pain in mice. We found that the Gr contains local inhibitory interneurons in addition to thalamus-projecting neurons, which are differentially innervated by primary afferents and spinal inputs. Functional manipulations of these distinct Gr neuronal populations resulted in bidirectional changes to tactile sensitivity, but did not affect noxious mechanical or thermal sensitivity. During neuropathic pain, silencing Gr projection neurons or activating Gr inhibitory neurons was able to reduce tactile hypersensitivity, and enhancing inhibition was able to ameliorate paw withdrawal signatures of neuropathic pain, like shaking. Collectively, these results suggest that the Gr plays a specific role in mediating hypersensitivity to low-threshold, innocuous mechanical stimuli during neuropathic pain, and that Gr activity contributes to affective, pain-associated phenotypes of mechanical allodynia. Therefore, these brainstem circuits work in tandem with traditional spinal circuits underlying allodynia, resulting in enhanced signaling of tactile stimuli in the brain during neuropathic pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradwell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vajtay, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayal, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadegan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundare, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraira, V. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Dorsal Column Nuclei Scales Mechanical Allodynia During Neuropathic Pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.23.581625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A series of spontaneously blinking dyes for super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.23.581625v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneously blinking fluorophores permit the detection and localization of individual molecules without reducing buffers or caging groups, thus simplifying single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). The intrinsic blinking properties of such dyes are dictated by molecular structure and modulated by environment, which can limit utility. We report a series of tuned spontaneously blinking dyes with duty cycles that span two orders of magnitude, allowing facile SMLM in cells and dense biomolecular structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holland, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plutkis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugird, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkachuk, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musser, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legant, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.23.581625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A series of spontaneously blinking dyes for super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.24.581662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-viral defense by an ADP-ribosyltransferase that targets mRNA to block translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.24.581662v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-pathogen conflicts are crucibles of molecular innovation. Selection for immunity to pathogens has driven the evolution of sophisticated immunity mechanisms throughout biology, including in bacteria that must evade their viral predators known as bacteriophages. Here, we characterize a widely distributed anti-phage defense system, CmdTAC, that provides robust defense against infection by the T-even family of phages. Our results support a model in which CmdC detects infection by sensing viral capsid proteins, ultimately leading to the activation of a toxic ADP-ribosyltransferase effector protein, CmdT. We show that newly synthesized capsid protein triggers dissociation of the chaperone CmdC from the CmdTAC complex, leading to destabilization and degradation of the antitoxin CmdA, with consequent liberation of the CmdT ADP-ribosyltransferase. Strikingly, CmdT does not target a protein, DNA, or structured RNA, the known targets of other ADP-ribosyltransferases. Instead, CmdT modifies the N6 position of adenine in GA dinucleotides within single-stranded RNAs leading to arrest of mRNA translation and the inhibition of viral replication. Our work reveals a new mechanism of anti-viral defense and a previously unknown but broadly distributed class of ADP-ribosyltransferases that target mRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vassallo, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doering, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.24.581662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-viral defense by an ADP-ribosyltransferase that targets mRNA to block translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.25.581464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete chromosome 21 centromere sequences from a Down syndrome family reveal size asymmetry and differences in kinetochore attachment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.25.581464v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Down syndrome, the most common form of human intellectual disability, is caused by nondisjunction and chromosome 21 trisomy (T21). Small centromeres have been hypothesized to contribute to its aetiology and studies on mammals suggest that larger centromeres are more efficiently transmitted, yet complete sequencing of chromosome 21 (chr21) centromeres has been particularly challenging. Using long-read sequencing, we sequenced and assembled the centromeres from eight families that include a child with free T21 (1 trio, 6 child-mother duos, and 1 singleton) all resulting from maternal meiosis I errors. Two of these families carry the smallest chr21 centromeres (143 and 181 kbp) observed in female individuals to date, exhibiting a [~]10.7- and [~]19.4-fold centromeric -satellite higher-order repeat array size difference between the maternally inherited homologs, respectively. In both cases, the longer centromere harbors a poorly defined centromere dip region, marked by DNA hypomethylation, in the proband but not in the mother. A comparison of all proband chr21 centromeres (n=24) to those of controls (n=261) shows that small centromeres are not enriched in families with T21 (p-value=0.73); contrarily, chr21 extreme centromere size asymmetry (>10-fold) is unique of T21 (p-value=0.003), suggesting that this feature may represent a genetic risk factor for a subset of families with free T21. Additionally, phylogenetic reconstruction reveals that human chr21 has been particularly prone to such variation with some of the biggest size differences occurring over the last [~]17 thousand years of human evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mastrorosa, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozanski, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knuth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.25.581464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete chromosome 21 centromere sequences from a Down syndrome family reveal size asymmetry and differences in kinetochore attachment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.24.581671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribonanza: deep learning of RNA structure through dual crowdsourcing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.24.581671v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prediction of RNA structure from sequence remains an unsolved problem, and progress has been slowed by a paucity of experimental data. Here, we present Ribonanza, a dataset of chemical mapping measurements on two million diverse RNA sequences collected through Eterna and other crowdsourced initiatives. Ribonanza measurements enabled solicitation, training, and prospective evaluation of diverse deep neural networks through a Kaggle challenge, followed by distillation into a single, self-contained model called RibonanzaNet. When fine tuned on auxiliary datasets, RibonanzaNet achieves state-of-the-art performance in modeling experimental sequence dropout, RNA hydrolytic degradation, and RNA secondary structure, with implications for modeling RNA tertiary structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagianes, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, D. B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penzar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyaltsev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aristova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinkevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakulin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krstevski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatematsu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shugaev, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukhari, H. S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujikawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onodera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henkel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicol, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nye, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reade, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eterna participants,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.24.581671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribonanza: deep learning of RNA structure through dual crowdsourcing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.25.581990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct streams for supervised and unsupervised learning in the visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.25.581990v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Representation learning in neural networks may be implemented with supervised or unsupervised algorithms, distinguished by the availability of feedback. In sensory cortex, perceptual learning drives neural plasticity, but it is not known if this is due to supervised or unsupervised learning. Here we recorded populations of up to 90,000 neurons simultaneously from the primary visual cortex (V1) and higher visual areas (HVA), while mice learned multiple tasks as well as during unrewarded exposure to the same stimuli. Similar to previous studies, we found that neural changes in task mice were correlated with their behavioral learning. However, the neural changes were mostly replicated in mice with unrewarded exposure, suggesting that the changes were in fact due to unsupervised learning. The neural plasticity was concentrated in the medial HVAs and obeyed visual, rather than spatial, learning rules. In task mice only, we found a ramping reward prediction signal in anterior HVAs, potentially involved in supervised learning. Our neural results predict that unsupervised learning may accelerate subsequent task learning, a prediction which we validated with behavioral experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptista, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattoni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flickinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.25.581990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct streams for supervised and unsupervised learning in the visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.22.581560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NSD2 is a requisite subunit of the AR/FOXA1 neo-enhanceosome in promoting prostate tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.22.581560v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-responsive transcription factor that binds at enhancers to drive terminal differentiation of the prostatic luminal epithelia. By contrast, in tumors originating from these cells, AR chromatin occupancy is extensively reprogrammed to drive hyper-proliferative, metastatic, or therapy-resistant phenotypes, the molecular mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the tumor-specific enhancer circuitry of AR is critically reliant on the activity of Nuclear Receptor Binding SET Domain Protein 2 (NSD2), a histone 3 lysine 36 di-methyltransferase. NSD2 expression is abnormally gained in prostate cancer cells and its functional inhibition impairs AR trans-activation potential through partial off-loading from over 40,000 genomic sites, which is greater than 65% of the AR tumor cistrome. The NSD2-dependent AR sites distinctly harbor a chimeric AR-half motif juxtaposed to a FOXA1 element. Similar chimeric motifs of AR are absent at the NSD2-independent AR enhancers and instead contain the canonical palindromic motifs. Meta-analyses of AR cistromes from patient tumors uncovered chimeric AR motifs to exclusively participate in tumor-specific enhancer circuitries, with a minimal role in the physiological activity of AR. Accordingly, NSD2 inactivation attenuated hallmark cancer phenotypes that were fully reinstated upon exogenous NSD2 re-expression. Inactivation of NSD2 also engendered increased dependency on its paralog NSD1, which independently maintained AR and MYC hyper-transcriptional programs in cancer cells. Concordantly, a dual NSD1/2 PROTAC degrader, called LLC0150, was preferentially cytotoxic in AR-dependent prostate cancer as well as NSD2-altered hematologic malignancies. Altogether, we identify NSD2 as a novel subunit of the AR neo-enhanceosome that wires prostate cancer gene expression programs, positioning NSD1/2 as viable paralog co-targets in advanced prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parolia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyunni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ur Rasool, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell-Velasquez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajjala, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusayan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavana, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asangani, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NSD2 is a requisite subunit of the AR/FOXA1 neo-enhanceosome in promoting prostate tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.26.582199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-existing visual responses in a projection-defined dopamine population explain individual learning trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.26.582199v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning a new task is challenging because the world is high dimensional, with only a subset of features being reward-relevant. What neural mechanisms contribute to initial task acquisition, and why do some individuals learn a new task much more quickly than others? To address these questions, we recorded longitudinally from dopamine (DA) axon terminals in mice learning a visual task. Across striatum, DA responses tracked idiosyncratic and side-specific learning trajectories. However, even before any rewards were delivered, contralateral-side-specific visual responses were present in DA terminals only in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS). These pre-existing responses predicted the extent of learning for contralateral stimuli. Moreover, activation of these terminals improved contralateral performance. Thus, the initial conditions of a projection-specific and feature-specific DA signal help explain individual learning trajectories. More broadly, this work implies that functional heterogeneity across DA projections serves to bias target regions towards learning about different subsets of task features, providing a mechanism to address the dimensionality of the initial task learning problem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Araujo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMannon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haetzel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Brain Laboratory, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.26.582199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-existing visual responses in a projection-defined dopamine population explain individual learning trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The microbiome interacts with the circadian clock and dietary composition to regulate metabolite cycling in the gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582770v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiome plays a key role in the maintenance of host metabolic homeostasis and health. Most metabolic processes cycle with a 24-hour rhythm, but the extent to which the microbiome influences metabolite cycling under different conditions, such as variations in dietary composition, remains largely unknown. In this study, we utilized high temporal resolution metabolite profiling of the Drosophila gut to investigate the role of the microbiome in metabolite cycling. We find that the microbiome increases the number of oscillating metabolites despite the previous finding that it dampens transcript cycling in the gut. Time restricted feeding (TF) also promotes metabolite cycling and does so to a larger extent in germ-free flies, thereby increasing cycling in these flies to levels comparable to those in microbiome containing flies. Enhancement of cycling by the microbiome depends upon a circadian clock, which also maintains phase in the face of changes in the microbiome. Interestingly, a high-protein diet increases microbiome- dependent metabolite cycling, while a high sugar diet suppresses it. Gene Ontology identifies amino acid metabolism as the metabolic pathway most affected by changes in the gut microbiome, the circadian clock and timed feeding, suggesting that it is subject to regulation by multiple inputs. Collectively, our observations highlight a key role of the gut microbiome in host metabolite cycling, and reveal a complex interaction with internal and external factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noya, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The microbiome interacts with the circadian clock and dietary composition to regulate metabolite cycling in the gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.27.582293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIRT2-Mediated ACSS2 K271 Deacetylation Suppresses Lipogenesis Under Nutrient Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.27.582293v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo lipogenesis is associated with the development of human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity. At the core of lipogenesis lies acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), a metabolite that plays a crucial role in fatty acid synthesis. One of the pathways contributing to the production of cytosolic acetyl-CoA is mediated by acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2). Here, we reveal that when cells encounter nutrient stress, particularly a deficiency in amino acids, Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) catalyzes the deacetylation of ACSS2 at the lysine residue K271. This results in K271 ubiquitination and subsequently proteasomal degradation of ACSS2. Substitution of K271 leads to decreased ubiquitination of ACSS2, increased ACSS2 protein level, and thus increased lipogenesis. Our study uncovers a mechanism that cells employ to efficiently manage lipogenesis during periods of nutrient stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.27.582293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIRT2-Mediated ACSS2 K271 Deacetylation Suppresses Lipogenesis Under Nutrient Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hachiman is a genome integrity sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582594v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hachiman is a broad-spectrum antiphage defense system of unknown function. We show here that Hachiman comprises a heterodimeric nuclease-helicase complex, HamAB. HamA, previously a protein of unknown function, is the effector nuclease. HamB is the sensor helicase. HamB constrains HamA activity during surveillance of intact dsDNA. When the HamAB complex detects DNA damage, HamB helicase activity liberates HamA, unleashing nuclease activity. Hachiman activation degrades all DNA in the cell, creating  phantom cells devoid of both phage and host DNA. We demonstrate Hachiman activation in the absence of phage by treatment with DNA-damaging agents, suggesting that Hachiman responds to aberrant DNA states. Phylogenetic similarities between the Hachiman helicase and eukaryotic enzymes suggest this bacterial immune system has been repurposed for diverse functions across all domains of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuck, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hachiman is a genome integrity sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.27.582310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional overlap between the mammalian SAR1A and SAR1B paralogs in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.27.582310v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins carrying a signal peptide and/or a transmembrane domain enter the intracellular secretory pathway at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are transported to the Golgi apparatus via COPII vesicles or tubules. SAR1 initiates COPII coat assembly by recruiting other coat proteins to the ER membrane. Mammalian genomes encode two SAR1 paralogs, SAR1A and SAR1B. While these paralogs exhibit [~]90% amino acid sequence identity, it is unknown whether they perform distinct or overlapping functions in vivo. We now report that genetic inactivation of Sar1a in mice results in lethality during mid-embryogenesis. We also confirm previous reports that complete deficiency of murine Sar1b results in perinatal lethality. In contrast, we demonstrate that deletion of Sar1b restricted to hepatocytes is compatible with survival, though resulting in hypocholesterolemia that can be rescued by adenovirus-mediated overexpression of either SAR1A or SAR1B. To further examine the in vivo function of these 2 paralogs, we genetically engineered mice with the Sar1a coding sequence replacing that of Sar1b at the endogenous Sar1b locus. Mice homozygous for this allele survive to adulthood and are phenotypically normal, demonstrating complete or near-complete overlap in function between the two SAR1 protein paralogs in mice. These data also suggest upregulation of SAR1A gene expression as a potential approach for the treatment of SAR1B deficiency (chylomicron retention disease) in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbineni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoenerhoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmer, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoriaty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsburg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.27.582310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional overlap between the mammalian SAR1A and SAR1B paralogs in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.26.582181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome concentration limits cell growth and modulates proteome composition in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.26.582181v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defining the cellular factors that drive growth rate and proteome composition is essential for understanding and manipulating cellular systems. In bacteria, ribosome concentration is known to be a constraining factor of cell growth rate, while gene concentration is usually assumed not to be limiting. Here, using single-molecule tracking, quantitative single-cell microscopy, and modeling, we show that genome dilution in Escherichia coli cells arrested for DNA replication limits total RNA polymerase activity within physiological cell sizes across tested nutrient conditions. This rapid-onset limitation on bulk transcription results in sub-linear scaling of total active ribosomes with cell size and sub-exponential growth. Such downstream effects on bulk translation and cell growth are near-immediately detectable in a nutrient-rich medium, but delayed in nutrient-poor conditions, presumably due to cellular buffering activities. RNA sequencing and tandem-mass-tag mass spectrometry experiments further reveal that genome dilution remodels the relative abundance of mRNAs and proteins with cell size at a global level. Altogether, our findings indicate that chromosome concentration is a limiting factor of transcription and a global modulator of the transcriptome and proteome composition in E. coli. Experiments in Caulobacter crescentus and comparison with eukaryotic cell studies identify broadly conserved DNA concentration-dependent scaling principles of gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papagiannakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinov, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skotheim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.26.582181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome concentration limits cell growth and modulates proteome composition in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecture and flexibility of native kinetochores revealed by structural studies utilizing a thermophilic yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582571v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic chromosome segregation requires kinetochores, multi-megadalton protein machines that assemble on the centromeres of chromosomes and mediate attachments to dynamic spindle microtubules. Kinetochores are built from numerous complexes, and understanding how they are arranged is key to understanding how kinetochores perform their multiple functions. However, an integrated understanding of kinetochore architecture has not yet been established. To address this, we purified functional, native kinetochores from Kluyveromyces marxianus and examined them by electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography and atomic force microscopy. The kinetochores are extremely large, flexible assemblies that exhibit features consistent with prior models. We assigned kinetochore polarity by visualizing their interactions with microtubules and locating the microtubule binder Ndc80c. This work shows that isolated kinetochores are more dynamic and complex than what might be anticipated based on the known structures of recombinant subassemblies, and provides the foundation to study the global architecture and functions of kinetochores at a structural level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrero, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijeratne, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funabiki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecture and flexibility of native kinetochores revealed by structural studies utilizing a thermophilic yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIKfyve controls dendritic cell function and tumor immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582543v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The modern armamentarium for cancer treatment includes immunotherapy and targeted therapy, such as protein kinase inhibitors. However, the mechanisms that allow cancer-targeting drugs to effectively mobilize dendritic cells (DCs) and affect immunotherapy are poorly understood. Here, we report that among shared gene targets of clinically relevant protein kinase inhibitors, high PIKFYVE expression was least predictive of complete response in patients who received immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). In immune cells, high PIKFYVE expression in DCs was associated with worse response to ICB. Genetic and pharmacological studies demonstrated that PIKfyve ablation enhanced DC function via selectively altering the alternate/non-canonical NF-{kappa}B pathway. Both loss of Pikfyve in DCs and treatment with apilimod, a potent and specific PIKfyve inhibitor, restrained tumor growth, enhanced DC-dependent T cell immunity, and potentiated ICB efficacy in tumor-bearing mouse models. Furthermore, the combination of a vaccine adjuvant and apilimod reduced tumor progression in vivo. Thus, PIKfyve negatively controls DCs, and PIKfyve inhibition has promise for cancer immunotherapy and vaccine treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryczek, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurkan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, J. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazdani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parolia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vatan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIKfyve controls dendritic cell function and tumor immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of cis-regulatory elements in transcription with KAS-ATAC-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582869v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are pivotal in orchestrating gene expression throughout diverse biological systems. Accurate identification and in-depth characterization of functional CREs are crucial for decoding gene regulation network and dynamics during cellular processes. In this study, we developed Kethoxal-Assisted Single-stranded DNA Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with Sequencing (KAS-ATAC-seq) to provide quantitative insights into transcriptional activity of CREs. A main advantage of KAS-ATAC-seq lies in its precise measurement of ssDNA levels within both proximal and distal ATAC-seq peaks, enabling the identification of transcriptional regulatory sequences in genomes. This feature is particularly adept at defining Single-Stranded Transcribing Enhancers (SSTEs). SSTEs are highly enriched with nascent RNA transcription and specific transcription factors (TFs) binding sites that determine cellular identity. Moreover, KAS-ATAC-seq provides a detailed characterization and functional implications of various SSTE subtypes; KAS-ATAC-seq signals on SSTEs exhibit more robust correlation with enhancer activities when compared with ATAC-seq data and active histone mark profiles. Our analysis of promoters and SSTEs during mouse neural differentiation demonstrates that KAS-ATAC-seq can effectively identify immediate-early activated CREs in response to retinoic acid (RA) treatment. We further discovered that ETS TFs and YY1 are critical in initiating early neural differentiation from mESCs to NPCs. Our findings indicate that KAS-ATAC-seq provides more precise annotation of functional CREs in transcription. Future applications of KAS-ATAC-seq would help elucidate the intricate dynamics of gene regulation in diverse biological processes and biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative analysis of cis-regulatory elements in transcription with KAS-ATAC-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of an orally bioavailable mSWI/SNF ATPase degrader and acquired mechanisms of resistance in prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582768v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian switch/sucrose non-fermentable (mSWI/SNF) ATPase degraders have been shown to be effective in enhancer-driven cancers by functioning to impede oncogenic transcription factor chromatin accessibility. Here, we developed AU-24118, a first-in-class, orally bioavailable proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degrader of mSWI/SNF ATPases (SMARCA2 and SMARCA4) and PBRM1. AU-24118 demonstrated tumor regression in a model of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) which was further enhanced with combination enzalutamide treatment, a standard of care androgen receptor (AR) antagonist used in CRPC patients. Importantly, AU-24118 exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles in preclinical analyses in mice and rats, and further toxicity testing in mice showed a favorable safety profile. As acquired resistance is common with targeted cancer therapeutics, experiments were designed to explore potential mechanisms of resistance that may arise with long-term mSWI/SNF ATPase PROTAC treatment. Prostate cancer cell lines exposed to long-term treatment with high doses of a mSWI/SNF ATPase degrader developed SMARCA4 bromodomain mutations and ABCB1 overexpression as acquired mechanisms of resistance. Intriguingly, while SMARCA4 mutations provided specific resistance to mSWI/SNF degraders, ABCB1 overexpression provided broader resistance to other potent PROTAC degraders targeting bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and AR. The ABCB1 inhibitor, zosuquidar, reversed resistance to all three PROTAC degraders tested. Combined, these findings position mSWI/SNF degraders for clinical translation for patients with enhancer-driven cancers and define strategies to overcome resistance mechanisms that may arise.

Significance StatementThe mSWI/SNF complex is a promising therapeutic target for enhancer-driven cancers. PROTACs, which enable the targeting of "undruggable" proteins, often face the challenge of achieving oral bioavailability. Here, we present AU-24118, a first-in-class, orally bioavailable mSWI/SNF ATPase dual degrader with remarkable efficacy in in vitro and in vivo models. Additionally, our study describes two distinct mechanisms of resistance to PROTAC degraders, providing crucial insights into potential challenges facing their clinical application. These findings are critical for advancing PROTAC-based therapies to clinical settings as targeted therapies for cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miner, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, V. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuila, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aithal, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D.S., S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbineni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parolia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of an orally bioavailable mSWI/SNF ATPase degrader and acquired mechanisms of resistance in prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct measurement of RNA Polymerase II hypertranscription in cancer FFPE samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582647v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide hypertranscription is common in hu-man cancer and predicts poor prognosis. To under-stand how hypertranscription might drive cancer, we applied our FFPE-CUTAC method for mapping RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) genome-wide in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections. We demonstrate global RNAPII elevations in mouse gliomas and assort-ed human tumors in small clinical samples and discov-er regional elevations corresponding to de novo HER2 amplifications punctuated by likely selective sweeps. RNAPII occupancy at replication-coupled histone genes correlated with WHO grade in meningiomas, ac-curately predicted rapid recurrence, and corresponded to whole-arm chromosome losses. Elevated RNAPII at histone genes in meningiomas and diverse breast cancers is consistent with histone production being rate-limiting for S-phase progression and histone gene hypertranscription driving overproliferation and aneu-ploidy in cancer, with general implications for precision oncology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paranal, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szulzewsky, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct measurement of RNA Polymerase II hypertranscription in cancer FFPE samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kruppel-like Factor (KLF) family members control expression of genes required for serous cavity and alveolar macrophage identities 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582578v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue-resident macrophages adopt distinct gene expression profiles and exhibit functional specialization based on their tissue of residence. Recent studies have begun to define the signals and transcription factors that induce these identities. Here we describe an unexpected and specific role for the broadly expressed transcription factor Kruppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2) in the development of embryonically derived Large Cavity Macrophages (LCM) in the serous cavities. KLF2 not only directly regulates the transcription of genes previously shown to specify LCM identity, such as retinoic acid receptors and GATA6, but also is required for induction of many other transcripts that define the identity of these cells. We identify a similar role for KLF4 in regulating the identity of alveolar macrophages in the lung. These data demonstrate that broadly expressed transcription factors, such as Group 2 KLFs, can play important roles in the specification of distinct identities of tissue-resident macrophages.

SUMMARYPrevious studies have identified many specific regulators of macrophage development. This work reveals the requirement of members of the Group 2 KLF transcription factor family in the determination of the identity of distinct tissue-resident macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pestal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slayden, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kruppel-like Factor (KLF) family members control expression of genes required for serous cavity and alveolar macrophage identities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.02.583109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-guided aminoacylation and assembly of chimeric RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.02.583109v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coded ribosomal peptide synthesis could not have evolved unless its sequence and amino acid specific aminoacylated tRNA substrates already existed. We therefore wondered whether aminoacylated RNAs might have served some primordial function prior to their role in protein synthesis. Here we show that specific RNA sequences can be nonenzymatically aminoacylated and ligated to produce amino acid-bridged stem-loop RNAs. We used deep sequencing to identify RNAs that undergo highly efficient glycine aminoacylation followed by loop-closing ligation. The crystal structure of one such glycine-bridged RNA hairpin reveals a compact internally stabilized structure with the same eponymous T-loop architecture found in modern tRNA. We demonstrate that the T-loop assisted amino acid bridging of RNA oligonucleotides enables the rapid template-free assembly of a chimeric version of an aminoacyl-RNA synthetase ribozyme. We suggest that the primordial assembly of such chimeric ribozymes would have allowed the greater functionality of amino acids to contribute to enhanced ribozyme catalysis, providing a driving force for the evolution of sequence and amino acid specific aminoacyl-RNA synthetase enzymes prior to their role in protein synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radakovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todisco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitken, H. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirilli, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.02.583109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-guided aminoacylation and assembly of chimeric RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neuronsrapidly drives homeostatic sleep pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582852v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homeostatic sleep regulation is essential for optimizing the amount and timing of sleep, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Optogenetic activation of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons immediately increased sleep propensity following transient wakefulness. Fiber photometry showed that repeated optogenetic or sensory stimulation caused rapid declines of locus coeruleus calcium activity and noradrenaline release. This suggests that functional fatigue of noradrenergic neurons, which reduces their wake-promoting capacity, contributes to sleep pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silverman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmohray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neuronsrapidly drives homeostatic sleep pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prioritizing replay when future goals are unknown 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.29.582822v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although hippocampal place cells replay nonlocal trajectories, the computational function of these events remains controversial. One hypothesis, formalized in a prominent reinforcement learning account, holds that replay plans routes to current goals. However, recent puzzling data appear to contradict this perspective by showing that replayed destinations lag current goals. These results may support an alternative hypothesis that replay updates route information to build a "cognitive map." Yet no similar theory exists to formalize this view, it is unclear how such a map is represented or what role replay plays in computing it. We address these gaps by introducing a theory of replay that learns a map of routes to candidate goals, before reward is available or when its location may change. Replay is then focused on current goals (as with planning) and/or potential future goals (like a map), depending on the animals expectations about future goal switching. Our work thus generalizes the planning account to capture a general map-building function for replay, reconciling it with data, and revealing an unexpected relationship between the seemingly distinct hypotheses. The theory offers a unifying explanation why data from tasks with different goal dynamics have seemingly supported different hypotheses for the function of replay, and suggests new predictions for experiments testing these effects.

Graphical Abstract

HighlightsO_LIA reinforcement learning model explains how to use replay to build a cognitive map for navigation
C_LIO_LIMap-building replay explains recent replay data from goal-switching tasks that stymie previous theoretical accounts
C_LIO_LIModel predicts replay in the absence of rewards as well as sensitivity of replay to goal statistics
C_LIO_LIModel suggests planning-like replay is a special case of map-like replay
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sagiv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prioritizing replay when future goals are unknown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.01.582935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocytic thrombospondins 1 and 2 are required for cortical synapse development controlling instrumental performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.01.582935v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development, controlled synaptogenesis is required to form functioning neural circuits that underlie cognition and behavior. Astrocytes, a major glial-cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), promote synapse formation by secreting synaptogenic proteins. Thrombospondins 1 and 2 (TSP1/2), which act through their neuronal receptor 2{delta}-1, are required for proper intracortical excitatory synaptogenesis. In the adult brain, the loss of 2{delta}-1 impairs training-induced excitatory synaptogenesis in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and this impairment leads to increased effort-exertion during high-effort tasks. Here, we tested whether TSP1 and TSP2 are required for controlling effort during operant conditioning by using a lever press for food reward training in mice. Surprisingly, we found that constitutive loss of TSP1/2 significantly reduced lever pressing performance when the effort required for a food reward was increased, a phenotype opposite of 2{delta}-1 loss. Loss of TSP1/2 reduced excitatory synapse number significantly in adult brains. However, in the ACC of TSP1/2 knockout mice, there was still training-induced excitatory synaptogenesis, likely through the upregulation of TSP4, a TSP isoform that is also synaptogenic. Unexpectedly, we also found a significant increase in inhibitory synapse number and function in the ACC of TSP1/2 knockout mice, which was eliminated after training. Finally, we found that astrocyte-specific ablation of TSP1/2 in developing but not adult astrocytes is sufficient to reduce performance during high-effort tasks. Taken together, our study highlights the importance of developmental astrocyte-derived synaptogenic cues TSP1 and 2 in establishing excitatory and inhibitory circuits that control effort during operant conditioning in adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawal, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulloa Severino, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindu, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.582935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocytic thrombospondins 1 and 2 are required for cortical synapse development controlling instrumental performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.02.583085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the impact of Brd2 depletion on chromatin compartmentalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.02.583085v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent insights into genome organization have emphasized the importance of A/B chromatin compartments. While our previous research showed that Brd2 depletion weakens compartment boundaries and promotes A/B mixing 1, Hinojosa-Gonzalez et al.2 were unable to replicate the findings. In response, we revisited our Micro-C data and successfully replicated the original results using the default parameters in the cooltools software package. We show that, after correcting inconsistencies with the selection and phasing of the compartment profiles, the decrease in B compartment strength persists but the change in compartment identity is to a much lesser extent than originally reported. To further assess the regulatory role of Brd2, we used saddle plots to determine the strength of compartmentalization and observed a consistent decrease of compartment strength especially at B compartments upon Brd2 depletion. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate parameters and analytical tools for compartment analysis and carefully interpreting the results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Athreya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.02.583085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the impact of Brd2 depletion on chromatin compartmentalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.07.583776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dense, Continuous Membrane Labeling and Expansion Microscopy Visualization of Ultrastructure in Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.07.583776v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid membranes are key to the nanoscale compartmentalization of biological systems, but fluorescent visualization of them in intact tissues, with nanoscale precision, is challenging to do with high labeling density. Here, we report ultrastructural membrane expansion microscopy (umExM), which combines a novel membrane label and optimized expansion microscopy protocol, to support dense labeling of membranes in tissues for nanoscale visualization. We validated the high signal-to-background ratio, and uniformity and continuity, of umExM membrane labeling in brain slices, which supported the imaging of membranes and proteins at a resolution of [~]60 nm on a confocal microscope. We demonstrated the utility of umExM for the segmentation and tracing of neuronal processes, such as axons, in mouse brain tissue. Combining umExM with optical fluctuation imaging, or iterating the expansion process, yielded [~]35 nm resolution imaging, pointing towards the potential for electron microscopy resolution visualization of brain membranes on ordinary light microscopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagiannis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emenari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symvoulidis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IMAXT Grand Challenge Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marblestone, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.07.583776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dense, Continuous Membrane Labeling and Expansion Microscopy Visualization of Ultrastructure in Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.08.584077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The auditory midbrain mediates tactile vibration sensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.08.584077v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrations are ubiquitous in nature, shaping behavior across the animal kingdom. For mammals, mechanical vibrations acting on the body are detected by mechanoreceptors of the skin and deep tissues and processed by the somatosensory system, while sound waves traveling through air are captured by the cochlea and encoded in the auditory system. Here, we report that mechanical vibrations detected by the bodys Pacinian corpuscle neurons, which are unique in their ability to entrain to high frequency (40-1000 Hz) environmental vibrations, are prominently encoded by neurons in the lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus (LCIC) of the midbrain. Remarkably, most LCIC neurons receive convergent Pacinian and auditory input and respond more strongly to coincident tactile-auditory stimulation than to either modality alone. Moreover, the LCIC is required for behavioral responses to high frequency mechanical vibrations. Thus, environmental vibrations captured by Pacinian corpuscles are encoded in the auditory midbrain to mediate behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huey, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delisle, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dua, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarafis, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobble, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodrich, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The auditory midbrain mediates tactile vibration sensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.04.583333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light and dopamine impact two circadian neurons to promote morning wakefulness 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.04.583333v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In both mammals and flies, circadian brain neurons orchestrate physiological oscillations and behaviors like wake and sleep; these neurons can be subdivided by morphology and by gene expression patterns. Recent single-cell sequencing studies identified 17 Drosophila circadian neuron groups. One of these include only two lateral neurons (LNs), which are marked by the expression of the neuropeptide ion transport peptide (ITP). Although these two ITP+ LNs have long been grouped with five other circadian evening activity cells, inhibiting the two neurons alone strongly reduces morning activity; this indicates that they are prominent morning neurons. As dopamine signaling promotes activity in Drosophila like in mammals, we considered that dopamine might influence this morning activity function. Moreover, the ITP+ LNs express higher mRNA levels than other LNs of the type 1-like dopamine receptor Dop1R1. Consistent with the importance of Dop1R1, CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of this receptor only in the two ITP+ LNs renders flies significantly less active in the morning, and ex vivo live imaging shows that dopamine increases cAMP levels in these two neurons; cell-specific mutagenesis of Dop1R1 eliminates this cAMP response to dopamine. Notably, the response is more robust in the morning, reflecting higher morning Dop1R1 mRNA levels in the two neurons. As morning levels are not elevated in constant darkness, this suggests light-dependent upregulation of morning Dop1R1 transcript levels. Taken together with enhanced morning cAMP response to dopamine, the data indicate how light stimulates morning wakefulness in flies, which mimics the important effect of light on morning wakefulness in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light and dopamine impact two circadian neurons to promote morning wakefulness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.08.584176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput sequencing-based neutralization assay reveals how repeated vaccinations impact titers to recent human H1N1 influenza strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.08.584176v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high genetic diversity of influenza viruses means that traditional serological assays have too low throughput to measure serum antibody neutralization titers against all relevant strains. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a sequencing-based neutralization assay that simultaneously measures titers against many viral strains using small serum volumes via a workflow similar to traditional neutralization assays. The key innovation is to incorporate unique nucleotide barcodes into the hemagglutinin (HA) genomic segment, and then pool viruses with numerous different barcoded HA variants and quantify infectivity of all of them simultaneously using next-generation sequencing. With this approach, a single researcher performed the equivalent of 2,880 traditional neutralization assays (80 serum samples against 36 viral strains) in approximately one month. We applied the sequencing-based assay to quantify the impact of influenza vaccination on neutralization titers against recent human H1N1 strains for individuals who had or had not also received a vaccine in the previous year. We found that the viral strain specificities of the neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination vary among individuals, and that vaccination induced a smaller increase in titers for individuals who had also received a vaccine the previous year--although the titers six months after vaccination were similar in individuals with and without the previous-year vaccination. We also identified a subset of individuals with low titers to a subclade of recent H1N1 even after vaccination. This study demonstrates the utility of high-throughput sequencing-based neutralization assays that enable titers to be simultaneously measured against many different viral strains. We provide a detailed experimental protocol (DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.kqdg3xdmpg25/v1) and a computational pipeline (https://github.com/jbloomlab/seqneut-pipeline) for the sequencing-based neutralization assays to facilitate the use of this method by others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarabi, R. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touyon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannon, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowling, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput sequencing-based neutralization assay reveals how repeated vaccinations impact titers to recent human H1N1 influenza strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.09.584243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional spatio-angular fluorescence microscopy with a polarized dual-view inverted selective-plane illumination microscope (pol-diSPIM) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.09.584243v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polarized fluorescence microscopy is a valuable tool for measuring molecular orientations, but techniques for recovering three-dimensional orientations and positions of fluorescent ensembles are limited. We report a polarized dual-view light-sheet system for determining the three-dimensional orientations and diffraction-limited positions of ensembles of fluorescent dipoles that label biological structures, and we share a set of visualization, histogram, and profiling tools for interpreting these positions and orientations. We model our samples, their excitation, and their detection using coarse-grained representations we call orientation distribution functions (ODFs). We apply ODFs to create physics-informed models of image formation with spatio-angular point-spread and transfer functions. We use theory and experiment to conclude that light-sheet tilting is a necessary part of our design for recovering all three-dimensional orientations. We use our system to extend known two-dimensional results to three dimensions in FM1-43-labelled giant unilamellar vesicles, fast-scarlet-labelled cellulose in xylem cells, and phalloidin-labelled actin in U2OS cells. Additionally, we observe phalloidin-labelled actin in mouse fibroblasts grown on grids of labelled nanowires and identify correlations between local actin alignment and global cell-scale orientation, indicating cellular coordination across length scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agashe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskin, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamouille, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenbourg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.09.584243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional spatio-angular fluorescence microscopy with a polarized dual-view inverted selective-plane illumination microscope (pol-diSPIM)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.12.583048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
miRNA circuit modules for precise, tunable control of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.12.583048v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate control of transgene expression is important for research and therapy but challenging to achieve in most settings. miRNA-based regulatory circuits can be incorporated within transgenes for improved control. However, the design principles, performance limits, and applications of these circuits in research and biotechnology have not been systematically determined. Here, combining modeling and experiments, we introduce miRNA-based circuit modules, termed DIMMERs, that establish precise, tunable control of transgene expression across diverse cell types to facilitate imaging, editing, and gene therapy. The circuits use multivalent miRNA regulatory interactions to achieve nearly uniform, tunable, protein expression over two orders of magnitude variation in gene dosage. They function across diverse cell types, and can be multiplexed for independent regulation of multiple genes. DIMMERs reduce off-target CRISPR base editing, improve single-molecule imaging, and allow live tracking of AAV-delivered transgene expression in mouse cortical neurons. DIMMERs thus enable accurate regulation for research and biotechnology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honsa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.583048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[miRNA circuit modules for precise, tunable control of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.09.584235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of meiotic recombination in Drosophila simulans shows heterozygous inversions do not cause an interchromosomal effect 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.09.584235v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome inversions are of unique importance in the evolution of genomes and species because when heterozygous with a standard arrangement chromosome, they suppress meiotic crossovers within the inversion. In Drosophila species, heterozygous inversions also cause the interchromosomal effect, whereby the presence of a heterozygous inversion induces a dramatic increase in crossover frequencies in the remainder of the genome within a single meiosis. To date, the interchromosomal effect has been studied exclusively in species that also have high frequencies of inversions in wild populations. We took advantage of a recently developed approach for generating inversions in Drosophila simulans, a species that does not have inversions in wild populations, to ask if there is an interchromosomal effect. We used the existing chromosome 3R balancer and generated a new chromosome 2L balancer to assay for the interchromosomal effect genetically and cytologically. We found no evidence of an interchromosomal effect in D. simulans. To gain insight into the underlying mechanistic reasons, we qualitatively analyzed the relationship between meiotic double-strand break formation and synaptonemal complex assembly. We find that the synaptonemal complex is assembled prior to double-strand break formation as in D. melanogaster; however, we show that the synaptonemal complex is assembled prior to localization of the oocyte determination factor Orb, whereas in D. melanogaster, synaptonemal complex formation does not begin until Orb is localized. Together, our data show heterozygous inversions in D. simulans do not induce an interchromosomal effect and that there are differences in the developmental programming of the early stages of meiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Man, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadlakonda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crown, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.09.584235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of meiotic recombination in Drosophila simulans shows heterozygous inversions do not cause an interchromosomal effect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.12.584650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent expansion, selection and hypervariability of the TBC1D3 gene family in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.12.584650v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TBC1D3 is a primate-specific gene family that has expanded in the human lineage and has been implicated in neuronal progenitor proliferation and expansion of the frontal cortex. The gene family and its expression have been challenging to investigate because it is embedded in high-identity and highly variable segmental duplications. We sequenced and assembled the gene family using long-read sequencing data from 34 humans and 11 nonhuman primate species. Our analysis shows that this particular gene family has independently duplicated in at least five primate lineages, and the duplicated loci are enriched at sites of large-scale chromosomal rearrangements on chromosome 17. We find that most humans vary along two TBC1D3 clusters where human haplotypes are highly variable in copy number, differing by as many as 20 copies, and structure (structural heterozygosity 90%). We also show evidence of positive selection, as well as a significant change in the predicted human TBC1D3 protein sequence. Lastly, we find that, despite multiple duplications, human TBC1D3 expression is limited to a subset of copies and, most notably, from a single paralog group: TBC1D3-CDKL. These observations may help explain why a gene potentially important in cortical development can be so variable in the human population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitart, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knuth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent expansion, selection and hypervariability of the TBC1D3 gene family in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.14.584471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced mucosal mitochondrial function corrects dysbiosis and OXPHOS metabolism in IBD 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.14.584471v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMitochondrial (Mito) dysfunction in IBD reduces mucosal O2 consumption and increases O2 delivery to the microbiome. Increased enteric O2 promotes blooms of facultative anaerobes (eg. Proteobacteria) and restricts obligate anaerobes (eg. Firmicutes). Dysbiotic metabolites negatively affect host metabolism and immunity. Our novel compound (AuPhos) upregulates intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) mito function, attenuates colitis and corrects dysbiosis in humanized Il10-/- mice. We posit that AuPhos corrects IBD-associated dysbiotic metabolism.

MethodsPrimary effect of AuPhos on mucosal Mito respiration and healing process was studied in ex vivo treated human colonic biopsies and piroxicam-accelerated (Px) Il10-/- mice. Secondary effect on microbiome was tested in DSS-colitis WT B6 and germ-free 129.SvEv WT or Il10-/- mice reconstituted with human IBD stool (Hu-Il10-/-). Mice were treated orally with AuPhos (10- or 25- mg/kg; q3d) or vehicle, stool samples collected for fecal lipocalin-2 (f-LCN2) assay and microbiome analyses using 16S rRNA sequencing. AuPhos effect on microbial metabolites was determined using untargeted global metabolomics. AuPhos-induced hypoxia in IECs was assessed by Hypoxyprobe-1 staining in sections from pimonidazole HCl-infused DSS-mice. Effect of AuPhos on enteric oxygenation was assessed by E. coli Nissle 1917 WT (aerobic respiration-proficient) and cytochrome oxidase (cydA) mutant (aerobic respiration-deficient).

ResultsMetagenomic (16S) analysis revealed AuPhos reduced relative abundances of Proteobacteria and increased blooms of Firmicutes in uninflamed B6 WT, DSS-colitis, Hu-WT and Hu-Il10-/- mice. AuPhos also increased hypoxyprobe-1 staining in surface IECs suggesting enhanced O2 utilization. AuPhos-induced anaerobiosis was confirmed by a significant increase in cydA mutant compared to WT (O2-utlizing) E.coli. Ex vivo treatment of human biopsies with AuPhos showed significant increase in Mito mass, and complexes I and IV. Further, gene expression analysis of AuPhos-treated biopsies showed increase in stem cell markers (Lgr4, Lgr5, Lrig1), with concomitant decreases in pro-inflammatory markers (IL1{beta},MCP1, RankL). Histological investigation of AuPhos-fed Px-Il10-/- mice showed significantly decreased colitis score in AuPhos-treated Px-Il10-/- mice, with decrease in mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase in Mito complexes (ND5, ATP6). AuPhos significantly altered microbial metabolites associated with SCFA synthesis, FAO, TCA cycle, tryptophan and polyamine biosynthesis pathways. AuPhos increased pyruvate, 4-hydroxybutyrate, 2-hydroxyglutarate and succinate, suggesting an upregulation of pyruvate and glutarate pathways of butyrate production. AuPhos reduced IBD-associated primary bile acids (BA) with concomitant increase in secondary BA (SBA). AuPhos treatment significantly decreased acylcarnitines and increased L-carnitine reflective of enhanced FAO. AuPhos increases TCA cycle intermediates and creatine, energy reservoir substrates indicating enhanced OxPHOS. Besides, AuPhos also upregulates tryptophan metabolism, decreases Kynurenine and its derivatives, and increases polyamine biosynthesis pathway (Putresceine and Spermine).

ConclusionThese findings indicate that AuPhos-enhanced IEC mitochondrial function reduces enteric O2 delivery, which corrects disease-associated metabolomics by restoring short-chain fatty acids, SBA, AA and IEC energy metabolism.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=110 SRC="FIGDIR/small/584471v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kapur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wempe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhogoju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goretsky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awuah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sator, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.584471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced mucosal mitochondrial function corrects dysbiosis and OXPHOS metabolism in IBD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.13.584179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic dosage-compensating miRNA circuits for quantitative gene therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.13.584179v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A longstanding challenge in gene therapy is expressing a dosage-sensitive gene within a tight therapeutic window. For example, loss of MECP2 function causes Rett syndrome, while its duplication causes MECP2 duplication syndrome. Viral gene delivery methods generate variable numbers of gene copies in individual cells, creating a need for gene dosage-invariant expression systems. Here, we introduce a compact miRNA-based, incoherent feed-forward loop circuit that achieves precise control of Mecp2 expression in cells and brains, and improves outcomes in an AAV-based mouse model of Rett syndrome gene therapy. Single molecule analysis of endogenous and ectopic Mecp2 mRNA revealed precise, sustained expression across a broad range of gene dosages. Delivered systemically in a brain-targeting AAV capsid, the circuit strongly suppressed Rett behavioral symptoms for over 24 weeks, outperforming an unregulated gene therapy. These results demonstrate that synthetic miRNA-based regulatory circuits can enable precise in vivo expression to improve the safety and efficacy of gene therapy.

One sentence description: A synthetic miRNA-based incoherent feed-forward loop circuit embedded in a gene delivery vector overcomes the challenge of overexpression toxicity in a mouse model of Rett syndrome gene therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradinaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic dosage-compensating miRNA circuits for quantitative gene therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.12.584671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected transformations during pyrroloiminoquinone biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.12.584671v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyrroloiminoquinone containing natural products have long been known for their biological activities. They are derived from tryptophan, but their biosynthetic pathways have remained elusive. Studies on the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) that produces the ammosamides revealed that the first step is attachment of Trp to the C-terminus of a scaffold peptide in an ATP and tRNA dependent manner catalyzed by a PEptide Amino-acyl tRNA ligase (PEARL). The indole of the Trp is then oxidized to a hydroxyquinone. We previously proposed a chemically plausible and streamlined pathway for converting this intermediate to the ammosamides using additional enzymes encoded in the BGC. In this study, we report the activity of four additional enzymes that show that the proposed pathway is incorrect and that Natures route towards pyrroloiminoquinones is much more complicated. We demonstrate that, surprisingly, the amino groups in pyrroloiminoquinones are derived from three different sources, glycine, asparagine, and leucine, all introduced in a tRNA dependent manner. We also show that an FAD-dependent putative glycine oxidase is required for the process that incorporates the nitrogens from glycine and leucine, and that a quinone reductase is required for the incorporation of the asparagine. Additionally, we provide the first insights into the evolutionary origin of the PEARLs as well as related enzymes such as the glutamyl-tRNA dependent dehydratases involved in the biosynthesis of lanthipeptides and thiopeptides. These enzymes appear to all have descended from the ATP-GRASP protein family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected transformations during pyrroloiminoquinone biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.13.583573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor cell-based liquid biopsy using high-throughput microfluidic enrichment of entire leukapheresis product 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.13.583573v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), interrogated by sampling blood from patients with cancer, contain multiple analytes, including intact RNA, high molecular weight DNA, proteins, and metabolic markers. However, the clinical utility of tumor cell-based liquid biopsy has been limited since CTCs are very rare, and current technologies cannot process the blood volumes required to isolate a sufficient number of tumor cells for in-depth assays. We previously described a high-throughput microfluidic prototype utilizing high-flow channels and amplification of cell sorting forces through magnetic lenses. Here, we apply this technology to analyze patient-derived leukapheresis products, interrogating a mean blood volume of 5.83 liters from patients with metastatic cancer, with a median of 2,799 CTCs purified per patient. Isolation of many CTCs from individual patients enables characterization of their morphological and molecular heterogeneity, including cell and nuclear size and RNA expression. It also allows robust detection of gene copy number variation, a definitive cancer marker with potential diagnostic applications. High-volume microfluidic enrichment of CTCs constitutes a new dimension in liquid biopsies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubash, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittner, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunneely, Q. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putaturo, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antmen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinathan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyazawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guay, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galler, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micalizzi, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequist, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franses, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunker, P. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.583573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor cell-based liquid biopsy using high-throughput microfluidic enrichment of entire leukapheresis product]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.11.584515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-body simulation of realistic fruit fly locomotion with deep reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.11.584515v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The body of an animal influences how the nervous system produces behavior. Therefore, detailed modeling of the neural control of sensorimotor behavior requires a detailed model of the body. Here we contribute an anatomically-detailed biomechanical whole-body model of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster in the MuJoCo physics engine. Our model is general-purpose, enabling the simulation of diverse fly behaviors, both on land and in the air. We demonstrate the generality of our model by simulating realistic locomotion, both flight and walking. To support these behaviors, we have extended MuJoCo with phenomenological models of fluid forces and adhesion forces. Through data-driven end-to-end reinforcement learning, we demonstrate that these advances enable the training of neural network controllers capable of realistic locomotion along complex trajectories based on high-level steering control signals. We demonstrate the use of visual sensors and the re-use of a pre-trained general-purpose flight controller by training the model to perform visually guided flight tasks. Our project is an open-source platform for modeling neural control of sensorimotor behavior in an embodied context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaxenburg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robie, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanidi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botvinick, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tassa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-body simulation of realistic fruit fly locomotion with deep reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.15.585289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social state gates vision using three circuit mechanisms in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.15.585289v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals are often bombarded with visual information and must prioritize specific visual features based on their current needs. The neuronal circuits that detect and relay visual features have been well-studied. Yet, much less is known about how an animal adjusts its visual attention as its goals or environmental conditions change. During social behaviors, flies need to focus on nearby flies. Here, we study how the flow of visual information is altered when female Drosophila enter an aggressive state. From the connectome, we identified three state-dependent circuit motifs poised to selectively amplify the response of an aggressive female to fly-sized visual objects: convergence of excitatory inputs from neurons conveying select visual features and internal state; dendritic disinhibition of select visual feature detectors; and a switch that toggles between two visual feature detectors. Using cell-type-specific genetic tools, together with behavioral and neurophysiological analyses, we show that each of these circuit motifs function during female aggression. We reveal that features of this same switch operate in males during courtship pursuit, suggesting that disparate social behaviors may share circuit mechanisms. Our work provides a compelling example of using the connectome to infer circuit mechanisms that underlie dynamic processing of sensory signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schretter, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindmarsh Sten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klapoetke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robie, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otopalik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.585289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social state gates vision using three circuit mechanisms in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.15.585287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live imaging of Alu elements reveals non-uniform euchromatin dynamics coupled to transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.15.585287v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin structure and dynamics are crucial for eukaryotic nuclear functions. Hi-C and related genomic assays have revealed chromatin conformations, such as A/B compartments, in fixed cells, but the dynamic motion of such structures is not well understood. Moreover, elucidating the relationship between the motion of chromatin and transcriptional activity is hampered by a lack of tools for specifically measuring the mobility of active euchromatin. Here, we introduce a CRISPR-based strategy for live imaging of the gene-rich A compartment by labeling Alu elements -- a retrotransposon family enriched within the transcriptionally active A compartment. Surprisingly, within euchromatin, microscopy analysis reveals that Alu-rich regions do not correlate with lower local H2B density, and form irregular foci of a few hundred nanometers in diameter, underscoring the heterogeneity of euchromatin organization. Alu-rich (gene-rich) chromatin is also more mobile than Alu-poor (gene-poor) chromatin, and transcription inhibition by actinomycin D results in decreased chromatin mobility of Alu-rich regions. These observations highlight the complexity of chromatin organization and dynamics and connect them to transcriptional activity on a genome-wide scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinodoz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.585287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live imaging of Alu elements reveals non-uniform euchromatin dynamics coupled to transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.15.585284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imprinting and DNA methylation in water lily endosperm: implications for seed evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.15.585284v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosperm is a key evolutionary innovation associated with the origin of angiosperms (flowering plants). This altruistic seed tissue supports the growth and development of the embryo by mediating the relationship of the mother plant as a nutrient source to the compatriot embryo as a nutrient sink. The endosperm is the primary site of gene imprinting in plants (where expression of an allele in offspring depends on which parent it was inherited from) and of parent-specific epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation, which are differentially patterned during male and female gamete development. Experimental results from a phylogenetically-wide array of monocot and eudicot plants suggest these parent-of-origin effects are a common feature across angiosperms. However, information about genetic imprinting and epigenetic modifications in seeds of angiosperm lineages whose origins predate the monocot-eudicot divergence (such as Nymphaeales, water lilies) is extremely limited. Additionally, Nymphaeales are an intriguing lineage in which to investigate seed genetic and epigenetic phenomena, as they are characterized by diploid endosperm and a maternal storage tissue (perisperm), both of which are unusual across angiosperm diversity. Here, we examined DNA methylation and genetic imprinting using two reproductively compatible water lily sister-species, Nymphaea thermarum and N. dimorpha. Our results suggest that maternally-expressed imprinted genes and differential DNA methylation of maternally and paternally inherited endosperm genomes are an ancestral condition for endosperm, while other seed characters like seed provisioning strategies, endosperm ploidy, and paternally-expressed imprinted genes might have evolved as coinciding, opposing strategies in the evolutionary dialogue over parental control of offspring development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Povilus, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.585284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imprinting and DNA methylation in water lily endosperm: implications for seed evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.17.585402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metastatic site influences driver gene function in pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.17.585402v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Driver gene mutations can increase the metastatic potential of the primary tumor1-3, but their role in sustaining tumor growth at metastatic sites is poorly understood. A paradigm of such mutations is inactivation of SMAD4 - a transcriptional effector of TGF{beta} signaling - which is a hallmark of multiple gastrointestinal malignancies4,5. SMAD4 inactivation mediates TGF{beta}s remarkable anti-to pro-tumorigenic switch during cancer progression and can thus influence both tumor initiation and metastasis6-14. To determine whether metastatic tumors remain dependent on SMAD4 inactivation, we developed a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) that enables Smad4 depletion in the pre-malignant pancreas and subsequent Smad4 reactivation in established metastases. As expected, Smad4 inactivation facilitated the formation of primary tumors that eventually colonized the liver and lungs. By contrast, Smad4 reactivation in metastatic disease had strikingly opposite effects depending on the tumors organ of residence: suppression of liver metastases and promotion of lung metastases. Integrative multiomic analysis revealed organ-specific differences in the tumor cells epigenomic state, whereby the liver and lungs harbored chromatin programs respectively dominated by the KLF and RUNX developmental transcription factors, with Klf4 depletion being sufficient to reverse Smad4s tumor-suppressive activity in liver metastases. Our results show how epigenetic states favored by the organ of residence can influence the function of driver genes in metastatic tumors. This organ-specific gene-chromatin interplay invites consideration of anatomical site in the interpretation of tumor genetics, with implications for the therapeutic targeting of metastatic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsanov, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barriga, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Curbelo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livshits, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baslan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuest, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massague, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.17.585402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metastatic site influences driver gene function in pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.14.585103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atomically accurate de novo design of single-domain antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.14.585103v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the central role that antibodies play in modern medicine, there is currently no method to design novel antibodies that bind a specific epitope entirely in silico. Instead, antibody discovery currently relies on animal immunization or random library screening approaches. Here, we demonstrate that combining computational protein design using a fine-tuned RFdiffusion network alongside yeast display screening enables the generation of antibody variable heavy chains (VHHs) and single chain variable fragments (scFvs) that bind user-specified epitopes with atomic-level precision. To verify this, we experimentally characterized VHH binders to four disease-relevant epitopes using multiple orthogonal biophysical methods, including cryo-EM, which confirmed the proper Ig fold and binding pose of designed VHHs targeting influenza hemagglutinin and Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB). For the influenza-targeting VHH, high-resolution structural data further confirmed the accuracy of CDR loop conformations. While initial computational designs exhibit modest affinity, affinity maturation using OrthoRep enables production of single-digit nanomolar binders that maintain the intended epitope selectivity. We further demonstrate the de novo design of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), creating binders to TcdB and a Phox2b peptide-MHC complex by combining designed heavy and light chain CDRs. Cryo-EM structural data confirmed the proper Ig fold and binding pose for two distinct TcdB scFvs, with high-resolution data for one design additionally verifying the atomically accurate conformations of all six CDR loops. Our approach establishes a framework for the rational computational design, screening, isolation, and characterization of fully de novo antibodies with atomic-level precision in both structure and epitope targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennett, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragotte, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrock, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, P. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ault, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criswell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez Torres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atomically accurate de novo design of single-domain antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable and robust Xi and Y transcriptomes drive cell-type-specific autosomal and Xa responses in vivo and in vitro in four human cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585578v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent in vitro studies of human sex chromosome aneuploidy showed that the Xi ("inactive" X) and Y chromosomes broadly modulate autosomal and Xa ("active" X) gene expression in two cell types. We tested these findings in vivo in two additional cell types. Using linear modeling in CD4+ T cells and monocytes from individuals with one to three X chromosomes and zero to two Y chromosomes, we identified 82 sex-chromosomal and 344 autosomal genes whose expression changed significantly with Xi and/or Y dosage in vivo. Changes in sex-chromosomal expression were remarkably constant in vivo and in vitro across all four cell types examined. In contrast, autosomal responses to Xi and/or Y dosage were largely cell-type-specific, with up to 2.6-fold more variation than sex-chromosomal responses. Targets of the X- and Y-encoded transcription factors ZFX and ZFY accounted for a significant fraction of these autosomal responses both in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that the human Xi and Y transcriptomes are surprisingly robust and stable across the four cell types examined, yet they modulate autosomal and Xa genes - and cell function - in a cell-type-specific fashion. These emerging principles offer a foundation for exploring the wide-ranging regulatory roles of the sex chromosomes across the human body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanton, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Roman, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buscetta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaletsky, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruszka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muenke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable and robust Xi and Y transcriptomes drive cell-type-specific autosomal and Xa responses in vivo and in vitro in four human cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.20.584512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiota gate host exposure to metabolites from dietary Solanums 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.20.584512v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dietary plants are molecularly rich but the fates of these compounds post-ingestion and their implications for human health are largely unknown. Here, we systematically characterized the major chemical contributions of widely consumed Solanum species (nightshades) to the human metabolome. Using untargeted metabolomics, we found that a series of steroidal alkaloids resulting from glycoalkaloids tomatine, solanine, and chaconine are dominant diet-derived compounds in systemic circulation following ingestion of tomato and potato. By comparing serum and tissue metabolomes of colonized and microbiome-depleted mice, we determined that the gut microbiota modifies these compounds extensively, altering their absorption and gating host exposure. By screening the metabolic products in human urine and stool samples, we established that steroidal glycoalkaloid metabolism varies inter-individually in a population. Furthermore, using a collection of representative human commensal type strains, we found that a limited set of strains is responsible for steroidal glycoalkaloid metabolism, with the chemical output of a community determined by its strain-level composition. These findings enabled the rational design of complex synthetic microbial communities that controlled host exposure to steroidal alkaloid metabolites in vivo. Importantly, microbial metabolism of Solanum metabolites alters their acetylcholinesterase inhibition in vitro and gut motility in vivo. Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of a diet-microbiome interactions and the effects of dietary metabolites on host physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liou, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iakiviak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajniak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugkar, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbottom, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.20.584512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiota gate host exposure to metabolites from dietary Solanums]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting PIKfyve-driven lipid homeostasis as a metabolic vulnerability in pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585580v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) subsists in a nutrient-deregulated microenvironment, making it particularly susceptible to treatments that interfere with cancer metabolism1 2. For example, PDAC utilizes and is dependent on high levels of autophagy and other lysosomal processes3-5. Although targeting these pathways has shown potential in preclinical studies, progress has been hampered by the challenge of identifying and characterizing favorable targets for drug development6. Here, we characterize PIKfyve, a lipid kinase integral to lysosomal functioning7, as a novel and targetable vulnerability in PDAC. In human patient and murine PDAC samples, we discovered that PIKFYVE is overexpressed in PDAC cells compared to adjacent normal cells. Employing a genetically engineered mouse model, we established the essential role of PIKfyve in PDAC progression. Further, through comprehensive metabolic analyses, we found that PIKfyve inhibition obligated PDAC to upregulate de novo lipid synthesis, a relationship previously undescribed. PIKfyve inhibition triggered a distinct lipogenic gene expression and metabolic program, creating a dependency on de novo lipid metabolism pathways, by upregulating genes such as FASN and ACACA. In PDAC, the KRAS-MAPK signaling pathway is a primary driver of de novo lipid synthesis, specifically enhancing FASN and ACACA levels. Accordingly, the simultaneous targeting of PIKfyve and KRAS-MAPK resulted in the elimination of tumor burden in a syngeneic orthotopic model and tumor regression in a xenograft model of PDAC. Taken together, these studies suggest that disrupting lipid metabolism through PIKfyve inhibition induces synthetic lethality in conjunction with KRAS-MAPK-directed therapies for PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossiter, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morlacchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasca di Magliano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting PIKfyve-driven lipid homeostasis as a metabolic vulnerability in pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and genetic diversity in the secreted mucins, MUC5AC and MUC5B 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585560v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The secreted mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B play critical defensive roles in airway pathogen entrapment and mucociliary clearance by encoding large glycoproteins with variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). These polymorphic and degenerate protein coding VNTRs make the loci difficult to investigate with short reads. We characterize the structural diversity of MUC5AC and MUC5B by long-read sequencing and assembly of 206 human and 20 nonhuman primate (NHP) haplotypes. We find that human MUC5B is largely invariant (5761-5762aa); however, seven haplotypes have expanded VNTRs (6291-7019aa). In contrast, 30 allelic variants of MUC5AC encode 16 distinct proteins (5249-6325aa) with cysteine-rich domain and VNTR copy number variation. We grouped MUC5AC alleles into three phylogenetic clades: H1 (46%, [~]5654aa), H2 (33%, [~]5742aa), and H3 (7%, [~]6325aa). The two most common human MUC5AC variants are smaller than NHP gene models, suggesting a reduction in protein length during recent human evolution. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and Tajimas D analyses reveal that East Asians carry exceptionally large MUC5AC LD blocks with an excess of rare variation (p<0.05). To validate this result, we used Locityper for genotyping MUC5AC haplogroups in 2,600 unrelated samples from the 1000 Genomes Project. We observed signatures of positive selection in H1 and H2 among East Asians and a depletion of the likely ancestral haplogroup (H3). In Africans and Europeans, H3 alleles show an excess of common variation and deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, consistent with heterozygote advantage and balancing selection. This study provides a generalizable strategy to characterize complex protein coding VNTRs for improved disease associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plender, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prodanov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizamis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulovari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neal, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdmanis, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and genetic diversity in the secreted mucins, MUC5AC and MUC5B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing of treatment shapes the path to androgen receptor signaling inhibitor resistance in prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585532v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is optimism that cancer drug resistance can be addressed through appropriate combination therapy, but success requires understanding the growing complexity of resistance mechanisms, including the evolution and population dynamics of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant clones over time. Using DNA barcoding to trace individual prostate tumor cells in vivo, we find that the evolutionary path to acquired resistance to androgen receptor signaling inhibition (ARSI) is dependent on the timing of treatment. In established tumors, resistance occurs through polyclonal adaptation of drug-sensitive clones, despite the presence of rare subclones with known, pre-existing ARSI resistance. Conversely, in an experimental setting designed to mimic minimal residual disease, resistance occurs through outgrowth of pre-existing resistant clones and not by adaptation. Despite these different evolutionary paths, the underlying mechanisms responsible for resistance are shared across the two evolutionary paths. Furthermore, mixing experiments reveal that the evolutionary path to adaptive resistance requires cooperativity between subclones. Thus, despite the presence of pre-existing ARSI-resistant subclones, acquired resistance in established tumors occurs primarily through cooperative, polyclonal adaptation of drug-sensitive cells. This tumor ecosystem model of resistance has new implications for developing effective combination therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, A. C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, Y.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaClair, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wongvipat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing of treatment shapes the path to androgen receptor signaling inhibitor resistance in prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.21.586175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLD3 and PLD4 synthesize S,S-BMP, a key phospholipid enabling lipid degradation in lysosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.21.586175v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) is an abundant lysosomal phospholipid required for degradation of lipids, in particular gangliosides. Alterations in BMP levels are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Unlike typical glycerophospholipids, lysosomal BMP has two chiral glycerol carbons in the S (rather than the R) stereo-conformation, protecting it from lysosomal degradation. How this unusual and yet crucial S,S-stereochemistry is achieved is unknown. Here we report that phospholipases D3 and D4 (PLD3 and PLD4) synthesize lysosomal S,S-BMP, with either enzyme catalyzing the critical glycerol stereo-inversion reaction in vitro. Deletion of PLD3 or PLD4 markedly reduced BMP levels in cells or in murine tissues where either enzyme is highly expressed (brain for PLD3; spleen for PLD4), leading to gangliosidosis and lysosomal abnormalities. PLD3 mutants associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers disease risk, diminished PLD3 catalytic activity. We conclude that PLD3/4 enzymes synthesize lysosomal S,S-BMP, a crucial lipid for maintaining brain health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dransfeld, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambaw, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Scarim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farese, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLD3 and PLD4 synthesize S,S-BMP, a key phospholipid enabling lipid degradation in lysosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.20.585990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDK12 Loss Promotes Prostate Cancer Development While Exposing Vulnerabilities to Paralog-Based Synthetic Lethality 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.20.585990v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biallelic loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) defines a unique molecular subtype of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). It remains unclear, however, whether CDK12 loss per se is sufficient to drive prostate cancer development--either alone, or in the context of other genetic alterations--and whether CDK12-mutant tumors exhibit sensitivity to specific pharmacotherapies. Here, we demonstrate that tissue-specific Cdk12 ablation is sufficient to induce preneoplastic lesions and robust T cell infiltration in the mouse prostate. Allograft-based CRISPR screening demonstrated that Cdk12 loss is positively associated with Trp53 inactivation but negatively associated with Pten inactivation--akin to what is observed in human mCRPC. Consistent with this, ablation of Cdk12 in prostate organoids with concurrent Trp53 loss promotes their proliferation and ability to form tumors in mice, while Cdk12 knockout in the Pten-null prostate cancer mouse model abrogates tumor growth. Bigenic Cdk12 and Trp53 loss allografts represent a new syngeneic model for the study of androgen receptor (AR)-positive, luminal prostate cancer. Notably, Cdk12/Trp53 loss prostate tumors are sensitive to immune checkpoint blockade. Cdk12-null organoids (either with or without Trp53 co-ablation) and patient-derived xenografts from tumors with CDK12 inactivation are highly sensitive to inhibition or degradation of its paralog kinase, CDK13. Together, these data identify CDK12 as a bona fide tumor suppressor gene with impact on tumor progression and lends support to paralog-based synthetic lethality as a promising strategy for treating CDK12-mutant mCRPC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tien, J. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyunni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebernick, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiswender, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brough, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettitt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miner, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labanca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parolia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.20.585990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDK12 Loss Promotes Prostate Cancer Development While Exposing Vulnerabilities to Paralog-Based Synthetic Lethality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.20.585828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A torpor-like state (TLS) in mice slows blood epigenetic aging and prolongs healthspan 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.20.585828v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Torpor and hibernation are extreme physiological adaptations of homeotherms associated with pro-longevity effects. Yet the underlying mechanisms of how torpor affects aging, and whether hypothermic and hypometabolic states can be induced to slow aging and increase health span, remain unknown. We demonstrate that the activity of a spatially defined neuronal population in the avMLPA, which has previously been identified as a torpor-regulating brain region, is sufficient to induce a torpor like state (TLS) in mice. Prolonged induction of TLS slows epigenetic aging across multiple tissues and improves health span. We isolate the effects of decreased metabolic rate, long-term caloric restriction, and decreased core body temperature (Tb) on blood epigenetic aging and find that the pro-longevity effect of torpor-like states is mediated by decreased Tb. Taken together, our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into the pro-longevity effects of torpor and hibernation and support the growing body of evidence that Tb is an important mediator of aging processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavin-Peter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyshkovskiy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markovski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladyshev, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrvatin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.20.585828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A torpor-like state (TLS) in mice slows blood epigenetic aging and prolongs healthspan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.25.586253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global coral genomic vulnerability explains recent reef losses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.25.586253v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dramatic decline of reef-building corals calls for a better understanding of coral adaptation to ocean warming. Here, we characterized genetic diversity of the widespread genus Acropora by building a genomic database of 595 coral samples from different oceanic regions--from the Great Barrier Reef to the Persian Gulf. Through genome-environment associations, we found that different Acropora species showed parallel evolutionary signals of heat-adaptation in the same genomic regions, pointing to genes associated with molecular heat shock responses and symbiosis. We then projected the present and the predicted future distribution of heat-adapted genotypes across reefs worldwide. Reefs projected with low frequency of heat-adapted genotypes display higher rates of Acropora decline, indicating a potential genomic vulnerability to heat exposure. Our projections also suggest a transition where heat-adapted genotypes will spread at least until 2040. However, this transition will likely involve mass mortality of entire non-adapted populations and a consequent erosion of Acropora genetic diversity. This genetic diversity loss could hinder the capacity of Acropora to adapt to the more extreme heatwaves projected beyond 2040. Genomic vulnerability and genetic diversity loss estimates can be used to reassess which coral reefs are at risk and their conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selmoni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleves, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global coral genomic vulnerability explains recent reef losses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.21.586150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parabrachial Calca neurons mediate second-order conditioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.21.586150v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to associate cues, both directly and indirectly, with biologically significant events is essential for survival. Second-order conditioning (SOC) involves forming an association between a previously reinforced conditioned stimulus (CS1) and a new conditioned stimulus (CS2) without the presence of an unconditioned stimulus (US). The neural substrates mediating SOC, however, remain unclear. In the parabrachial nucleus, Calca gene-expressing neurons, which react to the noxious US, also respond to a CS after its pairing with a US. This observation led us to hypothesize their involvement in SOC. To explore this possibility, we established an aversive SOC behavioral paradigm in mice and monitored Calca neuron activity via single-cell calcium imaging during SOC and subsequent recall phases. These neurons were activated not only by CS1 following its association with the US but also by CS2 after SOC. Chemogenetically inhibiting these neurons during second-order associations attenuated SOC. These findings suggest that activating the US pathway in response to a learned CS plays an important role in forming the association between the old and a new CS, promoting the formation of second-order memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmiter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parabrachial Calca neurons mediate second-order conditioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.27.587068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular Architecture of the Nuclear Basket 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.27.587068v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the sole mediator of nucle-ocytoplasmic transport. Despite great advances in understanding its conserved core architecture, the peripheral regions can exhibit considerable variation within and between species. One such structure is the cage-like nuclear basket. Despite its crucial roles in mRNA surveillance and chromatin organization, an architectural understanding has remained elusive. Using in-cell cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram analysis, we explored the NPCs structural variations and the nuclear basket across fungi (yeast; S. cerevisiae), mammals (mouse; M. musculus), and protozoa (T. gondii). Using integrative structural modeling, we computed a model of the basket in yeast and mammals that revealed how a hub of Nups in the nuclear ring binds to basket-forming Mlp/Tpr proteins: the coiled-coil domains of Mlp/Tpr form the struts of the basket, while their unstructured termini constitute the basket distal densities, which potentially serve as a docking site for mRNA preprocessing before nucleocytoplasmic transport
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duquette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suslov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Eeuwen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular Architecture of the Nuclear Basket]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.25.586668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How short peptides can disassemble ultra-stable tau fibrils extracted from Alzheimers disease brain by a strain-relief mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.25.586668v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reducing fibrous aggregates of protein tau is a possible strategy for halting progression of Alzheimers disease (AD). Previously we found that in vitro the D-peptide D-TLKIVWC disassembles tau fibrils from AD brains (AD-tau) into benign segments with no energy source present beyond ambient thermal agitation. This disassembly by a short peptide was unexpected, given that AD-tau is sufficiently stable to withstand disassembly in boiling SDS detergent. To consider D peptide-mediated disassembly as a potential therapeutic for AD, it is essential to understand the mechanism and energy source of the disassembly action. We find assembly of D-peptides into amyloid-like fibrils is essential for tau fibril disassembly. Cryo-EM and atomic force microscopy reveal that these D-peptide fibrils have a right-handed twist and embrace tau fibrils which have a left-handed twist. In binding to the AD-tau fibril, the oppositely twisted D-peptide fibril produces a strain, which is relieved by disassembly of both fibrils. This strain-relief mechanism appears to operate in other examples of amyloid fibril disassembly and provides a new direction for the development of first-in-class therapeutics for amyloid diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawaya, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolinsky, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feigon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How short peptides can disassemble ultra-stable tau fibrils extracted from Alzheimers disease brain by a strain-relief mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.29.586681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rampant transcription replication conflict creates therapeutic vulnerability in extrachromosomal DNA containing cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.29.586681v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) presents a major challenge for precision medicine, contributing to poor survival for patients with oncogene-amplified tumours. EcDNA renders tumours resistant to targeted treatments by facilitating massive transcription of oncogenes and rapid genome evolution. At present, there are no ecDNA- specific treatments. Here we show that enhancing transcription replication conflict enables targeted elimination of ecDNA-containing cancers, exposing an actionable vulnerability. Stepwise analyses of ecDNA transcription reveal landscapes of pervasive RNA transcription and associated single-stranded DNA, leading to excessive transcription replication conflicts and replication stress (RS) compared to chromosomal loci. Nucleotide incorporation onto growing DNA strands is markedly slower on ecDNA, and RS is significantly higher in ecDNA-containing tumours regardless of cancer type or oncogene cargo. Replication Protein A2 phosphorylated on serine 33, a mediator of DNA damage repair that binds single-stranded DNA, shows elevated localization on ecDNA in a transcription dependent manner, along with increased DNA double strand breaks, and activation of the S-phase checkpoint kinase, CHK1. Genetic or pharmacological CHK1 inhibition abrogates the DNA replication check point, causing extensive and preferential tumour cell death in ecDNA-containing tumours as they enter S-phase. To exploit this vulnerability, we develop a highly selective, potent, and bioavailable oral CHK1 inhibitor, BBI-2779, and demonstrate that it preferentially kills ecDNA-containing tumour cells. In a gastric cancer model containing FGFR2 on ecDNA, BBI-2779, suppresses tumour growth and prevents ecDNA-mediated acquired resistance to the pan-FGFR inhibitor infigratinib, resulting in potent and sustained tumour regression in mice. These results reveal transcription-replication conflict as an ecDNA-generated vulnerability that can be targeted as an ecDNA-directed therapy and suggest that synthetic lethality of excess can be exploited as a strategy for treating cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, I. T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinov, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanoian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milutinovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benkovic, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkerton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasibhatla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassig, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.29.586681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rampant transcription replication conflict creates therapeutic vulnerability in extrachromosomal DNA containing cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.29.587346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p300/CBP degradation is required to disable the active AR enhanceosome in prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.29.587346v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate cancer is an exemplar of an enhancer-binding transcription factor-driven disease. The androgen receptor (AR) enhanceosome complex comprised of chromatin and epigenetic coregulators assembles at enhancer elements to drive disease progression. The paralog lysine acetyltransferases p300 and CBP deposit histone marks that are associated with enhancer activation. Here, we demonstrate that p300/CBP are determinant cofactors of the active AR enhanceosome in prostate cancer. Histone H2B N-terminus multisite lysine acetylation (H2BNTac), which is exclusively reliant on p300/CBP catalytic function, marked active enhancers and was notably elevated in prostate cancer lesions relative to the adjacent benign epithelia. Degradation of p300/CBP rapidly depleted acetylation marks associated with the active AR enhanceosome, which was only partially phenocopied by inhibition of their reader bromodomains. Notably, H2BNTac was effectively abrogated only upon p300/CBP degradation, which led to a stronger suppression of p300/CBP-dependent oncogenic gene programs relative to bromodomain inhibition or the inhibition of its catalytic domain. In vivo experiments using an orally active p300/CBP proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degrader (CBPD-409) showed that p300/CBP degradation potently inhibited tumor growth in preclinical models of castration-resistant prostate cancer and synergized with AR antagonists. While mouse p300/CBP orthologs were effectively degraded in host tissues, prolonged treatment with the PROTAC degrader was well tolerated with no significant signs of toxicity. Taken together, our study highlights the pivotal role of p300/CBP in maintaining the active AR enhanceosome and demonstrates how target degradation may have functionally distinct effects relative to target inhibition, thus supporting the development of p300/CBP degraders for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, J. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyunni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miner, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaishampayan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parolia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.29.587346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p300/CBP degradation is required to disable the active AR enhanceosome in prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.01.587595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomographic investigation of native hippocampal glutamatergic synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.01.587595v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical synapses are the major sites of communication between neurons in the nervous system and mediate either excitatory or inhibitory signaling [1]. At excitatory synapses, glutamate is the primary neurotransmitter and upon release from presynaptic vesicles, is detected by postsynaptic glutamate receptors, which include ionotropic AMPA and NMDA receptors [2, 3]. Here we have developed methods to identify glutamatergic synapses in brain tissue slices, label AMPA receptors with small gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and prepare lamella for cryo-electron tomography studies. The targeted imaging of glutamatergic synapses in the lamella is facilitated by fluorescent pre- and postsynaptic signatures, and the subsequent tomograms allow for identification of key features of chemical synapses, including synaptic vesicles, the synaptic cleft and AuNP-labeled AMPA receptors. These methods pave the way for imaging brain regions at high resolution, using unstained, unfixed samples preserved under near-native conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-electron tomographic investigation of native hippocampal glutamatergic synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.27.586411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies against emerging delta-coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.27.586411v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) spillovers were recently detected in children with acute undifferentiated febrile illness, underscoring recurrent zoonoses of divergent coronaviruses. To date, no vaccines or specific therapeutics are approved for use in humans against PDCoV. To prepare for possible future PDCoV epidemics, we isolated human spike (S)-directed monoclonal antibodies from transgenic mice and found that two of them, designated PD33 and PD41, broadly neutralized a panel of PDCoV variants. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of PD33 and PD41 in complex with the PDCoV receptor-binding domain and S ectodomain trimer provide a blueprint of the epitopes recognized by these mAbs, rationalizing their broad inhibitory activity. We show that both mAbs inhibit PDCoV by competitively interfering with host APN binding to the PDCoV receptor-binding loops, explaining the mechanism of viral neutralization. PD33 and PD41 are candidates for clinical advancement, which could be stockpiled to prepare for possible future PDCoV outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rexhepaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perruzza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asarnow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culap, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshiyama, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quispe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tortorici, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprouse, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begnini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.586411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly neutralizing antibodies against emerging delta-coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.30.587094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed Evolution of Acoustic Reporter Genes Using High-Throughput Acoustic Screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.30.587094v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in the fields of biological imaging and synthetic biology is noninvasively visualizing the functions of natural and engineered cells inside opaque samples such as living animals. One promising technology that addresses this limitation is ultrasound (US), with its penetration depth of several cm and spatial resolution on the order of 100 {micro}m.1 Within the past decade, reporter genes for US have been introduced2,3 and engineered4,5 to link cellular functions to US signals via heterologous expression in commensal bacteria and mammalian cells. These acoustic reporter genes (ARGs) represent a novel class of genetically encoded US contrast agent, and are based on air-filled protein nanostructures called gas vesicles (GVs).6 Just as the discovery of fluorescent proteins was followed by the improvement and diversification of their optical properties through directed evolution, here we describe the evolution of GVs as acoustic reporters. To accomplish this task, we establish high-throughput, semi-automated acoustic screening of ARGs in bacterial cultures and use it to screen mutant libraries for variants with increased nonlinear US scattering. Starting with scanning site saturation libraries for two homologs of the primary GV structural protein, GvpA/B, two rounds of evolution resulted in GV variants with 5- and 14-fold stronger acoustic signals than the parent proteins. We anticipate that this and similar approaches will help high-throughput protein engineering play as large a role in the development of acoustic biomolecules as it has for their fluorescent counterparts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hurt, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soufi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittelstein, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.30.587094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed Evolution of Acoustic Reporter Genes Using High-Throughput Acoustic Screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-transcriptional splicing facilitates transcription of gigantic genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587678v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although introns are typically tens to thousands of nucleotides, there are notable exceptions. In flies as well as humans, a small number of genes contain introns that are more than 1000 times larger than typical introns, exceeding hundreds of kilobases (kb) to megabases (Mb). It remains unknown why gigantic introns exist and how cells overcome the challenges associated with their transcription and RNA processing. The Drosophila Y chromosome contains some of the largest genes identified to date: multiple genes exceed 4Mb, with introns accounting for over 99% of the gene span. Here we demonstrate that co-transcriptional splicing of these gigantic Y-linked genes is important to ensure successful transcription: perturbation of splicing led to the attenuation of transcription, leading to a failure to produce mature mRNA. Cytologically, defective splicing of the Y-linked gigantic genes resulted in disorganization of transcripts within the nucleus suggestive of entanglement of transcripts, likely resulting from unspliced long RNAs. We propose that co-transcriptional splicing maintains the length of nascent transcripts of gigantic genes under a critical threshold, preventing their entanglement and ensuring proper gene expression. Our study reveals a novel biological significance of co-transcriptional splicing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerhut, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lannes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiru, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-transcriptional splicing facilitates transcription of gigantic genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The LuxO-OpaR quorum-sensing cascade differentially controls Vibriophage VP882 lysis-lysogeny decision making in liquid and on surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587679v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quorum sensing (QS) is a process of cell-to-cell communication that bacteria use to synchronize collective behaviors. QS relies on the production, release, and group-wide detection of extracellular signaling molecules called autoinducers (AIs). Vibrios use two QS systems: the LuxO-OpaR circuit and the VqmA-VqmR circuit. Both QS circuits control group behaviors including biofilm formation and surface motility. The Vibrio parahaemolyticus temperate phage {varphi}VP882 encodes a VqmA homolog (called VqmA{varphi}). When VqmA{varphi} is produced by {varphi}VP882 lysogens, it binds to the host-produced AI called DPO and launches the {varphi}VP882 lytic cascade. This activity times induction of lysis with high host cell density and presumably promotes maximal phage transmission to new cells. Here, we explore whether, in addition to induction from lysogeny, QS controls the initial establishment of lysogeny by {varphi}VP882 in naive host cells. Using mutagenesis, phage infection assays, and phenotypic analyses, we show that {varphi}VP882 connects its initial lysis-lysogeny decision to both host cell density and whether the host resides in liquid or on a surface. Only host cells in the low-density QS state undergo lysogenic conversion. The QS regulator LuxO[~]P promotes {varphi}VP882 lysogenic conversion of low cell density planktonic host cells. By contrast, the ScrABC surface-sensing system regulates lysogenic conversion of low cell density surface-associated host cells. ScrABC controls the abundance of the second messenger molecule cyclic diguanylate, which in turn, modulates motility. The scrABC operon is only expressed when its QS repressor, OpaR, is absent. Thus, at low cell density, QS-dependent derepression of scrABC drives lysogenic conversion in surface-associated host cells. These results demonstrate that {varphi}VP882 integrates cues from multiple sensory pathways into its lifestyle decision making upon infection of a new host cell.

AUTHOR SUMMARYBacteria in nature often exist in surface-associated communities including sessile biofilms and highly motile swarms. Thus, bacteriophages can encounter their hosts in structured communities. Much bacteriophage research is performed in homogenous, planktonic cultures containing cells that neither display the gene expression patterns nor the behaviors that occur in surface communities. The Vibrio parahaemolyticus temperate phage {varphi}VP882, after lysogenizing its host, can monitor the vicinal cell density and time lytic induction with high host cell density. Here, we show that, upon infection of a new host cell, {varphi}VP882 assesses host cell density to make the decision whether to lyse or lysogenize. Only host cells at low density undergo lysogenic conversion, and the components driving the phage decision-making process vary depending on whether the host cell is in liquid or associated with a solid surface. We propose that by tuning its lysis-lysogeny decision making to both host cell density and the physical environment of the host, {varphi}VP882 can maximize transmission to new host cells and dispersal to new environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santoriello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The LuxO-OpaR quorum-sensing cascade differentially controls Vibriophage VP882 lysis-lysogeny decision making in liquid and on surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cytokine receptor Fn14 is a molecular brake on neuronal activity that mediates circadian function in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587786v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To survive, organisms must adapt to a staggering diversity of environmental signals, ranging from sensory information to pathogenic infection, across the lifespan. At the same time, organisms intrinsically generate biological oscillations, such as circadian rhythms, without input from the environment. While the nervous system is well-suited to integrate extrinsic and intrinsic cues, how the brain balances these influences to shape biological function system-wide is not well understood at the molecular level. Here, we demonstrate that the cytokine receptor Fn14, previously identified as a mediator of sensory experience-dependent synaptic refinement during brain development, regulates neuronal activity and function in adult mice in a time-of-day-dependent manner. We show that a subset of excitatory pyramidal (PYR) neurons in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus increase Fn14 expression when neuronal activity is heightened. Once expressed, Fn14 constrains the activity of these same PYR neurons, suggesting that Fn14 operates as a molecular brake on neuronal activity. Strikingly, differences in PYR neuron activity between mice lacking or expressing Fn14 were most robust at daily transitions between light and dark, and genetic ablation of Fn14 caused aberrations in circadian rhythms, sleep-wake states, and sensory-cued and spatial memory. At the cellular level, microglia contacted fewer, but larger, excitatory synapses in CA1 in the absence of Fn14, suggesting that these brain-resident immune cells may dampen neuronal activity by modifying synaptic inputs onto PYR neurons. Finally, mice lacking Fn14 exhibited heightened susceptibility to chemically induced seizures, implicating Fn14 in disorders characterized by hyperexcitation, such as epilepsy. Altogether, these findings reveal that cytokine receptors that mediates inflammation in the periphery, such as Fn14, can also play major roles in healthy neurological function in the adult brain downstream of both extrinsic and intrinsic cues.

HighlightsO_LINeuronal activity induces Fn14 expression in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus
C_LIO_LIFn14 constrains neuronal activity near daily transitions between light and dark
C_LIO_LILoss of Fn14 lengthens the endogenous circadian period and disrupts sleep-wake states and memory
C_LIO_LIMicroglia contact excitatory synapses in an Fn14-dependent manner
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arshad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berisha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrudhula, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borniger, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheadle, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cytokine receptor Fn14 is a molecular brake on neuronal activity that mediates circadian function in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.01.587626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small molecule telomerase inhibitors are also potent inhibitors of telomeric C-strand synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.01.587626v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere replication is essential for continued proliferation of human cells, such as stem cells and cancer cells. Telomerase lengthens the telomeric G-strand, while C-strand replication is accomplished by CST-polymerase  -primase (CST-PP). Replication of both strands is inhibited by formation of G-quadruplex (GQ) structures in the G-rich single-stranded DNA. TMPyP4 and pyridostatin (PDS), which stabilize GQ structures in both DNA and RNA, inhibit telomerase in vitro, and they cause telomere shortening in human cells that has been attributed to telomerase inhibition. Here, we show that TMPyP4 and PDS also inhibit C-strand synthesis by stabilizing DNA secondary structures and thereby preventing CST-PP from binding to telomeric DNA. We also show that these small molecules inhibit CST-PP binding to a DNA sequence containing no consecutive guanine residues, which is unlikely to form GQs. Thus, while these "telomerase inhibitors" indeed inhibit telomerase, they are also robust inhibitors of telomeric C-strand synthesis. Furthermore, given their limited specificity for GQ structures, they may disrupt many other protein-nucleic acid interactions in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cech, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small molecule telomerase inhibitors are also potent inhibitors of telomeric C-strand synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.01.587574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ascorbate depletion increases quiescence and self-renewal potential in hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.01.587574v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ascorbate (vitamin C) limits hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and suppresses leukemia development by promoting the function of the Tet2 tumor suppressor. In humans, ascorbate is obtained from the diet while in mice it is synthesized in the liver. In this study, we show that deletion of the Slc23a2 ascorbate transporter severely depleted ascorbate from hematopoietic cells. Slc23a2 deficiency increased HSC reconstituting potential and self-renewal potential upon transplantation into irradiated mice. Slc23a2 deficiency also increased the reconstituting and self-renewal potential of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors (MPPs), conferring the ability to long-term reconstitute irradiated mice. Slc23a2-deficient HSCs and MPPs divided much less frequently than control HSCs and MPPs. Increased self-renewal and reconstituting potential were observed particularly in quiescent Slc23a2-deficient HSCs and MPPs. The effect of Slc23a2 deficiency on MPP self-renewal was not mediated by reduced Tet2 function. Ascorbate thus regulates quiescence and restricts self-renewal potential in HSCs and MPPs such that ascorbate depletion confers MPPs with long-term self-renewal potential.

KEY POINTSO_LIDeletion of the ascorbate transporter, Slc23a2, increases quiescence and self-renewal potential in HSCs and multipotent progenitors
C_LIO_LIAscorbate depletion is sufficient to confer long-term self-renewal potential upon multipotent hematopoietic progenitors
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Comazzetto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVilbiss, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottesen, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ascorbate depletion increases quiescence and self-renewal potential in hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.31.586409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping immunodominant sites on the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein targeted by infection-elicited antibodies in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.31.586409v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) first emerged in 2012 and causes human infections in endemic regions. Most vaccines and therapeutics in development against MERS-CoV focus on the spike (S) glycoprotein to prevent viral entry into target cells. These efforts, however, are limited by a poor understanding of antibody responses elicited by infection along with their durability, fine specificity and contribution of distinct S antigenic sites to neutralization. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed S-directed binding and neutralizing antibody titers in plasma collected from individuals infected with MERS-CoV in 2017-2019 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic). We observed that binding and neutralizing antibodies peak 1 to 6 weeks after symptom onset/hospitalization, persist for at least 6 months, and broadly neutralize human and camel MERS-CoV strains. We show that the MERS-CoV S1 subunit is immunodominant and that antibodies targeting S1, particularly the RBD, account for most plasma neutralizing activity. Antigenic site mapping revealed that polyclonal plasma antibodies frequently target RBD epitopes, particularly a site exposed irrespective of the S trimer conformation, whereas targeting of S2 subunit epitopes is rare, similar to SARS-CoV-2. Our data reveal in unprecedented details the humoral immune responses elicited by MERS-CoV infection, which will guide vaccine and therapeutic design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Addetia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprouse, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asiri, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Mozaini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memish, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshukairi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.31.586409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping immunodominant sites on the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein targeted by infection-elicited antibodies in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and function of an intermediate GPCR-G protein complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587841v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unraveling the signaling roles of intermediate complexes is pivotal for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) drug development. Despite hundreds of GPCR-G{beta}{gamma} structures, these snapshots primarily capture the fully activated end-state complex. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the conformational transitions during GPCR activation and the roles of intermediate GPCR-G protein complexes in signaling remain elusive. Guided by a conformational landscape profiled by 19F quantitative NMR (19F-qNMR) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, we resolved the structure of an unliganded GPCR-G protein intermediate complex by blocking its transition to the fully activated end-state complex. More importantly, we presented direct evidence that the intermediate GPCR-Gs{beta}{gamma} complex initiates a rate-limited nucleotide exchange without progressing to the fully activated end-state complex, thereby bridging a significant gap in our understanding the complexity of GPCR signaling. Understanding the roles of individual conformational states and their complexes in signaling efficacy and bias will help us to design drugs that discriminately target a disease-related conformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adediwrua, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and function of an intermediate GPCR-G protein complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.05.588310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tunable and versatile chemogenetic near infrared fluorescent reporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.05.588310v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent reporters provide additional colors for highly multiplexed imaging of cells and organisms, and enable imaging with less toxic light and higher contrast and depth. Here, we present the engineering of nirFAST, a small tunable chemogenetic NIR fluorescent reporter that is brighter than top-performing NIR fluorescent proteins in cultured mammalian cells. nirFAST is a small genetically encoded protein of 14 kDa that binds and stabilizes the fluorescent state of synthetic, highly cell-permeant, fluorogenic chromophores (so-called fluorogens) that are otherwise dark when free. Engineered to emit NIR light, nirFAST can also emit far-red or red lights through change of chromophore. nirFAST allows the imaging of proteins in live cultured mammalian cells, chicken embryo tissues and zebrafish larvae. Its near infrared fluorescence provides an additional color for high spectral multiplexing. We showed that nirFAST is well-suited for stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy, allowing the efficient imaging of proteins with subdiffraction resolution in live cells. nirFAST enabled the design of a chemogenetic green-NIR fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) for the monitoring of the different phases of the cell cycle. Finally, bisection of nirFAST allowed the design of a fluorogenic chemically induced dimerization technology with NIR fluorescence readout, enabling the control and visualization of protein proximity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El Hajji, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joliot, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rampon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volovitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrancosta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VRIZ, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tunable and versatile chemogenetic near infrared fluorescent reporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.06.587952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transformers do not outperform Cellpose 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.06.587952v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a recent publication, Ma et al [1] claim that a transformer-based cellular segmentation method called Mediar [2] -- which won a Neurips challenge -- outperforms Cellpose [3] (0.897 vs 0.543 median F1 score). Here we show that this result was obtained by disadvantaging Cellpose in multiple ways. When we removed these impairments, Cellpose outperformed Mediar (0.861 vs 0.826 median F1 score on the updated test set). To further investigate the performance of transformers for cellular segmentation, we replaced the Cellpose backbone with a transformer. The transformer-Cellpose model also did not outperform the standard Cellpose (0.848 median F1 test score). Our results suggest that transformers do not advance the state-of-the-art in cellular segmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.06.587952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transformers do not outperform Cellpose]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.04.588173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular insights into phosphoethanolamine cellulose formation and secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.04.588173v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) cellulose is a naturally occurring modified cellulose produced by several Enterobacteriaceae. The minimal components of the E. coli cellulose synthase complex include the catalytically active BcsA enzyme, an associated periplasmic semicircle of hexameric BcsB, as well as the outer membrane (OM)-integrated BcsC subunit containing periplasmic tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR). Additional subunits include BcsG, a membrane-anchored periplasmic pEtN transferase associated with BcsA, and BcsZ, a conserved periplasmic cellulase of unknown biological function. While events underlying the synthesis and translocation of cellulose by BcsA are well described, little is known about its pEtN modification and translocation across the cell envelope. We show that the N-terminal cytosolic domain of BcsA positions three copies of BcsG near the nascent cellulose polymer. Further, the terminal subunit of the BcsB semicircle tethers the N-terminus of a single BcsC protein to establish a trans-envelope secretion system. BcsCs TPR motifs bind a putative cello-oligosaccharide near the entrance to its OM pore. Additionally, we show that only the hydrolytic activity of BcsZ but not the subunit itself is necessary for cellulose secretion, suggesting a secretion mechanism based on enzymatic removal of mislocalized cellulose. Lastly, we introduce pEtN modification of cellulose in orthogonal cellulose biosynthetic systems by protein engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cegelski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.04.588173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular insights into phosphoethanolamine cellulose formation and secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.10.587378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling of cell growth modulation to asymmetric division and cell cycle regulation in Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.10.587378v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In proliferating bacteria, growth rate is often assumed to be similar between daughter cells. However, most of our knowledge of cell growth derives from studies on symmetrically dividing bacteria. In many -proteobacteria, asymmetric division is a normal part of the life cycle, with each division producing daughter cells with different sizes and fates. Here, we demonstrate that the functionally distinct swarmer and stalked daughter cells produced by the model -proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus have different average growth rates despite sharing an identical genome and environment. The discrepancy in growth rate is due to a growth slowdown during the cell cycle stage preceding DNA replication (the G1 phase), which is predominantly associated with swarmer cell functionality. We also provide evidence that the second messenger (p)ppGpp extends the timing of the G1/swarmer cell stage by slowing growth specifically during the beginning of the cell cycle. Our data further show that cells factor the amount and rate of their growth to control the G1/S transition, allowing them to adjust the time they spend with ecologically important G1-specific traits.

Significance statementBacterial growth rate modulation is generally associated with changes in genetic make-up or environmental condition. This study demonstrates that the rate of cell growth can also vary between daughter cells and across cell cycle stages under invariant and unstressed environmental conditions. This is illustrated by the asymmetrically dividing -proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus, which, at each division, produces two functionally distinct daughter cells that differ in average growth rate. This growth rate difference arises from a G1 phase-specific growth slowdown mediated, in part, by the (p)ppGpp alarmone. Altogether, this study showcases the coupling of cell growth modulation to asymmetric division and cell cycle regulation, which may have implications for other -proteobacteria given their cell cycle similarities with C. crescentus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glenn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papagiannakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.587378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling of cell growth modulation to asymmetric division and cell cycle regulation in Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.11.588910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the substrate specificity of an RNA ligase ribozyme from phosphorimidazole- to triphosphate-activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.11.588910v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acquisition of new RNA functions through evolutionary processes would have been essential for the diversification of RNA-based primordial biology and its subsequent transition to modern biology. However, the mechanisms by which RNAs access new functions remain unclear. Do ribozymes need completely new folds to support new but related functions, or is re-optimization of the active site sufficient? What are the roles of neutral and adaptive mutations in evolutionary innovation? Here we address these questions experimentally by focusing on the evolution of substrate specificity in RNA-catalyzed RNA assembly reactions. We use directed in vitro evolution to show that a ligase ribozyme that uses prebiotically relevant 5'-phosphorimidazole-activated substrates can be evolved to catalyze ligation with substrates that are 5'-activated with the biologically relevant triphosphate group. Interestingly, despite catalyzing a related reaction, the new ribozyme folds into a completely new structure and exhibits promiscuity by catalyzing RNA ligation with both triphosphate and phosphorimidazole-activated substrates. Although distinct in sequence and structure, the parent phosphorimidazolide ligase and the evolved triphosphate ligase ribozymes can be connected by a series of point mutations where the intermediate sequences retain at least some ligase activity. The existence of a quasi-neutral pathway between these distinct ligase ribozymes suggests that neutral drift is sufficient to enable the acquisition of new substrate specificity, thereby providing opportunities for subsequent adaptive optimization. The transition from RNA-catalyzed RNA assembly using phosphorimidazole-activated substrates to triphosphate-activated substrates may have set the stage for the later evolution of the protein enzymes that use monomeric triphosphates (NTPs) for RNA synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DasGupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.588910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the substrate specificity of an RNA ligase ribozyme from phosphorimidazole- to triphosphate-activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.11.589088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular interplay between HURP and Kif18A in mitotic spindle regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.11.589088v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During mitosis, microtubule dynamics are regulated to ensure proper alignment and segregation of chromosomes. The dynamics of kinetochore-attached microtubules are regulated by hepatoma-upregulated protein (HURP) and the mitotic kinesin-8 Kif18A, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Using single-molecule imaging in vitro, we demonstrate that Kif18A motility is regulated by HURP. While sparse decoration of HURP activates the motor, higher concentrations hinder processive motility. To shed light on this behavior, we determined the binding mode of HURP to microtubules using Cryo-EM. The structure reveals that one HURP motif spans laterally across {beta}-tubulin, while a second motif binds between adjacent protofilaments. HURP partially overlaps with the microtubule-binding site of the Kif18A motor domain, indicating that excess HURP inhibits Kif18A motility by steric exclusion. We also observed that HURP and Kif18A function together to suppress dynamics of the microtubule plus-end, providing a mechanistic basis for how they collectively serve in spindle length control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez-Bertoldi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thawani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.589088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular interplay between HURP and Kif18A in mitotic spindle regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.09.588557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neuroendocrine transition in prostate cancer is dynamic and dependent on ASCL1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.09.588557v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lineage plasticity is a recognized hallmark of cancer progression that can shape therapy outcomes. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating lineage plasticity remain poorly understood. Here, we describe a versatile in vivo platform to identify and interrogate the molecular determinants of neuroendocrine lineage transformation at different stages of prostate cancer progression. Adenocarcinomas reliably develop following orthotopic transplantation of primary mouse prostate organoids acutely engineered with human-relevant driver alterations (e.g., Rb1-/-; Trp53-/-; cMyc+ or Pten-/-; Trp53-/-; cMyc+), but only those with Rb1 deletion progress to ASCL1+ neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), a highly aggressive, androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI)-resistant tumor. Importantly, we show this lineage transition requires a native in vivo microenvironment not replicated by conventional organoid culture. By integrating multiplexed immunofluorescence, spatial transcriptomics and PrismSpot to identify cell type-specific spatial gene modules, we reveal that ASCL1+ cells arise from KRT8+ luminal epithelial cells that progressively acquire transcriptional heterogeneity, producing large ASCL1+;KRT8- NEPC clusters. Ascl1 loss in established NEPC results in transient tumor regression followed by recurrence; however, Ascl1 deletion prior to transplantation completely abrogates lineage plasticity, yielding adenocarcinomas with elevated AR expression and marked sensitivity to castration. The dynamic feature of this model reveals the importance of timing of therapies focused on lineage plasticity and offers a platform for identification of additional lineage plasticity drivers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Robles, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karthaus, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Stanchina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggles, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westcott, P. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neuroendocrine transition in prostate cancer is dynamic and dependent on ASCL1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.09.588340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Analysis of Treatment-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Implications of Cell State Changes for Cell Surface Antigen Targeted Therapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.09.588340v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting cell surface molecules using radioligand and antibody-based therapies has yielded considerable success across cancers. However, it remains unclear how the expression of putative lineage markers, particularly cell surface molecules, varies in the process of lineage plasticity, wherein tumor cells alter their identity and acquire new oncogenic properties. A notable example of lineage plasticity is the transformation of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)--a growing resistance mechanism that results in the loss of responsiveness to androgen blockade and portends dismal patient survival. To understand how lineage markers vary across the evolution of lineage plasticity in prostate cancer, we applied single cell analyses to 21 human prostate tumor biopsies and two genetically engineered mouse models, together with tissue microarray analysis (TMA) on 131 tumor samples. Not only did we observe a higher degree of phenotypic heterogeneity in castrate-resistant PRAD and NEPC than previously anticipated, but also found that the expression of molecules targeted therapeutically, namely PSMA, STEAP1, STEAP2, TROP2, CEACAM5, and DLL3, varied within a subset of gene-regulatory networks (GRNs). We also noted that NEPC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) subtypes shared a set of GRNs, indicative of conserved biologic pathways that may be exploited therapeutically across tumor types. While this extreme level of transcriptional heterogeneity, particularly in cell surface marker expression, may mitigate the durability of clinical responses to novel antigen-directed therapies, its delineation may yield signatures for patient selection in clinical trials, potentially across distinct cancer types.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTreatment of prostate cancer is rapidly evolving with several promising new drugs targeting different cell surface antigens. Selection of patients most likely to benefit from these therapies requires an understanding of how expression of these cell surface antigens varies across patients and how they change during disease progression, particularly in tumors that undergo lineage plasticity. Using immunohistochemistry and single cell mRNA sequencing, we reveal heterogeneity of cell states across a cohort of advanced disease prostate cancer patients; this heterogeneity is not captured by conventional histology-based designations of adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. We show these cell states can be identified by gene regulatory networks that could provide additional diagnostic precision based on their correlation with clinically relevant cell surface antigen expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roudier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadosky, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karthaus, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kates, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obradovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linkov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungbluth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rekhtman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manova-Todorova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>True, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scher, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathkopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodrich, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Analysis of Treatment-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Implications of Cell State Changes for Cell Surface Antigen Targeted Therapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.09.588596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictomes: A classifier-curated database of AlphaFold-modeled protein-protein interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.09.588596v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are ubiquitous in biology, yet a comprehensive structural characterization of the PPIs underlying biochemical processes is lacking. Although AlphaFold-Multimer (AF-M) has the potential to fill this knowledge gap, standard AF-M confidence metrics do not reliably separate relevant PPIs from an abundance of false positive predictions. To address this limitation, we used machine learning on well curated datasets to train a Structure Prediction and Omics informed Classifier called SPOC that shows excellent performance in separating true and false PPIs, including in proteome-wide screens. We applied SPOC to an all-by-all matrix of nearly 300 human genome maintenance proteins, generating [~]40,000 predictions that can be viewed at predictomes.org, where users can also score their own predictions with SPOC. High confidence PPIs discovered using our approach suggest novel hypotheses in genome maintenance. Our results provide a framework for interpreting large scale AF-M screens and help lay the foundation for a proteome-wide structural interactome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictomes: A classifier-curated database of AlphaFold-modeled protein-protein interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.12.589322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the critical concentration for net assembly of dynamically unstable polymers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.12.589322v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoskeletal and cytomotive filaments are protein polymers that move molecular cargo and organize cellular contents in all domains of life. A key parameter describing the self-assembly of many of these polymers --including actin filaments and microtubules-- is the minimum concentration required for polymer formation. This  critical concentration for net assembly (ccN) is easy to calculate for eukaryotic actins but more difficult for dynamically unstable filaments such as microtubules and some bacterial polymers. To better understand how cells (especially bacteria) regulate assembly of dynamically unstable polymers I investigate the microscopic parameters that influence their critical concentrations. Assuming simple models for spontaneous nucleation and catastrophe I derive expressions for the monomer-polymer balance. In the absence of concentration-dependent rescue, fixed catastrophe rates do not produce clear critical concentrations. In contrast, simple ATP-/GTP-cap models with concentration-dependent catastrophe rates, generate phenomenological critical concentrations that increase linearly with the rate of nucleotide hydrolysis and decrease logarithmically with the rate of spontaneous nucleation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the critical concentration for net assembly of dynamically unstable polymers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.13.589350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA complexes with nicks and gaps: thermodynamic and kinetic effects of coaxial stacking and dangling ends 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.13.589350v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple RNA strands can interact in solution and assume a large variety of configurations dictated by their potential for base pairing. Although duplex formation from two complementary oligonucleotides has been studied in detail, we still lack a systematic characterization of the behavior of higher order complexes. Here we focus on the thermodynamic and kinetic effects of an upstream oligonucleotide on the binding of a downstream oligonucleotide to a common template, as we vary the sequence and structure of the contact interface. We show that coaxial stacking in RNA is well correlated with but much more stabilizing than helix propagation over an analogous intact double helix step (median {Delta} {Delta} G37{degrees}C {approx} 1.7 kcal/mol). Consequently, approximating coaxial stacking in RNA with the helix propagation term leads to large discrepancies between predictions and our experimentally determined melting temperatures, with an offset of {approx} 10{degrees}C. Our kinetic study reveals that the hybridization of the downstream probe oligonucleotide is impaired (lower kon) by the presence of the upstream oligonucleotide, with the thermodynamic stabilization coming entirely from an extended lifetime (lower koff) of the bound downstream oligonucleotide, which can increase from seconds to months. Surprisingly, we show that the effect of nicks is dependent on the length of the stacking oligonucleotides, and we discuss the binding of ultrashort (1 [~] 4 nt) oligonucleotides that are relevant in the context of the origin of life. The thermodynamic and kinetic data obtained in this work allow for the prediction of the formation and stability of higher order multi-stranded complexes.

Graphic entry for the Table of Contents (TOC)

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Todisco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radakovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.13.589350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA complexes with nicks and gaps: thermodynamic and kinetic effects of coaxial stacking and dangling ends]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.13.589364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Medusavirus encoded histones reveals nucleosome-like structures and a unique linker histone 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.13.589364v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organization of DNA into nucleosomes is a ubiquitous and ancestral feature that was once thought to be exclusive to the eukaryotic domain of life. Intriguingly, several representatives of the Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV) encode histone-like proteins that in Melbournevirus were shown to form nucleosome-like particles. Medusavirus medusae (MM), a distantly related giant virus, encodes all four core histone proteins and, unique amongst most giant viruses, a putative acidic protein with two domains resembling linker histone H1. Here we report the structure of nucleosomes assembled with Medusavirus histones and highlight similarities and differences with eukaryotic and Melbournevirus nucleosomes. Our structure provides insight into how variations in histone tail and loop lengths are accommodated within the context of the nucleosome. We show that Medusavirus histones assemble into tri-nucleosome arrays, and that the putative linker histone H1 does not function in chromatin compaction. These findings expand our understanding of viral histones and suggest that Medusavirus histones represent a snapshot in the evolutionary timeline of nucleosome architecture.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYThe four Medusavirus medusae core histones form nucleosome-like structures that combine features of eukaryotic and other viral nucleosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toner, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoitsma, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.13.589364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Medusavirus encoded histones reveals nucleosome-like structures and a unique linker histone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.12.588890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Coding Dysfunction and Network Instability in the Aging Medial Entorhinal Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.12.588890v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across species, spatial memory declines with age, possibly reflecting altered hippocampal and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) function. However, the integrity of cellular and network-level spatial coding in aged MEC is unknown. Here, we leveraged in vivo electrophysiology to assess MEC function in young, middle-aged, and aged mice navigating virtual environments. In aged grid cells, we observed impaired stabilization of context-specific spatial firing, correlated with spatial memory deficits. Additionally, aged grid networks shifted firing patterns often but with poor alignment to context changes. Aged spatial firing was also unstable in an unchanging environment. In these same mice, we identified 458 genes differentially expressed with age in MEC, 61 of which had expression correlated with spatial firing stability. These genes were enriched among interneurons and related to synaptic transmission. Together, these findings identify coordinated transcriptomic, cellular, and network changes in MEC implicated in impaired spatial memory in aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herber, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, K. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeda, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.588890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Coding Dysfunction and Network Instability in the Aging Medial Entorhinal Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ectopic Reconstitution of a Spine-Apparatus Like Structure Provides Insight into Mechanisms Underlying Its Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589782v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous cellular endomembrane network that displays focal specializations. Most notable examples of such specializations include the spine apparatus of neuronal dendrites, and the cisternal organelle of axonal initial segments. Both organelles exhibit stacks of smooth ER sheets with a narrow lumen and interconnected by a dense protein matrix. The actin-binding protein synaptopodin is required for their formation. Here, we report that expression in non-neuronal cells of a synaptopodin construct targeted to the ER is sufficient to generate stacked ER cisterns resembling the spine apparatus with molecular properties distinct from the surrounding ER. Cisterns within these stacks are connected to each other by an actin-based matrix that contains proteins also found at the spine apparatus of neuronal spines. These findings reveal a critical role of a synaptopodin-dependent actin matrix in generating cis-ternal stacks. These ectopically generated structures provide insight into spine apparatus morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falahati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ectopic Reconstitution of a Spine-Apparatus Like Structure Provides Insight into Mechanisms Underlying Its Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fine kinetic balance of interactions directs transcription factor hubs to genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589811v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic gene regulation relies on the binding of sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs). TFs bind chromatin transiently yet occupy their target sites by forming high-local concentration microenvironments (hubs and condensates) that increase the frequency of binding. Despite their ubiquity, such microenvironments are difficult to study in endogenous contexts due to technical limitations. Here, we use live embryo light-sheet imaging, single-molecule tracking, and genomics to overcome these limitations and investigate how hubs are localized to target genes to drive TF occupancy and transcription. By examining mutants of a hub-forming TF, Zelda, in Drosophila embryos, we find that hub formation propensity, spatial distributions, and temporal stabilities are differentially regulated by DNA binding and disordered protein domains. We show that hub localization to genomic targets is driven by a finely-tuned kinetic balance of interactions between proteins and chromatin, and hubs can be redirected to new genomic sites when this balance is perturbed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallacaro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratchasanmuang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fine kinetic balance of interactions directs transcription factor hubs to genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed evolution-based discovery of ligands for in vivo restimulation of CAR-T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589780v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy targeting CD19 elicits remarkable clinical efficacy in B-cell malignancies, but many patients relapse due to failed expansion and/or progressive loss of CAR-T cells. We recently reported a strategy to potently restimulate CAR-T cells in vivo, enhancing their functionality by administration of a vaccine-like stimulus comprised of surrogate peptide ligands for a CAR linked to a lymph node-targeting amphiphilic PEG-lipid (termed CAR-T-vax). Here, we demonstrate a general strategy to generate and optimize peptide mimotopes enabling CAR-T-vax generation for any CAR. Using the clinical CD19 CAR (FMC63) as a test case, we employed yeast surface display to identify peptide binders to soluble IgG versions of FMC63, which were subsequently affinity matured by directed evolution. CAR-T vaccines using these optimized mimotopes triggered marked expansion and memory development of CD19 CAR-T cells in both syngeneic and humanized mouse models of B-ALL/Lymphoma, and enhanced control of disease progression. This approach thus enables vaccine boosting to be applied to any clinically relevant CAR-T cell product.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossette, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukaj, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergaggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadauke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paruzzo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghilardi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzywa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cozzone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousefpour, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiarle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittrup, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed evolution-based discovery of ligands for in vivo restimulation of CAR-T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.15.589620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FicD regulates adaptation to the unfolded protein response in the murine liver. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.15.589620v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response that is activated when misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The UPR elicits a signaling cascade that results in an upregulation of protein folding machinery and cell survival signals. However, prolonged UPR responses can result in elevated cellular inflammation, damage, and even cell death. Thus, regulation of the UPR response must be tuned to the needs of the cell, sensitive enough to respond to the stress but pliable enough to be stopped after the crisis has passed. Previously, we discovered that the bi-functional enzyme FicD can modulate the UPR response via post-translational modification of BiP. FicD AMPylates BiP during homeostasis and deAMPylates BiP during stress. We found this activity is important for the physiological regulation of the exocrine pancreas. Here, we explore the role of FicD in the murine liver. Like our previous studies, livers lacking FicD exhibit enhanced UPR signaling in response to short term physiologic fasting and feeding stress. However, the livers of FicD-/- did not show marked changes in UPR signaling or damage after either chronic high fat diet (HFD) feeding or acute pathological UPR induction. Intriguingly, FicD-/- mice showed changes in UPR induction and weight loss patterns following repeated pathological UPR induction. These findings show that FicD regulates UPR responses during mild physiological stress and may play a role in maintaining resiliency of tissue through adaptation to repeated ER stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FicD regulates adaptation to the unfolded protein response in the murine liver.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.17.589955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic DNA break resection and recombination rely on chromatin remodeler Fun30 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.17.589955v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are nucleolytically processed to generate single-stranded DNA tails for homologous recombination. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiosis, this 5-to-3 resection involves initial nicking by the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 complex (MRX) plus Sae2, then exonucleolytic digestion by Exo1. Chromatin remodeling adjacent to meiotic DSBs is thought to be necessary for resection, but the relevant remodeling activity was unknown. Here we show that the SWI/SNF-like ATPase Fun30 plays a major, non-redundant role in resecting meiotic DSBs. A fun30 null mutation shortened resection tract lengths almost as severely as an exo1-nd (nuclease-dead) mutation, and resection was further shortened in the fun30 exo1-nd double mutant. Fun30 associates with chromatin in response to meiotic DSBs, and the constitutive positioning of nucleosomes governs resection endpoint locations in the absence of Fun30. We infer that Fun30 directly promotes both the MRX- and Exo1-dependent steps in resection, possibly by removing nucleosomes from broken chromatids. Moreover, we found that the extremely short resection in the fun30 exo1-nd double mutant is accompanied by compromised interhomolog recombination bias, leading to defects in recombination and chromosome segregation. Thus, this study also provides insight about the minimal resection lengths needed for robust recombination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimitou, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic DNA break resection and recombination rely on chromatin remodeler Fun30]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectome-driven neural inventory of a complete visual system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589741v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vision provides animals with detailed information about their surroundings, conveying diverse features such as color, form, and movement across the visual scene. Computing these parallel spatial features requires a large and diverse network of neurons, such that in animals as distant as flies and humans, visual regions comprise half the brains volume. These visual brain regions often reveal remarkable structure-function relationships, with neurons organized along spatial maps with shapes that directly relate to their roles in visual processing. To unravel the stunning diversity of a complex visual system, a careful mapping of the neural architecture matched to tools for targeted exploration of that circuitry is essential. Here, we report a new connectome of the right optic lobe from a male Drosophila central nervous system FIB-SEM volume and a comprehensive inventory of the flys visual neurons. We developed a computational framework to quantify the anatomy of visual neurons, establishing a basis for interpreting how their shapes relate to spatial vision. By integrating this analysis with connectivity information, neurotransmitter identity, and expert curation, we classified the [~]53,000 neurons into 727 types, about half of which are systematically described and named for the first time. Finally, we share an extensive collection of split-GAL4 lines matched to our neuron type catalog. Together, this comprehensive set of tools and data unlock new possibilities for systematic investigations of vision in Drosophila, a foundation for a deeper understanding of sensory processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesche, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemura, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruntman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klapoetke, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longden, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seenivasan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canino, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley-May, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hameed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayworth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalyak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauchie, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okeoma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olbris, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietzsch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas Salinas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectome-driven neural inventory of a complete visual system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.17.589977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and antigenic landscape of the Nipah virus receptor binding protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.17.589977v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nipah virus recurrently spills over to humans, causing fatal infections. The viral receptor-binding protein (RBP or G) attaches to host receptors and is a major target of neutralizing antibodies. Here we use deep mutational scanning to measure how all amino-acid mutations to the RBP affect cell entry, receptor binding, and escape from neutralizing antibodies. We identify functionally constrained regions of the RBP, including sites involved in oligomerization, along with mutations that differentially modulate RBP binding to its two ephrin receptors. We map escape mutations for six anti-RBP antibodies, and find that few antigenic mutations are present in natural Nipah strains. Our findings offer insights into the potential for functional and antigenic evolution of the RBP that can inform the development of antibody therapies and vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and antigenic landscape of the Nipah virus receptor binding protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive gene flow despite strong and varied reproductive barriers in swordtails 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.16.589374v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the mechanisms that can lead to the formation of new species occurs through the evolution of reproductive barriers. However, recent research has demonstrated that hybridization has been pervasive across the tree of life even in the presence of strong barriers. Swordtail fishes (genus Xiphophorus) are an emerging model system for studying the interface between these barriers and hybridization. We document overlapping mechanisms that act as barriers between closely related species, X. birchmanni and X. cortezi, by combining genomic sequencing from natural hybrid populations, artificial crosses, behavioral assays, sperm performance, and developmental studies. We show that strong assortative mating plays a key role in maintaining subpopulations with distinct ancestry in natural hybrid populations. Lab experiments demonstrate that artificial F1 crosses experience dysfunction: crosses with X. birchmanni females were largely inviable and crosses with X. cortezi females had a heavily skewed sex ratio. Using F2 hybrids we identify several genomic regions that strongly impact hybrid viability. Strikingly, two of these regions underlie genetic incompatibilities in hybrids between X. birchmanni and its sister species X. malinche. Our results demonstrate that ancient hybridization has played a role in the origin of this shared genetic incompatibility. Moreover, ancestry mismatch at these incompatible regions has remarkably similar consequences for phenotypes and hybrid survival in X. cortezi O X. birchmanni hybrids as in X. malinche O X. birchmanni hybrids. Our findings identify varied reproductive barriers that shape genetic exchange between naturally hybridizing species and highlight the complex evolutionary outcomes of hybridization.

Significance StatementBiologists are fascinated by how the diverse species we see on Earth have arisen and been maintained. One driver of this process is the evolution of reproductive barriers between species. Despite the commonality of these barriers, many species still exchange genes through a process called hybridization. Here, we show that related species can have a striking array of reproductive barriers--from genetic interactions that harm hybrids to mate preferences that reduce hybridization in the first place. However, we also find that genetic exchange between these species is very common, and may itself play an important role in the evolution of reproductive barriers. Together, our work highlights the complex web of interactions that impact the origin and persistence of distinct species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguillon, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase Cox, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langdon, Q. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baczenas, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donny, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios-Cardenas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive gene flow despite strong and varied reproductive barriers in swordtails]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.19.590186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycogen phase separation drives macromolecular rearrangement and asymmetric division in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.19.590186v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria often experience nutrient limitation. While the exponential and stationary growth phases have been characterized in the model bacterium Escherichia coli, little is known about what transpires inside individual cells during the transition between these two phases. Through quantitative cell imaging, we found that the positions of nucleoids and cell division sites become increasingly asymmetric during transition phase. These asymmetries were coupled with asymmetric reorganization of protein, ribosome, and RNA probes in the cytoplasm. Results from live-cell imaging experiments, complemented with genetic and 13C whole-cell nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies, show that preferential accumulation of the storage polymer glycogen at the old cell pole leads to the observed rearrangements and asymmetric divisions. Live-cell atomic force microscopy analysis, combined with in vitro biochemical experiments, suggests that these phenotypes are due to the propensity of glycogen to phase separate into soft condensates in the crowded cytoplasm. Glycogen-associated differences in cell sizes between strains and future daughter cells suggest that glycogen phase separation allows cells to store large glucose reserves without counting them as cytoplasmic space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thappeta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canas-Duarte, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragasso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cegelski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycogen phase separation drives macromolecular rearrangement and asymmetric division in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.18.590176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dependence of Contextual Modulation in Macaque V1 on Interlaminar Signal Flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.18.590176v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In visual cortex, neural correlates of subjective perception can be generated by modulation of activity from beyond the classical receptive field (CRF). In macaque V1, activity generated by nonclassical receptive field (nCRF) stimulation involves different intracortical circuitry than activity generated by CRF stimulation, suggesting that interactions between neurons across V1 layers differ under CRF and nCRF stimulus conditions. Using Neuropixels probes, we measured border ownership modulation within large, local populations of V1 neurons. We found that neurons in single columns preferred the same side of objects located outside of the CRF. In addition, we found that cross-correlations between pairs of neurons situated across feedback/horizontal and input layers differed between CRF and nCRF stimulation. Furthermore, independent of the comparison with CRF stimulation, we observed that the magnitude of border ownership modulation increased with the proportion of information flow from feedback/horizontal layers to input layers. These results demonstrate that the flow of signals between layers covaries with the degree to which neurons integrate information from beyond the CRF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepka, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dependence of Contextual Modulation in Macaque V1 on Interlaminar Signal Flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.18.590066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Solution to Count the Number of Molecules within a Diffraction Limited Spot 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.18.590066v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We address the problem of inferring the number of independently blinking fluorescent light emitters, when only their combined intensity contributions can be observed at each timepoint. This problem occurs regularly in light microscopy of objects that are smaller than the diffraction limit, where one wishes to count the number of fluorescently labelled subunits. Our proposed solution directly models the photo-physics of the system, as well as the blinking kinetics of the fluorescent emitters as a fully differentiable hidden Markov model. Given a trace of intensity over time, our model jointly estimates the parameters of the intensity distribution per emitter, their blinking rates, as well as a posterior distribution of the total number of fluorescent emitters. We show that our model is consistently more accurate and increases the range of countable subunits by a factor of two compared to current state-of-the-art methods, which count based on autocorrelation and blinking frequency. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our model can be used to investigate the effect of blinking kinetics on counting ability, and therefore can inform experimental conditions that will maximize counting accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hillsley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Solution to Count the Number of Molecules within a Diffraction Limited Spot]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.24.590991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expansion of in vitro Toxoplasma gondii cysts using enzymatically enhanced ultrastructure expansion microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.24.590991v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is an innovative approach to achieve super-resolution images without using super-resolution microscopes, based on the physical expansion of the sample. The advent of ExM has unlocked super-resolution imaging for a broader scientific circle, lowering the cost and entry skill requirements to the field. One of its branches, ultrastructure ExM (U-ExM), has become popular among research groups studying Apicomplexan parasites, including the acute stage of Toxoplasma gondii infection. The chronic cyst-forming stage of Toxoplasma, however, resists U-ExM expansion, impeding precise protein localisation. Here, we solve the in vitro cysts resistance to denaturation required for successful U-ExM of the encapsulated parasites. As the cysts main structural protein CST1 contains a mucin domain, we added an enzymatic digestion step using the pan-mucinase StcE prior to the expansion protocol. This allowed full expansion of the cysts in fibroblasts and primary neuronal cell culture without interference with the epitopes of the cyst-wall associated proteins. Using StcE-enhanced U-ExM, we clarified the shape and location of the GRA2 protein important for establishing a normal cyst. Expanded cysts revealed GRA2 granules spanning across the cyst wall, with a notable presence observed outside on both sides of the CST1-positive layer.

ImportanceToxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite capable of establishing long-term chronic infection in nearly all warm-blooded animals. During the chronic stage, parasites encapsulate into cysts in a wide range of tissues but particularly in neurons of the central nervous system and in skeletal muscle. Current anti-Toxoplasma drugs do not eradicate chronic parasites and leave behind a reservoir of infection. As the cyst is critical for both transmission and pathology of the disease, we need to understand more fully the biology of the cyst and its vulnerabilities.

The advent of a new super-resolution approach called ultrastructure expansion microscopy allowed in-depth studies of the acute stage of Toxoplasma infection but not the cyst-forming stage, which resists protocol-specific denaturation. Here, we show that an additional step of enzymatic digestion using mucinase StcE allows full expansion of the Toxoplasma cysts, offering a new avenue for a comprehensive examination of the chronic stage of infection using an accessible super-resolution technique.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bondarenko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limoge, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gissot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.590991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expansion of in vitro Toxoplasma gondii cysts using enzymatically enhanced ultrastructure expansion microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.25.590465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of MYC synthetic lethal genes and networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.25.590465v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MYC is a potent oncogene that is frequently overexpressed in human tumors arising in different tissues. To date there are no approved therapies to directly antagonize oncogenic MYC and its role in driving tumorigenesis. As an alternative approach we employed genetic screens using CRISPR and shRNA to identify the genes that are required for the survival and growth of cells harboring high levels of MYC expression. We find that cells with elevated MYC require the expression of many pro-growth and metabolic pathways including genes involved in mitochondrial citrate production and transport. This citrate producing pathway is critical for cells with elevated MYC to generate the necessary acetyl-CoA to drive the lipid synthesis required for increased proliferation. Inhibition of this pathway results in reduced proliferation and in vivo tumor growth providing a potential therapeutic strategy to target MYC-driven cancers.

HIGHLIGHTS- CRISPR and shRNA screens identify synthetic lethal interactions with overexpressed MYC
- MYC overexpressing cells are more sensitive to disruption of citrate production and transport
- Inhibition of SLC25A1 reduces growth of MYC driven tumors
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.590465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of MYC synthetic lethal genes and networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.26.591160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A maternal-effect toxin-antidote element causes larval arrest in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.26.591160v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxin-antidote elements (TAs) are selfish DNA sequences that bias their transmission to the next generation. TAs typically consist of two linked genes: a toxin and an antidote. The toxin kills progeny that do not inherit the TA, while the antidote counteracts the toxin in progeny that inherit the TA. We previously discovered two TAs in C. elegans that follow the canonical TA model of two linked genes: peel-1/zeel-1 and sup-35/pha-1. Here, we report a new TA that exists in three distinct states across the C. elegans population. The canonical TA, which is found in isolates from the Hawaiian islands, consists of two genes that encode a maternally deposited toxin (TMRL-1) and a zygotically expressed antidote (AMRL-1). The toxin induces larval lethality in embryos that do not inherit the antidote gene. A second version of the TA has lost the toxin gene but retains a partially functional antidote. Most C. elegans isolates, including the standard laboratory strain N2, carry a highly divergent allele of the toxin that has retained its activity, but have lost the antidote through pseudogenization. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the N2 tmrl-1 allele is recognized by piRNAs, leading to MUT-16-dependent 22G siRNA production and post-transcriptional silencing of the transcript. The N2 haplotype represents the first naturally occurring unlinked toxin-antidote system where the toxin is post-transcriptionally suppressed by endogenous small RNA pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zdraljevic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter-McNeill, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leighton, D. H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruglyak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A maternal-effect toxin-antidote element causes larval arrest in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.22.590482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglial MyD88-dependent pathways are regulated in a sex specific manner in the context of HMGB1-induced anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.22.590482v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic stress is a significant risk factor for the development and recurrence of anxiety disorders. Chronic stress impacts the immune system, causing microglial functional alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a brain region involved in the pathogenesis of anxiety. High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is an established modulator of neuronal firing and a potent pro-inflammatory stimulus released from neuronal and non-neuronal cells following stress. HMGB1, in the context of stress, acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), instigating robust proinflammatory responses throughout the brain, so much so that localized drug delivery of HMGB1 alters behavior in the absence of any other forms of stress, i.e., social isolation, or behavioral stress models. Few studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms that underlie HMGB1-associated behavioral effects in a cell-specific manner. The aim of this study is to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying HMGB1-induced behavioral dysfunction with regard to cell-type specificity and potential sex differences. Here, we report that both male and female mice exhibited anxiety-like behavior following increased HMGB1 in the mPFC as well as changes in microglial morphology. Interestingly, our results demonstrate that HMGB1-induced anxiety may be mediated by distinct microglial MyD88-dependent mechanisms in females compared to males. This study supports the hypothesis that MyD88 signaling in microglia may be a crucial mediator of the stress response in adult female mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rawls, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziabis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anbarci, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilbo, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglial MyD88-dependent pathways are regulated in a sex specific manner in the context of HMGB1-induced anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.26.591331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription of HIV-1 at sites of intact latent provirus integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.26.591331v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 anti-retroviral therapy is highly effective but fails to eliminate a reservoir of latent proviruses leading to a requirement for life-long treatment. How the site of integration of authentic intact latent proviruses might impact their own or neighboring gene expression or reservoir dynamics is poorly understood. Here we report on proviral and neighboring gene transcription at sites of intact latent HIV-1 integration in cultured T cells obtained directly from people living with HIV, as well as engineered primary T cells and cell lines. Proviral gene expression was correlated to the level of endogenous gene expression under resting but not activated conditions. Notably, latent proviral promoters were 100-10,000X less active than in productively infected cells and had little or no measurable impact on neighboring gene expression under resting or activated conditions. Thus, the site of integration has a dominant effect on the transcriptional activity of intact HIV-1 proviruses in the latent reservoir thereby influencing cytopathic effects and proviral immune evasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Santos, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, I. A. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muecksch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription of HIV-1 at sites of intact latent provirus integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.26.591383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced Levels of Lagging Strand Polymerases Shape Stem Cell Chromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.26.591383v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells display asymmetric histone inheritance while non-stem progenitor cells exhibit symmetric patterns in the Drosophila male germline lineage. Here, we report that components involved in lagging strand synthesis, such as DNA polymerase  and {delta} (Pol and Pol{delta}), have significantly reduced levels in stem cells compared to progenitor cells. Compromising Pol genetically induces the replication-coupled histone incorporation pattern in progenitor cells to be indistinguishable from that in stem cells, which can be recapitulated using a Pol inhibitor in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, stem cell-derived chromatin fibers display a higher degree of old histone recycling by the leading strand compared to progenitor cell-derived chromatin fibers. However, upon reducing Pol levels in progenitor cells, the chromatin fibers now display asymmetric old histone recycling just like GSC-derived fibers. The old versus new histone asymmetry is comparable between stem cells and progenitor cells at both S-phase and M-phase. Together, these results indicate that developmentally programmed expression of key DNA replication components is important to shape stem cell chromatin. Furthermore, manipulating one crucial DNA replication component can induce replication-coupled histone dynamics in non-stem cells in a manner similar to that in stem cells.

One Sentence SummaryDelayed lagging strand synthesis regulates asymmetric histone incorporation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snedeker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blundon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.26.591383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced Levels of Lagging Strand Polymerases Shape Stem Cell Chromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.30.591368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A survival-critical role for Drosophila giant interneurons during predation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.30.591368v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large axon-diameter descending neurons are metabolically costly but transmit information rapidly from sensory neurons in the brain to motor neurons in the nerve cord. They have thus endured as a common feature of escape circuits in many animal species where speed is paramount. Though often considered isolated command neurons triggering fast-reaction-time, all-or-none escape responses, giant neurons are just one of multiple parallel pathways enabling selection between behavioral alternatives. Such degeneracy among escape circuits makes it unclear if and how giant neurons benefit prey fitness. Here we competed Drosophila melanogaster flies with genetically-silenced Giant Fibers (GFs) against flies with functional GFs in an arena with wild-caught damselfly predators and find that GF silencing decreases prey survival. Kinematic analysis of damselfly attack trajectories shows that decreased prey survival fitness results from GF-silenced flies failing to escape during predator attack speeds and approach distances that would normally elicit successful escapes. When challenged with a virtual looming predator, fly GFs promote survival by enforcing selection of a short-duration takeoff sequence as opposed to reducing reaction time. Our findings support a role for the GFs in promoting prey survival by influencing action selection as a means to enhance escape performance during realistically complex predation scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chai, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Reyn, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A survival-critical role for Drosophila giant interneurons during predation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.01.592114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of High Affinity Binders to Convex Protein Target Sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.01.592114v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While there has been progress in the de novo design of small globular miniproteins (50-65 residues) to bind to primarily concave regions of a target protein surface, computational design of minibinders to convex binding sites remains an outstanding challenge due to low level of overall shape complementarity. Here, we describe a general approach to generate computationally designed proteins which bind to convex target sites that employ geometrically matching concave scaffolds. We used this approach to design proteins binding to TGF{beta}RII, CTLA-4 and PD-L1 which following experimental optimization have low nanomolar to picomolar affinities and potent biological activity. Co-crystal structures of the TGF{beta}RII and CTLA-4 binders in complex with the receptors are in close agreement with the design models. Our approach provides a general route to generating very high affinity binders to convex protein target sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartze, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinck, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rettie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinck, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.592114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of High Affinity Binders to Convex Protein Target Sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.04.592477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidative Stress is a shared characteristic of ME/CFS and Long COVID 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.04.592477v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than 65 million individuals worldwide are estimated to have Long COVID (LC), a complex multisystemic condition, wherein patients of all ages report fatigue, post-exertional malaise, and other symptoms resembling myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). With no current treatments or reliable diagnostic markers, there is an urgent need to define the molecular underpinnings of these conditions. By studying bioenergetic characteristics of peripheral blood lymphocytes in over 16 healthy controls, 15 ME/CFS, and 15 LC, we find both ME/CFS and LC donors exhibit signs of elevated oxidative stress, relative to healthy controls, especially in the memory subset. Using a combination of flow cytometry, bulk RNA-seq analysis, mass spectrometry, and systems chemistry analysis, we also observed aberrations in ROS clearance pathways including elevated glutathione levels, decreases in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase levels, and glutathione peroxidase 4 mediated lipid oxidative damage. Critically, these changes in redox pathways show striking sex-specific trends. While females diagnosed with ME/CFS exhibit higher total ROS and mitochondrial calcium levels, males with an ME/CFS diagnosis have normal ROS levels, but larger changes in lipid oxidative damage. Further analyses show that higher ROS levels correlates with hyperproliferation of T cells in females, consistent with the known role of elevated ROS levels in the initiation of proliferation. This hyperproliferation of T cells can be attenuated by metformin, suggesting this FDA-approved drug as a possible treatment, as also suggested by a recent clinical study of LC patients. Thus, we report that both ME/CFS and LC are mechanistically related and could be diagnosed with quantitative blood cell measurements. We also suggest that effective, patient tailored drugs might be discovered using standard lymphocyte stimulation assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shankar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelmy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallajosyula, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.04.592477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidative Stress is a shared characteristic of ME/CFS and Long COVID]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.03.592478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel clock neuron subtypes regulate temporal aspects of sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.03.592478v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian neurons within animal brains orchestrate myriad physiological processes and behaviors, But the contribution of these neurons to the regulation of sleep is not well understood. To address this deficiency, we leveraged single-cell RNA sequencing to generate a new and now comprehensive census of transcriptomic cell types of Drosophila clock neurons. We focused principally on the enigmatic DN3s, which constitute about half of the 75 pairs of clock neurons in the fly brain and were previously almost completely uncharacterized. These DN3s are organized into 12 clusters with unusual gene expression features compared to the more well-studied clock neurons. We further show that different DN3 subtypes with distinct projection patterns promote sleep at specific times of the day through a common G protein-coupled receptor, TrissinR. Our findings indicate an intricate regulation of sleep behavior by clock neurons and highlight their remarkable diversity in gene expression, projection patterns and functional properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abruzzi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel clock neuron subtypes regulate temporal aspects of sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.06.592101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remote automated delivery of mechanical stimuli coupled to brain recordings in behaving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.06.592101v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The canonical framework for testing pain and mechanical sensitivity in rodents is manual delivery of stimuli to the paw. However, this approach is time consuming, produces variability in results, requires significant training, and is ergonomically unfavorable to the experimenter. To circumvent limitations in manual delivery of stimuli, we have created a device called the ARM (Automated Reproducible Mechano-stimulator). Built using a series of linear stages, cameras, and stimulus holders, the ARM is more accurate at hitting the desired target, delivers stimuli faster, and decreases variability in delivery of von Frey hair filaments. We demonstrate that the ARM can be combined with traditional measurements of pain behavior and automated machine-learning based pipelines. Importantly, the ARM enables remote testing of mice with experimenters outside the testing room. Using remote testing, we found that mice habituated more quickly when an experimenter was not present and experimenter presence leads to significant sex-dependent differences in paw withdrawal and pain associated behaviors. Lastly, to demonstrate the utility of the ARM for neural circuit dissection of pain mechanisms, we combined the ARM with cellular-resolved microendoscopy in the amygdala, linking stimulus, behavior, and brain activity of amygdala neurons that encode negative pain states. Taken together, the ARM improves speed, accuracy, and robustness of mechanical pain assays and can be combined with automated pain detection systems and brain recordings to map central control of pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burdge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhumka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bistis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toussaint, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morizawa, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadessa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delinois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayiseni, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdus-Saboor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remote automated delivery of mechanical stimuli coupled to brain recordings in behaving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.08.593207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience-dependent, sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity defined by sex-specific cadherin expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.08.593207v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe here the molecular mechanisms by which juvenile experience defines patterns of sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity in the adult nervous system of the nematode C. elegans. We show that starvation of juvenile males disrupts serotonin- dependent activation of the CREB transcription factor in a nociceptive sensory neuron, PHB. CREB acts through a cascade of transcription factors to control expression of an atypical cadherin protein, FMI-1/Flamingo. During postembryonic development, FMI-1/Flamingo has the capacity to promote and maintain synaptic connectivity of the PHB nociceptive sensory to a command interneuron, AVA, in both sexes, but the serotonin transcriptional regulatory cassette antagonizes FMI-1/Flamingo expression in males, thereby establishing sexually dimorphic connectivity between PHB and AVA. A critical regulatory node in this process is the CREB-target LIN-29, a Zn finger transcription factor which integrates four different layers of information - sexual specificity, past feeding status, time and cell-type specificity. Our findings provide the mechanistic details of how an early juvenile experience defines sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.593207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience-dependent, sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity defined by sex-specific cadherin expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.08.591205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic growth and selective stabilization generate stereotyped dendritic arbors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.08.591205v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stereotyped dendritic arbors are shaped by dynamic and stochastic growth during neuronal development. It remains unclear how guidance receptors and ligands coordinate branch dynamic growth, retraction, and stabilization to specify dendritic arbors. We previously showed that extracellular ligand SAX-7/LICAM dictates the shape of the PVD sensory neuron via binding to the dendritic guidance receptor DMA-1, a single transmembrane adhesion molecule. Here, we perform structure-function analyses of DMA-1 and unexpectedly find that robust, stochastic dendritic growth does not require ligand-binding. Instead, ligand-binding inhibits growth, prevents retraction, and specifies arbor shape. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dendritic growth requires a pool of ligand-free DMA-1, which is maintained by receptor endocytosis and reinsertion to the plasma membrane via recycling endosomes. Mutants defective of DMA-1 endocytosis show severely truncated dendritic arbors. We present a model in which ligand-free guidance receptor mediates intrinsic, stochastic dendritic growth, while extracellular ligands instruct dendrite shape by inhibiting growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizzappi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.591205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic growth and selective stabilization generate stereotyped dendritic arbors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.08.593085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closed-loop modulation of remote hippocampal representations with neurofeedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.08.593085v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans can remember specific remote events without acting on them and influence which memories are retrieved based on internal goals. However, animal models typically present sensory cues to trigger memory retrieval and then assess retrieval based on action. Thus, it is difficult to determine whether measured neural activity patterns relate to the cue(s), the memory, or the behavior. We therefore asked whether retrieval-related neural activity could be generated in animals without cues or a behavioral report. We focused on hippocampal "place cells" which primarily represent the animals current location (local representations) but can also represent locations away from the animal (remote representations). We developed a neurofeedback system to reward expression of remote representations and found that rats could learn to generate specific spatial representations that often jumped directly to the experimenter-defined target location. Thus, animals can deliberately engage remote representations, enabling direct study of retrieval-related activity in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coulter, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denovellis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadhwani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eden, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.593085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closed-loop modulation of remote hippocampal representations with neurofeedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.09.593322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved chronobiological complex times C. elegans development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.09.593322v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian PAS-domain protein PERIOD (PER) and its C. elegans orthologue LIN-42 have been proposed to constitute an evolutionary link between two distinct, circadian and developmental, timing systems. However, while the function of PER in animal circadian rhythms is well understood molecularly and mechanistically, this is not true for LIN-42s function in timing rhythmic development. Here, using targeted deletions, we find that the LIN-42 PAS domains are dispensable for the proteins function in timing molts. Instead, we observe arrhythmic molts upon deletion of a distinct sequence element, conserved with PER. We show that this element, designated CK1{delta}-binding domain (CK1BD), mediates stable binding to KIN-20, the C. elegans CK1{delta}/{varepsilon} orthologue. We demonstrate that CK1{delta} phosphorylates LIN-42 and define two conserved helical motifs in the CK1BD, CK1BD-A and CK1BD-B, that have distinct roles in controlling CK1{delta}-binding and kinase activity in vitro. KIN-20 and the LIN-42 CK1BD are required for proper molting timing in vivo, and loss of LIN-42 binding changes KIN-20 subcellular localization. The interactions mirror the central role of a stable circadian PER-CK1 complex in setting a robust [~]24-hour period. Hence, our results establish LIN-42/PER - KIN-20/CK1{delta}/{varepsilon} as a functionally conserved signaling module of two distinct chronobiological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spangler, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wruck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Coronado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iesmantavicius, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosshans, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved chronobiological complex times C. elegans development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.08.593265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryonically Active Piriform Cortex Neurons Promote Intracortical Recurrent Connectivity during Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.08.593265v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity plays a critical role in the maturation of circuits that propagate sensory information into the brain. How widely does early activity regulate circuit maturation across the developing brain? Here, we used Targeted Recombination in Active Populations (TRAP) to perform a brain-wide survey for prenatally active neurons in mice and identified the piriform cortex as an abundantly TRAPed region. Whole-cell recordings in neonatal slices revealed preferential interconnectivity within embryonically TRAPed piriform neurons and their enhanced synaptic connectivity with other piriform neurons. In vivo Neuropixels recordings in neonates demonstrated that embryonically TRAPed piriform neurons exhibit broad functional connectivity within piriform and lead spontaneous synchronized population activity during a transient neonatal period, when recurrent connectivity is strengthening. Selectively activating or silencing of these neurons in neonates enhanced or suppressed recurrent synaptic strength, respectively. Thus, embryonically TRAPed piriform neurons represent an interconnected hub-like population whose activity promotes recurrent connectivity in early development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos Valencia, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.08.593265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryonically Active Piriform Cortex Neurons Promote Intracortical Recurrent Connectivity during Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.09.593372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structural landscape of Microprocessor Mediated pri-let-7 miRNAs processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.09.593372v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
miRNA biogenesis is initiated upon cleavage of a primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) hairpin by the Microprocessor (MP), composed of the Drosha RNase III enzyme and its partner DGCR8. Multiple pri-miRNA sequence motifs affect MP recognition, fidelity, and efficiency. Here, we performed cryo-EM and biochemical studies of several let-7 family pri-miRNAs in complex with human MP. We show that MP has the structural plasticity to accommodate a range of pri-miRNAs. These structures revealed key features of the 5 UG sequence motif, more comprehensively represented as the "fUN" motif. Our analysis explains how cleavage of class-II pri-let-7 members harboring a bulged nucleotide generates a noncanonical precursor with a 1-nt 3 overhang. Finally, the MP-SRSF3-pri-let-7f1 structure reveals how SRSF3 contributes to MP fidelity by interacting with the CNNC-motif and Droshas PAZ-like domain. Overall, this study sheds light on the mechanisms for flexible recognition, accurate cleavage, and regulated processing of different pri-miRNAs by MP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvetanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua-Tor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structural landscape of Microprocessor Mediated pri-let-7 miRNAs processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.09.593460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging the extracellular matrix in live tissues and organisms with a glycan-binding fluorophore 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.09.593460v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All multicellular systems produce and dynamically regulate extracellular matrices (ECM) that play important roles in both biochemical and mechanical signaling. Though the spatial arrangement of these extracellular assemblies is critical to their biological functions, visualization of ECM structure is challenging, in part because the biomolecules that compose the ECM are difficult to fluorescently label individually and collectively. Here, we present a cell-impermeable small molecule fluorophore, termed Rhobo6, that turns on and red shifts upon reversible binding to glycans. Given that most ECM components are densely glycosylated, the dye enables wash-free visualization of ECM, in systems ranging from in vitro substrates to in vivo mouse mammary tumors. Relative to existing techniques, Rhobo6 provides a broad substrate profile, superior tissue penetration, nonperturbative labeling, and negligible photobleaching. This work establishes a straightforward method for imaging the distribution of ECM in live tissues and organisms, lowering barriers for investigation of extracellular biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravenscroft, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolkman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruetten, V. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging the extracellular matrix in live tissues and organisms with a glycan-binding fluorophore]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.10.593582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A versatile bacterial innate immunity protein directly senses two disparate phage proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.10.593582v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic innate immune systems use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense infection by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which then triggers an immune response. Bacteria have similarly evolved immunity proteins that sense certain components of their viral predators known as bacteriophages1-6. Although different immunity proteins can recognize different phage-encoded triggers, individual bacterial immunity proteins have only been found to sense a single trigger during infection, suggesting a one-to-one relationship between bacterial PRRs and their ligands7-11. Here, we demonstrate that the anti-phage defense protein CapRelSJ46 in Escherichia coli can directly bind and sense two completely unrelated and structurally different proteins using the same sensory domain, with overlapping but distinct interfaces. Our results highlight the remarkable versatility of an immune sensory domain, which may be a common property of anti-phage defense systems and enable them to keep pace with their rapidly evolving viral predators. We found that Bas11 phages harbor both trigger proteins that are sensed by CapRelSJ46 during infection, and we demonstrate that such phage can only fully evade CapRelSJ46 defense when both triggers are mutated. Our work reveals how a bacterial immune system that senses more than one trigger can help prevent phages from easily escaping detection, and it may allow detection of a broader range of phages. More generally, our findings illustrate unexpected multifactorial sensing by bacterial defense systems and complex coevolutionary relationships between them and their phage-encoded triggers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepauskas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadieina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thureau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppieters 't Wallant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Pino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A versatile bacterial innate immunity protein directly senses two disparate phage proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.12.593749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coumarin as a general switching auxiliary to prepare photochromic and spontaneously blinking fluorophores 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.12.593749v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) uses activatable or switchable fluorophores to create non-diffraction limited maps of molecular location in biological samples. Despite the utility of this imaging technique, the portfolio of appropriate labels for SMLM remains limited. Here, we describe a general strategy for the construction of "glitter bomb" labels by simply combining rhodamine and coumarin dyes though an amide bond. Condensation of the ortho-carboxyl group on the pendant phenyl ring of rhodamine dyes with a 7-aminocoumarin yields photochromic or spontaneously blinking fluorophores depending on the parent rhodamine structure. We apply this strategy to prepare labels useful super-resolution experiments in fixed cells using different attachment techniques. This general glitter bomb strategy should lead to improved labels for SMLM, ultimately enabling the creation of detailed molecular maps in biological samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jradi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.593749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coumarin as a general switching auxiliary to prepare photochromic and spontaneously blinking fluorophores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.13.593596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteasomal control of anti-CRISPRs for the regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 activity using Cas9-ACROBAT 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.13.593596v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small molecule-mediated proteasomal degradation of proteins is a powerful tool for synthetic regulation of biological activity. To control Cas9 activity in cells, we engineered an anti-CRISPR protein, AcrIIA4, fused to a degradation (dTAG) or small molecule assisted shutoff (SMASh) tag. Co-expression of the tagged AcrIIA4 along with Cas9 and riboswitch-regulated sgRNAs enables precise tunable control of CRISPR activity by small molecule addition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteasomal control of anti-CRISPRs for the regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 activity using Cas9-ACROBAT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.13.594052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex structural variation and behavioral interactions underpin a balanced sexual mimicry polymorphism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.13.594052v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How phenotypic diversity originates and persists within populations are classic puzzles in evolutionary biology. While polymorphisms hypothesized to be under balancing selection segregate within many species, it remains rare for the genetic basis and the selective forces to both be known for the same trait, leading to an incomplete understanding of many classes of polymorphisms. Here, we uncover the genetic architecture of a balanced sexual mimicry polymorphism and identify behavioral mechanisms that may be involved in its maintenance in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus birchmanni. We find that [~]40% of X. birchmanni males develop a "false gravid spot", a melanic pigmentation pattern that mimics the "pregnancy spot" associated with sexual maturity in female live-bearing fish. Using genome-wide association mapping, we detect a single intergenic region associated with variation in the false gravid spot, which is upstream of kitlga, a gene involved in melanophore patterning. By performing long-read sequencing within and across populations, we identify complex structural rearrangements between alternate alleles at this locus. The false gravid spot haplotype drives increased allele-specific expression of kitlga, which provides a mechanistic explanation for the increased melanophore abundance that causes the spot. By studying social interactions in the laboratory and in nature, we find that males with the false gravid spot experience less aggression; however, they also receive increased attention from other males and are disdained by females. These behavioral interactions may play a role in maintaining this phenotypic polymorphism in natural populations. We speculate that structural variants affecting gene regulation may be an underappreciated driver of balanced polymorphisms across diverse species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dodge, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baczenas, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donny, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Given, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase Cox, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haghani, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machin Kairuz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellert, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguillon, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tudor, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios-Cardenas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.594052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex structural variation and behavioral interactions underpin a balanced sexual mimicry polymorphism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.14.593897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric Engagement of Dimeric CRL3KBTBD4 by the Molecular Glue UM171 Licenses Degradation of HDAC1/2 Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.14.593897v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
UM171 is a potent small molecule agonist of ex vivo human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal1, a process that is tightly controlled by epigenetic regulation. By co-opting KBTBD4, a substrate receptor of the CULLIN3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, UM171 promotes the degradation of members of the CoREST transcriptional corepressor complex, thereby limiting HSC attrition2,3. However, the direct target and mechanism of action of UM171 remain unclear. Here, we reveal that UM171 acts as a molecular glue to induce high-affinity interactions between KBTBD4 and HDAC1 to promote the degradation of select HDAC1/2 corepressor complexes. Through proteomics and chemical inhibitor studies, we discover that the principal target of UM171 is HDAC1/2. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis of dimeric KBTBD4 bound to UM171 and the LSD1-HDAC1-CoREST complex unveils an unexpected asymmetric assembly, in which a single UM171 molecule enables a pair of KBTBD4 KELCH-repeat propeller domains to recruit HDAC1 by clamping on its catalytic domain. One of the KBTBD4 propellers partially masks the rim of the HDAC1 active site pocket, which is exploited by UM171 to extend the E3-neo-substrate interface. The other propeller cooperatively strengthens HDAC1 binding via a separate and distinct interface. The overall neomorphic interaction is further buttressed by an endogenous cofactor of HDAC1-CoREST, inositol hexakisphosphate, which makes direct contacts with KBTBD4 and acts as a second molecular glue. The functional relevance of the quaternary complex interaction surfaces defined by cryo-EM is demonstrated by in situ base editor scanning of KBTBD4 and HDAC1. By delineating the direct target of UM171 and its mechanism of action, our results reveal how the cooperativity offered by a large dimeric CRL E3 family can be leveraged by a small molecule degrader and establish for the first time a dual molecular glue paradigm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosavi, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iram, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harry, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barakat, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterbury, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattevi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Peled, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazitschek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liau, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.593897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric Engagement of Dimeric CRL3KBTBD4 by the Molecular Glue UM171 Licenses Degradation of HDAC1/2 Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.14.594163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunotherapy-related cognitive impairment after CAR T cell therapy in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.14.594163v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent central nervous system (CNS) immune dysregulation and consequent dysfunction of multiple neural cell types is central to the neurobiological underpinnings of a cognitive impairment syndrome that can occur following traditional cancer therapies or certain infections. Immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer care for many tumor types, but the potential long-term cognitive sequelae are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate in mouse models that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for both CNS and non-CNS cancers can impair cognitive function and induce a persistent CNS immune response characterized by white matter microglial reactivity and elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines and chemokines. Consequently, oligodendroglial homeostasis and hippocampal neurogenesis are disrupted. Microglial depletion rescues oligodendroglial deficits and cognitive performance in a behavioral test of attention and short-term memory function. Taken together, these findings illustrate similar mechanisms underlying immunotherapy-related cognitive impairment (IRCI) and cognitive impairment following traditional cancer therapies and other immune challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geraghty, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Alvarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotiroti, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamardani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancusi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulinyawe, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liddelow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majzner, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunotherapy-related cognitive impairment after CAR T cell therapy in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.13.594022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the lens MP20 mediated adhesive junction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.13.594022v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human lens fiber membrane intrinsic protein MP20 is the second most abundant membrane protein of the human eye lens. Despite decades of effort its structure and function remained elusive. Here, we determined the MicroED structure of full-length human MP20 in lipidic-cubic phase to a resolution of 3.5 [A]. MP20 forms tetramers each of which contain 4 transmembrane -helices that are packed against one another forming a helical bundle. Both the N- and C-termini of MP20 are cytoplasmic. We found that each MP20 tetramer formed adhesive interactions with an opposing tetramer in a head-to-head fashion. These interactions were mediated by the extracellular loops of the protein. The dimensions of the MP20 adhesive junctions are consistent with the 11 nm thin lens junctions. Investigation of MP20 localization in human lenses indicated that in young fiber cells MP20 was stored intracellularly in vesicles and upon fiber cell maturation MP20 inserted into the plasma membrane and restricted the extracellular space. Together these results suggest that MP20 forms lens thin junctions in vivo confirming its role as a structural protein in the human eye lens, essential for its optical transparency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiriaeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynowycz, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grey, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.594022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the lens MP20 mediated adhesive junction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.10.593654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasound-actuated drug delivery with acoustic percolation switches 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.10.593654v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Devices that can be remote-controlled under image guidance to precisely deliver biomedicines to sites of disease are a major goal of biomedical research. However, most existing externally triggered delivery systems are based on complex micromachines that are controlled with electromagnetic waves and require custom external instrumentation. Here we present a drug delivery platform comprising a simple protein-containing hydrogel that can be both imaged and triggered to release drugs at specific locations using widely available ultrasound imaging devices. This technology is based on the addition of air-filled protein nanostructures called gas vesicles (GVs) to hydrogel delivery vehicles. While intact, GVs sterically block the release of drug payloads and allow the vehicle to be imaged with ultrasound. An increase in ultrasound pressure causes the collapse of GVs within hydrogels present at the desired anatomical location, instantly creating percolation channels and triggering rapid drug release. Both the imaging and release are performed using a common diagnostic ultrasound probe. We implement this concept by establishing ultrasound-controlled drug diffusion and release from hydrogels in vitro and demonstrating targeted image-guided protein delivery in vivo following oral administration. We use this approach to deliver anti-inflammatory antibodies to treat gastrointestinal inflammation in a rat model of colitis. Targeted acoustic percolation switches (TAPS) open a conduit for local, image-guided drug delivery with a simple formulation and commonplace ultrasound equipment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abundo, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tifrea, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buss, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barturen-Larrea, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malounda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasound-actuated drug delivery with acoustic percolation switches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.13.593964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-4 Licenses B Cell Activation Through Cholesterol Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.13.593964v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphocyte activation involves a transition from quiescence and associated catabolic metabolism to a metabolic state with noted similarities to cancer cells such as heavy reliance on aerobic glycolysis for energy demands and increased nutrient requirements for biomass accumulation and cell division1-3. Following antigen receptor ligation, lymphocytes require spatiotemporally distinct "second signals". These include costimulatory receptor or cytokine signaling, which engage discrete programs that often involve remodeling of organelles and increased nutrient uptake or synthesis to meet changing biochemical demands4-6. One such signaling molecule, IL-4, is a highly pleiotropic cytokine that was first identified as a B cell co-mitogen over 30 years ago7. However, how IL-4 signaling mechanistically supports B cell proliferation is incompletely understood. Here, using single cell RNA sequencing we find that the cholesterol biosynthetic program is transcriptionally upregulated following IL-4 signaling during the early B cell response to influenza virus infection, and is required for B cell activation in vivo. By limiting lipid availability in vitro, we determine cholesterol to be essential for B cells to expand their endoplasmic reticulum, progress through cell cycle, and proliferate. In sum, we demonstrate that the well-known ability of IL-4 to act as a B cell growth factor is through a previously unknown rewiring of specific lipid anabolic programs, relieving sensitivity of cells to environmental nutrient availability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steach, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skadow, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailis, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensinger, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-4 Licenses B Cell Activation Through Cholesterol Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.14.594055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells restrain skin inflammation by modulating peripheral neuron activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.14.594055v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The skin integrates diverse signals discerned by sensory neurons and immune cells to elicit adaptive responses to a range of stresses. Considering interactions between nervous and immune systems, we questioned whether regulatory T cells (Treg cells), a T cell subset that suppresses systemic and local inflammation, can modulate activation of peripheral neurons. Short-term ablation of Treg cells increased neuronal activation to noxious stimuli independently from immunosuppressive function. We find that a population of skin Treg cells is highly enriched for Penk expression, a precursor for endogenous opioid enkephalins. Acute depletion of Penk-expressing Treg cells, or cell-specific ablation of Penk in Treg cells increases neuronal activation in response to noxious stimuli and associated inflammation. Our study indicates that a population of Treg cells exhibits neuromodulatory activity to restrain inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bou-Puerto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovanelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andretta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory T cells restrain skin inflammation by modulating peripheral neuron activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.15.594443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FlyBox: A Flexible Open-Source Behavior Monitoring System 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.15.594443v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past two decades, the vast majority of circadian behavior in Drosophila has been recorded in Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM) boards. Though simple and robust, locomotor behavior recording via DAM boards can be prohibitively expensive, especially when taking incubator costs into consideration. Furthermore, their simplicity limits their experimental options and resolution. Here, we present the FlyBox: a simple, open-source benchtop locomotor activity recording system. FlyBox was designed to monitor activity in animals loaded into a standard laboratory multi-well plate. It features light-tight construction and multiple programmable LEDs for simulating day/night cycles and optogenetic manipulation. In total, a single FlyBox costs approximately $750 to build and around two days of labor. In addition, we also present the FlyBoxScanner software to simplify activity monitoring while maintaining compatibility with DAM analysis software. FlyBox is an attractive and affordable package for behavior monitoring that also offers considerable room for customization. Materials and instructions for the FlyBox are available at https://github.com/Rosbash-Lab-FlyBox/FlyBox, and FlyBoxScanner is available at https://github.com/jose-elias-alvarez/flybox-scanner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FlyBox: A Flexible Open-Source Behavior Monitoring System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.14.594231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Courtship song differs between African and European populations of Drosophila melanogaster and involves a strong effect locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.14.594231v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The courtship song of Drosophila melanogaster has long served as an excellent model system for studies of animal communication and differences in courtship song have been demonstrated among populations and between species. Here, we report that flies of African and European origin, which diverged approximately 13,000 years ago, show significant genetic differentiation in the use of slow versus fast pulse song. Using a combination of quantitative trait mapping and population genetic analysis we detected a single strong QTL underlying this trait and we identified candidate genes that may contribute to the evolution of this trait. Song trait variation between parental strains of our recombinant inbred panel enabled detection of genomic intervals associated with six additional song traits, some of which include known courtship-related genes. These findings improve the prospects for further genetic insights into the evolution of reproductive behavior and the biology underlying courtship song.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lollar, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pool, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.594231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Courtship song differs between African and European populations of Drosophila melanogaster and involves a strong effect locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.16.594612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic Analysis of Cyclization Reactions Performed by Substrate-Tolerant ProcM 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.16.594612v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides characterized by the presence of thioether crosslinks. Class II lanthipeptide synthetases are bifunctional enzymes responsible for the multistep chemical modification of these natural products. ProcM is a class II lanthipeptide synthetase known for its remarkable substrate tolerance and ability to install diverse (methyl)lanthionine rings with high accuracy. Previous studies suggested that the final ring pattern of the lanthipeptide product may be determined by the substrate sequence rather than by ProcM, and that ProcM operates by a kinetically controlled mechanism, wherein the ring pattern is dictated by the relative rates of the individual cyclization reactions. This study utilizes kinetic assays to determine if rates of isolated modifications can predict the final ring pattern present in prochlorosins. Changes in the core substrate sequence resulted in changes to the reaction rates of ring formation as well as a change in the order of modifications. Additionally, individual chemical reaction rates were significantly impacted by the presence of other modifications on the peptide. These findings indicate that the rates of isolated modifications are capable of predicting the final ring pattern but are not necessarily a good predictor of the order of modification in WT ProcA3.3 and its variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desormeaux, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.594612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic Analysis of Cyclization Reactions Performed by Substrate-Tolerant ProcM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.17.594641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep-Tissue Spatial Omics: Imaging Whole-Embryo Transcriptomics and Subcellular Structures at High Spatial Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.17.594641v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inherent limitations of fluorescence microscopy, notably the restricted number of color channels, have long constrained comprehensive spatial analysis in biological specimens. Here, we introduce cycleHCR technology that leverages multicycle DNA barcoding and Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) to surpass the conventional color barrier. cycleHCR facilitates high-specificity, single-shot imaging per target for RNA and protein species within thick specimens, mitigating the molecular crowding issues encountered with other imaging-based spatial omics techniques. We demonstrate whole-mount transcriptomics imaging of 254 genes within an E6.5[~]7.0 mouse embryo, achieving precise three-dimensional gene expression and cell fate mapping across a specimen depth of [~] 310 {micro}m. Utilizing expansion microscopy alongside protein cycleHCR, we unveil the complex network of 10 subcellular structures in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Furthermore, in mouse hippocampal slice, we image 8 protein targets and profile the transcriptome of 120 genes, uncovering complex gene expression gradients and cell-type specific nuclear structural variances. cycleHCR provides a unifying framework for multiplex RNA and protein imaging, offering a quantitative solution for elucidating spatial regulations in deep tissue contexts for research and potentially diagnostic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gandin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawase, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokicki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep-Tissue Spatial Omics: Imaging Whole-Embryo Transcriptomics and Subcellular Structures at High Spatial Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.18.594804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sympathetic neuron-derived NPY protects from obesity by sustaining the mural progenitors of thermogenic adipocytes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.18.594804v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is secreted by sympathetic nerves1,2, but its direct impact on thermogenic adipocytes is unknown. Here we uncover the mechanism by which peripheral NPY protects from obesity. Our imaging of cleared murine brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT) established that NPY+ sympathetic axons are only a minority that mostly maps to the peri-vasculature; our analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets identifies mural cells as the main NPY-responsive cells in adipose tissues. We show that NPY sustains mural cells, which are known to be a source of beige cells in both BAT and WAT3-5 and that NPY facilitates the differentiation to thermogenic adipocytes. We found that diet-induced-obesity leads to neuropathy of NPY+ axons and concomitant depletion of the mural cell pool of beige fat progenitors. This defect is replicated in conditional knockout (cKO) mice with NPY specifically abrogated from sympathetic neurons. These cKO mice have whitened BAT with reduced thermogenic ability and lower energy expenditure even before the onset of obesity; they develop adult-onset obesity on a regular chow diet and are more susceptible to diet induced obesity without increasing food consumption. Our results indicate that, relative to central NPY, peripheral NPY produced by the sympathetic nerves has the opposite effect on body weight homeostasis by sustaining the proliferation of the mural cell progenitors of thermogenic adipocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo-Ferraz, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombassaro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoes, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciccarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sanchez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dustin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velloso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingos, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.18.594804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sympathetic neuron-derived NPY protects from obesity by sustaining the mural progenitors of thermogenic adipocytes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.22.595175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific effects of autism-associated chromosome 15q11.2-13.1 duplications in human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.22.595175v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent copy number variation represents one of the most well-established genetic drivers in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Duplication of 15q11.2-13.1 (dup15q) is a well-described neurodevelopmental syndrome that increases the risk of ASD by over 40-fold. However, the effects of this duplication on gene expression and chromatin accessibility in specific cell types in the human brain remain unknown. To identify the cell-type-specific transcriptional and epigenetic effects of dup15q in the human frontal cortex we conducted single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and multi-omic sequencing on dup15q cases (n=6) as well as non-dup15q ASD (n=7) and neurotypical controls (n=7). Cell-type-specific differential expression analysis identified significantly regulated genes, critical biological pathways, and differentially accessible genomic regions. Although there was overall increased gene expression across the duplicated genomic region, cellular identity represented an important factor mediating gene expression changes. Neuronal subtypes, showed greater upregulation of gene expression across a critical region within the duplication as compared to other cell types. Genes within the duplicated region that had high baseline expression in control individuals showed only modest changes in dup15q, regardless of cell type. Of note, dup15q and ASD had largely distinct signatures of chromatin accessibility, but shared the majority of transcriptional regulatory motifs, suggesting convergent biological pathways. However, the transcriptional binding factor motifs implicated in each condition implicated distinct biological mechanisms; neuronal JUN/FOS networks in ASD vs. an inflammatory transcriptional network in dup15q microglia. This work provides a cell-type-specific analysis of how dup15q changes gene expression and chromatin accessibility in the human brain and finds evidence of marked cell-type-specific effects of this genetic driver. These findings have implications for guiding therapeutic development in dup15q syndrome, as well as understanding the functional effects CNVs more broadly in neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownstein, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific effects of autism-associated chromosome 15q11.2-13.1 duplications in human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.21.595051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic dynamics and neural implementation of a hypothalamic line attractor encoding an internal behavioral state 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.21.595051v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Line attractors are emergent population dynamics hypothesized to encode continuous variables such as head direction and internal states. In mammals, direct evidence of neural implementation of a line attractor has been hindered by the challenge of targeting perturbations to specific neurons within contributing ensembles. Estrogen receptor type 1 (Esr1)-expressing neurons in the ventrolateral subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) show line attractor dynamics in male mice during fighting. We hypothesized that these dynamics may encode continuous variation in the intensity of an internal aggressive state. Here, we report that these neurons also show line attractor dynamics in head-fixed mice observing aggression. We exploit this finding to identify and perturb line attractor-contributing neurons using 2-photon calcium imaging and holographic optogenetic perturbations. On-manifold perturbations demonstrate that integration and persistent activity are intrinsic properties of these neurons which drive the system along the line attractor, while transient off-manifold perturbations reveal rapid relaxation back into the attractor. Furthermore, stimulation and imaging reveal selective functional connectivity among attractor-contributing neurons. Intriguingly, individual differences among mice in line attractor stability were correlated with the degree of functional connectivity among contributing neurons. Mechanistic modelling indicates that dense subnetwork connectivity and slow neurotransmission are required to explain our empirical findings. Our work bridges circuit and manifold paradigms, shedding light on the intrinsic and operational dynamics of a behaviorally relevant mammalian line attractor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vinograd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic dynamics and neural implementation of a hypothalamic line attractor encoding an internal behavioral state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.23.595634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep mutational scanning of H5 hemagglutinin to inform influenza virus surveillance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.23.595634v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
H5 influenza is a potential pandemic threat. Previous studies have identified molecular phenotypes of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein that contribute to pandemic risk, including cell entry, receptor preference, HA stability, and reduced neutralization by polyclonal sera. Here we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how all mutations to a clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HA affect each phenotype. We identify mutations that allow HA to better bind 2-6-linked sialic acids, and show that some viruses already carry mutations that stabilize HA. We also identify recent viral strains with reduced neutralization to sera elicited by candidate vaccine virus. Overall, the systematic nature of deep mutational scanning combined with the safety of pseudoviruses enables comprehensive characterization of mutations to inform surveillance of H5 influenza.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ort, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannon, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webby, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peacock, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moncla, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.595634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep mutational scanning of H5 hemagglutinin to inform influenza virus surveillance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.26.593976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and characterization of dietary antigens in oral tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.26.593976v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Food antigens elicit immune tolerance through the action of intestinal regulatory T (Treg) cells. Unlike food allergens, the proteins that mediate tolerance are mostly undescribed. Here, we found that epitopes derived from seed storage proteins are targets of murine intestinal Treg cells, with the most frequent response targeting the C-terminus of the maize protein alpha-zein. An MHC tetramer loaded with this antigen revealed that zein-specific T cells are predominantly intestinal Treg cells, develop concurrently with weaning, and constitute up to 2% of the peripheral Treg cell pool. Zein-responsive Treg cells repressed naive T cell proliferation ex vivo and prior dietary exposure resulted in a constrained response upon multiple inflammatory challenges in vivo, supporting a specific role for gut-resident Treg cells in suppressing systemic immune responses. Together, our work reveals the development, immune suppressive characteristics, and function of naturally occurring Treg cells that recognize dietary seed-storage proteins, a previously undescribed class of antigens in oral tolerance.

One-sentence summaryImmunodominant epitopes from seed storage proteins are a target of intestinal regulatory T cells that modulate immune challenge to food.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blum, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Meza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagashima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.26.593976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and characterization of dietary antigens in oral tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.596445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and functional analysis of the Nipah virus polymerase complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.596445v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nipah virus (NiV) is a bat-borne, zoonotic RNA virus that is among the most pathogenic viruses known to humans. The NiV polymerase, which mediates viral genome replication and mRNA transcription, is a drug target. However, NiV polymerase structures were previously unavailable. We determined the cryo-EM structure of the NiV polymerase complex, comprising the large protein (L) and its associated co-factor (P), and performed structural, biophysical, and functional analyses of the NiV polymerase. The complex assembles with a long P tetrameric coiled-coil that is capped by a bundle of -helices that we show are likely dynamic in solution. Highly conserved zinc-binding modules in the capping domain and a large insert in the RdRp palm domain that is short or absent in most other non-segmented negative strand RNA viruses are critical for replication and transcription. Our findings have the potential to aid in the rational development of drugs to combat NiV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludeke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobilia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and functional analysis of the Nipah virus polymerase complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.596401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlapping role of synaptophysin and synaptogyrin family proteins in determining the small size of synaptic vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.596401v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the synaptophysin and synaptogyrin family are vesicle proteins with four transmembrane domains. In spite of their abundance in synaptic vesicle (SV) membranes, their role remains elusive and only mild defects at the cellular and organismal level are observed in mice lacking one or more family members. Here, we show that co-expression with synapsin of each of the four brain-enriched members of this family - synaptophysin, synaptoporin, synaptogyrin1 and synaptogyrin3 - in fibroblasts is sufficient to generate clusters of small vesicles in the same size range of SVs. Moreover, mice lacking all these four proteins have larger SVs. We conclude that synaptophysin and synaptogyrin family proteins play an overlapping function in the biogenesis of SVs and in determining their small size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujise, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lujan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Olmo-Cabrera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesseling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlapping role of synaptophysin and synaptogyrin family proteins in determining the small size of synaptic vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.30.596686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early mouse ovarian follicles develop into a thecal cell network that generates androgens during peri-puberty 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.30.596686v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The earliest growing mouse follicles, wave 1, rapidly develop in the ovarian medulla, while the great majority, wave 2, are stored for later use as resting primordial follicles in the cortex. Wave 1 follicles are known to mostly undergo atresia, a fate sometimes associated with the persistence of steroidogenic theca cells, but this connection is poorly understood. We characterized wave 1 follicle biology using tissue clearing, lineage tracing and scRNAseq to clarify their contributions to offspring and to steroidogenesis. Wave 1 follicles lineage marked by E16.5 FoxL2 expression in granulosa cells, reach preantral stages containing theca cell layers by 2 weeks. Atresia begins about a week later, during which 80-100% of wave 1 follicles degrade their oocytes, turn over most granulosa cells, but retain theca cells which expand in number together with interstitial gland cells in the medulla. During puberty (5 weeks), these cells ultrastructurally resemble steroidogenic cells and highly express androgen biosynthetic genes. Unexpectedly, the FoxL2 lineage tag also marked about 400 primordial follicles, located near the medullar-cortical boundary, that become the earliest-activated wave 2 follicles. These "boundary" or "wave 1.5" follicles generate 70-100% of the earliest mature oocytes, while fewer than 26 wave 1 follicles with oocytes survive. Consistent with their largely distinct fates in steroid or oocyte production, granulosa cells of antral wave 1 and wave 2 follicles differentially express multiple genes, including Wnt4 and Igfbp5.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe studied the ovaries of juvenile mice 2-6 weeks (wk) of age using transcriptomics and cell lineage to characterize the earliest developing groups of follicles. Wave 1 follicles begin growing at birth in the ovarian medulla, but few produce mature oocytes. Instead, most undergo partial atresia and expand steroidogenic cells expressing androgenic genes at puberty. A newly identified primordial follicle subset located at the medulla-cortex boundary are the earliest to activate and grow. Their oocytes give rise to most early offspring, while no more than a few derive from surviving wave 1 follicles. Our results highlight the importance of spatially localized follicle subgroups and show that follicular waves aid reproduction in distinct ways, some of which involve substantial atresia and cellular remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradling, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.30.596686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early mouse ovarian follicles develop into a thecal cell network that generates androgens during peri-puberty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.27.596121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodic ER-plasma membrane junctions support long-range Ca2+ signal integration in dendrites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.27.596121v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal dendrites must relay synaptic inputs over long distances, but the mechanisms by which activity-evoked intracellular signals propagate over macroscopic distances remain unclear. Here, we discovered a system of periodically arranged endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane (ER-PM) junctions tiling the plasma membrane of dendrites at [~]1 m intervals, interlinked by a meshwork of ER tubules patterned in a ladder-like array. Populated with Junctophilin-linked plasma membrane voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and ER Ca2+-release channels (ryanodine receptors), ER-PM junctions are hubs for ER-PM crosstalk, fine-tuning of Ca2+ homeostasis, and local activation of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Local spine stimulation activates the Ca2+ modulatory machinery facilitating voltage-independent signal transmission and ryanodine receptor-dependent Ca2+ release at ER-PM junctions over 20 m away. Thus, interconnected ER-PM junctions support signal propagation and Ca2+ release from the spine-adjacent ER. The capacity of this subcellular architecture to modify both local and distant membrane-proximal biochemistry potentially contributes to dendritic computations.

HighlightsO_LIPeriodic ER-PM junctions tile neuronal dendritic plasma membrane in rodent and fly.
C_LIO_LIER-PM junctions are populated by ER tethering and Ca2+ release and influx machinery.
C_LIO_LIER-PM junctions act as sites for local activation of CaMKII.
C_LIO_LILocal spine activation drives Ca2+ release from RyRs at ER-PM junctions over 20 m.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benedetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlihan, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittisopikul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petruncio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saalfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clapham, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.27.596121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodic ER-plasma membrane junctions support long-range Ca2+ signal integration in dendrites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.596477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Torque Calculations and Measurements for DNA Torsional Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.596477v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The angular optical trap (AOT) is a powerful instrument for measuring the torsional and rotational properties of a biological molecule. Thus far, AOT studies of DNA torsional mechanics have been carried out using a high numerical aperture oil-immersion objective, which permits strong trapping, but inevitably introduces spherical aberrations due to the glass-aqueous interface. However, the impact of these aberrations on torque measurements is not fully understood experimentally, partly due to a lack of theoretical guidance. Here, we present a numerical platform based on the finite element method to calculate forces and torques on a trapped quartz cylinder. We have also developed a new experimental method to accurately determine the shift in the trapping position due to the spherical aberrations by using a DNA molecule as a distance ruler. We found that the calculated and measured focal shift ratios are in good agreement. We further determined how the angular trap stiffness depends on the trap height and the cylinder displacement from the trap center and found full agreement between predictions and measurements. As further verification of the methodology, we showed that DNA torsional properties, which are intrinsic to DNA, could be determined robustly under different trap heights and cylinder displacements. Thus, this work has laid both a theoretical and experimental framework that can be readily extended to investigate the trapping forces and torques exerted on particles with arbitrary shapes and optical properties.

SIGNIFICANCEWe developed a simulation platform based on the finite element method for force and torque calculation for particles in an angular optical trap (AOT), with considerations of tightly focused Gaussian beam, spherical aberrations, and optically anisotropic particles. Experimental measurements of focal shift ratio, force, and torque under multiple conditions were in good agreement with predictions from the simulations. We also demonstrated that intrinsic DNA torsional properties can be robustly measured under different AOT measurement conditions, strongly validating our simulations and calibrations. Our platform can facilitate trapping particle design for single-molecule assays using the AOT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Torque Calculations and Measurements for DNA Torsional Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.28.596263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structures of protein kinase A in complex with CFTR: mechanisms of phosphorylation and reversible activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.28.596263v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein kinase A (PKA) is a key regulator of cellular functions by selectively phosphorylating numerous substrates, including ion channels, enzymes, and transcription factors. It has long served as a model system for understanding the eukaryotic kinases. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we present complex structures of the PKA catalytic subunit (PKA-C) bound to a full-length protein substrate, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) - an ion channel vital to human health. CFTR gating requires phosphorylation of its regulatory (R) domain. Unphosphorylated CFTR engages PKA-C at two locations, establishing two "catalytic stations" near to, but not directly involving, the R domain. This configuration, coupled with the conformational flexibility of the R domain, permits transient interactions of the eleven spatially separated phosphorylation sites. Furthermore, we determined two structures of the open-pore CFTR stabilized by PKA-C, providing a molecular basis for understanding  reversible activation, whereby PKA-C stimulates CFTR function through simple binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiedorczuk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iordanov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihalyi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szollosi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csanady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structures of protein kinase A in complex with CFTR: mechanisms of phosphorylation and reversible activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.31.596870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRMP/UNC-33 maintains neuronal microtubule arrays by promoting individual microtubule rescue 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.31.596870v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules (MTs) are intrinsically dynamic polymers. In neurons, staggered individual microtubules form stable, polarized acentrosomal MT arrays spanning the axon and dendrite to support long-distance intracellular transport. How the stability and polarity of these arrays are maintained when individual MTs remain highly dynamic is still an open question. Here we visualize MT arrays in vivo in C. elegans neurons with single microtubule resolution. We find that the CRMP family homolog, UNC-33, is essential for the stability and polarity of MT arrays in neurites. In unc-33 mutants, MTs exhibit dramatically reduced rescue after catastrophe, develop gaps in coverage, and lose their polarity, leading to trafficking defects. UNC-33 is stably anchored on the cortical cytoskeleton and forms patch-like structures along the dendritic shaft. These discrete and stable UNC-33 patches concentrate free tubulins and correlate with MT rescue sites. In vitro, purified UNC-33 preferentially associates with MT tips and increases MT rescue frequency. Together, we propose that UNC-33 functions as a microtubule-associated protein (MAP) to promote individual MT rescue locally. Through this activity, UNC-33 prevents the loss of individual MTs, thereby maintaining the coverage and polarity of MT arrays throughout the lifetime of neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agulto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paat, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ori-McKenney, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRMP/UNC-33 maintains neuronal microtubule arrays by promoting individual microtubule rescue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.594850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genes of the fatty acid oxidation pathway are upregulated in female as compared to male cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.594850v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human females and males differ in cardiac physiology and pathology, even after controlling for sex differences in anthropometrics, lifestyle, and environment. For example, females and males differ in cardiac stroke volume and ventricular thickness, and they exhibit different rates and symptoms of cardiovascular disease. Less is understood about molecular differences in female and male hearts, such as sex differences in gene expression. Here we present an integrative framework utilizing bulk and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data to study sex differences in the cardiac transcriptome. We show that genes of the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathway, the primary source of energy in the heart, are expressed more highly in healthy female than in healthy male hearts. We demonstrate that this sex difference is due to cardiomyocyte-specific, female-biased expression of FAO genes and cannot be explained by sex differences in cardiac cellular composition or number of mitochondria, where FAO takes place. Finally, we observe increased cardiac flux and energetic utilization of free fatty acids in female compared to male hearts. Overall, our results demonstrate that male and female human hearts exhibit fundamental differences in metabolism that likely contribute to sex differences in cardiac physiology and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talukdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chmatal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichart, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murashige, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaletsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLaughter, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arany, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.594850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genes of the fatty acid oxidation pathway are upregulated in female as compared to male cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.03.597139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conformational landscape of fold-switcher KaiB is tuned to the circadian rhythm timescale 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.03.597139v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How can a single protein domain encode a conformational landscape with multiple stably-folded states, and how do those states interconvert? Here, we use real-time and relaxation-dispersion NMR to characterize the conformational landscape of the circadian rhythm protein KaiB from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Unique among known natural metamorphic proteins, this KaiB variant spontaneously interconverts between two monomeric states: the "Ground" and "Fold-switched" (FS) state. KaiB in its FS state interacts with multiple binding partners, including the central KaiC protein, to regulate circadian rhythms. We find that KaiB itself takes hours to interconvert between the Ground and FS state, underscoring the ability of a single sequence to encode the slow process needed for function. We reveal the rate-limiting step between the Ground and FS state is the cis-trans isomerization of three prolines in the fold-switching region by demonstrating interconversion acceleration by the prolyl isomerase CypA. The interconversion proceeds through a "partially disordered" (PD) state, where the C-terminal half becomes disordered while the N-terminal half remains stably folded. We discovered two additional properties of KaiBs landscape. Firstly, the Ground state experiences cold denaturation: at 4{degrees}C, the PD state becomes the majorly populated state. Secondly, the Ground state exchanges with a fourth state, the "Enigma" state, on the millisecond timescale. We combine AlphaFold2-based predictions and NMR chemical shift predictions to predict this "Enigma" state is a beta-strand register shift that eases buried charged residues, and support this structure experimentally. These results provide mechanistic insight in how evolution can design a single sequence that achieves specific timing needed for its function.

Significance StatementOne can conceptualize KaiB as an on-off switch to regulate circadian rhythms in bacteria, where the "On state" is the Fold-switched state that binds KaiC and other proteins, and the "Off state" is the Ground state. Our work exemplifies how evolution tuned the kinetics of interconversion to align with the hour-long timescale of its biological function. The Ground state is dramatically destabilized at cold temperatures, and the system contains an alternate "off" conformation that exchanges with the primary "off" conformation at faster timescales than the rate-limiting step. Our findings demonstrate a simple principle for evolving a protein switch: one part of a protein domain remains stably folded to serve as a scaffold for the rest of the protein to re-fold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wayment-Steele, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitsawong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojoawo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderone, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.597139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conformational landscape of fold-switcher KaiB is tuned to the circadian rhythm timescale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.03.594717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Perception Mechanisms of BACH1 Quaternary Structure Degrons by Two F-box Proteins under Oxidative Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.03.594717v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcription factor BACH1 regulates heme homeostasis and oxidative stress responses and promotes cancer metastasis upon aberrant accumulation. Its stability is controlled by two F-box protein ubiquitin ligases, FBXO22 and FBXL17. Here we show that the homodimeric BTB domain of BACH1 functions as a previously undescribed quaternary structure degron, which is deciphered by the two F-box proteins via distinct mechanisms. After BACH1 is released from chromatin by heme, FBXO22 asymmetrically recognizes a cross-protomer interface of the intact BACH1 BTB dimer, which is otherwise masked by the co-repressor NCOR1. If the BACH1 BTB dimer escapes the surveillance by FBXO22 due to oxidative modifications, its quaternary structure integrity is probed by a pair of FBXL17, which simultaneously engage and remodel the two BTB protomers into E3-bound monomers for ubiquitination. By unveiling the multifaceted regulatory mechanisms of BACH1 stability, our studies highlight the abilities of ubiquitin ligases to decode high-order protein assemblies and reveal therapeutic opportunities to block cancer invasion via compound-induced BACH1 destabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kito, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueberheide, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lignitto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.594717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Perception Mechanisms of BACH1 Quaternary Structure Degrons by Two F-box Proteins under Oxidative Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.30.596340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary isoleucine content defines the metabolic and molecular response to a Western diet 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.30.596340v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amino acid composition of the diet has recently emerged as a critical regulator of metabolic health. Consumption of the branched-chain amino acid isoleucine is positively correlated with body mass index in humans, and reducing dietary levels of isoleucine rapidly improves the metabolic health of diet-induced obese male C57BL/6J mice. However, it is unknown how sex, strain, and dietary isoleucine intake may interact to impact the response to a Western Diet (WD). Here, we find that although the magnitude of the effect varies by sex and strain, reducing dietary levels of isoleucine protects C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice of both sexes from the deleterious metabolic effects of a WD, while increasing dietary levels of isoleucine impairs aspects of metabolic health. Despite broadly positive responses across all sexes and strains to reduced isoleucine, the molecular response of each sex and strain is highly distinctive. Using a multi-omics approach, we identify a core sex- and strain-independent molecular response to dietary isoleucine, and identify mega-clusters of differentially expressed hepatic genes, metabolites, and lipids associated with each phenotype. Intriguingly, the metabolic effects of reduced isoleucine in mice are not associated with FGF21 - and we find that in humans plasma FGF21 levels are likewise not associated with dietary levels of isoleucine. Finally, we find that foods contain a range of isoleucine levels, and that consumption of dietary isoleucine is lower in humans with healthy eating habits. Our results demonstrate that the dietary level of isoleucine is critical in the metabolic and molecular response to a WD, and suggest that lowering dietary levels of isoleucine may be an innovative and translatable strategy to protect from the negative metabolic consequences of a WD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trautman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaiyakul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babygirija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilpin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelenovskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonsalla, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malecki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamming, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.30.596340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary isoleucine content defines the metabolic and molecular response to a Western diet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.596712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Sequence Domain Annotation using Language Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.596712v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein domain annotation underlies large-scale functional inference and is commonly performed by scanning sequences against libraries of profile hidden Markov models (profile HMMs). We describe PSALM, a protein domain annotation method that combines (i) a pretrained protein language model (ESM-2) with (ii) a per-residue domain-state classifier and (iii) a structured probabilistic decoder that produces a single, non-overlapping set of domain calls with explicit boundaries and scores. On a benchmark of 89M protein sequences with 107M annotated domains, PSALM attains a domain-detection sensitivity-specificity tradeoff comparable to HMMER. We characterize sequence and residue-level coverage on UniProtKB, observing higher coverage for HMMER at stringent expected false positive counts (E-values) and higher coverage for PSALM at relaxed E-values. We release code for data processing, training, and inference, along with the model weights and datasets used for training, validation, and benchmarking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.596712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Sequence Domain Annotation using Language Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.05.597673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Single-cell Analysis Decodes Cortical Layer and Area Specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.05.597673v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human cerebral cortex, pivotal for advanced cognitive functions, is composed of six distinct layers and dozens of functionally specialized areas1,2. The layers and areas are distinguished both molecularly, by diverse neuronal and glial cell subtypes, and structurally, through intricate spatial organization3,4. While single-cell transcriptomics studies have advanced molecular characterization of human cortical development, a critical gap exists due to the loss of spatial context during cell dissociation5,6,7,8. Here, we utilized multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH)9, augmented with deep-learning-based cell segmentation, to examine the molecular, cellular, and cytoarchitectural development of human fetal cortex with spatially resolved single-cell resolution. Our extensive spatial atlas, encompassing 16 million single cells, spans eight cortical areas across four time points in the second and third trimesters. We uncovered an early establishment of the six-layer structure, identifiable in the laminar distribution of excitatory neuronal subtypes by mid-gestation, long before the emergence of cytoarchitectural layers. Notably, while anterior-posterior gradients of neuronal subtypes were generally observed in most cortical areas, a striking exception was the sharp molecular border between primary (V1) and secondary visual cortices (V2) at gestational week 20. Here we discovered an abrupt binary shift in neuronal subtype specification at the earliest stages, challenging the notion that continuous morphogen gradients dictate mid-gestation cortical arealization6,10. Moreover, integrating single-nuclei RNA-sequencing and in situ whole transcriptomics revealed an early upregulation of synaptogenesis in V1-specific Layer 4 neurons, suggesting a role of synaptogenesis in this discrete border formation. Collectively, our findings underscore the crucial role of spatial relationships in determining the molecular specification of cortical layers and areas. This work not only provides a valuable resource for the field, but also establishes a spatially resolved single-cell analysis paradigm that paves the way for a comprehensive developmental atlas of the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciano, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manam, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caglayan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeFevre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.05.597673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Single-cell Analysis Decodes Cortical Layer and Area Specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.597495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed optical barcoding and sequencing for spatial omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.597495v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial omics has brought a fundamental change in the way that we study cell and tissue biology in health and disease. Among various spatial omics methods, genome-scale imaging allows transcriptomic, 3D-genomic, and epigenomic profiling of individual cells with high spatial (subcellular) resolution but often requires a preselection of targeted genes or genomic loci. On the other hand, spatially dependent barcoding of molecules followed by sequencing provides untargeted, genome-wide profiling but typically lacks single-cell resolution. Here, we report a spatial omics method that could potentially combine the power of the two approaches by optically controlled spatial barcoding followed by sequencing. Specifically, we utilize patterned light to encode the locations of cells in tissues using oligonucleotide-based barcodes and then identify the barcoded molecular content, such as mRNAs, by sequencing. This optical barcoding method is designed with multiplexing and error-correction capacity and achieved by a light-directed ligation chemistry that attaches distinct nucleic-acid sequences to the reverse transcribed cDNA products at different locations. As a proof of principle for this method, we demonstrated high-efficiency in situ light-directed ligation, spatially dependent barcoding with multiplexed light-controlled ligations, and high-accuracy detection of spatially barcoded mRNAs in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkatramani, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciftci, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed optical barcoding and sequencing for spatial omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.06.597433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The inactive X chromosome drives sex differences in microglial inflammatory activity in human glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.06.597433v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether an individual is a biological female or male affects cancer risk, but the responsible mechanisms and cell types remain obscure. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a male-biased cancer that is highly aggressive, and resistant to treatment, with poor patient survival. Dismal prognoses in GBM are due in part to the specialized immune system of the brain, consisting largely of microglia, which regulate GBM development and progression. We hypothesized that microglia function differently in females and males and thereby contribute to the observed male bias in GBM. We sorted TAM-MGs (tumor-associated macrophages - microglia) from human GBMs and low-grade gliomas and performed bulk transcriptomic and epigenomic assays to identify sex-biased gene expression. We used published single-cell transcriptomic data from human GBMs to predict sex-biased TAM-MG interactions with other cell types. We found that female and male TAM-MGs mount different inflammatory responses, with female TAM-MGs displaying stronger interferon signaling and cytotoxic T-cell interactions that should enhance anti-tumor immunity in GBM. We validated these sex-differential inflammatory responses experimentally, and determined that genes on the sex chromosomes, specifically those expressed by Xi (the "inactive" X chromosome), drive these differences. Together, our results suggest that sex-differential TAM-MG inflammatory responses contribute to the higher incidence and mortality of GBM in males.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tharp, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balak, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escoubet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavrommatis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>U, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonda, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Haim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciacci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalessi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coufal, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.06.597433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The inactive X chromosome drives sex differences in microglial inflammatory activity in human glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.05.597682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Updated Structure of Oxybutynin Hydrochloride 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.05.597682v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxybutynin (Ditropan), a widely distributed muscarinic antagonist for treating the overactive bladder, has been awaiting a definitive crystal structure for nearly 50 years due to the sample and technique limitations. Past reports used powder X-ray diffraction (PCRD) to shed light on the possible packing of the molecule however a 3D structure remained elusive. Here we used Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED) to successfully unveil the 3D structure of oxybutynin hydrochloride. We identify several inconsistencies between the reported PXRD analyses and the experimental structure. Using the improved model, molecular docking was applied to investigate the binding mechanism between M3 muscarinic receptor (M3R) and (R)-oxybutynin, revealing essential contacts/residues and conformational changes within the protein pocket. A possible universal conformation was proposed for M3R antagonists, which is valuable for future drug development and optimization. This study underscores the immense potential of MicroED as a complementary technique for elucidating the unknown pharmaceutical crystal structures, as well as for the protein-drug interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.05.597682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Updated Structure of Oxybutynin Hydrochloride]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.597452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural polymorphism and diversity of human segmental duplications 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.597452v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Segmental duplications (SDs) contribute significantly to human disease, evolution, and diversity yet have been difficult to resolve at the sequence level. We present a population genetics survey of SDs by analyzing 170 human genome assemblies where the majority of SDs are fully resolved using long-read sequence assembly. Excluding the acrocentric short arms, we identify 173.2 Mbp of duplicated sequence (47.4 Mbp not present in the telomere-to-telomere reference) distinguishing fixed from structurally polymorphic events. We find that intrachromosomal SDs are among the most variable with rare events mapping near their progenitor sequences. African genomes harbor significantly more intrachromosomal SDs and are more likely to have recently duplicated gene families with higher copy number when compared to non-African samples. A comparison to a resource of 563 million full-length Iso-Seq reads identifies 201 novel, potentially protein-coding genes corresponding to these copy number polymorphic SDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordosky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Human Genome Structural Variation Consortium (HGSVC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural polymorphism and diversity of human segmental duplications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.596633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative connectomics of the descending and ascending neurons of the Drosophila nervous system: stereotypy and sexual dimorphism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.04.596633v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most complex nervous systems there is a clear anatomical separation between the nerve cord, which contains most of the final motor outputs necessary for behaviour, and the brain. In insects, the neck connective is both a physical and information bottleneck connecting the brain and the ventral nerve cord (VNC, spinal cord analogue) and comprises diverse populations of descending (DN), ascending (AN) and sensory ascending neurons, which are crucial for sensorimotor signalling and control.

Integrating three separate EM datasets, we now provide a complete connectomic description of the ascending and descending neurons of the female nervous system of Drosophila and compare them with neurons of the male nerve cord. Proofread neuronal reconstructions have been matched across hemispheres, datasets and sexes. Crucially, we have also matched 51% of DN cell types to light level data defining specific driver lines as well as classifying all ascending populations.

We use these results to reveal the general architecture, tracts, neuropil innervation and connectivity of neck connective neurons. We observe connected chains of descending and ascending neurons spanning the neck, which may subserve motor sequences. We provide a complete description of sexually dimorphic DN and AN populations, with detailed analysis of circuits implicated in sex-related behaviours, including female ovipositor extrusion (DNp13), male courtship (DNa12/aSP22) and song production (AN hemilineage 08B). Our work represents the first EM-level circuit analyses spanning the entire central nervous system of an adult animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serratosa Capdevila, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkantia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cachero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moitra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kugel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalyak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenshaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsliah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKellar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuthill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.596633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative connectomics of the descending and ascending neurons of the Drosophila nervous system: stereotypy and sexual dimorphism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.05.597665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UNC-6/Netrin promotes both adhesion and directed growth within a single axon 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.05.597665v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development axons undergo long-distance migrations as instructed by guidance molecules and their receptors, such as UNC-6/Netrin and UNC-40/DCC. Guidance cues act through long-range diffusive gradients (chemotaxis) or local adhesion (haptotaxis). However, how these discrete modes of action guide axons in vivo is poorly understood. Using time-lapse imaging of axon guidance in C. elegans, we demonstrate that UNC-6 and UNC-40 are required for local adhesion to an intermediate target and subsequent directional growth. Exogenous membrane-tethered UNC-6 is sufficient to mediate adhesion but not directional growth, demonstrating the separability of haptotaxis and chemotaxis. This conclusion is further supported by the endogenous UNC-6 distribution along the axons route. The intermediate and final targets are enriched in UNC-6 and separated by a ventrodorsal UNC-6 gradient. Continuous growth through the gradient requires UNC-40, which recruits UNC-6 to the growth cone tip. Overall, these data suggest that UNC-6 stimulates stepwise haptotaxis and chemotaxis in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nichols, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.05.597665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UNC-6/Netrin promotes both adhesion and directed growth within a single axon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.05.597643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of a human MORC2 DNA binding region that is required for gene silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.05.597643v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic microrchidia (MORC) protein family are DNA gyrase, Hsp90, histidine kinase, MutL (GHKL)-type ATPases involved in gene expression regulation and chromatin compaction. The molecular mechanisms underlying these activities are incompletely understood. Here we studied the full-length human MORC2 protein biochemically. We identified a DNA binding site in the C-terminus of the protein, and we observe that this region is heavily phosphorylated in cells. Phosphorylation of MORC2 reduces its affinity for DNA and appears to exclude the protein from the nucleus. We observe that DNA binding by MORC2 reduces its ATPase activity and that MORC2 can topologically entrap multiple DNA substrates between its N-terminal GHKL and C-terminal coiled coil 3 dimerization domains. Finally, we observe that the MORC2 C-terminal DNA binding region is required for gene silencing in cells. Together, our data provide a model to understand how MORC2 engages with DNA substrates to mediate gene silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fendler, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urlaub, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.05.597643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of a human MORC2 DNA binding region that is required for gene silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.07.596542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cell division is governed by distinct RUNX1 binding partners. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.07.596542v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A defined number of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) clones are born during development and expand to form the pool of adult stem cells. An intricate balance between self-renewal and differentiation of these HSCs supports hematopoiesis for life. HSC fate is determined by complex transcription factor networks that drive cell-type specific gene programs. The transcription factor RUNX1 is required for definitive hematopoiesis, and mutations in Runx1 have been shown to reduce clonal diversity. The RUNX1 cofactor, CBFy, stabilizes RUNX1 binding to DNA, and disruption of their interaction alters downstream gene expression. Chemical screening for modulators of Runx1 and HSC expansion in zebrafish led us to identify a new mechanism for the RUNX1 inhibitor, Ro5-3335. We found that Ro5-3335 increased HSC divisions in zebrafish, and animals transplanted with Ro5-3335 treated cells had enhanced chimerism compared to untreated cells. Using human CD34+ cells, we show that Ro5-3335 remodels the RUNX1 transcription complex by binding to ELF1, independent of CBFy. This allows specific expression of cell cycle and hematopoietic genes that enhance HSC self-renewal and prevent differentiation. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence to show that it is possible to pharmacologically increase the number of stem cell clones in vivo, revealing a previously unknown mechanism for enhancing clonal diversity. Our studies have revealed a mechanism by which binding partners of RUNX1 determine cell fate, with ELF transcription factors guiding cell division. This information could lead to treatments that enhance clonal diversity for blood diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robertson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhuri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubaczka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wattrus, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avagyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, G. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zon, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.596542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hematopoietic stem cell division is governed by distinct RUNX1 binding partners.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.08.598070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysosome damage triggers acute formation of ER to lysosomes membrane tethers mediated by the bridge-like lipid transport protein VPS13C 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.08.598070v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Based on genetic studies, lysosome dysfunction is thought to play a pathogenetic role in Parkinsons disease (PD). Here we show that VPS13C, a bridge-like lipid transport protein and a PD gene, is a sensor of lysosome stress/damage. Upon lysosome membrane perturbation, VPS13C rapidly relocates from the cytosol to the surface of lysosomes where it tethers their membranes to the ER. This recruitment depends on Rab7 and requires a signal at the damaged lysosome surface that releases an inhibited state of VPS13C which hinders access of its VAB domain to lysosome-bound Rab7. While another PD protein, LRRK2, is also recruited to stressed/damaged lysosomes, its recruitment occurs at much later stages and by different mechanisms. Given the role of VPS13 proteins in bulk lipid transport, these findings suggest that lipid delivery to lysosomes by VPS13C is part of an early protective response to lysosome damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley-DeSousa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock-Cerutti, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talaia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.08.598070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysosome damage triggers acute formation of ER to lysosomes membrane tethers mediated by the bridge-like lipid transport protein VPS13C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.10.598328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted mutagenesis of specific genomic DNA sequences in animals for the in vivo generation of variant libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.10.598328v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the number, placement and affinity of transcription factor binding sites dictates gene regulatory programs remains a major unsolved challenge in biology, particularly in the context of multicellular organisms. To uncover these rules, it is first necessary to find the binding sites within a regulatory region with high precision, and then to systematically modulate this binding site arrangement while simultaneously measuring the effect of this modulation on output gene expression. Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs), where the gene expression stemming from 10,000s of in vitro-generated regulatory sequences is measured, have made this feat possible in high-throughput in single cells in culture. However, because of lack of technologies to incorporate DNA libraries, MPRAs are limited in whole organisms. To enable MPRAs in multicellular organisms, we generated tools to create a high degree of mutagenesis in specific genomic loci in vivo using base editing. Targeting GFP integrated in the genome of Drosophila cell culture and whole animals as a case study, we show that the base editor AIDevoCDA1 stemming from sea lamprey fused to nCas9 is highly mutagenic. Surprisingly, longer gRNAs increase mutation efficiency and expand the mutating window, which can allow the introduction of mutations in previously untargetable sequences. Finally, we demonstrate arrays of >20 gRNAs that can efficiently introduce mutations along a 200bp sequence, making it a promising tool to test enhancer function in vivo in a high throughput manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falo-Sanjuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Tirado, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medrano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.598328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted mutagenesis of specific genomic DNA sequences in animals for the in vivo generation of variant libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.10.597395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C-LTMRs mediate wet dog shakes via the spinoparabrachial pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.10.597395v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammals perform rapid oscillations of their body- "wet dog shakes" -to remove water and irritants from their back hairy skin. The somatosensory mechanisms underlying this stereotypical behavior are unknown. We report that Piezo2-dependent mechanosensation mediates wet dog shakes evoked by water or oil droplets applied to hairy skin of mice. Unmyelinated low-threshold mechanoreceptors (C-LTMRs) were strongly activated by oil droplets and their optogenetic activation elicited wet dog shakes. Ablation of C-LTMRs attenuated this behavior. Moreover, C-LTMRs synaptically couple to spinoparabrachial (SPB) neurons, and optogenetically inhibiting SPB neuron synapses and excitatory neurons in the parabrachial nucleus impaired both oil droplet- and C-LTMR-evoked wet dog shakes. Thus, a C-LTMR- spinoparabrachial pathway mediates wet dog shakes for rapid and effective removal of foreign particles from back hairy skin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delisle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamplona, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.597395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C-LTMRs mediate wet dog shakes via the spinoparabrachial pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.10.598234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Where is the boundary of the human pseudoautosomal region? 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.10.598234v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent publication describing the assembly of the Y chromosomes of 43 males was remarkable not only for its ambitious technical scope, but also for the startling suggestion that the boundary of the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1), where the human X and Y chromosomes engage in crossing-over during male meiosis, lies 500 kb distal to its previously reported location1. Where is the boundary of the human PAR1? We first review the evidence that mapped the PAR boundary, or PAB, before the human genome draft sequence was produced, then examine post-genomic datasets for evidence of crossing-over between the X and Y, and lastly re-examine the sequence assemblies presented by Hallast and colleagues to see whether they support a more distal PAB. We find ample evidence of X-Y crossovers throughout the 500 kb in question, some as close as 246 bp to the previously reported PAB. Our new analyses, combined with previous studies over the past 40 years, provide overwhelming evidence to support the original position, and narrow the probable location of the PAB to a 201-bp window.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bellott, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaletsky, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.598234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Where is the boundary of the human pseudoautosomal region?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.12.598715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nub1 traps unfolded FAT10 for ubiquitin-independent degradation by the 26S proteasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.12.598715v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 targets hundreds of proteins in the mammalian immune system to the 26S proteasome for degradation. This degradation pathway requires the cofactor Nub1, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we reconstituted a minimal in vitro system and revealed that Nub1 utilizes FAT10s intrinsic instability to trap its N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain in an unfolded state and deliver it to the 26S proteasome for engagement, allowing the degradation of FAT10-ylated substrates in a ubiquitin- and p97-independent manner. Through hydrogen-deuterium exchange, structural modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified the formation of a peculiar complex with FAT10 that activates Nub1 for docking to the 26S proteasome, and our cryo-EM studies visualized the highly dynamic Nub1 complex bound to the proteasomal Rpn1 subunit during FAT10 delivery and the early stages of ATP-dependent degradation. These studies thus identified a novel mode of cofactor-mediated, ubiquitin-independent substrate delivery to the 26S proteasome that relies on trapping partially unfolded states for engagement by the proteasomal ATPase motor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nub1 traps unfolded FAT10 for ubiquitin-independent degradation by the 26S proteasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.12.598678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular insights into the interaction between a disordered protein and a folded RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.12.598678v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) are well-established as contributors to intermolecular interactions and the formation of biomolecular condensates. In particular, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) often harbor IDRs in addition to folded RNA-binding domains that contribute to RBP function. To understand the dynamic interactions of an IDR-RNA complex, we characterized the RNA-binding features of a small (68 residues), positively charged IDR-containing protein, SERF. At high concentrations, SERF and RNA undergo charge-driven associative phase separation to form a protein- and RNA-rich dense phase. A key advantage of this model system is that this threshold for demixing is sufficiently high that we could use solution-state biophysical methods to interrogate the stoichiometric complexes of SERF with RNA in the one-phase regime. Herein, we describe our comprehensive characterization of SERF alone and in complex with a small fragment of the HIV-1 TAR RNA (TAR) with complementary biophysical methods and molecular simulations. We find that this binding event is not accompanied by the acquisition of structure by either molecule; however, we see evidence for a modest global compaction of the SERF ensemble when bound to RNA. This behavior likely reflects attenuated charge repulsion within SERF via binding to the polyanionic RNA and provides a rationale for the higher-order assembly of SERF in the context of RNA. We envision that the SERF-RNA system will lower the barrier to accessing the details that support IDR-RNA interactions and likewise deepen our understanding of the role of IDR-RNA contacts in complex formation and liquid-liquid phase separation.

SIGNIFICANCESubcellular organization through the formation of biomolecular condensates has emerged as an important contributor to myriad cellular functions, with implications in homeostasis, stress response, and disease. To understand the general and specific principles that support condensate formation, we must interrogate the interactions and assembly of their constituent biomolecules. To this end, this study introduces a simple model system comprised of a small, disordered protein and small RNA that undergo charge-driven, associative phase separation. In addition to extensive biophysical characterization of these molecules and their complex, we also generate new insights into mode of interaction and assembly between an unstructured protein and a structured RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usher, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedeoglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotteau, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yannawar, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadkari, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruotolo, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holehouse, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Showalter, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardwell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular insights into the interaction between a disordered protein and a folded RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.13.598904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative connectomics of two distantly related nematode species reveals patterns of nervous system evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.13.598904v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the evolution of the bilaterian brain requires a detailed exploration of the precise nature of cellular and subcellular differences between related brains. To define the anatomical substrates of evolutionary change in the nervous system, we undertook an electron micrographic reconstruction of the brain of the predatory nematode Pristionchus pacificus. A comparison with the brain of Caenorhabditis elegans, which diverged at least 100 million years ago, reveals a conserved nematode core connectome and a wide range of specific substrates of evolutionary change. These changes include differences in neuronal cell death, neuronal cell position, axo-dendritic projection patterns and many changes in synaptic connectivity of homologous neurons that display no obvious changes in overall neurite morphology and projection patterns. Arguing against specific hot spots of evolutionary change, connectivity differences are distributed throughout the nervous system and extend to glia as well. We observed examples of apparent circuit drift, where changes in morphology and connectivity of a neuron do not appear to alter its behavioral output. In conclusion, our comprehensive comparison of distantly related nematode species provides novel vistas on patterns of conservation as well as the substrates of evolutionary change in the brain that span multiple organizational levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinski, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loer, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bumbarger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riebesell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnabel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.598904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative connectomics of two distantly related nematode species reveals patterns of nervous system evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.11.598534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative analysis of new, mScarlet-based red fluorescent tags in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.11.598534v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One problem that has hampered the use of red fluorescent proteins in the fast-developing nematode C. elegans has been the substantial time delay in maturation of several generations of red fluorophores. The recently described mScarlet-I3 protein has properties that may overcome this limitation. We compare here the brightness and maturation time of CRISPR/Cas9 genome-engineered mScarlet, mScarlet3, mScarlet-I3 and GFP reporter knock-ins. Comparing the onset and brightness of expression of reporter alleles of C. elegans golg-4, encoding a broadly expressed Golgi resident protein, we found that the onset of detection of mScarlet-I3 in the embryo is several hours earlier than older versions of mScarlet and comparable to GFP. These findings were further supported by comparing mScarlet-I3 and GFP reporter alleles for pks-1, a gene expressed in the CAN neuron and cells of the alimentary system, as well as reporter alleles for the panneuronal, nuclear marker unc-75. Hence, the relative properties of mScarlet-I3 and GFP do not depend on cellular or subcellular context. In all cases, mScarlet-I3 reporters also show improved signal-to-noise ratio compared to GFP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, W. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative analysis of new, mScarlet-based red fluorescent tags in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.11.598559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zinc-starved Brassicaceae Plants Secrete Peptides thatInduce Root Expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.11.598559v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is recognized as a global crisis as it is observed in half of all agricultural soils. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive plant physiological responses to soil Zn deficiency are not well understood. We used an untargeted metabolomics approach to search for metabolites exuded from roots during Zn deficiency stress, which led to the discovery of a collection of secreted small defensin-like peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana (named Zinc-Deficiency Responsive Peptides (ZDRPs)). Phylogenetic analysis and untargeted metabolomics revealed ZDRPs in at least eleven accessions of A. thaliana and nine members of the Brassicaceae family. Analysis of Arabidopsis gene mutants and overexpressing lines, in combination with chemical complementation experiments, unveiled a critical role of these peptides in plant root growth. We hypothesize that Brassicaceae secreted peptides enable plants to expand their root mass to reach Zn-rich soil layers and optimize Zn uptake. These data reveal a critical relationship between plant survival, Zn status, root morphology and peptide production. Taken together, our results expand our knowledge regarding micronutrient deficiency responses in plants and could enable in engineering approaches to make plants more resilient to low Zn conditions.

SignificanceZinc deficiency is the most abundant micronutrient deficiency affecting about 50% of arable lands thus presenting a high burden for plant health and agriculture globally. In this study, we reveal a metabolic strategy by Brassicaceae to deal with low Zn concentrations. We characterize the role of peptides expressed upon zinc deficiency in a variety of important crop plants. The discovery of a cryptic class of peptides that are made by plant roots specifically suffering from Zn deficiency provides critical insight into the molecular mechanisms by which plants dynamically acclimate to nutrient-limited soils. The identification of peptides actively secreted by zinc-deprived plants has translational value for sustainable agriculture, human health, and bioengineering approaches to enable tolerance to low zinc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niehs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajniak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wengier, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zinc-starved Brassicaceae Plants Secrete Peptides thatInduce Root Expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.15.590358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of Repeat Alpha-Beta Proteins with Capping Helices 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.15.590358v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins composed of a single structural unit tandemly repeated multiple times carry out a wide range of functions in biology. There has hence been considerable interest in designing such repeat proteins; previous approaches have employed strict constraints on secondary structure types and relative geometries, and most characterized designs either mimic a known natural topology, adhere closely to a parametric helical bundle architecture, or exploit very short repetitive sequences. Here, we describe Rosetta-based and deep learning hallucination methods for generating novel repeat protein architectures featuring mixed alpha-helix and beta-strand topologies, and 25 new highly stable alpha-beta proteins designed using these methods. We find that incorporation of terminal caps which prevent beta strand mediated intermolecular interactions increases the solubility and monomericity of individual designs as well as overall design success rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.15.590358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of Repeat Alpha-Beta Proteins with Capping Helices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.18.599606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography reveals the microtubule-bound form of inactive LRRK2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.18.599606v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a multi-domain protein containing both a kinase and a GTPase, are a leading cause of the familial form of PD. Pathogenic LRRK2 mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activity. While the bulk of LRRK2 is found in the cytosol, the protein associates with membranes where its Rab GTPase substrates are found, and under certain conditions, with microtubules. Integrative structural studies using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and in situ cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) have revealed the architecture of microtubule-associated LRRK2 filaments, and that formation of these filaments requires LRRK2s kinase to be in the active-like conformation. However, whether LRRK2 can interact with and form filaments on microtubules in its autoinhibited state, where the kinase domain is in the inactive conformation and the N-terminal LRR domain covers the kinase active site, was not known. Using cryo-ET, we show that full-length LRRK2 can oligomerize on microtubules in its autoinhibited state. Both WT-LRRK2 and PD-linked LRRK2 mutants formed filaments on microtubules. While these filaments are stabilized by the same interfaces seen in the active-LRRK2 filaments, we observed a new interface involving the N-terminal repeats that were disordered in the active-LRRK2 filaments. The helical parameters of the autoinhibited-LRRK2 filaments are different from those reported for the active-LRRK2 filaments. Finally, the autoinhibited-LRRK2 filaments are shorter and less regular, suggesting they are less stable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basiashvili, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murillo, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.18.599606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-electron tomography reveals the microtubule-bound form of inactive LRRK2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.18.599141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonic imaging for nonlinear detection of acoustic biomolecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.18.599141v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gas vesicles (GVs) based on acoustic reporter genes have emerged as potent contrast agents for cellular and molecular ultrasound imaging. These air-filled, genetically encoded protein nanostructures can be expressed in a variety of cell types in vivo to visualize cell location and activity or injected systemically to label and monitor tissue function. Distinguishing GVs from tissue signal deep inside intact organisms requires imaging approaches such as amplitude modulation (AM) or collapse-based pulse sequences, however they have limitations in sensitivity or require irreversible collapse of the GVs that restricts its scope for imaging dynamic cellular processes. To address these limitations, this study explores the utility of harmonic imaging to enhance the sensitivity of non-destructive imaging of GVs and cellular processes. Traditional fundamental-frequency imaging utilizing cross-wave AM (xAM) sequences has been deemed optimal for GV imaging. Contrary to this, we hypothesize that harmonic imaging, integrated with xAM could significantly elevate GV detection sensitivity. To verify our hypothesis, we conducted imaging on tissue-mimicking phantoms embedded with purified GVs, mammalian cells genetically modified to express GVs, and live mice after systemic GV infusion. Our findings reveal that harmonic xAM (HxAM) imaging markedly surpasses traditional xAM in isolating GVs nonlinear acoustic signature, showcasing significant enhancements in signal-to-background and contrast-to-background ratios across all tested samples. Further investigation into the backscattered spectra elucidates the efficacy of harmonic imaging in conjunction with xAM. HxAM imaging enables the detection of lower concentrations of GVs and cells with ultrasound and extends the imaging depth in vivo by up to 20% and imaging performance metrics by up to 10dB. These advancements bolster the capabilities of ultrasound for molecular and cellular imaging, underscoring the potential of using harmonic signals to amplify GV detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nayak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malounda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.18.599141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonic imaging for nonlinear detection of acoustic biomolecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.18.599518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in season length and development time is sufficient to drive the emergence and coexistence of social and solitary behavioral strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.18.599518v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Season length and its associated variables can influence the expression of social behaviors, including the occurrence of eusociality in insects. Eusociality can vary widely across environmental gradients, both within and between different species. Numerous theoretical models have been developed to examine the life history traits that underlie the emergence and maintenance of eusociality, yet the impact of seasonality on this process is largely uncharacterized. Here, we present a theoretical model that incorporates season length and offspring development time into a single, individual-focused model to examine how these factors can shape the costs and benefits of social living. We find that longer season lengths and faster brood development times are sufficient to favor the emergence and maintenance of a social strategy, while shorter seasons favor a solitary one. We also identify a range of season lengths where social and solitary strategies can coexist. Moreover, our theoretical predictions are well-matched to the natural history and behavior of two flexibly-eusocial bee species, suggesting our model can make realistic predictions about the evolution of different social strategies. Broadly, this work reveals the crucial role that environmental conditions can have in shaping social behavior and its evolution and underscores the need for further models that explicitly incorporate such variation to study evolutionary trajectories of eusociality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruttenberg, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.18.599518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in season length and development time is sufficient to drive the emergence and coexistence of social and solitary behavioral strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.25.600644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule live imaging of subunit interactions and exchange within cellular regulatory complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.25.600644v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells are built from vast networks of competing molecular interactions, most of which have been impossible to monitor in vivo. We recently devised a new strategy, proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA), to detect these interactions at single-molecule resolution in live cells. Here we apply PAPA to visualize the network of interactions that regulate the central transcription elongation factor P-TEFb. PAPA between multiple pairs of endogenous proteins, combined with fast single-molecule tracking (fSMT), revealed that inactive P-TEFb within the 7SK ribonucleoprotein complex is largely unbound to chromatin, that this complex dissociates within minutes of treatment with a P-TEFb kinase inhibitor, and that heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) bind 7SK concomitant with P-TEFb release. Unlike 7SK-bound P-TEFb, P-TEFb associated with the coactivator BRD4 exhibited increased binding to chromatin. Our results address longstanding questions about a key transcriptional regulator and demonstrate that PAPA-fSMT can probe subunit interactions and exchange within endogenous regulatory complexes in live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugast-Darzacq, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.25.600644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule live imaging of subunit interactions and exchange within cellular regulatory complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.20.599803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STHD: probabilistic cell typing of single Spots in whole Transcriptome spatial data with High Definition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.20.599803v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies have enabled single- and sub-cellular resolution profiling of gene expression across the whole transcriptome. However, the transition to high-definition ST significantly increased data sparsity and dimensionality, posing computational challenges in identifying cell types, deciphering neighborhood structure, and detecting differential expression - all are crucial steps to study normal and disease ST samples. Here we present STHD, a novel machine learning method for probabilistic cell typing of single spots in whole-transcriptome, high-resolution ST data. Unlike the current binning-aggregation-deconvolution strategy, STHD directly models gene expression at single-spot level to infer cell type identities without cell segmentation or spot aggregation. STHD addresses sparsity by modeling count statistics, incorporating neighbor similarities, and leveraging reference single-cell RNA-seq data. We show in VisiumHD data that STHD accurately predicts cell type identities at single-spot level, which achieves precise segmentation of both global tissue architecture and local multicellular neighborhoods. The high-resolution labels facilitate various downstream analyses, including cell type-stratified bin aggregation, spatial compositional comparisons, and cell type-specific differential expression analyses. Moreover, STHD labels further reveal frontlines of inter-cell type interactions at immune hubs in cancer samples. STHD is scalable and generalizable across diverse samples, tissues, and diseases, facilitating genome-wide analyses in various spatial organization contexts. Overall, computational modeling of individual spots with STHD facilitates discoveries in cellular interactions and molecular mechanisms in whole-genome spatial technologies with high resolution. STHD is available at https://github.com/yi-zhang/STHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.20.599803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STHD: probabilistic cell typing of single Spots in whole Transcriptome spatial data with High Definition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.24.600277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for the transport and regulation mechanism of the Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.24.600277v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) is an ATP-powered exporter important for maintaining liver homeostasis and a potential contributor to chemotherapeutic resistance. Deficiencies in MRP2 function are associated with Dubin-Johnson Syndrome and increased vulnerability to liver injury from cytotoxic drugs. Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we determined the structures of human MRP2 in three conformational states: an autoinhibited state, a substrate-bound pre-translocation state, and an ATP-bound post-translocation state. These structures show that MRP2 functions through the classic alternating access model, driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis. Its cytosolic regulatory (R) domain serves as a selectivity gauge, wherein only sufficiently high concentrations of substrates can effectively compete with and disengage the R domain to initiate transport. Comparative structural analyses of MRP2 in complex with different substrates reveal how the transporter recognizes a diverse array of compounds, highlighting the transporters role in multidrug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koide, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietz, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.24.600277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for the transport and regulation mechanism of the Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.21.600123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De Novo Design of Integrin α5β1 Modulating Proteins for Regenerative Medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.21.600123v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrin 5{beta}1 is crucial for cell attachment and migration in development and tissue regeneration, and 5{beta}1 binding proteins could have considerable utility in regenerative medicine and next-generation therapeutics. We use computational protein design to create de novo 5{beta}1-specific modulating miniprotein binders, called NeoNectins, that bind to and stabilize the open state of 5{beta}1. When immobilized onto titanium surfaces and throughout 3D hydrogels, the NeoNectins outperform native fibronectin and RGD peptide in enhancing cell attachment and spreading, and NeoNectin-grafted titanium implants outperformed fibronectin and RGD-grafted implants in animal models in promoting tissue integration and bone growth. NeoNectins should be broadly applicable for tissue engineering and biomedicine.

One-Sentence SummaryA de novo-designed fibronectin substitute, NeoNectin, is specific for integrin 5{beta}1 and can be incorporated into biomaterials for regenerative medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillem-Marti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werther, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamo, K. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopyeva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrerizo-Aguado, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brizuela-Velasco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeForest, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohola-Baker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manero, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginebra, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.600123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De Novo Design of Integrin α5β1 Modulating Proteins for Regenerative Medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.25.600673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of sensory-dependent gene expression in developing mouse visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.25.600673v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory experience drives the refinement and maturation of neural circuits during postnatal brain development through molecular mechanisms that remain to be fully elucidated. One likely mechanism involves the sensory-dependent expression of genes that encode direct mediators of circuit remodeling within developing cells. However, while studies in adult systems have begun to uncover crucial roles for sensory-induced genes in modifying circuit connectivity, the gene programs induced by brain cells in response to sensory experience during development remain to be fully characterized. Here, we present a single-nucleus RNA-sequencing dataset describing the transcriptional responses of cells in mouse visual cortex to sensory deprivation or sensory stimulation during a developmental window when visual input is necessary for circuit refinement. We sequenced 118,529 individual nuclei across sixteen neuronal and non-neuronal cortical cell types isolated from control, sensory deprived, and sensory stimulated mice, identifying 1,268 unique sensory-induced genes within the developing brain. To demonstrate the utility of this resource, we compared the architecture and ontology of sensory-induced gene programs between cell types, annotated transcriptional induction and repression events based upon RNA velocity, and discovered Neurexin and Neuregulin signaling networks that underlie cell-cell interactions via CellChat. We find that excitatory neurons, especially layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons, are highly sensitive to sensory stimulation, and that the sensory-induced genes in these cells are poised to strengthen synapse-to-nucleus crosstalk by heightening protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Altogether, we expect this dataset to significantly broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which sensory experience shapes neural circuit wiring in the developing brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xavier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheadle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.25.600673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of sensory-dependent gene expression in developing mouse visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.25.600561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-scale genome assembly and gene annotation of the hydrothermal vent annelid Alvinella pompejana yield insight into animal evolution in extreme environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.25.600561v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The types of genomic change needed for environmental adaptation are of great interest. Annelid worms are a large phylum found in a rich diversity of habitats, giving opportunities to explore this issue. We report the chromosome level genome sequence of the Pompeii worm, the annelid Alvinella pompejana, an inhabitant of an extreme deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment. We find strong but heterogeneously distributed genetic divergence between populations taken from either side of the equator. Using transcript data, we produced a set of gene models and analysed the predicted protein set in the light of past hypotheses about the thermotolerance of Alvinella, and compared it to other recently sequenced annelid vent worms. We do not find evidence of a more extreme genome wide amino acid composition than other species, neither do we find evidence for rapid genome evolution in the form of disrupted synteny. We discount the hypothesis of loss of amino acid biosynthesis genes associated with obligate symbioses reported in siboglinid annelids. We do find evidence of a parallel increase in the number of globin encoding genes and loss of light sensitive opsins and cryptochromes. Alvinella encodes several respiratory enzymes unusual for bilaterian animals, suggesting an ability to better tolerate hypoxic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El Hilali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dru, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Moan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoelz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Duran, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jollivet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claridge-Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copley, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.25.600561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-scale genome assembly and gene annotation of the hydrothermal vent annelid Alvinella pompejana yield insight into animal evolution in extreme environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.21.599952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification of gene expression across extremophytes and stress-sensitive species in the Brassicaceae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.21.599952v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress-sensitive and stress-adapted plants respond differently to environmental stresses. To explore the cellular-level stress adaptations, we built root single-cell transcriptome atlases for diverse Brassicaceae species: stress-sensitive plants (Arabidopsis thaliana and Sisymbrium irio), extremophytes (Eutrema salsugineum and Schrenkiella parvula) and a polyploid crop (Camelina sativa), under control, NaCl, and abscisic acid treatments. Approximately half of Arabidopsis cell-type markers lacked expression conservation across species. We identified new conserved cell-type markers, along with orthologs showing divergent expressions. We experimentally mapped distinct cortex sub-populations to different cortex layers across species. We found distinct cell-type-specific transcriptomic responses between species and treatments. Lineage-specific losses of stress responses were less prevalent but evolutionarily more favored than gains. In C. sativa, sub-genomes contributed equally to stress responses and homeologs with divergent stress responses typically did not exhibit high coding sequence or expression divergence. Our study provides a foundational root atlas and an analytical framework for multi-species single-cell transcriptomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinneny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodstein, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lister, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinneny, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiefelbein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassanayake, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.599952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification of gene expression across extremophytes and stress-sensitive species in the Brassicaceae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.26.600764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploration and exploitation are flexibly balanced during local search in flies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.26.600764v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After finding food, a foraging animal must decide whether to continue feeding, or to explore the environment for potentially better options. One strategy to negotiate this tradeoff is to perform local searches around the food but repeatedly return to feed. We studied this behavior in flies and used genetic tools to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Over time, flies gradually expand their search, shifting from primarily exploiting food sources to exploring the environment, a change that is likely driven by increases in satiety. We found that flies search patterns preserve these dynamics even as the overall scale of the search is modulated by starvation-induced changes in metabolic state. In contrast, search induced by optogenetic activation of sugar sensing neurons does not show these dynamics. We asked what navigational strategies underlie local search. Using a generative model, we found that a change in locomotor pattern after food consumption could account for repeated returns to the food, but failed to capture relatively direct, long return trajectories. Alternative strategies, such as path integration or sensory taxis could allow flies to return from larger distances. We tested this by individually silencing the flys head direction system, olfaction and hygrosensation, and found that the only substantial effect was from perturbing hygrosensation, which reduced the number of long exploratory trips. Our study illustrates that local search is composed of multiple behavioral features that evolve over time based on both internal and external factors, providing a path towards uncovering the underlying neural mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldschmidt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitnis, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner-Evans, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermundstad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberkern, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.600764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploration and exploitation are flexibly balanced during local search in flies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.28.601170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread destabilization of C. elegans microRNAs by the E3 ubiquitin ligase EBAX-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.28.601170v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) associate with Argonaute (AGO) proteins to form complexes that direct mRNA repression. miRNAs are also the subject of regulation. For example, some miRNAs are destabilized through a pathway in which pairing to specialized transcripts recruits the ZSWIM8 E3 ubiquitin ligase, which polyubiquitinates AGO, leading to its degradation and exposure of the miRNA to cellular nucleases. Here, we found that 22 miRNAs in C. elegans are sensitive to loss of EBAX-1, the ZSWIM8 ortholog in nematodes, implying that these 22 miRNAs might be subject to this pathway of target-directed miRNA degradation (TDMD). The impact of EBAX-1 depended on the developmental stage, with the greatest effect on the miRNA pool (14.5%) observed in L1 larvae and the greatest number of different miRNAs affected (17) observed in germline-depleted adults. The affected miRNAs included the miR-35-42 family, as well as other miRNAs among the least stable in the worm, suggesting that TDMD is a major miRNA-destabilization pathway in the worm. The excess miR-35-42 molecules that accumulated in ebax-1 mutants caused increased repression of their predicted target mRNAs and underwent 3' trimming over time. In general, however, miRNAs sensitive to EBAX-1 loss had no consistent pattern of either trimming or tailing. Replacement of the 3' region of miR-43 substantially reduced EBAX-1 sensitivity, a result that differed from that observed previously for miR-35. Together, these findings broaden the implied biological scope of TDMD-like regulation of miRNA stability in animals, and indicate that a role for miRNA 3' sequences is variable in the worm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stubna, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread destabilization of C. elegans microRNAs by the E3 ubiquitin ligase EBAX-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.28.601246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Population Dynamics in Murine Infection Using a Highly Diverse Barcoded Library 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.28.601246v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Murine models are often used to study the pathogenicity and dissemination of the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Here, we quantified S. Typhimurium population dynamics in mice using the STAMPR analytic pipeline and a highly diverse S. Typhimurium barcoded library containing [~]55,000 unique strains distinguishable by genomic barcodes by enumerating S. Typhimurium founding populations and deciphering routes of spread in mice. We found that a severe bottleneck allowed only one in a million cells from an oral inoculum to establish a niche in the intestine. Furthermore, we observed compartmentalization of pathogen populations throughout the intestine, with few barcodes shared between intestinal segments and feces. This severe bottleneck widened and compartmentalization was reduced after streptomycin treatment, suggesting the microbiota plays a key role in restricting the pathogens colonization and movement within the intestine. Additionally, there was minimal sharing between the intestine and extraintestinal organ populations, indicating dissemination to extraintestinal sites occurs rapidly, before substantial pathogen expansion in the intestine. Bypassing the intestinal bottleneck by inoculating mice via intravenous or intraperitoneal injection revealed that Salmonella re-enters the intestine after establishing niches in extraintestinal sites by at least two distinct pathways. One pathway results in a diverse intestinal population. The other re-seeding pathway is through the bile, where the pathogen is often clonal, leading to clonal intestinal populations and correlates with gallbladder pathology. Together, these findings deepen our understanding of Salmonella population dynamics.

Significance StatementSalmonella is a prevalent food-borne pathogen that infects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Here, we created a highly complex barcoded Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium library containing [~]55,000 barcodes to further understand and quantify Salmonella population dynamics in experimental murine infection. Through comparisons of barcode abundance and frequency in different samples and following different routes of inoculation, we quantify key facets of Salmonella infection, including bottleneck sizes and dissemination patterns, and uncover hidden routes of spread that drive heterogeneity in infection outcome. These observations provide a detailed map of Salmonella infection and demonstrate the power of high-diversity barcoded libraries in deciphering microbial population dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hotinger, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hullahali, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Population Dynamics in Murine Infection Using a Highly Diverse Barcoded Library]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.26.600900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A widespread electrical brain network encodes anxiety in health and depressive states 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.26.600900v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In rodents, anxiety is characterized by heightened vigilance during low-threat and uncertain situations. Though activity in the frontal cortex and limbic system is fundamental to supporting this internal state, the underlying network architecture that integrates activity across brain regions to encode anxiety across animals and paradigms remains unclear. Here, we utilize parallel electrical recordings in freely behaving mice, multiple translational paradigms known to induce anxiety, and machine learning to discover a multi-region network that encodes the anxious brain state. The network is composed of circuits widely implicated in anxiety behavior, it generalizes across many behavioral contexts that induce anxiety, and it fails to encode multiple behavioral contexts that do not. Strikingly, the activity of this network is also principally altered in two mouse models of depression. Thus, we establish a network-level process whereby the brain encodes anxiety in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walder-Christensen, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filali, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsyglakova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Balaguer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClung, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mague, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.600900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A widespread electrical brain network encodes anxiety in health and depressive states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.30.601394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a simplified model of primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.30.601394v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been shown to predict neural responses in primary visual cortex (V1) better than classical models. However, this performance comes at the expense of simplicity because the ANN models typically have many hidden layers with many feature maps in each layer. Here we show that ANN models of V1 can be substantially simplified while retaining high predictive power. To demonstrate this, we first recorded a new dataset of over 29,000 neurons responding to up to 65,000 natural image presentations in mouse V1. We found that ANN models required only two convolutional layers for good performance, with a relatively small first layer. We further found that we could make the second layer small without loss of performance, by fitting a separate "minimodel" to each neuron. Similar simplifications applied for models of monkey V1 neurons. We show that these relatively simple models can nonetheless be useful for tasks such as object and visual texture recognition and we use the models to gain insight into how texture invariance arises in biological neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez-Ochoa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.30.601394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a simplified model of primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.28.600796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional ultrasound neuroimaging reveals mesoscopic organization of saccades in the lateral intraparietal area of posterior parietal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.28.600796v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) located within the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is an important area for the transformation of spatial information into accurate saccadic eye movements. Despite extensive research, we do not fully understand the functional anatomy of intended movement directions within LIP. This is in part due to technical challenges. Electrophysiology recordings can only record from small regions of the PPC, while fMRI and other whole-brain techniques lack sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we use functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI), an emerging technique with high sensitivity, large spatial coverage, and good spatial resolution, to determine how movement direction is encoded across PPC. We used fUSI to record local changes in cerebral blood volume in PPC as two monkeys performed memory-guided saccades to targets throughout their visual field. We then analyzed the distribution of preferred directional response fields within each coronal plane of PPC. Many subregions within LIP demonstrated strong directional tuning that was consistent across several months to years. These mesoscopic maps revealed a highly heterogenous organization within LIP with many small patches of neighboring cortex encoding different directions. LIP had a rough topography where anterior LIP represented more contralateral upward movements and posterior LIP represented more contralateral downward movements. These results address two fundamental gaps in our understanding of LIPs functional organization: the neighborhood organization of patches and the broader organization across LIP. These findings were achieved by tracking the same LIP populations across many months to years and developing mesoscopic maps of direction specificity previously unattainable with fMRI or electrophysiology methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griggs, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.600796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional ultrasound neuroimaging reveals mesoscopic organization of saccades in the lateral intraparietal area of posterior parietal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.02.601698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytosolic N6AMT1-dependent translation supports mitochondrial RNA processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.02.601698v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial biogenesis relies on both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, and imbalance in their expression can lead to inborn error of metabolism, inflammation, and aging. Here, we investigate N6AMT1, a nucleo-cytosolic methyltransferase that exhibits genetic co-dependency with mitochondria. We determine transcriptional and translational profiles of N6AMT1 and report that it is required for the cytosolic translation of TRMT10C (MRPP1) and PRORP (MRPP3), two subunits of the mitochondrial RNAse P enzyme. In the absence of N6AMT1, or when its catalytic activity is abolished, RNA processing within mitochondria is impaired, leading to the accumulation of unprocessed and double-stranded RNA, thus preventing mitochondrial protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. Our work sheds light on the function of N6AMT1 in protein synthesis and highlights a cytosolic program required for proper mitochondrial biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foged, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recazens, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chollet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinshteyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutguetait, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munch, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mootha, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourdain, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytosolic N6AMT1-dependent translation supports mitochondrial RNA processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.02.601671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iTome Volumetric Serial Sectioning Apparatus for TEM 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.02.601671v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An automated ultra-microtome capable of sectioning thousands of ultrathin sections onto standard TEM slot grids was developed and used to section: a complete Drosophila melanogaster first-instar larva, three sections per grid, into 4,866 34-nm-thick sections with a cutting and pickup success rate of 99.74%; 30 microns of mouse cortex measuring roughly 400 um x 2000 um at 40 nm per slice; and a full adult Drosophila brain and ventral nerve column into 9,300 sections with a pickup success rate of 99.95%. The apparatus uses optical interferometers to monitor a reference distance between the cutting knife and multiple sample blocks. Cut sections are picked up from the knife-boat water surface while they are still anchored to the cutting knife. Blocks without embedded tissue are used to displace tissue-containing sections away from the knife edge so that the tissue regions end up in the grid slot instead of on the grid rim.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peale, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Mizell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Managan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iTome Volumetric Serial Sectioning Apparatus for TEM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.03.601606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZIP13 regulates lipid metabolism by changing intracellular iron and zinc balance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.03.601606v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic diseases are caused by a prolonged energy imbalance, and adipose tissue is known to be the main contributor. We previously reported that ZIP13, an Slc39a transporter whose deficiency causes Ehlers-Danlos syndrome spondylocheirodysplastic type 3 associated with lipoatrophy, inhibits the adipocyte browning pathway by modulating intracellular zinc status. The precise mechanisms of how ZIP13 regulates the homeostasis of adipose tissue remain unclear and therefore, we investigated the role of ZIP13 in mature adipocytes using adipocyte-specific Zip13-deficient mice. We herein demonstrate that these mice show accelerated lipolysis and reduced respiratory exchange ratio. In addition, abundance of iron and zinc balance were altered during differentiation in normal adipocytes, whereas iron distribution was substantially affected in Zip13-deficient adipocytes, which downregulated PDE activity and enhanced {beta}-adrenergic receptor signaling pathways. Importantly, we confirmed that ZIP13 could transport both zinc and iron, using the Xenopus oocyte transport system and in silico structural dynamics simulations, and that the defect in iron distribution perturbs proper lipolysis. Together, these results illustrate that ZIP13 acts as a key regulator for lipolysis in adipocytes via the proper use of metals, and that the ZIP13-iron axis plays an important role in regulation of lipid metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fukunaka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengphasatporn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigeta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichinose, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horii, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatada, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyonari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakurai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigeta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujitani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.601606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZIP13 regulates lipid metabolism by changing intracellular iron and zinc balance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.03.601820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restoration of locus coeruleus noradrenergic transmission during sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.03.601820v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is indispensable for health and wellbeing, but its basic function remains elusive. The locus coeruleus (LC) powerfully promotes arousal by releasing noradrenaline. We found that noradrenaline transmission is reduced by prolonged wakefulness and restored during sleep. Fiber-photometry imaging of noradrenaline using its biosensor showed that its release evoked by optogenetic LC neuron activation was strongly attenuated by three hours of sleep deprivation and restored during subsequent sleep. This is accompanied by the reduction and recovery of the wake-promoting effect of the LC neurons. The reduction of both LC evoked noradrenaline release and wake-inducing potency is activity dependent, and the rate of noradrenaline transmission recovery depends on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. The decline and recovery of noradrenaline transmission also occur in spontaneous sleep-wake cycles on a timescale of minutes. Together, these results reveal an essential role of sleep in restoring transmission of a key arousal-promoting neuromodulator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sima, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farriday, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, A. Y.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmohray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.03.601820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restoration of locus coeruleus noradrenergic transmission during sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.04.602033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRPML1 gating modulation by allosteric mutations and lipids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.04.602033v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) is a lysosomal cation channel whose loss-of-function mutations directly cause the lysosomal storage disorder mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV). TRPML1 can be allosterically regulated by various ligands including natural lipids and small synthetic molecules and the channel undergoes a global movement propagated from ligand-induced local conformational changes upon activation. In this study, we identified a functionally critical residue, Tyr404, at the C-terminus of the S4 helix, whose mutations to tryptophan and alanine yield gain- and loss-of-function channels, respectively. These allosteric mutations mimic the ligand activation or inhibition of the TRPML1 channel without interfering with ligand binding and both mutant channels are susceptible to agonist or antagonist modulation, making them better targets for screening potent TRPML1 activators and inhibitors. We also determined the high-resolution structure of TRPML1 in complex with the PI(4,5)P2 inhibitor, revealing the structural basis underlying this lipid inhibition. In addition, an endogenous phospholipid likely from sphingomyelin is identified in the PI(4,5)P2-bound TRPML1 structure at the same hotspot for agonists and antagonists, providing a plausible structural explanation for the inhibitory effect of sphingomyelin on agonist activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.04.602033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRPML1 gating modulation by allosteric mutations and lipids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.05.602135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
'Target-and-release' nanoparticles for effective immunotherapy of metastatic ovarian cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.05.602135v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapies such as checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) are effective in treating several advanced cancers, but these treatments have had limited success in metastatic ovarian cancer (OC). Here, we engineered liposomal nanoparticles (NPs) carrying a layer-by-layer (LbL) polymer coating that promotes their binding to the surface of OC cells. Covalent anchoring of the potent immunostimulatory cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) to phospholipid headgroups of the liposome core enabled the LbL particles to concentrate IL-12 in disseminated OC tumors following intraperitoneal administration. Shedding of the LbL coating and serum protein-mediated extraction of IL-12-conjugated lipids from the liposomal core over time enabled IL-12 to disseminate in the tumor bed following rapid NP localization in tumor nodules. Optimized IL-12 LbL-NPs promoted robust T cell accumulation in ascites and tumors in mouse models, extending survival compared to free IL-12 and remarkedly sensitizing tumors to CPI, leading to curative treatments and immune memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pires, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covarrubias, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomerdinger, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backlund, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.05.602135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA['Target-and-release' nanoparticles for effective immunotherapy of metastatic ovarian cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.08.602613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional cross- and auto-regulation buffer expression of the human RNA helicases DDX3X and DDX3Y 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.08.602613v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Y-linked gene DDX3Y and its X-linked homolog DDX3X survived the evolution of the human sex chromosomes from ordinary autosomes. DDX3X encodes a multi-functional RNA helicase, with mutations causing developmental disorders and cancers. We find that, among X-linked genes with surviving Y homologs, DDX3X is extraordinarily dosage-sensitive. Studying cells of individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidy, we observe that when the number of Y chromosomes increases, DDX3X transcript levels fall; conversely, when the number of X chromosomes increases, DDX3Y transcript levels fall. In 46,XY cells, CRISPRi knockdown of either DDX3X or DDX3Y causes transcript levels of the homologous gene to rise. In 46,XX cells, chemical inhibition of DDX3X protein activity elicits an increase in DDX3X transcript levels. Thus, perturbation of either DDX3X or DDX3Y expression is buffered - by negative cross-regulation of DDX3X and DDX3Y in 46,XY cells, and by negative auto-regulation of DDX3X in 46,XX cells. DDX3X-DDX3Y cross-regulation is mediated through mRNA destabilization - as shown by metabolic labeling of newly transcribed RNA - and buffers total levels of DDX3X and DDX3Y protein in human cells. We infer that post-transcriptional auto-regulation of the ancestral (autosomal) DDX3 gene transmuted into auto- and cross-regulation of DDX3X and DDX3Y as these sex-linked genes evolved from ordinary alleles of their autosomal precursor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rengarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellott, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-transcriptional cross- and auto-regulation buffer expression of the human RNA helicases DDX3X and DDX3Y]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.08.602577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid evolution of gene expression patterns in flowering plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.08.602577v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic differences between species are largely driven by changes in both protein-coding sequence and gene expression 1. The evolutionary history of angiosperms (flowering plants) is characterised by a highly accelerated rate of diversification, which Darwin referred to as an "abominable mystery" 2. Here we show, by analysing the transcriptomes from eight organs across seven species, that angiosperm protein-coding gene expression patterns evolve rapidly: within 45 million years, expression levels of orthologous genes diverged so strongly that they are more similar between different organs within a species than between what are considered homologous organs from different species. This finding differs from previous observations in mammals, which demonstrated that organ-dependent gene expression levels are largely conserved 3, 4, 5. Among the angiosperm organs, meristems and leaves show the highest degree of expression conservation, whereas stamen and pollen transcriptomes diverge rapidly. Examining changes in the expression level of functionally related genes, we found low rates for those involved in key cellular, metabolic and developmental processes. In contrast, particularly high rates were observed for genes that are involved in the response to endogenous and external stimuli, presumably reflecting an adaptive response of flowering plants to ever-changing environments. Our work reveals that the evolution of gene expression progresses at different rates in angiosperms and mammals, and provides a comprehensive resource to perform cross-kingdom comparative studies of transcriptome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schuster, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drost, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyser, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerowitz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid evolution of gene expression patterns in flowering plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.08.602602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute rapamycin treatment reveals novel mechanisms of behavioral, physiological, and functional dysfunction in a maternal inflammation mouse model of autism and sensory over-responsivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.08.602602v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal inflammatory response (MIR) during early gestation in mice induces a cascade of physiological and behavioral changes that have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a prior study and the current one, we find that mild MIR results in chronic systemic and brain inflammation, mTOR pathway activation, mild brain overgrowth followed by regionally specific volumetric changes, sensory processing dysregulation, and social and repetitive behavior abnormalities. Prior studies of rapamycin treatment in autism models have focused on chronic treatments that alter or prevent physical brain changes. Here, we have focused on the acute effects of rapamycin to uncover novel mechanisms of dysfunction related to mTOR pathway signaling. We find that within 2 hours, rapamycin treatment could rapidly rescue neuronal hyper-excitability, seizure susceptibility, functional network connectivity and brain community structure, repetitive behaviors, and sensory over-responsivity in adult offspring with persistent mild brain overgrowth. These CNS-mediated effects are also associated with alteration of the expression of several ASD-, ion channel-, and epilepsy-associated genes in the same time frame. Reduction of microglia with CSF1R inhibitors or inhibition of NADPH oxidase in young animals reduces the development of some of the behavioral phenotypes, but neither is as effective as acute mTOR inhibition. Our findings indicate that mTOR dysregulation in MIR offspring is a key contributor to various levels of brain dysfunction. However, we demonstrate that the adult MIR brain is also amenable to rapid normalization of these functional changes which results in the rescue of both core and comorbid ASD-like behaviors in adult animals without requiring long-term physical alterations to the brain. Restoring excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and sensory functional network modularity may therefore be important targets for therapeutically addressing both primary sensory and compensatory repetitive behavior phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Belle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepeda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornblum, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute rapamycin treatment reveals novel mechanisms of behavioral, physiological, and functional dysfunction in a maternal inflammation mouse model of autism and sensory over-responsivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.12.603334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal fusion drives sex chromosome evolution in treehoppers despite long-term X chromosome conservation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.12.603334v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex chromosomes follow distinct evolutionary trajectories compared to the rest of the genome. In many cases, sex chromosomes (X and Y, or Z and W) significantly differentiate from one another resulting in heteromorphic sex chromosome systems. Such heteromorphic systems are thought to act as an evolutionary trap that prevents subsequent turnover of the sex chromosome system. For old, degenerated sex chromosome systems in which turnover is unlikely, chromosomal fusion with an autosome may be one way that sex chromosomes can  refresh their sequence content. We investigated these dynamics using treehoppers (hemipteran insects of the family Membracidae), which ancestrally have XX/X0 sex chromosomes. We assembled the first chromosome-level treehopper genome from Umbonia crassicornis and employed comparative genomic analyses of 12 additional treehopper species to analyze X chromosome variation across different evolutionary timescales. We find that the X chromosome is largely conserved, with one exception being an X-autosome fusion in Calloconophora caliginosa. We also compare the ancestral treehopper X with other X chromosomes in Auchenorrhyncha (the clade containing treehoppers, leafhoppers, spittlebugs, cicadas, and planthoppers), revealing X conservation across more than 300 million years. These findings shed light on chromosomal evolution dynamics in treehoppers and the role of chromosomal rearrangements in sex chromosome evolution.

SignificanceThe evolutionary forces underlying sex chromosome stability versus turnover have been challenging to disentangle. We present the first chromosome-level treehopper genome and find evidence of long-term X chromosome conservation within treehoppers - and among treehoppers and other hemipteran insects. A key exception is the evolution of neo-XX/XY sex chromosomes via an X-autosome fusion. Sex chromosome-autosome fusions may play an important role in the evolution of otherwise  trapped (i.e., old and degenerated) sex chromosome systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer Droguett, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral-de-Mello, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.603334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal fusion drives sex chromosome evolution in treehoppers despite long-term X chromosome conservation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.16.603789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diffusing protein binders to intrinsically disordered proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.16.603789v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins which bind intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) with high affinity and specificity could have considerable utility for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, a general methodology for targeting IDPs/IDRs has yet to be developed. Here, we show that starting only from the target sequence of the input, and freely sampling both target and binding protein conformation, RFdiffusion can generate binders to IDPs and IDRs in a wide range of conformations. We use this approach to generate binders to the IDPs Amylin, C-peptide and VP48 in a range of conformations with Kds in the 3 -100nM range. The Amylin binder inhibits amyloid fibril formation and dissociates existing fibers, and enables enrichment of amylin for mass spectrometry-based detection. For the IDRs G3bp1, common gamma chain (IL2RG) and prion, we diffused binders to beta strand conformations of the targets, obtaining 10 to 100 nM affinity. The IL2RG binder colocalizes with the receptor in cells, enabling new approaches to modulating IL2 signaling. Our approach should be widely useful for creating binders to flexible IDPs/IDRs spanning a wide range of intrinsic conformational preferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shijo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackenbrough, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hick, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoofnagle, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decarreau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.16.603789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diffusing protein binders to intrinsically disordered proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.14.603457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule live-cell RNA imaging with CRISPR-Csm 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.14.603457v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-resolution, real-time imaging of RNA is essential for understanding the diverse, dynamic behaviors of individual RNA molecules in single cells. However, single-molecule live-cell imaging of unmodified endogenous RNA has not yet been achieved. Here, we present single-molecule live-cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (smLiveFISH), a robust approach that combines the programmable RNA-guided, RNA-targeting CRISPR-Csm complex with multiplexed guide RNAs for efficient, direct visualization of single RNA molecules in a range of cell types, including primary cells. Using smLiveFISH, we tracked individual endogenous NOTCH2 and MAP1B mRNA transcripts in living cells and identified two distinct localization mechanisms: co-translational translocation of NOTCH2 mRNA at the endoplasmic reticulum, and directional transport of MAP1B mRNA toward the cell periphery. This method has the potential to unlock principles governing the spatiotemporal organization of native transcripts in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colognori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.14.603457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule live-cell RNA imaging with CRISPR-Csm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.12.603289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional analysis of conserved C. elegans bHLH family members uncovers lifespan control by a peptidergic hub neuron 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.12.603289v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout the animal kingdom, several members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family act as proneural genes during early steps of nervous system development. Roles of bHLH genes in specifying terminal differentiation of postmitotic neurons have been less extensively studied. We analyze here the function of five C. elegans bHLH genes, falling into three phylogenetically conserved subfamilies, which are continuously expressed in a very small number of postmitotic neurons in the central nervous system. We show (a) that two orthologs of the vertebrate bHLHb4/b5 genes, called hlh-17 and hlh-32, function redundantly to specify the identity of a single head interneuron (AUA), as well as an individual motor neuron (VB2), (b) that the PTF1a ortholog hlh-13 acts as a terminal selector to control terminal differentiation and function of the sole octopaminergic neuron class in C. elegans, RIC, and (c) that the NHLH1/2 ortholog hlh-15 controls terminal differentiation and function of the peptidergic AVK head interneuron class, a known neuropeptidergic signaling hub in the animal. Strikingly, through null mutant analysis and cell-specific rescue experiments, we find that loss of hlh-15/NHLH in the peptidergic AVK neurons and the resulting abrogation of neuropeptide secretion causes a substantially expanded lifespan of the animal, revealing an unanticipated impact of a central, peptidergic hub neuron in regulating lifespan, which we propose to be akin to hypothalamic control of lifespan in vertebrates. Taken together, our functional analysis reveals themes of bHLH gene function during terminal differentiation that are complementary to the earlier lineage specification roles of other bHLH family members. However, such late functions are much more sparsely employed by members of the bHLH transcription factor family, compared to the function of the much more broadly employed homeodomain transcription factor family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evenblij, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valperga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang-Yen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.603289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional analysis of conserved C. elegans bHLH family members uncovers lifespan control by a peptidergic hub neuron]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.12.603316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local keratinocyte-nociceptor interactions enhance obesity-mediated small fiber neuropathy via NGF-TrkA-PI3K signaling axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.12.603316v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathology of diabetic small fiber neuropathy, characterized by neuropathic pain and axon degeneration, develops locally within the skin during the stages of obesity and pre-diabetes. However, the initiation and progression of morphological and functional abnormalities in skin sensory nerves remains elusive. To address this, we utilized ear skin from mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO), the mouse models for obesity and pre-type 2 diabetes. We evaluated pain-associated wiping behavior and conducted ex vivo live Ca2+ imaging of the DIO ear skin to detect sensory hypersensitivity. Our findings reveal sensory hypersensitivity in skin nociceptive axons followed by axon degeneration. Further mechanistic analysis identified keratinocytes as a major source of nerve growth factor (NGF) in DIO skin, which locally sensitizes nociceptors through NGF-mediated signaling. Indeed, the local inactivation of NGF and its receptor TrkA-mediated downstream signaling, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) pathway, suppresses sensory hypersensitivity in DIO skin. Thus, targeting these local interactions between keratinocytes and nociceptors offers a therapeutic strategy for managing neuropathic pain, avoiding the adverse effects associated with systemic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukouyama, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.603316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local keratinocyte-nociceptor interactions enhance obesity-mediated small fiber neuropathy via NGF-TrkA-PI3K signaling axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.15.603560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human gut microbiota interactions shape the long-term growth dynamics and evolutionary adaptations of Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.15.603560v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile can transiently or persistently colonize the human gut, posing a risk factor for infections. This colonization is influenced by complex molecular and ecological interactions with human gut microbiota. By investigating C. difficile dynamics in human gut communities over hundreds of generations, we show patterns of stable coexistence, instability, or competitive exclusion. Lowering carbohydrate concentration shifted a community containing C. difficile and the prevalent human gut symbiont Phocaeicola vulgatus from competitive exclusion to coexistence, facilitated by increased cross-feeding. In this environment, C. difficile adapted via single-point mutations in key metabolic genes, altering its metabolic niche from proline to glucose utilization. These metabolic changes substantially impacted inter-species interactions and reduced disease severity in the mammalian gut. In sum, human gut microbiota interactions are crucial in shaping the long-term growth dynamics and evolutionary adaptations of C. difficile, offering key insights for developing anti-C. difficile strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sulaiman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, P. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venturelli, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.15.603560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human gut microbiota interactions shape the long-term growth dynamics and evolutionary adaptations of Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.17.603784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell gene-expression measurements in Vibrio cholerae biofilms reveal spatiotemporal patterns underlying development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.17.603784v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria commonly exist in multicellular, surface-attached communities called biofilms. Biofilms are central to ecology, medicine, and industry. The Vibrio cholerae pathogen forms biofilms from single founder cells that, via cell division, mature into three-dimensional structures with distinct, yet reproducible, regional architectures. To define mechanisms underlying biofilm developmental transitions, we establish a single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) approach that enables accurate quantitation of spatiotemporal gene-expression patterns in biofilms at cell-scale resolution. smFISH analyses of V. cholerae biofilm regulatory and structural genes demonstrate that, as biofilms mature, overall matrix gene expression decreases, and simultaneously, a pattern emerges in which matrix gene expression becomes largely confined to peripheral biofilm cells. Both quorum sensing and c-di-GMP-signaling are required to generate the proper temporal pattern of matrix gene expression. Quorum sensing autoinducer levels are uniform across the biofilm, and thus, c-di-GMP-signaling alone sets the regional matrix gene expression pattern. The smFISH strategy provides insight into mechanisms conferring particular fates to individual biofilm cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.17.603784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell gene-expression measurements in Vibrio cholerae biofilms reveal spatiotemporal patterns underlying development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.19.604327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long range regulation of transcription scales with genomic distance in a gene specific manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.19.604327v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While critical for tuning the timing and level of transcription, enhancer communication with distal promoters is not well understood. Here we bypass the need for sequence-specific transcription factors and recruit activators directly using CARGO-VPR, an approach for targeting dCas9-VPR using a multiplexed array of RNA guides. We show that this approach achieves effective activator recruitment to arbitrary genomic sites, even those inaccessible by single dCas9. We utilize CARGO-VPR across the Prdm8-Fgf5 locus in mESCs, where neither gene is expressed. We demonstrate that while activator recruitment to any tested region results in transcriptional induction of at least one gene, the expression level strongly depends on the genomic distance between the promoter and activator recruitment site. However, the expression-distance relationship for each gene scales distinctly in a manner not attributable to differences in 3D contact frequency, promoter DNA sequence or presence of the repressive chromatin marks at the locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swigut, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long range regulation of transcription scales with genomic distance in a gene specific manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.16.603806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative splicing controls pan-neuronal homeobox gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.16.603806v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pan-neuronally expressed and phylogenetically conserved CUT homeobox gene ceh-44/CUX orchestrates pan-neuronal gene expression throughout the nervous system of C. elegans. As in many other species, including humans, ceh-44/CUX is encoded by a complex locus that also codes for a Golgi-localized protein. How gene expression from this complex locus is controlled and, in C. elegans, directed to all cells of the nervous system has not been investigated. We show here that pan-neuronal expression of CEH-44/CUX is controlled by a pan-neuronal RNA splicing factor, UNC-75/CELF, the C. elegans homolog of vertebrate CELF proteins. UNC-75/CELF temporally and spatially specifies the production of an alternative, CEH-44/CUX homeobox gene-encoding transcript from a ubiquitously expressed gene locus, which also produces a Golgi apparatus-localized golgin protein, CONE-1 ("CASP of nematodes"). During embryogenesis the cone-1/ceh-44 locus exclusively produces the Golgi-localized CONE-1/CASP protein in all tissues, but upon the onset of postmitotic terminal differentiation of neurons, UNC-75/CELF induces the production of the alternative CEH-44/CUX CUT homeobox gene-encoding transcript, exclusively in the nervous system. Hence, UNC-75/CELF-mediated alternative splicing not only directs pan-neuronal gene expression, but also excludes a phylogenetically deeply conserved golgin from the nervous system, paralleling surprising spatial specificities of another golgin that we describe here as well. In summary, our findings provide novel insights into how all cells in a nervous system acquire pan-neuronal identity features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorda-Llorens, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdivia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.16.603806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative splicing controls pan-neuronal homeobox gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.18.604081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The temporal refinement of Dach1 is a key step in the functional maturation of primary somatosensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.18.604081v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During somatosensory neurogenesis, neurons are born in an unspecialized transcriptional state, with several transcription factors following a broad-to-restricted expression dynamic as development proceeds, supporting neuron subtype identities. The relevance of this temporal refinement remains however unclear, these broad-to-restricted transcription factors being selectively involved in neurons in which they are ultimately maintained. Here we found that Dach1 encodes for a bona fide broad-to-restricted transcription factor retained and required in tactile somatosensory neurons. Within developing nociceptors, we demonstrate that Prdm12 contributes to Dach1 extinction. Using genetic approaches to prevent its temporal restriction during somatosensory development, we reveal that Dach1 refinement is a prerequisite for the appropriate transcriptional maturation of somatosensory subtypes from which it becomes ultimately excluded. These findings highlight the essential role played by Dach1 during somatosensory neuron development. They further demonstrate that the broad-to-restricted temporal pattern followed by several transcription factors is physiologically relevant to achieve appropriate transcriptional maturation of somatosensory neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szemes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabate San Jose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achouri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kricha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Red-Horse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellefroid, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desiderio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.604081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The temporal refinement of Dach1 is a key step in the functional maturation of primary somatosensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.18.604119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding of cerebellar dentate neuronal activity during visual attention in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.18.604119v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of cerebellum in controlling eye movements is well established, but its contribution to more complex forms of visual behavior has remained elusive. To study cerebellar activity during visual attention we recorded extracellular activity of dentate nucleus (DN) neurons in two non-human primates (NHPs). NHPs were trained to read the direction indicated by a peripheral visual stimulus while maintaining fixation at the center, and report the direction of the cue by performing a saccadic eye movement into the same direction following a delay. We found that single unit DN neurons modulated spiking activity over the entire time-course of the task, and that their activity often bridged temporally separated intra-trial events, yet in a heterogeneous manner. To better understand the heterogeneous relationship between task structure, behavioral performance and neural dynamics, we constructed a behavioral, an encoding and a decoding model. Both NHPs showed different behavioral strategies, which influenced the performance. Activity of the DN neurons reflected the unique strategies, with the direction of the visual stimulus frequently being encoded long before an upcoming saccade. Moreover, the latency of the ramping activity of DN neurons following presentation of the visual stimulus was shorter in the better performing NHP. Labeling with the retrograde tracer CTB in the recording location in the DN indicated that these neurons predominantly receive inputs from Purkinje cells in the D1 and D2 zones of the lateral cerebellum as well as neurons of the principal olive and medial pons, all regions known to connect with neurons in the prefrontal cortex contributing to planning of saccades. Together, our results highlight that DN neurons can dynamically modulate their activity during a visual attention task, comprising not only sensorimotor but also cognitive attentional components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flierman, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koay, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hoogstraten, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruigrok, T. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelfsema, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Zeeuw, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.604119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding of cerebellar dentate neuronal activity during visual attention in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.19.604379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deletion of wheat alpha-gliadins from chromosome 6D improves gluten strength and reduces immunodominant celiac disease epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.19.604379v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wheat gliadins and glutenins confer valuable end-use characteristics but include amino acid sequences (epitopes) that can elicit celiac disease (CeD) in genetically predisposed individuals. The onset of CeD in these individuals is affected by the amount and duration of the exposure to immunogenic epitopes. Therefore, a reduction of epitopes that result in high immune responses in the majority of CeD patients (immunodominant epitopes) can reduce the incidence of CeD at a population level. We identified deletions encompassing the -gliadins at the three wheat genomes, designated hereafter as{Delta} gli-A2 (PI 704906),{Delta} gli-B2 (PI 704907), and{Delta} gli-D2 (PI 704908). The{Delta} gli-D2 deletion, which eliminates major immunodominant epitopes, significantly increases gluten strength, improves breadmaking quality, and has no negative effects on grain yield or grain protein content. By contrast,{Delta} gli-A2 and{Delta} gli-B2 showed limited effects on breadmaking quality. The stronger effect of the{Delta} gli-D2 deletion on gluten strength is associated with the presence of -gliadins with seven cysteines in GLI-D2 that are absent in GLI-A2 and GLI-B2 loci, which all have -gliadins with six cysteines. We show that -gliadins with seven cysteines are incorporated into the gluten polymer, where they likely function as chain-terminators limiting the expansion of the gluten polymer and reducing its strength. In summary, the publicly available{Delta} gli-D2 deletion developed in this study can be used to simultaneously improve wheat gluten strength and reduce immunodominant CeD epitopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rottersman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burguener, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegarty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deletion of wheat alpha-gliadins from chromosome 6D improves gluten strength and reduces immunodominant celiac disease epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.22.604623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STK19 positions TFIIH for cell-free transcription-coupled DNA repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.22.604623v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In transcription-coupled repair, stalled RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is recognized by CSB and CRL4CSA, which co-operate with UVSSSA and ELOF1 to recruit TFIIH for nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER). To explore the mechanism of TC-NER, we recapitulated this reaction in vitro. When a plasmid containing a site-specific lesion is transcribed in frog egg extract, error-free repair is observed that depends on CSB, CRL4CSA, UVSSA, and ELOF1. Repair also depends on STK19, a factor previously implicated in transcription recovery after UV exposure. A 1.9 [A] cryo-electron microscopy structure shows that STK19 joins the TC-NER complex by binding CSA and the RPB1 subunit of Pol II. Furthermore, AlphaFold predicts that STK19 interacts with the XPD subunit of TFIIH, and disrupting this interface impairs cell-free repair. Molecular modeling suggests that STK19 positions TFIIH ahead of Pol II for lesion verification. In summary, our analysis of cell-free TC-NER suggests that STK19 couples RNA polymerase II stalling to downstream repair events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mevissen, T. E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuemmecke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STK19 positions TFIIH for cell-free transcription-coupled DNA repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.22.604680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synapse protein signatures in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma predict cognitive maintenance versus decline in Alzheimers disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.22.604680v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rates of cognitive decline in Alzheimers disease (AD) are extremely heterogeneous, with ages of symptom onset ranging from age 40-100 years and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to AD dementia taking 2-20 years. Development of biomarkers for amyloid-beta (A{beta}) and tau protein aggregates, the hallmark pathologies of AD, have improved patient monitoring/stratification and drug development, but they still only explain 20-40% of the variance in cognitive impairment (CI) in AD. To discover additional molecular drivers and biomarkers of AD dementia, we perform cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics on 3,416 individuals from six deeply phenotyped prospective AD case-control cohorts. We identify synapse proteins as the strongest correlates of CI, independent of A{beta} and tau. Using machine learning we derive the CSF YWHAG:NPTX2 synapse protein ratio, a robust correlate of CI, which explains 27% of the variance in CI beyond CSF PTau181:A{beta}42, 10% beyond tau PET, and 50% beyond CSF NfL in A{beta} positive individuals. We find YWHAG:NPTX2 also increases with normal aging as early as age 20 and increases at a faster rate in APOE4 carriers and autosomal dominant-AD mutation carriers. Most notably, YWHAG:NPTX2+ individuals (top 25th percentile) are 15-times (HR=15.4 [10.6-22.2]) more likely to experience cognitive decline over 15 years compared to YWHAG:NPTX2- individuals (bottom 25th percentile), and this rises to 19-times (HR=18.9 [10.83-32.9]) with additional stratification by A{beta} and phosphorylated tau status. Lastly, we perform plasma proteomics on 4,245 individuals to develop a plasma-based signature of CI which partly recapitulates CSF YWHAG:NPTX2. Overall, our findings underscore CSF YWHAG:NPTX2 and the corresponding plasma signature as robust prognostic biomarkers for AD onset and progression beyond gold-standard biomarkers of A{beta}, tau, and neurodegeneration and implicate synapse dysfunction as a core driver of AD dementia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oh, H. S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urey, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timsina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldner, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morshed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Western, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Guen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herukka, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauramaa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiltunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipponen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luikku, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poston, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Channappa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leinonen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetterberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franzmeier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synapse protein signatures in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma predict cognitive maintenance versus decline in Alzheimers disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.22.604663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parametrically guided design of beta barrels and transmembrane nanopores using deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.22.604663v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Francis Cricks global parameterization of coiled coil geometry has been widely useful for guiding design of new protein structures and functions. However, design guided by similar global parameterization of beta barrel structures has been less successful, likely due to the deviations from ideal barrel geometry required to maintain inter-strand hydrogen bonding without introducing backbone strain. Instead, beta barrels have been designed using 2D structural blueprints; while this approach has successfully generated new fluorescent proteins, transmembrane nanopores, and other structures, it requires expert knowledge and provides only indirect control over the global shape. Here we show that the simplicity and control over shape and structure provided by parametric representations can be generalized beyond coiled coils by taking advantage of the rich sequence-structure relationships implicit in RoseTTAFold based design methods. Starting from parametrically generated barrel backbones, both RFjoint inpainting and RFdiffusion readily incorporate backbone irregularities necessary for proper folding with minimal deviation from the idealized barrel geometries. We show that for beta barrels across a broad range of beta sheet parameterizations, these methods achieve high in silico and experimental success rates, with atomic accuracy confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure of a novel barrel topology, and de novo designed 12, 14, and 16 stranded transmembrane nanopores with conductances ranging from 200 to 500 pS. By combining the simplicity and control of parametric generation with the high success rates of deep learning based protein design methods, our approach makes the design of proteins where global shape confers function, such as beta barrel nanopores, more precisely specifiable and accessible.

SignificanceDe novo beta barrel proteins have previously been designed using "blueprint" based methods which require expert knowledge of the rules of folding and provide only indirect control of the overall barrel shape by specifying structural features such as glycine kinks and beta bulges. The barrel shape can be directly modeled using global parametric methods, but to date such methods have not succeeded in generating folded proteins, likely due to the absence of such structural features. Here, we describe methods that combine the simplicity and control of parametric barrel specification with the high success rates of deep learning based protein design methods to successfully design new beta barrel folds of different and pre-specified sizes, including both soluble designs and transmembrane nanopores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parametrically guided design of beta barrels and transmembrane nanopores using deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amortized template-matching of molecular conformations from cryo-electron microscopy images using simulation-based inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604154v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWBiomolecules undergo conformational changes to perform their function. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) can capture snapshots of biomolecules in various conformations. However, these images are noisy and display the molecule in unknown orientations, making it difficult to separate conformational differences from differences due to noise or projection directions. Here, we introduce cryo-EM simulation-based inference (cryoSBI) to infer the conformations of biomolecules and the uncertainties associated with the inference from individual cryo-EM images. CryoSBI builds on simulation-based inference, a combination of physics-based simulations and probabilistic deep learning, allowing us to use Bayesian inference even when likelihoods are too expensive to calculate. We begin with an ensemble of conformations, which can be templates from molecular simulations or modelling, and use them as structural hypotheses. We train a neural network approximating the Bayesian posterior using simulated images from these templates, and then use it to accurately infer the conformations of biomolecules from experimental images. Training is only done once, and after that, it takes just a few milliseconds to make inference on an image, making cryoSBI suitable for arbitrarily large datasets. CryoSBI eliminates the need to estimate particle pose and imaging parameters, significantly enhancing the computational speed in comparison to explicit likelihood methods. We illustrate and benchmark cryoSBI on synthetic data and showcase its promise on experimental single-particle cryo-EM data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dingeldein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Sanchez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Imprima, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amortized template-matching of molecular conformations from cryo-electron microscopy images using simulation-based inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ultraconserved snoRNA-like element in long noncoding RNA CRNDE promotes ribosome biogenesis and cell proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604857v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells frequently upregulate ribosome production to support tumorigenesis. While small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are critical for ribosome biogenesis, the roles of other classes of noncoding RNAs in this process remain largely unknown. Here we performed CRISPRi screens to identify essential long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. This revealed that an alternatively-spliced isoform of lncRNA Colorectal Neoplasia Differentially Expressed containing an ultraconserved element (UCE), referred to as CRNDEUCE, is required for RCC cell proliferation. CRNDEUCE localizes to the nucleolus and promotes 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis. The UCE of CRNDE functions as an unprocessed C/D box snoRNA that directly interacts with ribosomal RNA precursors. This facilitates delivery of eIF6, a key 60S biogenesis factor, which binds to CRNDEUCE through a sequence element adjacent to the UCE. These findings highlight the functional versatility of snoRNA sequences and expand the known mechanisms through which noncoding RNAs orchestrate ribosome biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehfeld, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugarolas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ultraconserved snoRNA-like element in long noncoding RNA CRNDE promotes ribosome biogenesis and cell proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RORγt-dependent antigen-presenting cells direct regulatory T cell-mediated tolerance to food antigen 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604803v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to foreign antigens in food and commensal microbes with potential to induce adaptive immune responses. Peripherally induced T regulatory (pTreg) cells are essential for mitigating inflammatory responses to these agents1-4. While ROR{gamma}t+ antigen-presenting cells (ROR{gamma}t-APCs) were shown to program gut microbiota-specific pTreg5-7, their definition remains incomplete, and the APC responsible for food tolerance has remained elusive. Here, we identify a distinct subset of ROR{gamma}t-APCs, designated tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDC), required for differentiation of both food- and microbiota-specific pTreg cells and for establishment of oral tolerance. tDC development and function require expression of the transcription factors Prdm16 and ROR{gamma}t, as well as a unique Rorc(t) cis-regulatory element. Gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and surface marker analysis establish tDC as myeloid in origin, distinct from ILC3, and sharing epigenetic profiles with classical DC. Upon genetic perturbation of tDC, we observe a substantial increase in food antigen-specific T helper 2 (Th2) cells in lieu of pTreg, leading to compromised tolerance in mouse models of asthma and food allergy. Single-cell analyses of freshly resected mesenteric lymph nodes from a human organ donor, as well as multiple specimens of human intestine and tonsil, reveal candidate tDC with co-expression of PRDM16 and RORC and an extensive transcriptome shared with mice, highlighting an evolutionarily conserved role across species. Our findings suggest that a better understanding of how tDC develop and how they regulate T cell responses to food and microbial antigens could offer new insights into developing therapeutic strategies for autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as organ transplant tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokrovskii, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Meza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griesemer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RORγt-dependent antigen-presenting cells direct regulatory T cell-mediated tolerance to food antigen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.24.604937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable centromere association of the yeast histone variant Cse4 requires its essential N-terminal domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.24.604937v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome segregation relies on kinetochores that assemble on specialized centromeric chromatin containing a histone H3 variant. In budding yeast, a single centromeric nucleosome containing Cse4 assembles at a sequence-defined 125 bp centromere. Yeast centromeric sequences are poor templates for nucleosome formation in vitro, suggesting the existence of mechanisms that specifically stabilize Cse4 nucleosomes in vivo. The extended Cse4 N-terminal tail binds to the chaperone Scm3, and a short essential region called END within the N-terminal tail binds the inner kinetochore complex OA. To address the roles of these interactions, we utilized single molecule fluorescence assays to monitor Cse4 during kinetochore assembly. We found that OA and Scm3 independently stabilize Cse4 at centromeres via their END interaction. Scm3 binding to the Cse4 END is enhanced by Ipl1/Aurora B phosphorylation, identifying a previously unknown role for Ipl1 in ensuring Cse4 stability. Strikingly, an Ipl1 phosphomimetic mutation in the Cse4 END enhances Scm3 binding and can restore Cse4 recruitment in mutants defective in OA binding. Together, these data suggest that a key function of the essential Cse4 N-terminus is to ensure Cse4 localization at centromeres.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popchock, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedouin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stergachis, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.604937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable centromere association of the yeast histone variant Cse4 requires its essential N-terminal domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism-guided engineering of a minimal biological particle for genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604809v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The widespread application of genome editing to treat or even cure disease requires the delivery of genome editors into the nucleus of target cells. Enveloped Delivery Vehicles (EDVs) are engineered virally-derived particles capable of packaging and delivering CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). However, the presence of lentiviral genome encapsulation and replication components in EDVs has obscured the underlying delivery mechanism and precluded particle optimization. Here we show that Cas9 RNP nuclear delivery is independent of the native lentiviral capsid structure. Instead, EDV-mediated genome editing activity corresponds directly to the number of nuclear localization sequences on the Cas9 enzyme. EDV structural analysis using cryo-electron tomography and small molecule inhibitors guided the removal of [~]80% of viral residues, creating a minimal EDV (miniEDV) that retains full RNP delivery capability. MiniEDVs are 25% smaller yet package equivalent amounts of Cas9 RNPs relative to the original EDVs, and demonstrated increased editing in cell lines and therapeutically-relevant primary human T cells. These results show that virally-derived particles can be streamlined to create efficacious genome editing delivery vehicles that could simplify production and manufacturing.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur results highlight the importance of understanding how virally-derived particles function to eliminate unnecessary viral proteins and create more efficacious and easier-to-produce delivery vehicles for therapeutic genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peukes, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stickels, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism-guided engineering of a minimal biological particle for genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entorhinal cortex represents task-relevant remote locations independent of CA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604815v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons can collectively represent the current sensory experience while an animal is exploring its environment or remote experiences while the animal is immobile. These remote representations can reflect learned associations1-3 and be required for learning4. Neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) reflect the animals current location during movement5, but little is known about what MEC neurons collectively represent during immobility. Here, we recorded thousands of neurons in superficial MEC and dorsal CA1 as mice learned to associate two pairs of rewarded locations. We found that during immobility, the MEC neural population frequently represented positions far from the animals location, which we defined as  non-local coding. Cells with spatial firing fields at remote locations drove non-local coding, even as cells representing the current position remained active. While MEC non-local coding has been reported during sharp-wave ripples in downstream CA16, we observed non-local coding more often outside of ripples. In fact, CA1 activity was less coordinated with MEC during non-local coding. We further observed that non-local coding was pertinent to the task, as MEC preferentially represented remote task-relevant locations at appropriate times, while rarely representing task-irrelevant locations. Together, this work raises the possibility that MEC non-local coding could strengthen associations between locations independently from CA1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aery Jones, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, I. I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entorhinal cortex represents task-relevant remote locations independent of CA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.25.605164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretable representation learning for 3D multi-piece intracellular structures using point clouds 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.25.605164v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key challenge in understanding subcellular organization is quantifying interpretable measurements of intracellular structures with complex multi-piece morphologies in an objective, robust and generalizable manner. Here we introduce a morphology-appropriate representation learning framework that uses 3D rotation invariant autoencoders and point clouds. This framework is used to learn representations of complex multi-piece morphologies that are independent of orientation, compact, and easy to interpret. We apply our framework to intracellular structures with punctate morphologies (e.g. DNA replication foci) and polymorphic morphologies (e.g. nucleoli). We systematically compare our framework to image-based autoencoders across several intracellular structure datasets, including a synthetic dataset with pre-defined rules of organization. We explore the trade-offs in the performance of different models by performing multi-metric benchmarking across efficiency, generative capability, and representation expressivity metrics. We find that our framework, which embraces the underlying morphology of multi-piece structures, facilitates the unsupervised discovery of sub-clusters for each structure. We show how our approach can also be applied to phenotypic profiling using a dataset of nucleolar images following drug perturbations. We implement and provide all representation learning models using CytoDL, a python package for flexible and configurable deep learning experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrante, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borensztejn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frick, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudreault, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogre, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafelski, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viana, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.605164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretable representation learning for 3D multi-piece intracellular structures using point clouds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.26.605339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo analysis of the relationship between CP26 and qE-type NPQ via higher-order Arabidopsis cp26 mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.26.605339v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CP26 is a monomeric minor light-harvesting complex of PSII (LHCII) protein that connects major LHCII trimers to the PSII core in photosynthetic thylakoid membranes. Previous studies have proposed that CP26 is not only involved in light harvesting but could also be involved in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Here, we analyzed higher-order Arabidopsis cp26 mutants using biophysical and pharmacological approaches to investigate the nature of NPQ and its relationship to known NPQ regulators (PSII subunit S (PsbS), the xanthophyll-converting enzyme VDE and the pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane). Maximum PSII quantum efficiencies (Fv/Fm) and chlorophyll fluorescence lifetimes in the dark were significantly lower in cp26 mutants, confirming that CP26 deficiency leads to a sustained quenched state even in the absence of light. Destabilized PSII-LHCII supercomplexes as observed with native PAGE analysis are the likely cause for this pre-quenched state, without other antenna proteins being able to rescue this phenotype. Further analyses revealed that cp26 mutants exhibit modest (single mutant) to highly significant (double mutants) reductions in overall NPQ capacity, which do not directly rely on PsbS and VDE (although the effect is more pronounced when these qE components are altered) but depend on thylakoid lumen acidification and protonation of protein residues. Together, these results show that the NPQ component lacking in cp26 mutants acts independently of qE and qZ and is induced in a slower phase of NPQ induction that most likely relies on pH-dependent conformational changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kromdijk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo analysis of the relationship between CP26 and qE-type NPQ via higher-order Arabidopsis cp26 mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.26.605171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmentally-mediated selection parallels population divergence across a chimpanzee subspecies contact zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.26.605171v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species evolve from populations with ancestor-descendant relationships in a bifurcating process shaped by geography, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection leading to local adaptation to prevailing environmental and ecological conditions. Building on this foundational understanding, we explored local adaptation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at a key geographical intersection in Cameroon where the two main chimpanzee phylogenetic lineages converge. The Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (P. t. ellioti) and central chimpanzee (P. t. troglodytes) last shared a common ancestor about 500 thousand years ago, with occasional gene flow between them. The evolutionary processes driving their prolonged separation are not fully understood, but neutral evolutionary mechanisms alone cannot account for the observed divergence pattern. Cameroon is often referred to as  Africa in miniature because the Gulf of Guinea Forest, Congo Basin Forest, and savanna converge there, forming an ecotone. Thus, this contact zone between subspecies in Cameroon provides a unique natural laboratory that enabled us to investigate how environmental variation and natural selection shape divergence in chimpanzees. We developed a genome-wide panel of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 112 wild chimpanzees sampled in multiple habitats across this contact zone. We augmented SNP discovery by sequencing eight new chimpanzee genomes from Cameroon and analyzing them with previously published chimpanzee genomes. We found that P. t. ellioti and P. t. troglodytes diverged from one another around 478,000 years ago and occasionally exchange migrants. We identified 1,690 unique SNPs across 905 genes associated with 31 environmental variables that describe the habitat. These genes are involved in essential biological processes, including immune response, neurological development, behavior, and dietary adaptations. This study highlights the importance of understanding the geographical context of natural selection, paving the way for future studies to interpret evidence for genetic variation with phenotypic traits and deepening our understanding of how populations diverge in response to environmental pressures.

Author SummaryWe investigated how local adaptation contributes to shaping the diversification of chimpanzee subspecies at the geographical convergence point for the two major branches of the chimpanzee phylogenetic tree. We analyzed genome-wide SNP genotypes of 112 chimpanzees sampled from natural communities located in this understudied area. We used tiered methods that identified 905 genes subject to selection, each associated with one or more of 31 environmental predictors describing the habitat. We found strong signals of selection in immune response genes that separate P. t. troglodytes from P. t. ellioti, highlighting the important role of different pathogen histories in their evolution. We also found evidence of selection in genes associated with neurological development, behavior, and diet, that separate both the subspecies and populations of P. t. ellioti that occupy different niches. These findings suggest that ecological and cultural factors may also contribute to shaping the diversification of chimpanzees across the contact zone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dordel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrigan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kentatchime, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Featherstone, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abwe, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesink Clee, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abwe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locatelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fosso, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tishkoff, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonder, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmentally-mediated selection parallels population divergence across a chimpanzee subspecies contact zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.28.605517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artifacts in single-cell mitochondrial DNA mutation analyses misinform phylogenetic inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.28.605517v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequencing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants from single cells has resolved clonality and lineage in native human samples and clinical specimens. Prior work established that heteroplasmic mtDNA variants can be used to delineate clonality in hematopoiesis, but they have limited ability to reconstruct cellular phylogenies. However, a recent report by Weng et al. challenges the current paradigm by describing an unprecedented number of shared mtDNA variants between cells that reportedly resolve high-resolution phylogenetic trees. We re-examined the claims of Weng et al., and identified two major points of concern regarding this unprecedented connectedness. First, shared variants between cells are disproportionately detected in a single molecule per cell, and second, these variants are enriched 10-20-fold at the edges of mtDNA molecules, reminiscent of artifacts reported in other sequencing approaches. Further, our analyses show that pruning low support and likely artificial mtDNA variants removes nearly all of the reported phylogenetic structure. Thus, we strongly caution against using mtDNA variant calling workflows that rely on minimal evidence, including the computational pipeline introduced in Weng et al., as variants with high connectedness and low evidence are likely artifacts that lead to the construction of false phylogenies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lareau, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.28.605517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artifacts in single-cell mitochondrial DNA mutation analyses misinform phylogenetic inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bacterial TIR-based immune system senses viral capsids to initiate defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605636v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains are present in immune systems that protect prokaryotes from viral (phage) attack. In response to infection, TIRs can produce a cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose (ADPR) signaling molecule, which activates an effector that depletes the host of the essential metabolite NAD+ to limit phage propagation. How bacterial TIRs recognize phage infection is not known. Here we describe the sensing mechanism for the staphylococcal Thoeris defense system, which consists of two TIR domain sensors, ThsB1 and ThsB2, and the effector ThsA. We show that the major capsid protein of phage {Phi}80 forms a complex with ThsB1 and ThsB2, which is sufficient for the synthesis of 1-3 glycocyclic ADPR (gcADPR) and subsequent activation of NAD+ cleavage by ThsA. Consistent with this, phages that escape Thoeris immunity harbor mutations in the capsid that prevent complex formation. We show that capsid proteins from staphylococcal Siphoviridae belonging to the capsid serogroup B, but not A, are recognized by ThsB1/B2, a result that suggests that capsid recognition by Sau-Thoeris and other anti-phage defense systems may be an important evolutionary force behind the structural diversity of prokaryotic viruses. More broadly, since mammalian toll-like receptors harboring TIR domains can also recognize viral structural components to produce an inflammatory response against infection, our findings reveal a conserved mechanism for the activation of innate antiviral defense pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marraffini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bacterial TIR-based immune system senses viral capsids to initiate defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical genetics reveals cross-activation of plant developmental signaling by the immune peptide-receptor pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605519v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells sense and integrate multiple signals to coordinate development and defence. A receptor-kinase signaling pathway for plant stomatal development shares components with the immunity pathway. The mechanism ensuring their signal specificities remains unclear. Using chemical genetics, here we report the identification of a small molecule, kC9, that triggers excessive stomatal differentiation by inhibiting the canonical ERECTA receptor-kinase pathway. kC9 binds to and inhibits the downstream MAP kinase MPK6, perturbing its substrate interaction. Strikingly, activation of immune signaling by a bacterial flagellin peptide nullified kC9s effects on stomatal development. This cross-activation of stomatal development by immune signaling depends on the immune receptor FLS2 and occurs even in the absence of kC9 if the ERECTA-family receptor population becomes suboptimal. Furthermore, proliferating stomatal-lineage cells are vulnerable to the immune signal penetration. Our findings suggest that the signal specificity between development and immunity can be ensured by MAP Kinase homeostasis reflecting the availability of upstream receptors, thereby providing a novel view on signal specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepuru, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagihara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torii, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical genetics reveals cross-activation of plant developmental signaling by the immune peptide-receptor pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.28.604693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paternal genome elimination creates contrasting evolutionary trajectories in male and female citrus mealybugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.28.604693v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most studies of sex-biased genes explore their evolution in familiar chromosomal sex determination systems, leaving the evolution of sex differences under alternative reproductive systems unknown. Here we explore the system of paternal genome elimination employed by mealybugs (Hempitera: Pseudococcidae) which have no sex chromosomes. Instead, all chromosomes are autosomal and inherited in two copies, but sex is determined by the ploidy of expression. Females express both parental alleles, but males reliably silence their paternally inherited chromosomes, creating genome-wide haploid expression in males and diploid expression in females. Additionally, sons do not express alleles directly inherited from their fathers, potentially disrupting the evolution of male-benefitting traits. To understand how these dynamics impact molecular evolution, we generated sex-specific RNAseq, a new gene annotation, and whole-genome population sequencing of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri. We found that genes expressed primarily in females hold more variation and evolve more quickly than those expressed in males or both sexes. Conversely, more adaptation occurs in genes expressed mainly in males than those expressed in females. Put together, paternal genome elimination appears to slow change on the male side but, by increasing selective scrutiny, increase the amount of adaptation in these genes. These results expand our understanding of evolution in a non-mendelian genetic system and the data we generated should prove useful for future research on this pest insect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mongue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garber, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.28.604693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paternal genome elimination creates contrasting evolutionary trajectories in male and female citrus mealybugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.31.605654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete sequencing of ape genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.31.605654v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present haplotype-resolved reference genomes and comparative analyses of six ape species, namely: chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan, and siamang. We achieve chromosome-level contiguity with unparalleled sequence accuracy (<1 error in 500,000 base pairs), completely sequencing 215 gapless chromosomes telomere-to-telomere. We resolve challenging regions, such as the major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin loci, providing more in-depth evolutionary insights. Comparative analyses, including human, allow us to investigate the evolution and diversity of regions previously uncharacterized or incompletely studied without bias from mapping to the human reference. This includes newly minted gene families within lineage-specific segmental duplications, centromeric DNA, acrocentric chromosomes, and subterminal heterochromatin. This resource should serve as a definitive baseline for all future evolutionary studies of humans and our closest living ape relatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montinaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malukiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anez, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelbrecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feschotte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, L. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.605654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete sequencing of ape genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.30.605685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The big tau splice isoform resists Alzheimer's-related pathological changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.30.605685v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Alzheimers disease (AD), the microtubule-binding protein tau becomes abnormally hyperphosphorylated and aggregated in selective brain regions such as the cortex and hippocampus1-3. However, other brain regions like the cerebellum and brain stem remain largely intact despite the universal expression of tau throughout the brain. Here, we found that an understudied splice isoform of tau termed "big tau" is significantly more abundant in the brain regions less vulnerable to tau pathology compared to tau pathology-vulnerable regions. We used various cellular and animal models to demonstrate that big tau possesses multiple properties that can resist AD-related pathological changes. Importantly, human AD patients show a higher expression level of pathology-resisting big tau in the cerebellum, the brain region spared from tau pathology. Our study examines the unique properties of big tau, expanding our current understanding of tau pathophysiology. Altogether, our data suggest that alternative splicing to favor big tau is a viable strategy to modulate tau pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, D.-e. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalamanchili, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revelli, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadros, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alavi Naini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeynaems, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The big tau splice isoform resists Alzheimer's-related pathological changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.31.605623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beta-arrestin 1 mediated Src activation via Src SH3 domain revealed by cryo-electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.31.605623v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beta-arrestins ({beta}arrs) are key regulators and transducers of G-protein coupled receptor signaling; however, little is known of how {beta}arrs communicate with their downstream effectors. Here, we report the first structural insights into the fundamental mechanisms driving {beta}arr-mediated signal transduction. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we elucidate how {beta}arr1 recruits and activates the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src, the first identified signaling partner of {beta}arrs. {beta}arr1 engages Src SH3 through two distinct sites, each employing a different recognition mechanism: a polyproline motif in the N-domain and a non-proline-based interaction in the central crest region. At both sites {beta}arr1 interacts with the aromatic surface of SH3, disrupting the autoinhibited conformation of Src and directly triggering its allosteric activation. This structural evidence establishes {beta}arr1 as an active regulatory protein rather than a passive scaffold and suggests a potentially general mechanism for {beta}arr-mediated signaling across diverse effectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pakharukova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abzalimov, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahsai, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassford, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>des Georges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefkowitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.605623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beta-arrestin 1 mediated Src activation via Src SH3 domain revealed by cryo-electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.31.605825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear sound-sheet microscopy: imaging opaque organs at the capillary and cellular scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.31.605825v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized biology by visualizing dynamic cellular processes in three dimensions. However, light scattering in thick tissue and photobleaching of fluorescent reporters limit this method to studying thin or translucent specimens. Here we show that non-diffractive ultrasonic beams used in conjunction with a cross-amplitude modulation sequence and nonlinear acoustic reporters enable fast and volumetric imaging of targeted biological functions. We report volumetric imaging of tumor gene expression at the cm3 scale using genetically encoded gas vesicles, and localization microscopy of currently uncharted cerebral capillary networks using intravascular microbubble contrast agents. Nonlinear sound-sheet microscopy provides a [~]64x acceleration in imaging speed, [~]35x increase in imaged volume and [~]4x increase in classical imaging resolution compared to the state-of-the-art in biomolecular ultrasound.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heiles, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terwiel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz Ibarra, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matalliotakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waasdorp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barturen-Larrea, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maresca, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.605825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear sound-sheet microscopy: imaging opaque organs at the capillary and cellular scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.31.606079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a bends DNA to destabilize base pairs during target interrogation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.31.606079v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-guided endonucleases are involved in processes ranging from adaptive immunity to site-specific transposition and have revolutionized genome editing. CRISPR-Cas9, -Cas12 and related proteins use guide RNAs to recognize [~]20-nucleotide target sites within genomic DNA by mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. We used structural and biochemical methods to assess early steps in DNA recognition by Cas12a protein-guide RNA complexes. We show here that Cas12a initiates DNA target recognition by bending DNA to induce transient nucleotide flipping that exposes nucleobases for DNA-RNA hybridization. Cryo-EM structural analysis of a trapped Cas12a-RNA-DNA surveillance complex and fluorescence-based conformational probing show that Cas12a-induced DNA helix destabilization enables target discovery and engagement. This mechanism of initial DNA interrogation resembles that of CRISPR-Cas9 despite distinct evolutionary origins and different RNA-DNA hybridization directionality of these enzyme families. Our findings support a model in which RNA-mediated DNA engineering begins with local helix distortion by transient CRISPR-Cas protein binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soczek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cofsky, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuck, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.606079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas12a bends DNA to destabilize base pairs during target interrogation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.02.606282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concerted modulation of spontaneous behavior and time-integrated whole-brain neuronal activity by serotonin receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.02.606282v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serotonin neurons from the raphe nuclei project across the entire brain and modulate diverse physiology and behavior by acting on over a dozen receptors. Here, we took a step towards dissecting this complex process by examining the effects of agonists and antagonists of four widely expressed serotonin receptors (2A, 2C, 1A, and 1B) on spontaneous mouse behavior, which we related to time-integrated whole-brain neuronal activity as assessed by the expression of Fos, a canonical immediate-early gene product. Low-dimensional representations of behavioral and Fos map data revealed the dominant factors of variation in each domain, captured predictable differences across drug groups, and enabled predictions of behavioral changes following perturbations in Fos maps and vice versa. Our study provides a rich resource describing the effects of manipulating serotonin receptors on animal behavior and whole-brain integrated neuronal activity. It also establishes an experimental and analysis paradigm for interrogating the relationship between behavior and neuronal activity across different time scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degleris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ticea, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.02.606282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concerted modulation of spontaneous behavior and time-integrated whole-brain neuronal activity by serotonin receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.02.606015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PNPLA3(148M) Promotes Hepatic Steatosis by Interfering with Triglyceride Hydrolysis Through a Gain-of-Function Mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.02.606015v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsPNPLA3(148M) (patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3) is the most impactful genetic risk factor for steatotic liver disease (SLD), thus motivating a search for therapeutic modulators of its expression. A key unresolved issue is whether PNPLA3(148M) confers a loss- or gain-of-function. Here we used multiple approaches to further test the hypothesis that PNPLA3 causes steatosis by sequestering ABHD5 (/{beta} hydrolase domain containing protein 5), the cofactor of ATGL (adipose TG lipase), thus limiting mobilization of hepatic triglyceride (TG).

MethodsWe quantified the physical interactions between ABHD5 and PNPLA3/ATGL in cultured hepatocytes using NanoBiT complementation assays. Immunocytochemistry was used to compare the relative binding of PNPLA3 and ATGL to ABHD5 and to determine if PNPLA3 must associate with lipid droplets (LDs) to inhibit ATGL. Adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses were used to express PNPLA3 in liver-specific Atgl-/- mice and ABHD5 in livers of Pnpla3148M/M mice, respectively. We used purified recombinant proteins to compare the TG hydrolytic activities of PNPLA3 and ATGL in the presence and absence of ABHD5.

ResultsABHD5 interacted preferentially with PNPLA3 relative to ATGL in cultured hepatocytes and in vitro, with no differences observed between PNPLA3(WT) or PNPLA3(148M). PNPLA3(148M)-associated inhibition of TG hydrolysis required localization of PNPLA3 to LDs and the presence of ATGL. Finally, overexpression of ABHD5 reversed the hepatic steatosis in Pnpla3M/M mice.

ConclusionsThese findings support the premise that PNPLA3(148M) promotes hepatic steatosis by accumulating on LDs and inhibiting ATGL-mediated lipolysis in an ABHD5-dependent manner. Our results predict that reducing, rather that increasing PNPLA3 expression will be the best strategy to treat PNPLA3(148M)-associated SLD.

Impact and implicationsSteatotic liver disease (SLD) is a common complex disorder associated with both environmental and genetic risk factors. PNPLA3(148M) is the most impactful genetic risk factor for SLD and yet its pathogenic mechanism remains controversial. Here we provide evidence that PNPLA3(148M) promotes triglyceride (TG) accumulation by sequestering ABHD5, thus limiting its availability to activate ATGL. Although the substitution of methionine for isoleucine reduces the TG hydrolytic activity of PNPLA3, the loss-of-function is only indirectly related to the steatotic effect of the variant. Here we provide evidence that PNPLA3(148M) confers a gain-of-function by interfering with ATGL-mediated TG hydrolysis. These findings have implications for the design of potential PNPLA3-based therapies. Reducing, rather than increasing, PNPLA3 levels is predicted to reverse steatosis in susceptible individuals.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=106 SRC="FIGDIR/small/606015v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (19K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dd7acaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a869dborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bde743org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@99effc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIABHD5 binds preferentially to PNPLA3 relative to ATGL.
C_LIO_LIPNPLA3(WT) and PNPLA3(148M) compete similarly for binding and inhibition of ATGL.
C_LIO_LIABHD5 activates the triglyceride lipase activity of PNPLA3, as well as ATGL.
C_LIO_LIThe steatotic effect of PNPLA3(148M) requires expression of ATGL.
C_LIO_LIOverexpression of ABHD5 can rescue the steatosis associated with PNPLA3(148M).
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kory, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinch, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlitina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.02.606015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PNPLA3(148M) Promotes Hepatic Steatosis by Interfering with Triglyceride Hydrolysis Through a Gain-of-Function Mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.05.606142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A familial, telomere-to-telomere reference for human de novo mutation and recombination from a four-generation pedigree 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.05.606142v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using five complementary short- and long-read sequencing technologies, we phased and assembled >95% of each diploid human genome in a four-generation, 28-member family (CEPH 1463) allowing us to systematically assess de novo mutations (DNMs) and recombination. From this family, we estimate an average of 192 DNMs per generation, including 75.5 de novo single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), 7.4 non-tandem repeat indels, 79.6 de novo indels or structural variants (SVs) originating from tandem repeats, 7.7 centromeric de novo SVs and SNVs, and 12.4 de novo Y chromosome events per generation. STRs and VNTRs are the most mutable with 32 loci exhibiting recurrent mutation through the generations. We accurately assemble 288 centromeres and six Y chromosomes across the generations, documenting de novo SVs, and demonstrate that the DNM rate varies by an order of magnitude depending on repeat content, length, and sequence identity. We show a strong paternal bias (75-81%) for all forms of germline DNM, yet we estimate that 17% of de novo SNVs are postzygotic in origin with no paternal bias. We place all this variation in the context of a high-resolution recombination map ([~]3.5 kbp breakpoint resolution). We observe a strong maternal recombination bias (1.36 maternal:paternal ratio) with a consistent reduction in the number of crossovers with increasing paternal (r=0.85) and maternal (r=0.65) age. However, we observe no correlation between meiotic crossover locations and de novo SVs, arguing against non-allelic homologous recombination as a predominant mechanism. The use of multiple orthogonal technologies, near-telomere-to-telomere phased genome assemblies, and a multi-generation family to assess transmission has created the most comprehensive, publicly available "truth set" of all classes of genomic variants. The resource can be used to test and benchmark new algorithms and technologies to understand the most fundamental processes underlying human genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dashnow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasani, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyes, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronenberg, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokveld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koundinya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steely, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolzhenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshima, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanlon, V. C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Happ, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knuth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanslow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansdorp, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neklason, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.05.606142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A familial, telomere-to-telomere reference for human de novo mutation and recombination from a four-generation pedigree]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.05.606604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular basis of Human FN3K mediated phosphorylation of glycated substrate 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.05.606604v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycation, a non-enzymatic post-translational modification occurring on proteins, can be actively reversed via site-specific phosphorylation of the fructose-lysine moiety by FN3K kinase, to impact the cellular function of target protein. A regulatory axis between FN3K and glycated protein targets has been associated with conditions like diabetes and cancer. However the molecular basis of this relationship has not been explored so far. Here, we determined a series of crystal structures of HsFN3K in apo-state, and in complex with different nucleotide analogs together with a sugar substrate mimic to reveal the features important for its kinase activity and substrate recognition. Additionally, the dynamics in sugar substrate binding during the kinase catalytic cycle provide important mechanistic insights into HsFN3K function. Our structural work provides the molecular basis for rationale small molecule design targeting FN3K.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>On, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkayam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cifani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua-Tor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.05.606604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular basis of Human FN3K mediated phosphorylation of glycated substrate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.01.605857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale volumetric fluorescence imaging via photochemical sectioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.01.605857v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical nanoscopy of intact biological specimens has been transformed by recent advancements in hydrogel-based tissue clearing and expansion, enabling the imaging of cellular and subcellular structures with molecular contrast. However, existing high-resolution fluorescence microscopes have limited imaging depth, which prevents the study of whole-mount specimens without physical sectioning. To address this challenge, we developed "photochemical sectioning," a spatially precise, light-based sample sectioning process. By combining photochemical sectioning with volumetric lattice light-sheet imaging and petabyte-scale computation, we imaged and reconstructed axons and myelination sheaths across entire mouse olfactory bulbs at nanoscale resolution. An olfactory-bulb-wide analysis of myelinated and unmyelinated axons revealed distinctive patterns of axon degeneration and de-/dysmyelination in the neurodegenerative mouse, highlighting the potential for peta- to exabyte-scale super-resolution studies using this approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.01.605857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale volumetric fluorescence imaging via photochemical sectioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.06.606855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiviral Mx proteins have an ancient origin and widespread distribution among eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.06.606855v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
First identified in mammals, Mx proteins are potent antivirals against a broad swathe of viruses. Mx proteins arose within the Dynamin superfamily of proteins (DSP), mediating critical cellular processes, such as endocytosis and mitochondrial, plastid, and peroxisomal dynamics. And yet, the evolutionary origins of Mx proteins are poorly understood. Using a series of phylogenomic analyses with stepwise increments in taxonomic coverage, we show that Mx proteins predate the interferon signaling system in vertebrates. Our analyses find an ancient monophyletic DSP lineage in eukaryotes that groups vertebrate and invertebrate Mx proteins with previously undescribed fungal MxF proteins, the relatively uncharacterized plant and algal Dynamin 4A/4C proteins, and representatives from several early-branching eukaryotic lineages. Thus, Mx-like proteins date back close to the origin of Eukarya. Our phylogenetic analyses also reveal that host-encoded and NCLDV (nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses)-encoded DSPs are interspersed in four distinct DSP lineages, indicating recurrent viral theft of host DSPs. Our analyses thus reveal an ancient history of viral and antiviral functions encoded by the Dynamin superfamily in eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langley, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietzen, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenthorey, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.06.606855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiviral Mx proteins have an ancient origin and widespread distribution among eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.02.606398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging tuning and invariance with equivariant neuronal representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.02.606398v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As we move through the world, we see the same visual scenes from different perspectives. Although we experience perspective deformations, our perception of a scene remains stable. This raises the question of which neuronal representations in visual brain areas are perspective-tuned and which are invariant. Focusing on planar rotations, we introduce a mathematical framework based on the principle of equivariance, which asserts that an image rotation results in a corresponding rotation of neuronal representations, to explain how the same representation can range from being fully tuned to fully invariant. We applied this framework to large-scale simultaneous neuronal recordings from four visual cortical areas in mice, where we found that representations are both tuned and invariant but become more invariant across higher-order areas. While common deep convolutional neural networks show similar trends in orientation-invariance across layers, they are not rotation-equivariant. We propose that equivariance is a prevalent computation of populations of biological neurons to gradually achieve invariance through structured tuning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoeller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.02.606398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging tuning and invariance with equivariant neuronal representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.05.606718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manipulation of the microRNA172 - AP2L2 interaction provides precise control of wheat and triticale plant height 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.05.606718v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The REDUCED HEIGHT (RHT) dwarfing alleles Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b were essential in the "Green Revolution" to optimize wheat plant height and increase grain yield. However, those alleles reduce coleoptile length limiting sowing depth, which triggered the search for alternative dwarfing genes. In this study, we engineered the interaction between miR172 and AP2L2 genes to fine-tune wheat and triticale plant height without affecting coleoptile and first-leaf length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegarty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tricoli, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debernardi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.05.606718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manipulation of the microRNA172 - AP2L2 interaction provides precise control of wheat and triticale plant height]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.06.606874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nervous system-wide analysis of all C. elegans cadherins reveals neuron-specific functions across multiple anatomical scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.06.606874v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential expression of cell adhesion proteins is a hallmark of cell type diversity across the animal kingdom. Gene family-wide characterization of their organismal expression and function are, however, lacking. We established an atlas of expression of the entire set of 12 cadherin gene family members in the nematode C. elegans, testing the hypothesis that members of this gene family define combinatorial expression codes that may drive nervous system assembly. This atlas reveals differential expression of genomically tagged cadherin genes across neuronal classes, a dichotomy between broadly- and narrowly-expressed cadherins, and several context-dependent temporal transitions in expression across development. Engineered mutant null alleles of cadherins were analyzed for defects in morphology, behavior, neuronal soma positions, neurite neighborhood topology and fasciculation, and localization of synapses in many parts of the nervous system. This analysis revealed a restricted pattern of neuronal differentiation defects at discrete subsets of anatomical scales, including a novel role of cadherins in experience-dependent electrical synapse formation. In total, our analysis results in novel perspectives on cadherin deployment and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.06.606874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nervous system-wide analysis of all C. elegans cadherins reveals neuron-specific functions across multiple anatomical scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.08.607204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of ASF1 Inhibition by CDAN1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.08.607204v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Codanin-1 (CDAN1) is an essential and ubiquitous protein named after congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I (CDA-I), an autosomal recessive disease that manifests from mutations in the CDAN1 or CDIN1 (CDAN1 interacting nuclease 1) gene. CDAN1 interacts with CDIN1 and the paralogous histone H3-H4 chaperones ASF1A (Anti-Silencing Function 1A) and ASF1B, but its function remains unclear. Here, we biochemically and structurally analyze CDAN1 complexes. We find that CDAN1 dimerizes and assembles into cytosolic complexes with CDIN1 and multiple copies of ASF1A/B. Single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of CDAN1 complexes identify interactions with ASF1 mediated by two CDAN1 B-domains commonly found in ASF1 binding partners and two helices that mimic histone H3 binding. We additionally observe that one CDAN1 can recruit two ASF1 molecules and that ASF1A and ASF1B have different requirements for CDAN1 engagement. Our findings explain how CDAN1 sequesters and inhibits the chaperone function of ASF1A/B and provide new molecular-level insights into this enigmatic complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sedor, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.08.607204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of ASF1 Inhibition by CDAN1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.08.606885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pan-variant miniprotein inhibitor protects against SARS-CoV-2 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.08.606885v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The continued evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has compromised neutralizing antibody responses elicited by prior infection or vaccination and abolished the utility of most monoclonal antibody therapeutics. We previously described a computationally-designed, homotrimeric miniprotein inhibitor, designated TRI2-2, that protects mice against pre-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we show that TRI2-2 exhibits pan neutralization of variants that evolved during the 4.5 years since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and protects mice against BQ.1.1, XBB.1.5 and BA.2.86 challenge when administered post-exposure by an intranasal route. The resistance of TRI2-2 to viral escape and its direct delivery to the upper airways rationalize a path toward clinical advancement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asarnow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tortorici, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanapala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.08.606885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pan-variant miniprotein inhibitor protects against SARS-CoV-2 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.10.606181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized methods for mapping DNA double-strand-break ends and resection tracts and application to meiotic recombination in mouse spermatocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.10.606181v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) made by SPO11 protein initiate homologous recombination during meiosis. Subsequent to DNA strand breakage, endo- and exo-nucleases process the DNA ends to resect the strands whose 5 termini are at the DSB, generating long 3-terminal single-stranded tails that serve as substrates for strand exchange proteins. DSB resection is essential for meiotic recombination, but a detailed understanding of its molecular mechanism is currently lacking. Genomic approaches to mapping DSBs and resection endpoints, e.g., S1-sequencing (S1-seq) and similar methods, play a critical role in studies of meiotic DSB processing. In these methods, nuclease S1 or other enzymes that specifically degrade ssDNA are used to trim resected DSBs, allowing capture and sequencing of the ends of resection tracts. Here, we present optimization of S1-seq that improves its signal:noise ratio and allows its application to analysis of spermatocyte meiosis in adult mice. Furthermore, quantitative features of meiotic resection are evaluated for reproducibility, and we suggest approaches for analysis and interpretation of S1-seq data. We also compare S1-seq to variants that use exonuclease T and/ or exonuclease VII from Escherichia coli instead of nuclease S1. Detailed step-by-step protocols and suggestions for troubleshooting are provided.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maekawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.10.606181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized methods for mapping DNA double-strand-break ends and resection tracts and application to meiotic recombination in mouse spermatocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.12.607651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population coding of predator imminence in the hypothalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.12.607651v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypothalamic VMHdmSF1 neurons are activated by predator cues and are necessary and sufficient for instinctive defensive responses. However, such data do not distinguish which features of a predator encounter are encoded by VMHdmSF1 neural activity. To address this issue, we imaged VMHdmSF1 neurons at single-cell resolution in freely behaving mice exposed to a natural predator in varying contexts. Our results reveal that VMHdmSF1 neurons do not represent different defensive behaviors, but rather encode predator identity and multiple predator-evoked internal states, including threat-evoked fear/anxiety; neophobia or arousal; predator imminence; and safety. Notably, threat and safety are encoded bi-directionally by anti-correlated subpopulations. Finally, individual differences in predator defensiveness are correlated with differences in VMHdmSF1 response dynamics. Thus, different threat-related internal state variables are encoded by distinct neuronal subpopulations within a genetically defined, anatomically restricted hypothalamic cell class.

HighlightsO_LIDistinct subsets of VMHdmSF1 neurons encode multiple predator-evoked internal states.
C_LIO_LIAnti-correlated subsets encode safety vs. threat in a bi-directional manner
C_LIO_LIA population code for predator imminence is identified using a novel assay
C_LIO_LIVMHdmSF1 dynamics correlate with individual variation in predator defensiveness.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheung, K. Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population coding of predator imminence in the hypothalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.13.607210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opto-CLIP reveals dynamic FMRP regulation of mRNAs upon CA1 neuronal activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.13.607210v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal diversity and function are intricately linked to the dynamic regulation of RNA metabolism. Electrophysiologic studies of synaptic plasticity, models for learning and memory, are disrupted in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). FXS is characterized by the loss of FMRP, an RNA-binding protein (RBP) known to suppress translation of specific neuronal RNAs. Synaptic plasticity in CA1 excitatory hippocampal neurons is protein-synthesis dependent, suggesting a role for FMRP in FXS-related synaptic deficits. To explore this model, we developed Opto-CLIP, integrating optogenetics with cell-type specific FMRP-CLIP and RiboTag in CA1 neurons, allowing investigation of activity-induced FMRP regulation. We tracked changes in FMRP binding and ribosome-associated RNA profiles 30 minutes after neuronal activation. Our findings reveal distinct temporal dynamics for FMRP transcript regulation in the cell body versus the synapse. In the cell body, FMRP binding to transcripts encoding nuclear functions is relieved, potentially allowing rapid transcriptional responses to neuronal activation. At the synapse, FMRP binding to transcripts encoding synaptic targets was relatively stable, with variability in translational control across target categories. These results offer fresh insights into the dynamic regulation of RNA by FMRP in response to neuronal activation and provide a foundation for future research into the mechanisms of RBP-mediated synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajchin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.13.607210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opto-CLIP reveals dynamic FMRP regulation of mRNAs upon CA1 neuronal activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.13.607848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bibacillin 1: A two-component lantibiotic from  Bacillus thuringiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.13.607848v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we describe bibacillin 1 - a two-component lantibiotic from Bacillus thuringiensis. The peptides that comprise bibacillin 1 are modified by a class II lanthipeptide synthetase Bib1M producing two peptides with non-overlapping ring patterns that are reminiscent of cerecidin and the short component of the enterococcal cytolysin (CylLS"), a virulence factor associated with human disease. Stereochemical analysis demonstrated that each component contains LL-methyllanthionine and DL-lanthionine. The mature bibacillin 1 peptides showed cooperative bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including members of ESKAPE pathogens, and weak hemolytic activity. Optimal ratio studies suggest that bibacillin 1 works best when the components are present in a 1:1 ratio, but near optimal activity was observed at ratios strongly favouring one component over the other, suggesting that the two peptides may have different but complementary targets. Mechanism of action studies suggest a lipid II-independent killing action distinguishing bibacillin 1 from two other two-component lantibiotics haloduracin and lacticin 3147. One of the two components of bibacillin 1 showed cross reactivity with the cytolysin regulatory system. These result support the involvement of bibacillin 1 in quorum sensing and raise questions about the impact of CylLS"-like natural products on lanthipeptide expression in diverse bacterial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilmore, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.13.607848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bibacillin 1: A two-component lantibiotic from  Bacillus thuringiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.12.607605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota-induced plastic T cells enhance immune control of antigen-sharing tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.12.607605v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapies that harness the immune system to target and eliminate tumor cells have revolutionized cancer care. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which boosts the anti-tumor immune response by inhibiting negative regulators of T cell activation1-3, is remarkably successful in a subset of cancer patients, yet a significant proportion do not respond to treatment, emphasizing the need to understand factors influencing the therapeutic efficacy of ICB4-9. The gut microbiota, consisting of trillions of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a critical determinant of immune function and response to cancer immunotherapy, with multiple studies demonstrating association of microbiota composition with clinical response10-16. However, a mechanistic understanding of how gut commensal bacteria influence the efficacy of ICB remains elusive. Here we utilized a gut commensal microorganism, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), which induces an antigen-specific Th17 cell effector program17, to investigate how colonization with it affects the efficacy of ICB in restraining distal growth of tumors sharing antigen with SFB. We find that anti-PD-1 treatment effectively inhibits the growth of implanted SFB antigen-expressing melanoma only if mice are colonized with SFB. Through T cell receptor clonal lineage tracing, fate mapping, and peptide-MHC tetramer staining, we identify tumor-associated SFB-specific Th1-like cells derived from the homeostatic Th17 cells induced by SFB colonization in the small intestine lamina propria. These gut-educated ex-Th17 cells produce high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-{gamma} and TNF-, and promote expansion and effector functions of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic lymphocytes, thereby controlling tumor growth. A better understanding of how distinct intestinal commensal microbes can promote T cell plasticity-dependent responses against antigen-sharing tumors may allow for the design of novel cancer immunotherapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Najar, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Meza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolynuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota-induced plastic T cells enhance immune control of antigen-sharing tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.15.608154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated shifts in sociality are associated with fine-tuning of highly conserved and lineage-specific enhancers in a socially flexible bee 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.15.608154v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative genomic studies of social insects suggest that changes in gene regulation are associated with evolutionary transitions in social behavior, but the activity of predicted regulatory regions has not been tested empirically. We used STARR-seq, a high-throughput enhancer discovery tool, to identify and measure the activity of enhancers in the socially variable sweat bee, Lasioglossum albipes. We identified over 36,000 enhancers in the L. albipes genome from three social and three solitary populations. Many enhancers were identified in only a subset of L. albipes populations, revealing rapid divergence in regulatory regions within this species. Population-specific enhancers were often proximal to the same genes across populations, suggesting compensatory gains and losses of regulatory regions may preserve gene activity. We also identified 1182 enhancers with significant differences in activity between social and solitary populations, some of which are conserved regulatory regions across species of bees. These results indicate that social trait variation in L. albipes is driven both by the fine-tuning of ancient enhancers as well as lineage-specific regulatory changes. Combining enhancer activity with population genetic data revealed variants associated with differences in enhancer activity and identified a subset of differential enhancers with signatures of selection associated with social behavior. Together, these results provide the first empirical map of enhancers in a socially flexible bee and highlight links between cis-regulatory variation and the evolution of social behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geib, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branstetter, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated shifts in sociality are associated with fine-tuning of highly conserved and lineage-specific enhancers in a socially flexible bee]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.15.607428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging high-frequency voltage dynamics in multiple neuron classes of behaving mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.15.607428v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent genetically encoded voltage indicators report transmembrane potentials of targeted cell-types. However, voltage-imaging instrumentation has lacked the sensitivity to track spontaneous or evoked high-frequency voltage oscillations in neural populations. Here we describe two complementary TEMPO voltage-sensing technologies that capture neural oscillations up to [~]100 Hz. Fiber-optic TEMPO achieves [~]10-fold greater sensitivity than prior photometry systems, allows hour-long recordings, and monitors two neuron-classes per fiber-optic probe in freely moving mice. With it, we uncovered cross-frequency-coupled theta- and gamma-range oscillations and characterized excitatory-inhibitory neural dynamics during hippocampal ripples and visual cortical processing. The TEMPO mesoscope images voltage activity in two cell-classes across a [~]8-mm-wide field-of-view in head-fixed animals. In awake mice, it revealed sensory-evoked excitatory-inhibitory neural interactions and traveling gamma and 3-7 Hz waves in the visual cortex, and previously unreported propagation directions for hippocampal theta and beta waves. These technologies have widespread applications probing diverse oscillations and neuron-type interactions in healthy and diseased brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haziza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrapkiewicz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruzhilin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delamare, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzsaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.607428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging high-frequency voltage dynamics in multiple neuron classes of behaving mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.13.607810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The brain simulates actions and their consequences during REM sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.13.607810v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vivid dreams mostly occur during a phase of sleep called REM1-5. During REM sleep, the brains internal representation of direction keeps shifting like that of an awake animal moving through its environment6-8. What causes these shifts, given the immobility of the sleeping animal? Here we show that the superior colliculus of the mouse, a motor command center involved in orienting movements9-15, issues motor commands during REM sleep, e.g. turn left, that are similar to those issued in the awake behaving animal. Strikingly, these motor commands, despite not being executed, shift the internal representation of direction as if the animal had turned. Thus, during REM sleep, the brain simulates actions by issuing motor commands that, while not executed, have consequences as if they had been. This study suggests that the sleeping brain, while disengaged from the external world, uses its internal model of the world to simulate interactions with it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Senzai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanziani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.13.607810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The brain simulates actions and their consequences during REM sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.17.608390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex both starts and extends DNA end resection in mouse meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.17.608390v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleolytic resection of DNA ends is critical for homologous recombination, but its mechanism is not fully understood, particularly in mammalian meiosis. Here we examine roles of the conserved MRN complex (MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1) through genome-wide analysis of meiotic resection in mice with various MRN mutations, including several that cause chromosomal instability in humans. Meiotic DSBs form at elevated levels but remain unresected if Mre11 is conditionally deleted, thus MRN is required for both resection initiation and regulation of DSB numbers. Resection lengths are reduced to varying degrees in MRN hypomorphs or if MRE11 nuclease activity is attenuated in a conditional nuclease-dead Mre11 model. These findings unexpectedly establish that MRN is needed for longer-range extension of resection, not just resection initiation. Finally, resection defects are additively worsened by combining MRN and Exo1 mutations, and mice that are unable to initiate resection or have greatly curtailed resection lengths experience catastrophic spermatogenic failure. Our results elucidate multiple functions of MRN in meiotic recombination, uncover unanticipated relationships between short- and long-range resection, and establish the importance of resection for mammalian meiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canasto-Chibuque, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcet-Ortega, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feeney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrini, J. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.17.608390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex both starts and extends DNA end resection in mouse meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.19.608655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vaccines combining slow delivery and follicle targeting of antigens increase germinal center B cell clonal diversity and clonal expansion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.19.608655v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccines incorporating slow delivery, multivalent antigen display, or immunomodulation through adjuvants have an important role to play in shaping the humoral immune response. Here we analyzed mechanisms of action of a clinically relevant combination adjuvant strategy, where phosphoserine (pSer)-tagged immunogens bound to aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant (promoting prolonged antigen delivery to draining lymph nodes) are combined with a potent saponin nanoparticle adjuvant termed SMNP (which alters lymph flow and antigen entry into lymph nodes). When employed with a stabilized HIV Env trimer antigen in mice, this combined adjuvant approach promoted substantial enhancements in germinal center (GC) and antibody responses relative to either adjuvant alone. Using scRNA-seq and scBCR-seq, we found that the alum-pSer/SMNP combination both increased the diversity of GC B cell clones and increased GC B cell clonal expansion, coincident with increases in the expression of Myc and the proportion of S-phase GC B cells. To gain insight into the source of these changes in the GC response, we analyzed antigen biodistribution and structural integrity in draining lymph nodes and found that the combination adjuvant approach, but not alum-pSer delivery or SMNP alone, promoted accumulation of highly intact antigen on follicular dendritic cells, reflecting an integration of the slow antigen delivery and altered lymph node uptake effects of these two adjuvants. These results demonstrate how adjuvants with complementary mechanisms of action impacting vaccine biodistribution and kinetics can synergize to enhance humoral immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousefpour, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozorowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlashi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vaccines combining slow delivery and follicle targeting of antigens increase germinal center B cell clonal diversity and clonal expansion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.15.608159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population Representation of the Confidence in a Decision in the Lateral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.15.608159v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Confidence in a decision is the belief, prior to feedback, that ones choice is correct. In the brain, many decisions are implemented as a race between competing evidence-accumulation processes. We ask whether the neurons that represent evidence accumulation also carry information about whether the choice is correct (i.e., confidence). Monkeys performed a reaction time version of the random dot motion task. Neuropixels probes were used to record from neurons in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area. LIP neurons with response fields that overlap the choice-target contralateral to the recording site (Tin neurons) represent the accumulation of evidence in favor of contralateral target selection. We demonstrate that shortly before a contralateral choice is reported, the population of Tin neurons contains information about the accuracy of the choice (i.e., whether the choice is correct or incorrect). This finding is unexpected because, on average, Tin neurons exhibit a level of activity before the report that is independent of reaction time and evidence strength--both strong predictors of accuracy. This apparent contradiction is resolved by examining the variability in neuronal responses across the population of Tin neurons. While on average, Tin neurons exhibit a stereotyped level of activity before a contralateral choice, many neurons depart from this average in a consistent manner. From these neurons, the accuracy of the choice can be predicted using a simple logistic decoder. The accuracy of the choice predicted from neural activity reproduces the hallmarks of confidence identified in human behavioral experiments. Therefore, neurons that represent evidence accumulation can also inform the monkeys confidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population Representation of the Confidence in a Decision in the Lateral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.17.608376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural alleles of LEAFY and WAPO1 interact to regulate spikelet number per spike in wheat 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.17.608376v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spikelet number per spike (SNS) is an important yield component in wheat that determines the maximum number of grains that can be formed in a wheat spike. In wheat, loss-of-function mutations in LEAFY (LFY) or its interacting protein WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 (WAPO1) significantly reduce SNS by reducing the rate of formation of spikelet meristems. In previous studies, we identified a natural amino acid change in WAPO1 (C47F) that significantly increases SNS in hexaploid wheat. In this study, we searched for natural variants in LFY that were associated with differences in SNS, and detected significant effects in the LFY-B region in a nested association mapping population. We generated a large mapping population and confirmed that the LFY-B polymorphism R80S is linked with the differences in SNS, suggesting that LFY-B is the likely causal gene. A haplotype analysis revealed two amino acid changes P34L and R80S, which were both enriched during wheat domestication and breeding suggesting positive selection. We also explored the interactions between the LFY and WAPO1 natural variants using biparental populations and identified significant interaction, in which the positive effect of the 80S and 34L alleles from LFY-B was only detected in the WAPO-A1 47F background but not in the 47C background. Based on these results we propose that the allele combination WAPO-A1-47F / LFY-B 34L 80S can be used in wheat breeding programs to maximize SNS and increase grain yield potential in wheat.

Key messageSpecific combinations of LFY and WAPO1 natural alleles maximize spikelet number per spike in wheat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burguener, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraiso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.17.608376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural alleles of LEAFY and WAPO1 interact to regulate spikelet number per spike in wheat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.19.608718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structural basis for RNA slicing by human Argonaute2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.19.608718v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute (AGO) proteins associate with guide RNAs to form complexes that slice transcripts that pair to the guide. This slicing drives post-transcriptional gene-silencing pathways that are essential for many eukaryotes and the basis for new clinical therapies. Despite this importance, structural information on eukaryotic AGOs in a fully paired, slicing-competent conformation--hypothesized to be intrinsically unstable--has been lacking. Here we present the cryogenic-electron microscopy structure of a human AGO-guide complex bound to a fully paired target, revealing structural rearrangements that enable this conformation. Critically, the N domain of AGO rotates to allow the RNA full access to the central channel and forms contacts that license rapid slicing. Moreover, a conserved loop in the PIWI domain secures the RNA near the active site to enhance slicing rate and specificity. These results explain how AGO accommodates targets possessing the pairing specificity typically observed in biological and clinical slicing substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structural basis for RNA slicing by human Argonaute2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.19.608729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Modal Large Language Model Enables Protein Function Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.19.608729v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting the functions of proteins can greatly accelerate biological discovery and applications, where deep learning methods have recently shown great potential. However, these methods predominantly predict protein functions as discrete categories, which fails to capture the nuanced and complex nature of protein functions. Furthermore, existing methods require the development of separate models for each prediction task, a process that can be both resource-heavy and time-consuming. Here, we present ProteinChat, a versatile, multi-modal large language model that takes a proteins amino acid sequence as input and generates comprehensive narratives describing its function. ProteinChat is trained using over 1,500,000 (protein, prompt, answer) triplets curated from the Swiss-Prot dataset, covering diverse functions. This novel model can universally predict a wide range of protein functions, all within a single, unified framework. Furthermore, ProteinChat supports interactive dialogues with human users, allowing for iterative refinement of predictions and deeper exploration of protein functions. Our experimental results, evaluated through both human expert assessment and automated metrics, demonstrate that ProteinChat outperforms general-purpose LLMs like GPT-4, one of the flagship LLMs, by over ten-fold. In addition, ProteinChat exceeds or matches the performance of task-specific prediction models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlof, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotjahn, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Modal Large Language Model Enables Protein Function Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.19.608679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa population dynamics in a vancomycin-induced murine model of gastrointestinal carriage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.19.608679v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common nosocomial pathogen and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Multiple reports highlight that P. aeruginosa gastrointestinal colonization may precede systemic infections by this pathogen. Gaining a deeper insight into the dynamics of P. aeruginosa gastrointestinal carriage is an essential step in managing gastrointestinal colonization and could contribute to preventing bacterial transmission and progression to systemic infection. Here, we present a clinically relevant mouse model relying on parenteral vancomycin pretreatment and a single orogastric gavage of a controlled dose of P. aeruginosa. Robust carriage was observed with multiple clinical isolates, and carriage persisted for up to 60 days. Histological and microbiological examination of mice indicated that this model indeed represented carriage and not infection. We then used a barcoded P. aeruginosa library along with the sequence tag-based analysis of microbial populations (STAMPR) analytic pipeline to quantify bacterial population dynamics and bottlenecks during the establishment of the gastrointestinal carriage. Analysis indicated that most of the P. aeruginosa population was rapidly eliminated in the stomach, but the few bacteria that moved to the small intestine and the caecum expanded significantly. Hence, the stomach constitutes a significant barrier against gastrointestinal carriage of P. aeruginosa, which may have clinical implications for hospitalized patients.

IMPORTANCEWhile P. aeruginosa is rarely part of the normal human microbiome, carriage of the bacterium is quite frequent in hospitalized patients and residents of long-term care facilities. P. aeruginosa carriage is a precursor to infection. Options for treating infections caused by difficult-to-treat P. aeruginosa strains are dwindling, underscoring the urgency to better understand and impede pre-infection stages, such as colonization. Here, we use vancomycin-treated mice to model antibiotic-treated patients who become colonized with P. aeruginosa in their gastrointestinal tracts. We identify the stomach as a major barrier to the establishment of gastrointestinal carriage. These findings suggest that efforts to prevent gastrointestinal colonization should focus not only on judicious use of antibiotics but also on investigation into how the stomach eliminates orally ingested P. aeruginosa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lebrun-Corbin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hullahalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dailey, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunderlink, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachta, K. E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonas aeruginosa population dynamics in a vancomycin-induced murine model of gastrointestinal carriage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.608911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning reshapes the hippocampal representation hierarchy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.608911v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key feature of biological and artificial neural networks is the progressive refinement of their neural representations with experience. In neuroscience, this fact has inspired several recent studies in sensory and motor systems. However, less is known about how higher associational cortical areas, such as the hippocampus, modify representations throughout the learning of complex tasks. Here we focus on associative learning, a process that requires forming a connection between the representations of different variables for appropriate behavioral response. We trained rats in a spatial-context associative task and monitored hippocampal neural activity throughout the entire learning period, over several days. This allowed us to assess changes in the representations of context, movement direction and position, as well as their relationship to behavior. We identified a hierarchical representational structure in the encoding of these three task variables that was preserved throughout learning. Nevertheless, we also observed changes at the lower levels of the hierarchy where context was encoded. These changes were local in neural activity space and restricted to physical positions where context identification was necessary for correct decision making, supporting better context decoding and contextual code compression. Our results demonstrate that the hippocampal code not only accommodates hierarchical relationships between different variables but also enables efficient learning through minimal changes in neural activity space. Beyond the hippocampus, our work reveals a representation learning mechanism that might be implemented in other biological and artificial networks performing similar tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiossi, H. S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkacik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csicsvari, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning reshapes the hippocampal representation hierarchy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating Methods for the Prediction of Cell Type-Specific Enhancers in the Mammalian Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609075v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying cell type-specific enhancers in the brain is critical to building genetic tools for investigating the mammalian brain. Computational methods for functional enhancer prediction have been proposed and validated in the fruit fly and not yet the mammalian brain. We organized the  Brain Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) Challenge: Predicting Functional Cell Type-Specific Enhancers from Cross-Species Multi-Omics to assess machine learning and feature-based methods designed to nominate enhancer DNA sequences to target cell types in the mouse cortex. Methods were evaluated based on in vivo validation data from hundreds of cortical cell type-specific enhancers that were previously packaged into individual AAV vectors and retro-orbitally injected into mice. We find that open chromatin was a key predictor of functional enhancers, and sequence models improved prediction of non-functional enhancers that can be deprioritized as opposed to pursued for in vivo testing. Sequence models also identified cell type-specific transcription factor codes that can guide designs of in silico enhancers. This community challenge establishes a benchmark for enhancer prioritization algorithms and reveals computational approaches and molecular information that are crucial for identifying functional enhancers in mammalian cortical cell types. The results of this challenge bring us closer to understanding the complex gene regulatory landscape of the mammalian cortex and to designing more efficient genetic tools to target cortical cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johansen, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempynck, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somasundaram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abaffyova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eksi, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulselmans, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantakos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauduit, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mich, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Simon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aerts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating Methods for the Prediction of Cell Type-Specific Enhancers in the Mammalian Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ActSort: An active-learning accelerated cell sorting algorithm for large-scale calcium imaging datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609011v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in calcium imaging enable simultaneous recordings of up to a million neurons in behaving animals, producing datasets of unprecedented scales. Although individual neurons and their activity traces can be extracted from these videos with automated algorithms, the results often require human curation to remove false positives, a laborious process called cell sorting. To address this challenge, we introduce ActSort, an active-learning algorithm for sorting large-scale datasets that integrates features engineered by domain experts together with data formats with minimal memory requirements. By strategically bringing outlier cell candidates near the decision boundary up for annotation, ActSort reduces human labor to about 1-3% of cell candidates and improves curation accuracy by mitigating annotator bias. To facilitate the algorithms widespread adoption among experimental neuroscientists, we created a user-friendly software and conducted a first-of-its-kind benchmarking study involving about 160,000 annotations. Our tests validated ActSorts performance across different experimental conditions and datasets from multiple animals. Overall, ActSort addresses a crucial bottleneck in processing large-scale calcium videos of neural activity and thereby facilitates systems neuroscience experiments at previously inaccessible scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akengin, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslihak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaidar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinc, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco-Pozo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ActSort: An active-learning accelerated cell sorting algorithm for large-scale calcium imaging datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.608981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CARD8 inflammasome activation during HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.608981v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our previous work demonstrated that CARD8 detects HIV-1 infection by sensing the enzymatic activity of the HIV protease, resulting in CARD8-dependent inflammasome activation (Kulsuptrakul et al., 2023). CARD8 harbors a motif in its N-terminus that functions as a HIV protease substrate mimic, permitting innate immune recognition of HIV-1 protease activity, which when cleaved by HIV protease triggers CARD8 inflammasome activation. Here, we sought to understand CARD8 responses in the context of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission via a viral synapse. We observed that cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 between infected T cells and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages induces CARD8 inflammasome activation in a manner that is dependent on viral protease activity and largely independent of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Additionally, to further evaluate the viral determinants of CARD8 sensing, we tested a panel of HIV protease inhibitor resistant clones to establish how variation in HIV protease affects CARD8 activation. We identified mutant HIV-1 proteases that differentially cleave and activate CARD8 compared to wildtype HIV-1, thus indicating that natural variation in HIV protease affects not only the cleavage of the viral Gag-Pol polyprotein but also likely impacts innate sensing and inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulsuptrakul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CARD8 inflammasome activation during HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.22.609207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Castor is a temporal transcription factor that specifies early born central complex neuron identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.22.609207v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The generation of neuronal diversity is important for brain function, but how diversity is generated is incompletely understood. We used the development of the Drosophila central complex (CX) to address this question. The CX develops from eight bilateral Type 2 neuroblasts (T2NBs), which generate hundreds of different neuronal types. T2NBs express broad opposing temporal gradients of RNA-binding proteins. It remains unknown whether these protein gradients are sufficient to directly generate all known neuronal diversity, or whether there are temporal transcription factors (TTFs) with narrow expression windows that each specify a small subset of CX neuron identities. Multiple candidate TTFs have been identified, but their function remains uncharacterized. Here, we show that: (i) the adult E-PG neurons are born from early larval T2NBs; (ii) the candidate TTF Castor is expressed transiently in early larval T2NBs when E-PG and P-EN neurons are born; and (iii) that Castor is required to specify early born E-PG and P-EN neuron identities. We conclude that Castor is a TTF in larval T2NB lineages that specifies multiple, early born CX neuron identities.

SummaryCastor acts in Type 2 neuroblast lineages as a temporal transcription factor to specify adult central complex columnar neuron identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dillon, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Castor is a temporal transcription factor that specifies early born central complex neuron identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors for visualizing polyamine levels, uptake, and distribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609037v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyamines are abundant and physiologically essential biomolecules that play a role in numerous processes, but are disrupted in diseases such as cancer, and cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Despite their importance, measuring free polyamine concentrations and monitoring their metabolism and uptake in cells in real-time remains impossible due to the lack of appropriate biosensors. Here we engineered, characterized, and validated the first genetically encoded biosensors for polyamines, named iPASnFRs. We demonstrate the utility of iPASnFR for detecting polyamine import into mammalian cells, to the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and the nucleus. We demonstrate that these sensors are useful to probe the activity of polyamine transporters and to uncover biochemical pathways underlying the distribution of polyamines amongst organelles. The sensors powered a high-throughput small molecule compound library screen, revealing multiple compounds in different chemical classes that strongly modulate cellular polyamine levels. These sensors will be powerful tools to investigate the complex interplay between polyamine uptake and metabolic pathways, address open questions about their role in health and disease, and enable screening for therapeutic polyamine modulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jaeger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangheluwe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors for visualizing polyamine levels, uptake, and distribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.608176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone deacetylase inhibition expands cellular proteostasis repertoires to enhance neuronal stress resilience 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.608176v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons are long-lived, terminally differentiated cells with limited regenerative capacity. Cellular stressors such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein folding stress and membrane trafficking stress accumulate as neurons age and accompany age-dependent neurodegeneration. Current strategies to improve neuronal resilience are focused on using factors to reprogram neurons or targeting specific proteostasis pathways. We discovered a different approach. In an unbiased screen for modifiers of neuronal membrane trafficking defects, we unexpectedly identified a role for histone deacetylases (HDACs) in limiting cellular flexibility in choosing cellular pathways to respond to diverse types of stress. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of HDACs resulted in improved neuronal health in response to ER protein folding stress and endosomal membrane trafficking stress in C. elegans and mammalian neurons. Surprisingly, HDAC inhibition enabled neurons to activate latent proteostasis pathways tailored to the nature of the individual stress, instead of generalized transcriptional upregulation. These findings shape our understanding of neuronal stress responses and suggest new therapeutic strategies to enhance neuronal resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maor-Nof, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzl-Raz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone deacetylase inhibition expands cellular proteostasis repertoires to enhance neuronal stress resilience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated cross-brain activity during accumulation of sensory evidence and decision commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609044v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity is often analyzed with respect to external referents, such as the onset of a sensory stimulus or an overt motor action. Simultaneous recordings allow referencing neurons activity to each other and thus detecting signals that are internal to the organism. Further, multi-region simultaneous recordings allow observing how these internal signals are coordinated across the brain. Following this logic in rats performing a perceptual decision-making task, we recorded simultaneously from thousands of neurons across up to 20 brain regions at once. Here we report two internal signals which we found to profoundly shape decision-related neural dynamics and brain states. First, we decoded the continuously evolving decision state separately from each region, and found surprisingly large magnitude co-fluctuations in these measures. Dimensionality analysis showed these to be dominated by a single state variable, suggesting that only a single decision-making computation, not multiple parallel computations, are being carried out during the analyzed period. Second, we found that the precise time the subject commits to a decision - a covert event that we decoded from large-scale neural activity in primary motor cortex - was accompanied by a coordinated change, across the brain, from a decision formation to a post-commitment state. The two states differ substantially in their choice-predictive neural dynamics and in their inter-region correlations. Therefore, knowing the time of this state change on single trials is needed to correctly parse fundamentally different phases of decision-making. Overall, our data suggest that internally-referenced signals and state changes, not timelocked to external events but detectable through simultaneous recordings, are major features of neural activity during cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bondy, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopec, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stagnaro, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venditto, S. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janarthanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oline, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated cross-brain activity during accumulation of sensory evidence and decision commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.607451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An autonomous robotic system for high-throughput phenotyping and behavioral studies of individual fruit flies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.607451v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a widely used model species in biomedical research. Despite its importance, conducting manual experiments with individual fruit flies can be challenging and time-consuming, especially for studies of individual fly behaviors. Such studies often involve cumbersome preparatory steps, such as manually tethering a fly and then positioning it within an experimental setup1,2. These procedures commonly require the fly to be anesthetized, and, before behavioral assessments begin, the fly must recover from anesthesia. Hence, the introduction of automated phenotyping and behavioral assays would expedite important aspects of fly research, by minimizing manual handling of flies and decreasing the net time needed for experiments. Here, we introduce FlyMAX (Fly Manipulation and Autonomous eXperimentation), an autonomous robotic system for manipulating adult flies without use of anesthesia. FlyMAX collects individual flies from a standard vial, analyzes them with computer vision, and achieves a throughput of >1,000 flies per day for high-throughput inspection and characterization assays. Robotic handling had no detectable adverse effects on fly longevity or our assessments of fly health. Moreover, the behavioral performance of flies, especially of males, was better and less variable than of flies handled manually. Our system employs deep learning-based machine vision for real-time assessments of picking quality and fly phenotypes. This enables fully pipelined, autonomous experimentation for behavioral assays with individual flies in controlled environments, which was previously infeasible. Overall, FlyMAX constitutes a promising technology to enhance the efficiency and reproducibility of research with flies and other insects in fields such as genetics, neuroscience, and drug screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.607451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An autonomous robotic system for high-throughput phenotyping and behavioral studies of individual fruit flies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-scale dynamics influence the division potential of stomatal lineage ground cells in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609020v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development, many precursor lineages are flexible, producing variable numbers and types of progeny cells. What factors determine whether a precursor cell differentiates or retains the capacity to divide? Here, we leverage the developmental flexibility of the stomatal lineage ground cell (SLGC) in Arabidopsis leaves as a model for how flexible decisions are regulated. Using a quantitative approach that combines long-term live imaging and statistical modeling, we discover that cell size is a strong predictor of SLGC behaviour: larger SLGCs divide less often than smaller cells. We propose that cell size is linked to division behaviour at multiple spatial scales. At the neighbourhood scale, cell size correlates with the strength of cell-cell signaling, which affects the rate at which SPEECHLESS (SPCH), a division-promoting transcription factor, is degraded. At the subcellular scale, cell size correlates with nuclear size, which modulates the concentration of SPCH in the nucleus. Our work shows how initial differences in SPCH levels are canalized by nuclear size and cell-cell signaling to inform the behaviour of a flexible cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fung, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollbrecht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erberich, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-scale dynamics influence the division potential of stomatal lineage ground cells in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.23.609473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robustness and reliability of single-cell regulatory multi-omics with deep mitochondrial mutation profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.23.609473v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The detection of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in single cells holds considerable potential to define clonal relationships coupled with information on cell state in humans. Previous methods focused on higher heteroplasmy mutations that are limited in number and can be influenced by functional selection, introducing biases for lineage tracing. Although more challenging to detect, intermediate to low heteroplasmy mtDNA mutations are valuable due to their high diversity, abundance, and lower propensity to selection. To enhance mtDNA mutation detection and facilitate fine-scale lineage tracing, we developed the single-cell Regulatory multi-omics with Deep Mitochondrial mutation profiling (ReDeeM) approach, an integrated experimental and computational framework. Recently, some concerns have been raised about the analytical workflow in the ReDeeM framework. Specifically, it was noted that the mutations detected in a single molecule per cell are enriched on edges of mtDNA molecules, suggesting they resemble artifacts reported in other sequencing approaches. It was then proposed that all mutations found in one molecule per cell should be removed. We detail our error correction method, demonstrating that the observed edge mutations are distinct from previously reported sequencing artifacts. We further show that the proposed removal leads to massive elimination of bona fide and informative mutations. Indeed, mutations accumulating on edges impact a minority of all mutation calls (for example, in hematopoietic stem cells, the excess mutations on the edge account for only 4.3%-7.6% of the total). Recognizing the value of addressing edge mutations even after applying consensus correction, we provide an additional filtering option in the ReDeeM-R package. This approach effectively eliminates the position biases, leads to a mutational signature indistinguishable from bona fide mitochondrial mutations, and removes excess low molecule high connectedness mutations. Importantly, this option preserves the large majority of unique mutations identified by ReDeeM, maintaining the ability of ReDeeM to provide a more than 10-fold increase in variant detection compared to previous methods. Additionally, the cells remain well-connected. While there is room for further refinement in mutation calling strategies, the significant advances and biological insights provided by the ReDeeM framework are unique and remain intact. We hope that this detailed discussion and analysis enables the community to employ this approach and contribute to its further development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.23.609473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robustness and reliability of single-cell regulatory multi-omics with deep mitochondrial mutation profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.23.608890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo designed inhibitor confers protection against lethal toxic shock 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.23.608890v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paeniclostridium sordellii causes a toxic shock syndrome with a mortality rate of nearly 70%, primarily affecting postpartum and post-abortive women. This disease is driven by the production of the P. sordellii lethal toxin, TcsL, for which there are currently no effective treatments. We used a protein diffusion model, RFdiffusion, to design high affinity TcsL inhibitors. From a very small set of 48 starting designs and 48 additional sequence optimized designs, we developed a potent inhibitor with <100 pM affinity that protects mice prophylactically and therapeutically (post exposure) from lung edema and death in a stringent lethal challenge model. This inhibitor, which can be lyophilized without any loss of activity, is a promising therapeutic candidate for this rare but deadly disease, and our results highlight the ability of deep learning-based protein design to rapidly generate biologics with potential clinical utility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ragotte, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloegl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnyk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.23.608890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo designed inhibitor confers protection against lethal toxic shock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.23.609454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary adaptation under climate change: Aedes sp. demonstrates potential to adapt to warming 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.23.609454v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate warming is expected to shift the distributions of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases, facilitating expansions at cool range edges and contractions at warm range edges. However, whether mosquito populations could maintain their warm edges through evolutionary adaptation remains unknown. Here, we investigate the potential for thermal adaptation in Aedes sierrensis, a congener of the major disease vector species that experiences large thermal gradients in its native range, by assaying tolerance to prolonged and acute heat exposure, and its genetic basis in a diverse, field-derived population. We found pervasive evidence of heritable genetic variation in acute heat tolerance, which phenotypically trades off with tolerance to prolonged heat exposure. A simple evolutionary model based on our data shows that the estimated maximum rate of evolutionary adaptation in mosquito heat tolerance typically exceeds that of projected climate warming under idealized conditions. Our findings indicate that natural mosquito populations may have the potential to track projected warming via genetic adaptation. Prior climate-based projections may thus underestimate the range of mosquito and mosquito-borne disease distributions under future climate conditions.

Significance StatementGlobal change may have profound impacts on the distribution of mosquito-borne diseases, which collectively cause nearly one million deaths each year. Accurately predicting these impacts is critical for disease control preparedness, and will depend, in part, on whether mosquitoes can adapt to warming--a key open question. Using experimental and genomic data from a relative of major vector species that already experiences a wide thermal gradient, we find that natural mosquito populations have high levels of genetically-based variation in heat tolerance that could enable adaptation on pace with warming. Incorporating the potential for adaptive responses may therefore be necessary for accurate predictions of mosquito-borne disease distributions under warming, which is critical for preparing mosquito control interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Couper, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordecai, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.23.609454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary adaptation under climate change: Aedes sp. demonstrates potential to adapt to warming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.25.607996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis of pathogenicity of the recently emerged FCoV-23 coronavirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.25.607996v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of coronaviruses to recombine and cross species barriers affects human and animal health globally and is a pandemic threat. FCoV-23 is a recently emerged, highly pathogenic recombinant coronavirus responsible for a widespread outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) likely linked to in-host viral evolution. Here, we report cryoEM structures of two FCoV-23 spike (S) isoforms explaining that the in-host loss of domain 0 observed in clinical samples enhances entry into cells and fusogenicity by facilitating protease access, leading to biotype switching and lethality. We show that FCoV-23 can use several aminopeptidase N (APN) orthologs as receptors and reveal the molecular determinants of receptor species tropism, including a glycan modulating human receptor utilization. We define antigenic relationships among alphacoronaviruses infecting humans and other mammalian species and identify a cross-reactive alphacoronavirus monoclonal antibody inhibiting FCoV-23 pseudovirus entry, paving the way for vaccine and therapeutic development targeting this highly pathogenic virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tortorici, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willoughby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treichel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leif, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tait-Burkard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittaker, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.25.607996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis of pathogenicity of the recently emerged FCoV-23 coronavirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.25.609544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and molecular networks of intercellular signaling in bone marrow hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.25.609544v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) rely on intercellular signaling to maintain and adjust their production of blood and immune cells. This process occurs in the semi-fluidic bone marrow, hosting dozens of cell types that constantly migrate and interact. To elucidate the dynamic network of cell-cell interaction and signaling transduction underlying hematopoiesis, we developed an algorithm to measure Cell-cell Spatial Interaction Probability (CellSIP) by integrating data on ligand and receptor expression, cell type abundance, and cellular spatial positioning. Using new and published mouse datasets, we validated CellSIP and uncovered signaling transductions indicating feedback mechanisms underlying hematopoiesis. Moreover, we identified significant correlations between signaling pathways across individual HSPCs at the same hematopoiesis stage. These pathway correlations illuminate the organization of cellular and signaling networks underlying hematopoiesis, revealing new regulators through their associations with established ones. The signaling quantification and correlation data are available through the Hematopoiesis Intercellular Signaling Explorer (HISE).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boohar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eerdeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.25.609544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and molecular networks of intercellular signaling in bone marrow hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.26.609740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of potent inhibitors of Clostridioides difficile toxin B 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.26.609740v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile is a major cause of secondary disease in hospitals. During infection, C. difficile toxin B drives disease pathology. Here we use deep learning and Rosetta-based approaches to de novo design small proteins that block the entry of TcdB into cells. These molecules have binding affinities and neutralization IC50s in the pM range and are compelling candidates for further clinical development. By directly targeting the toxin rather than the pathogen, these molecules have the advantage of immediate cessation of disease and lower selective pressure for escape compared to conventional antibiotics. As C. difficile infects the colon, the protease and pH resistance of the designed proteins opens the door to oral delivery of engineered biologics.

Significance statementC. difficile infection (CDI) is a major public health concern with over half a million cases in the United States annually resulting in 30,000 deaths. Current therapies are inadequate and frequently result in cycles of recurrent infection (rCDI). Progress has been made in the development of anti-toxin mAb therapies that can reduce the rate of rCDI, but these remain unaffordable and out of reach for many patients. Using de novo protein design, we developed small protein inhibitors targeting two independent receptor binding sites on the toxin that drives pathology during CDI. These molecules are high affinity, potently neutralizing and stable in simulated intestinal fluid, making them strong candidates for the clinical development of new CDI therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ragotte, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miletic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloegl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beilhartz, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnyk, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.26.609740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of potent inhibitors of Clostridioides difficile toxin B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.22.608850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular evolution of the hypothalamic preoptic area of behaviorally divergent deer mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.22.608850v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation is known to contribute to the variation of animal social behavior, but the molecular mechanisms that lead to behavioral differences are still not fully understood. Here, we investigate the cellular evolution of the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA), a brain region that plays a critical role in social behavior, across two sister species of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus and P. polionotus) with divergent social systems. These two species exhibit large differences in mating and parental care behavior across species and sex. Using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing, we build a cellular atlas of the POA for males and females of both Peromyscus species. We identify four cell types that are differentially abundant across species, two of which may account for species differences in parental care behavior based on known functions of these cell types. Our data further implicate two sex-biased cell types to be important for the evolution of sex-specific behavior. Finally, we show a remarkable reduction of sex-biased gene expression in P. polionotus, a monogamous species that also exhibits reduced sexual dimorphism in parental care behavior. Our POA atlas is a powerful resource to investigate how molecular neuronal traits may be evolving to give rise to innate differences in social behavior across animal species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.608850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular evolution of the hypothalamic preoptic area of behaviorally divergent deer mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.26.609741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maize genetic diversity identifies moisture-dependent root-branch signaling pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.26.609741v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants grow complex root systems to extract unevenly distributed resources from soils. Spatial differences in soil moisture are perceived by root tips leading to the patterning of new root branches towards available water, a process called hydropatterning. Little is known about hydropatterning behavior and its genetic basis in crops plants. Here, we develop an assay to measure hydropatterning in maize and reveal substantial differences between tropical/subtropical and temperate maize breeding germplasm that likely resulted from divergent selection. Genetic dissection of hydropatterning confirmed the regulatory role of auxin and revealed that the gaseous hormone ethylene acts to locally inhibit root branching from air-exposed tissues. These findings demonstrate the crop relevance of hydropatterning and establish its genetic basis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scharwies, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinneny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birkeland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturrock, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Martinez, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viana, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, B. K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnable, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinneny, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.26.609741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maize genetic diversity identifies moisture-dependent root-branch signaling pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.26.609738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A theory of rapid behavioral inferences under the pressure of time 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.26.609738v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To survive, animals must be able quickly infer the state of their surroundings. For example, to successfully escape an approaching predator, prey must quickly estimate the direction of approach from incoming sensory stimuli and guide their behavior accordingly. Such rapid inferences are particularly challenging because the animal has only a brief window of time to gather sensory stimuli, and yet the accuracy of inference is critical for survival. Due to evolutionary pressures, nervous systems have likely evolved effective computational strategies that enable accurate inferences under strong time limitations. Traditionally, the relationship between the speed and accuracy of inference has been described by the "speed-accuracy tradeoff" (SAT), which quantifies how the average performance of an ideal observer improves as the observer has more time to collect incoming stimuli. While this trial-averaged description can reasonably account for individual inferences made over long timescales, it does not capture individual inferences on short timescales, when trial-to-trial variability gives rise to diverse patterns of error dynamics. We show that an ideal observer can exploit this single-trial structure by adaptively tracking the dynamics of its belief about the state of the environment, which enables it to speed its own inferences and more reliably track its own error, but also causes it to violate the SAT. We show that these features can be used to improve overall performance during rapid escape. The resulting behavior qualitatively reproduces features of escape behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, whose escapes have presumably been highly optimized by natural selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hermundstad, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Młynarski, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.26.609738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A theory of rapid behavioral inferences under the pressure of time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.27.609939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimensionality reduction simplifies synaptic partner matching in an olfactory circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.27.609939v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The distribution of postsynaptic partners in three-dimensional (3D) space presents complex choices for a navigating axon. Here, we discovered a dimensionality reduction principle in establishing the 3D glomerular map in the fly antennal lobe. Olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons first contact partner projection neuron (PN) dendrites at the 2D spherical surface of the antennal lobe during development, regardless of whether the adult glomeruli are at the surface or interior of the antennal lobe. Along the antennal lobe surface, axons of each ORN type take a specific 1D arc-shaped trajectory that precisely intersects with their partner PN dendrites. Altering axon trajectories compromises synaptic partner matching. Thus, a 3D search problem is reduced to 1D, which simplifies synaptic partner matching and may generalize to the wiring process of more complex brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimensionality reduction simplifies synaptic partner matching in an olfactory circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.28.608351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis of convergent evolution of ACE2 receptor utilization among HKU5 coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.28.608351v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DPP4 was considered a canonical receptor for merbecoviruses until the recent discovery of African bat-borne MERS-related coronaviruses using ACE2. The extent and diversity with which merbecoviruses engage ACE2 and their receptor species tropism remain unknown. Here, we reveal that HKU5 enters host cells utilizing Pipistrellus abramus (P.abr) and several non-bat mammalian ACE2s through a binding mode distinct from that of any other known ACE2-using coronaviruses. These results show that several merbecovirus clades independently evolved ACE2 utilization, which appears to be a broadly shared property among these pathogens, through an extraordinary diversity of ACE2 recognition modes. We show that MERS-CoV and HKU5 have markedly distinct antigenicity, due to extensive genetic divergence, and identified several HKU5 inhibitors, including two clinical compounds. Our findings profoundly alter our understanding of coronavirus evolution and pave the way for developing countermeasures against viruses poised for human emergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addetia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tortorici, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshukari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.608351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis of convergent evolution of ACE2 receptor utilization among HKU5 coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.28.608716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of antigen delivery and lymph node activation in non-human primates by saponin adjuvant SMNP 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.28.608716v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Saponin-based vaccine adjuvants are potent in preclinical animal models and humans, but their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, using a stabilized HIV envelope trimer immunogen, we carried out studies in non-human primates (NHPs) comparing the most common clinical adjuvant alum with Saponin/MPLA Nanoparticles (SMNP), a novel ISCOMs-like adjuvant. SMNP elicited substantially stronger humoral immune responses than alum, including 7-fold higher peak antigen-specific germinal center B cell responses, 18-fold higher autologous neutralizing antibody titers, and higher levels of antigen-specific plasma and memory B cells. PET-CT imaging in live NHPs showed that, unlike alum, SMNP promoted rapid antigen accumulation in both proximal and distal lymph nodes (LNs). SMNP also induced strong type I interferon transcriptional signatures, expansion of innate immune cells, and increased antigen presenting cell activation in LNs. These findings indicate that SMNP promotes multiple facets of the early immune response relevant for enhanced immunity to vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousefpour, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arainga Ramirez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumarapperuma, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgeson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandarzadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groschel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontenot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hangartner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedellec, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villinger, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.608716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of antigen delivery and lymph node activation in non-human primates by saponin adjuvant SMNP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.27.610018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule analysis of protein targeting from the endoplasmic reticulum to lipid droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.27.610018v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous metabolic enzymes translocate from the ER membrane bilayer to the lipid droplet (LD) monolayer, where they perform essential functions. Mislocalization of certain LD-targeted membrane proteins, including HSD17B13 and PNPLA3, is implicated in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, the mechanisms governing the trafficking and accumulation of ER proteins on LDs remain poorly understood. Here, using MINFLUX and HILO single-molecule tracking combined with machine learning, we show that HSD17B13, GPAT4, and the model cargo LiveDrop diffuse at comparable speeds in the ER and on LDs, but become nano-confined upon reaching the LD surface. Mechanistic dissection of LiveDrop targeting revealed that this confinement, along with protein accumulation on LDs, depends on specific residues within its targeting motif. These residues mediate preferential and repeated interactions with nanoscale membrane domains, suggesting that LD-targeted proteins selectively partition into distinct lipid-protein environments that transiently retain and concentrate them at the LD surface. Single-molecule trajectories further revealed bidirectional trafficking of LiveDrop across seipin-containing ER-LD bridges, providing direct evidence for lateral protein transfer across membrane contact sites. These findings establish nanodomain-based confinement as a key mechanism driving selective protein accumulation on LDs and reveal how membrane bridges between organelles facilitate protein sorting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mizrak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestel-Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzakis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farese, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.610018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule analysis of protein targeting from the endoplasmic reticulum to lipid droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.28.610186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SP140-RESIST pathway regulates interferon mRNA stability and antiviral immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.28.610186v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are essential for antiviral immunity but must be tightly regulated1-3. The conserved transcriptional repressor SP140 inhibits interferon beta (Ifnb1) expression via an unknown mechanism4,5. Here we report that SP140 does not directly repress Ifnb1 transcription. Instead, SP140 negatively regulates Ifnb1 mRNA stability by directly repressing the expression of a previously uncharacterized regulator we call RESIST (REgulated Stimulator of Interferon via Stabilization of Transcript, previously annotated as Annexin-2 Receptor). RESIST promotes Ifnb1 mRNA stability by counteracting Ifnb1 mRNA destabilization mediated by the Tristetraprolin (TTP) family of RNA-binding proteins and the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex. SP140 localizes within nuclear bodies, punctate structures that play important roles in silencing DNA virus gene expression in the nucleus4. Consistent with this observation, we found that SP140 inhibits replication of the gammaherpesvirus MHV68. The antiviral activity of SP140 was independent of its ability to regulate Ifnb1. Our results establish dual antiviral and interferon regulatory functions for SP140. We propose that SP140 and RESIST participate in antiviral effector-triggered immunity6,7.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Witt, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dziulko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lari, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaliwal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SP140-RESIST pathway regulates interferon mRNA stability and antiviral immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical crosslinking extends and complements UV crosslinking in analysis of RNA/DNA nucleic acid-protein interaction sites by mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610268v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
UV (ultra-violet) crosslinking with mass spectrometry (XL-MS) has been established for identifying RNA- and DNA-binding proteins along with their domains and amino acids involved. Here, we explore chemical XL-MS for RNA-protein, DNA-protein, and nucleotide-protein complexes in vitro and in vivo. We introduce a specialized nucleotide-protein-crosslink search engine, NuXL, for robust and fast identification of such crosslinks at amino acid resolution. Chemical XL-MS complements UV XL-MS by generating different crosslink species, increasing crosslinked protein yields in vivo almost four-fold, and thus it expands the structural information accessible via XL-MS. Our workflow facilitates integrative structural modelling of nucleic acid-protein complexes and adds spatial information to the described RNA-binding properties of enzymes, for which crosslinking sites are often observed close to their cofactor-binding domains. In vivo UV and chemical XL-MS data from E. coli cells analysed by NuXL establish a comprehensive nucleic acid-protein crosslink inventory with crosslink sites at amino acid level for more than 1500 proteins. Our new workflow combined with the dedicated NuXL search engine identified RNA crosslinks that cover most RNA-binding proteins, with DNA and RNA crosslinks detected in transcriptional repressors and activators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Welp, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachsenberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horokhovskyi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siraj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitzova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeuffer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzemeier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delanghe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liepe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohlbacher, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urlaub, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical crosslinking extends and complements UV crosslinking in analysis of RNA/DNA nucleic acid-protein interaction sites by mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse RNA Structures Induce PRC2 Dimerization and Inhibit Histone Methyltransferase Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610323v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methyltransferase PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) deposits histone H3K27 trimethylation to establish and maintain epigenetic gene silencing. PRC2 is precisely regulated by accessory proteins, histone post-translational modifications and, particularly, RNA. Research on PRC2-associated RNA has mostly focused on the tight-binding G-quadruplex (G4) RNAs, which inhibit PRC2 enzymatic activity in vitro and in cells, a mechanism explained by our recent cryo-EM structure showing G4 RNA-mediated PRC2 dimerization. However, PRC2 binds a wide variety of RNA sequences, and it remains unclear how diverse RNAs beyond G4 associate with and regulate PRC2. Here, we show that variations in RNA sequence elicit distinct effects on PRC2 function. A single-stranded G-rich RNA and an atypical G4 structure called a pUG-fold mediate PRC2 dimerization nearly identical to that induced by G4 RNA. In contrast, pyrimidine-rich RNAs, including a motif identified by CLIPseq in cells, do not induce PRC2 dimerization and instead bind PRC2 monomers with retention of methyltransferase activity. Only RNAs that dimerize PRC2 compete with nucleosome binding and inhibit PRC2 methyltransferase activity.

CRISPR-dCas9 was adapted to localize different RNA elements onto a PRC2-targeted gene, revealing RNA sequence specificity for PRC2 regulation in cells. Thus, PRC2 binds many different RNAs with similar affinity, however, the functional effect on enzymatic activity depends entirely on the sequence of the bound RNA, a conclusion potentially applicable to any RNA- binding protein with a large transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooding, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thron, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasinath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cech, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse RNA Structures Induce PRC2 Dimerization and Inhibit Histone Methyltransferase Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energy filtering enables macromolecular MicroED data at sub-atomic resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610380v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High resolution information is important for accurate structure modelling. However, this level of detail is typically difficult to attain in macromolecular crystallography because the diffracted intensities rapidly fade with increasing resolution. The problem cannot be circumvented by increasing the fluence as this leads to detrimental radiation damage. Previously, we demonstrated that high quality MicroED data can be obtained at low flux conditions using electron counting with direct electron detectors. The improved sensitivity and accuracy of these detectors essentially eliminate the read-out noise, such that the measurement of faint high-resolution reflections is limited by other sources of noise. Inelastic scattering is a major contributor of such noise, increasing background counts and broadening diffraction spots. Here, we demonstrate that a substantial improvement in signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved using an energy filter to largely remove the inelastically scattered electrons. This strategy resulted in sub-atomic resolution MicroED data from proteinase K crystals, enabling accurate structure modelling and the visualization of detailed features. Interestingly, filtering out the noise revealed diffuse scattering phenomena that can hold additional structural information. Our findings suggest that combining energy filtering and electron counting can provide more accurate measurements at higher resolution, providing better insights into protein function and facilitating more precise model refinement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clabbers, M. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynowycz, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energy filtering enables macromolecular MicroED data at sub-atomic resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phospho-regulated tuning of viscoelastic properties balances centrosome growth and strength 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610374v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrosomes are membranelles organelles containing centrioles encapsulated by pericentriolar material (PCM). PCM nucleates microtubules that help position and segregate chromosomes during mitosis, yet how PCM resists microtubule-mediated forces is poorly understood at the material level. Here, we show that PLK-1 phosphorylation of SPD-5 tunes the dynamics and material properties of the PCM scaffold in C. elegans embryos. Microrheology of reconstituted PCM condensates reveals that PLK-1 phosphorylation decreases SPD-5 dynamics and increases condensate viscoelasticity. Similarly, in embryos, phospho-mimetic SPD-5 is less dynamic than wild-type SPD-5, which itself is less dynamic than phospho-null SPD-5. PCM built with phospho-null SPD-5 is smaller than normal, but its assembly can be partially rescued by reducing microtubule-dependent forces. The same is true for PCM built with phospho-mimetic SPD-5, yet the underlying causes are distinct: under force, phospho-null SPD-5 fails to assemble, while phospho-mimetic SPD-5 forms hyper-stable foci that fail to cohere into a uniform, spherical mass. Both mutants have defects with chromosome segregation and viability. Thus, tuning of SPD-5 phosphorylation optimizes PCM material properties to achieve correct PCM size, integrity, and function. Our results demonstrate how regulated chemical modification of a scaffolding protein modulates the material properties and function of a membraneless organelle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Familiari, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phospho-regulated tuning of viscoelastic properties balances centrosome growth and strength]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of Ras isoform selective binders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610300v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proto-oncogene Ras which governs diverse intracellular pathways has four major isoforms (KRAS4A, KRAS4B, HRAS, and NRAS) with substantial sequence homology and similar in vitro biochemistry. There is considerable interest in investigating the roles of these independently as their association with different cancers vary, but there are few Ras isoform-specific binding reagents as the only significant sequence differences are in their disordered and highly charged C-termini which have been difficult to elicit antibodies against. To overcome this limitation, we use deep learning-based methods to de novo design Ras isoform-specific binders (RIBs) for all major Ras isoforms that specifically target the Ras C-terminus. The RIBs bind to their target Ras isoforms both in vitro and in cells with remarkable specificity, disrupting their membrane localization and inhibiting Ras activity, and should contribute to dissecting the distinct roles of Ras isoforms in biology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of Ras isoform selective binders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of serine hydrolases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.29.610411v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzymes that proceed through multistep reaction mechanisms often utilize complex, polar active sites positioned with sub-angstrom precision to mediate distinct chemical steps, which makes their de novo construction extremely challenging. We sought to overcome this challenge using the classic catalytic triad and oxyanion hole of serine hydrolases as a model system. We used RFdiffusion1 to generate proteins housing catalytic sites of increasing complexity and varying geometry, and a newly developed ensemble generation method called ChemNet to assess active site geometry and preorganization at each step of the reaction. Experimental characterization revealed novel serine hydrolases that catalyze ester hydrolysis with catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) up to 3.8 x 103 M-1 s-1, closely match the design models (C RMSDs < 1 [A]), and have folds distinct from natural serine hydrolases. In silico selection of designs based on active site preorganization across the reaction coordinate considerably increased success rates, enabling identification of new catalysts in screens of as few as 20 designs. Our de novo buildup approach provides insight into the geometric determinants of catalysis that complements what can be obtained from structural and mutational studies of native enzymes (in which catalytic group geometry and active site makeup cannot be so systematically varied), and provides a roadmap for the design of industrially relevant serine hydrolases and, more generally, for designing complex enzymes that catalyze multi-step transformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anischanka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumida, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalvet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackenbrough, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houk, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of serine hydrolases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.30.610324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sec18 side-loading is essential for universal SNARE recycling across cellular contexts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.30.610324v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SNARE proteins drive membrane fusion at different cell compartments as their core domains zipper into a parallel four-helix bundle. After fusion, these bundles are disassembled by the AAA+ protein Sec18/NSF and its adaptor Sec17/-SNAP to make them available for subsequent rounds of membrane fusion. SNARE domains are often flanked by C-terminal transmembrane or N-terminal domains. Previous structures of the NSF--SNAP-SNARE complex revealed binding to the D1 ATPase pore, posing a topological constraint as SNARE transmembrane domains would prevent complete substrate threading as suggested for other AAA+ systems. Using mass-spectrometry in yeast cells, we show N-terminal SNARE domain interactions with Sec18, exacerbating this topological issue. We present cryo-EM structures of a yeast SNARE complex, Sec18, and Sec17 in a non-hydrolyzing condition, which show SNARE Sso1 threaded through the D1 and D2 ATPase rings of Sec18, with its folded, N-terminal Habc domain interacting with the D2 ring. This domain does not unfold during Sec18/NSF activity. Cryo-EM structures under hydrolyzing conditions revealed substrate-released and substrate-free states of Sec18 with a coordinated opening in the side of the ATPase rings. Thus, Sec18/NSF operates by substrate side-loading and unloading topologically constrained SNARE substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfuetzner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esquivies, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckenzie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montabana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mclaughlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunger, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.610324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sec18 side-loading is essential for universal SNARE recycling across cellular contexts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.30.610549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic mitochondrial fragmentation elicits a neuroprotective Warburg-like effect in Drosophila neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.30.610549v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial fission and fusion are dynamic and important cellular processes, but the roles of these two very different mitochondrial forms - predominantly spherical and tubular - are not well-characterized in neurons of animals and especially in aging neurons. This is important because neurons are long-lived and mitochondrial dynamics is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. We used here an efficient cell type-specific CRISPR approach to knockout key fission-fusion genes and disrupt mitochondrial dynamics within the inessential clock neurons of Drosophila. Surprisingly, fusion is much more important than fission for maintaining long-term neuronal function. Neurons survive chronic mitochondrial fragmentation due to loss of fusion by triggering a cancer-like transcriptomic response. This Warburg effect includes ATF4-mediated upregulation of the aerobic glycolysis gene Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh), and LDH is essential to prevent neurodegeneration of neurons deficient in the fusion gene Opa1. These results and others provide insights into the intersection of neuronal metabolism, aging and neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richhariya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichting, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.610549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic mitochondrial fragmentation elicits a neuroprotective Warburg-like effect in Drosophila neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.31.610597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of lateralized gustation in nematodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.31.610597v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals with small nervous systems have a limited number of sensory neurons that must encode information from a changing environment. This problem is particularly exacerbated in nematodes that populate a wide variety of distinct ecological niches but only have a few sensory neurons available to encode multiple modalities. How does sensory diversity prevail within this constraint in neuron number? To identify the genetic basis for patterning different nervous systems, we demonstrate that sensory neurons in Pristionchus pacificus respond to various salt sensory cues in a manner that is partially distinct from that of the distantly related nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. By visualizing neuronal activity patterns, we show that contrary to previous expectations based on its genome sequence, the salt responses of P. pacificus are encoded in a left/right asymmetric manner in the bilateral ASE neuron pair. Our study illustrates patterns of evolutionary stability and change in the gustatory system of nematodes.

Animals with small nervous systems have evolved left and right asymmetry in their neurons to process various salts at different concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mackie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carstensen, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushnir, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimov, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalasani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.31.610597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of lateralized gustation in nematodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.02.610881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Four SpsP neurons are an integrating sleep regulation hub in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.02.610881v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is an essential and conserved behavior, yet the mechanisms underlying sleep regulation remain largely unknown. To address the neural mechanisms of sleep drive, here we carry out whole brain calcium-modulated photoactivatable ratiometric integrator (CaMPARI) imaging of Drosophila and show that the activity of the protocerebral bridge (PB), a part of the central complex, correlates with sleep drive. Through a neural activation screen followed by anatomical and functional connectivity assays, we further narrow down the key player of sleep regulation in the PB to a three-layer circuit composed of 4 SpsP neurons and their upstream and downstream synaptic partners: the 4 SpsP neurons act as an integrating hub by responding to ellipsoid body (EB) signals from EPG neurons, and by sending signals back to the EB through PEcG neurons. Moreover, sleep deprivation enriches the presynaptic active zones of SpsP neurons and strengthens the connections of the EPG-SpsP-PEcG circuit, indicating plasticity gating in the circuit in response to sleep drive change. As the SpsP neurons also receive input from the sensorimotor brain region and given their known role in navigation, these neurons potentially further integrate sleep drive with other sensorimotor cues. The data taken together indicate that the four SpsP neurons and their sleep regulatory circuit play an important and dynamic role in sleep regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Four SpsP neurons are an integrating sleep regulation hub in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.03.610991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming nucleotide bias in the nonenzymatic copying of RNA templates. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.03.610991v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA World hypothesis posits that RNA was the molecule of both heredity and function during the emergence of life. This hypothesis implies that RNA templates can be copied, and ultimately replicated, without the catalytic aid of evolved enzymes. A major problem with nonenzymatic templated polymerization has been the very poor copying of sequences containing rA and rU. Here we overcome that problem by using a prebiotically plausible mixture of RNA mononucleotides and random-sequence oligonucleotides, all activated by methyl isocyanide chemistry, that direct the uniform copying of arbitrary-sequence templates, including those harboring rA and rU. We further show that the use of this mixture in copying reactions suppresses copying errors while also generating a more uniform distribution of mismatches than observed for simpler systems. We find that oligonucleotide competition for template binding sites, oligonucleotide ligation, and the template binding properties of reactant intermediates work together to reduce product sequence bias and errors. Finally, we show that iterative cycling of the activation chemistry and templated polymerization improves the yield of random-sequence products. These results for random-sequence template copying are a significant advance in the pursuit of nonenzymatic RNA replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duzdevich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colville, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitken, H. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.610991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming nucleotide bias in the nonenzymatic copying of RNA templates.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.03.611025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
USP37 prevents premature disassembly of stressed replisomes by TRAIP 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.03.611025v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAIP associates with the replisome and helps this molecular machine deal with replication stress. Thus, TRAIP promotes DNA inter-strand crosslink repair by triggering the disassembly of CDC45-MCM2-7-GINS (CMG) helicases that have converged on these lesions. However, disassembly of single CMGs that have stalled temporarily would be deleterious, suggesting that TRAIP must be carefully regulated. Here, we demonstrate that human cells lacking the de-ubiquitylating enzyme USP37 are hypersensitive to topoisomerase poisons and other replication stress-inducing agents. We further show that TRAIP loss rescues the hypersensitivity of USP37 knockout cells to topoisomerase inhibitors. In Xenopus egg extracts depleted of USP37, TRAIP promotes premature CMG ubiquitylation and disassembly when converging replisomes stall. Finally, guided by AlphaFold-Multimer, we discovered that binding to CDC45 mediates USP37s response to topological stress. In conclusion, we propose that USP37 protects genome stability by preventing TRAIP-dependent CMG unloading when replication stress impedes timely termination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kochenova, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhujh, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnie, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueorguieva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.611025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[USP37 prevents premature disassembly of stressed replisomes by TRAIP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.04.610987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RTN4IP1 is essential for the final stages of mitochondrial complex I assembly and coenzyme Q biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.04.610987v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A biochemical deficiency of mitochondrial complex I (CI) underlies [~]30% of cases of primary mitochondrial disease, yet the inventory of molecular machinery required for CI assembly remains incomplete. We previously characterised patients with isolated CI deficiency caused by segregating variants in RTN4IP1, encoding a mitochondrial NAD(P)H oxidoreductase. Here, we demonstrate that RTN4IP1 deficiency causes a CI assembly defect in both patient fibroblasts and knockout cells, and report that RTN4IP1 is a bona fide CI assembly factor. Complexome profiling revealed accumulation of unincorporated ND5-module and impaired N-module production. RTN4IP1 patient fibroblasts also exhibited defective coenzyme Q biosynthesis, substantiating this emerging function of RTN4IP1. Thus, our data reveal RTN4IP1 plays an essential role in both the terminal stages of CI assembly and in coenzyme Q metabolism, and that pathogenic RTN4IP1 variants impair both functions in patients with mitochondrial disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olahova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heidler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaneda-Tamez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera-Orefice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightowlers, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittig, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.610987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RTN4IP1 is essential for the final stages of mitochondrial complex I assembly and coenzyme Q biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.04.610846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gradients of Recognition Molecules Shape Synaptic Specificity of a Visuomotor Transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.04.610846v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Converting sensory information into motor commands is fundamental to most of our actions. In Drosophila, visuomotor transformations are mediated by Visual Projection Neurons (VPNs). These neurons convert object location and motion into directional behaviors downstream through a synaptic gradient mechanism. However, the molecular origins of such graded connectivity remain unknown. We addressed this question in a VPN cell type called LPLC2, which integrates looming motion and transforms it into an escape response through two parallel dorsoventral synaptic gradients at its inputs and outputs. We identified two corresponding dorsoventral expression gradients of cell recognition molecules within the LPLC2 population that regulate this synaptic connectivity. Dpr13 determines synaptic outputs of LPLC2 axons by interacting with its binding partner DIP-{varepsilon} expressed in the Giant Fiber, a neuron that mediates escape. Similarly, beat-VI regulates synaptic inputs onto LPLC2 dendrites by interacting with Side-II expressed in upstream motion-detecting neurons. Behavioral, physiological, and molecular experiments demonstrate that these coordinated molecular gradients control differential synaptic connectivity, enabling the accurate transformation of visual features into motor commands. As within-neuronal-type variation in gene expression is also observed in the mammalian brain, graded expression of cell recognition molecules may represent a common mechanism underlying synaptic specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dombrovski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frighetto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahidi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanfilippo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hina, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussein, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahidi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Reyn, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurmangaliyev, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.610846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gradients of Recognition Molecules Shape Synaptic Specificity of a Visuomotor Transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.05.609098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proteomic landscape and temporal dynamics of mammalian gastruloid development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.05.609098v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastrulation is the process by which the early embryo establishes a body plan and primes itself for organogenesis. As gastrulation is challenging to study in vivo, stem cell-derived "gastruloids" have emerged as powerful surrogates. Although transcriptomics and imaging have been applied extensively to such embryo models, the dynamics of their proteomes remains largely unknown. Here, we apply quantitative proteomics to human and mouse gastruloids at four key stages. We leverage these data to map the expression dynamics of protein complexes, and to nominate cooperative proteins. With matched transcriptome and phosphosite data, we investigate global and stage/pathway-specific discordance between the transcriptome and proteome and nominate kinase-substrate relationships based on phosphosite dynamics. Finally, we apply co-regulation network analysis to identify genes linked to the Commander complex whose perturbation leads to morphological defects in gastruloids. Altogether, our work showcases the potential of applying proteomics to embryo models to advance our understanding of mammalian development in ways challenging through transcriptomics alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garge, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGann, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starita, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamazaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweppe, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.609098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proteomic landscape and temporal dynamics of mammalian gastruloid development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.05.611438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data Release: High-Resolution Imaging and Segmentation of P7 Mouse Tissue Microarchitecture Using FIB-SEM and Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.05.611438v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This report presents a comprehensive data release exploring the tissue microarchitecture of P7 aged mice using Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) combined with machine learning-based segmentations of nuclei. The study includes high-resolution 3D volumes and nucleus segmentations for seven vital tissues--pancreas, liver, kidney, heart, thymus, hippocampus, and skin--from a single mouse. The detailed datasets are openly accessible onOpenOrganelle.org, providing a valuable resource for the scientific community to support further research and collaboration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avetissian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleck, C. K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innerberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petruncio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saalfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautman, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorimo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CellMap Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data Release: High-Resolution Imaging and Segmentation of P7 Mouse Tissue Microarchitecture Using FIB-SEM and Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.05.611512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calpains Orchestrate Secretion of Annexin-containing Microvesicles during Membrane Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.05.611512v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microvesicles (MVs) are membrane-enclosed, plasma membrane-derived particles released by cells from all branches of life. MVs have utility as disease biomarkers and may participate in intercellular communication; however, physiological processes that induce their secretion are not known. Here, we isolate and characterize annexin-containing MVs and show that these vesicles are secreted in response to the calcium influx caused by membrane damage. The annexins in these vesicles are cleaved by calpains. After plasma membrane injury, cytoplasmic calcium-bound annexins are rapidly recruited to the plasma membrane and form a scab-like structure at the lesion. In a second phase, recruited annexins are cleaved by calpains-1/2, disabling membrane scabbing. Cleavage promotes annexin secretion within MVs. Our data supports a new model of plasma membrane repair, where calpains relax annexin-membrane aggregates in the lesion repair scab, allowing secretion of damaged membrane and annexins as MVs. We anticipate that cells experiencing plasma membrane damage, including muscle and metastatic cancer cells, secrete these MVs at elevated levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugupandiyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croall, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartzell, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calpains Orchestrate Secretion of Annexin-containing Microvesicles during Membrane Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.07.611820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pentose Phosphate Pathway Protects E. coli from Antibiotic Lethality 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.07.611820v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of both branches of the canonical pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in E. coli by combined inactivation of the zwf and talAB genes provokes the restoration of the ancient anabolic variant of PPP (aPPP). In the aPPP, pentose-5-phosphates are synthesized unidirectionally from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by transketolase B, aldolase A, and phosphatase GlpX, converting sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate to sedoheptulose-7-phosphate. Unexpectedly, the double zwf talAB mutant exhibits decreased survival after treatment by diverse classes of antibiotics with little effect on the minimal inhibitory concentration. Simultaneously, we found that killing effect of antimicrobials on the zwf talAB mutant could be reversed by the inactivation of either purR or deoB genes, both responsible for ribose-5-phosphate content in the mutant strain. Enhanced biosynthesis of the cell wall component ADP-heptose from sedoheptulose-7-phosphate also suppressed killing effect of antibiotics on the zwf talAB mutant. Furthermore, the inactivation of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway ({Delta}edd) or shifting the metabolic equilibrium by the addition of exogenous phosphogluconate reverts aPPP to glycolysis, preventing the accumulation of excess pentose phosphates and the occurrence of the futile cycle in zwf talAB cells, thus desensitizing them to antibiotics. Our findings show that ribose-5-phosphate metabolism plays a crucial role in bacterial tolerance to a wide range of bactericidal antibiotics. We propose that targeting PPP could be a promising strategy for developing new therapeutic agents aimed at potentiating clinically significant antimicrobials.

IMPORTANCERecent studies have revealed the crucial role of bacterial cells metabolic status in its susceptibility to the lethal action of antibacterial drugs. However, there is still no clear understanding of which key metabolic nodes are optimal targets to improve the effectiveness of bacterial infection treatment. Our study establishes that the disruption of the canonical pentose phosphate pathway induces one-way anabolic synthesis of pentose phosphates (aPPP) in E. coli cells, significantly increasing the killing efficiency of various antibiotics. It is also demonstrated that the activation of ribose-5-phosphate utilization processes restores bacterial tolerance to antibiotics. We consider the synthesis of ribose-5-phosphate to be one of the determining factors of bacterial cell stress resistance. Understanding bacterial metabolic pathways, particularly the aPPPs role in antibiotic sensitivity, offers insights for developing novel adjuvant therapeutic strategies to enhance antibiotic potency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seregina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakulov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatalin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrushanko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitkevich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mironov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.07.611820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pentose Phosphate Pathway Protects E. coli from Antibiotic Lethality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.05.611541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 substrate recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.05.611541v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) reside on cell surfaces and uptake substrates, including L-glutamate, L-aspartate, and D-aspartate, using ion gradients. Among five EAATs, EAAT3 is the only isoform that can efficiently transport L-cysteine, a substrate for glutathione synthesis. Recent work suggests that EAAT3 also transports the oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG). Here, we examined the structural basis of substrate promiscuity by determining the cryo-EM structures of EAAT3 bound to different substrates. We found that L-cysteine binds to EAAT3 in thiolate form, and EAAT3 recognizes different substrates by fine-tuning local conformations of the coordinating residues. However, using purified human EAAT3, we could not observe R-2HG binding or transport. Imaging of EAAT3 bound to L-cysteine revealed several conformational states, including an outward-facing state with a semi-open gate and a disrupted sodium-binding site. These structures illustrate that the full gate closure, coupled with the binding of the last sodium ion, occurs after substrate binding. Furthermore, we observed that different substrates affect how the transporter distributes between a fully outward-facing conformation and intermediate occluded states on a path to the inward-facing conformation, suggesting that translocation rates are substrate-dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 substrate recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.08.611884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for sequence context-independent single-stranded DNA cytosine deamination by the bacterial toxin SsdA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.08.611884v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA deaminase toxins are involved in interbacterial antagonism and the generation of genetic diversity in surviving bacterial populations. These enzymes have also been adopted as genome engineering tools. The single-stranded (ss)DNA deaminase SsdA represents the bacterial deaminase toxin family-2 (BaDTF2) and it deaminates ssDNA cytosines with little sequence context dependence, which contrasts with the AID/APOBEC family of sequence-selective ssDNA cytosine deaminases.

Here we report the crystal structure of SsdA in complex with a ssDNA substrate. The structure reveals a unique mode of substrate binding, in which a cluster of aromatic residues of SsdA engages ssDNA in a V-shaped conformation sharply bent across the target cytosine. The bases 5 or 3 to the target cytosine are stacked linearly and make few sequence-specific protein contacts, thus explaining the broad substrate selectivity of SsdA. Unexpectedly, SsdA contains a {beta}-amino acid isoaspartate, which is important for enzymatic activity and may contribute to the stability of SsdA as a toxin. Structure- function studies helped to design SsdA mutants active in human cells, which could lead to future applications in genome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aihara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.08.611884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for sequence context-independent single-stranded DNA cytosine deamination by the bacterial toxin SsdA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.09.611392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factor networks disproportionately enrich for heritability of blood cell phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.09.611392v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most phenotype-associated genetic variants map to non-coding regulatory regions of the human genome. Moreover, variants associated with blood cell phenotypes are enriched in regulatory regions active during hematopoiesis. To systematically explore the nature of these regions, we developed a highly efficient strategy, Perturb-multiome, that makes it possible to simultaneously profile both chromatin accessibility and gene expression in single cells with CRISPR-mediated perturbation of a range of master transcription factors (TFs). This approach allowed us to examine the connection between TFs, accessible regions, and gene expression across the genome throughout hematopoietic differentiation. We discovered that variants within the TF-sensitive accessible chromatin regions, while representing less than 0.3% of the genome, show a [~]100-fold enrichment in heritability across certain blood cell phenotypes; this enrichment is strikingly higher than for other accessible chromatin regions. Our approach facilitates large-scale mechanistic understanding of phenotype-associated genetic variants by connecting key cis-regulatory elements and their target genes within gene regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin-Rufino, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caulier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, U. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlster, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.611392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factor networks disproportionately enrich for heritability of blood cell phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.09.612016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-quality peptide evidence for annotating non-canonical open reading frames as human proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.09.612016v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major scientific drive is to characterize the protein-coding genome as it provides the primary basis for the study of human health. But the fundamental question remains: what has been missed in prior genomic analyses? Over the past decade, the translation of non-canonical open reading frames (ncORFs) has been observed across human cell types and disease states, with major implications for proteomics, genomics, and clinical science. However, the impact of ncORFs has been limited by the absence of a large-scale understanding of their contribution to the human proteome. Here, we report the collaborative efforts of stakeholders in proteomics, immunopeptidomics, Ribo-seq ORF discovery, and gene annotation, to produce a consensus landscape of protein-level evidence for ncORFs. We show that at least 25% of a set of 7,264 ncORFs give rise to translated gene products, yielding over 3,000 peptides in a pan-proteome analysis encompassing 3.8 billion mass spectra from 95,520 experiments. With these data, we developed an annotation framework for ncORFs and created public tools for researchers through GENCODE and PeptideAtlas. This work will provide a platform to advance ncORF-derived proteins in biomedical discovery and, beyond humans, diverse animals and plants where ncORFs are similarly observed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kok, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Orera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierro-Monti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelin, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alba, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspden, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calviello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvunis, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chothani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clauwaert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faridi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magrane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menschaert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohler, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rackham, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roucou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavoff, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wacholder, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassani-Sternberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizcaino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ternette, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prensner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van He</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-quality peptide evidence for annotating non-canonical open reading frames as human proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.11.612086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Proteins Influencing CRISPR-Associated Transposases for Enhanced Genome Editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.11.612086v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Associated Transposases (CASTs) hold tremendous potential for microbial genome editing due to their ability to integrate large DNA cargos in a programmable and site-specific manner. However, the widespread application of CASTs has been hindered by their low efficiency in diverse, non-model bacteria. In an effort to address this shortcoming, we conducted the first genome-wide screen for host factors impacting Vibrio cholerae CAST (VchCAST) activity and used the findings to increase VchCAST editing efficiency. A genome-wide loss-of-function mutant library in E. coli was screened to identify 15 genes that impact type VchCAST transposition. Of these, seven factors were validated to improve VchCAST activity and two were found to be inhibitory. Informed by homologous recombination involved effectors, RecD and RecA, we tested the {lambda}-Red recombineering system in our VchCAST editing vectors, which increased its insertion meditated-editing efficiency by 25.7-fold in E. coli while maintaining high target specificity and similar insertion arrangements. Furthermore, {lambda}-Red-enhanced VchCAST achieved increased editing efficiency in the industrially important bacteria Pseudomonas putida and the emerging pathogen Klebsiella michiganensis. This study improves understanding of factors impacting VchCAST activity and enhances its efficiency as a bacterial genome editor.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=81 SRC="FIGDIR/small/612086v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (13K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12609e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@53a128org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@794e63org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9835f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alker, A. T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oromi-Bosch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinson, J. N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovinsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cress, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Proteins Influencing CRISPR-Associated Transposases for Enhanced Genome Editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.09.612077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leukemia-derived apelin selects endothelial niche clones to promote tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.09.612077v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cells are regulated by endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells in the marrow niche1-3. Leukemogenesis was long believed to be solely driven by genetic perturbations in hematopoietic cells but introduction of genetic mutations in the microenvironment demonstrated the ability of niche cells to drive disease progression4-8. The mechanisms by which the stem cell niche induces leukemia remain poorly understood. Here, using cellular barcoding in zebrafish, we found that clones of niche endothelial and stromal cells are significantly expanded in leukemic marrows. The pro-angiogenic peptide apelin secreted by leukemic cells induced sinusoidal endothelial cell clonal selection and transcriptional reprogramming towards an angiogenic state to promote leukemogenesis in vivo. Overexpression of apelin in normal hematopoietic stem cells led to clonal amplification of the niche endothelial cells and promotes clonal dominance of blood cells. Knock-out of apelin in leukemic zebrafish resulted in a significant reduction in disease progression. Our results demonstrate that leukemic cells remodel the clonal and transcriptional landscape of the marrow niche to promote leukemogenesis and provide a potential therapeutic opportunity for anti-apelin treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baron, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avagyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potluri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madelaine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zon, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leukemia-derived apelin selects endothelial niche clones to promote tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.13.612773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Target-conditioned diffusion generates potent TNFR superfamily antagonists and agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.13.612773v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite progress in designing protein binding proteins, the shape matching of designs to targets is lower than in many native protein complexes, and design efforts have failed for TNF receptor (TNFR1) and other protein targets with relatively flat and polar surfaces. We hypothesized that free diffusion from random noise could generate shape-matched binders for challenging targets, and tested this on TNFR1. We obtain designs with low picomolar affinity whose specificity can be completely switched to other family members using partial diffusion. Designs function as antagonists or as superagonists when presented at higher valency for OX40 and 4-1BB. The ability to design high-affinity and specificity antagonists and agonists for pharmacologically important targets in silico presages a new era in which binders are made by computation rather than immunization or random screening approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gloegl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragotte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepnick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Target-conditioned diffusion generates potent TNFR superfamily antagonists and agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.14.612058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Nf1 on sleep behavior are mediated through starvation caused by deficits in SARM1 dependent NAD+ metabolism. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.14.612058v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a relatively common autosomal dominant disease which predisposes to the formation of tumors, and is also associated with behavioral phenotypes, including sleep disturbances. As loss of the NF1 protein has been recently associated with metabolic dysfunction, we explored the relationship between metabolic and behavioral phenotypes through metabolomic analysis of Drosophila Nf1-null mutants. Nf1-null mutants exhibit a metabolic signature indicative of starvation, with diminished metabolites related to glucose, glycogen, and fatty acid processing and increased mRNA of Akh, a hormone that promotes foraging during starvation. Reduced sleep in Nf1-null mutants was rescued by genetic manipulation of the AKH pathway and by a high-sucrose diet, which also partially corrected hypolipidemia, suggesting that sleep loss is due to starvation-induced foraging. Interestingly, behavioral phenotypes can be recapitulated by loss of NF1 only in the periphery and trace to mitochondrial defects that include elevated levels of the NADase SARM1. Indeed, inhibition of SARM1 activity rescues sleep behavior in Nf1-null flies. These findings suggest a novel connection between loss of NF1 and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by SARM1 hyperactivation, setting the scene for new pharmacological and dietary approaches that could provide relief to NF1 patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sofela, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Valencia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jongens, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.612058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Nf1 on sleep behavior are mediated through starvation caused by deficits in SARM1 dependent NAD+ metabolism.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.11.612418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SVbyEye: A visual tool to characterize structural variation among whole genome assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.11.612418v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWe are now in the era of being able to routinely generate highly contiguous (near telomere-to-telomere) genome assemblies of human and nonhuman species. Complex structural variation and regions of rapid evolutionary turnover are being discovered for the first time. Thus, efficient and informative visualization tools are needed to evaluate and directly observe structural differences between two or more genomes.

ResultsWe developed SVbyEye, an open-source R package to visualize and annotate sequence-to-sequence alignments along with various functionalities to process alignments in PAF format. The tool facilitates the characterization of complex structural variants in the context of sequence homology helping resolve the mechanisms underlying their formation.

Availability and implementationSVbyEye is available at https://github.com/daewoooo/SVbyEye.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitart, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SVbyEye: A visual tool to characterize structural variation among whole genome assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.10.612244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solanum pan-genomics and pan-genetics reveal paralogs as contingencies in crop engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.10.612244v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pan-genomics and genome editing technologies are revolutionizing the breeding of globally cultivated crops. A transformative opportunity lies in the reciprocal exchange of genotype-to-phenotype knowledge of agricultural traits between these major crops and hundreds of locally cultivated indigenous crops, thereby enhancing the diversity and resilience of our food system. However, species-specific genetic variants and their interactions with desired natural or engineered mutations pose barriers to achieving predictable phenotypic effects, even between closely related crops or genotypes. Here, by establishing a pan-genome of the crop-rich genus Solanum and integrating functional genomics and genetics, we show that gene duplication and subsequent paralog diversification are a major obstacle to genotype-phenotype predictability. Despite broad conservation of gene macrosynteny among chromosome-scale references for 22 species, including 13 indigenous crops, hundreds of global and lineage-specific gene duplications exhibited dynamic evolutionary trajectories in paralog sequence, expression, and function, including among members of key domestication gene families. Extending our pan-genome with 10 cultivars of African eggplant and leveraging quantitative genetics and genome editing, we uncovered an intricate history of paralog emergence and evolution within this indigenous crop. The loss of an ancient redundant paralog of the classical regulator of stem cell proliferation and fruit organ number, CLAVATA3 (CLV3), was compensated by a lineage-specific tandem duplication. Subsequent pseudogenization of the derived copy followed by a cultivar-specific structural variant resulted in a single fused functional copy of CLV3 that modifies locule number alongside a newly identified gene controlling the same trait. Our findings demonstrate that paralog diversifications over short evolutionary periods are critical yet underexplored contingencies in trait evolvability and independent crop domestication histories. Unraveling these contingencies is crucial for translating genotype-to-phenotype relationships across related species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benoit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenike, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterlee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passalacqua, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robitaille, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartwood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orejuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornaguera, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizito, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.10.612244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solanum pan-genomics and pan-genetics reveal paralogs as contingencies in crop engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.14.613021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.14.613021v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a method for detecting evidence of natural selection in ancient DNA time-series data that leverages an opportunity not utilized in previous scans: testing for a consistent trend in allele frequency change over time. By applying this to 8433 West Eurasians who lived over the past 14000 years and 6510 contemporary people, we find an order of magnitude more genome-wide significant signals than previous studies: 347 independent loci with >99% probability of selection. Previous work showed that classic hard sweeps driving advantageous mutations to fixation have been rare over the broad span of human evolution, but in the last ten millennia, many hundreds of alleles have been affected by strong directional selection. Discoveries include an increase from [~]0% to [~]20% in 4000 years for the major risk factor for celiac disease at HLA-DQB1; a rise from [~]0% to [~]8% in 6000 years of blood type B; and fluctuating selection at the TYK2 tuberculosis risk allele rising from [~]2% to [~]9% from [~]5500 to [~]3000 years ago before dropping to [~]3%. We identify instances of coordinated selection on alleles affecting the same trait, with the polygenic score today predictive of body fat percentage decreasing by around a standard deviation over ten millennia, consistent with the "Thrifty Gene" hypothesis that a genetic predisposition to store energy during food scarcity became disadvantageous after farming. We also identify selection for combinations of alleles that are today associated with lighter skin color, lower risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disease, slower health decline, and increased measures related to cognitive performance (scores on intelligence tests, household income, and years of schooling). These traits are measured in modern industrialized societies, so what phenotypes were adaptive in the past is unclear. We estimate selection coefficients at 9.9 million variants, enabling study of how Darwinian forces couple to allelic effects and shape the genetic architecture of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariminejad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinhasi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.613021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.14.613089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptonemal complex protects double-Holliday junctions during meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.14.613089v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal linkages formed through crossover recombination are essential for accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis1. The DNA events of recombination are linked to structural components of meiotic chromosomes2. Imperatively, the biased resolution of double-Holliday junction intermediates (dHJs) into crossovers3,4 occurs within the synaptonemal complex (SC), the meiosis-specific structure that mediates end-to-end synapsis of homologs during the pachytene stage5,6. However, the SCs roles in crossover-specific dHJ resolution remains unclear. Here, we show that key SC components function through dependent and interdependent relationships to protect dHJs from aberrant "dissolution" into noncrossover products. Conditional ablation experiments reveal that cohesin, the core of SC lateral elements, is required to maintain both synapsis and dHJ-associated crossover recombination complexes (CRCs) during pachytene. The SC central region transverse-filament protein is also required to maintain CRCs. Reciprocally, stability of the SC central region requires the continuous presence of CRCs, thereby coupling synapsis and desynapsis to dHJ formation and resolution. However, dHJ protection and maintenance of CRCs can occur without end-to-end homolog synapsis mediated by the central element of the SC central region. We conclude that local ensembles of SC components are sufficient to enable crossover-specific dHJ resolution and thereby ensure the linkage and segregation of homologous chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourhosseinzadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.613089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptonemal complex protects double-Holliday junctions during meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.12.612713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene identification for ocular congenital cranial motor neuron disorders using human sequencing, zebrafish screening, and protein binding microarrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.12.612713v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo functionally evaluate novel human sequence-derived candidate genes and variants for unsolved ocular congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (oCCDDs).

MethodsThrough exome and genome sequencing of a genetically unsolved human oCCDD cohort, we previously identified variants in 80 strong candidate genes. Here, we further prioritized a subset of these (43 human genes, 57 zebrafish genes) using a G0 CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout assay in zebrafish and generated F2 germline mutants for seventeen. We tested the functionality of variants of uncertain significance in known and novel candidate transcription factor-encoding genes through protein binding microarrays.

ResultsWe first demonstrated the feasibility of the G0 screen by targeting known oCCDD genes phox2a and mafba. 70-90% of gene-targeted G0 zebrafish embryos recapitulated germline homozygous null-equivalent phenotypes. Using this approach, we then identified three novel candidate oCCDD genes (SEMA3F, OLIG2, and FRMD4B) with putative contributions to human and zebrafish cranial motor development. In addition, protein binding microarrays demonstrated reduced or abolished DNA binding of human variants of uncertain significance in known and novel sequence-derived transcription factors PHOX2A (p.(Trp137Cys)), MAFB (p.(Glu223Lys)), and OLIG2 (p.(Arg156Leu)).

ConclusionsThis study nominates three strong novel candidate oCCDD genes (SEMA3F, OLIG2, and FRMD4B) and supports the functionality and putative pathogenicity of transcription factor candidate variants PHOX2A p.(Trp137Cys), MAFB p.(Glu223Lys), and OLIG2 p.(Arg156Leu). Our findings support that G0 loss-of-function screening in zebrafish can be coupled with human sequence analysis and protein binding microarrays to aid in prioritizing oCCDD candidate genes/variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jurgens, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, P. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, W.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Quiles, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easterbrooks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensching, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Gioia, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pais, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Berardinis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koc, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawakami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulyk, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene identification for ocular congenital cranial motor neuron disorders using human sequencing, zebrafish screening, and protein binding microarrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.15.613104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep-wake states are encoded across emotion-regulation regions of the mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.15.613104v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional dysregulation is highly comorbid with sleep disturbances. Sleep is comprised of unique physiological states that are reflected by conserved brain oscillations. Though the role of these state-dependent oscillations in cognitive function has been well established, less is known regarding the nature of state-dependent oscillations across brain regions that strongly contribute to emotional function. To characterize these dynamics, we recorded local field potentials simultaneously from multiple cortical and subcortical regions implicated in sleep and emotion-regulation and characterize widespread patterns of spectral power and synchrony between brain regions during sleep/wake states. First, we showed that these brain regions encode sleep state, albeit to various degrees of accuracy. We then identified network-based classifiers of sleep based on the combination of features from all recorded brain regions. Spectral power and synchrony from brain networks allowed for automatic, accurate and rapid discrimination of wake, non-REM sleep (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. When we examined the impact of commonly prescribed sleep promoting medications on neural dynamics across these regions, we found disparate alterations to both cortical and subcortical activity across all three states. Finally, a we found that a stress manipulation that disrupts circadian rhythm produced increased sleep fragmentation without altering the underlying average brain dynamics across sleep-wake states. Thus, we characterized state dependent brain dynamics across regions canonically associated with emotions.

Significance StatementSleep and emotion regulation are known to be intertwined at the level of behavior and in neuropsychiatric illnesses. Here, we examined how brain regions involved in emotion regulation encode wake and sleep states by performing multi-site electrophysiological recordings in mice. We developed sleep-wake state classifiers that rapidly labeled sleep-wake states from brain activity alone. We then identified how commonly prescribed sleep-inducing medications have unique impacts on brain activity throughout these emotion-regulation regions. Finally, we explored the impact of circadian rhythm disruption on sleep architecture and brain activity. Together, these data shed light on how brain regions which regulate emotion behave during sleep so that one day, treatments to improve both sleep and emotional well-being may be developed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walder-Christensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goffinet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mague, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kansagr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep-wake states are encoded across emotion-regulation regions of the mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.15.613118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carboxy-terminal blockade of sortilin binding enhances progranulin gene therapy, a potential treatment for frontotemporal dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.15.613118v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frontotemporal dementia is commonly caused by loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene. Potential therapies for this disorder have entered clinical trials, including progranulin gene therapy and drugs that reduce progranulin interactions with sortilin. Both approaches ameliorate functional and pathological abnormalities in mouse models of progranulin insufficiency. Here we investigated whether modifying the progranulin carboxy terminus to block sortilin interactions would improve the efficacy of progranulin gene therapy. We compared the effects of treating progranulin-deficient mice with gene therapy vectors expressing progranulin with intact sortilin interactions, progranulin with the carboxy terminus blocked to reduce sortilin interactions, or GFP control. We found that expressing carboxy-terminally blocked progranulin generated higher levels of progranulin both at the injection site and in more distant regions. Carboxy-terminally blocked progranulin was also more effective at ameliorating microgliosis, microglial lipofuscinosis, and lipid abnormalities including ganglioside accumulation and loss of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate lipids. Finally, only carboxy-terminally blocked progranulin reduced plasma neurofilament light chain, a biomarker of neurodegeneration, in progranulin-deficient mice. These results demonstrate that modifying the progranulin cargo to block sortilin interactions may be important for increasing the effectiveness of progranulin gene therapy.

One-sentence SummaryThe effectiveness of progranulin gene therapy in models of FTD is improved by blocking the proteins carboxy terminus, which prevents sortilin binding
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murchison, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambaw, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farese, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrant, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carboxy-terminal blockade of sortilin binding enhances progranulin gene therapy, a potential treatment for frontotemporal dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.16.613305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interphase chromosome conformation is specified by distinct folding programs inherited via mitotic chromosomes or through the cytoplasm 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.16.613305v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identity-specific interphase chromosome conformation must be re-established each time a cell divides. To understand how interphase folding is inherited, we developed an experimental approach that physically segregates mediators of G1 folding that are intrinsic to mitotic chromosomes from cytoplasmic factors. Proteins essential for nuclear transport, RanGAP1 and Nup93, were degraded in pro-metaphase arrested DLD-1 cells to prevent the establishment of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport during mitotic exit and isolate the decondensing mitotic chromatin of G1 daughter cells from the cytoplasm. Using this approach, we discover a transient folding intermediate entirely driven by chromosome-intrinsic factors. In addition to conventional compartmental segregation, this chromosome-intrinsic folding program leads to prominent genome-scale microcompartmentalization of mitotically bookmarked and cell type-specific cis-regulatory elements. This microcompartment conformation is formed during telophase and subsequently modulated by a second folding program driven by factors inherited through the cytoplasm in G1. This nuclear import-dependent folding program includes cohesin and factors involved in transcription and RNA processing. The combined and inter-dependent action of chromosome-intrinsic and cytoplasmic inherited folding programs determines the interphase chromatin conformation as cells exit mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.613305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interphase chromosome conformation is specified by distinct folding programs inherited via mitotic chromosomes or through the cytoplasm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.12.612591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-Tissue Coordination between SLC Nucleoside Transporters Regulates Reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.12.612591v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolism is fundamental to organism physiology and pathology. From the intricate network of metabolic reactions, diverse chemical molecules, collectively termed as metabolites, are produced. In multicellular organisms, metabolite communication between different tissues is vital for maintaining homeostasis and adaptation. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating these metabolite communications remain poorly understood. Here, we focus on nucleosides and nucleotides, essential metabolites involved in multiple cellular processes, and report the pivotal role of the SLC29A family of transporters in mediating nucleoside coordination between the soma and the germline. Through genetic analysis, we discovered that two Caenorhabditis elegans homologs of SLC29A transporters, Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter ENT-1 and ENT-2, act in the germline and the intestine, respectively, to regulate reproduction. Their knockdown synergistically results in sterility. Further single-cell transcriptomic and targeted metabolomic profiling revealed that the ENT double knockdown specifically affects genes in the purine biosynthesis pathway and reduces the ratio of guanosine to adenosine levels. Importantly, guanosine supplementation into the body cavity/pseudocoelom through microinjection rescued the sterility caused by the ENT double knockdown, whereas adenosine microinjection had no effect. Together, these studies support guanosine as a rate limiting factor in the control of reproduction, uncover the previously unknown nucleoside/nucleotide communication between the soma and the germline essential for reproductive success, and highlight the significance of SLC-mediated cell-nonautonomous metabolite coordination in regulating organism physiology.

Author SummaryMetabolism is essential for life, involving a complex network of chemical reactions that requires a well-organized system to maintain efficiency. This includes the optimal allocation of resources and the dynamic exchange of metabolic products between various compartments within an organism. Solute carriers (SLCs) are the largest family of transporters for metabolic products across the animal kingdom. In our research, we investigated how specific SLC transporters collaborate to move key metabolic products between different tissues. We identified two SLC transporters, Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter ENT-1 and ENT-2, which are vital for transporting guanosine, a purine nucleoside, to support successful reproduction in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We discovered that ENT-2 acts in the gut to export guanosine to the surrounding body cavity, while ENT-1 functions in the germline to import guanosine from the body cavity. When both transporters are disrupted, the animals experience significant reproductive defects. Our study underscores the importance of coordinated activity between SLC transporters in different tissues to maintain organism health. A breakdown in this communication can result in metabolic imbalances and physiological dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-Tissue Coordination between SLC Nucleoside Transporters Regulates Reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.15.613083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage imaging reveals circuit computations in the raphe underlying serotonin-mediated motor vigor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.15.613083v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As animals adapt to new situations, neuromodulation is a potent way to alter behavior, yet mechanisms by which neuromodulatory nuclei compute during behavior are underexplored. The serotonergic raphe supports motor learning in larval zebrafish by visually detecting distance traveled during swims, encoding action effectiveness, and modulating motor vigor. We found that swimming opens a gate for visual input to cause spiking in serotonergic neurons, enabling encoding of action outcomes and filtering out learning-irrelevant visual signals. Using light-sheet microscopy, voltage sensors, and neurotransmitter/modulator sensors, we tracked millisecond-timescale neuronal input-output computations during behavior. Swim commands initially inhibited serotonergic neurons via GABA, closing the gate to spiking. Immediately after, the gate briefly opened: voltage increased consistent with post-inhibitory rebound, allowing swim-induced visual motion to evoke firing through glutamate, triggering serotonin secretion and modulating motor vigor. Ablating GABAergic neurons impaired raphe coding and motor learning. Thus, serotonergic neuromodulation arises from action-outcome coincidence detection within the raphe, suggesting the existence of similarly fast and precise circuit computations across neuromodulatory nuclei.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawashima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haruvi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shainer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage imaging reveals circuit computations in the raphe underlying serotonin-mediated motor vigor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tilt illusion arises from an efficient reallocation of neural coding resources at the contextual boundary 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613538v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tilt illusion -- a bias in the perceived orientation of a center stimulus induced by an oriented surround -- illustrates how context shapes visual perception. While the tilt illusion has been the subject of quantitative study for over 85 years, we still lack a comprehensive account of the phenomenon that connects its neural and behavioral characteristics. Here, we demonstrate that the tilt illusion originates from a dynamic change in neural coding precision induced by the surround context. We simultaneously obtained psychophysical and fMRI responses from human subjects while they viewed gratings in the absence and presence of an oriented surround, and extracted sensory encoding precision from their behavioral and neural data. Both measures show that in the absence of a surround, encoding reflects the natural scene statistics of orientation. However, in the presence of an oriented surround, encoding precision is significantly increased for stimuli similar to the surround orientation. This local change in encoding is sufficient to accurately predict the behavioral characteristics of the tilt illusion using a Bayesian observer model. The effect of surround modulation increases along the ventral stream, and is localized to the portion of the visual cortex with receptive fields at the center-surround boundary. The pattern of change in coding accuracy reflects the surround-conditioned orientation statistics in natural scenes, but cannot be explained by local stimulus configuration. Our results suggest that the tilt illusion naturally emerges from a dynamic coding strategy that efficiently reallocates neural coding resources based on the current stimulus context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tilt illusion arises from an efficient reallocation of neural coding resources at the contextual boundary]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type-II kinase inhibitors that target Parkinson's Disease-associated LRRK2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613365v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant increases in kinase activity of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with Parkinsons disease (PD). Numerous LRRK2-selective type-I kinase inhibitors have been developed and some have entered clinical trials. In this study, we present the first LRRK2-selective type-II kinase inhibitors. Targeting the inactive conformation of LRRK2 is functionally distinct from targeting the active-like conformation using type-I inhibitors. We designed these inhibitors using a combinatorial chemistry approach fusing selective LRRK2 type-I and promiscuous type-II inhibitors by iterative cycles of synthesis supported by structural biology and activity testing. Our current lead structures are selective and potent LRRK2 inhibitors. Through cellular assays, cryo-electron microscopy structural analysis, and in vitro motility assays, we show that our inhibitors stabilize the open, inactive kinase conformation. These new conformation-specific compounds will be invaluable as tools to study LRRK2s function and regulation, and expand the potential therapeutic options for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raig, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surridge, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz-Murillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dederer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwalm, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type-II kinase inhibitors that target Parkinson's Disease-associated LRRK2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila maternal-effect gene abnormal oocyte (ao) does not repress histone gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613536v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The abnormal oocyte (ao) gene of Drosophila melanogaster is a maternal-effect lethal gene previously identified as encoding a transcriptional regulator of core histones. However, background genetic mutations in existing ao mutant strains could compromise their utility in manipulating histone levels. To distinguish the true ao phenotype from background effects, we created two new ao reagents: a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the ao allele for genetic and molecular analyses and an epitope-tagged ao allele for cytological experiments. Using these reagents, we confirm previous findings that loss of ao causes maternal-effect lethality, which can be rescued by either a decrease in the histone gene copy number or by Y chromosome heterochromatin. Our data indicate that ao genetically interacts with the heterochromatin, as previously suggested. However, contrary to a prior study, we find neither Ao localization to histone genes nor ao repression of core histone transcript levels. Thus, the molecular basis for ao-associated maternal-effect lethality remains unknown.

Article SummaryA series of foundational papers established that abnormal oocyte (ao), a euchromatic maternal-effect lethal gene, interacts with heterochromatin and the histone multigene cluster to dictate embryonic viability in D. melanogaster. An earlier report argued that ao encodes a protein that localizes to and represses histone gene expression, thereby connecting histone gene overexpression with ao mutant maternal-effect lethality. Using new reagents for genetics and cytology, we recapitulate findings that ao encodes a maternal-effect lethal gene, whose loss is ameliorated by excess heterochromatin or loss of histone genes. However, we find that ao does not affect histone gene expression. Thus, how ao loss causes maternal-effect lethality remains unknown.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takenaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmerman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanese, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieder, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila maternal-effect gene abnormal oocyte (ao) does not repress histone gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.19.613976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher resolution pooled genome-wide CRISPR knockout screening in Drosophila cells using integration and anti-CRISPR (IntAC) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.19.613976v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR screens enable systematic, scalable genotype-to-phenotype mapping. We previously developed a pooled CRISPR screening method for Drosophila melanogaster and mosquito cell lines using plasmid transfection and site-specific integration to introduce single guide (sgRNA) libraries, followed by PCR and sequencing of integrated sgRNAs. While effective, the method relies on early constitutive Cas9 activity that potentially can lead to discrepancies between genome edits and sgRNAs detected by PCR, reducing screen accuracy. To address this issue, we introduce a new method to co-transfect a plasmid expressing the anti-CRISPR protein AcrIIa4 to suppress Cas9 activity during early sgRNA expression, which we term "IntAC" (integrase with anti-CRISPR). IntAC allowed us to construct a new CRISPR screening approach driven by the high strength dU6:3 promoter. This new library dramatically improved precision-recall of fitness genes across the genome, retrieving 90-95% of essential gene groups within 5% error, allowing us to generate the most comprehensive list of cell fitness genes yet assembled for Drosophila. Our analysis determined that elevated sgRNA levels, made permissible by the IntAC approach, drove much of the improvement. The Drosophila fitness genes show strong correlation with human fitness genes and underscore the effects of paralogs on gene essentiality. We further demonstrate that IntAC combined with a targeted sgRNA sub-library enabled precise positive selection of a transporter under solute overload. IntAC represents a straightforward enhancement to existing Drosophila CRISPR screening methods, dramatically increasing accuracy, and might also be broadly applicable to virus-free CRISPR screens in other cell types, including mosquito, lepidopteran, tick, and mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viswanatha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entwisle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher resolution pooled genome-wide CRISPR knockout screening in Drosophila cells using integration and anti-CRISPR (IntAC)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated view of the structure and function of the human 4D nucleome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613111v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic three-dimensional (3D) organization of the human genome (the "4D Nucleome") is closely linked to genome function. Here, we integrate a wide variety of genomic data generated by the 4D Nucleome Project to provide a detailed view of human 3D genome organization in widely used embryonic stem cells (H1-hESCs) and immortalized fibroblasts (HFFc6). We provide extensive benchmarking of 3D genome mapping assays and integrate these diverse datasets to annotate spatial genomic features across scales. The data reveal a rich complexity of chromatin domains and their sub-nuclear positions, and over one hundred thousand structural loops and promoter-enhancer interactions. We developed 3D models of population-based and individual cell-to-cell variation in genome structure, establishing connections between chromosome folding, nuclear organization, chromatin looping, gene transcription, and DNA replication. We demonstrate the use of computational methods to predict genome folding from DNA sequence, uncovering potential effects of genetic variants on genome structure and function. Together, this comprehensive analysis contributes insights into human genome organization and enhances our understanding of connections between the regulation of genome function and 3D genome organization in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The 4D Nucleome Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksuz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minsk, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krietenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rando, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukalev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willemin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winick-Ng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempfer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pombo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schaik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peric-Hupkes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Steensel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinodoz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venev, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plewczynski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irastorza Azcarate, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thieme, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczepinska,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated view of the structure and function of the human 4D nucleome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.16.613218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Most Beefalo cattle have no detectable bison genetic ancestry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.16.613218v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybridization is common among lineages in the genus Bos, often mediated through human management for the selection of adaptive or desirable traits. A recent example is the American Beefalo cattle breed, which was developed in the 1970s and defined as a hybrid between American bison (Bison bison) and cattle (Bos taurus). The American Beefalo Association (ABA) typically require [3/8] bison ancestry to qualify as Beefalo. Here, we sought to characterize admixed ancestry among Beefalo as a component of a larger project to understand the role of hybridization in shaping present-day diversity in bison and cattle. We generated genomic data from 50 historical and present-day Beefalo and bison hybrids, including several important founding animals, as well as from 10 bison originating from commercial herds that represent potential sources of bison ancestry in Beefalo. We found that most Beefalo did not contain detectable bison ancestry. No individual Beefalo within our data set satisfies the ancestry requirements specified by the ABA, although several Beefalo had smaller proportions of bison ancestry (2-18%). Some beefalo had detectable zebu cattle ancestry (2-38%), suggesting that hybridization of taurine and zebu cattle may contribute to morphological similarity between some Beefalo and bison. Overall, ancestry profiles of Beefalo and bison hybrid genomes are consistent with repeated backcrossing to either parental species rather than the breeding between hybrids themselves, implying significant barriers to gene flow between bison and cattle. Our results call into question the [3/8] bison ancestry targeted by the breed association and demonstrate the value of genomic information in examining claims of interspecies gene flow among Bos species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaton, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.613218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Most Beefalo cattle have no detectable bison genetic ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.18.613782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroED Structures of Fluticasone Furoate and Fluticasone Propionate Provide New Insights to Their Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.18.613782v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The detailed understanding of fluticasone, a widely prescribed medicine for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has not been complete due to challenges in structural elucidation. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of fluticasone furoate 1 remained undetermined for decades, while the existing structures of fluticasone propionate 2 required refinement against improved data. In this study, we applied microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) to determine the 3D structures of 1 and 2 in their drug formulation state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were utilized to model solvent effects to determine the preferred geometries in solution. A comparative analysis of structures of 1 and 2 across three states (drug formulation state, in solution, and biologically active state) revealed major conformational changes during the entire transition. Potential energy plots were calculated for the most dynamic bonds, uncovering their rotational barriers. This study underscores the combined use of MicroED and DFT calculations to provide a comprehensive understanding of conformational and energy changes during drug functioning in humans. The quantitative comparison highlights the subtle structural differences that can lead to significant functional changes in pharmaceutical properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroED Structures of Fluticasone Furoate and Fluticasone Propionate Provide New Insights to Their Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.19.613993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating DNA Polα Enhances Cell Reprogramming Across Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.19.613993v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a fundamental biological process, DNA replication ensures the accurate copying of genetic information. However, the impact of this process on cellular plasticity in multicellular organisms remains elusive. Here, we find that reducing the level or activity of a replication component, DNA Polymerase  (Pol), facilitates cell reprogramming in diverse stem cell systems across species. In Drosophila male and female germline stem cell lineages, reducing Pol levels using heterozygotes significantly enhances fertility of both sexes, promoting reproductivity during aging without compromising their longevity. Consistently, in C. elegans the pola heterozygous hermaphrodites exhibit increased fertility without a reduction in lifespan, suggesting that this phenomenon is conserved. Moreover, in male germline and female intestinal stem cell lineages of Drosophila, pol heterozygotes exhibit increased resistance to tissue damage caused by genetic ablation or pathogen infection, leading to enhanced regeneration and improved survival during post-injury recovery, respectively. Additionally, fine tuning of an inhibitor to modulate Pol activity significantly enhances the efficiency of reprogramming human embryonic fibroblasts into induced pluripotent cells. Together, these findings unveil novel roles of a DNA replication component in regulating cellular reprogramming potential, and thus hold promise for promoting tissue health, facilitating post-injury rehabilitation, and enhancing healthspan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, B. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating DNA Polα Enhances Cell Reprogramming Across Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.16.612699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput amino acid-level characterization of the interactions of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 with variably divergent proteases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.16.612699v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While members of large paralogous protein families share structural features, their functional niches often diverge significantly. Serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs), whose members typically function as covalent inhibitors of serine proteases, are one such family. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a prototypic SERPIN, which canonically inhibits tissue-and urokinase-type plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA) to regulate fibrinolysis. PAI-1 has been shown to also inhibit other serine proteases, including coagulation factor XIIa (FXIIa) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). The structural determinants of PAI-1 inhibitory function toward these non-canonical protease targets, and the biological significance of these functions, are unknown. We applied deep mutational scanning (DMS) to assess the effects of [~]80% of all possible single amino acid substitutions in PAI-1 on its ability to inhibit three putative serine protease targets (uPA, FXIIa, and TMPRSS2). Selection with each target protease generated a unique PAI-1 mutational landscape, with the determinants of protease specificity distributed throughout PAI-1s primary sequence. Next, we conducted a comparative analysis of extant orthologous sequences, demonstrating that key residues modulating PAI-1 inhibition of uPA and FXIIa, but not TMPRSS2, are maintained by purifying selection. PAI-1s activity toward FXIIa may reflect how protease evolutionary relationships predict SERPIN functional divergence, which we support via a cophylogenetic analysis of all secreted SERPINs and their cognate serine proteases. This work provides insight into the functional diversification of SERPINs and lays the framework for extending these studies to other proteases and their regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haynes, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holding, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiGiovanni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siemieniak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsburg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.612699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput amino acid-level characterization of the interactions of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 with variably divergent proteases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.19.613951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal γCaMKII dopaminylation promotes synaptic-to-nuclear signaling and memory formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.19.613951v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein monoaminylation is a class of posttranslational modification (PTM) that contributes to transcription, physiology and behavior. While recent analyses have focused on histones as critical substrates of monoaminylation, the broader repertoire of monoaminylated proteins in brain remains unclear. Here, we report the development/implementation of a chemical probe for the bioorthogonal labeling, enrichment and proteomics-based detection of dopaminylated proteins in brain. We identified 1,557 dopaminylated proteins - many synaptic - including {gamma}CaMKII, which mediates Ca2+-dependent cellular signaling and hippocampal-dependent memory. We found that {gamma}CaMKII dopaminylation is largely synaptic and mediates synaptic-to-nuclear signaling, neuronal gene expression and intrinsic excitability, and contextual memory. These results indicate a critical role for synaptic dopaminylation in adaptive brain plasticity, and may suggest roles for these phenomena in pathologies associated with altered monoaminergic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand-de Cuttoli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brindley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrelly, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futamura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claypool, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastle, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Salvo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baljinnyam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marro, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devita, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal γCaMKII dopaminylation promotes synaptic-to-nuclear signaling and memory formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.20.613980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleation limited assembly and polarized growth of a de novo-designed allosterically modulatable protein filament 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.20.613980v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The design of inducibly assembling protein nanomaterials is an outstanding challenge. Here, we describe the computational design of a protein filament formed from a monomeric subunit that binds a peptide ligand. The cryoEM structure of the micron-scale fibers is very close to the computational design model. The ligand acts as a tunable allosteric modulator: while not part of the fiber subunit-subunit interfaces, the assembly of the filament is dependent on ligand addition, with longer peptides having more extensive interaction surfaces with the monomer, promoting more rapid growth. Seeded growth and capping experiments reveal that the filaments grow primarily from one end. We show that designed nucleators that present 12 copies of the peptide ligand promote fiber assembly at concentrations where otherwise assembly occurs very slowly, likely by generating critical local concentrations of monomer in the assembly competent conformation. Following filament assembly, the peptide ligand can be exchanged with free peptide in solution fused to any functional protein of interest, opening the door to a wide variety of tunable engineered materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derivery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.613980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleation limited assembly and polarized growth of a de novo-designed allosterically modulatable protein filament]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.20.612365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preventing Inappropriate Signals Pre- and Post-Ligand Perception by a Toggle-Switch Mechanism of ERECTA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.20.612365v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic control of signaling events requires swift regulation of receptors at an active state. By focusing on Arabidopsis ERECTA (ER) receptor kinase, which perceives peptide ligands to control multiple developmental processes, we report a mechanism preventing inappropriate receptor activity. The ER C-terminal tail (ER_CT) functions as an autoinhibitory domain: its removal confers higher kinase activity and hyperactivity during inflorescence and stomatal development. ER_CT is required for the binding of a receptor kinase inhibitor, BKI1, and two U-box E3 ligases PUB30 and PUB31 that inactivate activated ER. We further identify ER_CT as a phosphodomain trans-phosphorylated by the co-receptor BAK1. The phosphorylation impacts the tail structure, likely releasing from autoinhibition. The phosphonull version enhances BKI1 association, whereas the phosphomimetic version promotes PUB30/31 association. Thus, ER_CT acts as an off-on-off toggle switch, facilitating the release of BKI1 inhibition, enabling signal activation, and swiftly turning over the receptors afterwards. Our results elucidate a mechanism fine-tuning receptor signaling via a phosphoswitch module, keeping the receptor at a low basal state and ensuring the robust yet transient activation upon ligand perception.

SignificanceCells perceive and process external signals through their cell-surface receptors, whose activity must be tightly maintained to prevent the spread of misinformation. How do plant cells prevent the inappropriate receptor activity? We identify a structural module within the C-terminal tail of the ERECTA (ER_CT), that inhibits the receptor pre- and post-signal activation. The ER_CT comprises of a linker and an -helix. Before activation, ER_CT is autoinhibitory and associates with an inhibitory protein. Ligand perception triggers the transphosphorylation of ER_CT by the co-receptor, which then recruits a degradation machinery to swiftly turn over the activated receptor. Thus, we reveal an off-on-off toggle switch mechanism that finely adjusts the activity of the plant receptor, enabling the precise control over cell signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derbyshire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklenar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torii, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.612365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preventing Inappropriate Signals Pre- and Post-Ligand Perception by a Toggle-Switch Mechanism of ERECTA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.22.614349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The HIV-1 Nuclear Export Complex Reveals the Role of RNA in Crm1 Cargo Recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.22.614349v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crm1 is a highly conserved nuclear exportin that transports >1000 human proteins including ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. The interface between Crm1 and RNP cargos is unknown. The HIV regulatory protein, Rev, was one of the first identified cargos for Crm1 and contains a prototypic nuclear export sequence (NES). We present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the HIV-1 nuclear export complex (Crm1/Ran-GTP and the Rev/RRE RNP). Rev binds at a previously unseen protein-protein binding site that stabilizes a unique Crm1 dimer and positions two NESs within the Crm1 dimer. The orientation of Rev binding positions the RRE within a charged pocket on the inside of the Crm1 toroid, mediating direct RNA-Ran-GTP contacts, highlighting the significant role of the RRE in the interaction. Structure based mutations, combined with cell-based assays, show that Crm1 has multiple distinct cargo recognition sites and explains how Crm1 can recognize a diverse range of protein and RNP cargos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velarde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.22.614349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The HIV-1 Nuclear Export Complex Reveals the Role of RNA in Crm1 Cargo Recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.613567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal representations of alternative possibilities are flexibly generated to meet cognitive demands 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.613567v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cognitive ability to go beyond the present to consider alternative possibilities, including potential futures and counterfactual pasts, can support adaptive decision making. Complex and changing real-world environments, however, have many possible alternatives. Whether and how the brain can select among them to represent alternatives that meet current cognitive needs remains unknown. We therefore examined neural representations of alternative spatial locations in the rat hippocampus during navigation in a complex patch foraging environment with changing reward probabilities. We found representations of multiple alternatives along paths ahead and behind the animal, including in distant alternative patches. Critically, these representations were modulated in distinct patterns across successive trials: alternative paths were represented proportionate to their evolving relative value and predicted subsequent decisions, whereas distant alternatives were prevalent during value updating. These results demonstrate that the brain modulates the generation of alternative possibilities in patterns that meet changing cognitive needs for adaptive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Comrie, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroe, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denovellis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krausz, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.613567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal representations of alternative possibilities are flexibly generated to meet cognitive demands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.614608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quorum sensing orchestrates parallel cell death pathways in Vibrio cholerae via Type 6 secretion dependent and independent mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.614608v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication process that enables bacteria to coordinate group behaviors. In Vibrio cholerae colonies, a program of spatial-temporal cell death is among the QS-controlled traits. Cell death occurs in two phases, first along the colony rim, and subsequently, at the colony center. Both cell death phases are driven by the type VI secretion system (T6SS). Here, we show that HapR, the master QS regulator, does not control t6ss gene expression nor T6SS-mediated killing activity. Nonetheless, a {Delta}hapR strain displays no cell death at the colony rim. RNA-Seq analyses reveal that HapR activates expression of an operon containing four genes of unknown function, vca0646-0649. Epistasis and overexpression studies show that two of the genes, vca0646 and vca0647, are required to drive cell death in both a {Delta}hapR and a {Delta}hapR {Delta}t6ss strain. Thus, vca0646-0649 are regulated by HapR but act independently of the T6SS machinery to cause cell death, suggesting that a second, parallel pathway to cell death exists in V. cholerae.

SignificanceCell death is a fundamental biological process. In mammals, cell death sculpts tissues during development, enables injury recovery, and regulates immunity. In bacteria, cell death mechanisms remain little explored. Recently, colonies formed by the pathogen Vibrio cholerae were demonstrated to undergo a spatio-temporal program of cell death. The program is controlled by quorum sensing (QS) and driven by the Type VI secretion system. Here, we discover QS-controlled genes, called vca0646-0649, that cause cell death in V. cholerae colonies independently of the Type VI secretion system. These findings indicate that a second cell death pathway exists in V. cholerae. The results expand our understanding of bacterial cell death mechanisms and provide insight into how cell death shapes bacterial community structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mashruwala, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quorum sensing orchestrates parallel cell death pathways in Vibrio cholerae via Type 6 secretion dependent and independent mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.22.614378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Neural Representations of Hunger and Thirst in Neonatal Mice before the Emergence of Food- and Water-seeking Behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.22.614378v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hunger and thirst are two fundamental drives for maintaining homeostasis and elicit distinct food- and water-seeking behaviors essential for survival. For neonatal mammals, however, both hunger and thirst are sated by consuming milk from their mother. While distinct neural circuits underlying hunger and thirst drives in the adult brain have been characterized, it is unclear when these distinctions emerge in neonates and what processes may affect their development. Here we show that hypothalamic hunger and thirst regions already exhibit specific responses to starvation and dehydration well before a neonatal mouse can seek food and water separately. At this early age, hunger neurons drive feeding behaviors more than do thirst neurons. In vivo Neuropixels recordings in dehydrated and starved neonatal mice revealed that maternal presentation leads to a relative increase in activity which is suppressed by feeding on short timescales, particularly in hypothalamic and thalamic neurons. Changes in activity become more heterogeneous on longer timescales. Lastly, within neonatal regions that respond to both hunger and thirst, subpopulations of neurons respond distinctly to one or the other need. Combining food and water into a liquid diet throughout the animals life does not alter the distinct representations of hunger and thirst in the adult brain. Thus, neural representations of hunger and thirst in mice become distinct before food- and water-seeking behaviors mature and are robust to environmental changes in food and water sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehaffey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza-Campomanes, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.22.614378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Neural Representations of Hunger and Thirst in Neonatal Mice before the Emergence of Food- and Water-seeking Behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.21.614235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic Neuronal Activity Promotes Diffuse Midline Glioma Growth through Muscarinic Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.21.614235v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity promotes the proliferation of healthy oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) and their malignant counterparts, gliomas. Many gliomas arise from and closely resemble oligodendroglial lineage precursors, including diffuse midline glioma (DMG), a cancer affecting midline structures such as the thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord. In DMG, glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal activity promotes progression through both paracrine signaling and through bona-fide neuron-to-glioma synapses. However, the putative roles of other neuronal subpopulations - especially neuromodulatory neurons located in the brainstem that project to long-range target sites in midline anatomical locations where DMGs arise - remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the activity of cholinergic midbrain neurons modulates both healthy OPC and malignant DMG proliferation in a circuit-specific manner at sites of long-range cholinergic projections. Optogenetic stimulation of the cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) promotes glioma growth in pons, while stimulation of the laterodorsal tegmentum nucleus (LDT) facilitates proliferation in thalamus, consistent with the predominant projection patterns of each cholinergic midbrain nucleus. Reciprocal signaling was evident, as increased activity of cholinergic neurons in the PPN and LDT was observed in pontine DMG-bearing mice. In co-culture, hiPSC-derived cholinergic neurons form neuron-to-glioma networks with DMG cells and robustly promote proliferation. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses revealed prominent expression of the muscarinic receptor genes CHRM1 and CHRM3 in primary patient DMG samples, particularly enriched in the OPC-like tumor subpopulation. Acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter cholinergic neurons release, exerts a direct effect on DMG tumor cells, promoting increased proliferation and invasion through muscarinic receptors. Pharmacological blockade of M1 and M3 acetylcholine receptors abolished the activity-regulated increase in DMG proliferation in cholinergic neuron-glioma co-culture and in vivo. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that midbrain cholinergic neuron long-range projections to midline structures promote activity-dependent DMG growth through M1 and M3 cholinergic receptors, mirroring a parallel proliferative effect on healthy OPCs.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIActivity of midbrain cholinergic neuron long-range projections increases proliferation of both healthy oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) and malignant diffuse midline glioma (DMG) cells.
C_LIO_LIOptogenetic stimulation of cholinergic midbrain nuclei promotes growth in thalamic and pontine glioma in a circuit-dependent manner.
C_LIO_LIReciprocally, DMG cells increase cholinergic neuronal activity in cholinergic midbrain nuclei.
C_LIO_LIThe muscarinic receptors CHRM1 and CHRM3 are identified as therapeutic targets in DMG.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drinnenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drexler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamardani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancusi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatlock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala-Sarmiento, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rincon Fernandez Pacheco, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siverts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.21.614235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic Neuronal Activity Promotes Diffuse Midline Glioma Growth through Muscarinic Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.614580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Galvanin is an electric-field sensor for directed cell migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.614580v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Directed cell migration of immune and epithelial cells is critical for their rapid response to tissue injury or infection. Endogenous electric fields generated by disruption of the transepithelial potential across the skin have been postulated to play an important role in guiding cells to wound sites, though how individual cells sense these tissue-scale physical cues remains largely unknown. We have identified Galvanin (TMEM154), a previously uncharacterized single-pass transmembrane protein, as being required for electric-field-guided migration of individual rapidly moving cells. Galvanin functions in both immune and epithelial cell types. Upon exposure of cells to an electric field, Galvanin rapidly relocalizes to the anodal side of a cell, and the net charge on its extracellular domain is necessary and sufficient to drive this spatial relocalization. Furthermore, expression of Galvanin is sufficient to confer electric field-guided migration on otherwise non-responsive epithelial cells. In human neutrophils, we show that Galvanin relocalization is immediately followed by changes in the spatial pattern of cellular protrusion and retraction. The strong directional response of these cells is lost upon truncation of Galvanins intracellular domain, suggesting that Galvanin acts as a direct sensor of the electric field, transducing spatial information about a cells electrical environment to the intracellular migratory apparatus. This sensor relocalization mechanism of cell steering defines a new paradigm for directed cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belliveau, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Footer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platenkamp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eustis, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Galvanin is an electric-field sensor for directed cell migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.24.614595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide CRISPR screen in Anopheles mosquito cells identifies essential genes and required components of clodronate liposome function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.24.614595v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles mosquitoes are the sole vector of human malaria, the most burdensome vector-borne disease worldwide. Strategies aimed at reducing mosquito populations and limiting their ability to transmit disease show the most promise for disease control. Therefore, gaining an improved understanding of mosquito biology, and specifically that of the immune response, can aid efforts to develop new approaches that limit malaria transmission. Here, we use a genome-wide CRISPR screening approach for the first time in mosquito cells to identify essential genes in Anopheles and identify genes for which knockout confers resistance to clodronate liposomes, which have been widely used in mammals and arthropods to ablate immune cells. In the essential gene screen, we identified a set of 1280 Anopheles genes that are highly enriched for genes involved in fundamental cell processes. For the clodronate liposome screen, we identified several candidate resistance factors and confirm their roles in the uptake and processing of clodronate liposomes through in vivo validation in Anopheles gambiae, providing new mechanistic detail of phagolysosome formation and clodronate liposome function. In summary, we demonstrate the application of a genome-wide CRISPR knockout platform in a major malaria vector and the identification of genes that are important for fitness and immune-related processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mameli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samantsidis, G.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanatha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butnaru, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide CRISPR screen in Anopheles mosquito cells identifies essential genes and required components of clodronate liposome function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.614588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fate of pyruvate dictates cell growth by modulating cellular redox potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.614588v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyruvate occupies a central node in carbohydrate metabolism such that how it is produced and consumed can optimize a cell for energy production or biosynthetic capacity. This has been primarily studied in proliferating cells, but observations from the post-mitotic Drosophila fat body led us to hypothesize that pyruvate fate might dictate the rapid cell growth observed in this organ during development. Indeed, we demonstrate that augmented mitochondrial pyruvate import prevented cell growth in fat body cells in vivo as well as in cultured mammalian hepatocytes and human hepatocyte-derived cells in vitro. We hypothesize that this effect on cell size was caused by an increase in the NADH/NAD+ ratio, which rewired metabolism toward gluconeogenesis and suppressed the biomass-supporting glycolytic pathway. Amino acid synthesis was decreased, and the resulting loss of protein synthesis prevented cell growth. Surprisingly, this all occurred in the face of activated pro-growth signaling pathways, including mTORC1, Myc, and PI3K/Akt. These observations highlight the evolutionarily conserved role of pyruvate metabolism in setting the balance between energy extraction and biomass production in specialized post-mitotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toshniwal, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cluntun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skabelund, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisidagama, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thummel, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fate of pyruvate dictates cell growth by modulating cellular redox potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.20.614052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Achieving Single Cell Acoustic Localisation with Deactivation Super Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.20.614052v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Super-resolution optical microscopy enables optical imaging of cells, molecules and other biological structures beyond the diffraction limit. However, no similar method exists to super-resolve specific cells with ultrasound. Here we introduce Deactivation Super Resolution (DSR), an ultrasound imaging method that uses the acoustic deactivation of genetically encodable contrast agents to super-resolve individual cells with ultrasound as they navigate through structures that cannot be resolved by conventional imaging methods. DSR takes advantage of gas vesicles, which are air-filled sub-micron protein particles that can be expressed in genetically engineered cells to produce ultrasound contrast. Our experimental results show that DSR can distinguish sub-wavelength microstructures that standard B-mode ultrasound images fail to resolve by super- localizing individual mammalian cells. This study provides a proof of concept for the potential of DSR to serve as a super- resolution ultrasound technique for individual cell localization, opening new horizons in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Achieving Single Cell Acoustic Localisation with Deactivation Super Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.25.614868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling protein-small molecule conformational ensembles with ChemNet 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.25.614868v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modeling the conformational heterogeneity of protein-small molecule interactions is important for understanding natural systems and evaluating designed systems, but remains an outstanding challenge. We reasoned that while residue level descriptions of biomolecules are efficient for de novo structure prediction, for probing heterogeneity of interactions with small molecules in the folded state an entirely atomic level description could have advantages in speed and generality. We developed a graph neural network called PLACER (Protein-Ligand Atomistic Conformational Ensemble Resolver) trained to recapitulate correct atomic positions from partially corrupted input structures from the Cambridge Structural Database and the Protein Data Bank; the nodes of the graph are the atoms in the system. PLACER accurately generates structures of diverse organic small molecules given knowledge of their atom composition and bonding, and given a description of the larger protein context, builds up structures of small molecules and protein side chains for protein-small molecule docking. Because PLACER is rapid and stochastic, ensembles of predictions can be readily generated to map conformational heterogeneity. In enzyme design efforts described here and elsewhere, we find that using PLACER to assess the accuracy and pre-organization of the designed active sites results in higher success rates and higher activities; we obtain a preorganized retroaldolase with a kcat/KM of 11000 M-1min-1, considerably higher than any pre-deep learning design for this reaction. We anticipate that PLACER will be widely useful for rapidly generating conformational ensembles of small molecule and small molecule-protein systems, and for designing higher activity preorganized enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anishchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalvet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling protein-small molecule conformational ensembles with ChemNet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.614598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probiotic acoustic biosensors for noninvasive imaging of gut inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.614598v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) affect millions of people globally, result in severe symptoms, and are difficult to diagnose and monitor - often necessitating the use of invasive and costly methods such as colonoscopies or endoscopies. Engineered gut bacteria offer a promising alternative due to their ability to persist in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and sense and respond to specific environmental signals. However, probiotics that have previously been engineered to report on inflammatory and other disease biomarkers in the Gl tract rely on fluorescent or bioluminescent reporters, whose signals cannot be resolved in situ due to the poor penetration of light in tissue. To overcome this limitation, we introduce probiotic biosensors that can be imaged in situ using ultrasound - a widely available, inexpensive imaging modality providing sub-mm spatial resolution deep inside the body. These biosensors are based on the clinically approved probiotic bacterium E. coli Nissle, which we engineered to transiently colonize the GI tract, sense inflammatory biomarkers, and respond by expressing air-filled sound-scattering protein nanostructures called gas vesicles. After optimizing biomolecular signaling circuits to respond sensitively to the biomarkers thiosulfate and tetrathionate and produce strong and stable ultrasound contrast, we validated our living biosensors in vivo by noninvasively imaging antibiotic-induced inflammation in mice. By connecting cell-based diagnostic agents to ultrasound, this "diagnostic yogurt" will make it easier, cheaper, and less painful to diagnose and monitor IBD or other GI conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buss, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabor, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probiotic acoustic biosensors for noninvasive imaging of gut inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.24.614721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex genetic variation in nearly complete human genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.24.614721v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse sets of complete human genomes are required to construct a pangenome reference and to understand the extent of complex structural variation. Here, we sequence 65 diverse human genomes and build 130 haplotype-resolved assemblies (130 Mbp median continuity), closing 92% of all previous assembly gaps1,2 and reaching telomere-to-telomere (T2T) status for 39% of the chromosomes. We highlight complete sequence continuity of complex loci, including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), SMN1/SMN2, NBPF8, and AMY1/AMY2, and fully resolve 1,852 complex structural variants (SVs). In addition, we completely assemble and validate 1,246 human centromeres. We find up to 30-fold variation in -satellite high-order repeat (HOR) array length and characterize the pattern of mobile element insertions into -satellite HOR arrays. While most centromeres predict a single site of kinetochore attachment, epigenetic analysis suggests the presence of two hypomethylated regions for 7% of centromeres. Combining our data with the draft pangenome reference1 significantly enhances genotyping accuracy from short-read data, enabling whole-genome inference3 to a median quality value (QV) of 45. Using this approach, 26,115 SVs per sample are detected, substantially increasing the number of SVs now amenable to downstream disease association studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audano, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prodanov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paisie, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henglin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabbani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashraf, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austine-Orimoloye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balachandran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guethlein, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfeld, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshima, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex genetic variation in nearly complete human genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.25.614989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Effective Surface Passivation Assay for Single-Molecule Studies of Chromatin and Topoisomerase II 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.25.614989v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For single-molecule studies requiring surface anchoring of biomolecules, a poorly passivated surface can result in alterations of biomolecule structure and function that can result in artifacts. This protocol describes surface passivation and sample chamber preparation for mechanical manipulation of chromatin fibers and characterization of topoisomerase II activity in physiological buffer conditions. The method employs enhanced surface hydrophobicity and purified blocking proteins to reduce non-specific surface adsorption. This method is accessible, cost-effective, and potentially widely applicable to other biomolecules.

For a complete list of publications that employ this protocol, see the paper references.

B. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=154 SRC="FIGDIR/small/614989v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d52b73org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@117bfc3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2eb670org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cb88b2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Effective Surface Passivation Assay for Single-Molecule Studies of Chromatin and Topoisomerase II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.25.614944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunable Elliptical Cylinders for Rotational Mechanical Studies of Single DNA Molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.25.614944v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The angular optical trap (AOT) is a powerful technique for measuring the DNA topology and rotational mechanics of fundamental biological processes. Realizing the full potential of the AOT requires rapid torsional control of these processes. However, existing AOT quartz cylinders are limited in their ability to meet the high rotation rate requirement while minimizing laser-induced photodamage. In this work, we present a novel trapping particle design to meet this challenge by creating small metamaterial elliptical cylinders with tunable trapping force and torque properties. The optical torque of these cylinders arises from their shape anisotropy, with their optical properties tuned via multilayered SiO2 and Si3N4 deposition. We demonstrate that these cylinders can be rotated at about 3 times the rate of quartz cylinders without slippage while enhancing the torque measurement resolution during DNA torsional elasticity studies. This approach opens new opportunities for previously inaccessible rotational studies of DNA processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunable Elliptical Cylinders for Rotational Mechanical Studies of Single DNA Molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.26.615271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of the fluid homeostasis system by aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.26.615271v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic dehydration is a leading cause of morbidity for the elderly, but how aging alters the fluid homeostasis system is not well understood. Here, we used a combination of physiologic, behavioral and circuit analyses to characterize how fluid balance is affected by aging in mice. We found that old mice have a primary defect in sensing and producing the anti-diuretic hormone vasopressin, which results in chronic dehydration. Recordings and manipulations of the thirst circuitry revealed that old mice retain the ability to sense systemic cues of dehydration but are impaired in detecting presystemic, likely oropharyngeal, cues generated during eating and drinking, resulting in disorganized drinking behavior on short timescales. Surprisingly, old mice had increased drinking and motivation after 24-hour water deprivation, indicating that aging does not result in a general impairment in the thirst circuit. These findings reveal how a homeostatic system undergoes coordinated changes during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behne Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of the fluid homeostasis system by aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.28.615015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridge-like lipid transfer protein 3A (BLTP3A) is associated with membranes of the late endocytic pathway and is an effector of CASM 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.28.615015v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have identified a family of rod-shaped proteins thought to mediate lipid transfer at intracellular membrane contacts by a bridge-like mechanism. We show one such protein, bridge-like lipid transfer protein 3A (BLTP3A)/UHRF1BP1 binds VAMP7 vesicles via its C-terminal region and anchors them to lysosomes via its chorein domain containing N-terminal region to Rab7. Upon lysosome damage, BLTP3A-positive vesicles rapidly (within minutes) dissociate from lysosomes. Lysosome damage is known to activate the CASM (Conjugation of ATG8 to Single Membranes) pathway leading to lipidation and recruitment to lysosomes of mammalian ATG8 (mATG8) proteins. We find that this process drives the reassociation of BLTP3A with damaged lysosomes via an interaction of its LIR motif with mATG8 which coincides with a dissociation from the vesicles. Our findings reveal that BLTP3A is an effector of CASM, potentially as part of a mechanism to help repair or minimize lysosome damage.

TeaserBLTP3A is localized on membranes of the late endocytic system and is CASM effector, pointing to a role of this proteins in the response to lysosome damage
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanna, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Cruz, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujise, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuoning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.28.615015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridge-like lipid transfer protein 3A (BLTP3A) is associated with membranes of the late endocytic pathway and is an effector of CASM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.28.615444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping and engineering RNA-controlled architecture of the multiphase nucleolus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.28.615444v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are key features of intracellular compartmentalization. As the most prominent nuclear condensate in eukaryotes, the nucleolus is a layered multiphase liquid-like structure and the site of ribosome biogenesis. In the nucleolus, ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are transcribed and processed, undergoing multiple maturation steps that ultimately result in formation of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU). However, how rRNA processing is coupled to the layered nucleolar organization is poorly understood due to a lack of tools to precisely monitor and perturb nucleolar rRNA processing dynamics. Here, we developed two complementary approaches to spatiotemporally map rRNA processing and engineer de novo nucleoli. Using sequencing in parallel with imaging, we found that rRNA processing steps are spatially segregated, with sequential maturation of rRNA required for its outward movement through nucleolar phases. Furthermore, by generating synthetic de novo nucleoli through an engineered rDNA plasmid system in cells, we show that defects in SSU processing can alter the ordering of nucleolar phases, resulting in inside-out nucleoli and preventing rRNA outflux, while LSU precursors are necessary to build the outermost layer of the nucleolus. These findings demonstrate how rRNA is both a scaffold and substrate for the nucleolus, with rRNA acting as a programmable blueprint for the multiphase architecture that facilitates assembly of an essential molecular machine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinodoz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Alfa, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comi, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesner, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botello, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donlic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soehalim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorbas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wacheul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmrlj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafontaine, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.28.615444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping and engineering RNA-controlled architecture of the multiphase nucleolus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.28.615567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM visualizes multiple steps of dynein activation pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.28.615567v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is an essential molecular motor controlled in part by autoinhibition. We recently identified a structure of partially autoinhibited dynein bound to Lis1, a key dynein regulator mutated in the neurodevelopmental disease lissencephaly. This structure provides an intermediate state in dyneins activation pathway; however, other structural information is needed to fully explain Lis1 function in dynein activation. Here, we used cryo-EM and samples incubated with ATP for different times to reveal novel conformations that we propose represent intermediate states in the dyneins activation pathway. We solved sixteen high-resolution structures, including seven distinct dynein and dynein-Lis1 structures from the same sample. Our data also support a model in which Lis1 relieves dynein autoinhibition by increasing its basal ATP hydrolysis rate and promoting conformations compatible with complex assembly and motility. Together, this analysis advances our understanding of dynein activation and the contribution of Lis1 to this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kendrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MA, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasmanis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.28.615567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM visualizes multiple steps of dynein activation pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.27.615443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent-TGF-β has a domain swapped architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.27.615443v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multifunctional cytokine TGF-{beta} is produced in a latent form (L-TGF-{beta}) where a RGD containing homodimeric prodomain forms a "ring" encircling mature TGF-{beta} shielding it from its receptors. Thus L-TGF-{beta} must be activated to function, a process driven by dynamic allostery resulting from integrin binding the L-TGF-{beta} RGD motif. Here we provide critical evidence that defines a domain-swapped architecture of L-TGF-{beta}, an essential component in the dynamic allostery mechanism of L-TGF-{beta} activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shing, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent-TGF-β has a domain swapped architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.615804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first complete 3D reconstruction and morphofunctional mapping of an insect eye 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.615804v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structure of compound eyes in arthropods has been the subject of many studies, revealing important biological principles. Until recently, these studies were constrained by the two-dimensional nature of available ultrastructural data. By taking advantage of the novel three-dimensional ultrastructural dataset obtained using volume electron microscopy (vEM), we present the first cellular-level reconstruction of the whole compound eye of an insect, the miniaturized parasitoid wasp Megaphragma viggianii. The compound eye of the female M. viggianii consists of 29 ommatidia and contains 478 cells. Despite the almost anucleate brain, all cells of the compound eye contain nuclei. As in larger insects, the dorsal rim area (DRA) of the eye in M. viggianii contains ommatidia that are believed to be specialized in polarized light detection as reflected in their corneal and retinal morphology. We report the presence of three  ectopic photoreceptors. Our results offer new insights into the miniaturization of compound eyes and scaling of sensory organs in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makarova, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diakova, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desyatirkina, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chklovskii, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polilov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first complete 3D reconstruction and morphofunctional mapping of an insect eye]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.615957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversified, miniaturized and ancestral parts for mammalian genome engineering and molecular recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.615957v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the synthetic biology and genome engineering fields mature and converge, there is a clear need for a "parts list" of components that are diversified with respect to both functional activity (to facilitate design) and primary sequence (to facilitate assembly). Here we designed libraries composed of extant, ancestral, mutagenized or miniaturized variants of Pol III promoters or guide RNA (gRNA) scaffolds and quantified their ability to mediate precise edits to the mammalian genome via multiplex prime editing. We identified thousands of parts that reproducibly drive a range of editing activities in human and mouse stem cells and cancer cell lines, including hundreds exhibiting similar or greater activity than the sequences used in conventional genome engineering constructs. We further conducted saturation mutagenesis screens of canonical Pol III promoters (U6p, 7SKp, H1p) and the prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) scaffold, which identified tolerated variants that can be superimposed on baseline parts to further enhance sequence diversity. While characterizing thousands of orthologous promoters from hundreds of extant or ancestral genomes, we incidentally mapped the functional landscape of mammalian Pol III promoter evolution. Finally, to showcase the usefulness of these parts, we designed a "ten key" molecular recording array that lacks repetitive subsequences in order to facilitate its one-step assembly in yeast. Upon delivering this 15.8 kb tandem array of promoters and guides to mammalian cells, individual pegRNAs exhibited balanced activities as predicted by the activity of component parts, despite their relocation to a single locus. Looking forward, we anticipate that the diversified parts and variant effect maps reported here can be leveraged for the design, assembly and deployment of synthetic loci encoding arrays of gRNAs exhibiting predictable, differentiated levels of activity, which will be useful for multiplex perturbation, advanced biological recorders and complex genetic circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDiarmid, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chardon, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalanne, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathans, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knuth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coradini, A. L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinglay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversified, miniaturized and ancestral parts for mammalian genome engineering and molecular recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.615609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An aneuploidy epistasis map reveals metabolic vulnerabilities associated with supernumerary chromosomes in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.615609v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the general detriment of aneuploidy to cellular fitness, >90% of solid tumors carry an imbalanced karyotype. Regardless of this existing paradox, our understanding of the molecular responses to aneuploidy remains limited. Here, we explore these cellular stresses and unique vulnerabilities in aneuploid human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) enriched for breast cancer-associated copy number alterations (CNAs). To uncover the genetic dependencies specific to aneuploid cells, we conducted a comprehensive, genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen targeting isogenic diploid and aneuploid HMEC lines. Our study reveals that aneuploid HMECs exhibit an increased reliance on pyrimidine biosynthesis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation genes, and demonstrate heightened fitness advantages upon loss of tumor suppressor genes. Using an integrative multi-omic analysis, we confirm nucleotide pool insufficiency as a key contributor to widespread cellular dysfunction in aneuploid HMECs with net copy number gain. While diploid cells can switch seamlessly between pyrimidine synthesis and salvage, cells with increased chromosomal content exhibit p53 activation and S-phase arrest when relying on salvage alone, and exhibit increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics. This work advances our understanding of the consequences of aneuploidy and uncovers potential avenues for patient stratification and therapeutic intervention based on tumor ploidy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magesh, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseyang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera Nieves, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guertin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An aneuploidy epistasis map reveals metabolic vulnerabilities associated with supernumerary chromosomes in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.615982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remote activation of place codes by gaze in a highly visual animal 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.615982v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vision enables many animals to perform spatial reasoning from remote locations. By viewing distant landmarks, animals recall spatial memories and plan future trajectories. Although these spatial functions depend on hippocampal place cells, the relationship between place cells and active visual behavior is unknown. Here, we studied a highly visual animal, the chickadee, in a behavior that required alternating between remote visual search and spatial navigation. We leveraged the unique head-directed nature of avian vision to track gaze in freely moving animals. We discovered a profound link between place coding and gaze. Place cells activated not only when the chickadee was in a specific location, but also when it simply gazed at that location from a distance. Gaze coding was precisely timed by fast, ballistic head movements called "head saccades". On each saccadic cycle, the hippocampus switched between encoding a prediction of what the bird was about to see and a reaction to what it actually saw. The temporal structure of these responses was coordinated by subclasses of interneurons that fired at different phases of the saccade. We suggest that place and gaze coding are components of a unified process by which the hippocampus represents the location that an animal is currently attending to. This process allows the hippocampus to implement both local and remote spatial functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Payne, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remote activation of place codes by gaze in a highly visual animal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.615928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Posterior Parietal Cortex Regulates Intrinsic Neural Timescales and Attentional Processing in Frontal Eye Field 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.30.615928v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsic neural timescales quantify how long spontaneous neuronal activity patterns persist, reflecting dynamics of endogenous fluctuations. We measured intrinsic timescales of frontal eye field (FEF) neurons and examined their changes during posterior parietal cortex (PPC) inactivation. We observed two distinct classes of FEF neurons based on their intrinsic timescales: short-timescale neurons ([~]25 ms) or long-timescale neurons ([~]100 ms). Short-timescale neurons showed stronger transient visual responses, suggesting their role in rapid visual processing, whereas long-timescale neurons exhibited pronounced sustained attentional modulation, suggesting their role in maintaining stimulus-driven attention. During PPC inactivation, intrinsic timescales increased in both neuron types, with a significantly larger effect in short-timescale neurons. In addition, PPC inactivation reduced attentional modulation, particularly in long-timescale neurons. Our findings provide the first causal evidence linking intrinsic local neural timescales to long-range inter-area communications. These findings also suggest the presence of at least two distinct network motifs that support different neuronal dynamics and functional computations within the FEF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soyuhos, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Posterior Parietal Cortex Regulates Intrinsic Neural Timescales and Attentional Processing in Frontal Eye Field]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.01.616117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid two-step target capture ensures efficient CRISPR-Cas9-guided genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.01.616117v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas enzymes initiate programmable genome editing by recognizing a 20-base-pair DNA sequence adjacent to a short protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). To uncover the molecular determinants of high-efficiency editing, we conducted biochemical, biophysical and cell-based assays on S. pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9) variants with wide-ranging genome editing efficiencies that differ in PAM binding specificity. Our results show that reduced PAM specificity causes persistent non-selective DNA binding and recurrent failures to engage the target sequence through stable guide RNA hybridization, leading to reduced genome editing efficiency in cells. These findings reveal a fundamental trade-off between broad PAM recognition and genome editing effectiveness. We propose that high-efficiency RNA-guided genome editing relies on an optimized two-step target capture process, where selective but low-affinity PAM binding precedes rapid DNA unwinding. This model provides a foundation for engineering more effective CRISPR-Cas and related RNA-guided genome editors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sayyad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colognori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cofsky, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid two-step target capture ensures efficient CRISPR-Cas9-guided genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.02.615924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-laboratory Study Establishes Reproducible Methods for Plant-Microbiome Research in Fabricated Ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.02.615924v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inter-laboratory replicability is crucial yet challenging in microbiome research. Leveraging microbiomes to promote soil health and plant growth requires understanding underlying molecular mechanisms using reproducible experimental systems. In a global collaborative effort involving five laboratories, we aimed to help advance reproducibility in microbiome studies by testing our ability to replicate synthetic community assembly experiments. Our study compared fabricated ecosystems constructed using two different synthetic bacterial communities, the model grass Brachypodium distachyon, and sterile EcoFAB 2.0 devices. All participating laboratories observed consistent inoculum-dependent changes in plant phenotype, root exudate composition, and final bacterial community structure where Paraburkholderia sp. OAS925 could dramatically shift microbiome composition. Comparative genomics and exudate utilization linked the pH-dependent colonization ability of Paraburkholderia, which was further confirmed with motility assays. The study provides detailed protocols, benchmarking datasets, and best practices to help advance replicable science and inform future multi-laboratory reproducibility studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Novak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andeer, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabria, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelm, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wippel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosina, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sordo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushizima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Lefert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.615924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-laboratory Study Establishes Reproducible Methods for Plant-Microbiome Research in Fabricated Ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.02.616333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Platinum Pedigree: A long-read benchmark for genetic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.02.616333v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in genome sequencing have improved variant calling in complex regions of the human genome. However, it is difficult to quantify variant calling performance since existing standards often focus on specificity, neglecting completeness in difficult to analyze regions. To create a more comprehensive truth set, we used Mendelian inheritance in a large pedigree (CEPH-1463) to filter variants across Illumina, PacBio high-fidelity (HiFi), and Oxford Nanopore Technologies platforms. This generated a variant map with over 4.7 million single-nucleotide variants, 767,795 indels, 537,486 tandem repeats, and 24,315 structural variants, covering 2.77 Gb of the GRCh38 genome. This work adds [~]200 Mb of high-confidence regions, including 8% more small variants, and introduces the first tandem repeat and structural variant truth sets for NA12878. As an example of the value of this improved benchmark, we retrained DeepVariant using this data to reduce genotyping errors by [~]34%.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kronenberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokveld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolzhenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koundinya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanslow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dashnow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansdorp, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorde, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neklason, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Platinum Pedigree: A long-read benchmark for genetic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.01.616095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Statistical Metric for Robust Target Detection in Cryo-EM Using 2DTM 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.01.616095v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2D template matching (2DTM) can be used to detect molecules and their assemblies in cellular cryo-EM images with high positional and orientational accuracy. While 2DTM successfully detects spherical targets such as large ribosomal subunits, challenges remain in detecting smaller and more aspherical targets in various environments. In this work, a novel 2DTM metric, referred to as the 2DTM p-value, is developed to extend the 2DTM framework to more complex applications. The 2DTM p-value combines information from two previously used 2DTM metrics, namely the 2DTM signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and z-score, which are derived from the cross-correlation coefficient between the target and the template. The 2DTM p-value demonstrates robust detection accuracies under various imaging and sample conditions and outperforms the 2DTM SNR and z-score alone. Specifically, the 2DTM p-value improves the detection of aspherical targets such as a modified artificial tubulin patch particle (500 kDa) and a much smaller clathrin monomer (193 kDa) in simulated data. It also accurately recovers mature 60S ribosomes in yeast lamellae samples, even under conditions of increased Gaussian noise. The new metric will enable the detection of a wider variety of targets in both purified and cellular samples through 2DTM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangan, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.616095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Statistical Metric for Robust Target Detection in Cryo-EM Using 2DTM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.03.615679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary lipid is largely deposited in skin and rapidly affects insulating properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.03.615679v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skin has been shown to be a regulatory hub for energy expenditure and metabolism: mutations of skin lipid metabolism enzymes can change the rate of thermogenesis and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. However, little is known about the physiological basis for this function. Here we show that the thermal properties of skin are highly reactive to diet: within three days, a high fat diet reduces heat transfer through skin. In contrast, a dietary manipulation that prevents obesity accelerates energy loss through skins. We found that skin was the largest target in a mouse body for dietary fat delivery, and that dietary triglyceride was assimilated both by epidermis and by dermal white adipose tissue. Skin from mice calorie-restricted for 3 weeks did not take up circulating lipids and showed a highly depleted stratum corneum. Dietary triglyceride acyl groups persist in skin for weeks after feeding. Using multi-modal lipid profiling, we have implicated both keratinocytes and sebocytes in the altered lipids which correlate with thermal function. In response to high fat feeding, wax diesters and ceramides accumulate, and triglycerides become more saturated. In contrast, in response to the dramatic loss of adipose tissue that accompanies restriction of the branched chain amino acid isoleucine, skin becomes more heat-permeable, resisting changes induced by Western diet feeding, with a signature of depleted signaling lipids. We propose that skin should be routinely included in physiological studies of lipid metabolism, given the size of the skin lipid reservoir and its adaptable functionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermsmeyer, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett-Wilt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, C.-L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDougald, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamming, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.615679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary lipid is largely deposited in skin and rapidly affects insulating properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.01.615771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sciphy: A Bayesian phylogenetic framework using sequential genetic lineage tracing data. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.01.615771v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-based lineage tracing offers a promising avenue to decipher single cell lineage trees, especially in organisms that are challenging for microscopy. A recent advancement in this domain is lineage tracing based on sequential genome editing, which not only records genetic edits but also the order in which they occur. To capitalize on this enriched data, we introduce SciPhy, a simulation and inference tool integrated within the BEAST 2 framework. SciPhy utilizes a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to estimate time-scaled phylogenies and cell population parameters. After validating SciPhy using simulations, we apply it to two lineage tracing datasets for which we estimate time-scaled trees together with cell proliferation rates. Using simulated and real lineage tracing data obtained from a monoclonal culture of HEK293T cells, we compare SciPhy to other lineage reconstruction methods, and find that SciPhy consistently constructs distinct, and more accurate lineage trees. In particular, for HEK293T cells, SciPhy trees stand out for their later estimated cell division times. In addition, SciPhy reports uncertainty as well as proliferation rates, neither of which are available within a UPGMA analysis. Our second example applies SciPhy to the study of murine gastruloids, and showcases the use of complex models of time-varying population growth to capture realistic aspects of this in-vitro model of early mammalian development. Together, these examples showcase the application of advanced phylogenetic and phylodynamic tools to explore and quantify cell lineage trees, laying the groundwork for enhanced and confident analyses to decode the complexities of biological development in multicellular organisms. SciPhys codebase is publicly available at https://github.com/azwaans/SciPhy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seidel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwaans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regalado, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.615771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sciphy: A Bayesian phylogenetic framework using sequential genetic lineage tracing data.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.02.616240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered Whole Lungs for Tissue Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.02.616240v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
End-stage lung disease and lung cancer significantly contribute to global mortality, necessitating new research strategies for studying pulmonary biology. Here, we present an engineered whole-lung tissue model used to evaluate the effects of cellular communities on tissue organization and alveolar barrier function. Engineered lungs were grown ex vivo on decellularized whole-lung matrices as structurally biomimetic, bioactive scaffolds. Histologic architecture of engineered lungs improved with the addition of alveolar macrophages, coming to resemble neonatal lung. Incorporating alveolar macrophages maximized the differentiation of native-like cellular communities, including alveolar type I-like epithelium, bronchioalveolar stem cells, microvascular endothelium, and pericytes. Cell-cell signaling in engineered lungs showed activation of developmental and inflammatory pathways, including WNT, Notch, and FGF signaling pathways. Engineered lungs containing alveolar macrophages showed a 668% improvement in measured alveolar barrier function. This work demonstrates the potential utility of engineered lung models for studying principles of tissue biology and pulmonary regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greaney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raredon, M. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizoguchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baevova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchiya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niklason, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered Whole Lungs for Tissue Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.04.616749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for a nucleoporin exportin complex between RanBP2, SUMO1-RanGAP1, the E2 Ubc9, Crm1 and the Ran GTPase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.04.616749v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human nucleoporin RanBP2/Nup358 interacts with SUMO1-modified RanGAP1 and the SUMO E2 Ubc9 at the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to promote export and disassembly of exportin Crm1/Ran(GTP)/cargo complexes. In mitosis, RanBP2/SUMO1-RanGAP1/Ubc9 remains intact after NPC disassembly and is recruited to kinetochores and mitotic spindles by Crm1 where it contributes to mitotic progression. Interestingly, RanBP2 binds SUMO1-RanGAP1/Ubc9 via motifs that also catalyze SUMO E3 ligase activity. Here, we resolve cryo-EM structures of a RanBP2 C-terminal fragment in complex with Crm1, SUMO1-RanGAP1/Ubc9, and two molecules of Ran(GTP). These structures reveal several unanticipated interactions with Crm1 including a nuclear export signal (NES) for RanGAP1, the deletion of which mislocalizes RanGAP1 and the Ran GTPase in cells. Our structural and biochemical results support models in which RanBP2 E3 ligase activity is dependent on Crm1, the RanGAP1 NES and Ran GTPase cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baytshtok, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMattia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for a nucleoporin exportin complex between RanBP2, SUMO1-RanGAP1, the E2 Ubc9, Crm1 and the Ran GTPase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.04.616305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The G3BP Stress-Granule Proteins Reinforce the Translation Program of the Integrated Stress Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.04.616305v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When mammalian cells are exposed to stress, they coordinate the condensation of stress granules (SGs) through the action of proteins G3BP1 and G3BP2 (G3BPs) and, simultaneously, undergo a massive reduction in translation. Although SGs and G3BPs have been linked to this translation response, their overall impact has been unclear. Here, we investigate the question of how, and indeed whether, G3BPs and SGs shape the stress translation response. We find that SGs are enriched for mRNAs that are resistant to the stress-induced translation shutdown. Although the accurate recruitment of these stress-resistant mRNAs does require the context of stress, a combination of optogenetic tools and spike-normalized ribosome profiling demonstrates that G3BPs and SGs are necessary and sufficient to both help prioritize the translation of their enriched mRNAs and help suppress cytosolic translation. Together these results support a model in which G3BPs and SGs reinforce the stress translation program by prioritizing the translation of their resident mRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The G3BP Stress-Granule Proteins Reinforce the Translation Program of the Integrated Stress Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.06.616870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ProteinAligner: A Multi-modal Pretraining Framework for Protein Foundation Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.06.616870v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein foundation models, particularly protein language models, have demonstrated strong success in learning meaningful representations of proteins using transformer architectures pretrained on large-scale protein datasets with self-supervised learning. These representations have been highly effective for downstream tasks such as predicting protein functions and properties. However, most current protein foundation models focus on pretraining with amino acid sequences, often neglecting additional modalities like protein structures and related literature, both of which provide valuable insights. To address this gap, we propose a multi-modal pretraining approach that integrates three key modalities - protein sequences, structures, and literature text. In our framework, the protein sequence modality serves as the anchor, with the other two modalities aligned to it, enhancing the models capacity to capture more comprehensive protein information. ProteinAligner out-performed state-of-the-art protein foundation models in predicting protein functions and properties across diverse down-stream tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotjahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.06.616870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ProteinAligner: A Multi-modal Pretraining Framework for Protein Foundation Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.05.616828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shared code for perceiving and imagining objects in human ventral temporal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.05.616828v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mental imagery is a remarkable phenomenon that allows us to remember previous experiences and imagine new ones. Animal studies have yielded rich insight into mechanisms for visual perception, but the neural mechanisms for visual imagery remain poorly understood. Here, we first determined that [~]80% of visually responsive single neurons in human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) use a distributed axis code to represent objects. We then used that code to reconstruct objects and generate maximally effective synthetic stimuli. Finally, we recorded responses from the same neural population while subjects imagined specific objects and found that [~]40% of axis-tuned VTC neurons recapitulated the visual code. Our findings reveal that visual imagery is supported by reactivation of the same neurons involved in perception, providing single neuron evidence for the existence of a generative model in human VTC.

One Sentence SummarySingle neurons in human temporal cortex use feature axes to encode objects, and imagery reactivates this code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wadia, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamelak, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutishauser, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.05.616828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shared code for perceiving and imagining objects in human ventral temporal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.05.616758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Insights into Hypothalamic Aging During Menopause: A Comparative Analysis of Human and Mouse Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.05.616758v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamic changes that occur after the loss of ovarian estrogen remain poorly characterized. Here, we performed a comprehensive temporal characterization of the mouse hypothalamus following ovariectomy (OVX), combining physiological measurements with bulk RNA-sequencing of the posterior hypothalamus (PH) and preoptic area (POA) at short-term (14 days) and long-term (4 months) post-OVX. Serum LH levels rose progressively and then declined, while core temperature peaked early and subsequently normalized, recapitulating the endocrine and thermoregulatory dynamics of reproductive aging in humans. Transcriptomic analysis revealed time-dependent activation of inflammatory pathways, glial markers, and KNDy neuron-related gene networks, with the most pronounced changes emerging at 4 months post-OVX, particularly in the PH. Immunofluorescence confirmed increased NKB release, declining KNDy neuronal activity, and heightened astrocytic reactivity in the arcuate nucleus after prolonged estrogen withdrawal. To contextualize these findings, we analyzed publicly available human hypothalamic RNA-seq data across chronological age. Age-related transcriptomic patterns in women, including progressive inflammatory signaling, glial activation, and altered KNDy gene expression, showed significant correlation with the OVX mouse model, particularly at the pathway level. These findings establish a temporal framework for hypothalamic molecular changes after estrogen withdrawal, identify conserved neuroinflammatory signatures across species, and provide a preclinical platform for testing interventions targeting menopausal-associated hypothalamic dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvizu-Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.05.616758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Insights into Hypothalamic Aging During Menopause: A Comparative Analysis of Human and Mouse Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.07.616945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hunchback temporal transcription factor determines interneuron molecular identity, morphology, and presynapse targeting in the Drosophila NB5-2 lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.07.616945v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interneuron diversity within the central nervous system (CNS) is essential for proper circuit assembly. Functional interneurons must integrate multiple features, including combinatorial transcription factor (TF) expression, axon/dendrite morphology, and connectivity to properly specify interneuronal identity. Yet, how these different interneuron properties are coordinately regulated remains unclear. Here we used the Drosophila neural progenitor, NB5-2, known to generate late-born interneurons in a proprioceptive circuit, to determine if the early-born temporal transcription factor (TTF), Hunchback (Hb), specifies early-born interneuron identity, including molecular profile, axon/dendrite morphology, and presynapse targeting. We found that prolonged Hb expression in NB5-2 increases the number of neurons expressing early-born TFs (Nervy, Nkx6, and Dbx) at the expense of late-born TFs (Runt and Zfh2); thus, Hb is sufficient to promote interneuron molecular identity. Hb is also sufficient to transform late-born neuronal morphology to early-born neuronal morphology. Furthermore, prolonged Hb promotes the relocation of late-born neuronal presynapses to early-born neuronal presynapse neuropil locations, consistent with a change in interneuron connectivity. Finally, we found that prolonged Hb expression led to defects in proprioceptive behavior, consistent with a failure to properly specify late-born interneurons in the proprioceptive circuit. We conclude that the Hb TTF is sufficient to specify multiple aspects of early-born interneuron identity, as well as disrupt late-born proprioceptive neuron function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollington, H. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.616945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hunchback temporal transcription factor determines interneuron molecular identity, morphology, and presynapse targeting in the Drosophila NB5-2 lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.07.617073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct mitochondrial import of lactate supports resilient carbohydrate oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.07.617073v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lactate is the highest turnover circulating metabolite in mammals. While traditionally viewed as a waste product, lactate is an important energy source for many organs, but first must be oxidized to pyruvate for entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). This reaction is thought to occur in the cytosol, with pyruvate subsequently transported into mitochondria via the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC). Using 13C stable isotope tracing, we demonstrated that lactate is oxidized in the myocardial tissue of mice even when the MPC is genetically deleted. This MPC-independent lactate import and mitochondrial oxidation is dependent upon the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1/Slc16a1). Mitochondria isolated from the myocardium without MCT1 exhibit a specific defect in mitochondrial lactate, but not pyruvate, metabolism. The import and subsequent mitochondrial oxidation of lactate by mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) acts as an electron shuttle, generating sufficient NADH to support respiration even when the TCA cycle is disrupted. In response to diverse cardiac insults, animals with hearts lacking MCT1 undergo rapid progression to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Thus, the mitochondrial import and oxidation of lactate enables carbohydrate entry into the TCA cycle to sustain cardiac energetics and maintain myocardial structure and function under stress conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cluntun, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco-Silva, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedeno-Rosario, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamouche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toshniwal, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catrow, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narbona-Perez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swiatek, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadurai, D. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhardt, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muoio, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navankasattusas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drakos, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducker, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct mitochondrial import of lactate supports resilient carbohydrate oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.08.617159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perinatal Reduction of Genetically Aberrant Neurons from Human Cerebral Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.08.617159v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human neurons are postmitotic and long-lived, requiring precise genomic regulation to maintain function over a lifetime. Normal neuronal function is highly dependent on gene dosage, with copy number variants (CNVs) and heterozygous point mutations associated with a host of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions [1-3]. Here, we investigated the landscape of somatic CNVs arising in fetal human brains, and how they change over development, to understand the processes that generate neurons with low rates of aneuploidy. We identified 7,725 CNVs in >1,200 single neurons from human postmortem brain of 16 neurotypical individuals, ranging in age from gestational week 14 to 90 years old using Tn5-transposase-based single-cell whole-genome amplification. We surveyed CNVs in another 44,861 nuclei with 10X Multiome analysis. Up to 45% of postmitotic neurons in the prenatal cortex showed aberrant genomes, characterized by widespread CNVs of multiple chromosomes, but this reduces sharply after birth (p<0.01). We identified micronuclei in the developing cortex in situ, reflecting chromosomal material missegregated during neurodevelopment [4-6]. The size of CNV appeared to define the trajectory of neuronal elimination, since cells with widespread CNVs were eliminated earlier and faster than cells with smaller CNVs. CNVs in surviving neurons were depleted for genes that are dosage-sensitive or involved in neurodevelopmental disorders (p<0.05), suggesting selective elimination of neurons with CNVs involving these critical genes. Neurons with high CNV burdens also showed abnormal expression of synaptic gene sets, indicating that abnormal synaptic gene regulation may contribute to neuronal elimination. Elimination of defective neuronal genomes during during synaptogenesis may represent a critical process of genome quality control and a vulnerable target of factors that contribute to neurodevelopmental disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taketomi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuruta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perinatal Reduction of Genetically Aberrant Neurons from Human Cerebral Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.08.617275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent effects of testosterone, estradiol, and sex chromosomes on gene expression in immune cells of trans- and cisgender individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.08.617275v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origins of sex differences in human disease are elusive, in part because of difficulties in separating the effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes. To separate these variables, we examined gene expression in four groups of trans- or cisgender individuals: XX individuals treated with exogenous testosterone (n=21), XY treated with exogenous estradiol (n=13), untreated XX (n=20), and untreated XY (n=15). We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of 358,426 peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Across the autosomes, 8 genes responded with a significant change in expression to testosterone, 34 to estradiol, and 32 to sex chromosome complement with no overlap between the groups. No sex-chromosomal genes responded significantly to testosterone or estradiol, but X-linked genes responded to sex chromosome complement in a remarkably stable manner across cell types. Through leveraging a four-state study design, we successfully separated the independent actions of testosterone, estradiol, and sex chromosome complement on genome-wide gene expression in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfield, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanton, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaletsky, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyland, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teglas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent effects of testosterone, estradiol, and sex chromosomes on gene expression in immune cells of trans- and cisgender individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.617484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterozygous and generalist MxA super-restrictors overcome breadth-specificity tradeoffs in antiviral restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.617484v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiviral restriction factors such as MxA (myxovirus resistance protein A) inhibit a broad range of viruses. However, they face the challenge of maintaining this breadth as viruses evolve to escape their defense. Viral escape drives restriction factors to evolve rapidly, selecting for amino acid changes at their virus-binding interfaces to regain defense. How do restriction factors balance the breadth of antiviral functions against the need to evolve specificity against individual escaping viruses? We explored this question in human MxA, which uses its rapidly evolving loop L4 as the specificity determinant for orthomyxoviruses such as THOV and IAV. Previous combinatorial mutagenesis of rapidly evolving residues in human MxA loop L4 revealed variants with a ten-fold increase in potency against THOV. However, this strategy did not yield improved IAV restriction, suggesting a strong tradeoff between antiviral specificity and breadth. Here, using a modified combinatorial mutagenesis strategy, we find  super-restrictor MxA variants with over ten-fold enhanced restriction of the avian IAV strain H5N1 but reduced THOV restriction. Analysis of super-restrictor MxA variants reveals that the identity of residue 561 explains most of MxAs breadth-specificity tradeoff in H5N1 versus THOV restriction. However, rare  generalist super-restrictors with enhanced restriction of both viruses allow MxA to overcome the breadth-specificity tradeoff. Finally, we show that a heterozygous combination of two  specialist super-restrictors, one against THOV and the other against IAV, enhances restriction against both viruses. Thus, two strategies enable restriction factors such as MxA to increase their restriction of diverse viruses to overcome breadth-specificity tradeoffs that may be pervasive in host-virus conflicts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geiger, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenthorey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterozygous and generalist MxA super-restrictors overcome breadth-specificity tradeoffs in antiviral restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.08.617281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Torsional Mechanics of Circular DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.08.617281v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circular DNA found in the cell is actively regulated to an underwound state, with their superhelical density close to{sigma} [~] - 0.06. While this underwound state is essential to life, how it impacts the torsional mechanical properties of DNA is not fully understood. In this work, we performed simulations to understand the torsional mechanics of circular DNA and validated our results with single-molecule measurements and analytical theory. We found that the torque generated at{sigma} [~] - 0.06 is near but slightly below that required to melt DNA, significantly decreasing the energy barrier for proteins that interact with melted DNA. Furthermore, supercoiled circular DNA experiences force (tension) and torque that are equally distributed through the DNA contour. We have also extended a previous analytical framework to show how the plectonemic twist persistence length depends on the intrinsic bending persistence length and twist persistence length. Our work establishes a framework for understanding DNA supercoiling and torsional dynamics of circular DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethna, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Torsional Mechanics of Circular DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.617623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep mutational scanning identifies variants of Cas1 and Cas2 that increase spacer acquisition in type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.617623v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A remarkable feature of CRISPR-Cas systems is their ability to acquire short sequences from invading viruses to create a molecular record of infection. These sequences, known as spacers, are inserted into the CRISPR locus by the Cas1-Cas2 integrase complex and mediate sequence- specific immunity in prokaryotes. Spacer acquisition has been used to develop unique biotechnological applications such as the immunization of industrially relevant bacteria against bacteriophage infection and the recording of biological signals into stable genetic information. These technologies, however, are constrained by the low efficiency of the spacer acquisition process. To overcome this limitation, we developed a genetic system that combined deep mutational scanning (DMS) of cas genes from the Streptococcus pyogenes type II-A CRISPR- Cas system with a method that selects bacteria that acquire new spacers. This procedure enabled the identification of cas mutations that support up to a sevenfold increase in the levels of spacer acquisition and a significant enhancement of immunity against phage infection. In addition, our analysis revealed key interactions at the Cas1-Cas2 interface critical for spacer integration. Our findings provide insights into the molecular determinants of spacer acquisition and offer a platform to improve CRISPR-Cas-based applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marraffini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep mutational scanning identifies variants of Cas1 and Cas2 that increase spacer acquisition in type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.09.617451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Polymerase Locks Replication Fork Under Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.09.617451v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication of DNA requires the parental DNA to be unwound to allow the genetic information to be faithfully duplicated by the replisome. While this function is usually shared by a host of proteins in the replisome, notably DNA polymerase (DNAP) and helicase, the consequence of DNAP synthesizing DNA while decoupled from helicase remains not well understood. The unwinding of downstream DNA poses significant stress to DNAP, and the interaction between DNAP and the replication fork may affect replication restart. In this work, we examined the consequences of DNAP working against the stress of the DNA replication fork. We found that prolonged exposure of DNAP to the stress of the replication fork inactivates replication. Surprisingly, replication inactivation was often accompanied by a strong DNAP interaction with the leading and lagging strands at the fork, locking the fork in place. We demonstrated that fork locking is a consequence of DNAP forward translocation, and the exonuclease activity of DNAP, which allows DNAP to move in reverse, is essential in protecting the fork from inactivation. Furthermore, we found the locking configuration is not reversible by the subsequent addition of helicase. Collectively, this study provides a deeper understanding of the DNAP-fork interaction and mechanism in keeping the replication fork active during replication stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.09.617451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Polymerase Locks Replication Fork Under Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.09.617422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2.6-A resolution cryo-EM structure of a class Ia ribonucleotide reductase trapped with mechanism-based inhibitor N3CDP 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.09.617422v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) reduce ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides using radical-based chemistry. For class Ia RNRs, the radical species is stored in a separate subunit ({beta}2) from the subunit housing the active site (2), requiring the formation of a short-lived 2{beta}2 complex and long-range radical transfer (RT). RT occurs via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) over a long distance (~32-[A]) and involves the formation and decay of multiple amino acid radical species. Here, we use cryogenic-electron microscopy and a mechanism-based inhibitor 2'-azido-2'-deoxycytidine-5'-diphosphate (N3CDP) to trap a wild-type 2{beta}2 complex of E. coli class Ia RNR. We find that one  subunit has turned over and that the other is trapped, bound to {beta} in a mid-turnover state. Instead of N3CDP in the active site, forward RT has resulted in N2 loss, migration of the third nitrogen from the ribose C2' to C3' positions, and attachment of this nitrogen to the sulfur of cysteine-225. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time an inhibitor has been visualized as an adduct to an RNR. Additionally, this structure reveals the positions of PCET residues following forward RT, complementing the previous structure that depicted a pre-turnover PCET pathway and suggesting how PCET is gated at the -{beta} interface. This N3CDP-trapped structure is also of sufficient resolution (2.6 [A]) to visualize water molecules, allowing us to evaluate the proposal that water molecules are proton acceptors and donors as part of the PCET process.

Significance StatementSeveral FDA-approved cancer drugs target human ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), a radical enzyme that produces the requisite deoxyribonucleotides for DNA biosynthesis and repair. Human RNR is a class Ia enzyme that requires radical transfer (RT) from a {beta}2 subunit to an 2 subunit on every round of turnover. Long-range RT is both a remarkable feature and an Achilles heel, given that inhibitors can intercept the radical species. Here we present a cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the best studied class Ia RNR, the enzyme from E. coli, in which 2 and {beta}2 subunits have been trapped together using a mechanism-based inhibitor. This structure provides insight into both the mechanism of RNR inhibition and the mechanism of long-range RT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westmoreland, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliciano, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubbe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocera, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drennan, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.09.617422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2.6-A resolution cryo-EM structure of a class Ia ribonucleotide reductase trapped with mechanism-based inhibitor N3CDP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.617664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A collection of split-Gal4 drivers targeting conserved signaling ligands in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.617664v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communication between cells in metazoan organisms is mediated by a remarkably small number of highly conserved signaling pathways. Given the relatively small number of signaling pathways, the existence of multiple related ligands for many of these pathways is thought to represent a key evolutionary innovation for encoding complexity into cell-cell signaling. Relatedly, crosstalk and other interactions between pathways is another critical feature which allows a modest number pathways to ultimately generate an enormously diverse range of outcomes. It would thus be useful to have genetic tools to identify and manipulate not only those cells which express a given signaling ligand, but also those cells that specifically co-express pairs of signaling ligands. Here, we present a collection of split-Gal4 knock-in lines targeting many of the ligands for highly conserved signaling pathways in Drosophila (Notch, Hedgehog, FGF, EGF, TGF{beta}, JAK/STAT, JNK, and PVR). We demonstrate that these lines faithfully recapitulate the endogenous expression pattern of their targets, and that they can be used to specifically identify the cells and tissues that co-express pairs of signaling ligands. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that the 4th chromosome TGF{beta} ligands myoglianin and maverick are broadly co-expressed in muscles and other tissues of both larva and adults, and that the JAK/STAT ligands upd2 and upd3 are partially co-expressed from cells of the midgut following gut damage. Together with our previously collection of split-Gal4 lines targeting the seven Wnt ligands, this resource allows Drosophila researchers to identify and genetically manipulate cells that specifically express pairs of conserved ligands from nearly all the major intercellular signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ewen-Campen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zirin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A collection of split-Gal4 drivers targeting conserved signaling ligands in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.07.617068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning Insulin Receptor Signaling Using De Novo Designed Agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.07.617068v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (IR) induces conformational changes in the extracellular portion of the receptor that lead to activation of the intracellular kinase domain and the AKT and MAPK pathways, and downstream modulation of glucose metabolism and cell proliferation. We reasoned that designed agonists that induce different conformational changes in the receptor might induce different downstream responses, which could be useful both therapeutically and to shed light on how extracellular conformation is coupled to intracellular signaling. We used de novo protein design to first generate binders to individual IR extracellular domains, and then to fuse these together in different orientations and with different conformational flexibility. We describe a series of synthetic agonists that signal through the IR that differ from insulin and from each other in the induction of receptor autophosphorylation, MAPK activation, intracellular trafficking, and cell proliferation. We identify designs that are more potent than insulin causing much longer lasting reductions in glucose levels, and that retain signaling activity on disease-causing receptor mutants that do not respond to insulin. These results inform our understanding of how changes in receptor conformation and dynamics are transmitted to downstream signaling, and our synthetic agonists have considerable therapeutic potential for diabetes and severe insulin resistance syndromes.

HighlightsO_LIComputational design yielded super agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists of IR.
C_LIO_LIDe novo agonists induce a distinct IR active conformation.
C_LIO_LIDesigned agonists tune IR signaling by modulating conformational dynamics of activated IR.
C_LIO_LIDesigned agonists are more potent than insulin, reducing glucose levels longer and activating disease-causing IR mutants.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning Insulin Receptor Signaling Using De Novo Designed Agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.08.617221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry of Braided DNA Dictates Supercoiling Partition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.08.617221v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNAs helical structure requires the replisome to rotate relative to parental DNA during replication, generating supercoiling that partitions ahead and behind the fork. The influence of DNA substrate geometry on supercoiling partitioning and torsional resistance remains unclear. Here, we engineered DNA-braiding substrates with end separations found during replication, measured braiding torques using an angular optical trap, and interpreted the results using Monte Carlo simulations. A substrate with small separations readily initiated braiding, suggesting that the fork would rotate during replication, partitioning supercoiling behind the replisome and reducing torsional resistance. In contrast, a substrate with a substantial separation at one end imposed a pronounced  torsional barrier that hindered braiding initiation, suggesting a lack of fork rotation during replication, so supercoiling would partition ahead of the replisome. Our findings reveal a physical mechanism in which daughter-DNA geometry could modulate replisome dynamics, manage topological stress, and regulate replication progression in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry of Braided DNA Dictates Supercoiling Partition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.617533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and functional evidence supports re-defining mouse higher order visual areas into a single area V2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.617533v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mouse has become one of the main organisms for studies of the visual system. As a result, there is increased effort to understand universal principles of visual processing by comparing the mouse visual system to that of other species. In primates and other well-studied species including cats and tree shrews, the visual cortex is parcellated into an area V1 and several higher order areas defined by structural and functional differences, and a near complete map of the visual field. In mice, the visual cortex beyond V1 is parcellated into several higher order areas, with less notable structural and functional differences, partial coverage of the visual field, and areal boundaries defined by reversals in progression of the visual field. Notably, recent work in tree shrews and primates has shown that reversals in progression of the visual field can be a hallmark of complex retinotopic mapping within a single visual area. This, and other lines of evidence discussed here, provides a compelling case that the apparent existence of multiple higher order visual areas in the mouse is related to the false assumption of simple retinotopy. Specifically, we use simulations to show that complex retinotopy within a single visual area can recapitulate the appearance of multiple areal borders beyond mouse V1. In addition, we show that many reported differences in functional properties between higher order visual areas can be better explained by retinotopic differences rather than areal identity. Our proposal to reclassify some of the higher order visual areas in the mouse into a single area V2 is not mere semantics because areal definitions influence experimental design and data analysis. Furthermore, such a reclassification would produce a common set of rules for defining areal boundaries among mammals and would bring the mouse visual system into agreement with evolutionary evidence for a single area V2 in related lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rowley, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedigh-Sarvestani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and functional evidence supports re-defining mouse higher order visual areas into a single area V2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.616291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intranasal hemagglutinin protein boosters induce robust mucosal immunity and cross-protection against influenza A viral challenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.616291v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Licensed parenteral influenza vaccines induce systemic antibody responses and alleviate disease severity but do not efficiently prevent viral entry and transmission due to the lack of local mucosal immune responses. Here, we describe intranasal booster strategy with unadjuvanted recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) following initial mRNA-LNP vaccination, Prime and HA. This regimen establishes highly protective HA-specific mucosal immune memory responses in the respiratory tract. Intranasal HA boosters provided significantly reduced viral replication compared to parenteral mRNA-LNP boosters in both young and old mice. Correlation analysis revealed that slightly increased levels of nasal IgA are significantly associated with a reduced viral burden in the upper respiratory tract. Intranasal boosting with an antigenically distinct H1 HA conferred sterilizing immunity against heterologous H1N1 virus challenge. Additionally, a heterosubtypic intranasal H5 HA booster elicited cross-reactive mucosal humoral responses. Our work illustrates the potential of a nasal HA protein booster as a needle- and adjuvant-free strategy to prevent infection and disease from influenza A viruses.

One Sentence SummaryAdjuvant-free nasal booster induces protective immunity against influenza infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moriyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.616291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intranasal hemagglutinin protein boosters induce robust mucosal immunity and cross-protection against influenza A viral challenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.616100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyserine peptides are toxic and exacerbate tau pathology in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.10.616100v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyserine domains mediate the association of nuclear RNA binding proteins with cytoplasmic tau aggregates that occurs across tauopathy models and patient samples. In cell lines, polyserine peptides co-localize with and promote formation of tau aggregates suggesting the cytoplasmic mislocalization of polyserine-containing proteins might contribute to human disease. Moreover, polyserine can be produced by repeat associated non-AUG translation in CAG repeat expansion diseases. However, whether polyserine expressed in a mammalian brain is toxic and/or can exacerbate tau pathology is unknown. Here, we used AAV9-mediated delivery to express a 42-repeat polyserine protein in wild-type and tau transgenic mouse models. We observe that polyserine expression has toxic effects in wild-type animals indicated by reduced weight, behavioral abnormalities and a striking loss of Purkinje cells. Moreover, in the presence of a pathogenic variant of human tau, polyserine exacerbates disease markers such as phosphorylated and insoluble tau levels and the seeding capacity of brain extracts. These findings demonstrate that polyserine domains can promote tau-mediated pathology in a mouse model and are consistent with the hypothesis that cytoplasmic mislocalization of polyserine containing proteins might contribute to the progression of human tauopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Alstyne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.616100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyserine peptides are toxic and exacerbate tau pathology in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved protein binder design using -pairing targeted RFdiffusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617496v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite recent advances in the computational design of protein binders, designing proteins that bind with high affinity to polar protein targets remains an outstanding problem. Here we show that RFdiffusion can be conditioned to efficiently generate protein scaffolds that form geometrically matched extended beta-sheets with target protein edge beta-strands in which polar groups on the target are nearly perfectly complemented with hydrogen bonding groups on the design. We use this approach to design binders against a set of therapeutically relevant polar targets (KIT, PDGFR[a], ALK-2, ALK-3, FCRL5, and NRP1) and find that beta-strand-targeted design yields higher affinities and success rates than unconditioned RFdiffusion. All by all binding experiments show that the designs have affinities ranging from 137 pM to mid nM for their targets and essentially no off target binding despite the sharing of beta-strand interactions, likely reflecting the precise customization of interacting beta-strand geometry and additional designed binder-target interactions. A co-crystal structure of one such design in complex with the KIT receptor is nearly identical to the computational design model confirming the accuracy of the design approach. The ability to robustly generate binders displaying high affinity and specificity to polar interaction surfaces with exposed beta-strands considerably increases the range and capabilities of computational binder design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sappington, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCurdy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchholz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roullier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glögl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verschueren, K. H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstraete, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinck, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard-Valle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinck, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohola-Baker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savvides, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved protein binder design using -pairing targeted RFdiffusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-fusion AAA+ remodeling of target-SNARE protein complexes enables synaptic transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617886v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters fuse with the plasma membrane upon the arrival of an action potential at the active zone. Multiple proteins organize trans-SNARE complex assembly and priming, leading to fusion. One target membrane SNARE, syntaxin, forms nanodomains at the active zone, and another, SNAP-25, enters non-fusogenic complexes with it. Here, we reveal mechanistic details of AAA+ protein NSF (N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor) and SNAP (soluble NSF attachment protein) action before fusion. We show that syntaxin clusters are conserved, that NSF colocalizes with them, and characterize SNARE populations that may exist within or near them using cryo-EM. Supercomplexes of NSF, -SNAP, and either a syntaxin tetramer or one of two binary complexes of syntaxin--SNAP-25 reveal atomic details of SNARE processing and show how sequential ATP hydrolysis drives disassembly. These results suggest a functional role for syntaxin clusters as reservoirs and a corresponding role for NSF in syntaxin liberation and SNARE protein quality control preceding fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couoh-Cardel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esquivies, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfuetzner, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunger, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-fusion AAA+ remodeling of target-SNARE protein complexes enables synaptic transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Resolution Genome-Wide Mapping of Chromatin Accessibility and Torsional Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617876v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Torsional stress in chromatin plays a fundamental role in cellular functions, influencing key processes such as transcription, replication, and chromatin organization. Transcription and other processes may generate and be regulated by torsional stress. In the genome, the interplay of these processes creates complicated patterns of both positive (+) and negative (-) torsion. However, a challenge in generating an accurate torsion map is determining the zero-torsion baseline signal, which is conflated with chromatin accessibility. Here, we introduce a high-resolution method based on the intercalator trimethylpsoralen (TMP) to address this challenge. We describe a method to establish the zero-torsion baseline while preserving the chromatin state of the genome of S. cerevisiae. This approach enables both high-resolution mapping of accessibility and torsional stress in chromatin in the cell. Our analysis shows transcription-generated torsional domains consistent with the twin-supercoiled-domain model of transcription and suggests a role for torsional stress in recruiting topoisomerases and in regulating 3D genome architecture via cohesin. Significantly, we reveal that insulator sequence-specific transcription factors decouple torsion between divergent promoters, whereas torsion spreads between divergent promoters lacking these factors, suggesting that torsion serves as a regulatory mechanism in these regions. Although insulators are known to decouple gene expression, our finding provides a physical explanation of how such decoupling may occur. This new method provides a potential path forward for using TMP to measure torsional stress in the genome without the confounding contribution of accessibility in chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hall, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayse, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolka, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Resolution Genome-Wide Mapping of Chromatin Accessibility and Torsional Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA Polymerase II is a Polar Roadblock to a Progressing DNA Fork 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617674v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA replication and transcription occur simultaneously on the same DNA template, leading to inevitable conflicts between the replisome and RNA polymerase. These conflicts can stall the replication fork and threaten genome stability. Although numerous studies show that head-on conflicts are more detrimental and more prone to promoting R-loop formation than co-directional conflicts, the fundamental cause for the RNA polymerase roadblock polarity remains unclear, and the structure of these R-loops is speculative. In this work, we use a simple model system to address this complex question by examining the Pol II roadblock to a DNA fork advanced via mechanical unzipping to mimic the replisome progression. We found that the Pol II binds more stably to resist removal in the head-on configuration, even with minimal transcript size, demonstrating that the Pol II roadblock has an inherent polarity. However, an elongating Pol II with a long RNA transcript becomes an even more potent and persistent roadblock while retaining the polarity, and the formation of an RNA-DNA hybrid mediates this enhancement. Surprisingly, we discovered that when a Pol II collides with the DNA fork head-on and becomes backtracked, an RNA-DNA hybrid can form on the lagging strand in front of Pol II, creating a topological lock that traps Pol II at the fork. TFIIS facilitates RNA-DNA hybrid removal by severing the connection of Pol II with the hybrid. We further demonstrate that this RNA-DNA hybrid can prime lagging strand replication by T7 DNA polymerase while Pol II is still bound to DNA. Our findings capture basal properties of the interactions of Pol II with a DNA fork, revealing significant implications for transcription-replication conflicts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kay, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubkowska, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashlev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA Polymerase II is a Polar Roadblock to a Progressing DNA Fork]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.13.618094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An in vitro platform for the enzymatic characterization of the rhomboid protease RHBDL4 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.13.618094v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhomboid proteases are ubiquitous intramembrane serine proteases that can cleave transmembrane substrates within lipid bilayers. They exhibit many and diverse functions, such as but not limited to, growth factor signaling, immune and inflammatory response, protein quality control, and parasitic invasion. Human rhomboid protease RHBDL4 has been demonstrated to play a critical role in removing misfolded proteins from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and is implicated in severe diseases such as various cancers and Alzheimers disease. Therefore, RHBDL4 is expected to constitute an important therapeutic target for such devastating diseases. Despite its critical role in many biological processes, the enzymatic properties of RHBDL4 remain largely unknown. To enable a comprehensive characterization of RHBDL4s kinetics, catalytic parameters, substrate specificity, and binding modality we expressed and purified recombinant RHBDL4, and employed it in a Forster Resonance Energy Transfer-based cleavage assay. Until now, kinetic studies have been limited mostly to bacterial rhomboid proteases. Our in vitro platform offers a new method for studying RHBDL4s enzymatic function and substrate preferences. Furthermore, we developed and tested potential inhibitors using our assay and successfully identified peptidyl -ketoamide inhibitors of RHBDL4 that are highly effective against recombinant RHBDL4. We utilize ensemble docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the binding modality of substrate-derived peptides bound to RHBDL4.

Our analysis focused on key interactions and dynamic movements within RHBDL4s active site that contributed to binding stability, offering valuable insights for optimizing the non-prime side of RHBDL4 ketoamide inhibitors. In summary, our study offers fundamental insights into RHBDL4s catalytic activities and substrate preferences, laying the foundation for downstream applications such as drug inhibitor screenings and structure-function studies, which will enable the identification of lead drug compounds for RHBDL4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braza, M. K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanchev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Bawab, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solorio-Kirpichyan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanlley-Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemberg, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strisovsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.13.618094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An in vitro platform for the enzymatic characterization of the rhomboid protease RHBDL4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.12.617288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ExoSloNano: Multi-Modal Nanogold Tags for identi-fication of Macromolecules in Live Cells & Cryo-Electron Tomograms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.12.617288v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In situ cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM) enables the direct interrogation of structure-function relationships by resolving macromolecular structures in their native cellular environment. Tremendous progress in sample preparation, imaging and data processing over the past decade has contributed to the identification and determination of large biomolecular complexes. However, the majority of proteins are of a size that still eludes identification in cellular cryo-EM data, and most proteins exist in low copy numbers. Therefore, novel tools are needed for cryo-EM to identify the vast majority of macromolecules across multiple size scales (from microns to nanometers). Here, we introduce and validate novel nanogold probes that enable the detection of specific proteins using cryo-ET (cryo-Electron Tomography) and resin-embedded correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM). We demonstrate that these nanogold probes can be introduced into live cells, in a manner that preserves intact molecular networks and cell viability. We use this system to identify both cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins by room temperature EM, and resolve associated structures by cryo-ET. We further employ gold particles of different sizes to enable future multiplexed labeling and structural analysis. By providing high efficiency protein labeling in live cells and molecular specificity within cryo-ET tomograms, we establish a broadly enabling tool that significantly expands the proteome available to electron microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.12.617288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ExoSloNano: Multi-Modal Nanogold Tags for identi-fication of Macromolecules in Live Cells & Cryo-Electron Tomograms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.14.618267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing cortico-motoneuronal projections for vocalization in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.14.618267v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several hypotheses have been proposed on the anatomical brain differences that endow some species with the rare ability of vocal learning, a critical component of spoken language. One long-standing thus far untested hypothesis is that a robust direct projection from motor cortex layer 5 neurons to brainstem vocal motor neurons enables fine motor control of laryngeal musculature in vocal learners. This connection has been proposed to form from specialized expression of axon guidance genes in human speech layer 5 neurons and the equivalent songbird neurons of the robust nucleus of the arcopallium. Here we generated mice with conditional knockdown of an axon-guidance receptor, PLXNA1, in motor cortex layer 5 neurons, to recapitulate the human and songbird brain expression patterns. These mice showed enhanced layer 5 cortical projections to brainstem vocal motor neurons, increased functional connectivity to phonatory muscles, and displayed a wider range of vocal abilities depending on developmental and social contexts. Our findings are consistent with the theory that direct vocal cortico-motoneuronal projections influence vocal behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuper, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waidmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing cortico-motoneuronal projections for vocalization in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.14.618227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Torsion is a Dynamic Regulator of DNA Replication Stalling and Reactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.14.618227v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inherent helical structure of DNA dictates that a replisome must rotate relative to DNA during replication, presenting inevitable topological challenges to replication. However, little is known about how the replisome progresses against torsional stress. Here, we developed a label-free, high-resolution, real-time assay to monitor replisome movement under torsion. We visualized the replisome rotation of DNA and determined how the replisome slows down under torsion. We found that while helicase or DNA polymerase (DNAP) individually is a weak torsional motor, the replisome composed of both enzymes is the most powerful DNA torsional motor studied to date. It generates [~] 22 pN{middle dot}nm of torque before stalling, twice the stall torque of E. coli RNA polymerase. Upon replisome stalling, the specific interaction between helicase and DNAP stabilizes the fork junction; without it, the fork can regress hundreds of base pairs. We also discovered that prolonged torsion-induced stalling inactivates the replisome. Surprisingly, DNAP exchange, mediated by the helicase, is highly effective in facilitating replication restart, but only if excess DNAP is present during stalling. Thus, helicase and DNA polymerase work synergistically as a powerful torsional motor, and their dynamic and fluid interactions are crucial for maintaining fork integrity under torsional stress. This work demonstrates that torsion is a strong regulator of DNA replication stalling and reactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Torsion is a Dynamic Regulator of DNA Replication Stalling and Reactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenASO: RNA Rescue--designing splice-modulating antisense oligonucleotides through community science 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618608v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Splice-modulating antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are precision RNA-based drugs that are becoming an established modality to treat human disease. Previously, we reported the discovery of ASOs that target a novel, putative intronic RNA structure to rescue splicing of multiple pathogenic variants of F8 exon 16 that cause hemophilia A. However, the conventional approach to discovering splice-modulating ASOs is both laborious and expensive. Here, we describe an alternative paradigm that integrates data-driven RNA structure prediction and community science to discover splice-modulating ASOs. Using a splicing-deficient pathogenic variant of F8 exon 16 as a model, we show that 25% of the top-scoring molecules designed in the Eterna OpenASO challenge have a statistically significant impact on enhancing exon 16 splicing. Additionally, we show that a distinct combination of ASOs designed by Eterna players can additively enhance the inclusion of the splicing-deficient exon 16 variant. Together, our data suggests that crowdsourcing designs from a community of citizen scientists may accelerate the discovery of splice-modulating ASOs with potential to treat human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tse, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiterrez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacaltana, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Players, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenASO: RNA Rescue--designing splice-modulating antisense oligonucleotides through community science]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.17.618908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Initiation of ERAD by the bifunctional complex of Mnl1 mannosidase and protein disulfide isomerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.17.618908v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolded glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen are translocated into the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome, a conserved process called ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, the glycan of these proteins is trimmed by the luminal mannosidase Mnl1 (Htm1) to generate a signal that triggers degradation. Curiously, Mnl1 is permanently associated with protein disulfide isomerase (Pdi1). Here, we have used cryo- electron microscopy, biochemical, and in vivo experiments to clarify how this complex initiates ERAD. The Mnl1-Pdi1 complex first de-mannosylates misfolded, globular proteins that are recognized through a C-terminal domain (CTD) of Mnl1; Pdi1 causes the CTD to ignore completely unfolded polypeptides. The disulfides of these globular proteins are then reduced by the Pdi1 component of the complex, generating unfolded polypeptides that can be translocated across the membrane. Mnl1 blocks the canonical oxidative function of Pdi1, but allows it to function as the elusive disulfide reductase in ERAD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapoport, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Initiation of ERAD by the bifunctional complex of Mnl1 mannosidase and protein disulfide isomerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.17.618815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Octahedral small virus-like particles of dengue virus type 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.17.618815v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flavivirus envelope (E) and precursor M (prM) proteins, when ectopically expressed, assemble into empty, virus-like particles (VLPs). Cleavage of prM to M and loss of the pr fragment converts the VLPs from immature to mature particles, mimicking a similar maturation of authentic virions. Most of the VLPs obtained by prM-E expression are smaller than virions; early, low-resolution cryo-EM studies suggested a simple, 60-subunit, icosahedral organization. We describe here the cryo-EM structure of immature, small VLPs from dengue virus type 2 and show that they have octahedral rather than icosahedral symmetry. The asymmetric unit of the octahedral particle is an asymmetric trimer of prM-E heterodimers, just as it is on icosahedral immature virions; the full, octahedrally symmetric particle thus has 24 such asymmetric trimers, or 72 prM-E heterodimers in all. Cleavage of prM and release of pr generates ovoid, somewhat irregular, mature particles. Previous work has shown that mature smVLPs have fusion properties identical to those of virions, consistent with local, virion-like clustering of 36 E dimers on their surface. The cryo-EM structure and the properties of these VLPs described here relate directly to on-going efforts to use them as vaccine immunogens.

IMPORTANCEEctopic expression of flavivirus envelope (E) and precursor M (prM) proteins leads to formation and secretion of empty, virus-like particles (VLPs), which are candidate, non-infectious, virion-like components of flavivirus vaccines. We show that the immature particles of a major class of VLPs -- "small VLPs" (smVLPs), which have smaller diameter than those of virion size, -- are octahedrally (rather than icosahedrally) symmetric, with the same clustering of prM and E, as asymmetric trimers of prM-E heterodimers, found on immature virions. Cleavage of prM and formation of mature, smVLPs yields somewhat irregular, ovoid particles. Design and characterization of VLPs as vaccine components will need to take these properties into account.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodes Traian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Octahedral small virus-like particles of dengue virus type 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ybx1 acts upstream of atoh1a to promote the rapid regeneration of hair cells in zebrafish lateral-line neuromasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618534v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Like the sensory organs of the human inner ear, the lateral-line neuromasts (NMs) of fish such as the zebrafish (Danio rerio) contain mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) that are surrounded by progenitors called supporting cells. Damaged NMs can quickly regenerate new HCs by expressing in the progenitors HC-specific genes such as atoh1a, the master regulator of HC fate. We used the supervised learning algorithm DELAY to infer regenerating NMs early gene-regulatory network (GRN) and identify adaptations that promote the rapid regeneration of lateral-line HCs in larval zebrafish. The central hub in the network, Y-box binding protein 1 (ybx1), is highly expressed in HC progenitors and young HCs and can recognize DNA-binding motifs in cyprinids candidate regeneration-responsive promoter elements for atoh1a. We showed that NMs from ybx1 mutant zebrafish larvae display consistent, regeneration-specific deficits in HC number and initiate both HC regeneration and atoh1a expression 20 % slower than in siblings. By demonstrating that ybx1 promotes rapid HC regeneration through early atoh1a upregulation, the results support DELAYs ability to identify key temporal regulators of gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reagor, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudspeth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ybx1 acts upstream of atoh1a to promote the rapid regeneration of hair cells in zebrafish lateral-line neuromasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virion-associated influenza hemagglutinin clusters upon sialic acid binding visualized by cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618557v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza viruses are enveloped, negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses covered in a dense layer of glycoproteins. Hemagglutinin (HA) accounts for 80-90% of influenza glycoprotein and plays a role in host cell binding and membrane fusion. While previous studies have characterized structures of receptor-free and receptor-bound HA in vitro, the effect of receptor binding on HA organization and structure on virions remains unknown. Here, we used cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) to visualize influenza virions bound to a sialic acid receptor mimic. Overall, receptor binding did not result in significant changes in viral morphology; however, we observed rearrangements of HA trimer organization and orientation. Compared to the even inter-glycoprotein spacing of unliganded HA trimers, receptor binding promotes HA trimer clustering and formation of a triplet of trimers. Subtomogram averaging and refinement yielded 8-10 [A] reconstructions that allowed us to visualize specific contacts between HAs from neighboring trimers and identify molecular features that mediate clustering. Taken together, we present new structural evidence that receptor binding triggers clustering of HA trimers, revealing an additional layer of HA dynamics and plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somasundaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virion-associated influenza hemagglutinin clusters upon sialic acid binding visualized by cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin Buffers Torsional Stress During Transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618270v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription through chromatin under torsion represents a fundamental problem in biology. Pol II must overcome nucleosome obstacles and, because of the DNA helical structure, must also rotate relative to the DNA, generating torsional stress. However, there is a limited understanding of how Pol II transcribes through nucleosomes while supercoiling DNA. In this work, we developed methods to visualize Pol II rotation of DNA during transcription and determine how torsion slows down the transcription rate. We found that Pol II stalls at {+/-} 9 pN{middle dot}nm torque, nearly sufficient to melt DNA. The stalling is due to extensive backtracking, and the presence of TFIIS increases the stall torque to + 13 pN{middle dot}nm, making Pol II a powerful rotary motor. This increased torsional capacity greatly enhances Pol IIs ability to transcribe through a nucleosome. Intriguingly, when Pol II encounters a nucleosome, nucleosome passage becomes more efficient on a chromatin substrate than on a single-nucleosome substrate, demonstrating that chromatin efficiently buffers torsional stress via its torsional mechanical properties. Furthermore, topoisomerase II relaxation of torsional stress significantly enhances transcription, allowing Pol II to elongate through multiple nucleosomes. Our results demonstrate that chromatin greatly reduces torsional stress on transcription, revealing a novel role of chromatin beyond the more conventional view of it being just a roadblock to transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubkowska, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulbright, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashlev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin Buffers Torsional Stress During Transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.16.618753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical analysis of repertoire data demonstrates the influence of microhomology in V(D)J recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.16.618753v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
V(D)J recombination generates the diverse B and T cell receptors essential for recognizing a wide array of antigens. This diversity arises from the combinatorial assembly of V(D)J genes and the junctional deletion and insertion of nucleotides. While previous in vitro studies have shown that microhomology---short stretches of sequence homology between gene ends---can bias the recombination process, the extent of microhomologys impact in vivo, particularly in humans, remains unknown. In this paper, we assess how germline-encoded microhomology influences trimming and ligation during V(D)J recombination using statistical inference on previously-published high-throughput TCR repertoire sequencing data. We find that microhomology increases both trimming and ligation probabilities, making it an important predictor of recombination outcomes. These effects are consistent across different receptor loci and sequence types. Further, we demonstrate that accounting for microhomology effects significantly alters sequence annotation probabilities and rankings, highlighting its practical importance for accurately inferring the V(D)J recombination events that generated an observed sequence. Together, these results enhance our understanding of how microhomologous nucleotides shape the human V(D)J recombination process.

Significance StatementHumans rely on diverse adaptive immune receptor repertoires to effectively defend against infections. The receptor generation process, known as V(D)J recombination, is designed to create this diversity by stochastically joining V(D)J gene segments and modifying their junctions through nucleotide deletions and insertions. Previous studies, conducted in vitro, have suggested that short stretches of homologous nucleotides between gene segments can bias these recombination steps. In this study, we explore the extent to which these homologous nucleotides influence V(D)J recombination in humans using statistical inference on large-scale receptor repertoire sequencing data. Our findings reveal that microhomology significantly biases several recombination steps, with important practical implications for the analysis, processing, and interpretation of receptor sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trofimov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical analysis of repertoire data demonstrates the influence of microhomology in V(D)J recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut bacteria-derived succinate induces enteric nervous system regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618589v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enteric neurons control gut physiology by regulating peristalsis, nutrient absorption, and secretion1. Disruptions in microbial communities caused by antibiotics or enteric infections result in the loss of enteric neurons and long-term motility disorders2-5. However, the signals and underlying mechanisms of this microbiota-neuron communication are unknown. We studied the effects of microbiota on the recovery of the enteric nervous system after microbial dysbiosis caused by antibiotics. We found that both enteric neurons and glia are lost after antibiotic exposure, but recover when the pre-treatment microbiota is restored. Using murine gnotobiotic models and fecal metabolomics, we identified neurogenic bacterial species and their derived metabolite succinate as sufficient to rescue enteric neurons and glia. Unbiased single-nuclei RNA-seq analysis uncovered a novel neural precursor-like population marked by the expression of the neuronal gene Nav2. Genetic fate-mapping showed that Plp1+ enteric glia differentiate into neurons following antibiotic exposure. In contrast, Nav2+ neurons expand upon succinate treatment and indicate an alternative mode of neuronal regeneration under recovery conditions. Our findings highlight specific microbial species, metabolites, and the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in neuronal regeneration, with potential therapeutic implications for peripheral neuropathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aydin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamede, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scavuzzo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut bacteria-derived succinate induces enteric nervous system regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Topoisomerase IIα Promotes Chromatin Condensation Via a Phase Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618281v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topoisomerase II (topo II) enzymes are essential enzymes known to resolve topological entanglements during DNA processing. Curiously, while yeast expresses a single topo II, humans express two topo II isozymes, topo II and topo II{beta}, which share a similar catalytic domain but differ in their intrinsically disordered C-terminal domains (CTDs). During mitosis, topo II and condensin I constitute the most abundant chromosome scaffolding proteins essential for chromosome condensation. However, how topo II enables this function is poorly understood. Here, we discovered a new and functionally distinct role for human topo II - it condenses DNA and chromatin at a low topo II concentration (100 pM or less) during a polymer-collapse phase transition. The removal of the topo II CTDs effectively abolishes its condensation ability, indicating that the condensation is mediated by the CTDs. Although topo II{beta} can also perform condensation, it is about 4-fold less effective. During the condensation, topo II-DNA condensates form along DNA, working against a DNA tension of up to 1.5 pN, greater than that previously reported for yeast condensin. In addition, this condensation does not require ATP and thus is independent of topo IIs catalytic activity. We also found that condensation and catalysis can concurrently proceed with minimal mutual interference. Our findings suggest topo II may directly participate in chromosome condensation during mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulbright, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodhouse, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Topoisomerase IIα Promotes Chromatin Condensation Via a Phase Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.18.619117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Packaged delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins accelerates genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.18.619117v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective genome editing requires a sufficient dose of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) to enter the target cell while minimizing immune responses, off-target editing and cytotoxicity. Clinical use of Cas9 RNPs currently entails electroporation into cells ex vivo, but no systematic comparison of this method to packaged RNP delivery has been made. Here we compared two delivery strategies, electroporation and enveloped delivery vehicles (EDVs), to investigate the Cas9 dosage requirements for genome editing. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), we determined that >1300 Cas9 RNPs per nucleus are typically required for productive genome editing. EDV-mediated editing was >30-fold more efficient than electroporation, and editing occurs at least two-fold faster for EDV delivery at comparable total Cas9 RNP doses. We hypothesize that differences in efficacy between these methods result in part from the increased duration of RNP nuclear residence resulting from EDV delivery. Our results directly compare RNP delivery strategies, showing that packaged delivery could dramatically reduce the amount of CRISPR-Cas9 RNPs required for experimental or clinical genome editing.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=85 SRC="FIGDIR/small/619117v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (29K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11a1f94org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f3130org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1666938org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@85fd13_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karp, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoltek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Packaged delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins accelerates genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.19.619226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-Situ Structure and Topography of AMPA Receptor Scaffolding Complexes Visualized by CryoET 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.19.619226v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most synapses in the brain transmit information by the presynaptic release of vesicular glutamate, driving postsynaptic depolarization through AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs). The nanometer-scale topography of synaptic AMPARs regulates response amplitude by controlling the number of receptors activated by synaptic vesicle fusion. The mechanisms controlling AMPAR topography and their interactions with postsynaptic scaffolding proteins are unclear, as is the spatial relationship between AMPARs and synaptic vesicles. Here, we used cryo-electron tomography to map the molecular topography of AMPARs and visualize their in-situ structure. Clustered AMPARs form structured complexes with postsynaptic scaffolding proteins resolved by sub-tomogram averaging. Sub-synaptic topography mapping reveals the presence of AMPAR nanoclusters with exclusion zones beneath synaptic vesicles. Our molecular-resolution maps visualize the predominant information transfer path in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Held, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esquivies, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azubel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunger, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.19.619226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-Situ Structure and Topography of AMPA Receptor Scaffolding Complexes Visualized by CryoET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.17.618902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving an unconventional non-photochemical quenching signature at the light-to-dark transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.17.618902v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) protects photosynthetic organisms via diverse molecular players contributing at varying timescales. However, in the absence of one of the largest contributors to NPQ, energy-dependent quenching (qE), we observe an unusual but universal phenomenon: a transient increase in quenching in the dark following high light exposure. To mechanistically interrogate this light-to-dark (LtD) NPQ phenotype, we performed chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime snapshot measurements across a diverse array of Arabidopsis mutant backgrounds and chemical treatments. We found that the electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane is essential for this phenomenon. Through analysis of higher-order Arabidopsis mutants, we also found that LtD NPQ is independent of the known forms of photoprotective NPQ, as well as the major and minor light-harvesting complexes (LHCII). Our results point to LtD NPQ as a photoinhibition (qI)-related, reaction center quenching with implications for photoprotection in fluctuating light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leipertz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving an unconventional non-photochemical quenching signature at the light-to-dark transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.20.619305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing GPT-4 for Automated Curation of E3-Substrate Relationships in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.20.619305v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a complex regulatory network involving around 600 E3 ligases that collectively govern the stability of the human proteome by targeting thousands of proteins for degradation. Understanding this network requires integrating vast amounts of information on gene and protein interactions scattered across unstructured literature. Historically, manual curation has been the gold standard for transforming such data into structured databases, but this process is time-consuming, prone to error, and unable to keep up with the rapid growth of scientific publications. To address these limitations, we developed a scalable, cost-effective workflow using GPT-4, a large language model (LLM), to automate the curation of degradative E3-substrate relationships from the literature. By mining approximately two million PubMed papers, we identified 7,829 degradation-related abstracts and curated a structured database of 3,294 unique E3-substrate pairs using GPT-4, achieving an annotation accuracy rate approaching that of human experts. The resulting database of E3-substrate pairs offers valuable insights into the ubiquitin-proteasome system by highlighting understudied E3s and previously unknown UPS substrates in proteome-wide stability experiments. This automated approach represents substantial increase in productivity compared to manual curation and stands as the largest effort to date utilizing LLMs for the automated curation of protein-protein regulatory relationships. We further showed that our approach is generalizable to other enzyme-substrate families, such as deubiquitinases, kinases, and phosphatases. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential of LLMs as a scalable technology for large-scale curation of signalling relationships, substituting and complementing manual curation to accelerate biological research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.20.619305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing GPT-4 for Automated Curation of E3-Substrate Relationships in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.18.619149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of bifaceted protein nanomaterials with tailorable properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.18.619149v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in computational methods have led to considerable progress in the design of self-assembling protein nanoparticles. However, nearly all nanoparticles designed to date exhibit strict point group symmetry, with each subunit occupying an identical, symmetrically related environment. This limits the structural diversity that can be achieved and precludes anisotropic functionalization. Here, we describe a general computational strategy for designing multi-component bifaceted protein nanomaterials with two distinctly addressable sides. The method centers on docking pseudosymmetric heterooligomeric building blocks in architectures with dihedral symmetry and designing an asymmetric protein-protein interface between them. We used this approach to obtain an initial 30-subunit assembly with pseudo-D5 symmetry, and then generated an additional 15 variants in which we controllably altered the size and morphology of the bifaceted nanoparticles by designing de novo extensions to one of the subunits. Functionalization of the two distinct faces of the nanoparticles with de novo protein minibinders enabled specific colocalization of two populations of polystyrene microparticles coated with target protein receptors. The ability to accurately design anisotropic protein nanomaterials with precisely tunable structures and functions could be broadly useful in applications that require colocalizing two or more distinct target moieties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rankovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decarreau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skotheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ols, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenach, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloegl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of bifaceted protein nanomaterials with tailorable properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.21.619096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic diversity loss in the Anthropocene will continue long after habitat destruction ends 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.21.619096v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic diversity within species is the basis for evolutionary adaptive capacity and has recently been included as a target for protection in the United Nations Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). However, we lack large-scale mathematical frameworks to quantify how much genetic diversity has already been lost, let alone to predict future losses under 21st century conservation scenarios. To fill this gap, we developed an area-based spatio-temporal predictive framework of genetic diversity calibrated with population-scale genomic data of 29 plant and animal species. To estimate present genetic diversity loss with our framework, we used species habitat area and population sizes losses reported in the Living Planet Index, the Red List, and new GBF indicators across 13,808 species for the last 5 decades. Applying our evolutionary framework across these species, we estimate genetic diversity loss lags behind population and habitat area declines, with an estimated current 13-22% {pi} genetic diversity loss. However, we forecast future genetic diversity losses will reach 41-76% even if populations are not further contracted. These results highlight that safeguarding existing habitats is insufficient to maintain the genetic health of species and relying solely on continuous genetic monitoring underestimates lagging long term impacts.

Significance statementGenetic diversity is crucial for both species adaptation and survival. Recently, it has been included as a target for protection in the United Nations Global Biodiversity Framework. However, we lack large-scale predictive methods to quantify current and future losses of genetic diversity across species. Here, we develop an area-based spatio-temporal predictive framework trained with high-quality genome-wide data from 29 plant and animal species to enable quantitative predictions of genetic biodiversity at global scales. We infer global genetic diversity losses are beyond the preliminary UN targets to protect 90% of genetic diversity of species, evolutionary models dramatic genetic losses will occur in the future even with habitat protection if populations across species are not recovered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mualim, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selmoni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic diversity loss in the Anthropocene will continue long after habitat destruction ends]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.21.619448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific driver lines targeting the Drosophila central complex and their use to investigate neuropeptide expression and sleep regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.21.619448v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central complex (CX) plays a key role in many higher-order functions of the insect brain including navigation and activity regulation. Genetic tools for manipulating individual cell types, and knowledge of what neurotransmitters and neuromodulators they express, will be required to gain mechanistic understanding of how these functions are implemented. We generated and characterized split-GAL4 driver lines that express in individual or small subsets of about half of CX cell types. We surveyed neuropeptide and neuropeptide receptor expression in the central brain using fluorescent in situ hybridization. About half of the neuropeptides we examined were expressed in only a few cells, while the rest were expressed in dozens to hundreds of cells. Neuropeptide receptors were expressed more broadly and at lower levels. Using our GAL4 drivers to mark individual cell types, we found that 51 of the 85 CX cell types we examined expressed at least one neuropeptide and 21 expressed multiple neuropeptides. Surprisingly, all co-expressed a small neurotransmitter. Finally, we used our driver lines to identify CX cell types whose activation a)ects sleep, and identified other central brain cell types that link the circadian clock to the CX. The well-characterized genetic tools and information on neuropeptide and neurotransmitter expression we provide should enhance studies of the CX.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaramurthi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitaraman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific driver lines targeting the Drosophila central complex and their use to investigate neuropeptide expression and sleep regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.22.619706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial fission controls astrocyte morphogenesis and organization in the cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.22.619706v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics are a hallmark of devastating neurodevelopmental disorders such as childhood refractory epilepsy. However, the role of glial mitochondria in proper brain development is not well understood. We show that astrocyte mitochondria undergo extensive fission while populating astrocyte distal branches during postnatal cortical development. Loss of mitochondrial fission regulator, Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), decreases mitochondrial localization to distal astrocyte processes, and this mitochondrial mislocalization reduces astrocyte morphological complexity. Functionally, astrocyte-specific conditional deletion of Drp1 induces astrocyte reactivity and disrupts astrocyte organization in the cortex. These morphological and organizational deficits are accompanied by loss of perisynaptic astrocyte process (PAP) proteins such as gap junction protein Connexin 43. These findings uncover a crucial role for mitochondrial fission in coordinating astrocytic morphogenesis and organization, revealing the regulation of astrocytic mitochondria dynamics as a critical step in neurodevelopment.

SummaryDuring cortical astrocyte morphogenesis, mitochondria fragment and decrease in size to populate distal astrocyte processes. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission is necessary for peripheral astrocyte process formation. Astrocyte-specific Drp1 loss induces astrocyte reactivity, disrupts cortical astrocyte organization, and dysregulates PAP proteins including gap-junction protein Connexin 43 abundance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salazar, M. P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolanukuduru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sejourne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial fission controls astrocyte morphogenesis and organization in the cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.23.619878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RPE-specific MCT2 expression promotes cone survival in models of retinitis pigmentosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.23.619878v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common cause of inherited retinal degeneration worldwide. It is characterized by the sequential death of rod and cone photoreceptors, the cells responsible for night and daylight vision, respectively. Although mutations in RP are mostly rod-specific, there is a secondary degeneration of cones. One possible mechanism behind cone death is metabolic dysregulation. Photoreceptors are highly metabolically active, consuming large quantities of glucose and producing substantial amounts of lactate. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) mediates the transport of glucose from the blood to photoreceptors and, in turn, removes lactate, which it can use as its own source of fuel. The model for metabolic dysregulation in RP suggests that, following the death of rods, lactate levels are substantially diminished causing the RPE to withhold glucose, resulting in nutrient deprivation for cones. Here, we present adeno-associated viral vector-mediated delivery of monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) into RPE cells with the aim of promoting lactate uptake from the blood and encouraging the passage of glucose to cones. We demonstrate prolonged survival and function of cones in rat and mouse RP models, revealing a possible gene agnostic therapy for preserving vision in RP. We also present the use of fluorescence lifetime imaging-based biosensors for lactate and glucose within the eye. Using this technology, we show changes to lactate and glucose levels within MCT2-expressing RPE, suggesting cone survival is impacted by RPE metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandler, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RPE-specific MCT2 expression promotes cone survival in models of retinitis pigmentosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.22.619740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous neuronal DNA double-strand breaks are not sufficient to drive brain aging and neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.22.619740v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of genomic information due to the accumulation of somatic DNA damage has been implicated in aging and neurodegeneration1-3. Somatic mutations in human neurons increase with age4, but it is unclear whether this is a cause or a consequence of brain aging. Here, we clarify the role of endogenous, neuronal DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in brain aging and neurodegeneration by generating mice with post-developmental inactivation of the classical non-homologous end-joining (C-NHEJ) core factor Xrcc4 in forebrain neurons. Xrcc4 is critical for the ligation step of C-NHEJ and has no known function outside of DSB repair5,6. We find that, unlike their wild-type counterparts, C-NHEJ-deficient neurons accumulate high levels of DSB foci with age, indicating that neurons undergo frequent DSBs that are typically efficiently repaired by C-NHEJ across their lifespan. Genome-wide mapping reveals that endogenous neuronal DSBs preferentially occur in promoter regions and other genic features. Analysis of 3-D genome organization shows intra-chromosomal clustering and loop extrusion of neuronal DSB regions. Strikingly, however, DSB accumulation caused by loss of C-NHEJ induces only minor epigenetic alterations and does not significantly affect gene expression, 3-D genome organization, or mutational outcomes at neuronal DSBs. Despite extensive aging-associated accumulation of neuronal DSBs, mice with neuronal Xrcc4 inactivation do not show neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, reduced lifespan, or impaired memory and learning behavior. We conclude that the formation of spontaneous neuronal DSBs caused by normal cellular processes is insufficient to cause brain aging and neurodegeneration, even in the absence of C-NHEJ, the principal neuronal DSB repair pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheradame, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barillas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legube, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous neuronal DNA double-strand breaks are not sufficient to drive brain aging and neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.21.619529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal lineage tracing reveals the dynamic spatial architecture of tumor growth and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.21.619529v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumour progression is driven by dynamic interactions between cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Investigating the spatiotemporal evolution of tumours can provide crucial insights into how intrinsic changes within cancer cells and extrinsic alterations in the microenvironment cooperate to drive different stages of tumour progression. Here, we integrate high-resolution spatial transcriptomics and evolving lineage tracing technologies to elucidate how tumour expansion, plasticity, and metastasis co-evolve with microenvironmental remodelling in a Kras;p53-driven mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma. We find that rapid subclonal expansion contributes to a hypoxic, immunosuppressive, and fibrotic microenvironment that is associated with the emergence of pro-metastatic cancer cell states. Furthermore, metastases arise from spatially-confined subclones of primary tumours and remodel the distant metastatic niche into a fibrotic, collagen-rich microenvironment. Together, we present a comprehensive dataset integrating spatial assays and lineage tracing to elucidate how sequential changes in cancer cell state and microenvironmental structures cooperate to promote tumour progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weir, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, V. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koblan, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathey-Andrews, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stickels, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal lineage tracing reveals the dynamic spatial architecture of tumor growth and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.23.619923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of prefusion-stabilized Herpesvirus gB trimers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.23.619923v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the absence of effective vaccines, human-infecting members of the Herpesvirus family cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Herpesvirus infection relies on receptor engagement by a gH/gL glycoprotein complex which induces large-scale conformational changes of the gB glycoprotein to mediate fusion of the viral and host membranes and infection. The instability of all herpesvirus gBs have hindered biochemical and functional studies, thereby limiting our understanding of the infection mechanisms of these pathogens and preventing vaccine design. Here, we computationally stabilized and structurally characterized the Epstein-Barr virus prefusion gB ectodomain trimer, providing an atomic-level description of this key therapeutic target. We show that this stabilization strategy is broadly applicable to other herpesvirus gB trimers and identified conformational intermediates supporting a previously unanticipated mechanism of gB-mediated fusion. These findings provide a blueprint to develop vaccine candidates for these pathogens with major public health burden.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCallum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of prefusion-stabilized Herpesvirus gB trimers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.24.620116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The deubiquitinase Rpn11 functions as an allosteric ubiquitin sensor to promote substrate engagement by the 26S proteasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.24.620116v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the major compartmental protease in eukaryotic cells, responsible for the ATP-dependent turnover of obsolete, damaged, or misfolded proteins that are delivered for degradation through attached ubiquitin modifications. In addition to targeting substrates to the proteasome, ubiquitin was recently shown to promote degradation initiation by directly modulating the conformational switching of the proteasome, yet the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we used biochemical, mutational, and single-molecule FRET-based approaches to show that the proteasomal deubiquitinase Rpn11 functions as an allosteric sensor and facilitates the early steps of degradation. After substrate recruitment to the proteasome, ubiquitin binding to Rpn11 interferes with conformation-specific interactions of the ubiquitin-receptor subunit Rpn10, thereby stabilizing the engagement-competent state of the proteasome and expediting substrate insertion into the ATPase motor for mechanical translocation, unfolding, and Rpn11-mediated deubiquitination. These findings explain how modifications with poly-ubiquitin chains or multiple mono-ubiquitins allosterically promote substrate degradation and allow up to four-fold faster turnover by the proteasome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Htet, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.620116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The deubiquitinase Rpn11 functions as an allosteric ubiquitin sensor to promote substrate engagement by the 26S proteasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.23.619921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Duplex PCR assay to determine sex and mating status of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), vector of the Lyme disease pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.23.619921v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ticks are a major health threat to humans and other animals, through direct damage, toxicoses, and transmission of pathogens. An estimated half a million people are treated annually in the United States of America for Lyme disease, a disease caused by the bite of a black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say) infected with the bacterial pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi. This tick species also transmits another six human-disease causing pathogens, for which vaccines are currently unavailable. While I. scapularis are sexually dimorphic at the adult life stage, the DNA sequence differences between male and female I. scapularis that could be used as a sex-specific marker have not yet been established. We determine the sex-specific DNA sequences for I. scapularis (male heterogametic system with XY), using whole-genome resequencing and restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. Then we identify a male-specific marker that we use as the foundation of a molecular sex identification method (duplex PCR) to differentiate the sex of an I. scapularis tick. In addition, we provide evidence that this molecular sexing method can establish the mating status of adult females that have been mated and inseminated with male-determining sperm. Our molecular tool allows the characterization of mating and sex-specific biology across development for I. scapularis, a major pathogen vector, which is crucial for a better understanding of their biology and controlling tick populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ronai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yabsley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Duplex PCR assay to determine sex and mating status of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), vector of the Lyme disease pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.23.619951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PACT prevents aberrant activation of PKR by endogenous dsRNA without sequestration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.23.619951v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune sensor PKR for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is critical for antiviral defense, but its aberrant activation by cellular dsRNA is linked to various diseases. The dsRNA-binding protein PACT plays a critical yet controversial role in the PKR pathway. We demonstrate that PACT is a direct and specific suppressor of PKR against endogenous dsRNA ligands like inverted-repeat Alu RNAs, which robustly activate PKR in the absence of PACT. PACT-mediated inhibition does not involve competition for dsRNA binding. Instead, PACT impairs PKRs ability to scan along dsRNA--a process necessary for PKR molecules to encounter and autophoshorylate each other for activation. By scanning along dsRNA and directly interacting with PKR, PACT restricts PKRs movement on dsRNA, reducing the likelihood of PKR molecular collisions and subsequent autophosphorylation, effectively inhibiting PKR without sequestering dsRNA. Consequently, PKR inhibition is more robust with longer and less abundant dsRNA, and minimal with abundant or short dsRNA. Thus, PACT functions to adjust the PKR activation threshold for long endogenous dsRNA without altering its inherent activity, revealing new mechanisms for establishing self-tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davydenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchumenski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishbein, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capcha-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orgel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levanon, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PACT prevents aberrant activation of PKR by endogenous dsRNA without sequestration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.21.619356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fourspine stickleback (Apeltes quadracus) has an XY sex chromosome system with polymorphic inversions on both X and Y chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.21.619356v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Teleost fish are well-known for possessing a diversity of sex chromosomes and for undergoing frequent turnovers of these sex chromosomes. However, previous studies have mainly focused on variation between species, while comparatively little attention has been given to sex chromosome polymorphisms within species, which may capture early stages of sex chromosome changes. To better understand the evolution of sex chromosomes, we used the fourspine stickleback (Apeltes quadracus) as a model organism. Previously, it was believed that females of this species possessed a ZW heteromorphic sex chromosome system. However, genetic crosses and our whole-genome sequencing of wild populations revealed that A. quadracus has an XY sex chromosome on chromosome 23. This chromosome has not previously been identified as a sex chromosome in other stickleback species, indicating a recent sex chromosome turnover. We also identified two genes - rxfp2a and zar1l - as novel candidate sex determination genes. Notably, we observed inversions on both the X and Y chromosomes in different populations, resulting in distinctive patterns of differentiation between the X and Y chromosomes across populations. We propose that the inversion on the X chromosome may have been favored by sexually antagonistic selection. The new sex chromosome and intraspecies inversion polymorphisms observed in A. quadracus provide an excellent system for studying the evolution of sex chromosomes and their turnovers.

Author SummaryAs compared to mammals and birds, teleost fish exhibit a very high level of diversity in their sex chromosomes, even among closely related species. Thus far, little attention has been paid to variation within species, although it offers a valuable opportunity to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation and turnover of sex chromosomes. Through a quantitative trait locus (QTL) cross and sequencing diverse populations, we determined that instead of the previously reported ZW system, A. quadracus has an XY sex determination system on chromosome 23. Within the sex determining region, we identified rxfp2a and zar1l as putative sex determining genes. Notably, we also observed polymorphic inversions present on both the X and Y chromosomes that differ among populations. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that the X-linked inversions are favored by selection that differs between males and females. These observations represent a rare situation in which sex chromosomes are still polymorphic for sex-linked inversions, which offers important insights into the early stages of sex chromosome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peichel, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fourspine stickleback (Apeltes quadracus) has an XY sex chromosome system with polymorphic inversions on both X and Y chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.22.618007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An attractor state zone precedes neural crest fate in melanoma initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.22.618007v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Field cancerization posits that groups of cells harboring oncogenic mutations create a permissive landscape predisposed to malignant transformation. We previously identified rare single cells in BRAFV600E;p53-/- zebrafish that reactivate an embryonic neural crest program prior to melanoma initiation. Here, we identify a specific field of BRAFV600E;p53-/-melanocytes with altered differentiation, morphology and cell-cycle regulatory programs that predates the neural crest activation. Based on single cell analysis, these cells form a cancer precursor zone (CPZ) from which a single clone ultimately stabilizes a neural crest-like state and expands to form melanoma. Using in vivo cellular barcoding combined with single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we identify a transcriptionally distinct attractor state specific to oligoclonal CPZs that is modulated by BMP signaling.

Mechanistically, BMP-dependent induction of the transcriptional repressor ID1 sequesters TCF12, thereby inhibiting lineage-specific targets required for maintenance of melanocyte identity and for clonal selection. Single cells from the CPZ initiate neural crest reprogramming and become tumorigenic. Analysis of a large human patient cohort reveals high ID1 expression in precursor melanocytes as early as dysplastic nevi and atypical melanocytic proliferations, implicating ID1 in early human melanomagenesis.

This work identifies BMP signaling and ID1 as early, targetable vulnerabilities with potential for improved diagnosis and prevention of melanoma. Together, these findings uncover a previously unrecognized field effect during melanoma initiation, in which tumors emerge from an oligoclonal attractor-state zone of morphologically distinct yet clinically covert precursor cells with a defined altered transcriptional fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McConnell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasse, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mito, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosselink, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abarzua, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapnell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zon, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.618007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An attractor state zone precedes neural crest fate in melanoma initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.22.618525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Too dim, too bright, and just right: Systems analysis of the Chlamydomonas diurnal program upon acclimation to light stress and limitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.22.618525v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic organisms coordinate their metabolism and growth with diurnal light, which can range in intensity from limiting to inhibitory. To gain a comprehensive understanding of how diurnal regulatory circuits interface with sensing and response to various light intensities, we performed a systems analysis of synchronized Chlamydomonas populations acclimated to low, moderate, and high diurnal light. Transcriptomic and proteomic data revealed that the Chlamydomonas rhythmic gene expression program is resilient to limiting and excess light. Although gene expression and photodamage are dynamic over the diurnal cycle, Chlamydomonas populations acclimated to low and high diurnal light exhibit constitutive phenotypes with respect to photosystem abundance, thylakoid architecture, and non-photochemical quenching that persist through the night. This suggests that cells "remember" or anticipate the daylight environment. The integrated data constitute an excellent resource for understanding gene regulatory mechanisms and photoprotection in eukaryotes under environmentally relevant conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojeda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaesener, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodsworth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.618525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Too dim, too bright, and just right: Systems analysis of the Chlamydomonas diurnal program upon acclimation to light stress and limitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.24.620099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high throughput single molecule platform to study DNA supercoiling effect on protein-DNA interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.24.620099v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA supercoiling significantly influences DNA metabolic pathways. To examine its impact on DNA-protein interactions at the single-molecule level, we developed a highly efficient and reliable protocol to modify plasmid DNA at specific sites, allowing us to label plasmids with fluorophores and biotin. We then induced negative and positive supercoiling in these plasmids using gyrase and reverse gyrase, respectively. Comparing supercoiled DNA with relaxed circular DNA, we assessed the effects of supercoiling on CRISPR-Cas9 and mismatch repair protein MutS. We found that negative DNA supercoiling exacerbates off-target effects in DNA unwinding by Cas9. For MutS, we observed both negative and positive DNA supercoiling enhances the binding interaction between MutS and a mismatched base pair but does not affect the rate of ATP-induced sliding clamp formation. These findings not only underscore the versatility of our protocol but also opens new avenues for exploring the intricate dynamics of protein-DNA interactions under the influences of supercoiling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.620099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high throughput single molecule platform to study DNA supercoiling effect on protein-DNA interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.25.620287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of FicD AMPylation causes diabetes by disrupting pancreatic endocrine homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.25.620287v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bi-functional enzyme FicD regulates the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP using AMPylation and deAMPylation during ER homeostasis and stress, respectively. Human FicD with an arginine-to-serine mutation disrupts FicD deAMPylation activity resulting in severe neonatal diabetes. We generated the FicDR371S mutation in mice to create a pre-clinical murine model for neonatal diabetes. We observed elevated BiP AMPylation levels across multiple tissues and signature markers for diabetes including glucose intolerance and reduced serum insulin levels. While the pancreas of FicDR371S mice appeared normal at birth, adult FicDR371S mice displayed disturbed pancreatic islet organization that progressed with age. FicDR371S mice provide a preclinical mouse model for the study of UPR associated diabetes and demonstrate the essentiality of FicD for tissue resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, N. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakurai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinzon-Arteaga, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evers, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of FicD AMPylation causes diabetes by disrupting pancreatic endocrine homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Borrelia burgdorferi loses essential genetic elements and cell proliferative potential during stationary phase in culture but not in the tick vector. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620338v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi is a polyploid bacterium with a segmented genome in which both the chromosome and over 20 distinct plasmids are present in multiple copies per cell. This pathogen can survive at least nine months in its tick vector in an apparent dormant state between blood meals, without losing cell proliferative capability when re-exposed to nutrients. Cultivated B. burgdorferi cells grown to stationary phase or resuspended in nutrient-limited media are often used to study the effects of nutrient deprivation. However, a thorough assessment of the spirochetes ability to recover from nutrient depletion has been lacking. Our study shows that starved B. burgdorferi cultures rapidly lose cell proliferative. Loss of genetic elements essential for cell proliferation contributes to the observed proliferative defect in stationary phase. The gradual decline in copies of genetic elements is not perfectly synchronized between chromosomes and plasmids, generating cells that harbor one or more copies of the essential chromosome but lack all copies of one or more non-essential plasmids. This phenomenon likely contributes to the well-documented issue of plasmid loss during in vitro cultivation of B. burgdorferi. In contrast, B. burgdorferi cells from ticks starved for 14 months showed no evidence of reduced cell proliferative ability or plasmid loss. Beyond their practical implications for studying B. burgdorferi, these findings suggest that the midgut of the tick vector offers a unique environment that supports the maintenance of B. burgdorferis segmented genome and cell proliferative potential during periods of tick fasting.

ImportanceBorrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, a prevalent tick-borne illness. B. burgdorferi must survive long periods (months to a year) of apparent dormancy in the midgut of the tick vector between blood meals. Resilience to starvation is a common trait among bacteria. However, this study reveals that in laboratory cultures, B. burgdorferi poorly endures starvation and rapidly loses viability. This decline is linked to a gradual loss of genetic elements required for cell proliferation. These results suggest that the persistence of B. burgdorferi in nature is likely shaped more by unique environmental conditions in the midgut of the tick vector than by a general innate ability of this bacterium to endure nutrient deprivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takacs, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thappeta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Borrelia burgdorferi loses essential genetic elements and cell proliferative potential during stationary phase in culture but not in the tick vector.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TreeFormer: A transformer-based tree rearrangement operation for phylogenetic reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620561v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic inference is a fundamental problem in biology, which studies the origins and evolutionary relationships among species. Popular phylogenetic inference methods, such as IQ-TREE, RAxML, and PHYML, typically utilize heuristic tree search algorithms to seek a phylogenetic tree that maximizes the likelihood of the observed genetic data. However, tree search is time-consuming and often prone to local optima. To address these issues, we introduce TreeFormer, a new Transformer-based tree rearrangement operation for tree search. Experimental results show that TreeFormer achieves higher accuracy than FastTree 2 when reconstructing trees from real alignments with fewer than 1000 sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ly-Trong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert Matsen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minh, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TreeFormer: A transformer-based tree rearrangement operation for phylogenetic reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.29.620300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stratified analysis identifies HIF-2α as a therapeutic target for highly immune-infiltrated melanomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.29.620300v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized treatment of metastatic melanoma over the last decade, the identification of broadly applicable robust biomarkers has been challenging, driven in large part by the heterogeneity of ICB regimens and patient and tumor characteristics. To disentangle these features, we performed a standardized meta-analysis of eight cohorts of patients treated with anti-PD-1 (n=290), anti-CTLA-4 (n=175), and combination anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 (n=51) with RNA sequencing of pre-treatment tumor and clinical annotations. Stratifying by immune-high vs -low tumors, we found that surprisingly, high immune infiltrate was a biomarker for response to combination ICB, but not anti-PD-1 alone. Additionally, hypoxia-related signatures were associated with non-response to anti-PD-1, but only amongst immune infiltrate-high melanomas. In a cohort of scRNA-seq of patients with metastatic melanoma, hypoxia also correlated with immunosuppression and changes in tumor-stromal communication in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Clinically actionable targets of hypoxia signaling were also uniquely expressed across different cell types. We focused on one such target, HIF-2, which was specifically upregulated in endothelial cells and fibroblasts but not in immune cells or tumor cells. HIF-2 inhibition, in combination with anti-PD-1, enhanced tumor growth control in pre-clinical models, but only in a more immune-infiltrated melanoma model. Our work demonstrates how careful stratification by clinical and molecular characteristics can be leveraged to derive meaningful biological insights and lead to the rational discovery of novel clinical targets for combination therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatouros, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robitschek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosado, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarantino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aprati, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glettig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, L.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchbinder, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodi, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpe, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stratified analysis identifies HIF-2α as a therapeutic target for highly immune-infiltrated melanomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A near telomere-to-telomere phased reference assembly for the male mountain gorilla 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620258v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endangered mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei, faces numerous threats to its survival, highlighting the urgent need for genomic resources to aid conservation efforts. Here, we present a near telomere-to-telomere, haplotype-phased reference genome assembly for a male mountain gorilla generated using PacBio HiFi (26.77x ave. coverage) and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (52.87x ave. coverage) data. The resulting non-scaffolded assembly exhibits exceptional contiguity, with contig N50 of [~]95 Mbp for the combined pseudohaplotype (3,540,458,497 bp), 56.5 Mbp (3.1 Gbp) and 51.0 Mbp (3.2 Gbp) for each haplotype, an average QV of 65.15 (error rate = 3.1 x 10-7), and a BUSCO score of 98.4%. These represent substantial improvements over most other available primate genomes. This first high-quality reference genome of the mountain gorilla provides an invaluable resource for future studies on gorilla evolution, adaptation, and conservation, ultimately contributing to the long-term survival of this iconic species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muvunyi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazzouri, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumushime, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nzayisenga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nziza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meert, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppieters, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salehi-Ashtiani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twizere, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A near telomere-to-telomere phased reference assembly for the male mountain gorilla]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.29.620929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural mechanisms underlying robust target selection in response to microstimulation of the oculomotor system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.29.620929v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite its prevalence in studying the causal roles of different brain circuits in cognitive processes, electrical microstimulation often results in inconsistent behavioral effects. These inconsistencies are assumed to be due to multiple mechanisms, including habituation, compensation by other brain circuits, and contralateral suppression. Considering the presence of reinforcement in most experimental paradigms, we hypothesized that interactions between reward feedback and microstimulation could contribute to inconsistencies in behavioral effects of microstimulation. To test this, we analyzed data from electrical microstimulation of the frontal eye field of male macaques during a value-based decision-making task and constructed network models to capture choice behavior. We found evidence for microstimulation-dependent adaptation in saccadic choice, such that in stimulated trials, monkeys choices were biased toward the target in the response field of the microstimulated site (Tin). In contrast, monkeys showed a bias away from Tin in non-stimulated trials following microstimulation. Critically, this bias slowly decreased as a function of the time since the last stimulation. Moreover, microstimulation-dependent adaptation was influenced by reward outcomes in preceding trials. Despite these local effects, we found no evidence for the global effects of microstimulation on learning and sensitivity to the reward schedule. By simulating choice behavior across various network models, we found a model in which microstimulation and reward-value signals interact competitively through reward-dependent plasticity can best account for our observations. Our findings indicate a reward-dependent compensatory mechanism that enhances robustness to perturbations within the oculomotor system and could explain the inconsistent outcomes observed in previous microstimulation studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rakhshan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural mechanisms underlying robust target selection in response to microstimulation of the oculomotor system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic analysis of the pyrenoid-traversing membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals novel components 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620638v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIPyrenoids are algal CO2-fixing organelles that mediate approximately one-third of global carbon fixation. Most pyrenoids are traversed by membranes that are thought to supply them with concentrated CO2. Despite the critical nature of these membranes for pyrenoid function, they are poorly understood, with few protein components known in any species.
C_LIO_LIHere, we identify protein components of the pyrenoid-traversing membranes from the leading model alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, by affinity purification and mass spectrometry of membrane fragments. Our proteome includes previously-known proteins as well as novel candidates.
C_LIO_LIWe further characterize two of the novel pyrenoid-traversing membrane-resident proteins: Cre10.g452250, which we name Pyrenoid Membrane Enriched 1 (PME1), and Cre02.g143550, also known as Low-CO2-Induced 16 (LCI16). We confirm the pyrenoid-traversing membrane localization of LCI16 and observe that PME1 and LCI16 physically interact. We find that neither protein is required for normal membrane morphology or growth under CO2-limiting conditions, but that both mutants show a similar proteomic profile to those of established pyrenoid mutants.
C_LIO_LITaken together, our study identifies the proteome of the pyrenoid-traversing membranes and initiates the characterization of a novel pyrenoid-traversing membrane complex, building toward a mechanistic understanding of the pyrenoid.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franklin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergun, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic analysis of the pyrenoid-traversing membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals novel components]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GESIAP3.0: Sensor-based Image Analysis Program for Transmission Visualization In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.28.620522v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic transmission mediated by various neurotransmitters influences a wide range of behaviors. However, understanding how neuromodulatory transmitters encode diverse behaviors and affect their functions remains challenging. Here, we introduce GESIAP3.0, an advanced, third-generation image analysis program based on genetically encoded sensors. This tool enables precise quantitative analysis of transmission in both awake, freely moving animals and immobilized subjects. GESIAP3.0 incorporates movement correction algorithms that effectively eliminate image displacement in behaving animals while optimizing synaptic information extraction and simplifying computations on commodity computers. Quantitative analysis of cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic transmission, corrected for tissue movement, revealed synaptic properties consistent with measurements from ex vivo wide-field and in vivo two-photon imaging under stable conditions. This validates the applicability of GESIAP3.0 for analyzing synaptic properties of neuromodulatory transmission in behaving animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ru, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GESIAP3.0: Sensor-based Image Analysis Program for Transmission Visualization In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From the fly connectome to exact ring attractor dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621596v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A cognitive compass enabling spatial navigation requires the neural representation of head direction (HD), yet the neural circuit architecture enabling this representation remains unclear. While various network models have been proposed to explain HD systems, these models rely on simplified circuit architectures that may be irreconcilable with empirical observations from connectomes. Here we construct a neural network model for the fruit fly HD system that satisfies both connectome-derived architectural constraints and the functional requirement of continuous head-direction representation. To achieve this, we first characterized an ensemble of continuous attractor networks where compass neurons providing local mutual excitation are coupled to inhibitory neurons. Our multipopulation model allowed us to discover a new class of ring attractor network with weaker symmetry requirements than usually assumed. For each of the four available fly connectomes, our analyses uncovered three distinct realizations of these networks. Furthermore, we found that synaptic variations among and around the fly connectomes can be compensated by cell-type-specific rescaling of synaptic weights, which could be potentially achieved through neuromodulation. The fly connectomes are ideally configured to take advantage of this mechanism, suggesting a novel design principle linking synapse-resolution connectivity to network computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanoev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From the fly connectome to exact ring attractor dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.30.621125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic architecture of a light-temperature coincidence detector 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.30.621125v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light and temperature variations are inescapable in nature. These signals provide daily and seasonal information, guiding life history determinations across many taxa. Here we show that signals from the PHOTOTROPIN2 (PHOT2) blue photoreceptor combine with low temperature information to control flowering. Plants lacking PHOT2 flower later than controls when grown in low ambient temperature. This phenotype is blocked by removal of NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) and recapitulated by reducing blue light intensity or removing the transcription factor CAMTA2. PHOT2 and CAMTA2 show non-additive genetic interactions in phenotype and gene expression. Network-based co-expression analysis indicates system-level control of key growth modules by PHOT2 and CAMTA2. CAMTA2 is required for low temperature up-regulation of EHB1, a known NPH3-interacting protein, providing a mechanism of temperature information input to the PHOT-NPH3 blue light signaling system. Together these data describe the genetic architecture of environmental signal integration in this blue light-low temperature coincidence detection module.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seluzicki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic architecture of a light-temperature coincidence detector]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.29.620940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PAL-AI reveals genetic determinants that control poly(A)-tail length during oocyte maturation with relevance to human fertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.29.620940v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In oocytes of mammals and other animals, gene regulation is mediated primarily through changes in poly(A)-tail length1-9. Here, we introduce PAL-AI, an integrated neural network machine-learning model that accurately predicts tail-length changes in maturing oocytes of frogs and mammals. We show that PAL-AI learned known and previously unknown sequence elements and their contextual features that control poly(A)-tail length, enabling it to predict tail-length changes resulting from 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) single-nucleotide substitutions. It also predicted tail-length-mediated translational changes, allowing us to nominate genes important for oocyte maturation. When comparing predicted tail-length changes in human oocytes with genomic datasets of the All of Us Research Program10 and gnomAD11, we found that genetic variants predicted to disrupt tail lengthening have been under negative selection in the human population, thereby linking mRNA tail lengthening to human female fertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PAL-AI reveals genetic determinants that control poly(A)-tail length during oocyte maturation with relevance to human fertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SOQ1 functions as a methionine sulfoxide reductase in the chloroplast lumen for regulation of photoprotective qH in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621559v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic organisms must balance light absorption and energy dissipation to prevent photo-oxidative damage. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) dissipates excess light energy as heat, with the quenching component qH providing sustained photoprotection. However, the molecular mechanism underlying qH induction remains unclear. Our study focuses on the thylakoid membrane protein SUPPRESSOR OF QUENCHING 1 (SOQ1) and its inhibition of qH through interaction with LIPOCALIN IN THE PLASTID (LCNP) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Structural homology of SOQ1 lumenal domains with bacterial disulfide bond protein D suggested potential thiol-disulfide exchange activity. In vitro assays determined that both SOQ1 thioredoxin-like (Trx-like) and C-terminal (CTD) domains contain a redox-active cysteine pair and evidenced electron transfer from Trx-like to CTD. Importantly, we found that SOQ1 lumenal domains exhibit methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) activity converting oxidized methionine residues in LCNP back to methionine, which thereby inactivates LCNP and prevents qH formation. Mutational analyses identified cysteine residues in SOQ1-CTD and methionine residues in LCNP as critical for qH suppression, supporting their role in redox regulation. Additionally, we found that the redox state of SOQ1 in vivo is light-dependent, shifting from reduced to oxidized under stress conditions, indicating a dynamic regulation of its activity. We conclude that the Trx-like domain of SOQ1 provides reducing power to its CTD displaying Msr activity. SOQ1 is therefore an unusual example of a protein possessing both a disulfide reductase and Msr domain in tandem. Our findings elucidate the redox-regulation mechanism of qH involving SOQ1-mediated methionine reduction of LCNP, providing insights into the intricate control of photoprotective processes in chloroplasts and enhancing our understanding of plant resilience under environmental stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson Fall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertle, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hisabori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malnoe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SOQ1 functions as a methionine sulfoxide reductase in the chloroplast lumen for regulation of photoprotective qH in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.30.621148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed ultrasound imaging of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.30.621148v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acoustic reporter genes (ARGs) have enabled the imaging of gene expression with ultrasound, which provides high-resolution access to deep, optically opaque living tissues. However, unlike their fluorescent counterparts, ARGs have so far been limited to a single "color," preventing multiplexed imaging of cellular states or populations. Here, we use rational protein design and directed evolution to develop two novel ARGs that can be distinguished from each other based on their acoustic pressure response profiles, enabling "two-color" ultrasound imaging of gene expression. We demonstrate the utility of multiplexed ARGs for delineating bacterial cell species and cell states in vitro, and then apply them towards imaging distinct subpopulations of probiotics in the mouse gastrointestinal tract and in tumor-colonizing bacterial agents in vivo. Just as the first wavelength-shifted derivatives of fluorescent proteins opened a vivid world for optical microscopy, our next-generation acoustic proteins set the stage for a richer symphony of ultrasound signals from living subjects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nystrom, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed ultrasound imaging of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive imaging of cell-based therapies using acoustic reporter genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621111v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-based therapies are a major emerging category of medicine. The ability of engineered cells to traffic to and function at specific anatomical locations is a major aspect of their performance. However, there is a lack of non-invasive, non-ionizing, cost-accessible methods to track these therapies inside the body and ensure proper function. Here, we establish a platform for in vivo imaging of primary cell therapies using ultrasound - a ubiquitously accessible technology for high-resolution non-invasive imaging. We introduce and optimize a lentiviral delivery system to express acoustic reporter genes based on gas vesicles in primary mammalian cells such as T cells, showing that this results in robust ultrasound contrast. Additionally, we develop genetic circuits making it possible to monitor T cell activation via activity-dependent promoters. We apply this technology to primary human T cells, using it to non-invasively track their accumulation and proliferation as a targeted therapy in a mouse tumor xenograft model and compare it to invasive, terminal measures such as immunohistology. By making it possible to visualize cell-based therapies and their function inside opaque living organs with unprecedented resolution and accessibility, this technology has the potential to significantly accelerate their development and effective use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shivaei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revilla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurvitz, I. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive imaging of cell-based therapies using acoustic reporter genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ImmunoStruct: Integration of protein sequence, structure, and biochemical properties for immunogenicity prediction and interpretation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621580v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epitope-based vaccines are promising therapeutic modalities for infectious diseases and cancer, but identifying immunogenic epitopes is challenging. The vast majority of prediction methods only use amino acid sequence information, and do not incorporate wide-scale structure data and biochemical properties across each peptide-MHC. We present ImmunoStruct, a deep-learning model that integrates sequence, structural, and biochemical information to predict multi-allele class-I peptide-MHC immunogenicity. By leveraging a multimodal dataset of[~] 27,000 peptide-MHCs, we demonstrate that ImmunoStruct improves immunogenicity prediction performance and interpretability beyond existing methods, across infectious disease epitopes and cancer neoepitopes. We further show strong alignment with in vitro assay results for a set of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes, as well as strong performance in peptide-MHC-based cancer patient survival prediction. Overall, this work also presents a new architecture that incorporates equivariant graph processing and multimodal data integration for the long standing task in immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Givechian, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ImmunoStruct: Integration of protein sequence, structure, and biochemical properties for immunogenicity prediction and interpretation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.29.620810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Transcriptomics of IPMN Reveals Divergent Indolent and Malignant Lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.29.620810v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeIntraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) occur in 5-10% of the population, but only a small minority progress to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The lack of accurate predictors of high-risk disease leads both to unnecessary operations for indolent neoplasms as well as missed diagnoses of PDAC. Digital spatial RNA profiling (DSP-RNA) provides an opportunity to define and associate transcriptomic states with cancer risk.

Experimental DesignWhole-transcriptome DSP-RNA profiling was performed on 10 IPMN specimens encompassing the spectrum of dysplastic changes from normal duct to cancer. Ductal epithelial regions within each tissue were annotated as normal duct (NL), low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), or invasive carcinoma (INV). Gene expression count data was generated by Illumina sequencing and analyzed with R/Bioconductor.

ResultsDimension reduction analysis exposed three clusters reflecting IPMN transcriptomic states denoted "normal-like" (cNL), "low-risk" (cLR) and "high-risk" (cHR). In addition to specific marker genes, the three states exhibited significant enrichment for the exocrine, classical, and basal-like programs in PDAC. Specifically, exocrine function diminished in cHR, classical activation distinguished neoplasia from cNL, and basal-like genes were specifically upregulated in cHR. Intriguingly, markers of cHR were detected in NL and LGD regions from specimens with PDAC but not low-grade IPMN.

ConclusionsDSP-RNA of IPMN revealed low-risk (indolent) and high-risk (malignant) expression programs that correlated with the activity of exocrine and basal-like PDAC signatures, respectively, and distinguished pathologically low-grade from malignant specimens. These findings contextualize IPMN pathogenesis and have the potential to transform existing risk stratification models.

Statement of translational relevanceCurrent consensus guidelines for management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) of the pancreas utilize clinical and radiographic criteria for risk stratification. Unfortunately, the estimated positive predictive value of these criteria for IPMN-associated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is under 50%, indicating that over half of pancreatectomies are performed for benign disease. Moreover, nearly 15% of patients who were deemed "low risk" by the same criteria harbored PDAC. Surgical resection of IPMN has maximal benefit when performed prior to the development of PDAC, as evidence of carcinoma has been associated with a high rate of recurrence and poor overall survival. Thus, the development of molecular diagnostics that improve the accuracy of IPMN risk classification would have immediate relevance for patient care, both in terms of better selecting patients for potentially curative operations, as well as sparing patients with low-risk lesions from invasive procedures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyer, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckhoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbaum, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Transcriptomics of IPMN Reveals Divergent Indolent and Malignant Lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.02.621624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalized cell phenotyping for spatial proteomics with language-informed vision models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.02.621624v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present DeepCell Types, a novel approach to cell phenotyping for spatial proteomics that addresses the challenge of generalization across diverse datasets with varying marker panels collected across different platforms. Our approach utilizes a transformer with channel-wise attention to create a language-informed vision model; this models semantic understanding of the underlying marker panel enables it to learn from and adapt to heterogeneous datasets. Leveraging a curated, diverse dataset named Expanded TissueNet with cell type labels spanning the literature and the NIH Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP) consortium, our model demonstrates robust performance across various cell types, tissues, and imaging modalities. Comprehensive benchmarking shows superior accuracy and generalizability of our method compared to existing methods. This work significantly advances automated spatial proteomics analysis, offering a generalizable and scalable solution for cell phenotyping that meets the demands of multiplexed imaging data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilip, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Valen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.02.621624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalized cell phenotyping for spatial proteomics with language-informed vision models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.02.621675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse Pachytene piRNAs Cleave Hundreds of Transcripts,But Alter the Steady-State Abundance of Only a Minority of Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.02.621675v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals, 18-35-nt piRNAs guide PIWI proteins to regulate complementary RNAs. During male meiosis, mammals produce an exceptionally abundant class of piRNAs called pachytene piRNAs. Pachytene piRNAs are required for spermatogenesis and have been proposed to control gene expression by various mechanisms. Here, we show that pachytene piRNAs regulate targets predominantly, if not exclusively, by endonucleolytic cleavage. Remarkably, pachytene piRNAs slice hundreds of RNAs, yet a change in steady-state level is detectable for a small fraction of transcripts. Our data suggest that cleavage of the few targets whose abundance is reduced significantly by piRNAs is essential for male fertility. Other pachytene piRNA targets are enriched for highly transcribed genes, which may explain why piRNA cleavage is often inconsequential for the steady-state abundance of targets. We propose that the retention of pachytene piRNAs throughout mammalian evolution is driven by the selective advantage conferred by a tiny minority of piRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajaykumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainetdinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.02.621675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse Pachytene piRNAs Cleave Hundreds of Transcripts,But Alter the Steady-State Abundance of Only a Minority of Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.04.621923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global dopaminergic learning rate enables adaptive foraging across many options 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.04.621923v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In natural environments, animals must efficiently allocate their choices across multiple concurrently available resources when foraging, a complex decision-making process not fully captured by existing models. To understand how rodents learn to navigate this challenge we developed a novel paradigm in which untrained, water-restricted mice were free to sample from six options rewarded at a range of deterministic intervals and positioned around the walls of a large ([~]2m) arena. Mice exhibited rapid learning, matching their choices to integrated reward ratios across six options within the first session. A reinforcement learning model with separate states for staying or leaving an option and a dynamic, global learning rate was able to accurately reproduce mouse learning and decision-making. Fiber photometry recordings revealed that dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), but not dorsomedial striatum (DMS), more closely reflected the global learning rate than local error-based updating. Altogether, our results provide insight into the neural substrate of a learning algorithm that allows mice to rapidly exploit multiple options when foraging in large spatial environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grima, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermundstad, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global dopaminergic learning rate enables adaptive foraging across many options]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.04.621948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Fly Disco: Hardware and software for optogenetics and fine-grained fly behavior analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.04.621948v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, connectome data and genetic tools provide a unique opportunity to study complex behaviors including navigation, mating, aggression, and grooming in an organism with a tractable nervous system of 140,000 neurons. Here we present the Fly Disco, a flexible system for high quality video collection, optogenetic manipulation, and fine-grained behavioral analysis of freely walking and socializing fruit fly groups. The data collection hardware and software automates the collection of videos synced to programmable optogenetic stimuli. Key pipeline features include behavioral analysis based on trajectories of 21 keypoints and optogenetic-specific summary statistics and data visualization. We created the multifly dataset for pose estimation that includes 9701 examples enriched in complex behaviors. All hardware designs, software, and the multifly dataset are freely available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robie, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schretter, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Fly Disco: Hardware and software for optogenetics and fine-grained fly behavior analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.03.621760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designed miniproteins potently inhibit and protect against MERS-CoV 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.03.621760v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen with 36% case-fatality rate in humans. No vaccines or specific therapeutics are currently approved to use in humans or the camel host reservoir. Here, we computationally designed monomeric and homo-oligomeric miniproteins binding with high affinity to the MERS-CoV spike (S) glycoprotein, the main target of neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development. We show that these miniproteins broadly neutralize a panel of MERS-CoV S variants, spanning the known antigenic diversity of this pathogen, by targeting a conserved site in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). The miniproteins directly compete with binding of the DPP4 receptor to MERS-CoV S, thereby blocking viral attachment to the host entry receptor and subsequent membrane fusion. Intranasal administration of a lead miniprotein provides prophylactic protection against stringent MERS-CoV challenge in mice motivating future clinical development as a next-generation countermeasure against this virus with pandemic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ragotte, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tortorici, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantazaro, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addetia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froggatt, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milles, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wicky, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloegl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharkey, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.03.621760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designed miniproteins potently inhibit and protect against MERS-CoV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and annotation of centromeric hypomethylated regions with Centromere Dip Region (CDR)-Finder 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.01.621587v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres are chromosomal regions historically understudied with sequencing technologies due to their repetitive nature and short-read mapping limitations. However, recent improvements in long-read sequencing allowed for the investigation of complex regions of the genome at the sequence and epigenetic levels. Here, we present Centromere Dip Region (CDR)-Finder: a tool to identify regions of hypomethylation within the centromeres of high-quality, contiguous genome assemblies. These regions are typically associated with a unique type of chromatin containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A, which marks the location of the kinetochore. CDR-Finder identifies the CDRs in large and short centromeres and generates a BED file indicating the location of the CDRs within the centromere. It also outputs a plot for visualization, validation, and downstream analysis. CDR-Finder is available at https://github.com/EichlerLab/CDR-Finder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mastrorosa, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshima, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozanski, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.621587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and annotation of centromeric hypomethylated regions with Centromere Dip Region (CDR)-Finder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.05.622036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylase ROS1 antagonizes parent-of-origin specific DNA methylation in Arabidopsis endosperm 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.05.622036v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation patterning is a consequence of opposing activities of DNA methyltransferases and DNA demethylases. In flowering plants, two distinct female gametes, the egg cell and the central cell, are fertilized, producing what will become the embryo and the endosperm of the seed. In Arabidopsis, a 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylase, DME, demethylates regions in the central cell genome, leading to methylation differences between maternally- and paternally-inherited endosperm genomes after fertilization. DME is required for endosperm gene imprinting. Homologues of DME include ROS1, DML2 and DML3. It is unknown whether any of these DNA glycosylases are required for endosperm methylation patterning. We show that ROS1 prevents hypermethylation of paternally-inherited alleles in the endosperm at regions that lack maternal or paternal-allele methylation in wild-type. Thus, ROS1 promotes epigenetic symmetry between genomes in the endosperm by preventing paternal genome hypermethylation. We propose that ROS1 and DME act in a parent-of-origin-specific manner at shared endosperm targets, and consider implications for the evolution of imprinting mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hemenway, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.05.622036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylase ROS1 antagonizes parent-of-origin specific DNA methylation in Arabidopsis endosperm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.03.621740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonizing cis-regulatory elements of a conserved flowering gene mediate developmental robustness 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.03.621740v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental transitions require precise temporal and spatial control of gene expression. In plants, such regulation is critical for flower formation, which involves the progressive differentiation of stem cell populations within floral meristems followed by rapid sequential development of floral organs. Across plant taxa, these transitions are orchestrated by the F-box transcriptional co-factor gene UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO). The conserved and pleiotropic functions of UFO offer a useful framework for investigating how evolutionary processes have shaped the intricate cis-regulation of key developmental genes. By pinpointing a conserved promoter sequence in an accessible chromatin region of the tomato ortholog of UFO, we engineered in vivo a series of cis-regulatory alleles that caused both loss- and gain-of-function floral defects. These mutant phenotypes were linked to disruptions in predicted transcription factor binding sites for known transcriptional activators and repressors. Allelic combinations revealed dosage-dependent interactions between opposing alleles, influencing the penetrance and expressivity of gain-of-function phenotypes. These phenotypic differences support that robustness in tomato flower development requires precise temporal control of UFO expression dosage. Bridging our analysis to Arabidopsis, we found that although homologous sequences to the tomato regulatory region are dispersed within the UFO promoter, they maintain similar control over floral development. However, phenotypes from disrupting these sequences differ due to the differing expression patterns of UFO. Our study underscores the complex cis-regulatory control of dynamic developmental genes and demonstrates that critical short stretches of regulatory sequences that recruit both activating and repressing machinery are conserved to maintain developmental robustness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lanctot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udilovich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robitaille, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.03.621740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonizing cis-regulatory elements of a conserved flowering gene mediate developmental robustness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.05.622032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A green lifetime biosensor for calcium that remains bright over its full dynamic range 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.05.622032v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent biosensors toggle between two states and for the vast majority of biosensors one state is bright and the other state is dim. As a consequence, there is a substantial difference in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the two states. The dim state has a low signal-to-noise ratio, which is problematic when precise, quantitative measurements are needed. During the engineering of a red-shifted variant of an mTurquoise-based calcium sensor, we serendipitously generated a green-emitting sensor that shows high brightness in both the calcium-bound and -unbound state, while still showing a calcium dependent lifetime change of >1 nanosecond. This sensor, named G-Ca-FLITS, is comparable in brightness to the bright state of GCaMP3 and jGCaMP7c in mammalian cells. The calcium induced loss in fluorescence intensity is only around 30% and therefore we observe little variation in the SNR when calcium levels change. G-Ca-FLITS shows negligible sensitivity to pH in the physiological range, like its turquoise parent. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), we measured the calcium concentration with G-Ca-FLITS in various organelles and observed in HeLa cells transient and spatially heterogeneous calcium elevations in mitochondria. Finally, we evaluated the use of G-Ca-FLITS and its turquoise predecessor for two-photon FLIM in Drosophila brains.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=120 SRC="FIGDIR/small/622032v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Linden, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornquist, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ter Beek, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huijts, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hink, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadella, T. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goedhart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.05.622032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A green lifetime biosensor for calcium that remains bright over its full dynamic range]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.07.622497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Mla pathway promotes Vibrio cholerae re-expansion from stationary phase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.07.622497v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria have evolved diverse strategies to ensure survival under nutrient-limited conditions, where rapid energy generation is not achievable. Here, we performed a transposon insertion site sequencing loss-of-function screen to identify Vibrio cholerae genes that promote the pathogens fitness in stationary phase. We discovered that the Mla (maintenance of lipid asymmetry) pathway, which is crucial for transferring phospholipids from the outer to the inner membrane, is critical for stationary phase fitness. Competition experiments with barcoded and fluorophore labeled wild-type and mlaE mutant V. cholerae revealed that the Mla pathway promotes re-expansion from 48h stationary phase cultures. The mutants defect in transitioning out of stationary phase into active growth (culturability) was also observed in monocultures at 48h. However, by 96h the culturability of the mutant and wild-type strains were equivalent. By monitoring the abundances of genomically barcoded libraries of wild-type and {Delta}mlaE strains, we observed that a few barcodes dominated the mutant culture at 96h, suggesting that the similarity of the population sizes at this time was caused by expansion of a subpopulation containing a mutation that suppressed the mlaE mutants defect. Whole genome sequencing revealed that mlaE suppressors inactivated flagellar biosynthesis. Additional mechanistic studies support the idea that the Mla pathway is critical for the maintenance of V. choleraes culturability as it promotes energy homeostasis, likely due to its role in regulating outer membrane vesicle shedding. Together our findings provide insights into the cellular processes that control re-expansion from stationary phase and demonstrate a previously undiscovered role for the Mla pathway.

ImportanceBacteria regularly encounter conditions with nutrient scarcity, where cell growth and division are minimal. Knowledge of the pathways that enable re-growth following nutrient restriction are limited. Here, using the cholera pathogen, we uncovered a role for the Mla pathway, a system that enables phospholipid re-cycling, in promoting Vibrio cholerae re-expansion from stationary phase cultures. Cells labeled with DNA barcodes or fluorophores were useful to demonstrate that though the abundances of wild-type and Mla mutant cells were similar in stationary phase cultures, they had marked differences in their capacities to regrow on plates. Of note, Mla mutant cells lose cell envelope components including high energy phospholipids due to OMV shedding. Our findings suggest that the defects in cellular energy homeostasis which emerge in the absence of the Mla pathway underlie its importance in maintaining V. cholerae culturability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leitner, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingl, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morano, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Mla pathway promotes Vibrio cholerae re-expansion from stationary phase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.07.622519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rad52 sorts and stacks Rad51 at the DNA junction to promote homologous recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.07.622519v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR) repairs double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). The DSBs are resected to yield single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that are coated by Replication Protein A (RPA). Rad51 is a recombinase and catalyzes strand invasion and the search for homology. However, it binds to ssDNA with lower affinity than RPA. Thus, mediator proteins such as Rad52/BRCA2 are required to promote Rad51 binding to RPA-coated ssDNA, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad52 interacts with Rad51 through two distinct binding modes. We here uncover that the Rad51-binding site in the disordered C-terminus of Rad52 (mode-1) sorts polydisperse Rad51 into discrete monomers. The second Rad51 binding site resides in the ordered N-terminal ring of Rad52 (mode-2), but this interaction occurs at only one position on the ring. In single molecule confocal fluorescence microscopy combined with optical tweezer analysis, we directly visualize filament formation using fluorescent-Rad51. Rad52 catalyzes Rad51 loading onto RPA-coated ssDNA, with a distinct preference for junctions, but no filament growth is observed. Deletion of the C-terminus of Rad52 results in loss of Rad51 sorting and abrogates Rad51 binding to RPA-coated DNA. While BRCA2 and Rad52 are structurally unrelated, many of these functional features are conserved. We describe a concerted Sort & Stack mechanism for mediator proteins in promoting HR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deveryshetty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoneim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokmina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taddei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bothner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rad52 sorts and stacks Rad51 at the DNA junction to promote homologous recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.06.622305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed perturbation of yew reveals cryptic proteins that enable a total biosynthesis of baccatin III and Taxol precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.06.622305v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants make complex and potent therapeutic molecules, but difficulties in sourcing from natural producers or chemical synthesis can challenge their use in the clinic. A prominent example is the anti-cancer therapeutic paclitaxel (Taxol(R)). Identification of the full paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway would enable heterologous drug production, but it has eluded discovery despite a half century of intensive research. Within the search space of Taxus large, enzyme-rich genome, we suspected the complex paclitaxel pathway would be difficult to resolve using conventional gene co-expression analysis and small sample sets. To improve the resolution of gene set identification, we developed a multiplexed perturbation strategy to transcriptionally profile cell states spanning tissues, cell types, developmental stages, and elicitation conditions. This approach revealed a set of paclitaxel biosynthetic genes that segregate into expression modules that suggest consecutive biosynthetic sub-pathways. These modules resolved seven new genes that, when combined with previously known enzymes, are sufficient for the de novo biosynthesis and isolation of baccatin III, an industrial precursor for Taxol, in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves at levels comparable to the natural abundance in Taxus needles. Included are taxane 1{beta}-hydroxylase (T1{beta}H), taxane 9-hydroxylase (T9H), taxane 7{beta}-O-acyltransferase (T7AT), taxane 7{beta}-O-deacetylase (T7dA), taxane 9-O-deacetylase (T9dA), and taxane 9-oxidase (T9ox). Importantly, the T9H we discovered is distinct and independently evolved from those recently reported, which failed to yield baccatin III with downstream enzymes. Unexpectedly, we also found a nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)-like protein (FoTO1) crucial for high yields of taxanes; this gene promotes the formation of the desired product during the first taxane oxidation step, resolving a longstanding bottleneck in paclitaxel pathway reconstitution. Together with a new {beta}-phenylalanine-CoA-ligase, the eight genes discovered in this study enables the complete reconstitution of 3-N-debenzoyl-2-deoxy-paclitaxel with a 20-enzyme pathway in Nicotiana plants. More broadly, we establish a generalizable approach for pathway discovery that scales the power of co-expression studies to match the complexity of specialized metabolism, enabling discovery of gene sets responsible for high-value biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McClune, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Pena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.622305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed perturbation of yew reveals cryptic proteins that enable a total biosynthesis of baccatin III and Taxol precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.07.622459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA methylation controls stress granule formation and function during erythropoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.07.622459v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress granules (SGs) are crucial in RNA regulation, affecting cell fate and function. SGs contain RNAs, some of which can be methylated. We studied m6A RNA modifications during the human CD34+ HSPCs (hCD34+) differentiating into erythroid cells and found that mRNAs encoding many erythroid-specific proteins had decreased methylation during differentiation. Increased levels ALKBH5 demethylase during erythropoiesis controls the levels of the 3UTR methylation of these mRNAs. hCD34+ carrying ALKBH5 mutations demonstrated a block in erythropoiesis, and mass-spectrometry studies of the mutant cells showed decreased levels of SG proteins, including the core granule protein ATXN2. ALKBH5 directly regulates the methylation of the mRNA of ATXN2. ATXN2 overexpression accelerated the erythroid differentiation of HSPCs and rescued the erythroid differentiation of ALKBH5 mutant cells. Very few SGs are found in normal human erythroid progenitors. SGs accumulated substantially in ALKBH5 mutant cells, and surprisingly overexpression of ATNX2 reduced SG numbers to normal. Polysome analysis demonstrated m6A-modified RNAs to be enriched in the pre-polysome fractions that were less translated. This work establishes a mechanism by which during stress, ATXN2 facilitates the release of SG-stored m6A-modified RNAs including erythroid-specific and SG-enriched RNAs that are loaded onto functional ribosomes, allowing better translation and accelerated erythroid differentiation during stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GUNAGE, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhuri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koczirka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi Ming Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA methylation controls stress granule formation and function during erythropoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.08.621386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic high-throughput screening identifies modulators of gut microbial choline metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.08.621386v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anaerobic metabolism of dietary choline to trimethylamine (TMA) by the human gut microbiome is a disease-associated pathway. The hosts impaired ability to oxidize TMA to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) results in trimethylaminuria (TMAU), while elevated serum TMAO levels have been positively correlated with cardiometabolic disease. Small molecule inhibition of gut bacterial choline metabolism attenuates the development of disease in mice, highlighting the therapeutic potential of modulating this metabolism. Inhibitors previously developed to target this pathway are often designed to mimic choline, the substrate of the key TMA-generating enzyme choline trimethylamine-lyase (CutC). Here, we use a growth-based phenotypic high-throughput screen and medicinal chemistry to identify distinct chemical scaffolds that can modulate anaerobic microbial choline metabolism and lower TMAO levels in vivo. These results illustrate the potential of using phenotypic screening to rapidly discover new inhibitors of gut microbial metabolic activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woo, A. Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval-Espinola, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollenbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakanaka-Yokoyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.621386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic high-throughput screening identifies modulators of gut microbial choline metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.08.622731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural landscape of AAA+ ATPase motor states in the substrate-degrading human 26S proteasome reveals conformation-specific binding of TXNL1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.08.622731v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome targets many cellular proteins for degradation during general homeostasis, protein quality control, and the regulation of vital processes. A broad range of proteasome-interacting cofactors thereby modulates these functions and aids in substrate degradation. Here, we solved several high-resolution structures of the redox active cofactor TXNL1 bound to the human 26S proteasome at saturating and sub-stoichiometric concentrations by time resolved cryo-EM. We identified distinct binding modes of TXNL1 that depend on the proteasome conformational and ATPase motor states. Together with biophysical and biochemical experiments, our structural studies reveal that the resting-state proteasome prior to substrate engagement with the ATPase motor binds TXNL1 with low affinity and in variable positions on top of the Rpn11 deubiquitinase. In contrast, the actively degrading proteasome shows additional interactions leading to high-affinity TXNL1 binding, whereby TXNL1s C-terminal tail covers the catalytic groove of the Rpn11 deubiquitinase and coordinates the active-site Zn2+. Furthermore, these cryo-EM structures of the degrading proteasome capture the ATPase hexamer in all registers of spiral-staircase arrangements and thus visualize the complete ATP-hydrolysis cycle of the AAA+ motor, indicating temporally asymmetric hydrolysis and conformational changes in bursts during mechanical substrate unfolding and translocation. Remarkably, we catch the proteasome in the act of unfolding the beta-barrel mEos3.2 substrate while the ATPase hexamer is in a particular spiral staircase register. Our findings challenge current models for protein translocation through hexameric AAA+ motors and reveal how the proteasome uses its distinct but broad range of conformational states to coordinate cofactor binding and substrate processing.

HighlightsO_LIHigh resolution structures of the redox active cofactor TXNL1 in complex with the human 26S proteasome solved by time-resolved cryo-EM.
C_LIO_LITXNL1 binds the catalytic groove of the main proteasomal deubiquitinase Rpn11 and coordinates its active-site Zinc specifically in substrate-degrading states of the proteasome.
C_LIO_LIVisualizing a partially unfolded intermediate of the mEos model substrate during processing.
C_LIO_LIStructures of the actively degrading human proteasome reveal all spiral-staircase registers of the AAA+ ATPase hexamer with unexpected nucleotide occupancies that indicate asymmetric ATP hydrolysis mechanisms, conformational changes with burst phases, and thus new models for hand-over-hand substrate translocation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural landscape of AAA+ ATPase motor states in the substrate-degrading human 26S proteasome reveals conformation-specific binding of TXNL1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.08.622741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the TXNL1-bound proteasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.08.622741v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteasomes degrade diverse proteins in different cellular contexts through incompletely defined regulatory mechanisms. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of thioredoxin-like protein 1 (TXNL1) bound to the 19S regulatory particle of proteasomes via interactions with PSMD1/Rpn2, PSMD4/Rpn10, and PSMD14/Rpn11. These interactions are necessary for the ubiquitin-independent degradation of TXNL1 upon cellular exposure to metal- or metalloid-containing oxidative agents, thereby establishing a structural basis for the stress-induced degradation of TXNL1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chino, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rale, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the TXNL1-bound proteasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.09.622774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing functionally defective HSCs alleviates aging-related phenotypes in old mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.09.622774v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a process accompanied by functional decline in tissues and organs with great social and medical consequences. Developing effective anti-aging strategies is of great significance. In this study, we demonstrated that transplantation of young hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into old mice can mitigate aging phenotypes, underscoring the crucial role of HSCs in the aging process. Through comprehensive molecular and functional analyses, we identified a subset of HSCs in aged mice that exhibit "younger" molecular profiles and functions, marked by low levels of CD150 expression. Mechanistically, CD150low HSCs from old mice can effectively differentiate into downstream lineage cells but not their CD150high counterparts. Notably, transplantation of old CD150low HSCs attenuates aging phenotypes and prolongs lifespan of elderly mice compared to those transplanted with unselected or CD150high HSCs. Importantly, reducing the dysfunctional CD150high HSCs can alleviate aging phenotypes in old recipient mice. Thus, our study demonstrates the presence of "younger" HSCs in old mice, and aging-associated functional decline can be mitigated by reducing dysfunctional HSCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.09.622774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing functionally defective HSCs alleviates aging-related phenotypes in old mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.11.623003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcription factor GABPA is a master regulator of naive pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.11.623003v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The establishment of naive pluripotency is a continuous process starting with the generation of inner cell mass (ICM) which then differentiating into epiblast (EPI). Recent studies have revealed key transcription factors (TFs) for ICM formation, but which TFs initiate EPI specification remains unknown. Here, using a targeted rapid protein degradation system, we show that GABPA is not only a regulator of major ZGA, but also a master EPI specifier required for naive pluripotency establishment by regulating 47% of EPI genes during E3.5 to E4.5 transition. Chromatin binding dynamics analysis suggests that GABPA controls EPI formation at least partly by binding to the ICM gene promoters occupied by the pluripotency regulators TFAP2C and SOX2 at E3.5 to establish naive pluripotency at E4.5. Our study not only uncovers GABPA as a master pluripotency regulator, but also supports the notion that mammalian pluripotency establishment requires a dynamic and stepwise multi-TFs regulatory network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcription factor GABPA is a master regulator of naive pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.12.623125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Plasmodium transitions and interactions in the Anopheles female 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.12.623125v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, relies exclusively on Anopheles mosquitoes for transmission. Once ingested during blood feeding, most parasites die in the mosquito midgut lumen or during epithelium traversal1. How surviving ookinetes interact with midgut cells and form oocysts is poorly known, yet these steps are essential to initiate a remarkable growth process culminating in the production of thousands of infectious sporozoites2. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing of both parasites and mosquito cells across different developmental stages and metabolic conditions, we unveil key transitions and mosquito-parasite interactions occurring in the midgut. Functional analyses uncover processes regulating oocyst growth and identify the transcription factor PfSIP2 as essential for sporozoite infection of human hepatocytes. Combining shared mosquito-parasite barcode analysis with confocal microscopy, we reveal that parasites preferentially interact with midgut progenitor cells during epithelial crossing, potentially using their basal location as an exit landmark. Additionally, we show tight connections between extracellular late oocysts and surrounding muscle cells that may ensure parasites adherence to the midgut. We confirm our major findings in several mosquito-parasite combinations, including field-derived parasites. Our study provides fundamental insight into the molecular events characterizing previously inaccessible biological transitions and mosquito-parasite interactions, and identifies candidates for transmission-blocking strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzier, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appetecchia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>March, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craven, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinvee, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauffman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catteruccia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Plasmodium transitions and interactions in the Anopheles female]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.13.623507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Design of Metallohydrolases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.13.623507v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo enzyme design starts from a description of an ideal active site composed of catalytic residues surrounding the reaction transition state(s), and builds a protein structure that contains this site1-7. Generative AI methods such as RFdiffusion11,12 now enable the direct generation of proteins around active sites, but to date, such scaffolding has required specification of both the position in the sequence and the backbone coordinates of each catalytic residue, which complicates sampling. Here we introduce a generative AI method called RFdiffusion2 that overcomes these limitations and use it to design zinc metallohydrolases starting from a density functional theory description of the active site geometry. Of an initial set of 96 designs tested experimentally, the most active has a kcat/KM of 16,000 M-1 s-1, orders of magnitude higher than previously designed metallohydrolases.6,7,13,14 A second round of 96 designs yielded 3 additional highly active enzymes, with kcat/KM up to 53,000 M-1 s-1 and kcat up to 1.5 s-1. The structures of the four enzymes are very different from each other and from the structures in the PDB. Each enzyme positions the reaction substrate almost perfectly for nucleophilic attack by a water molecule activated by the bound metal, and are predicted by PLACER15 and Chai-144 to have highly preorganized active sites. The ability to generate highly active catalysts straight out of the computer, without experimental optimization, using quantum chemistry calculated active site geometries should open the door to a new generation of potent designer enzymes.16,17
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodbury, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalvet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanikel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salike, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilvert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.13.623507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Design of Metallohydrolases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.12.623296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms driving epigenetic and transcriptional responses of microglia in a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder model 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.12.623296v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal dysfunction is causally linked to neurodegeneration in many lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and is associated with various age-related neurodegenerative diseases1,2, but there is limited understanding of the mechanisms by which altered lysosomal function leads to changes in gene expression that drive pathogenic cellular phenotypes. To investigate this question, we performed systematic imaging, transcriptomic, and epigenetic studies of major brain cell types in Sgsh null (KO) mice, a preclinical mouse model for Sanfilippo syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA, MPS-IIIA)3,4. MPS-IIIA is a neurodegenerative LSD caused by homozygous loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in SGSH which results in severe early-onset developmental, behavioral, and neurocognitive impairment5-15. Electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing analysis revealed microglia as the cell type exhibiting the most dramatic phenotypic alterations in Sgsh KO mice. Further temporal analysis of microglia gene expression showed dysregulation of genes associated with lysosomal function and immune signaling pathways beginning early in the course of the disease. Sgsh deficiency similarly resulted in increases in open chromatin and histone acetylation at thousands of putative microglia-specific enhancers associated with upregulated genes but had much less impact on the epigenetic landscapes of neurons or oligodendrocytes. We provide evidence for dominant and context-dependent roles of members of the MITF/TFE family as major drivers of microglia-specific epigenetic and transcriptional changes resulting from lysosomal stress that are dependent on collaborative interactions with PU.1/ETS and C/EBP transcription factors. Lastly, we show that features of the transcriptomic and epigenetic alterations observed in murine Sgsh deficiency are also observed in microglia derived from mouse models of age-related neurodegeneration and in human Alzheimers disease patients, revealing common and disease-specific transcriptional mechanisms associated with disease-associated microglia phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balak, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlachetzki, J. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lana, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuGal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saisan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spann, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarsani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasillas, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordts, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms driving epigenetic and transcriptional responses of microglia in a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.14.623699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-restrained sex chromosome drive through sequential asymmetric meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.14.623699v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic drivers are selfish genetic elements that bias their own transmission, violating Mendels Law of Equal Segregation. It has long been recognized that sex chromosome-linked drivers present a paradox: their success in transmission can severely distort populations sex ratio and lead to extinction. How sex chromosome drivers may resolve this paradox remains unknown. Here, we show that D. melanogasters Stellate (Ste) is an X chromosome-linked driver with a self-restraining mechanism that weakens its drive and prevents extinction. Ste protein asymmetrically segregates into Y-bearing cells during meiosis I, subsequently causing their death. Surprisingly, Ste segregates asymmetrically again during meiosis II, sparing half of the Y-bearing spermatids from Ste-induced defects. Our findings reveal a novel class of sex chromosome drivers that resolve the paradox of suicidal success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-restrained sex chromosome drive through sequential asymmetric meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.14.623368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time volumetric imaging of cells and molecules in deep tissues with Takoyaki ultrasound 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.14.623368v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acoustic contrast agents and reporter genes play a critical role in allowing ultrasound to visualize blood flow, map molecules and track cellular function in opaque living organisms. However, existing ultrasound methods to image acoustic contrast agents predominantly focus on 2D planar imaging, while the biological phenomena of interest unfurl in three dimensions. Here, we introduce a method for efficient, dynamic imaging of contrast agents and reporter genes in 3D using multiplexed matrix array transducers. Our "Takoyaki" pulse sequence uses the simultaneous scanning of multiple focal points to excite contrast agents with sufficient acoustic pressure for nonlinear imaging while efficiently covering 3D space. Through in vitro experiments, we first show that the Takoyaki sequence produces highly sensitive volume images of gas vesicle contrast agents and compare its performance with alternative imaging schemes. We then establish its utility in cellular imaging in vivo by visualizing acoustic reporter gene-expressing tumors in a mouse model of glioblastoma. Finally, we demonstrate real-time volumetric imaging by tracking the dynamics of fluid motion in brain ventricles after intraventricular contrast injection. Takoyaki imaging enables a more comprehensive understanding of biological processes by providing spatiotemporal information in 3D within the constraints of accessible multiplexed matrix array systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malounda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time volumetric imaging of cells and molecules in deep tissues with Takoyaki ultrasound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.16.623948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical principles of miRNA targeting in flies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.16.623948v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs-direct Argonaute proteins to repress complementary target mRNAs via mRNA degradation or translational inhibition. While mammalian miRNA targeting has been well studied, the principles by which Drosophila miRNAs bind their target RNAs remain to be fully characterized. Here, we use RNA Bind-n-Seq to systematically identify binding sites and measure their affinities for four highly expressed Drosophila miRNAs. Our results reveal a narrower range of binding site diversity in flies compared to mammals, with fly miRNAs favoring canonical seed-matched sites and exhibiting limited tolerance for imperfections within these sites. We also identified non-canonical site types, including nucleation-bulged and 3'-only sites, whose binding affinities are comparable to canonical sites. These findings establish a foundation for future computational models of Drosophila miRNA targeting, enabling predictions of regulatory outcomes in response to cellular signals, and advancing our understanding of miRNA- mediated regulation in flies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vega-Badillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouravleva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.16.623948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical principles of miRNA targeting in flies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.15.623900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of facilitated dissociation enables control over cytokine signaling duration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.15.623900v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein design has focused primarily on the design of ground states, ensuring they are sufficiently low energy to be highly populated1. Designing the kinetics and dynamics of a system requires, in addition, the design of excited states that are traversed in transitions from one low-lying state to another2,3. This is a challenging task as such states must be sufficiently strained to be poorly populated, but not so strained that they are not populated at all, and because protein design methods have generally focused on creating near-ideal structures4-7. Here we describe a general approach for designing systems which use an induced-fit power stroke8 to generate a structurally frustrated9 and strained excited state, allosterically driving protein complex dissociation. X-ray crystallography, double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy, and kinetic binding measurements demonstrate that incorporating excited states enables design of effector-induced increases in dissociation rates as high as 6000-fold. We highlight the power of this approach by designing cytokine mimics which can be dissociated within seconds from their receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Broerman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenstein, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessmer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahtoe, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackenbrough, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praetorius, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piehler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.623900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of facilitated dissociation enables control over cytokine signaling duration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.15.623698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel rhodopsin-based voltage indicator for simultaneous two-photon optical recording with GCaMP in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.15.623698v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) allow optical recording of membrane potential from targeted cells in vivo. However, red GEVIs that are compatible with two-photon microscopy and that can be multiplexed in vivo with green reporters like GCaMP, are currently lacking. To address this gap, we explored diverse rhodopsin proteins as GEVIs and engineered a novel GEVI, 2Photron, based on a rhodopsin from the green algae Klebsormidium nitens. 2Photron, combined with two photon ultrafast local volume excitation (ULoVE), enabled multiplexed readout of spiking and subthreshold voltage simultaneously with GCaMP calcium signals in visual cortical neurons of awake, behaving mice. These recordings revealed the cell-specific relationship of spiking and subthreshold voltage dynamics with GCaMP responses, highlighting the challenges of extracting underlying spike trains from calcium imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villette, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podgorski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieudonne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelfattah, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.623698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel rhodopsin-based voltage indicator for simultaneous two-photon optical recording with GCaMP in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.16.623909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic cytoplasmic fluidity during morphogenesis in a human fungal pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.16.623909v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular crowding of the cytoplasm impacts a range of cellular processes. Using a fluorescent microrheological probe (GEMs), we observed a striking decrease in molecular crowding during the yeast to filamentous growth transition in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. This decrease in crowding is due to a decrease in ribosome concentration that results in part from an inhibition of ribosome biogenesis, combined with an increase in cytoplasmic volume; leading to a dilution of the major cytoplasmic crowder. Moreover, our results suggest that inhibition of ribosome biogenesis is a trigger for C. albicans morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puerner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumb, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassilana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkowitz, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.16.623909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic cytoplasmic fluidity during morphogenesis in a human fungal pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.18.622547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate de novo design of high-affinity protein binding macrocycles using deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.18.622547v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of macrocyclic binders to therapeutic proteins typically relies on large-scale screening methods that are resource-intensive and provide little control over binding mode. Despite considerable progress in physics-based methods for peptide design and deep-learning methods for protein design, there are currently no robust approaches for de novo design of protein-binding macrocycles. Here, we introduce RFpeptides, a denoising diffusion-based pipeline for designing macrocyclic peptide binders against protein targets of interest. We test 20 or fewer designed macrocycles against each of four diverse proteins and obtain medium to high-affinity binders against all selected targets. Designs against MCL1 and MDM2 demonstrate KD between 1-10 M, and the best anti-GABARAP macrocycle binds with a KD of 6 nM and a sub-nanomolar IC50 in vitro. For one of the targets, RbtA, we obtain a high-affinity binder with KD < 10 nM despite starting from the target sequence alone due to the lack of an experimentally determined target structure. X-ray structures determined for macrocycle-bound MCL1, GABARAP, and RbtA complexes match very closely with the computational design models, with three out of the four structures demonstrating Ca RMSD of less than 1.5 [A] to the design models. In contrast to library screening approaches for which determining binding mode can be a major bottleneck, the binding modes of RFpeptides-generated macrocycles are known by design, which should greatly facilitate downstream optimization. RFpeptides thus provides a powerful framework for rapid and custom design of macrocyclic peptides for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rettie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebomi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueso, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leveille, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilms, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Üffing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackenbrough, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasireddy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiergräber, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willbold, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kritzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougous, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.622547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate de novo design of high-affinity protein binding macrocycles using deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.16.623977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory History Drives Adaptive Neural Geometry in LP/Pulvinar-Prefrontal Cortex Circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.16.623977v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior expectations guide attention and support perceptual filtering for efficient processing during decision-making. Here we show that during a visual discrimination task, mice adaptively use prior stimulus history to guide ongoing choices by estimating differences in evidence between consecutive trials (| {Delta} Dir |). The thalamic lateral posterior (LP)/pulvinar nucleus provides robust inputs to the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), which has been implicated in selective attention and predictive processing, but the function of the LP-ACC projection is unknown. We found that optogenetic manipulations of LP-ACC axons disrupted animals ability to effectively estimate and use information across stimulus history, leading to | {Delta} Dir |-dependent ipsilateral biases. Two-photon calcium imaging of LP-ACC axons revealed an engagement-dependent low-dimensional organization of stimuli along a curved manifold. This representation was scaled by | {Delta} Dir | in a manner that emphasized greater deviations from prior evidence. Thus, our work identifies the LP-ACC pathway as essential for selecting and evaluating stimuli relative to prior evidence to guide decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leow, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlowe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osako, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.16.623977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory History Drives Adaptive Neural Geometry in LP/Pulvinar-Prefrontal Cortex Circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.18.622571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ELAVL3 regulates splicing of RNAs encoding synaptic signaling proteins in D1 and D2 striatal medium spiny neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.18.622571v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuronal RNA-binding protein (RBP) family nELAVL regulates key neuronal processes by binding directly to target RNA transcripts. In this study, we demonstrate that ELAVL3 is the predominant nELAVL paralog expressed in D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons of the striatum. To investigate its function, we developed ELAVL3 cTag-crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) to generate RBP-RNA interaction maps from these neurons. By integrating data from ELAVL3-cTag and Elavl3 knockout mice, we identified distinct regulatory effects of ELAVL3 on alternative splicing of its target transcripts. Notably, ELAVL3 modulates splicing of transcripts encoding proteins critical for glutamate and dopamine receptor signaling. These findings underscore the role of ELAVL3 in RNA-mediated regulation of molecular pathways essential for medium spiny neuron function in the striatum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irmady, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheckel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.622571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ELAVL3 regulates splicing of RNAs encoding synaptic signaling proteins in D1 and D2 striatal medium spiny neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.18.624210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A key role of PIEZO2 mechanosensitive ion channel in adipose sensory innervation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.18.624210v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compared to the well-established functions of sympathetic innervation, the role of sensory afferents in adipose tissues remains less understood. Recent work revealed the anatomical and physiological significance of adipose sensory innervation; however, its molecular underpinning remains unclear. Here, using organ-targeted single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified the mechanoreceptor PIEZO2 as one of the most prevalent receptors in fat-innervating dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. We found that selective PIEZO2 deletion in fat-innervating neurons phenocopied the molecular alternations in adipose tissue caused by DRG ablation. Conversely, a gain-of-function PIEZO2 mutant shifted the adipose phenotypes in the opposite direction. These results indicate that PIEZO2 plays a major role in the sensory regulation of adipose tissues. This discovery opens new avenues for exploring mechanosensation in organs not traditionally considered mechanically active, such as the adipose tissues, and therefore sheds light on the broader significance of mechanosensation in regulating organ function and homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydari-Seradj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonmez, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servin-Vences, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipomi, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patapoutian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A key role of PIEZO2 mechanosensitive ion channel in adipose sensory innervation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.20.624466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent hyper-motif circuits in developmental programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.20.624466v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During embryogenesis, homogenous groups of cells self-organize into stereotypic spatial and temporal patterns that make up tissues and organs. These emergent patterns are controlled by transcription factors and secreted signals that regulate cellular fate and behaviors through intracellular regulatory circuits and cell-cell communication circuits. However, the principles of these circuits and how their properties are combined to provide the spatio-temporal properties of tissues remain unclear. Here we develop a framework to explore building-block circuits of developmental programs. We use single-cell gene expression data across developmental stages of the human intestine to infer the key intra- and inter-cellular circuits that control developmental programs. We study how these circuits are joined into higher-level hyper-motif circuits and explore their emergent dynamical properties. This framework uncovers design principles of developmental programs and reveals the rules that allow cells to develop robust and diverse patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.624466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent hyper-motif circuits in developmental programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.19.624390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular behavior analysis from live-cell imaging of TCR T cell-cancer cell interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.19.624390v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and T cell receptor (TCR) T cells, are a growing class of anti-cancer treatments. However, expansion to novel indications and beyond last-line treatment requires engineering cells dynamic population behaviors. Here we develop the tools for cellular behavior analysis of T cells from live-cell imaging, a common and inexpensive experimental setup used to evaluate engineered T cells. We first develop a state-of-the-art segmentation and tracking pipeline, Caliban, based on human-in-the-loop deep learning. We then build the Occident pipeline to collect a catalog of phenotypes that characterize cell populations, morphology, movement, and interactions in co-cultures of modified T cells and antigen-presenting tumor cells. We use Caliban and Occident to interrogate how interactions between T cells and cancer cells differ when beneficial knock-outs of RASA2 and CUL5 are introduced into TCR T cells. We apply spatiotemporal models to quantify T cell recruitment and proliferation after interactions with cancer cells. We discover that, compared to a safe harbor knockout control, RASA2 knockout T cells have longer interaction times with cancer cells leading to greater T cell activation and killing efficacy, while CUL5 knockout T cells have increased proliferation rates leading to greater numbers of T cells for hunting. Together, segmentation and tracking from Caliban and phenotype quantification from Occident enable cellular behavior analysis to better engineer T cell therapies for improved cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jena, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Valen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular behavior analysis from live-cell imaging of TCR T cell-cancer cell interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.20.624382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of SPO11-dependent double-strand break formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.20.624382v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous meiotic recombination starts with DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by SPO11 protein1. SPO11 is critical for meiosis in most species but the DSBs it makes are also dangerous because of their mutagenic2 and gametocidal3 potential, so cells must foster SPO11s beneficial functions while minimizing its risks4. SPO11 mechanism and regulation remain poorly understood. Here we report reconstitution of DNA cleavage in vitro with purified recombinant mouse SPO11 bound to its essential partner TOP6BL. Similar to their yeast orthologs5,6, SPO11- TOP6BL complexes are monomeric (1:1) in solution and bind tightly to DNA. Unlike in yeast, however, dimeric (2:2) assemblies of mouse SPO11-TOP6BL cleave DNA to form covalent 5' attachments requiring SPO11 active site residues, divalent metal ions, and SPO11 dimerization. Surprisingly, SPO11 can also manifest topoisomerase activity by relaxing supercoils and resealing DNA that it has nicked. Structure modeling with AlphaFold37 illuminates the protein-DNA interface and suggests that DNA is bent prior to cleavage. Deep sequencing of in vitro cleavage products reveals a rotationally symmetric base composition bias that partially explains DSB site preferences in vivo. Cleavage is inefficient on complex DNA substrates, partly because SPO11 is readily trapped in DSB-incompetent (presumably monomeric) binding states that exchange slowly. However, cleavage is improved by using substrates that favor DSB-competent dimer assembly, or by fusing SPO11 to an artificial dimerization module. Our results inform a model in which intrinsically feeble dimerization restrains SPO11 activity in vivo, making it exquisitely dependent on accessory proteins that focus and control DSB formation so that it happens only at the right time and the right places.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ontoso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.624382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of SPO11-dependent double-strand break formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.21.624573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomes of two invasive Adelges species (hemlock woolly adelgid and pineapple gall adelgid) enable characterization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.21.624573v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two invasive hemipteran adelgids are associated with widespread damage to several North American conifer species. Adelges tsugae, hemlock woolly adelgid, was introduced from Japan and reproduces parthenogenetically in North America, where it has rapidly decimated Tsuga canadensis and Tsuga caroliniana (the eastern and Carolina hemlocks, respectively). Adelges abietis, eastern spruce gall adelgid, introduced from Europe, forms distinctive pineapple-shaped galls on several native spruce species. While not considered a major forest pest, it weakens trees and increases susceptibility to additional stressors. Broad-spectrum insecticides that are often used to control adelgid populations can have off-target impacts on beneficial insects. Whole genome sequencing was performed on both species to aid in development of targeted solutions that may minimize ecological impact. Adelges abietis was sequenced using Illumina Linked-Read technology from 30 pooled individuals, with Hi-C scaffolding performed using data from a single individual collected from the same host plant. Adelges tsugae used Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing from pooled nymphs. The assembled A. tsugae and A. abietis genomes, pooled from several parthenogenetic females, are 220.75 Mbp and 253.16 Mbp, respectively. Each consists of eight autosomal chromosomes, as well as two sex chromosomes (X1/X2), supporting the XX-XO sex determination system. The genomes are over 96% complete based on BUSCO assessment. Genome annotation identified 11,424 and 12,060 protein-coding genes in A. tsugae and A. abietis, respectively. Comparative analysis of proteins across 29 hemipteran species and 14 arthropod outgroups identified 31,666 putative gene families. Gene family evolution analysis with CAFE revealed lineage-specific expansions in immune-related aminopeptidases (ERAP1) and juvenile hormone binding proteins (JHBP), contractions in juvenile hormone acid methyltransferases (JHAMT), and conservation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). These genes were explored as candidate families towards a long-term objective of developing adelgid-selective insecticides. Structural comparisons of proteins across seven focal species (Adelges tsugae, Adelges abietis, Adelges cooleyi, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Apis mellifera, Danaus plexippus, and Drosophila melanogaster) revealed high conservation of nAChR and ERAP1, while JHAMT exhibited species-specific structural divergence. The potential of JHAMT as a lineage-specific target for pest control was explored through virtual drug and pesticide screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glendening, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuruputoor, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogenhout, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathers, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaganti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauloski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cernack, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegrzyn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.21.624573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomes of two invasive Adelges species (hemlock woolly adelgid and pineapple gall adelgid) enable characterization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.24.625067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Neuron Shape Reasoning with Point Affinity Transformers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.24.625067v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connectomics is a field of neuroscience that maps the brains intricate wiring diagram. Accurate neuron segmentation from microscopy volumes is essential for automating connectome reconstruction. However, state-of-the-art algorithms use image-based convolutional neural networks limited to local neuron shape context. Thus, we introduce a new framework that reasons over global neuron shape with a novel point affinity transformer. Our framework embeds a (multi-)neuron point cloud into a fixed-length feature set from which we can decode any point pair affinities, enabling clustering neuron point clouds for automatic proofreading. We also show that the learned feature set can easily be mapped to a contrastive embedding space that enables neuron type classification using a simple classifier. Our approach excels in two demanding connectomics tasks: correcting segmentation errors and classifying neuron types. Evaluated on three benchmark datasets derived from state-of-the-art connectomes, our method outperforms point transformers, graph neural networks, and unsupervised clustering baselines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troidl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knittel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.24.625067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Neuron Shape Reasoning with Point Affinity Transformers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.22.624893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 NiRAN domain via an active-site cysteine 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.22.624893v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kinase-like NiRAN domain of nsp12 in SARS-CoV-2 catalyzes the formation of the 5 RNA cap structure. This activity is required for viral replication, offering a new target for the development of antivirals. Here, we develop a high-throughput assay to screen for small molecule inhibitors targeting the SARS-CoV-2 NiRAN domain. We identified NCI-2, a compound with a reactive chloromethyl group that covalently binds to an active site cysteine (Cys53) in the NiRAN domain, inhibiting its activity. NCI-2 can enter cells, bind to, and inactivate ectopically expressed nsp12. A cryo-EM reconstruction of the SARS-CoV-2 replication-transcription complex (RTC) bound to NCI-2 offers a detailed structural blueprint for rational drug design. Although NCI-2 showed limited potency against SARS-CoV-2 replication in cells, our work lays the groundwork for developing more potent and selective inhibitors targeting the NiRAN domain. This approach presents a promising therapeutic strategy for effectively combating COVID-19 and potentially mitigating future coronavirus outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antczak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederstrasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servage, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoggins, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ready, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagliabracci, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.22.624893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 NiRAN domain via an active-site cysteine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.24.625100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for non-optimal codon choice in highly transcribed sex-biased genes of Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.24.625100v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biases in synonymous codon use occur in many unicellular and multicellular organisms. Optimal codons, defined as those most commonly used in highly transcribed genes, are thought to arise from selection for cost-efficient translation, which would favor codons with abundant matching tRNAs. Such presumed selection is described as optimal codon choice. Non-optimal codons, defined as those least commonly used in highly transcribed genes, may in principle also play important roles, but the dynamics of their use remain understudied. Here we examine non-optimal codon use, using sex-biased genes expressed in the gonads of Drosophila melanogaster as a case study. We show that genes with sex-biased expression exhibit a preference for non-optimal codon use, especially testis-biased genes. Further we show that the use of non-optimal codons is not random. Instead, specific non-optimal codons are favored, again especially in testis-biased genes. Non-optimal codon use is positively linked to elevated disorder of the encoded proteins. Remarkably, all 18 degenerate amino acids were associated with higher disorder when encoded by the identified primary non-optimal codon, than when encoded by its sister optimal codon. We hypothesize that selection may have promoted non-optimal codon choice for a subset of favored non-optimal codons to regulate translation. We discuss the putative roles of tRNA gene copy numbers, pleiotropy, and sex-biased expression in the evolution of this level of gene regulation.

Significance StatementOptimal codons, those codons most commonly used in highly expressed protein-coding genes, are thought to improve translational efficiency in a range of organisms. However, relatively minimal attention has been given to non-optimal codons, those least often used in highly transcribed genes, and their potential roles in translation. Here, using sex-biased gonadal genes of Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, we demonstrate that non-optimal codons are preferentially used in sex-biased genes, particularly within highly expressed testis-biased genes, and are associated with disordered proteins. Moreover, the preference for a specific non-optimal codon (per amino acid) is ubiquitous across all degenerate amino acids. We propose that non-optimal codon use is non-random and may have evolved under selection for roles in translational regulation and protein folding in sex-biased genes, and in a manner associated with their tRNA abundances. The findings have significant implications for the understanding of pacing of translation, protein conformation and protein functionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whittle, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.24.625100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for non-optimal codon choice in highly transcribed sex-biased genes of Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.23.624988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular patterns of evolutionary changes throughout the whole nervous system of multiple nematode species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.23.624988v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One avenue to better understand brain evolution is to map molecular patterns of evolutionary changes in neuronal cell types across entire nervous systems of distantly related species. Generating whole-animal single-cell transcriptomes of three nematode species from the Caenorhabditis genus, we observed a remarkable stability of neuronal cell type identities over more than 45 million years of evolution. Conserved patterns of combinatorial expression of homeodomain transcription factors are among the best classifiers of homologous neuron classes. Unexpectedly, we discover an extensive divergence in neuronal signaling pathways. While identities of neurotransmitter-producing neurons (glutamate, acetylcholine, GABA and several monoamines) remain stable, ionotropic and metabotropic receptors for all these neurotransmitter systems show substantial divergence, resulting in more than half of all neuron classes changing their capacity to be receptive to specific neurotransmitters. Neuropeptidergic signaling is also remarkably divergent, both at the level of neuropeptide expression and receptor expression, yet the overall dense network topology of the wireless neuropeptidergic connectome remains stable. Novel neuronal signaling pathways are suggested by our discovery of small secreted proteins that show no obvious hallmarks of conventional neuropeptides, but show similar patterns of highly neuron-type-specific and highly evolvable expression profiles. In conclusion, by investigating the evolution of entire nervous systems at the resolution of single neuron classes, we uncover patterns that may reflect basic principles governing evolutionary novelty in neuronal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toker, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripoll-Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beets, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.23.624988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular patterns of evolutionary changes throughout the whole nervous system of multiple nematode species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.22.624784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling SARS-CoV-2 Host-Response Heterogeneity through Longitudinal Molecular Subtyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.22.624784v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hospitalized COVID-19 patients exhibit diverse immune responses during acute infection, which are associated with a wide range of clinical outcomes. However, understanding these immune heterogeneities and their links to various clinical complications, especially long COVID, remains a challenge. In this study, we performed unsupervised subtyping of longitudinal multi-omics immunophenotyping in over 1,000 hospitalized patients, identifying two critical subtypes linked to mortality or mechanical ventilation with prolonged hospital stay and three severe subtypes associated with timely acute recovery. We confirmed that unresolved systemic inflammation and T-cell dysfunctions were hallmarks of increased severity and further distinguished patients with similar acute respiratory severity by their distinct immune profiles, which correlated with differences in demographic and clinical complications. Notably, one critical subtype (SubF) was uniquely characterized by early excessive inflammation, insufficient anticoagulation, and fatty acid dysregulation, alongside higher incidences of hematologic, cardiac, and renal complications, and an elevated risk of long COVID. Among the severe subtypes, significant differences in viral clearance and early antiviral responses were observed, with one subtype (SubC) showing strong early T-cell cytotoxicity but a poor humoral response, slower viral clearance, and greater risks of chronic organ dysfunction and long COVID. These findings provide crucial insights into the complex and context-dependent nature of COVID-19 immune responses, highlighting the importance of personalized therapeutic strategies to improve both acute and long-term outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syphurs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karoly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayavelu, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IMPACC Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kheradmand, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McComsey, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Sesma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agudelo Higuita, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messer, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadeau, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bime, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaenman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calfee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackenridge, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hough, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozonoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakel, H. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Schulze, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckalbar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosinger,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.22.624784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling SARS-CoV-2 Host-Response Heterogeneity through Longitudinal Molecular Subtyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.25.625235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic regulation of the oxidative stress response by the E3 ligase TRIP12 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.25.625235v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oxidative stress response is centered on the transcription factor NRF2 and protects cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS). While ROS inhibit the E3 ligase CUL3KEAP1 to stabilize NRF2 and elicit antioxidant gene expression, cells recovering from stress must rapidly reactivate CUL3KEAP1 to prevent reductive stress and oxeiptosis-dependent cell death. How cells restore efficient NRF2-degradation upon ROS clearance remains poorly understood. Here, we identify TRIP12, an E3 ligase dysregulated in Clark-Baraitser Syndrome and Parkinsons Disease, as a component of the oxidative stress response. TRIP12 is a ubiquitin chain elongation factor that cooperates with CUL3KEAP1 to ensure robust NRF2 degradation. In this manner, TRIP12 accelerates stress response silencing as ROS are being cleared, but limits NRF2 activation during stress. The need for dynamic control of NRF2-degradation therefore comes at the cost of diminished stress signaling, suggesting that TRIP12 inhibition could be used to treat degenerative pathologies characterized by ROS accumulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCloud, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic regulation of the oxidative stress response by the E3 ligase TRIP12]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereoselectivity of Aminoacyl-RNA Loop-closing Ligation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625528v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin of amino acid homochirality remains an unresolved question in the origin of life. The requirement of enantiopure nucleotides for nonenzymatic RNA copying strongly suggests that homochirality of nucleotides and RNA arose early. However, this leaves open the question of whether and how homochiral RNA subsequently imposed biological homochirality on other metabolites including amino acids. Previous studies have reported moderate stereoselectivity for various aminoacyl-RNA transfer reactions. Here we examine aminoacyl-RNA loop-closing ligation, a reaction that  captures aminoacylated RNA in a stable phosphoramidate product, such that the amino acid bridges two nucleotides in the RNA backbone. We find that the rate of this reaction is much higher for RNA aminoacylated with L-amino acids than D-amino acids. We present an RNA sequence that near-exclusively captures L-amino acids in loop-closing ligation. Finally, we demonstrate that ligation of aminoacyl-L-RNA results in inverse stereoselectivity for D-amino acids. The observed stereochemical link between D-RNA and L-amino acids in the synthesis of RNA stem-loops containing bridging amino acids constitutes a stereoselective structure building process. We suggest that this process led to a selection for the evolution of aminoacyl-RNA synthetase ribozymes that were selective for L-amino acids, thereby setting the stage for the subsequent evolution of homochiral peptide and ultimately protein synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todisco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radakovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereoselectivity of Aminoacyl-RNA Loop-closing Ligation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An updated reference genome sequence and annotation reveals gene losses and gains underlying naked mole-rat biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625329v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The naked mole-rat (NMR; Heterocephalus glaber) is a eusocial subterranean rodent with a highly unusual set of physiological traits that has attracted great interest amongst the scientific community. However, the genetic basis of most of these traits has not been elucidated. To facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying NMR physiology and behaviour, we generated a long-read chromosomal-level genome assembly of the NMR. This genome was subsequently annotated and incorporated into multiple whole genome alignments in the Ensembl database. Our long-read assembly identified thousands of repeats and genes that were previously unassembled in the NMR and improved the results of routinely used short-read sequencing-based experiments such as RNA-seq, snRNA-seq, and ATAC-seq. We identified several spermatozoa related gene losses that may underlie the unique degenerative sperm phenotype in NMRs (IRGC, FSCB, AKAP3, MROH2B, CATSPER1, DCDC2C, ATP1A4, TEKT5, and ZAN), and an additional gene loss related to the established NK-cell absence in NMRs (PILRB). We resolved several tandem duplications in genes related to pathways underlying unique NMR adaptations including hypoxia tolerance, oxidative stress, and nervous system protection (TINF2, TCP1, KYAT1). Lastly, we describe our ongoing efforts to generate a reference telomere-to-telomere assembly in the NMR which includes the resolution of complex gene families. This new reference genome should accelerate the discovery of the genetic underpinnings of NMR physiology and adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokolowski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miclaus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nater, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faykoo-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuzarte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaragurubaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayerl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimpour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fergal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourlier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lischer, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leordean, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggerty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruggmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An updated reference genome sequence and annotation reveals gene losses and gains underlying naked mole-rat biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin filament assembly driven by distributive polymerases clustered on membrane surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625540v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin filaments created by the Arp2/3 complex form branched networks, that grow and push against cellular membranes. We employ theory and simulation to describe how membrane surfaces accelerate filament assembly via clustering of proteins that bind actin monomers and/or profilin-actin complexes. Briefly, thermal fluctuations drive filament tips on constrained, two-dimensional random walks across the membrane, where they encounter multiple actin-charged polymerases. At low actin concentrations, filament elongation is limited by delivery of monomers to the membrane surface; at high actin concentrations, elongation depends on how quickly fluctuating filaments search the membrane. Using experimentally measured parameter values we conclude that surface-mediated polymerization can outpace solution-mediated elongation, even at high actin concentrations (>200 {micro}M). The finite time required for profilin dissociation decreases the advantage conferred by surface-associated polymerases, but only in the absence of force. Load forces enhance the effect of surface polymerases, which can both accelerate elongation and increase the force required to stall filament assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skruber, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin filament assembly driven by distributive polymerases clustered on membrane surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.27.625726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliable amplification of highly repetitive or low complexity sequence DNA enabled by superhelicase-mediated isothermal amplification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.27.625726v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) requires thermal cycling to melt DNA and proceed through the subsequent cycles of DNA synthesis needed for exponential amplification. Previously, we engineered a superhelicase, with enhanced processivity and speed, to replace this traditional PCR melting step with enzymatic DNA unwinding while retaining desired PCR characteristics, such as multi-kb amplicon size and applicability to cloning and gene editing outcome assessment. This isothermal amplification method is named SHARP (SSB-Helicase Assisted Rapid PCR) because single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) and superhelicases are added to standard PCR reagents. Here, we show that SHARP can be effective for DNA sequences that PCR is unable to amplify or that produce side products of. SHARP is demonstrated to be capable of amplifying up to six identical repeats of the Widom 601 nucleosome positioning sequence and up to 35 identical repeats of ankyrin sequence. We also show that a sequence with 91% AT-content can be amplified using SHARP and that the amplification product can be validated using single-molecule optical tweezers experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merino-Urteaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavrilov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.625726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliable amplification of highly repetitive or low complexity sequence DNA enabled by superhelicase-mediated isothermal amplification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.27.625755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunofocusing on the conserved fusion peptide of HIV envelope glycoprotein in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.27.625755v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryDuring infection, the fusion peptide (FP) of HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) serves a central role in viral fusion with the host cell. As such, the FP is highly conserved and therefore an attractive epitope for vaccine design. Here, we describe a vaccination study in non-human primates (NHPs) where glycan deletions were made on soluble HIV Env to increase FP epitope exposure. When delivered via implantable osmotic pumps, this immunogen primed immune responses against the FP, which were then boosted with heterologous trimers resulting in a focused immune response targeting the conserved FP epitope. Although autologous immunizations did not elicit high affinity FP-targeting antibodies, the conserved FP epitope on a heterologous trimer further matured the lower affinity, FP-targeting B cells. This study suggests using epitope conservation strategies on distinct Env trimer immunogens can focus humoral responses on desired neutralizing epitopes and suppress immune-distracting antibody responses against non-neutralizing epitopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pratap, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnathan, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, D. L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enemuo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Akiva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozorowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crispin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.625755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunofocusing on the conserved fusion peptide of HIV envelope glycoprotein in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.30.626186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TTF2 promotes replisome eviction from stalled forks in mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.30.626186v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When cells enter mitosis with under-replicated DNA, sister chromosome segregation is compromised, which can lead to massive genome instability. The replisome-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAIP mitigates this threat by ubiquitylating the CMG helicase in mitosis, leading to disassembly of stalled replisomes, fork cleavage, and restoration of chromosome structure by alternative end-joining. Here, we show that replisome disassembly requires TRAIP phosphorylation by the mitotic Cyclin B-CDK1 kinase, as well as TTF2, a SWI/SNF ATPase previously implicated in the eviction of RNA polymerase from mitotic chromosomes. We find that TTF2 tethers TRAIP to replisomes using an N-terminal Zinc finger that binds to phosphorylated TRAIP and an adjacent TTF2 peptide that contacts the CMG-associated leading strand DNA polymerase {varepsilon}. This TRAIP-TTF2-pol {varepsilon} bridge, which forms independently of the TTF2 ATPase domain, is essential to promote CMG unloading and stalled fork breakage. Conversely, RNAPII eviction from mitotic chromosomes requires the ATPase activity of TTF2. We conclude that in mitosis, replisomes undergo a CDK- and TTF2-dependent structural reorganization that underlies the cellular response to incompletely replicated DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Can, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamoorthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raeschle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TTF2 promotes replisome eviction from stalled forks in mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thrifty wide-context models of B cell receptor somatic hypermutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625407v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) is the diversity-generating process in antibody affinity maturation. Probabilistic models of SHM are needed for analyzing rare mutations, for understanding the selective forces guiding affinity maturation, and for understanding the underlying biochemical process. High throughput data offers the potential to develop and fit models of SHM on relevant data sets. In this paper we model SHM using modern frameworks. We are motivated by recent work suggesting the importance of a wider context for SHM, however, assigning an independent rate to each k-mer leads to an exponential proliferation of parameters. Thus, using convolutions on 3-mer embeddings, we develop "thrifty" models of SHM of various sizes; these can have fewer free parameters than a 5-mer model and yet have a significantly wider context. These offer a slight performance improvement over a 5-mer model, and other modern model elaborations worsen performance. We also find that a per-site effect is not necessary to explain SHM patterns given nucleotide context. Also, the two current methods for fitting an SHM model -- on out-of-frame sequence data and on synonymous mutations -- produce significantly different results, and augmenting out-of-frame data with synonymous mutations does not aid out-of-sample performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumm, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddox, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuyama, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thrifty wide-context models of B cell receptor somatic hypermutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.02.626349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular basis of integrated stress response silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.02.626349v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic stress response activation impairs cell survival and causes devastating degenerative diseases. To counteract this, cells deploy dedicated silencing factors, such as the E3 ligase SIFI that terminates the mitochondrial stress response. How a single enzyme can sense stress across cells and elicit timely stress response inactivation is poorly understood. Here, we report the structure of human SIFI, which revealed how this 1.3MDa complex can target hundreds of proteins for accurate stress response silencing. SIFI attaches the first ubiquitin to substrates using flexible domains within an easily accessible scaffold, yet builds linkage-specific ubiquitin chains at distinct, sterically restricted elongation modules in its periphery. Ubiquitin handover via a ubiquitin-like domain couples versatile substrate modification to precise chain elongation. Stress response silencing therefore exploits a catalytic mechanism that is geared to process many diverse proteins and hence allows a single enzyme to monitor and, if appropriate, modulate a complex cellular state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haakonsen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witus, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beschauner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacCoss, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular basis of integrated stress response silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.01.626131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Spatial Analysis of Chromatin Biomolecular Condensates using Cryo-Electron Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.01.626131v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase separation is an important mechanism to generate certain biomolecular condensates and organize the cell interior. Condensate formation and function remain incompletely understood due to difficulties in visualizing the condensate interior at high resolution. Here we analyzed the structure of biochemically reconstituted chromatin condensates through cryo-electron tomography. We found that traditional blotting methods of sample preparation were inadequate, and high-pressure freezing plus focused ion beam milling was essential to maintain condensate integrity. To identify densely packed molecules within the condensate, we integrated deep learning-based segmentation with novel context-aware template matching. Our approaches were developed on chromatin condensates, and were also effective on condensed regions of in situ native chromatin. Using these methods, we determined the average structure of nucleosomes to 6.1 and 12 [A] resolution in reconstituted and native systems, respectively, and found that nucleosomes form heterogeneous interaction networks in both cases. Our methods should be applicable to diverse biochemically reconstituted biomolecular condensates and to some condensates in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doolittle, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.01.626131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Spatial Analysis of Chromatin Biomolecular Condensates using Cryo-Electron Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Attributions with Counterfactuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625505v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We address the problem of explaining the decision process of deep neural network classifiers on images, which is of particular importance in biomedical datasets where class-relevant differences are not always obvious to a human observer. Our proposed solution, termed quantitative attribution with counterfactuals (QuAC), generates visual explanations that highlight class-relevant differences by attributing the classifier decision to changes of visual features in small parts of an image. To that end, we train a separate network to generate counterfactual images (i.e., to translate images between different classes). We then find the most important differences using novel discriminative attribution methods. Crucially, QuAC allows scoring of the attribution and thus provides a measure to quantify and compare the fidelity of a visual explanation. We demonstrate the suitability and limitations of QuAC on two datasets: (1) a synthetic dataset with known class differences, representing different levels of protein aggregation in cells and (2) an electron microscopy dataset of D. melanogaster synapses with different neurotransmitters, where QuAC reveals so far unknown visual differences. We further discuss how QuAC can be used to interrogate mispredictions to shed light on unexpected inter-class similarities and intra-class differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adjavon, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Attributions with Counterfactuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.04.626795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PITHD1: An Endogenous Inhibitor of the 26S Proteasome During Cellular Dormancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.04.626795v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular dormancy represents a state of regulated growth arrest essential for diverse biological processes, from reproduction to cancer progression. While mechanisms controlling protein synthesis in dormant cells have been identified, how cells regulate protein degradation during dormancy remains unclear. Using zebrafish oocytes, eggs and embryos as a model system, we discovered PITHD1 as an endogenous inhibitor of the 26S proteasome. Our high-resolution cryoEM structure reveals that PITHD1 simultaneously blocks three crucial functional sites on the 19S regulatory particle which are required for ubiquitin recognition, processing, and substrate translocation. This triple-lock mechanism effectively prevents protein degradation in dormant cells. Given PITHD1s evolutionary conservation across species, this mechanism likely represents a general strategy for reversible proteasome regulation during cellular dormancy. Our findings establish a new paradigm for controlling proteostasis in quiescent states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amann, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehsner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grishkovskaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotisch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleiffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roitinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haselbach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.04.626795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PITHD1: An Endogenous Inhibitor of the 26S Proteasome During Cellular Dormancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.03.626669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced B-Cell Receptor Diversity Predicts PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy Response. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.03.626669v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1 antibodies (aPD1) can be effective in treating advanced cancers. However, many patients do not respond and the mechanisms underlying these differences remain incompletely understood. In this study, we profile a cohort of patients with locally-advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma undergoing aPD-1 therapy using single-cell RNA sequencing, high-definition spatial transcriptomics in tumors and draining lymph nodes, and spatial immunoreceptor profiling, with long-term clinical follow-up. We find that successful responses to PD-1 inhibition are characterized by an induction of B-cell receptor (BCR) clonal diversity after treatment initiation. These induced BCR clones spatially co-localize with T-cell clones, facilitate their activation, and traffic alongside them between tumor and draining lymph nodes to enhance tumor clearance. Furthermore, we validated aPD1-induced BCR diversity as a predictor of clinical response in a larger cohort of glioblastoma, melanoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients, suggesting that this is a generalizable predictor of treatment response across many types of cancers. We discover that pre-treatment tumors harbor a characteristic gene expression signature that portends a higher probability of inducing BCR clonal diversity after aPD-1 therapy, and we develop a machine learning model that predicts PD-1-induced BCR clonal diversity from baseline tumor RNA sequencing. These findings underscore a dynamic role of B cell diversity during immunotherapy, highlighting its importance as a prognostic marker and a potential target for intervention in non-responders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Che, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou-Taleb, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieger, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced B-Cell Receptor Diversity Predicts PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy Response.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.05.627058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural mechanisms of PIP2 activation and SEA0400 inhibition in human cardiac sodium-calcium exchanger NCX1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.05.627058v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs) transport Ca2+ across the plasma membrane in exchange for Na+ and play a vital role in maintaining cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Our previous structural study of human cardiac NCX1 (HsNCX1) reveals the overall architecture of the eukaryotic exchanger and the formation of the inactivation assembly by the intracellular regulatory domain that underlies the cytosolic Na+-dependent inactivation and Ca2+ activation of NCX1. Here we present the cryo-EM structures of HsNCX1 in complex with a physiological activator phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), or pharmacological inhibitor SEA0400 that enhances the inactivation of the exchanger. We demonstrate that PIP2 binding stimulates NCX1 activity by inducing a conformational change at the interface between the TM and cytosolic domains that destabilizes the inactivation assembly. In contrast, SEA0400 binding in the TM domain of NCX1 stabilizes the exchanger in an inward-facing conformation that facilitates the formation of the inactivation assembly, thereby promoting the Na+-dependent inactivation of NCX1. Thus, this study reveals the structural basis of PIP2 activation and SEA0400 inhibition of NCX1 and provides some mechanistic understandings of cellular regulation and pharmacology of NCX family proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attiq, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottolia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.05.627058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural mechanisms of PIP2 activation and SEA0400 inhibition in human cardiac sodium-calcium exchanger NCX1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.06.626481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent antitumor activity of a designed interleukin-21 mimic 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.06.626481v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-standing goals of cancer immunotherapy are to activate cytotoxic antitumor T cells across a broad range of affinities while dampening suppressive regulatory T (Treg) cell responses, but current approaches achieve these goals with limited success. Here, we report a de novo IL-21 mimic, 21h10, designed to have augmented stability and high signaling potency in both humans and mice. In multiple animal models and in ex vivo human melanoma patient derived organotypic tumor spheroids (PDOTS), 21h10 showed robust antitumor activity. 21h10 generates significantly prolonged STAT signaling in vivo compared with native IL-21, and has considerably stronger anti-tumor activity. Toxicities associated with systemic administration of 21h10 could be mitigated by TNF blockade without compromising antitumor efficacy. In the tumor microenvironment, 21h10 induced highly cytotoxic antitumor T cells from clonotypes with a range of affinities for endogenous tumor antigens, robustly expanding low-affinity cytotoxic T cells and driving high expression of interferon- (IFN-) and granzyme B compared to native IL-21, while increasing the frequency of IFN-+ Th1 cells and reducing that of Foxp3+ Tregs. As 21h10 has full human/mouse cross-reactivity, high stability and potency, and potentiates low-affinity antitumor responses, it has considerable translational potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhiraman, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhangxu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atajanova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revach, O.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tower, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kureshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawless, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peprah, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tello, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijano-Rubio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jude, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulge, U. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, D.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kueh, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.626481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent antitumor activity of a designed interleukin-21 mimic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.06.627285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial single-cell Organellomics reveals nutrient dependent hepatocyteheterogeneity and predicts pathophysiological status in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.06.627285v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular heterogeneity within complex tissues and organs is essential to coordinate biological processes across biological scales. The effect of local cues and tissue microenvironments on cell heterogeneity has been mainly studied at the transcriptional level. However, it is within the subcellular scale - the organelles - that lays the machinery to conduct most metabolic reactions and maintain cells alive, ensuring proper tissue function. How changes in subcellular organization under different microenvironments define the functional diversity of cells within organs remains largely unexplored. Here we determine how organelles adapt to different microenvironments using the mouse liver as model system, in combination with computational approaches and machine-learning. To understand organelle adaptation in response to changing nutritional conditions, we analyzed 3D fluorescent microscopy volumes of liver samples labeled to simultaneously visualize mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lipid droplets from mice subjected to different diets: a control diet, a high-fat diet, and a control diet plus fasting. A Cellpose based pipeline was implemented for cell and organelle segmentation, which allowed us to measure ~100 different organelle metrics and helped us define subcellular architectures in liver samples at the single cell level. Our results showed that hepatocytes display distinct subcellular architectures within different regions of the liver-close to the central vein, in the middle region, and near the portal vein- and across the various diet groups, thus reflecting their adaptation to specific nutritional inputs. Principal component analysis and clustering of hepatocytes based on organelle signatures revealed 12 different hepatocyte categories within the different experimental groups, highlighting a reduction in hepatocyte heterogeneity under nutritional perturbations. Finally, using single cell organelle signatures exclusively, we generated machine learning models that were able to predict with high accuracy different hepatocyte categories, diet groups, and the stages of MASLD. Our results demonstrate how organelle signatures can be used as hallmarks to define hepatocyte heterogeneity and their adaptation to different nutritional conditions. In the future, our strategy, which combines subcellular resolution imaging of liver volumes and machine learning, could help establish protocols to better define and predict liver disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hillsley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Medina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial single-cell Organellomics reveals nutrient dependent hepatocyteheterogeneity and predicts pathophysiological status in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.06.625234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining a highly conserved B cell epitope in the receptor binding motif of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.06.625234v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce robust and persistent germinal centre (GC) B cell responses in humans. It remains unclear how the continuous evolution of the virus impacts the breadth of the induced GC B cell response. Using ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration, we examined draining lymph nodes of nine healthy adults following bivalent booster immunization. We show that 77.8% of the B cell clones in the GC expressed as representative monoclonal antibodies recognized the spike protein, with a third (37.8%) of these targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD). Strikingly, only one RBD-targeting mAb, mAb-52, neutralized all tested SARS- CoV-2 strains, including the recent KP.2 variant. mAb-52 utilizes the IGHV3-66 public clonotype, protects hamsters challenged against the EG.5.1 variant and targets the class I/II RBD epitope, closely mimicking the binding footprint of ACE2. Finally, we show that the remarkable breadth of mAb-52 is due to the somatic hypermutations accumulated within vaccine-induced GC reaction.

One Sentence SummaryBooster SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine recruits and broadens GC B cell responses targeting a highly conserved site on receptor binding domain of spike glycoprotein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malladi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsoussi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darling, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Civljak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheaffer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnsworth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachbagauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestorova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klebert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strnad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middleton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OHalloran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, A. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellebedy, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.625234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining a highly conserved B cell epitope in the receptor binding motif of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.08.627333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturally ornate RNA-only complexes revealed by cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.08.627333v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myriad families of natural RNAs have been proposed, but not yet experimentally shown, to form biologically important structures. Here we report three-dimensional structures of three large ornate bacterial RNAs using cryogenic electron microscopy at resolutions of 2.9-3.1 [A]. Without precedent among previously characterized natural RNA molecules, Giant, Ornate, Lake- and Lactobacillales-Derived (GOLLD), Rumen-Originating, Ornate, Large (ROOL), and Ornate Large Extremophilic (OLE) RNAs form homo-oligomeric complexes whose stoichiometries are retained at concentrations lower than expected in the cell. OLE RNA forms a dimeric complex with long co-axial pipes spanning two monomers. Both GOLLD and ROOL form distinct RNA-only multimeric nanocages with diameters larger than the ribosome. Extensive intra- and intermolecular A-minor interactions, kissing loops, an unusual A-A helix, and other interactions stabilize the three complexes. Sequence covariation analysis of these large RNAs reveals evolutionary conservation of intermolecular interactions, supporting the biological importance of large, ornate RNA quaternary structures that can assemble without any involvement of proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabalina, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nye, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.08.627333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturally ornate RNA-only complexes revealed by cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.11.624522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fe starvation induces a second LHCI tetramer to photosystem I in green algae 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.11.624522v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron (Fe) availability limits photosynthesis at a global scale where Fe-rich photosystem (PS) I abundance is drastically reduced in Fe-poor environments. We used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to reveal a unique Fe starvation-dependent arrangement of light-harvesting chlorophyll (LHC) proteins where Fe starvation-induced TIDI1 is found in an additional tetramer of LHC proteins associated with PSI in Dunaliella tertiolecta and Dunaliella salina. These cosmopolitan green algae are resilient to poor Fe nutrition. TIDI1 is a distinct LHC protein that co- occurs in diverse algae with flavodoxin (an Fe-independent replacement for the Fe-containing ferredoxin). The antenna expansion in eukaryotic algae we describe here is reminiscent of the iron-starvation induced (isiA-encoding) antenna ring in cyanobacteria, which typically co-occurs with isiB, encoding flavodoxin. Our work showcases the convergent strategies that evolved after the Great Oxidation Event to maintain PSI capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grob, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvine, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.624522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fe starvation induces a second LHCI tetramer to photosystem I in green algae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.11.628032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory interactions between APOBEC3B N- and C-terminal domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.11.628032v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
APOBEC3B (A3B) is implicated in DNA mutations that facilitate tumor evolution. Although structures of its individual N- and C-terminal domains (NTD and CTD) have been resolved through X-ray crystallography, the full-length A3B (fl-A3B) structure remains elusive, limiting understanding of its dynamics and mechanisms. In particular, the APOBEC3B C-terminal domain (A3Bctd) active site is frequently closed in models and structures. In this study, we built several new models of fl-A3B using integrative structural biology methods and selected a top model for further dynamical investigation. We compared dynamics of the truncated (A3Bctd) to the fl-A3B via conventional and Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Subsequently, we employed weighted ensemble methods to explore the fl-A3B active site opening mechanism, finding that interactions at the NTD-CTD interface enhance the opening frequency of the fl-A3B active site. Our findings shed light on the structural dynamics of fl-A3B, which may offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Tusell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Pena Avalos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aihara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.628032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory interactions between APOBEC3B N- and C-terminal domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.12.628245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastable and Versatile FoxP3 Ensembles on Microsatellites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.12.628245v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microsatellites are essential genomic components increasingly linked to transcriptional regulation. FoxP3, a transcription factor critical for regulatory T cell (Treg) development, recognizes TTTG repeat microsatellites by forming multimers along DNA. However, FoxP3 also binds a broader range of TnG repeats (n=2-5), often at the edges of accessible chromatin regions. This raises questions about how FoxP3 adapts to sequence variability and the potential role of nucleosomes. Using cryo-electron microscopy and single-molecule analyses, we show that FoxP3 assembles into distinct supramolecular structures depending on DNA sequence. This structural plasticity enables FoxP3 to bridge 2-4 DNA duplexes, forming ultrastable structures that coordinate multiple genomic loci. Nucleosomes further facilitate FoxP3 assembly by inducing local DNA bending, creating a nucleus that recruits distal DNA elements through multiway bridging. Our findings thus reveal FoxP3s unusual ability to shapeshift to accommodate evolutionarily dynamic microsatellites and its potential to reinforce chromatin boundaries and three-dimensional genomic architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.12.628245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastable and Versatile FoxP3 Ensembles on Microsatellites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.09.627445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human RAD52 complex undergoes phase separation and facilitates bundling and end-to-end tethering of RAD51 presynaptic filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.09.627445v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human RAD52 is a prime target for synthetical lethality approaches to treat cancers with deficiency in homologous recombination. Among multiple cellular roles of RAD52, its functions in homologous recombination repair and protection of stalled replication forks appear to substitute those of the tumor suppressor protein BRCA2. However, the mechanistic details of how RAD52 can substitute BRCA2 functions are only beginning to emerge. RAD52 forms an undecameric ring that is enveloped by eleven [~]200 residue-long disordered regions, making it a highly multivalent and branched protein complex that potentiates supramolecular assembly. Here, we show that RAD52 exhibits homotypic phase separation capacity, and its condensates recruit key players in homologous recombination such as single-stranded (ss)DNA, RPA, and the RAD51 recombinase. Moreover, we show that RAD52 phase separation is regulated by its interaction partners such as ssDNA and RPA. Using fluorescence microscopy, we show that RAD52 can induce the formation of RAD51-ssDNA fibrillar structures. To probe the fine structure of these fibrils, we utilized single-molecule super-resolution imaging via DNA-PAINT and atomic force microscopy and showed that RAD51 fibrils are bundles of individual RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments. We further show that RAD52 induces end-to-end tethering of RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments. Overall, we demonstrate unique macromolecular organizational features of RAD52 that may underlie its various functions in the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alshareedah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.09.627445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human RAD52 complex undergoes phase separation and facilitates bundling and end-to-end tethering of RAD51 presynaptic filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.07.627370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OrthoHMM: Improved Inference of Ortholog Groups using Hidden Markov Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.07.627370v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate orthology inference is essential for comparative genomics and phylogenomics. However, orthology inference is challenged by sequence divergence, which is pronounced among anciently diverged organisms. We present OrthoHMM, an algorithm that infers orthologous gene groups using Hidden Markov Models parameterized from substitution matrices, which enables better detection of remote homologs. Benchmarking indicates OrthoHMM outperforms currently available methods; for example, using a curated set of Bilaterian orthogroups, OrthoHMM showed a 10.3 - 138.9% improvement in precision. Rank-based benchmarking using Bilaterian orthogroups and a novel dataset of orthogroups from organisms in three major eukaryotic kingdoms revealed OrthoHMM had the best overall performance (6.7 - 97.8% overall improvement). These findings suggest that Hidden Markov Models improve orthogroup inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buida, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.07.627370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OrthoHMM: Improved Inference of Ortholog Groups using Hidden Markov Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.11.628030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural serology of polyclonal antibody responses to mRNA-1273 and NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.11.628030v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current COVID-19 vaccines are largely limited in their ability to induce broad, durable immunity against emerging viral variants. Design and development of improved vaccines utilizing existing platforms requires an in-depth understanding of the antigenic and immunogenic properties of available vaccines. Here we examined the antigenicity of two of the original COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA-1273 and NVX-CoV2373, by electron microscopy-based polyclonal epitope mapping (EMPEM) of serum from immunized non-human primates (NHPs) and clinical trial donors. Both vaccines induce diverse polyclonal antibody (pAb) responses to the N-terminal domain (NTD) in addition to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Spike protein, with the NTD supersite being an immunodominant epitope. High-resolution cryo-EMPEM studies revealed extensive pAb responses to and around the supersite with unique angles of approach and engagement. NTD supersite pAbs were also the most susceptible to variant mutations compared to other specificities, indicating that ongoing Spike ectodomain-based vaccine design strategies should consider immuno-masking this site to prevent induction of these strain-specific responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bangaru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Quintero, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewall, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrents de la Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guebre-Xabier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Helaire, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.628030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural serology of polyclonal antibody responses to mRNA-1273 and NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.11.627965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Food-Derived Compounds Extend the Shelf-Life of Frozen Human Milk 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.11.627965v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breastmilk is known to provide optimal nutrition for infant growth and development. A cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative US data from 2016 to 2021 revealed that >90% of lactating mothers reported using breast pumps to express milk.1 We conducted a survey of n = 1,049 lactating or recently lactating individuals from a US nationally representative population to explore breastmilk storage practices among this group. The data revealed that 83% of respondents store breastmilk in their homes, with 68% using freezers to do so for >1 month. The lowest available temperature in most household freezers is -20 {degrees}C, a temperature that is inadequate to maintain human milks emulsified structure, leading to separation, degradation of fats, loss of key vitamins, and changes in palatability. We developed a first-of-its-kind high-throughput screening platform to identify food-derived compounds and combinations of compounds that, when added to human breastmilk, preserve fat content, retain antioxidant capacity, and reduce production of rancid-associated free fatty acids during extended freezer storage. These formulations represent leads for the development of safe and affordable frozen breastmilk shelf-life extenders for easy at-home use to increase the longevity of stored breastmilk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silpe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damian-Medina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.627965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Food-Derived Compounds Extend the Shelf-Life of Frozen Human Milk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.16.626622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CLiP2 mutant collection expands genome coverage with high-confidence disrupting alleles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.16.626622v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas hereafter) is a powerful model organism for studies of photosynthesis, ciliary motility, and other cellular processes [1-4]. The CLiP library of mapped nuclear random insertion mutants [5,6] has accelerated progress for hundreds of laboratories in these fields by providing mutants in genes of interest. However, its value was limited by its modest coverage of the genome with high-confidence disruption alleles (46% of nuclear protein-coding genes with 1+ high-confidence allele in exons/introns; 12% of genes with 3+ alleles in exons/introns). Here we introduce the CLiP2 (Chlamydomonas Library Project 2) library, which greatly expands the number of available mapped high-confidence insertional mutants. The CLiP2 library includes 71,700 strains, covering 79% of nuclear protein-coding genes with 1+ high-confidence allele in exons/introns and 49% of genes with 3+ alleles in exons/introns. The mutants are available to the community via the Chlamydomonas Resource Center.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lunardon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patena, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren-Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laudon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silflow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.626622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CLiP2 mutant collection expands genome coverage with high-confidence disrupting alleles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.16.628829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombinant Expression of Photo-crosslinkable 26S Proteasome Base Subcomplex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.16.628829v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome complex is the hub for regulated protein degradation in the cell. It is composed of two biochemically distinct complexes: the 20S core particle with proteolytic active sites in an internal chamber and the 19S regulatory particle, consisting of a lid and base subcomplex. The base contains ubiquitin receptors and an AAA+ (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) motor that unfolds substrates prior to degradation. The S. cerevisiae base subcomplex can be expressed recombinantly in E. coli and reconstituted into functional 26S proteasomes in vitro, which allows the introduction of unnatural amino acids with novel functions or other mutations that may not be permissible in vivo. Here, we present a method for the introduction of the photo-induced crosslinking amino acid p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine into the proteasomal base subcomplex. This approach has exciting implications for the study of protein-protein interactions of this complex that mediates the degradation of an incredibly diverse protein pool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yori Restrepo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombinant Expression of Photo-crosslinkable 26S Proteasome Base Subcomplex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.17.628970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep mutational scanning of rabies glycoprotein defines mutational constraint and antibody-escape mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.17.628970v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rabies virus causes nearly 60,000 human deaths annually. Antibodies that target the rabies glycoprotein (G) are being developed as post-exposure prophylactics, but mutations in G can render such antibodies ineffective. Here, we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how all single amino-acid mutations to G affect cell entry and neutralization by a panel of antibodies. These measurements identify sites critical for rabies Gs function, and define constrained regions that are attractive epitopes for clinical antibodies, including at the apex and base of the protein. We provide complete maps of escape mutations for eight monoclonal antibodies, including some in clinical use or development. Escape mutations for most antibodies are present in some natural rabies strains. Overall, this work provides comprehensive information on the functional and antigenic effects of G mutations that can help inform development of stabilized vaccine antigens and antibodies that are resilient to rabies genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aditham, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.628970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep mutational scanning of rabies glycoprotein defines mutational constraint and antibody-escape mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.12.628160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent genomic erosion in whooping cranes despite demographic recovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.12.628160v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrating in-situ (wild) and ex-situ (captive) conservation efforts can mitigate genetic diversity loss and help prevent extinction of endangered wild populations. The whooping crane (Grus americana) experienced severe population declines in the 18th century, culminating into a collapse to 16 individuals in 1941. Legal protections and conservation actions have since increased the population to approximately 840 individuals, yet the impact on genomic diversity remains unclear. We analysed the temporal dynamics of genomic erosion by sequencing a high-quality genome reference, and re-sequencing 16 historical and 37 modern genomes, including wild individuals and four generations of captive-bred individuals. Genomic demographic reconstructions reveal a steady decline, accelerating over the past 300 years with the European settlement of North America. Temporal genomic analyses show that despite demographic recovery, the species has lost 70% of its genetic diversity and has increased their inbreeding. Although the modern population bottleneck reduced the ancestral genetic load, modern populations possess more realized load than masked load, possibly resulting in a chronic loss of fitness. Integrating pedigree and genomic data, we underscore the role of breeding management in reducing recent inbreeding. Yet ongoing heterozygosity loss, load accumulation, and background inbreeding argues against the species downlisting from their current Endangered status on the IUCN Red List and the Endangered Species Act. The presence of private genetic variation in wild and captive populations suggests that wild-captive crosses could enhance genetic diversity and reduce the realized load. Our findings emphasize the role of genomics in informing conservation management and policy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fontsere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speak, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caven, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassatt-Johnstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Femerling, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abueg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartup, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M. T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Oosterhout, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.12.628160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent genomic erosion in whooping cranes despite demographic recovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.17.628791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling CRISPR Scanning with Targeted Chromatin Accessibility Profiling using a Double-Stranded DNA Deaminase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.17.628791v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome editing enables sequence-function profiling of endogenous cis-regulatory elements, driving understanding of their mechanisms and the development of gene therapies. However, these approaches cannot be combined with direct scalable readouts of chromatin structure and accessibility across long single-molecule chromatin fibers. Here we leverage a double-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase to profile chromatin accessibility at high depth and resolution at endogenous loci of interest through targeted PCR and long-read sequencing, a method we term targeted deaminase-accessible chromatin sequencing (TDAC-seq). Powered by high sequence coverage at targeted loci of interest, TDAC-seq can be uniquely integrated with CRISPR perturbations to enable the functional dissection of cis-regulatory elements, where genetic perturbations and their effects on chromatin accessibility are superimposed on the same single chromatin fiber and resolved at single-nucleotide resolution. We employed TDAC-seq to parse CRISPR edits that activate fetal hemoglobin in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells during erythroid differentiation as well as in pooled CRISPR and base editing screens tiling an enhancer controlling the globin locus. Together, TDAC-seq enables high-resolution sequence-function mapping of single-molecule chromatin fibers by genome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegenfeld, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepeda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roseman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenrostro, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liau, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.628791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling CRISPR Scanning with Targeted Chromatin Accessibility Profiling using a Double-Stranded DNA Deaminase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.19.629320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bottom-up design of calcium channels from defined selectivity filter geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.19.629320v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Native ion channels play key roles in biological systems, and engineered versions are widely used as chemogenetic tools and in sensing devices1,2. Protein design has been harnessed to generate pore-containing transmembrane proteins, but the capability to design ion selectivity based on the interactions between ions and selectivity filter residues, a crucial feature of native ion channels3, has been constrained by the lack of methods to place the metal-coordinating residues with atomic-level precision. Here we describe a bottom-up RFdiffusion-based approach to construct Ca2+ channels from defined selectivity filter residue geometries, and use this approach to design symmetric oligomeric channels with Ca2+ selectivity filters having different coordination numbers and different geometries at the entrance of a wide pore buttressed by multiple transmembrane helices. The designed channel proteins assemble into homogenous pore-containing particles, and for both tetrameric and hexameric ion-coordinating configurations, patch-clamp experiments show that the designed channels have higher conductances for Ca2+ than for Na+ and other divalent ions (Sr2+ and Mg2+). Cryo-electron microscopy indicates that the design method has high accuracy: the structure of the hexameric Ca2+ channel is nearly identical to the design model. Our bottom-up design approach now enables the testing of hypotheses relating filter geometry to ion selectivity by direct construction, and provides a roadmap for creating selective ion channels for a wide range of applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamal El-Din, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catterall, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bottom-up design of calcium channels from defined selectivity filter geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.16.628822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design and structure of a peptide-centric TCR mimic binding module 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.16.628822v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell receptor (TCR) mimics offer a promising platform for tumor-specific targeting of peptide-MHC in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we designed a de novo -helical TCR mimic (TCRm) specific for the NY-ESO-1 peptide presented by HLA-A*02, achieving high on-target specificity with nanomolar affinity (Kd = 9.5 nM). The structure of the TCRm/pMHC complex at 2.05 [A] resolution revealed a rigid TCR-like docking mode with an unusual degree of focus on the up-facing NY-ESO-1 side chains, suggesting the potential for reduced off-target reactivity. Indeed, a structure-informed in silico screen of 14,363 HLA-A*02 peptides correctly predicted two off-target peptides, yet our TCRm maintained a wide therapeutic window as a T cell engager. These results represent a path for precision targeting of tumor antigens with peptide-focused -helical TCR mimics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Householder, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jude, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obenaus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design and structure of a peptide-centric TCR mimic binding module]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.20.629765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage-displayed synthetic library and screening platform for nanobody discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.20.629765v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanobodies, single-domain antibodies derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, are known for their high affinity, stability, and small size, which make them useful in biological research and therapeutic applications. However, traditional nanobody generation methods rely on camelid immunization, which can be costly and time-consuming, restricting their practical feasibility. In this study, we present a phage-displayed synthetic library for nanobody discovery. To validate this approach, we screened nanobodies targeting various Drosophila secreted proteins. The nanobodies identified were suitable for applications such as immunostaining and immunoblotting, supporting the phage-displayed synthetic library as a versatile platform for nanobody development. To address the challenge of limited accessibility to high-quality synthetic libraries, this library is openly available for non-profit use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneburner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makdissi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Cara, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage-displayed synthetic library and screening platform for nanobody discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.20.629831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple method to efficiently generate structural variation in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.20.629831v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic variation is essential for the selection of new traits of interest. Structural variants, consisting of deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, have greater potential for phenotypic consequences than single nucleotide variants. Pan-genome studies have highlighted the importance of structural variation in the evolution and selection of novel traits. Here, we describe a simple method to induce structural variation in plants. We demonstrate that a short period of growth on the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide induces heritable structural variation and altered phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana at high frequency. Using long-read sequencing and genetic analyses, we identified deletions and inversions underlying semi-dominant and recessive phenotypes. This method requires minimal resources, is potentially applicable to any plant species, and can replace irradiation as a source of induced large-effect structural variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bechen, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrainwala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajavasireddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple method to efficiently generate structural variation in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.22.629782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acoustic tumor paint for real-time imaging, surgical guidance and recurrence monitoring of brain tumors with ultrasound 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.22.629782v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid growth, invasiveness, and resistance to treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) underscore the urgent need for improved diagnostics and therapies. Current surgical practice is limited by challenges with intraoperative imaging, while recurrence monitoring requires expensive magnetic resonance or nuclear imaging scans. Here we introduce "acoustic tumor paint", an approach to labeling brain tumors for ultrasound imaging - a widely accessible imaging modality. We show that gas vesicles (GVs), natural air-filled protein nanostructures, preferentially accumulate in brain tumors following systemic administration in syngeneic and xenograft mouse models of GBM. This enables real-time tumor visualization during surgery and postoperative monitoring of recurrence. We characterize GV uptake and breakdown by tumors and their resident cells and support clinical translatability by documenting non-toxic repeated administration. We also demonstrate the potential for post-operative monitoring in humans by imaging GVs through a human skull and an FDA-approved skull prosthesis. Acoustic tumor paint has the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, improve surgical outcomes, make monitoring more accessible, and extend survival in GBM patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daghlian, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barturen-Larrea, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorder Bruegge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malounda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinton, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.22.629782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acoustic tumor paint for real-time imaging, surgical guidance and recurrence monitoring of brain tumors with ultrasound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.21.629917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pearling Drives Mitochondrial DNA Nucleoid Distribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.21.629917v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondria of most eukaryotes carry an indispensable second genome (mtDNA), encoding genes engaged in oxidative phosphorylation1. The regular positioning and segregation of mtDNA-containing nucleoids is essential for mitochondrial function and inheritance, as well as cellular health2-5. However, the underlying mechanism driving nucleoid distribution and disaggregation remains unknown6,7. Our data reveal that mitochondria frequently undergo reversible pearling, a biophysical instability that undulates tubules into regularly spaced beads 8, typically triggered by calcium influx. We discovered that physiological pearling imposes a characteristic length scale, simultaneously mediating nucleoid disaggregation and establishing inter-nucleoid distancing with near-maximally achievable precision. We found that lamellar cristae invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane play a dual role, determining pearling frequency and duration, and preserving the resulting nucleoid spacing after organelle recovery to a tubular form. Thus, disrupting cristae ultrastructure resulted in more frequent pearling, but also aberrant nucleoid clustering. Our results demonstrate that the distribution of mitochondrial genomes is governed by the interplay between rapid and reversible pearling and cristae ultrastructure, establishing a mechanism for this long-puzzling yet fundamental feature of eukaryotic life, and offering insights into its potential modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landoni, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lycas, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macuada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaccard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obara, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Nejma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.21.629917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pearling Drives Mitochondrial DNA Nucleoid Distribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.20.629730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CESA: Cross-species Epitope Sequence Analysis for discovery of existing antibodies useful for phospho-specific protein detection in model species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.20.629730v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling pathways play key roles in many important biological processes such as cell division, differentiation, and migration. Phosphorylation site-specific antibodies specifically target proteins phosphorylated on a given tyrosine, threonine, or serine residue. Use of phospho-specific antibodies facilitates analysis of signaling pathway regulation and activity. Given the usefulness of phospho-specific antibodies, a number of collections of these antibodies have been generated, typically for detection of phosphorylated mammalian proteins. Anecdotal evidence shows that some of these are also useful for detection of phosphorylated forms of orthologous proteins in model organisms. We propose that anti-phospho-mammalian protein antibody collections comprise an untapped resource for research in other species. To systematically analyze the potential utility of anti-phospho-mammalian protein antibodies in other species, we developed the Cross-species Epitope Sequence Analysis software tool (CESA). CESA identifies and aligns orthologous proteins in model species, then analyzes conservation of antibody target sites. We used CESA to predict what phospho-specific antibodies in a collection from Cell Signaling Technology (CST) might be useful for studies in Drosophila melanogaster and other species. CESA predicts that more than 232 sites on 116 Drosophila proteins can potentially be targeted by the antibodies initially developed at CST to detect human, mouse, or rat phosphoproteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CESA: Cross-species Epitope Sequence Analysis for discovery of existing antibodies useful for phospho-specific protein detection in model species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.22.629999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo multiplex imaging of dynamic neurochemical networks with designed far-red dopamine sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.22.629999v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurochemical signals like dopamine (DA) play a crucial role in a variety of brain functions through intricate interactions with other neuromodulators and intracellular signaling pathways. However, studying these complex networks has been hindered by the challenge of detecting multiple neurochemicals in vivo simultaneously. To overcome this limitation, we developed a single-protein chemigenetic DA sensor, HaloDA1.0, which combines a cpHaloTag-chemical dye approach with the G protein-coupled receptor activation-based (GRAB) strategy, providing high sensitivity for DA, sub-second response kinetics, and an extensive spectral range from far-red to near-infrared. When used together with existing green and red fluorescent neuromodulator sensors, Ca2+ indicators, cAMP sensors, and optogenetic tools, HaloDA1.0 provides high versatility for multiplex imaging in cultured neurons, brain slices, and behaving animals, facilitating in-depth studies of dynamic neurochemical networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.22.629999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo multiplex imaging of dynamic neurochemical networks with designed far-red dopamine sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.23.629495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammalian ZAP and KHNYN independently restrict CpG-enriched avian viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.23.629495v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zoonotic viruses are an omnipresent threat to global health. Influenza A virus (IAV) transmits between birds, livestock, and humans. Proviral host factors involved in the cross-species interface are well known. Less is known about antiviral mechanisms that suppress IAV zoonoses. We observed CpG dinucleotide depletion in human IAV relative to avian IAV. Notably, human ZAP selectively depletes CpG-enriched viral RNAs with its cofactor KHNYN. ZAP is conserved in tetrapods but we uncovered that avian species lack KHNYN. We found that chicken ZAP may not affect IAV (PR8) or CpG enriched IAV (PR8CG). Human ZAP or KHNYN independently restricted CpG-enriched IAV PR8CG by overexpression in chicken cells and by combined knockout in human cells. Additionally, mammalian ZAP-L and KHNYN also independently restricted an avian retrovirus (ROSV). Curiously, platypus KHNYN, the most divergent from eutherian mammals, was also capable of independent restriction of multiple diverse viruses. We suggest that some mammalian KHNYN can act as a bona fide restriction factor with cell-autonomous activity. Furthermore, we speculate that through repeated contact between avian viruses and mammalian hosts, protein changes may accompany CpG-biased mutations or reassortment to evade mammalian ZAP and KHNYN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickelson, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pross, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkhymer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langlois, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.629495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammalian ZAP and KHNYN independently restrict CpG-enriched avian viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.22.629997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing mechanical selection in diverse eukaryotic genomes through accurate prediction of 3D DNA mechanics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.22.629997v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connections between the mechanical properties of DNA and biological functions have been speculative due to the lack of methods to measure or predict DNA mechanics at scale. Recently, a proxy for DNA mechanics, cyclizability, was measured by loop-seq and enabled genome-scale investigation of DNA mechanics. Here, we use this dataset to build a computational model predicting bias-corrected intrinsic cyclizability, with near-perfect accuracy, solely based on DNA sequence. Further, the model predicts intrinsic bending direction in 3D space. Using this tool, we aimed to probe mechanical selection - that is, the evolutionary selection of DNA sequence based on its mechanical properties - in diverse circumstances. First, we found that the intrinsic bend direction of DNA sequences correlated with the observed bending in known protein-DNA complex structures, suggesting that many proteins co-evolved with their DNA partners to capture DNA in its intrinsically preferred bent conformation. We then applied our model to large-scale yeast population genetics data and showed that centromere DNA element II, whose consensus sequence is unknown, leaving its sequence-specific role unclear, is under mechanical selection to increase the stability of inner-kinetochore structure and to facilitate centromeric histone recruitment. Finally, in silico evolution under strong mechanical selection discovered hallucinated sequences with cyclizability values so extreme that they required experimental validation, yet, found in nature in the densely packed mitochondrial(mt) DNA of Namystynia karyoxenos, an ocean-dwelling protist with extreme mitochondrial gene fragmentation. The need to transmit an extraordinarily large amount of mtDNA, estimated to be > 600 Mb, in combination with the absence of mtDNA compaction proteins may have pushed mechanical selection to the extreme. Similarly extreme DNA mechanics are observed in bird microchromosomes, although the functional consequence is not yet clear. The discovery of eccentric DNA mechanics in unrelated unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes suggests that we can predict extreme natural biology which can arise through strong selection. Our methods offer a way to study the biological functions of DNA mechanics in any genome and to engineer DNA sequences with desired mechanical properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokopchuk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popchock, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.22.629997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing mechanical selection in diverse eukaryotic genomes through accurate prediction of 3D DNA mechanics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.23.627571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleosome Spacing Can Fine-Tune Higher Order Chromatin Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.23.627571v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular chromatin displays heterogeneous structure and dynamics, properties that control diverse nuclear processes. Models invoke phase separation of conformational ensembles of chromatin fibers as a mechanism regulating chromatin organization in vivo. Here we combine biochemistry and molecular dynamics simulations to examine, at single base-pair resolution, how nucleosome spacing controls chromatin phase separation. We show that as DNA linkers extend from 25 bp to 30 bp, as examplars of 10N+5 and 10N (integer N) bp lengths, chromatin condensates become less thermodynamically stable and nucleosome mobility increases. Simulations reveal that this is due to trade-offs between inter- and intramolecular nucleosome stacking, favored by rigid 10N+5 and 10N bp linkers, respectively. A remodeler can induce or inhibit phase separation by moving nucleosomes, changing the balance between intra- and intermolecular stacking. The intrinsic phase separation capacity of chromatin enables fine tuning of compaction and dynamics, likely contributing to heterogeneous chromatin organization in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maristany, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farr, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doolittle, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rene Espinosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huertas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collepardo-Guevara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.627571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleosome Spacing Can Fine-Tune Higher Order Chromatin Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.23.630120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cytosolic cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase is capable of regulating ATF4 translation independent of eIF2α phosphorylation state 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.23.630120v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammalian cells, the integrated stress response (ISR) triggers ATF4 translation under general conditions of cell stress. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling also triggers ATF4 translation under general pro-growth conditions. While the transcriptomic changes of these two contradictory pathways are have been studied, a full understanding of all pathways capable of increasing ATF4 translation and how these pathways are regulated and interact with each other remains unknown. In a genome-wide CRISPRi screen, we found that loss of CARS is sufficient to activate ATF4 translation independent of canonical ISR signaling. This ATF4 translation does not require eIF2 phosphorylation and does not require MTOR kinase activity. In a genome-wide epistasis CRISPRi screen using a staggered sgRNA infection strategy, we identified METAP2 and OGT as potential downstream factors in this pathway. This represents a novel pathway for activation of ATF4 translation that may enable targeted manipulation of ATF4 for beneficial therapeutic outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cytosolic cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase is capable of regulating ATF4 translation independent of eIF2α phosphorylation state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.23.630206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone H4 limits transcription of the histone locus in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.23.630206v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In all eukaryotes DNA replication is coupled to histone synthesis to coordinate chromatin packaging of the genome. Canonical histone genes coalesce in the nucleus into the Histone Locus Body (HLB), where gene transcription and 3 mRNA processing occurs. Both histone gene transcription and mRNA stability are reduced when DNA replication is inhibited, implying that the Histone Locus Body senses the rate of DNA synthesis. In Drosophila melanogaster, the S-phase-induced histone genes are tandemly repeated in an [~]100 copy array, whereas in humans, these histone genes are scattered. In both organisms these genes coalesce into Histone Locus Bodies. We used a transgenic histone gene reporter and RNAi in Drosophila to identify canonical H4 histone as a unique repressor of histone synthesis during the G2 phase in germline cells. Using cytology and CUT&Tag chromatin profiling, we find that histone H4 uniquely occupies histone gene promoters in both Drosophila and human cells. Our results suggest that repression of histone genes by soluble histone H4 is a conserved mechanism that coordinates DNA replication with histone synthesis in proliferating cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takushi, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidaurre, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone H4 limits transcription of the histone locus in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.20.629758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pipemake: A pipeline creation tool using Snakemake for reproducible analysis of biological datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.20.629758v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exponential growth in biological data generation has created an urgent need for efficient, reproducible computational analysis workflows. Here, we present pipemake, a computational platform designed to streamline the development and implementation of efficient and reproducible Snakemake workflows. pipemake creates modular pipelines that can be seamlessly integrated or removed from the platform without requiring reconfiguration of the core system, enabling flexible adaptation of workflows to different analytical needs across diverse fields. To demonstrate the platforms capabilities, we created and implemented pipelines to reanalyze two distinct biological datasets. First, we recreated a population genomics analysis of the socially flexible halictid bee, Lasioglossum albipes, using pipemake-generated workflows for de novo genome annotation, processing of variant data, dimensionality reduction, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS). We then used pipemake to analyze behavioral tracking data from the common eastern bumble bee, Bombus impatiens. In both cases, pipemake workflows produced results consistent with published findings while substantially reducing hands-on analysis time. Overall, pipemakes modular design allows researchers to easily modify existing pipelines or develop new ones without software development expertise. Beyond streamlining workflow creation, pipemake leverages the full Snakemake ecosystem to enable parallel processing, automated error recovery, and comprehensive analysis documentation. These features make pipemake an efficient and accessible solution for analyzing complex biological datasets. pipemake is freely available as a conda package or direct download at https://github.com/kocherlab/pipemake
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Webb, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traniello, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pipemake: A pipeline creation tool using Snakemake for reproducible analysis of biological datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.27.630514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditional fusogenic lipid nanocarriers for cytosolic delivery of macromolecular therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.27.630514v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macromolecular therapeutics designed for intracellular targets must overcome systemic delivery barriers, target cell membrane impermeability, and inefficient endosomal escape. Here, we engineer a class of conditional fusogenic liposomes (C-FLIPs) that harness the catalytic activity of extracellular proteases present in the pathological microenvironment. This context-specific activation enables on-target membrane fusion with cells in diseased tissue, resulting in cytosolic delivery of therapeutic payloads. We describe the cytoplasmic delivery of three prototypic macromolecular therapeutic classes: peptide degraders, cytotoxic proteins, and ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs). We further develop C-FLIP to deliver granzyme B (GzmB) to the cytoplasm of cancer cells in vivo and induce pyroptosis in immunologically-inert tumors. Treatment with C-FLIP/GzmB reprograms the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and synergizes with checkpoint blockade to result in the regression of established tumors and induce immunological memory. This modular, non-viral, cytosolic delivery platform represents a promising approach to leverage pathological protease activity for targeted delivery of biologics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, E. K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyamal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngambenjawong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flemming, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.27.630514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditional fusogenic lipid nanocarriers for cytosolic delivery of macromolecular therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.27.630464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small Molecule Modulators of Beta-arrestins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.27.630464v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta}-arrestins are multifunctional regulators of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, orchestrating diverse downstream signaling events and physiological responses across the vast GPCR superfamily. While GPCR pharmacology has advanced to target orthosteric and allosteric sites, as well as G proteins and GRKs, comparable chemical tools to study {beta}-arrestins remain lacking. Here, we report the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors that selectively target {beta}-arrestins and delineate their mechanism of action through integrated pharmacological, biochemical, biophysical, and structural analyses. These inhibitors disrupt {beta}-arrestin-engagement with agonist-activated GPCRs, impairing desensitization, internalization, and {beta}-arrestin-dependent functions while sparing G protein-receptor coupling. Cryo-EM, MD simulations, and structure-guided mutagenesis reveal that one modulator, Cmpd-5, engages a cryptic pocket formed by the middle, C-, and lariat loops of {beta}-arrestin1--a critical receptor-binding interface--stabilizing a distinct conformation incompatible with GPCR engagement. Together, these findings provide a mechanistic framework for {beta}-arrestin modulation, introducing transducer-targeted strategies to fine-tune GPCR signaling and guide the development of pathway-specific therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kahsai, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakharukova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang-Lin, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Real, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shreiber, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwalb, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunzle, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockman, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, A. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rein, L. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masoudi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefkowitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.27.630464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small Molecule Modulators of Beta-arrestins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.28.630269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expandable, Functional Hepatocytes Derived from Primary Cells Enable Liver Therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.28.630269v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liver disease affects millions annually in the United States, with orthotopic transplantation as the only curative option for many patients. However, the scarcity of donor organs highlights a need for alternative cell-based therapies. Hepatocyte-based approaches are promising due to the cells inherent synthetic, metabolic, and detoxifying functions, but they face critical barriers, including the lack of a scalable source of functional hepatocytes and poor engraftment. In this study, we developed a scalable process for expanding primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) while preserving their identity and function. By leveraging heterocellular aggregation with stromal cells, we generated cryopreserved "seed" constructs that maintained viability and function post-thaw. Seeds demonstrated enhanced metabolic and detoxification functions and robust engraftment across multiple anatomic sites outside of the liver. Our approach addresses key limitations of hepatocyte-based therapies, offering a stable, scalable, and clinically viable platform for liver cell therapy applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallanna, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karanth, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marturano, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudva, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamiel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munarin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Buskirk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ret, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheema, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderploeg, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezania, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowery, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazanave, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.28.630269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expandable, Functional Hepatocytes Derived from Primary Cells Enable Liver Therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.30.630730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Layilin Regulates Treg Motility and Suppressive Capacity in Skin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.30.630730v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining immune tolerance in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. We discovered that layilin, a C-type lectin receptor, is predominantly expressed on Tregs in skin. Layilin was highly expressed on a subset of clonally expanded  effector Tregs in both healthy and psoriatic skin. Layilin expressing Tregs exhibited a transcriptional profile indicative of enhanced adhesion. Deletion of layilin in Tregs in vivo resulted in significantly attenuated skin inflammation. Mechanistically, layilin enhanced Treg adhesion via modulation of LFA-1, resulting in distinct cytoskeletal alterations consistent with enhanced focal adhesion and lamellipodia formation. Taken together, we define layilin as a critical regulator of Treg suppressive capacity through modulating motility and adhesion in a non-lymphoid tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gouirand, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clancy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, H.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skruber, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhaus, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reif, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Layilin Regulates Treg Motility and Suppressive Capacity in Skin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.30.630680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CEBPA repression by MECOM blocks differentiation to drive aggressive leukemias 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.30.630680v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) have an overall poor prognosis with many high-risk cases co-opting stem cell gene regulatory programs, yet the mechanisms through which this occurs remain poorly understood. Increased expression of the stem cell transcription factor, MECOM, underlies one key driver mechanism in largely incurable AMLs. How MECOM results in such aggressive AML phenotypes remains unknown. To address existing experimental limitations, we engineered and applied targeted protein degradation with functional genomic readouts to demonstrate that MECOM promotes malignant stem cell-like states by directly repressing pro-differentiation gene regulatory programs. Remarkably and unexpectedly, a single node in this network, a MECOM-bound cis-regulatory element located 42 kb downstream of the myeloid differentiation regulator CEBPA, is both necessary and sufficient for maintaining MECOM-driven leukemias. Importantly, targeted activation of this regulatory element promotes differentiation of these aggressive AMLs and reduces leukemia burden in vivo, suggesting a broadly applicable differentiation-based approach for improving therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleming, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundry, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piussi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlster, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimoso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegmaier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrachina, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machlus, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovestadt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voit, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CEBPA repression by MECOM blocks differentiation to drive aggressive leukemias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.29.629238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut bacterial sphingolipid production modulates dysregulated skin lipid homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.29.629238v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sphingolipids are an essential lipid component of the skin barrier with alterations in skin sphingolipid composition associated with multiple skin disorders including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and ichthyosis. Contributions to skin sphingolipid abundance are not well characterized, thus the main method of modulating skin lipid levels is the topical application of creams rich with sphingolipids at the skin surface. Evidence that diet and gut microbiome function can alter skin biology proposes an intriguing potential for the modulation of skin lipid homeostasis through gut microbial metabolism, but potential mechanisms of action are not well understood. Sphingolipid synthesis by prominent gut microbes has been shown to affect intestinal, hepatic and immune functions with the potential for sphingolipid-producing bacteria to affect skin biology through altering skin sphingolipid levels. To address this question, we used bioorthogonal chemistry to label lipids from the sphingolipid-producing bacteria Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and trace these lipids to the skin epidermis. Exposing mice to B. thetaiotaomicron strains mutant in the ability to produce sphingolipids resulted in significantly lower transfer of gut microbiome-derived lipids to the skin, while also altering skin biology and altering expression of skin barrier genes. Measurement of skin ceramide levels, a class of sphingolipids involved in skin barrier function, determined that skin sphingolipid levels were altered in the presence of gut sphingolipid-producing bacteria. Together this work demonstrates that gut bacterial lipids can transfer to the skin and provides a compelling avenue for modulating sphingolipid-dominant compartments of the skin using sphingolipid-producing bacteria of the gut microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris-Tryon, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.29.629238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut bacterial sphingolipid production modulates dysregulated skin lipid homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.30.630829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of neuronal cell types by pairing whole cell reconstructions with RNA expression profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.30.630829v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective classification of neuronal cell types requires both molecular and morphological descriptors to be collected in situ at single-cell resolution. However, current spatial transcriptomics techniques are not compatible with imaging workflows that successfully reconstruct the morphology of complete axonal projections. Here, we introduce a new method, which we call morphoFISH, that combines tissue clearing, submicron whole-brain two photon imaging, and Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (EASI-FISH) to assign molecular identities to fully reconstructed neurons in the mouse brain. We used morphoFISH to molecularly identify a previously unknown population of cingulate neurons projecting ipsilaterally to the dorsal striatum and contralaterally to higher-order thalamus. By pairing whole-brain morphometry, improved techniques for nucleic acid preservation and spatial gene expression, morphoFISH offers a quantitative solution for discovery of multimodal cell types and complements existing techniques for characterization of increasingly fine-grained cellular heterogeneity in brain circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenshaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schauder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olbris, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokicki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spruston, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korff, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The MouseLight Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of neuronal cell types by pairing whole cell reconstructions with RNA expression profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.30.630769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering Multiplexed Synthetic Breath Biomarkers as Diagnostic Probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.30.630769v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breath biopsy is emerging as a rapid and non-invasive diagnostic tool that links exhaled chemical signatures with specific medical conditions. Despite its potential, clinical translation remains limited by the challenge of reliably detecting endogenous, disease-specific biomarkers in breath. Synthetic biomarkers represent an emerging paradigm for precision diagnostics such that they amplify activity-based biochemical signals associated with disease fingerprints. However, their adaptation to breath biopsy has been constrained by the limited availability of orthogonal volatile reporters that are detectable in exhaled breath. Here, we engineer multiplexed breath biomarkers that couple aberrant protease activities to exogenous volatile reporters. We designed novel intramolecular reactions that leverage protease-mediated aminolysis, enabling the sensing of a broad spectrum of proteases, and that each release a unique reporter in breath. This approach was validated in a mouse model of influenza to establish baseline sensitivity and specificity in a controlled inflammatory setting and subsequently applied to diagnose lung cancer using an autochthonous Alk-mutant model. We show that combining multiplexed reporter signals with machine learning algorithms enables tumor progression tracking, treatment response monitoring, and detection of relapse after 30 minutes. Our multiplexed breath biopsy platform highlights a promising avenue for rapid, point-of-care diagnostics across diverse disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anahtar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samad, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngambenjawong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering Multiplexed Synthetic Breath Biomarkers as Diagnostic Probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.06.668818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An in planta single-cell screen to accelerate functional genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.06.668818v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic screens in whole plants are a powerful tool for functional genetics. However, elucidating gene function in highly redundant genetic programs such as signaling pathways remains challenging in both model and non-model plants. Here, we report a single-cell screening platform, PIVOT (Protoplast Isolation after Virus Overexpression in planTa), to accelerate identification and functional characterization of plant genes. We used Nicotiana benthamiana as a heterologous host to test gene libraries arrayed in a single leaf. Two elements of our system made pooled screens possible in planta: (1) we harnessed viral superinfection exclusion to ensure single multiplicity of infection per cell during pooled library delivery, and (2) we engineered a cell surface protein as a phenotypic marker for isolating cells of interest from a heterogeneous population. Using this system, we recovered known and new regulators of cytokinin signaling from an Arabidopsis open reading frame library. We anticipate PIVOT will be broadly applicable for high-throughput, single-cell functional genetic screening across the plant kingdom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowensohn, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cody, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlahos, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Call, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.668818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An in planta single-cell screen to accelerate functional genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.12.669962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the deletion landscape of S. aureus Cas9 with SABER 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.12.669962v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Profiling tolerated amino acid deletions in proteins can elucidate structure-function relationships, reconstruct intermediate stages in protein evolution, and be used to engineer minimized versions of proteins with size-sensitive biotechnology applications. Despite advances in deletion library construction techniques over the past several decades, there are presently few methods available that are simultaneously efficient, precise, and easy to implement. Here we present SABER, a novel approach which utilizes SpRYCas9, a near-PAMless engineered SpCas9 variant, as a molecular biological tool for building deletion libraries with unprecedented speed and ease. We applied this technique to the small and structurally divergent Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) and mapped the set of deletions tolerated for DNA binding activity. We proceeded to use this information to design a set of minimal SaCas9-based effectors capable of CRISPRi transcriptional repression in bacterial cells. Our findings provide new insights into the function of certain structural elements in SaCas9, and we anticipate that our dSaCas9 deletion map may prove useful in further efforts to develop minimal Cas9-based effectors and gene editors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plebanek, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltrogge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrace, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukarska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the deletion landscape of S. aureus Cas9 with SABER]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.08.669392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-catalytic role for RFC in PCNA-mediated processive DNA synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.08.669392v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ring-shaped sliding clamp PCNA enables DNA polymerases to perform processive DNA synthesis during replication and repair. The loading of PCNA onto DNA is catalyzed by the ATPase clamp loader RFC. Using a single-molecule platform to visualize the dynamic interplay between PCNA and RFC on DNA, we unexpectedly discovered that RFC continues to associate with PCNA after loading, contrary to the conventional view. Functionally, this clamp-loader/clamp complex is required for processive DNA synthesis by polymerase {delta} (Pol{delta}), as the PCNA-Pol{delta} assembly is inherently unstable. This architectural role of RFC is dependent on the BRCT domain of Rfc1, and mutation of its DNA-binding residues causes sensitivity to DNA damage in vivo. We further showed the FEN1 flap endonuclease can also stabilize the PCNA-Pol{delta} interaction and mediate robust synthesis. Overall, our work revealed that, beyond their canonical enzymatic functions, PCNA-binding proteins harbor non-catalytic functions essential for DNA replication and genome maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chua, G. N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckwitt, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Browne, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurieva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrantes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funabiki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-catalytic role for RFC in PCNA-mediated processive DNA synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.11.668728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translational control of innate barrier defense by the gut microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.11.668728v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal epithelium is protected by a mucus barrier, infused with antimicrobial proteins, that restricts microbial access to host tissue. Because assembling this barrier is energetically costly, its production must be tightly regulated. Here, we show that the microbiota regulates the translation of key mucus barrier components, including the structural glycoprotein mucin 2 and the antimicrobial enzyme lysozyme. This process is initiated by microbial induction of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) in secretory epithelial cells of the intestine. HDAC5 promotes deacetylation of 14-3-3 proteins, enabling activation of the energy sensing kinase mTOR which enhances translation of mucus and antimicrobial proteins. These findings reveal a mechanism by which the microbiota controls barrier immunity at the level of protein synthesis and suggest that the HDAC5-mTOR axis integrates microbial and energetic signals to regulate intestinal defense.

One sentence summaryThe gut microbiota enhances translation of innate barrier defense proteins through HDAC5-mediated activation of mTORC1 signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrendt, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dende, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.668728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translational control of innate barrier defense by the gut microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.08.669325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Renal Coenzyme A (CoA) Production Fuels Stem Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.08.669325v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coenzyme A (CoA), derived from Vitamin B5 (VB5; also called pantothenate), is essential for lipid metabolism, energy production, and cell proliferation. While the intracellular functions of CoA are well-characterized, much less is known about its tissue-specific regulation and systemic physiological roles. Here, using Drosophila melanogaster, we uncover a gut-renal circuit in which dietary VB5 fuels CoA biosynthesis specifically in the Malpighian tubules (MTs, the fly kidney), non-autonomously impacting gut homeostasis. We show that, in the MTs, Myc boosts renal CoA production by directly upregulating the pantothenate kinase Fbl (human PANK1-3 ortholog) and downregulating CG5828, which we characterize as the functional ortholog of the metabolite phosphatase and CoA synthesis suppressor PANK4 (dPANK4). Elevated CoA biosynthesis enhances the mevalonate-isoprenoid pathway activity in the gut, promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation. We further demonstrate that renal CoA production is required for gut tumor growth in a fly model. Consistently, MYC and genes within the CoA-isoprenoid axis display strong association with clinical outcomes in human cancers. Together, our findings establish that Myc-driven CoA metabolism generates an inter-organ signal that couples VB5 availability to stem cell control and tumor growth, and identify the CoA-isoprenoid axis as a targetable metabolic vulnerability in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dibble, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Renal Coenzyme A (CoA) Production Fuels Stem Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.05.668730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 expression is heterogeneous among clones of CD4+ T cells carrying authentic intact latent proviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.05.668730v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiretroviral therapy suppresses HIV-1 infection but is not curative because it fails to eliminate a reservoir of intact latent proviruses that reside primarily in CD4+ T cells. This compartment is composed of rare T cells that predominantly express memory and effector memory markers. The lack of precise understanding of the latent compartment has made it challenging to develop curative strategies for HIV-1 infection. Here we report on the properties of CD4+ T cells clones carrying intact latent proviruses, expanded in vitro from single cells obtained from the reservoir of people living with HIV-1. The latent proviruses in the clones were integrated into ZNF genes, non-genic satellite and centromeric regions, frequently associated with latency. Notably, the transcriptome of the cultured clones resembled their cells of origin. Despite their descent from single cells, only a fraction of the cells ranging from 0.4-14% expressed relatively low levels of HIV-1 that did not measurably alter host gene transcriptome. Latency reversing agents (LRAs) variably increased the number and amount of expression per cell, but the effects were modest and clone and LRA specific. The results suggest that pharmacologic and immunologic approaches to clear the reservoir should be optimized to accommodate intra- and inter-clonal diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bittar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, G. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumagalli, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, I. A. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 expression is heterogeneous among clones of CD4+ T cells carrying authentic intact latent proviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.05.668824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerating protein design by scaling experimental characterization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.05.668824v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in de novo protein design have greatly outpaced standard protein biochemistry workflows, and experimental testing has been a bottleneck in the validation of new designs and methodologies. Here, we describe experimental and computational workflows to address the issues of scale, speed and reproducibility of common in vitro protein testing methods, enabling at least an order of magnitude increase in throughput while reducing wetlab time. Semi-Automated Protein Production (SAPP) is a rapid, modular, scalable and cost-effective protocol, enabling up to milligram-scale protein production, and standardized characterization including yield, dispersity, and oligomeric state of hundreds of designs per day, at the cost-equivalent of a few DNA oligos per construct. End-to-end protocol execution takes 48 hours, with about 6 hours spent benchside using mostly standard laboratory equipment. This protocol has become the standard at our institute, providing critical experimental validation for dozens of projects spanning tens of thousands of designs. We showcase the power of the platform by using it to rapidly characterize de novo designed inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus. Since at least 80% of SAPPs total cost comes from synthetic DNA, we also developed a scalable demultiplexing protocol (DMX) to leverage oligo pools as input DNA, providing a further 5-fold reduction in costs, enabling >1000 designs to be purified and characterized in arrayed, clonal format at a cost of $5 per construct. By reframing standard molecular biology practices and orchestrating wetlab workflows with partial automation instead of complex end-to-end robotics, these protocols should be widely adoptable, accelerating protein design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milles, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wicky, B. I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motmaen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerating protein design by scaling experimental characterization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.05.668520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
There and back again: the dynamic evolution of panarthropod germ cell specification mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.05.668520v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germ cells enable the reproduction of an organism and the continuity of its lineage. Across animals, these crucial cells are segregated from the soma at different times and places and via distinct mechanisms. Understanding the evolution of germ cell specification across animals is complicated by the difficulty of making meaningful comparisons of embryonic development between diverse animal species. Here, we characterize germ cell specification in Panarthropoda, an ancient clade that encompasses massive animal biodiversity, within which we can conduct meaningful comparative embryology. We amass data from centuries of studies describing the timing and mechanisms of germ cell formation, and apply ancestral state reconstruction to these data to propose novel hypotheses about the trajectory of evolution in this process. Furthermore, we speculate about the mechanisms underlying these evolutionary dynamics by considering the relationships among germ cell specification, concurrent developmental processes and the germ line gene network. Collectively, this Review derives new insights from a rich historical database of embryological observations, offering broad implications for understanding the evolution of metazoan germ cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kao, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivard, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[There and back again: the dynamic evolution of panarthropod germ cell specification mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.06.668953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Genome-wide CRISPR Screen Reveals ZDHHC8-Dependent Gαq Palmitoylation as a Key Regulator of GPCR Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.06.668953v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that couple to the Gq signaling pathway control diverse physiological processes, yet the full complement of cellular regulators for this pathway remains unknown. Here, we report the first genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen targeting a Gq-coupled GPCR signaling cascade. Using a Drosophila model of adipokinetic hormone receptor (AkhR) signaling, we identified CG34449 (Zdhhc8), encoding a palmitoyl acyltransferase and its adapter protein CG5447, as a top hit required for robust Gq-mediated GPCR signaling. We show that Zdhhc8 enhances GPCR signaling through palmitoylation of Gq, which promotes its membrane localization and function. Loss of Zdhhc8 markedly reduces palmitoylation of Gaq resulting in attenuation of AkhR/Gq signaling and a reduction in receptor stability. Mechanistically, Zdhhc8 is necessary for palmitoylation of Gq. These findings uncover Zdhhc8-dependent Gq palmitoylation as a pivotal regulatory mechanism in GPCR signal transduction and highlight palmitoyl transferase as potential modulators of GPCR pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanatha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.668953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Genome-wide CRISPR Screen Reveals ZDHHC8-Dependent Gαq Palmitoylation as a Key Regulator of GPCR Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.05.668773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide chromatin recording resolves dynamic cell state changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.05.668773v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the chromatin state of a cell influences its future behavior is a major challenge throughout biology. However, most chromatin profiling methods are limited to endpoint assays. Here, we present LagTag, a method for recovery of earlier and endpoint chromatin states in the same mammalian cells. In this approach, transient expression of bacterial adenine methyltransferase fusions records the DNA binding profiles of chromatin-associated proteins of interest at earlier timepoints. Subsequent tagmentation and sequencing recovers the earlier chromatin profile from adenine methylation profiles, alongside endpoint profiles of endogenous chromatin-associated proteins. We verified that LagTag profiles aligned with those from established methods in mouse and human cells. More importantly, LagTag was able to record and recover dynamic chromatin state transitions during mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation, capturing transcriptional signatures from pre- and post-differentiation timepoints in the same cells. LagTag thus provides a foundation for temporally resolved chromatin profiling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadly, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochiai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide chromatin recording resolves dynamic cell state changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.03.668343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of Orthogonal Far-Red, Orange and Green Fluorophore-binding Proteins for Multiplex Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.03.668343v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent proteins and small molecule dyes have complementary strengths for biological imaging: the former are genetically manipulatable enabling tagging of specific proteins and detection of protein interactions, while the latter have greater photostability and brightness but are difficult to target. To combine these strengths, we used de novo protein design to generate binders to three bright, stable, cell-permeable dyes spanning the visible spectrum: JF657 (far red), JF596 (orange-red) and JF494 (green). For each dye, we obtain nanomolar binders with weak or no binding to the other two dyes; the accuracy of the design approach is confirmed by a crystal structure of one binder which is very close to the design model. Fusion of the JF567, JF596 and JF494 binders to three different targets followed by staining with the three dyes simultaneously enables multiplex imaging. We further expand functionality by incorporating an active site carrying out nucleophilic aromatic substitution to form a covalent linkage with the dye, and developing split versions which reconstitute fluorescence at subcellular locations where both halves are present, enabling both protein-protein interaction detection and chemically induced dimerization with fluorescence reporting. Our designs combine the advantages of fluorescent proteins and small molecule dyes and should be broadly useful for cellular imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurgens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decarreau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roullier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahamid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.03.668343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of Orthogonal Far-Red, Orange and Green Fluorophore-binding Proteins for Multiplex Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.01.664786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellulose Synthase Complex and Remorin Nanodomains Mediate Stress Resilience Through Cell Wall-Plasma Membrane Attachments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.01.664786v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HighlightsO_LIThe plasma membrane forms attachments to the plant cell wall that are revealed by hyperosmotic shock and correlate to the tolerance of root growth to stress.
C_LIO_LICellulose Synthase Complex (CSC) and REMORIN (REM) nanodomains localize to cell wall-plasma membrane attachment sites.
C_LIO_LICSC density at the plasma membrane determines the extent of cell wall-plasma membrane attachment under hyperosmotic stress.
C_LIO_LIREM nanodomains form rapidly under hyperosmotic stress and harbor the CSC exocytosis inhibitors SHOU4/4L, which limit CSC density at the plasma membrane.
C_LI

The outer cell surface of an organism is the frontline for detecting and responding to environmental stimuli. In plants, this interface consists of the plasma membrane that lies beneath the cell wall and remains associated with it through attachment sites. These wall-membrane attachments become evident upon hyperosmotic shock, when severe water loss causes the membrane to retract from the wall. Despite their long-standing observation, the molecular identity and function of these attachments remain poorly understood. Here, we identified two nanodomain-mediated mechanisms governing wall-membrane attachments: one dependent on the Cellulose Synthase Complex (CSC), whose density at the plasma membrane positively correlates with resistance to hyperosmotic stress, and the other on REMORIN (REM), which acts antagonistically to the CSC mechanism. Using proximity-labeling proteomics, we identified SHOU4/4L as REM-associated proteins that mediate this antagonism. Together, our findings reveal how membrane nanodomains pattern wall-membrane attachments to mediate plant cell resilience under water stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grismer, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieber, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinneny, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.664786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellulose Synthase Complex and Remorin Nanodomains Mediate Stress Resilience Through Cell Wall-Plasma Membrane Attachments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.02.668269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein sequence evolution underlies interspecies incompatibility of a cell fate determinant 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.02.668269v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel and rapidly evolving genes can integrate into conserved gene networks and play critical roles in development. Understanding how sequence variation across the orthologs of such genes influences functional interactions with the molecular products of older, more conserved genes requires investigation at the level of protein function. Here, we elucidate how protein-coding sequence evolution in oskar, a gene required for primordial germ cell specification and embryonic patterning in fruit flies, has led to functional incompatibility between orthologs from Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis. We generated chimeric versions of oskar comprising different combinations of Oskar protein domains from each species, expressed these chimeric oskar sequences in D. melanogaster, and quantified their ability to assemble functional germ line and abdominal patterning determinants (germ plasm). We found that a specific portion of D. virilis Oskar, namely the OSK domain, was primarily responsible for the cross-species incompatibility of Oskar. In the absence of endogenous D. melanogaster Oskar, chimeras containing the D. virilis OSK domain could not localize posterior germ plasm well enough to generate primordial germ cells, but were sufficient to specify the anteroposterior axis. We also found that the D. virilis OSK domain had dominant-negative effects on D. melanogaster Oskars ability to localize germ plasm mRNA, resulting in severe axial patterning defects. We propose that evolved changes in the biophysical properties of the OSK domain between species are linked to distinct molecular interactions with conserved germ plasm molecules. Under this hypothesis, an essential germ line determinant evolved to be incompatible across species of the same genus in less than 50 million years, while retaining functional within-species molecular interactions. This case study illustrates how investigating in vivo protein function can bridge genomic and molecular evolution with phenotypic variation and fitness at higher scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivard, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srouji, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repouliou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.02.668269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein sequence evolution underlies interspecies incompatibility of a cell fate determinant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.31.667899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioactive Enhanced Adjuvant Chemokine Oligonucleotide Nanoparticles (BEACONs) for Mucosal Vaccination Against Genital Herpes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.31.667899v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genital herpes, caused primarily by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), remains a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection with no available vaccine. Previous intramuscular vaccination strategies have failed to protect against HSV-2 infections due to their inability to induce robust local immunity and activate resident memory T cells (Trm cells). The approach known as "prime and pull", whereby host animals are primed with vaccines intramuscularly followed by vaginal delivery of specific chemokines to facilitate the recruitment of effector T cells (i.e., "pull"), confers partial protection against genital HSV-2 disease. However, this strategy fails to prevent infection or establish B cell-mediated immunity. Here, we introduce Bioactive Enhanced Adjuvant Chemokine Oligonucleotide Nanoparticles (BEACONs) formed via electrostatic interactions between CpG DNA and the chemokine CXCL9. This dual-function adjuvant promotes CD8+ T cell recruitment and enhances innate immune activation while reducing non-specific local inflammation. When co-administered vaginally with HSV-2 glycoproteins following intramuscular priming, BEACONs significantly improved protection against HSV by increasing local CD8+ Trm populations and augmenting mucosal IgG and IgA responses. Optimal immune protection required delivery of both local antigen and adjuvant delivery, as neither intramuscular boosting nor introduction of the vaginal adjuvant alone conferred comparable efficacy. Moreover, CD8+ T cell or B cell depletion led to a significant reduction in immune protection conferred by the BEACON-based "pull" strategy. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of engineered mucosal adjuvants as a means to coordinate local T and B cell responses and offer a promising approach for vaccines targeting genital herpes and other sexually transmitted infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhagchandani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenzeller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedes de Sa, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, D.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olszowka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayarri-Olmos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioactive Enhanced Adjuvant Chemokine Oligonucleotide Nanoparticles (BEACONs) for Mucosal Vaccination Against Genital Herpes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.31.667971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hunchback functions in the post-mitotic larval MDN to restrict axon outgrowth, synapse formation, and backward locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.31.667971v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During neurodevelopment, a single progenitor cell can generate many different neuron types. As these neurons mature, they form unique morphologies, integrate into neural circuits, and contribute to behavior. However, the integration of these developmental events is understudied. Here, we show that the same transcription factor is important for both the generation of neuronal diversity and maintaining mature neuronal identity, providing novel insights on how the generation of neuronal identity and morphology are coordinated. We utilized a previously characterized larval locomotor circuit in Drosophila, where activation of the Moonwalker Descending Neuron (MDN) triggers backward locomotion via its presynaptic connection with the premotor neuron A18b. MDN expresses the temporal transcription factor Hunchback (Hb), which has a well-characterized role in neural progenitors. Loss of Hb in the post-mitotic MDN increases axon/dendrite branching, leading to additional functional synapses on A18b and increasing backward locomotion. We conclude that the endogenous function of Hb is to restrain axon/dendrite outgrowth, including limiting MDN-A18b synapses, thereby dampening backward locomotion. Our work provides insights on how a transcription factor can have different functions throughout life - i.e. Hb generates neuronal diversity in the progenitor and regulates neuronal connectivity in the mature neuron to generate an appropriately tuned behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico Carvajal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graciani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hunchback functions in the post-mitotic larval MDN to restrict axon outgrowth, synapse formation, and backward locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.01.667725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A SWI/SNF-specific Ig-like domain, SWIFT, is a transcription factor binding platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.01.667725v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin remodeling complexes modulate DNA accessibility and gene expression, however, their genomic targeting mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify SWIFT (SWI/SNF Ig-Fold for Transcription Factor Interactions), a conserved, broad transcription factor (TF) binding platform on the SMARCD subunits. SWIFT is necessary and sufficient for direct engagement with the transactivation domain of PU.1, a single mutation in which disrupts PU.1-mSWI/SNF binding, impairs complex targeting, and attenuates oncogenic transcription and proliferation in PU.1-dependent cancer cells. Dominant expression of the SWIFT domain in isolation sequesters TFs from mSWI/SNF and poisons TF-addicted cancer cells. Finally, TFs across diverse families interact with SMARCD paralog-specific SWIFT domains. These results define a major mechanism of cell type- and disease-specific mSWI/SNF chromatin targeting and inform approaches toward therapeutic modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Same Guerra, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashtalir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohrs, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichti, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadoch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.667725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A SWI/SNF-specific Ig-like domain, SWIFT, is a transcription factor binding platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.29.667423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibroblast depletion reveals mammalian epithelial resilience across neonatal and adult stages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.29.667423v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regenerative organs, like the skin, depend on niche-stem cell interactions that sustain continuous cellular turnover. In cell culture, skin fibroblasts promote epidermal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Yet, it remains elusive how fibroblasts regulate epidermal stem cell behaviors and differentiation in vivo. Here, we asked how fibroblast depletion may impact epidermal stem cell proliferation in the context of adult homeostasis. Surprisingly, we find that significant depletion of fibroblast density does not affect epidermal stem cell proliferative capacity during adult stages in vivo. We next probed earlier neonatal stages when skin is actively remodeling but found no change in epidermal stem cell proliferative capacity following fibroblast depletion. These results demonstrate that across different ages, epidermal stem cell proliferative capacity can persist in the face of a largely reduced fibroblast population. Interestingly, neonatal fibroblast depletion does not significantly reduce their secreted collagen I density but affects basement membrane mechanics and epidermal stem cell delamination. Despite these changes to basement membrane mechanics and delamination, the skin continues to maintain its protective barrier function. Thus, our work demonstrates the skin regenerative program employs robust compensatory mechanisms in the face of fibroblast depletion to maintain functional capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaeta, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matte-Martone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertillot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeuschner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumigray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickstrom, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibroblast depletion reveals mammalian epithelial resilience across neonatal and adult stages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.30.667757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila ovarian terminal filament imports molecules needed to produce lipid droplets, the fusome, and functional germ cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.30.667757v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oogenesis in Drosophila is regulated by hormones and neuropeptides acting directly and indirectly on the ovary. But how regulatory molecules reach individual developing follicles within sheath-encased ovarioles is less well understood. The terminal filament (TF) forms a specialized somatic structure positioned at the anterior end of ovarioles in virtually all insect ovaries, but physiological roles TFs play in adult ovaries remain unclear. By knocking down, specifically in the TF, the organic anion transporters Oatp74D and Oatp30B, we found that the TF is a major provider of both ecdysone and other lipophilic molecules needed for germ cell differentiation and follicle development. The exocyst component Sec6 is also essential for TF function and when disrupted, vesicles back up at the TF-germ cell junction, suggesting that endosomes move between the stacked TF and cap cells by transcytosis. We propose that TFs and ovariolar sheaths allow follicles in each ovariole to develop optimally in locally coordinated environments that still respond to changes in systemic and external conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradling, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila ovarian terminal filament imports molecules needed to produce lipid droplets, the fusome, and functional germ cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.30.667625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A family of linear plasmid phages that detect a quorum-sensing autoinducer exists in multiple bacterial species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.30.667625v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperate phages oscillate between lysogeny, a genomic maintenance state within a bacterial host, and lytic replication, in which the host is killed, and newly made phage particles are released. Successful transmission to new hosts requires that temperate phages appropriately time their transitions from lysogeny to lysis. It is well understood that temperate phages trigger lysis upon detection of host cell stress. Understanding of the breadth of cues that induce lysis expanded with the discovery of phages carrying quorum-sensing receptor genes that promote lytic induction exclusively at high host cell density. Bacteria engage in a cell-cell communication process called quorum sensing, which relies on the production, release, accumulation, and group-wide detection of extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. Bacteria use quorum sensing to monitor changes in population density and synchronize collective behaviors. The temperate phage VP882 ({varphi}VP882) encodes VqmA{varphi} - a homolog of its hosts quorum-sensing receptor/transcription factor VqmA. VqmA{varphi} allows {varphi}VP882 to detect the accumulation of the host autoinducer called DPO. Presumably, launching the lytic induction program at high host cell density maximizes {varphi}VP882 transmission to new hosts. Here, by mining sequence databases for linear plasmid phages, we identify VP882-like phages in multiple DPO-producing bacterial species isolated at diverse times and geographic locations. We show that the VqmA{varphi} homologs can indeed detect DPO and, in response, activate the lytic pathway. Our observation indicates that {varphi}VP882 is a member of a large family of globally-dispersed quorum-sensing-responsive temperate phages.

IMPORTANCEThe discovery of quorum-sensing responsive linear plasmid phages has transformed understanding of phage-bacterial interactions by demonstrating inter-domain chemical communication. To date, however, examples of quorum-sensing responsive phages have been sparse. The founding example of such a phage, {varphi}VP882, detects a chemical communication signal molecule called DPO that is produced by diverse bacterial species. We investigated whether a family of VP882-like phages might exist that detect and respond to DPO. We find that indeed, VP882-like phages reside in DPO-producing bacterial species isolated at different times and geographic locations, suggesting their wide circulation in the environment. This observation strengthens the evidence for the generality of phage-bacterial inter-domain chemical communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santoriello, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A family of linear plasmid phages that detect a quorum-sensing autoinducer exists in multiple bacterial species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.29.667563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPEECHLESS duplication in grasses expands potential for environmentalregulation of stomatal development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.29.667563v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants regulate stomatal development and function to acquire atmospheric carbon dioxide for photosynthesis while minimizing water loss. The ancestral basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (TF) gene that drove stomata production in early land plants diversified to become paralogs SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA. Extant grasses exhibit a particularly interesting set of duplications and losses of SPCH.

Using phylogenetic methods, we tracked the history of SPCH duplications. Brachypodium distachyon and Oryza sativa plants bearing mutations in either SPCH1 or SPCH2, and B. distachyon plants with SPCH1 or SPCH2 translational reporters were assayed under different environmental conditions for their effects on stomatal development.

We identified the Poaceae-specific rho whole genome duplication as the origin of SPCH1 and SPCH2 and demonstrated that both paralogs remain under selection. We found paralog-specific divergence in response to two environmental perturbations in both B. distachyon and O. sativa. Plausible molecular mechanisms underpinning paralog divergence, and cellular mechanisms driving the stomatal phenotypes are supported by analyses of BdSPCH1 and BdSPCH2 RNA and protein expression and by sequence variation among grasses.

These studies suggest ways in which a duplication of a key stomatal regulator enables adaptation and could inform genetic strategies to mitigate anticipated stressors in agronomically important plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erberich, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPEECHLESS duplication in grasses expands potential for environmentalregulation of stomatal development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.29.667541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early female germline development in Xenopus laevis: stem cells, nurse cells and germline cysts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.29.667541v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila, germline cysts arise through synchronous mitotic divisions and acquire a polarized architecture organized by the fusome, which guides oocyte specification and supports meiotic progression. Similar cyst structures exist in non-mammalian vertebrate ovaries, but their polarity and function have remained uncertain. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and high-resolution imaging, we reconstructed the germ cell differentiation trajectory in Xenopus laevis and uncovered striking parallels with invertebrate and mouse cyst development. We identified a distinct germline stem cell (GSC) population marked by piwil4, low translational activity, and expression of neuronal-specific and transposon-silencing genes. Downstream from GSCs, during cyst development, an asymmetric fusome-like structure (FLS) composed of stable microtubules forms a rosette-like connection between cystocytes and co-localizes with Golgi vesicles and ER, suggesting polarized trafficking. In contrast to previous claims, [~]90% of EdU-prelabeled cyst cells turned over rather than forming oocytes, consistent with a nurse cell fate. The striking parallels described here between cyst and fusome formation, polarization, cyst breakdown, and nurse cell turn over to produce relatively few oocytes, argue that amphibian cysts have important functions in female gametogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradling, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early female germline development in Xenopus laevis: stem cells, nurse cells and germline cysts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.29.667406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal pathways oppositely shift cortical activity along the decision axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.29.667406v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cortex and basal ganglia are organized into multiple parallel loops that serve motor, limbic, and cognitive functions. The classic model of cortico-basal ganglia interactions posits that within each loop, the direct pathway of the basal ganglia activates the cortex and the indirect pathway inhibits it1-3. While this model has found support in the motor domain4,5, whether opponent control by the two pathways extends to the cognitive domain remains unknown. Here, we record from anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsomedial striatum (DMS) while inhibiting direct or indirect pathway neurons in DMS, as mice perform an accumulation-of-evidence task6-10. Inconsistent with the classic model, the manipulations do not produce opponent changes in overall ACC activity. Instead, the pathways exert opponent influence over a subpopulation of ACC neurons that encode accumulated sensory evidence, the task-relevant decision variable. The direction of the modulation depends on a neurons tuning to ipsilateral versus contralateral evidence, such that the two pathways generate opponent shifts in coding specifically along the decision axis. Thus, our results uncover unexpected specificity in the effects of basal ganglia pathways on the cortex, with the two pathways of the DMS exerting opponent control not on overall activity but on coding of the relevant task variable. This functional specificity may extend to other basal ganglia loops to support different aspects of adaptive behavior, with the pathways serving a general role in selecting and shifting cortical representations to subserve circuit-specific functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolkan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skuza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Jayyousi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetcho, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan-Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schottdorf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Luna, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalmbach, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal pathways oppositely shift cortical activity along the decision axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.30.667733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A SNP panel for co-analysis of capture and shotgun ancient DNA data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.30.667733v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in technology have decreased the cost of generating genetic variation data from ancient people, resulting in exponentially increasing numbers of individuals with whole genome data. However, each technology comes with platform-specific biases, limiting co-analyzability of individuals sequenced with different technologies as well as joint analysis of modern and ancient individuals. We present a method to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minimal technology-specific bias. Leveraging data from over 16,300 ancient individuals, we apply this method to identify a set of a million SNPs that we call the "Compatibility" panel, and which has been effectively assayed in a large fraction of ancient human DNA experiments published to date. We also identify a subset of these SNPs, the "Compatibility-HO" panel, which further restricts to positions that have been assayed in more than ten thousand modern individuals from more than a thousand diverse populations using the Affymetrix Human Origins (HO) genotyping array. The Compatibility panel reduces spurious Z-scores due to different sequencing platforms by nearly an order of magnitude, while retaining around 65-85% of statistical power for f-statistic analysis. We also provide a tool for users to select different tradeoffs between bias and power as well as sequencing platforms for their specific analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fournier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson Fulton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A SNP panel for co-analysis of capture and shotgun ancient DNA data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.25.666884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse pre-meiotic germline cysts contain fusome-like structure dependent on Dazl that mediates cyst fragmentation and oocyte development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.25.666884v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mouse female primordial germ cells (PGCs) undergo five synchronous, incomplete mitotic divisions, and send each resulting germline cyst into meiosis to fragment and produce 4-6 oocytes and 24-26 supportive nurse cells. However, no system of polarity has been found to specify mammalian oocytes, link them appropriately to nurse cells and enable them to acquire high quality organelles and cytoplasm. We report that mouse cysts develop an asymmetric Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and microtubule-associated "fusome", similar to the oocyte-determining fusome in Drosophila cysts. The mouse fusome distributes asymmetrically among cyst cells and enriches in future oocytes with Pard3, and Golgi-endosomal UPR (unfolded protein response) proteins. Spindle remnants rich in stable acetylated microtubules, like those building the Drosophila and Xenopus fusomes, transiently link early mouse cyst cells for part of each cell cycle. A non-random gap in these microtubules predicts that initial cysts fragment into similar six-cell derivatives, providing a potential mechanism for producing uniform oocytes. Together with previous studies these results argue that a polarized fusome underlies the development of female gametes from the PGC to follicular oocyte stages in diverse animals including mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pathak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradling, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse pre-meiotic germline cysts contain fusome-like structure dependent on Dazl that mediates cyst fragmentation and oocyte development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.28.667249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent acquisition of nuclease-protease pairs in antiviral immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.28.667249v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiviral immune systems diversify by integrating new genes into existing pathways, creating new mechanisms of viral resistance. We identified genes encoding a predicted nuclease paired with a trypsin-like protease repeatedly acquired by multiple, otherwise unrelated antiviral immune systems in bacteria. Cell-based and biochemical assays revealed the nuclease is a proenzyme that cleaves DNA only after activation by its partner protease. Phylogenetic analysis showed that two distinct immune systems, Hachiman and AVAST, use the same mechanism of proteolytic activation despite their independent evolutionary origins. Examination of nuclease-protease inheritance patterns identified caspase-nuclease (canu) genomic loci that confer antiviral defense in a pathway reminiscent of eukaryotic caspase activation. These results uncover the coordinated activities of pronucleases and their activating proteases within different immune systems and show how coevolution enables defense system innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuck, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent acquisition of nuclease-protease pairs in antiviral immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.28.667251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cleavage of the RNA polymerase II general transcription factor TFIIB tunes transcription during stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.28.667251v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular stressors often cause widespread repression of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) activity, which is thought to facilitate a focused transcriptional output towards stress resolution. In many cases, however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that stress-induced downregulation of the general transcription factor TFIIB tempers expression of specific stimulus response genes. Following a variety of stressors, TFIIB is proteolytically cleaved between its cyclin folds at conserved aspartic acid residue D207 by caspases- 3 and 7. Cleavage in this portion of the protein significantly reduces the ability of TFIIB to form a TBP-TFIIB-DNA promoter complex in vitro. Using both overexpression and endogenous base-editing, we find that B and T cells that are unable to cleave TFIIB upregulate expression of a select gene set during apoptosis. These TFIIB-sensitive genes are primarily short, stimulus-responsive and proto-oncogenic loci, and cleavage of TFIIB temporally restricts their expression. Failure to cleave TFIIB during stress leads to aberrant lymphocyte proliferation during chemical perturbation. Hence, caspase targeting of TFIIB destabilizes transcription to tune gene expression, allowing for proper stress resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulyas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cleavage of the RNA polymerase II general transcription factor TFIIB tunes transcription during stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.23.666336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Axonal defasciculation is restricted to specific branching points during regeneration of the lateral line nerve in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.23.666336v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peripheral nerve regeneration requires precise selection of the appropriate targets of innervation, often in an environment that differs from that during the developmental wiring of the neural circuit. Severed axons of the zebrafish posterior lateral line nerve have the capacity to reinnervate mechanosensory hair cells clustered in neuromast organs. Regeneration represents a balance between fasciculated regrowth of the axonal bundle and defasciculation of individual axons into the epidermis where neuromasts reside. The cues that guide pathfinding during regeneration of the posterior lateral line nerve are unknown. Here we show that expression of col18a1a, which codes for the secreted heparan sulfate proteoglycan collagen XVIII, biases axonal defasciculation to specific branching points that coincide with circumscribed gaps in the epidermal boundary. We found that col18a1a is expressed by the neuromast and by a subset of Schwann cells that are located at the points of axonal defasciculation. Furthermore, we observed axon branching at inappropriate locations during nerve regeneration in col18a1a mutants. We propose a model in which a collagen XVIII-based axon-guidance cue complex attracts defasciculated axons across the epidermal basement membrane.

Summary StatementThe success of nerve regeneration depends on precise axon pathfinding and accurate target selection. We identify neuron-extrinsic factors that guide regeneration in a zebrafish model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudspeth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Axonal defasciculation is restricted to specific branching points during regeneration of the lateral line nerve in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.23.666367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic sign switching mediates online dopamine updates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.23.666367v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the mammalian brain, excitatory and inhibitory synapses are generally distinct and have fixed synaptic signs. Therefore, unlike in artificial neural networks, learning in biological networks is thought to be manifested by plasticity mechanisms that modify synaptic weights but not signs. Here, we demonstrate experience-dependent sign switching at synapses between glutamate and GABA co-releasing neurons of the entopedunculus (EP) and their targets in the lateral habenula (LHb). Pairing of reward or punishment with activation of EP co-releasing neurons makes EP-LHb synapses relatively more inhibitory or excitatory, respectively. Synaptic sign switching modulates downstream dopaminergic signaling, correlates with recent dopamine updates, and contributes to reinforcement learning. These data unveil a plasticity mechanism that alters both synaptic signs and weights to rapidly update dopamine release and drive learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knipe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilsel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic sign switching mediates online dopamine updates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.20.665823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Receptor Kinase Signaling Reveals Key Trafficking Components Enforcing Plant Stomatal Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.20.665823v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receptor kinases are pivotal for growth, development, and environmental response of plants. Yet, their regulatory mechanisms and spatial dynamics are still underexplored. The ERECTA-family receptor kinases coordinate diverse developmental processes, including stomatal development. To understand the proteomic landscape of the ERECTA-mediated signaling pathways, we here report comparative analyses of the ERECTA interactome and proximitome by epitope-tagged affinity-purification (ET-AP) and TurboID-based proximity labeling (TbID-PL) mass-spectrometry, respectively. While ET-AP successfully recovered receptor complex components (e.g., TOO MANY MOUTHS), TbID-PL effectively captured transient associations with the components of endosomal trafficking, i.e., clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) machinery. We further identify that specific subfamily members of phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly proteins (PICALMs) interact with and synergistically regulate ERECTA internalization. Mutations of these PICALMs impair ERECTA endocytosis and lead to excessive stomatal clustering by dampening the downstream signaling output. Taken together, our work provides a proteomic atlas of the ERECTA signaling network and suggests that timely removal of receptor kinase by the endocytosis machinery is essential for active signal transduction enforcing stomatal patterning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komatsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papoulas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nozawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcotte, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torii, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.20.665823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Receptor Kinase Signaling Reveals Key Trafficking Components Enforcing Plant Stomatal Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.17.665371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse pups lacking a cerebral cortex develop abnormal vocal behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.17.665371v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal learning is an essential component of spoken language and critically depends on the cerebral cortex. The evolutionary origins of cortical/pallial control over vocal learning abilities in mammals and songbirds remains largely unknown. For instance, reports conflict on whether the cerebral cortex contributes, in any way, to vocal communication in vocal non-learning mice. Physiological studies in adult mice have shown that regions of the motor cortex have roles in modulation of vocalizations in mice, yet, genetic ablation of the cerebral cortex reportedly has minimal, if any, impact on mouse vocal behavior. Re-analysis of adult acortical mice revealed that deep learning machine classifiers could distinguish mutant ultrasonic vocalizations from wildtypes. However, the specific acoustic features underlying these differences were not identified. Here, we investigated isolation calls of acortical mouse pups using statistical analysis of acoustic features and playback experiments to determine whether mutants lacking a cerebral cortex have altered vocal development. We find that a subset of acoustic features differ between acortical and wildtype pup vocalizations and that these differences are indicative of distress. Moreover, call bouts of acortical pups have lower informational complexity that are more comparable to random probability sampling. Playbacks indicate that dams preferentially approach vocalizations of acortical pups. Our analyses provide evidence that the murine cerebral cortex influences development of complex vocal behaviors, suggesting mice can be used to gain useful insights into the foundations of vocal learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse pups lacking a cerebral cortex develop abnormal vocal behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.22.666180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperate phages enhance host fitness via RNA-guided flagellar remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.22.666180v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial flagella drive motility and chemotaxis while also playing critical roles in host-pathogen interactions, as their oligomeric subunit, flagellin, is specifically recognized by the mammalian immune system and flagellotropic bacteriophages. We recently discovered a family of phage-encoded, RNA-guided transcription factors known as TldR that regulate flagellin expression. However, the biological significance for this regulation, particularly in the context of host fitness, remained unknown. By focusing on a human clinical Enterobacter isolate that encodes a Flagellin Remodeling prophage (FR{varphi}), here we show that FR{varphi} exploits the combined action of TldR and its flagellin isoform to dramatically alter the flagellar composition and phenotypic properties of its host. This transformation has striking biological consequences, enhancing bacterial motility and mammalian immune evasion, and structural studies by cryo-EM of host- and prophage-encoded filaments reveal distinct architectures underlying these physiological changes. Moreover, we find that FR{varphi} improves colonization in the murine gut, illustrating the beneficial effect of prophage-mediated flagellar remodeling in a host-associated environment. Remarkably, flagellin-regulating TldR homologs emerged multiple times independently, further highlighting the strong selective pressures that drove evolution of RNA-guided flagellin control. Collectively, our results reveal how RNA-guided transcription factors emerged in a parallel evolutionary path to CRISPR-Cas and were co-opted by phages to remodel the flagellar apparatus and enhance host fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casas-Ciniglio, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahnawaz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudet, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpaia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperate phages enhance host fitness via RNA-guided flagellar remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.18.665621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing of trios reveals increased germline and postzygotic mutation rates in repetitive DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.18.665621v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing (LRS) has improved sensitivity to discover variation in complex repetitive regions, assign parent-of-origin, and distinguish de novo germline from postzygotic mutations (PZMs). Most studies have been limited to population genetic surveys or a few families. We applied three orthogonal sequencing technologies--lIlumina, Oxford Nanopore Technologies, and Pacific Biosciences--to discover and validate de novo mutations (DNMs) in 73 children from 42 autism families (157 individuals). Assaying 2.77 Gbp of the human genome using read-based approaches, we discover on average 95 DNMs per transmission (87.5 de novo single-nucleotide variants and 7.8 indels), including sex chromosomes. We estimate that LRS increases DNM discovery by 20-40% over previous Illumina-based studies of the same families, and more than doubles the discoverable number of PZMs that emerged early in embryonic development. The strict germline mutation rate is 1.30x10-8 substitutions per base pair per generation, strongly driven by the fathers germline (3.95:1), while PZMs increase the rate by 0.23x10-8 with a modest but significant bias toward paternal haplotypes (1.15:1). We show that the mutation rate is significantly increased for classes of repetitive DNA, where segmental duplication (SD) mutation shows a dependence on the length and percent identity of the SD. We find that the mutation rate enrichment in repeats occurs predominantly postzygotically as opposed to in the germline, a likely result of faulty DNA repair and interlocus gene conversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noyes, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koundinya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordosky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knuth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.665621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-read sequencing of trios reveals increased germline and postzygotic mutation rates in repetitive DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.12.664340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroligin-3 interaction with CSPG4 regulates normal and malignant glial precursors through PIEZO1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.12.664340v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioma pathophysiology is robustly regulated by interactions with neurons. Key to these interactions is the role of neuroligin-3 (NLGN3), a synaptic adhesion molecule shed in response to neuronal activity1-5 that functions as a paracrine factor crucial for glioma growth. Here, we elucidate the mechanistic pathway whereby shed NLGN3 interacts with glioma and their normal glial counterpart. NLGN3 interacts with Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) on both glioma and healthy oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)6-9, facilitating CSPG4 shedding by ADAM10. NLGN3-CSPG4 interactions and consequent shedding alter membrane tension, thereby activating PIEZO1 mechanosensitive channels and causing membrane depolarization. The NLGN3-CSPG4-PIEZO1 axis maintains OPCs in an undifferentiated, stem-like state and promotes glioma proliferation, underscoring important functional roles for the NLGN3-CSPG4-PIEZO1 axis in both healthy and malignant glial precursors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraghty, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancusi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hysinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivec, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drexler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quezada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malacon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchero, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.12.664340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroligin-3 interaction with CSPG4 regulates normal and malignant glial precursors through PIEZO1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.16.664824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation reveals a homeotic long noncoding RNA that modulates human hematopoietic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.16.664824v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HOXA gene locus coordinates body patterning, hematopoiesis, and differentiation. While studying blood phenotype-associated variation within the HOXA locus, we identified a genetic variant, rs17437411, associated with globally reduced blood counts, protection from blood cancers, and variation in anthropometric phenotypes. We find that this variant disrupts the activity of a previously unstudied antisense long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) located between HOXA7 and HOXA9, which we have named HOTSCRAMBL. The HOTSCRAMBL variant disrupts lncRNA function and reduces human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal. Mechanistically, HOTSCRAMBL enables appropriate expression and splicing of HOXA genes in HSCs, most notably HOXA9, in an SRSF2-dependent manner. Given the critical role of HOXA gene expression in some blood cancers, we also demonstrate that HOTSCRAMBL variation or deletion compromises HOXA-dependent acute myeloid leukemias. Collectively, we show how insights from human genetic variation can uncover critical regulatory processes required for effective developmental gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caulier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poeschla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.664824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation reveals a homeotic long noncoding RNA that modulates human hematopoietic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.15.664547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmable translational inhibition by a molecular glue-oligonucleotide conjugate 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.15.664547v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective inhibition of mRNA translation is a promising strategy for modulating the activity of disease-associated genes, yet achieving both high potency and specificity remains challenging. Rocaglamide A (RocA), a molecular glue, inhibits translation by clamping eIF4A onto polypurine motifs found in many transcripts, thereby limiting RocAs specificity. Here, we developed RocASO, a chemical conjugate that links RocA to an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) capable of base-pairing with defined mRNA sequences, thus directing RocAs clamping mechanism to chosen targets and enhancing overall potency and specificity. We show that RocASOs are compatible with various types of ASO modalities, including gapmers that induce the degradation of target RNAs. RocASOs were designed to effectively knock down endogenous genes (PTGES3, HSPA1B) and SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA, the latter conferring potent antiviral activity in cells. These findings establish RocASO as a versatile platform for programmable translational inhibition with therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapatero-Belinchon, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzuoglu-Öztürk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.15.664547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmable translational inhibition by a molecular glue-oligonucleotide conjugate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.11.664464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 3D in vitro model of the human hepatobiliary junction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.11.664464v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholestasis, or disruption in bile flow, is a common yet poorly understood feature of many liver diseases and injuries. Despite this, many engineered human tissue models of liver disease fail to recapitulate physiological bile flow. Here, we present a 3D multicellular spheroid-based model of the human hepatobiliary junction, the interface between hepatocytes and cholangiocytes often disrupted in liver disease that is required for directing bile excreted by hepatocytes into the biliary ductal system. Building on advances in organoid and spheroid engineering, we co-aggregate human hepatocytes and intrahepatic cholangiocytes into adult hepatobiliary organoids (aHBOs) that structurally connect and functionally transport bile. aHBOs directionally transport bile from hepatocyte bile canaliculi to cholangiocyte-lined ductules, which we visualize through a high-throughput imaging assay. Hepatobiliary junction formation and bile flow dynamics are quantified over time using fluorescent bile acid analogs and AI-assisted image analysis. When subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation, aHBOs recapitulate features of biliary dysfunction that mimics the cholestasis and ischemia-reperfusion injury that complicates liver transplant. Our findings suggest that 1) a reversible reduction in hepatocyte canalicular function under hypoxia, followed by 2) selective cholangiocyte death upon reoxygenation, are processes that potentially contribute to biliary dysfunction upon ischemic injury. This human-derived, scalable platform provides a phenotypically-relevant in vitro model for dissecting biliary pathophysiology and lays the groundwork for a therapeutic discovery platform for post-transplant ischemic cholangiopathy and other cholestatic liver diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westerfield, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzelak, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsuyama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisher, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytton-Jean, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 3D in vitro model of the human hepatobiliary junction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.09.663952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AAV NRF2 Gene Therapy Preserves Retinal Structure and Function in Rodent Models of Oxidative Damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.09.663952v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dry age-related macular degeneration is the most frequent cause of visual impairment in individuals over age 50 in developed countries. It is characterized by subretinal deposits of oxidized proteins and lipids and results in progressive loss of high acuity vision. One major risk factor is smoking, which causes oxidative stress in many tissues, including the eye. We previously showed that an adeno-associated viral vector expressing human NRF2 (AAV8/Best1-Nrf2), a transcription factor that regulates responses to oxidative damage, slowed degeneration in mouse models of another blinding disorder, retinitis pigmentosa, which also includes oxidative stress. Here, our AAV8/Best1-Nrf2 vector was tested in a model of oxidative stress wherein sodium iodate was injected systemically, as this is often used to model dry age-related macular degeneration. Sodium iodate causes acute oxidative damage to supporting cells of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelial cells, and ultimately leads to photoreceptor death. Subretinal injection of AAV8/Best1-Nrf2 led to protection of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors, as well as preservation of visual function, in rat and mouse sodium iodate models. AAV8/Best1-Nrf2 may serve as an effective gene-agnostic therapy for diseases with oxidative stress, including dry age-related macular degeneration.

ETOCOxidative stress occurs in diseases that lead to vision loss, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is commonly modeled by injection of sodium iodate (S.I.), an oxidizing agent. AAV-mediated delivery of Nrf2, a transcription factor that regulates oxidative stress, protects the eye from S.I. damage in rat and mouse models.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gardner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruczek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weist, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Real, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haurigot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Born, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.663952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AAV NRF2 Gene Therapy Preserves Retinal Structure and Function in Rodent Models of Oxidative Damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.11.664453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potentially Prebiotic Isocyanide Activation Chemistry Drives RNA Assembly via both Nonenzymatic and Ribozyme-catalyzed Ligation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.11.664453v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonenzymatic assembly of activated RNA building blocks, such as phosphorimidazolides, would have been essential for the emergence of ribozymes on the early Earth. We previously showed that ribonucleoside monophosphates can be activated to phosphorimidazolides via a prebiotically relevant phospho-Passerini reaction involving 2-aminoimidazole, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, and methyl isocyanide, and that these activated nucleotides enable template-directed nonenzymatic RNA polymerization in the same reaction mixture. Here, we demonstrate that the same chemistry activates oligoribonucleotides and drives both nonenzymatic and ribozyme-catalyzed RNA ligation within the same reaction environment. By demonstrating a continuous path from prebiotic activation chemistry to RNA template copying by both nonenzymatic and ribozyme-catalyzed ligation, our results provide a more integrated and realistic model for RNA assembly on the early Earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DasGupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potentially Prebiotic Isocyanide Activation Chemistry Drives RNA Assembly via both Nonenzymatic and Ribozyme-catalyzed Ligation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.09.659702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic mapping of Drosophila protein secretomes reveals tissue-specific origins and inter-organ trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.09.659702v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secreted proteins regulate many aspects of animal biology and are attractive targets for biomarkers and therapeutics. However, comprehensively identifying the "secretome", along with their tissues of origin, remains extremely challenging. To address this, we employed multiple  omics methods to define a tissue-secretome map of 535 blood plasma proteins derived from specific cell-types and organs in Drosophila melanogaster. This map was enabled by methodological improvements including a collection of transgenic flies to label endogenous secreted proteins in 10 major tissue types, large-scale blood isolation, whole animal snRNA-seq, and a collection of 40 knock-in strains. Using this map, we discover surprising findings about circulating proteins: most originate from specific tissues including unusual sources (e.g. glia), many are uncharacterized, and some are shed ectodomains of transmembrane proteins. In addition, in vivo experiments revealed circulating proteins with remarkably tissue-specific expression, as well as proteins that are deposited in a different tissue from where they are synthesized, suggesting potential inter-organ functions. Our secretome map will serve as a resource to investigate blood protein function, discover novel tissue-tissue communication signals, and mine for homologues of human biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, P. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGraff, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tattikota, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.659702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic mapping of Drosophila protein secretomes reveals tissue-specific origins and inter-organ trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.09.663548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Congenic C57BL/6 rd1 Mouse Model for Retinal Degeneration Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.09.663548v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited retinal disease caused by thousands of mutations in approximately 100 different genes. The most widely used mouse model for retinitis pigmentosa has the retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mutation in the Pde6b gene, which elicits rapid retinal degeneration and vision loss. A major limitation of these models is that these rd1 strains are not congenic, which prevents the use of appropriate controls. Furthermore, many strains have mutations in other genes which introduces genetic variability and may confound results. To address this issue, we backcrossed the rd1 allele from FVB mice onto a C57BL/6J genetic background over many generations, producing a C57BL/6J.Pde6brd1 strain that was confirmed to be congenic to C57BL/6J mice. We show that this strain recapitulates the electroretinogram and optomotor results expected for mouse strains containing the rd1 mutation. Examination of retinal structure in cross sections of eyes isolated from C57BL/6J.Pde6brd1 mice show a degree of thinning of the outer nuclear layer expected for a rd1 mutation, resulting in nearly complete loss of the outer nuclear layer by postnatal day 35. We anticipate that this C57BL/6J.Pde6brd1 strain could become an asset for the field of retinitis pigmentosa research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandler, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.663548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Congenic C57BL/6 rd1 Mouse Model for Retinal Degeneration Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.08.663778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic mRNA decay by the anti-viral nuclease RNase L promotes transcriptional repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.08.663778v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonuclease (RNase) L is an antiviral factor that promiscuously degrades viral and cellular RNA in the cytoplasm. This results in extensive translational reprogramming, altering mRNA processing and export. Here, we reveal that another major consequence of cytoplasmic RNase L activity is the repression of nascent RNA synthesis in the nucleus. This is not associated with altered nuclear RNA stability but instead results from transcriptional repression. For RNA polymerase II, repression is primarily associated with reduced occupancy of serine 2-phosphorylated polymerase in gene bodies, indicating an elongation defect. Prominent among the transcriptionally downregulated loci are immune-related genes, supporting a role for RNase L in tempering innate immune and inflammatory responses. RNase L activation also caused disruption of nucleoli and reduced RNA polymerase I and III transcription. Crosstalk between RNA decay and transcription thereby contributes to the large-scale modulation of gene expression in RNase L-activated cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokamov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahmeier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.08.663778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic mRNA decay by the anti-viral nuclease RNase L promotes transcriptional repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.06.663365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasound imaging of in situ transcriptional activity in opaque tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.06.663365v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultrasound imaging and acoustic reporter genes provide unique capabilities for in vivo biological imaging by leveraging ultrasounds ability to visualize opaque tissues with high spatiotemporal resolution. But until now, the expression of acoustic reporter genes - based on gas vesicle (GV) proteins - has been limited to ex vivo-modified cells due to the complexity of the GV gene cluster, precluding valuable in situ applications. Here, we develop a system capable of introducing GV genes directly into native tissues via stoichiometric multi-AAV delivery. We validate this system in the mouse brain, demonstrating well-tolerated in situ gene expression and repeated ultrasound imaging over more than a month in the same animal. Furthermore, by placing GV genes under the control of immediate early gene promoters, we demonstrate the ability to track in vivo gene expression changes arising from elevated neural activity during epileptic seizures. This work connects ultrasound to in situ transcriptional dynamics happening inside the opaque tissues of living creatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shivaei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, K. Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurvitz, I. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revilla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criado-Hidalgo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.06.663365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasound imaging of in situ transcriptional activity in opaque tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.04.662981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population differences of chromosome 22q11.2 duplication structure predisposes differentially to microdeletion and inversion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.04.662981v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most common genomic disorder, chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), is mediated by highly identical and polymorphic segmental duplications (SDs) known as low copy repeats (LCRs; regions A-D) that have been challenging to sequence and characterize. Here, we report the sequence-resolved genomic architecture of 135 chromosome 22q11.2 haplotypes from diverse 1000 Genomes Project samples. We find that more than 90% of the copy number variation is polarized to the most proximal LCR region A (LCRA) where 50 distinct structural configurations are observed ([~]189 kbp to [~]2.15 Mbp or 11-fold length variation). A higher-order SD cassette structure of 105 kbp in length, flanked by 25 kbp long inverted repeats, drives this variation and emerged in the human-chimpanzee ancestral lineage later expanding in humans [~]1.0 [0.8-1.2] million years ago. African LCRA haplotypes are significantly longer (p=0.0047) when compared to non-Africans yet are predicted to be more protected against recurrent microdeletions (p=0.00053) due to a preponderance of flanking SDs in an inverted orientation. Conversely, we identified nine distinct inversion polymorphisms, including five recurrent [~]2.28 Mbp inversions extending across the critical region (LCRA-D) and four smaller inversions (two LCRA-B, one LCRC-D, and one LCRB-D); 7/9 of these events were identified in haplotypes of African and admixed American ancestry. Finally, we sequence and assemble four families and show that LCRA-D deletion breakpoints map to the 105 kbp repeat unit while inversion breakpoints associate with the 25 kbp repeats adjacent to palindromic AT-rich regions. In one family, we observe evidence of more complex unequal crossover events associated with gene conversion and multiple breakpoints. Our findings suggest that specific haplotype configurations are protective and susceptible to chromosome 22q11.2DS while recurrent large-scale inversions help to explain why this syndrome is less prevalent among individuals of African descent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koundinya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meynants, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swillen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breckpot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsapalou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfeld, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansdorp, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeesch, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.662981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population differences of chromosome 22q11.2 duplication structure predisposes differentially to microdeletion and inversion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.02.662792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic Signaling Modulates Intestinal Pathophysiology in a Drosophila Model of Cystic Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.02.662792v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic genetic disease caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) chloride/bicarbonate channel, which is expressed in certain epithelial cells. Current therapies focus on restoring CFTR function, but many gut-related pathologies persist, highlighting the need for complementary treatments to improve the quality of life of people with CF. In this study, we use Drosophila melanogaster as a model to investigate the gut-specific effects of Cftr loss. We demonstrate that enterocyte specific knockdown of Cftr in flies recapitulates several CF pathologies, including reduced intestinal motility, nutrient malabsorption, and decreased energy stores. Using single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), we identify significant transcriptional changes in the CF model gut, including the upregulation of acetylcholine esterase (Ace, human AChE), which leads to reduced cholinergic signaling. Cholinergic signaling has been shown to affect CFTR function but this is the first time CFTR loss of function has been shown to alter cholinergic signaling. Functional assays confirm that cholinergic sensitivity is diminished in CF guts. Furthermore, restoring cholinergic signaling via Ace knockdown rescues multiple CF-associated phenotypes. Additionally, we identify the transcription factor Fork head (Fkh), the Drosophila homolog of human FOXA1/FOXA2, which is known to be a positive regulator of Cftr transcription in the intestine, as a positive regulator of Ace expression in CF guts. This study establishes the Drosophila gut as a powerful model to investigate CF pathogenesis, genetic modifiers, and identifies Ace and fkh as genetic modifiers. This work also suggests that enhancing cholinergic signaling may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for gastrointestinal manifestations of CF.

Author SummaryCystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that causes complications in multiple organ systems, including the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. While recent therapies have greatly improved life span and respiratory outcomes in people with CF (pwCF), they continue to report significant gastrointestinal symptoms that impact their quality of life. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the progression of CF in the gut and identify gut specific therapeutic targets to improve patient quality of life. In this study we use Drosophila to model gut specific complications of CF. We show our model recapitulates many CF clinical presentations in the gut demonstrating our model may be clinically relevant. Furthermore, we identify acetylcholine esterase (Ace) as a gene that is increased in our CF model guts that is important for the development of CF pathologies. We additionally, perform a screen to identify a transcriptional regulator of Ace, whose genetic manipulation also regulates CF phenotypes. Our findings not only identify a potential target to alleviate GI symptoms in patients with CF, but also validate the Drosophila gut as a robust model for studying CF pathogenesis, genetic modifiers, and screening therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lane, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petsakou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic Signaling Modulates Intestinal Pathophysiology in a Drosophila Model of Cystic Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.01.662195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal profiling of proinflammatory protease activity identifies caspase-1 as a target for lung cancer interception 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.01.662195v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The systemic inhibition of IL-1b, a key mediator of pulmonary inflammation, has been shown to reduce the incidence of lung cancer in patients in years following treatment, but knowledge gaps surrounding its activation and role in the tumor microenvironment are hindering approaches for cancer interception. We developed a suite of activity-based technologies to probe inflammation in early lung cancer and identified a translational target candidate. We designed probes sensitive to various IL-1b-activating proteases and applied them to a murine model of inflammatory lung cancer, Kras/Trp53-mutant with SIINFEKL expression (KPS). Our nanosensors revealed reduced cleavage of a caspase-1 reporter in the lungs of KPS mice treated with IL-1b antibody, as well as elevated caspase-1 expression and activity in naive tumor tissue sections, highlighting the importance of caspase-1 processing of IL-1b during cancer development. We conducted a pre-clinical trial of a novel combination intervention by administering both IL-1b blockade and caspase-1 inhibition shortly after tumor induction. Following treatment, we observed significant reduction in lung cancer formation, including complete ablation of tumor incidence in nearly 20% of KPS mice. Our approach to understand the interplay of protease activity and cytokine activation supports development of new strategies to mitigate inflammation and intercept lung cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, M. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neaher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequist, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacks, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal profiling of proinflammatory protease activity identifies caspase-1 as a target for lung cancer interception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.02.662785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA polymerase α-primase can function as a translesion DNA polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.02.662785v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication of cellular chromosomes requires a primase to generate short RNA primers to initiate genomic replication. While bacterial and archaeal primase generate short RNA primers, the eukaryotic primase, Pol-primase, contains both RNA primase and DNA polymerase (Pol) subunits that function together to form a >20 base hybrid RNA-DNA primer. Interestingly, the DNA Pol1 subunit of Pol lacks a 3-5 proofreading exonuclease, contrary to the high fidelity normally associated with DNA replication. However, Polo and Pol{delta} synthesize the majority of the eukaryotic genome and both contain 3-5 exonuclease activity for high fidelity. None the less, even the small amount of DNA produced by Pol1 in each of the many RNA/DNA primers during chromosome replication adds up to tens of millions of nucleotides in a human genome. Thus it has been a longstanding question why Pol1 lacks a proofreading exonuclease. We show here that Pol is uniquely capable of traversing common oxidized or hydrolyzed template nucleotides and propose that Pol evolved to bypass these common template lesions when they are encountered during chromosome replication.

Significance statementEukaryotic Pol-primase contains DNA polymerase (Pol1) and RNA primase subunits that together synthesize a >20 nucleotide hybrid RNA-DNA primer. Bacteria and archaea only require a dozen or less RNA residues to prime DNA synthesis. Therefore, why do eukaryotes require the additional DNA? We propose, and demonstrate here that Pol1, which lacks a proofreading 3-5 exonuclease, is capable of traversing some common template lesions produced in the normal hydrolytic and metabolic oxidative environment of cells. Thus, we hypothesize that Pol1 activity within the eukaryotic primase evolved to help replisomes bypass template damage. Bypassed damaged sites can be dealt with by repair processes after replication has occurred.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgescu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA polymerase α-primase can function as a translesion DNA polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.27.662004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila proventriculus lacks stem cells but compensates for age-related cell loss via endoreplication-mediated cell growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.27.662004v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila proventriculus is a bulb-shaped structure at the juncture of the foregut and the midgut, which plays important roles in ingestion, peritrophic membrane synthesis, and the immune response to oral pathogens. A previous study identified a population of cells in the proventriculus which incorporate bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a marker of DNA synthesis, and proposed that these cycling cells are multipotent stem cells that replace dying cells elsewhere in the tissue. Here, we re-investigate these cycling cells and find that they do not undergo mitosis, do not generate clonal lineages, and do not proliferate in response to tissue damage, and are therefore not stem cells. Instead, we find that these cells continually endocycle throughout the flys life, increasing their ploidy and size, while at the same time cells in this tissue are lost into the gut lumen as the fly ages. Functionally, these cells play a critical role in the synthesis of peritrophic membrane components, and we show that when endocycling in these cells is experimentally increased or decreased, there is a concomitant change in ploidy, tissue size, and peritrophic membrane synthesis. Further, we show that inhibition of endocycling makes flies more susceptible to orally infectious bacteria. Altogether, we show that continual endocycling of these cells is critical for maintaining tissue size and function in the face of cell loss due to aging or tissue damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ewen-Campen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopal Tattikota, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.662004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila proventriculus lacks stem cells but compensates for age-related cell loss via endoreplication-mediated cell growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.30.662380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plagl1 and Lrrc58 control mammalian body size by triggering target-directed microRNA degradation of miR-322 and miR-503 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.30.662380v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise control of microRNA (miRNA) expression is critical during development. An important mechanism of miRNA regulation is target-directed microRNA degradation (TDMD), a pathway in which the binding of miRNAs to specialized trigger RNAs induces ubiquitylation and decay of associated Argonaute (AGO) proteins by the ZSWIM8 ubiquitin ligase. Concomitant release of miRNAs results in their rapid turnover. ZSWIM8-deficient mice exhibit reduced body size, cardiopulmonary and neurodevelopmental defects, and perinatal lethality. Despite widespread dysregulation of miRNAs in these animals, the vast majority of presumptive trigger RNAs that induce decay of ZSWIM8-regulated miRNAs remain undefined. Here, using AGO crosslinking and sequencing of hybrids (AGO-CLASH), a high-throughput method for identifying miRNA binding sites, we report the identification of Plagl1 as a TDMD trigger for miR-322-5p, and Lrrc58 and Malat1 as TDMD triggers for miR-503-5p in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In mice, deletion of the miR-322-5p and miR-503-5p trigger sites in the Plagl1 and Lrrc58 3' UTRs, respectively, abrogated TDMD of these miRNAs and resulted in miR-322/503-dependent embryonic growth restriction, recapitulating a key feature of the Zswim8--/-- phenotype. Thus, Plagl1 and Lrrc58 act as triggers for degradation of miR-322-5p and miR-503-5p, revealing a noncoding function for these mRNAs as regulators of mammalian body size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaVigne, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evers, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plagl1 and Lrrc58 control mammalian body size by triggering target-directed microRNA degradation of miR-322 and miR-503]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.29.662054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-induced ubiquitination regulates endocytosis and homeostasis of the ERECTA receptor kinase for stomatal development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.29.662054v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stomata, valves on the plant epidermis, control gas and water vapor exchange. The patterning and spacing of stomata are primarily regulated by the ERECTA leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK). Ubiquitination is a crucial mechanism to regulate the homeostasis of RKs by impacting their protein stability and localization. It has been shown that plant U-box ubiquitin E3 ligases, PUB30 and PUB31, act as key attenuators of the ERECTA signaling pathway. However, the molecular link between ubiquitination and function of ERECTA remains unclear. Here, we reveal that perception of the peptide ligand EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR2 (EPF2) by ERECTA induces the K63-linked ubiquitination of ERECTA mediated by PUB30 and PUB31. We further identify the specific ubiquitination sites within the juxtamembrane and kinase domains of ERECTA. Importantly, the site-directed mutagenesis of these K63-linked ubiquitination sites overly inhibited stomatal development, indicating that the ubiquitination-deficient ERECTA is hyperactive. The ubiquitination-deficient ERECTA stably accumulates at the plasma membrane and fails to internalize upon EPF2 application. Our findings thus uncover a mechanism by which ligand-induced ubiquitination orchestrates receptor homeostasis and endocytosis for proper stomatal patterning and differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torii, K. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.29.662054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-induced ubiquitination regulates endocytosis and homeostasis of the ERECTA receptor kinase for stomatal development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.28.662088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OocystMeter, a machine-learning algorithm to count and measure Plasmodium oocysts, reveals clustering patterns in the Anopheles midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.28.662088v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present OocystMeter, a machine learning-based software developed to automate the segmentation of malaria oocysts from images of mosquito midguts stained with mercurochrome. Existing bioimage analysis tools, including machine learning-based ones, often struggle with the unique staining patterns, complex midgut backgrounds, and variable morphology of oocysts, making the determination of oocyst size and numbers cumbersome. To overcome these challenges, we curated a high-quality dataset comprised of 11,178 Plasmodium falciparum oocysts in Anopheles gambiae midguts annotated by expert parasitologists. Using this dataset, we fine-tuned a Mask R-CNN object detection model to achieve segmentation accuracy comparable to human parasitologists (Spearmans correlation of 0.998 for oocyst counts and 0.978 for size measurements). Applying this tool in conjunction with spatial analysis, we uncovered a non-random, clustered spatial distribution of oocysts independent of the midguts anatomical regions or geometric axes, particularly in infections with fewer than 75 oocysts/midgut. Our workflow significantly accelerates malaria oocyst intensity and size analysis, reduces human bias, and provides spatial coordinates for advanced parasitology studies. OocystMeter is freely available at https://github.com/duopeng/OocystMeter, and as a web tool at http://Oocystmeter.org/, offering a valuable resource for researchers investigating the oocyst stage of malaria development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrogi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinvee, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catteruccia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.28.662088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OocystMeter, a machine-learning algorithm to count and measure Plasmodium oocysts, reveals clustering patterns in the Anopheles midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.25.661602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cell-based scrambling assay reveals phospholipid headgroup preference of TMEM16F on the plasma membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.25.661602v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The asymmetric resting distribution of the three major phospholipid classes on the mammalian plasma membrane, with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine mostly on the inner leaflet, and phosphatidylcholine mostly on the outer leaflet, is maintained by ATP-dependent flippases and floppases that exhibit headgroup selectivity. Upon signaling cues, this asymmetry can be dissipated by various phospholipid scramblases, allowing cells to respond to stimuli and adapt to different physiological contexts. The prevailing view in the field is that phospholipid scramblases on the plasma membrane act without headgroup preference. Here we report contrary experimental evidence based on a phospholipid scrambling assay that quantifies the fluorescence polarization of nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled phospholipids for kinetic monitoring of phospholipid scrambling on the plasma membrane of living cells. Our experiments reveal that the plasma membrane-residing calcium-activated phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F preferentially acts on phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine over phosphatidylethanolamine.

Significance StatementPhospholipid scramblases on the mammalian plasma membrane are thought to act promiscuously without preference for headgroup. Thoroughly addressing this question, however, requires the development of new methodologies. We devised a cell-based phospholipid scrambling assay that utilizes the fluorescence polarization of nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-labeled phospholipids, allowing the monitoring of their scrambling in a native environment. We discovered that the plasma membrane-residing calcium-activated phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F preferentially acts on phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine over phosphatidylethanolamine.

Major Classification: Biological Sciences; Minor Classification: Cell biology, Biophysics and Computational Biology
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teo, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuomivaara, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hilten, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crottes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cell-based scrambling assay reveals phospholipid headgroup preference of TMEM16F on the plasma membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.26.661778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone diversity in the archaeal domain of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.26.661778v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaea represent a distinct domain of life that is genetically and biochemically unique from bacteria and eukaryotes. Two-thirds of all archaea encode histones, proteins that are ubiquitously used to structure chromatin in eukaryotes. Archaeal histone sequences are much less conserved than their eukaryotic counterparts, yet insight into how they structure DNA is limited to only a few species that fail to represent the diversity of the archaeal domain. Archaea have adapted to the most diverse and extreme environments on our planet, requiring protection of the genome against a multitude of external pressures. Here, we use bioinformatics, structure prediction, and molecular dynamics simulations to survey the diversity of histone-like sequences in all available archaeal genomes and to understand how they might interact with DNA. We have identified five distinct types of histones which are combined in seven different strategies, involving either single histones, multiple histones of the same type, or combinations of several types of histones in one genome. We show that some strategies correlate with environmental pressures, and some are phylogenetically restricted. Despite highly divergent amino acid sequences, structure predictions and simulations suggest similar histone DNA binding modes for most classes. Our work provides a guide to efficiently survey diverse strategies for histone-based DNA organization in archaea using biophysical and structural approaches, for a complete view of the rich diversity of histone strategies in the archaeal domain in a targeted manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laursen, S. p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.26.661778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone diversity in the archaeal domain of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.25.661565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct observation of interdependent and hierarchical kinetochore assembly on individual centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.25.661565v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinetochores are megadalton protein machines that harness microtubules to segregate chromosomes during cell division. The kinetochores must assemble after DNA replication during every cell cycle onto specialized regions of chromosomes called centromeres, but the order and regulation of their assembly remains unclear due to the complexity of kinetochore composition and the difficulty resolving individual kinetochores in vivo. Here, by adapting a prior single-molecule method for monitoring kinetochore assembly in budding yeast lysates, we identify a sequential order of assembly and uncover previously unknown interdependencies between subcomplexes. We show that inner kinetochore assembly depends partly on outer kinetochore components, and that outer kinetochore branches do not assemble independently of one another. Notably, Mif2 assembly is a rate-limiting step that can be accelerated by binding to the Mtw1 subcomplex, thereby promoting rapid assembly of many inner and outer kinetochore components. The importance of controlling kinetochore assembly kinetics is supported by a Mif2 mutant lacking both autoinhibition and Mtw1 subcomplex binding activity, which leads to defective kinetochore-microtubule attachments when the centromeric histone variant Cse4 is overexpressed. Altogether, our work provides a direct view of kinetochore assembly and reveals highly interdependent regulatory events that control its order and timing.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popchock, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latino, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct observation of interdependent and hierarchical kinetochore assembly on individual centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.26.661761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early transcriptional signatures of MeCP2 positive and negative cells in Rett syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.26.661761v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurological disorder caused by MECP2 mutations. Like other X-linked disorders, RTT patients have sex-specific differences in clinical presentation due to distinct cellular environments, where females have [~]50% of cells expressing either a mutant or wild-type copy of MECP2 (mosaic) and males have 100% of cells expressing a mutant MECP2 (non-mosaic). Typical RTT females have a short window of normal early development until [~]6-18 months, followed by regression and progressive decline, whereas neonatal encephalopathy is more likely in RTT males. How these sex-specific differences in cellular context contribute molecularly to RTT pathogenesis, particularly in the presymptomatic stages of RTT females, remains poorly understood. Here, we profiled the hippocampal transcriptomes of female (Mecp2+/-) and male (Mecp2-/y) RTT mice at early timepoints using both bulk and single-nucleus RNA-seq, including sorted MeCP2 positive (MeCP2+) and MeCP2 negative (MeCP2-) neurons in female mice. We identified a core disease signature consisting of 12 genes consistently dysregulated only in MeCP2-cells across RTT models. Moreover, we uncovered non-cell-autonomous effects exclusively in female MeCP2+ excitatory neurons, but not inhibitory neurons, suggesting excitatory circuits are more vulnerable early in the mosaic RTT environment. The single-nuclei data also revealed that a previously underappreciated MeCP2-interneuron subtype had the most transcriptional dysregulation in both male and female RTT hippocampi. Together, these data highlight the different effects of MeCP2 loss on excitatory and inhibitory circuits between the mosaic and non-mosaic environment that appear early in RTT pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revelli, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.26.661761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early transcriptional signatures of MeCP2 positive and negative cells in Rett syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.23.661133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A trove of antiviral TRIM family E3 ligases in reptiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.23.661133v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many scaled reptiles (squamates) are exposed to flaviviruses but some, including iguanas, exhibit strong resistance to infection. To identify genes encoding viral resistance, we screened a cDNA library generated from green iguana and discovered a reptilian TRIM-family E3 ubiquitin ligase that reduces dengue virus replication [~]10,000-fold. Experimental evolution identified flavivirus capsid as the substrate of this ligase, revealing an apparent evolutionary vulnerability for flaviviruses, which depend on capsid ubiquitylation to infect cells. HarbingerTRIM is situated in a cluster of related genes near an intact Harbinger transposable element in squamate genomes. Analysis of a sampling of harbiTRIM variants among reptile species revealed distinct antiviral properties, highlighting the vast potential of querying diverse animal genomes for discovering new defenses to pandemic viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boys, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elde, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.661133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A trove of antiviral TRIM family E3 ligases in reptiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.24.661397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteriophages target membrane-anchored glycopolymers to promote host cell lysis and progeny release 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.24.661397v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most bacteriophages lyse their host cell to release progeny virions. Double-stranded DNA phages typically promote host lysis using a holin-endolysin system. Holins form pores in the cytoplasmic membrane allowing endolysins access to the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall, which they degrade to weaken the cell envelope and promote osmotic lysis. Phages that infect Proteobacteria also encode a spanin in their lysis cassette that functions to disrupt the host outer membrane. The spanin-requirement for cell lysis provided the first clue that the proteobacterial outer membrane confers mechanical rigidity to the cell envelope. Corynebacteria and mycobacteria also build an outer membrane, but it is made of mycolic acids instead of lipopolysaccharides. Here, we investigated whether the mycomembrane presents a mechanical barrier to phage-induced lysis of corynebacteria. In addition to annotated holin and endolysin genes, mycobacteriophages and corynephages were found to encode a membrane protein we call LysZ in their lysis cassettes. Deletion of lysZ in the corynephage Cog blocked lysis of its host Corynebacterium glutamicum. Surprisingly, disruption of the host mycomembrane did not correct this phenotype. Instead, a genetic analysis revealed that blocking synthesis of membrane-anchored glycopolymers called lipomannans/lipoarabinomannans (LM/LAMs) can restore plaque formation when LysZ is inactivated. This genetic system also identified the likely flippase that transports decaprenyl-linked mannose units to the extracellular side of the membrane for polymerization into LM/LAM. Overall, our results indicate that lipoglycans like LM/LAMs play roles in mechanically stabilizing bacterial envelopes and that phages use LysZ-like factors to overcome this barrier to promote lysis.

SIGNIFICANCEBacteriophages must break down the cell envelope of their host to induce cell lysis for progeny release. Pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related corynebacteria build complex cell envelopes that are likely to be especially challenging for phages to disrupt. Here, we identify a novel lysis gene called lysZ encoded by many mycobacteriophages and corynephages. Using the model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum, we show that LysZ is required to induce host lysis. This requirement is overcome by inactivating genes needed for the synthesis of lipid-anchored glycans called lipomannans/lipoarabinomannans (LM/LAMs). These findings reveal that LM/LAMs are likely to play a mechanical role in stabilizing the cell envelope. LM/LAM biogenesis is therefore an attractive target for drugs that disrupt the integrity of mycobacterial envelopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyerly, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteriophages target membrane-anchored glycopolymers to promote host cell lysis and progeny release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.24.661368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global map for introgressed structural variation and selection in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.24.661368v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic introgression from Neanderthals and Denisovan has shaped modern human genomes; however, introgressed structural variants (SVs [&ge;]50 base pairs) remain challenging to discover. We integrated high-quality phased assemblies from four new Papua New Guinea (PNG) genomes with 94 published assemblies of diverse ancestry to infer an archaic introgressed SV map. Introgressed SVs are overall enriched in genes (44%, n=1,592), including critical genomic disorder regions, and most abundant in PNG. We identify 11 centromeres likely derived from archaic hominins, adding unexplored diversity to centromere genomics. Pangenome genotyping across 1,363 samples reveals 16 candidate adaptive SVs, many associated with immune-related genes and their expression, in the PNG. We hypothesize that archaic SV introgression contributed to reproductive success, underscoring introgression as a significant force in human adaptive evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soisangwan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athef Javidh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinipi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavesley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brucato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RICAUT, F.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego Romero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global map for introgressed structural variation and selection in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.23.660947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase separation of PGL-3 driven by structured domains that oligomerize and interact with terminal RGG motifs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.23.660947v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase separation of biomolecular condensates is often assumed to be driven by interactions involving nucleic acids and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins. PGL-3 is a component of P granules, biomolecular condensates in the C. elegans germline, that contains two structured domains in tandem (D1-D2), an internal IDR, and a C-terminal IDR rich with RGG motifs. Theoretical and in vitro studies have implicated the internal IDR and RGG motifs in driving PGL-3 phase separation via self-interactions and binding to RNA. Studies in cells, however, have implicated the D1 and D2 domains. Here, we investigate the molecular basis of PGL-3 phase separation in vitro using microscopy, crosslinking mass spectrometry and biophysical measurements. We find that D1-D2 is oligomeric and necessary and sufficient for phase separation independent of RNA. D1-D2 also interacts with the terminal RGG domain in a manner that correlates with phase separation. In contrast, the internal IDR is neither necessary nor sufficient for phase separation. These findings support a new model for PGL-3 phase separation driven by oligomerization of structured domains and enhanced by RGG repeats independent of RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuroiwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seydoux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.660947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase separation of PGL-3 driven by structured domains that oligomerize and interact with terminal RGG motifs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.21.660856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vocal convergence during formation of social relationships in vampire bats 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.21.660856v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many group-living birds and mammals, the formation of affiliative relationships is hypothesized to cause vocal convergence (an increase in call similarity between individuals). However, testing this causal effect can be difficult, because it requires experimentally forming new relationships. Here, we demonstrate convergence in the contact calls of common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) that we introduced and experimentally housed together. To estimate and disentangle the roles of kinship, co-housing (familiarity), allogrooming, and food sharing in predicting call similarity, we first measured call similarity using 35 features of 693,494 contact calls from 95 bats, then fit a series of Bayesian generalized multi-membership models. We also measured changes in call similarity for a subset of individuals that were recorded before and after co-housing. We found that co-housing caused vocal convergence. Furthermore, food-sharing rates among familiar nonkin within the same co-housed group predicted contact call similarity. This finding suggests that the development of cooperative relationships causes further vocal convergence beyond the initial convergence caused by co-housing. Our findings have implications for the development of cooperative relationships and vocal learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vrtilek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Vidaurre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fosler-Lussier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.21.660856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vocal convergence during formation of social relationships in vampire bats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.20.660805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein folding stress transcriptionally reprograms muscle metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.20.660805v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular stress responses crosstalk with many physiological and metabolic pathways. Muscle cells constantly respond to various endogenous stressors while actively maintaining critical metabolic functions for the tissue and whole animal. The molecular mechanisms of how muscle stress responses transcriptionally reprogram metabolic networks are complex and inadequately understood. Using a multi-omics approach of metabolomics, lipidomics, and single-nuclei RNA-sequencing in Drosophila, we reconstructed the physiological landscape of muscle during chronic activation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR), a stress response that ensures the secretion of vital proteins from muscle, known as myokines. By ectopically expressing a constitutively active form of X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1), a highly conserved transcription factor (TF) and UPR effector, we found that UPR downregulates key metabolic pathways in muscle, including carbohydrate and purine metabolism, while upregulating a robust lipogenic program enriched for phospholipids and several antioxidant metabolic pathways. Using gene regulatory network (GRN) analysis, we linked these metabolic changes to distinct TF regulon activities. The activation of a single TF, Xbp1, increased the activity of other stress response TFs in muscle, including cap-n-collar (cnc/Nrf2), cryptocephal (crc/Atf4), and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP). Simultaneously, we observed decreased activity of TFs, namely Forkhead box O (FoxO), that resulted in downregulated metabolic pathways critical to muscle function, including oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. We propose that these GRNs antagonize each other downstream of UPR to reprogram muscle metabolism away from carbohydrates and towards lipogenesis, offering novel insight into how metabolic rewiring can be transcriptionally controlled in response to chronic tissue damage, even to the detriment of organ function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paiano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein folding stress transcriptionally reprograms muscle metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.19.660578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correction: Replication of BRIT1/MCPH1 G2/M Checkpoint Function Confirms Original Conclusions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.19.660578v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In our 2005 PNAS publication1, we reported that BRIT1/MCPH1 is required for proper activation of the G2/M checkpoint in response to DNA damage. A recent analysis using image comparison software, Proofig, identified a duplicated panel in Figure 2A, stemming from a figure assembly error in which data from a prior experiment involving a different gene (Claspin)2 were inadvertently reused. As the original data are no longer accessible due to the age of the experiment, we have independently repeated the G2/M checkpoint analysis. The new results fully confirm the original conclusion: BRIT1 depletion compromises G2/M arrest following ionizing radiation. This replication supports the integrity of our original findings and is provided in support of a formal correction requested by PNAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.660578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correction: Replication of BRIT1/MCPH1 G2/M Checkpoint Function Confirms Original Conclusions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.19.660632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Structural Atlas of TAP Inhibition by Herpesviruses and Poxviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.19.660632v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the host-pathogen arms race, herpesviruses and poxviruses encode proteins that sabotage the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), thereby suppressing MHC-I antigen presentation and enabling lifelong infection. Of the five known viral TAP inhibitors, only the herpes simplex virus protein ICP47 has been structurally resolved. We now report cryo-electron microscopy structures of TAP in complex with the remaining four: BNLF2a (Epstein-Barr virus), hUS6 (human cytomegalovirus), bUL49.5 (bovine herpesvirus 1), and CPXV012 (cowpox virus), assembling a structural atlas of viral TAP evasion. Employing divergent sequences, folds and conformational targets, these viral inhibitors converge on a common strategy: they stall TAP from the alternating access cycle, precluding peptide entry into the ER and shielding infected cells from cytotoxic T-cell surveillance. These findings reveal striking functional convergence and provide a structural framework for rational antiviral design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.660632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Structural Atlas of TAP Inhibition by Herpesviruses and Poxviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.17.660129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salicylic Acid Engages Central Metabolic Regulators SnRK1 and TOR to Govern Immunity by Differential Phosphorylation of NPR1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.17.660129v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunity is a delicate balance between combating infection and preserving the metabolic functions vital for host survival. However, the mechanisms by which immune responses are coordinated with cellular metabolism remain largely unknown. Here, we show that NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES 1 (NPR1), the central plant immune regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense responses, is controlled by a cascade of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) involving two master nutrient-sensing kinases. Under normal growth conditions, TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) inhibits NPR1 through phosphorylation at Ser-55/59. During defense responses, elevated SA enhances SNF1-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) activity, which in turn inhibits TOR signaling and phosphorylates NPR1 at Ser-557. This phosphorylation event activates NPR1 and facilitates its subsequent PTMs. Together, our results reveal an integral role of SA (the active metabolite of aspirin) in controlling central metabolic regulators SnRK1 and TOR to coordinate immune responses and growth through antagonistic modifications of NPR1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karapetyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droege-Laser, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salicylic Acid Engages Central Metabolic Regulators SnRK1 and TOR to Govern Immunity by Differential Phosphorylation of NPR1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.16.659977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide context models outperform protein language models for predicting antibody affinity maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.16.659977v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies play a crucial role in adaptive immunity. They develop as B cell receptors (BCRs): membrane-bound forms of antibodies that are expressed on the surfaces of B cells. BCRs are refined through affinity maturation, a process of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and natural selection, to improve binding to an antigen. Computational models of affinity maturation have developed from two main perspectives: molecular evolution and language modeling. The molecular evolution perspective focuses on nucleotide sequence context to describe mutation and selection; the language modeling perspective involves learning patterns from large data sets of protein sequences. In this paper, we compared models from both perspectives on their ability to predict the course of antibody affinity maturation along phylogenetic trees of BCR sequences. This included models of SHM, models of SHM combined with an estimate of selection, and protein language models. We evaluated these models for large human BCR repertoire data sets, as well as an antigen-specific mouse experiment with a pre-rearranged cognate naive antibody. We demonstrated that precise modeling of SHM, which requires the nucleotide context, provides a substantial amount of predictive power for predicting the course of affinity maturation. Notably, a simple nucleotide-based convolutional neural network modeling SHM outperformed state-of-the-art protein language models, including one trained exclusively on antibody sequences. Furthermore, incorporating estimates of selection based on a custom deep mutational scanning experiment brought only modest improvement in predictive power. To support further research, we introduce EPAM (Evaluating Predictions of Affinity Maturation), a benchmarking framework to integrate evolutionary principles with advances in language modeling, offering a road map for understanding antibody evolution and improving predictive models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddox, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuyama, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.659977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide context models outperform protein language models for predicting antibody affinity maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.12.659400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seasonal influenza viruses show distinct adaptive dynamics during growth in chicken eggs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.12.659400v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human influenza viruses are grown in chicken eggs for vaccine production. Sequences of these egg-passaged viruses give us the opportunity to examine the evolution that occurs when these human viruses are subjected to the selective pressure of growing in chicken eggs, which (among other things) express different sialic acid receptors. The repetition of this evolutionary experiment in hundreds of strains over the past several decades allows us to identify mutations that adapt the virus to eggs and epistatic constraints that influence them. We analyze influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1pdm, B/Vic and B/Yam sequences that were passaged in eggs and find that almost all of the adaptive mutations are located around the receptor-binding pocket of hemagglutinin (HA). We observe epistatic interactions both between adaptive mutations and between these mutations and the continually-evolving human influenza HA background sequence. Our results show that this background dependence is greatest for influenza A/H3N2, then A/H1N1pdm, with B/Vic and B/Yam showing little-to-no background dependence. We find that the total number of adaptive mutations and the length of adaptive walk also follow the same pattern between the influenza subtypes, suggesting that background dependence, number of adaptive mutations, and extent of additive versus epistatic interactions may all be related features of the fitness landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kistler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seasonal influenza viruses show distinct adaptive dynamics during growth in chicken eggs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.12.659373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide-dependent conformational changes direct peptide export by the transporter associated with antigen processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.12.659373v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is essential for adaptive immunity, delivering peptide antigens from the cytoplasm into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for loading onto MHC-I molecules. Previous studies have revealed the mechanism by which TAP selectively binds peptides while allowing for sequence diversity, but how the bound peptides are transported and released into the ER is not yet fully understood. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of human TAP in multiple functional states along the transport cycle. In the inward-facing conformation, ATP binding strengthens intradomain assembly. The transition to the outward-facing conformation is highly temperature-dependent and leads to a complete reconfiguration of the peptide-binding site, facilitating peptide release. ATP hydrolysis opens the consensus site, and the subsequent separation of the NBDs resets the transport cycle. These findings establish a comprehensive structural framework for understanding the mechanisms of peptide transport, vanadate trapping, and trans-inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide-dependent conformational changes direct peptide export by the transporter associated with antigen processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.11.659141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sono-uncaging for Spatiotemporal Control of Chemical Reactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.11.659141v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photo-uncaging - the use of light to reveal the active part of a chemical compound by photolysis of a protecting group - has long been used to study and actuate biochemical processes. However, light scattering limits the applications of photo-uncaging in opaque specimens or tissues. Here, we introduce sono-uncaging, a process in which a chemical functional group becomes exposed upon the application of ultrasound, which can be applied and focused in optically opaque materials. We engineered gas vesicles (GVs), air-filled protein nanostructures sensitive to ultrasound, to contain cysteines on their concealed inner surface, hypothesizing that the application of ultrasound would collapse the GV shell and reveal the cysteines. The resulting SonoCage construct reacted with monobromobimane (mBBr), a fluorogenic, thiol-reactive molecule, only after treatment with ultrasound, establishing the sono-uncaging proof of concept. We then demonstrated the spatial patterning capability of sono-uncaging by embedding the SonoCages in an mBBr-containing hydrogel and creating fluorescent patterns with phased array ultrasound. This patterning could be accomplished using a diagnostic imaging transducer. This work establishes sono-uncaging as a method for spatiotemporal control over chemical reactivity using widely available ultrasound technology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrunk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sono-uncaging for Spatiotemporal Control of Chemical Reactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.15.659618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathway Sculptor for Compact and Versatile Combinatorial Genetic Perturbation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.15.659618v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to perturb multiple proteins simultaneously within the same cell is essential for understanding and re-engineering biological pathways. CRISPR-Cas12a mutants with inactivated DNAse but intact RNAse activity (dCas12a) retain the ability to process large CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) arrays, enabling them to target multiple genomic loci in parallel. When coupled with transcriptional effector domains, these properties make Cas12a a promising platform for multi-locus transcriptional perturbation. However, current Cas12a-based CRISPRi systems exhibit limitations in processing of multi-crRNA arrays and transcriptional regulation. Here, we combine molecular and circuit-level engineering to develop a programmable Cas12a- based CRIPSRi system capable of strong, tunable, and simultaneous knockdown of six or more genes in a single cell without genomic DNA cleavage. We demonstrate the utility of this system by systematically perturbing a partially redundant set of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) receptors, enabling quantitative analysis of BMP signaling across diverse receptor configurations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregrowicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.15.659618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathway Sculptor for Compact and Versatile Combinatorial Genetic Perturbation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.12.659369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Condensate-driven chromatin organization via elastocapillary interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.12.659369v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are ubiquitous structures found throughout eukaryotic cells, with nuclear condensates playing a key role in the mesoscale organization and functionality of the genome1,2. Protein- and RNA-rich liquid-like condensates form through phase separation on and around chromatin, driving diverse condensate morphologies with varying sphericity and intra-condensate chromatin density3,4. However, a unifying set of physical principles underlying these varied interactions and their implications for chromatin organization remains elusive. Here, we develop and experimentally validate a mesoscopic model that bridges the physics of phase separation and chromatin mechanics. Specifically, by integrating computational modeling with experiments using two canonical condensate proteins, the heterochromatin protein HP1, and the euchromatin protein BRD4, we demonstrate that wetting properties and chromatin stiffness shape condensate morphology, while condensates remodel chromatin mechanics and organization. This two-way interplay is governed by elastocapillarity--the deformation of chromatin by condensate interfacial tension -- and resolves discrepancies in nuclear condensate behavior, with emergent behaviors that deviate from the simplest liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) models5-8. Our findings underscore that nuclear condensates and chromatin cannot be studied in isolation, as they are fundamentally interdependent, impacted by biomolecularly-defined wetting properties, with implications for genome organization, transcriptional regulation, and epigenetic control in diverse phenotypes, including cancer2,9,10. Beyond the nucleus, the methodologies we present offer a generalizable platform for exploring multiphase, multicomponent soft matter systems across a broad range of biological and synthetic contexts11.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strom, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eeftens, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haataja, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmrlj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Condensate-driven chromatin organization via elastocapillary interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.13.659553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic and monogenic adaptation drive evolutionary rescue at different magnitudes of environmental change 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.13.659553v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetic basis of rapid adaptation is key to predicting species evolutionary responses to environmental change. However, it is still debatable whether many small-effect mutations or a few large-effect mutations underlie rapid adaptation, and how this knowledge can predict population survival or extinction. To address this question, we performed a series of ecologically grounded forward-in-time genetic simulations to study rapid adaptation and extinction with increasing magnitudes of environmental change. These simulations were seeded with genomic variation of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana to have a realistic genomic structure, with one (monogenic) to 1,000 (polygenic) variants with varying heritabilities contributing to an environmental adaptive trait. Our results revealed two distinct scenarios of rapid adaptation and population rescue. Under small to moderate environmental shifts, high polygenic traits increased evolutionary rescue probability. Under extreme environmental shifts, high polygenic traits lead predictably to extinction, yet monogenic traits sometimes produce one-off winning adaptive genotypes. We interpret our rapid evolutionary rescue findings in terms of the fundamental theorem of natural selection, where monogenic and polygenic traits differ in how they create stable versus skewed fitness variance (Vw) and how they respond to environmental shifts. These results highlight the insights genomics gives us into the (un)predictability of species evolutionary responses to global change, with management implications for assisted adaptation conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bellagio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.13.659553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic and monogenic adaptation drive evolutionary rescue at different magnitudes of environmental change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.15.659774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution spatial mapping of cell state and lineage dynamics in vivo with PEtracer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.15.659774v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charting the spatiotemporal dynamics of cell fate determination in development and disease is a long-standing objective in biology. Here we present the design, development, and extensive validation of PEtracer, a prime editing-based, evolving lineage tracing technology compatible with both single-cell sequencing and multimodal imaging methodologies to jointly profile cell state and lineage in dissociated cells or while preserving cellular context in tissues with high spatial resolution. Using PEtracer coupled with MERFISH spatial transcriptomic profiling in a syngeneic mouse model of tumor metastasis, we reconstruct the growth of individually-seeded tumors in vivo and uncover distinct modules of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors that coordinate tumor growth. More generally, PEtracer enables systematic characterization of cell state and lineage relationships in intact tissues over biologically-relevant temporal and spatial scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koblan, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yost, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.15.659774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution spatial mapping of cell state and lineage dynamics in vivo with PEtracer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.09.658763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermally controlled state switches for macrophage immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.09.658763v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in cellular immunotherapy promise new treatments for conditions such as cancer, autoimmune disease, and heart disease. While engineered cells have the ability to recognize clinically relevant signals, traffic to disease sites and interface with the host immune system, their activity must be tightly controlled to minimize undesirable effects in healthy tissues. One approach to obtaining specificity is to activate the cells spatially using externally applied energy, such as ultrasound-delivered heating. To facilitate such control, we designed and characterized a genetic circuit that enables stable transcriptional activation of macrophages after a brief thermal stimulus, resulting in the expression of reporters or secretion of the cytokine IL-12. We demonstrate that in vivo activation of a mouse macrophage cell line containing this bioswitch results in spatially localized gene expression for at least 14 days after ultrasound heating. This thermal bioswitch provides a precise control element for cell-therapeutic agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooq, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermally controlled state switches for macrophage immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.10.657742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological causes and impacts of rugged tree landscapes in phylodynamic inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.10.657742v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylodynamic analysis has been instrumental in elucidating epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens. Bayesian phylodynamics integrates out phylogenetic uncertainty, which is typically substantial in phylodynamic datasets due to limited genetic diversity. Phylodynamic inference does not, however, scale with modern datasets, partly due to difficulties in traversing tree space. Here, we characterize tree space and landscape in phylodynamic inference and assess its impacts on analysis difficulty and key biological estimates. By running extensive Bayesian analyses of 15 classic large phylodynamic datasets and carefully analyzing the posterior samples, we find that the posterior tree landscape is diffuse yet rugged, leading to widespread tree sampling problems that usually stem from sequences in a small part of the tree. We develop clade-specific diagnostics to show that a few sequences--including putative recombinants and recurrent mutants--frequently drive the ruggedness and sampling problems, although existing data-quality tests show limited power to detect them. The sampling problems can significantly impact phylodynamic inferences or distort major biological conclusions; the impact is usually stronger on "local" estimates (e.g., introduction history) associated with particular clades than on "global" parameters (e.g., demographic trajectory) governed by general tree shape. We evaluate existing and newly-developed MCMC diagnostics, and offer strategies for optimizing phylodynamic analysis settings and mitigating sampling problem impacts. Our findings highlight the need and directions to develop efficient traversal over rugged tree landscapes, ultimately advancing scalable and reliable phylodynamics.

Significance StatementBayesian phylodynamics is central to epidemiological studies, but exploring the vast and complex tree space is computationally challenging. Phylodynamic datasets comprise many highly similar sequences, sampled through time, creating a uniquely structured landscape of optimal trees. Here, we show that phylodynamic tree landscapes are often highly rugged, with multiple peaks separated by difficult-to-cross valleys. These features lead to widespread sampling problems which are often driven by a few sequences. These problems can significantly impact phylodynamic estimates, especially those associated with particular clades, distorting biological conclusions. We develop diagnostics to identify problematic sequences and provide solutions to mitigate their impacts. We offer strategies to optimize phylodynamic analysis workflows and to develop algorithms for navigating rugged landscapes, thereby advancing infectious disease investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusselmans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baele, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.657742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological causes and impacts of rugged tree landscapes in phylodynamic inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.10.658865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exapted CRISPR-Cas12f homologs drive RNA-guided transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.10.658865v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial transcription initiation is a tightly regulated process that canonically relies on sequence-specific promoter recognition by dedicated sigma ({sigma}) factors, leading to functional DNA engagement by RNA polymerase (RNAP)1. Although the seven {sigma} factors in E. coli have been extensively characterized2, Bacteroidetes species encode dozens of specialized, extracytoplasmic function {sigma} factors ({sigma}E) whose precise roles are unknown, pointing to additional layers of regulatory potential3. Here we uncover an unprecedented mechanism of RNA-guided gene activation involving the coordinated action of {sigma}E factor in complex with nuclease-dead Cas12f (dCas12f). We screened a large set of genetically-linked dCas12f and {sigma}E homologs in E. coli using RIP-seq and ChIP-seq experiments, revealing systems that exhibited robust guide RNA enrichment and DNA target binding with a minimal 5'-G target-adjacent motif (TAM). Recruitment of {sigma}E was dependent on dCas12f and guide RNA (gRNA), suggesting direct protein-protein interactions, and co-expression experiments demonstrated that the dCas12f-gRNA-{sigma}E ternary complex was competent for programmable recruitment of the RNAP holoenzyme. Remarkably, dCas12f-RNA-{sigma}E complexes drove potent gene expression in the absence of any requisite promoter motifs, with de novo transcription start sites defined exclusively by the relative distance from the dCas12f-mediated R-loop. Our findings highlight a new paradigm of RNA-guided transcription (RGT) that embodies natural features reminiscent of CRISPRa technology developed by humans4,5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmieri, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass-Klaiber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exapted CRISPR-Cas12f homologs drive RNA-guided transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.04.657892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-angiosperm analysis of the CLE signaling peptide family unveils paths, patterns, and predictions of paralog diversification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.04.657892v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The compositions of conserved gene families often vary widely between species, complicating predictions and experimental tests of shared versus distinct functions, especially in families shaped by extensive duplication, redundancy, and paralog diversification. The plant CLV3/EMBRYO- SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) small-signaling peptide family exemplifies these challenges. Although genetic studies in model systems have identified shared roles for a few CLE genes and species-specific redundancies, an evolutionary analysis of the entire family over deep time could empower predictive and experimental dissections of functions obscured by redundancy. We developed a scanning pipeline that de novo annotated CLE genes from 2,000 genomes representing 1,000 species, uncovering thousands of previously undetected family members and producing a comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction and tracing of the familys evolution and sequence diversification over 140 million years. Computational modeling of coding and cis-regulatory regions predicted lineage-specific asymmetries in paralog redundancy, stemming from ancestral amino acids in the functional core of the dodecapeptide and partial conservation of promoter elements. We tested these predictions using two genome-editing strategies in Solanaceae. Base- editing of deeply conserved residues in the CLV3 dodecapeptide and its paralogs across three species confirmed their critical roles in repressing stem-cell proliferation, and multiplex CRISPR knockouts of the 52 tomato CLE genes resolved pairwise and higher-order redundancies, revealing previously uncharacterized regulators of shoot architecture and plant size. These findings show how both peptide and cis-regulatory erosion shape CLE redundancy and provide a framework for detecting and translating deep evolutionary signals into testable genetic hypotheses across compositionally complex gene families.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gentile, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santo Domingo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zebell, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-angiosperm analysis of the CLE signaling peptide family unveils paths, patterns, and predictions of paralog diversification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.04.657854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constant light impairs memory processing transgenerationally in D. melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.04.657854v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental perturbations can have profound effects on our physiology and behavior, but their long-lasting impact remains debatable. We discovered that changes in standard light-dark conditions, such as exposure to constant light or simulated chronic jetlag, causes loss of associative memory in appetitive and aversive conditioning paradigms in D. melanogaster, and this behavior persists through three generations despite transfer of progeny to a standard light-dark cycle. Impaired memory is transmitted through females and is independent of any changes in fitness, brain or mushroom body architecture, or sensing acuity. Mechanistically, effects of constant light on memory are mediated by increased PIWI/piRNA pathway expression in the germline and its H3K9me3 writing capabilities, acting through altered expression of the Dopamine-1-like Receptor 1 (Dop1R1) in the brain. These findings suggest that irregular exposure to light, such as nighttime light pollution, can have negative consequences across generations.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIConstant light impairs associative memory in Drosophila for three generations
C_LIO_LIpiwi is required in the brain and germline for inheritance
C_LIO_LIDopamine 1 Receptor 1 activity is dampened by constant light
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constant light impairs memory processing transgenerationally in D. melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.30.657074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A covalent recognition strategy enables conspecific mate identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.30.657074v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The olfactory system can detect an uncountable number of volatile molecules while retaining the ability to discriminate amongst very similar ones. We identified a unique mechanism employed by insect odorant receptors to discriminate amongst pheromones, chemical communication signals that orchestrate courtship and mating behavior. By coupling cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and functional mutagenesis, we find that males of the silkmoth Bombyx mori distinguish between two quasi-identical compounds -bombykol, an alcohol, and bombykal, an aldehyde- by establishing a reversible covalent bond between the pheromone receptor and bombykal. Bombykol, instead, binds to the same receptor through hydrogen bonds, with significantly lower potency. The unique ability of aldehydes to establish a reversible covalent bond allows moths to unequivocally distinguish between compounds that differ only in the presence of a single hydrogen atom. Further, as many important odorants are aldehydes, this work illuminates a new binding mode available to the olfactory system to achieve high selectivity for these compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Marmol, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A covalent recognition strategy enables conspecific mate identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.28.655959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A primate model organism for cardiac arrhythmias identifies a magnesium transporter in pacemaker function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.28.655959v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiac arrhythmias afflict tens of millions of people, causing one-fifth of all deaths1. Although mouse models have aided understanding of some pacemaker genes and arrhythmias2,3, mice are not known to naturally acquire arrhythmias, and the substantial differences between mouse and human cardiac anatomy and physiology have limited their utility in preclinical studies and pharmacological testing2,4. To establish a primate genetic model organism for arrhythmias, we carried out an electrocardiographic (ECG) screen of over 350 lab and wild mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.), an emerging model organism that is among the smallest, fastest-reproducing, and most abundant primates5. Twenty-two lemurs (6.2%) were identified with eight different naturally-occurring arrhythmias resembling human ECG pathologies (SSS, PACs, Afib, PVCs, NSVT, STD, iTWs, STE). Pedigree construction showed two were familial, premature atrial contractions (PACs)/atrial fibrillation (Afib) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS), an episodic bradycardia. Genome sequencing of the SSS pedigree mapped the disease locus to a 1.4 Mb interval on chromosome 7 and supported autosomal recessive Mendelian inheritance. The most appealing candidate gene in the interval was SLC41A2, a little studied magnesium transporter6,7. SLC41A2 is expressed in human iPSC-derived sinoatrial node cells (iSANC) and localizes to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Although mouse SLC41A2 knockouts do not show a cardiac pacemaker phenotype8, CRISPR-mediated SLC41A2 knockout altered human iSANC magnesium dynamics and slowed their calcium transient firing rate. The results suggest SLC41A2 functions cell autonomously and primate-specifically in cardiac pacemaker cells, and that intracellular magnesium dynamics have a crucial but previously unappreciated role in setting pacemaker rate. Thus, mouse lemur is a valuable model for discovering new genes, molecules, and mechanisms of the primate pacemaker, and for identifying novel candidate genes and therapeutic targets for human arrhythmias. The approach can be used to elucidate other primate diseases and traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karanewsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendleton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzeraey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froelicher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razafindrakoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravelonjanahary, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertelli, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quertermous, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perret, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aujard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasnow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.655959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A primate model organism for cardiac arrhythmias identifies a magnesium transporter in pacemaker function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.29.656835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic and evolutionary features of ape subterminal heterochromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.29.656835v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many African great ape chromosomes possess large subterminal heterochromatic caps at their telomeres that are conspicuously absent from the human lineage. Leveraging the complete sequences of great ape genomes, we characterize the organization of subterminal caps and reconstruct the evolutionary history of these regions in chimpanzees and gorillas. Detailed analyses of the pCht satellite composition and associated segmental duplication (SD) spacers confirm two independent origins in the Pan and gorilla lineages. In chimpanzee and bonobo, we estimate these structures emerged [~]7.5 million years ago (MYA) in contrast to gorilla where they expanded more recently [~]5.1 MYA and now make up 8.5% of the total gorilla genome. In both lineages, the SD spacers punctuating the pCht heterochromatic satellite arrays correspond to pockets of hypomethylation, although in gorilla such regions are significantly more hypomethylated (p<2.2e-16) than chimpanzee or bonobo. Allelic pairs of subterminal caps show a high degree of sequence divergence (9-11%) with bonobo showing less divergent haplotypes and less hypomethylated spacers. In contrast, we identify virtually identical subterminal caps mapping to nonhomologous chromosomes within a species, suggesting ectopic recombination potentially mediated by SD spacers. We find that the transition regions from heterochromatic subterminal caps to euchromatin are enriched for structural variant insertions and lineage-specific duplicated genes. We suggest these regions are hotspots for accelerating ape genome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic and evolutionary features of ape subterminal heterochromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.24.655970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical capture of diazo metabolites reveals biosynthetic hydrazone oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.24.655970v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemically reactive microbial natural products have enabled therapeutic development1,2 via their well-established bioactivities including anticancer,3 antibiotic,4,5 and antioxidant6 activities. However, discovery of reactive metabolites is particularly challenging because they may not tolerate traditional bioactivity-guided isolation workflows.7 Diazo-containing natural products are a subset of highly reactive microbial metabolites that display potent bioactivity8-11 and enable powerful (bio)synthetic transformations;12,13 however, instability of the diazo group to light,14,15 heat,16,17 mild acid,18 and mechanical shock19 has precluded their efficient discovery and application. Here, we develop a reactivity-based screening approach to capture diazo-containing metabolites and facilitate their discovery by mass spectrometry. This workflow revealed two novel diazo-containing natural products, 4-diazo-3-oxo-butanoic acid and diazoacetone, from the human lung pathogen Nocardia ninae. Biosynthetic investigations revealed a distinct enzymatic logic for diazo formation involving hydrazone oxidation catalyzed by the metalloenzyme Dob3, and biochemical characterization of Dob3 suggests promising future applications in biocatalysis. Overall, our work highlights the power of reactivity-guided strategies for identifying reactive metabolites and facilitating the discovery of unique enzymatic transformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Cura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.24.655970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical capture of diazo metabolites reveals biosynthetic hydrazone oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.28.654549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid adaptation and extinction across climates in synchronized outdoor evolution experiments of Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.28.654549v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate change is threatening species with extinction, and rapid evolutionary adaptation may be their only option for population rescue over short ecological timescales. However, direct observations of rapid genetic adaptation and population dynamics across climates are rare across species. To fill this gap, we conducted a replicated, globally synchronized evolution experiment with the plant Arabidopsis thaliana for 5 years in over 30 outdoor experimental gardens with distinct climates across Europe, the Levant, and North America. We performed whole-genome sequencing on [~]70,000 surviving reproductive individuals and directly observed rapid and repeatable adaptation across climates. Allele frequency changes over time were parallel in experimental evolution replicates within the same climates, while they diverged across contrasting climates--with some allele frequency shifts best explained by strong selection between -46% to +60%. Screening the genome for signals of rapid climate adaptation identified a polygenic architecture with both known and novel adaptive genetic variants connected to important ecological phenotypes including environmental stress responses, CAM5 and HEAT SHOCK FACTORs, and germination and spring flowering timing, CYTOCHROME P450s and TSF. We found evolutionary adaptation trends were often predictable, but variable across environments. In warm climates, high evolutionary predictability was associated with population survival up to 5 years, while erratic trends were an early warning for population extinction. Together, these results show rapid climate adaptation may be possible, but understanding its limits across species will be key for biodiversity forecasting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellagio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelaziz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caton-Darby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Blanco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berbel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghardt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrakopoulos, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durka, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escribano-Avila, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritschi, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galanidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Munoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iriondo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juenger, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuschera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara-Romero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leventhal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>March-Salas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaux, J. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-Vigo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moren</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.654549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid adaptation and extinction across climates in synchronized outdoor evolution experiments of Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.25.655566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of age-related accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations in human blood 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.25.655566v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the strongest signatures of aging is an accumulation of mutant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy. Here we investigate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon by calling mtDNA sequence, abundance, and heteroplasmic variation in human blood using whole genome sequences from [~]750,000 individuals. Our analyses reveal a simple, two-step mechanism: first, individual cells randomly accumulate low levels of "cryptic" mtDNA mutations; then, when a cell clone proliferates, the cryptic mtDNA variants are carried as passenger mutations and become detectable in whole blood. Four lines of evidence support this model: (1) the mutational spectrum of age-accumulating mtDNA variants is consistent with a well-established model of mtDNA replication errors, (2) these mutations are found primarily at low levels of heteroplasmy and do not show evidence of positive selection, (3) high mtDNA mutation burden tends to co-occur in samples harboring somatic driver mutations for clonal hematopoiesis (CH), and (4) nuclear GWAS reveals that germline variants predisposing to CH (such as those near TERT, TCL1A, and SMC4) also increase mtDNA mutation burden. We propose that the high copy number and high mutation rate of mtDNA make it a particularly sensitive blood-based marker of CH. Importantly, our work helps to mechanistically unify three prominent signatures of aging: common germline variants in TERT, clonal hematopoiesis, and observed mtDNA mutation accrual.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karczewski, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howrigan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mootha, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.25.655566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of age-related accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations in human blood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.26.655968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The specificity and structure of DNA crosslinking by the gut bacterial genotoxin colibactin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.26.655968v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating evidence has connected the chemically unstable, DNA-damaging gut bacterial natural product colibactin to colorectal cancer, including the identification of mutational signatures that are thought to arise from colibactin-DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). However, we currently lack direct information regarding the structure of this lesion. Here, we combine mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to elucidate the specificity and structure of the colibactin-DNA ICL. We find that colibactin alkylates within the minor groove of AT-rich DNA, explaining the origins of mutational signatures. Unexpectedly, we discover that the chemically unstable central motif of colibactin mediates the sequence specificity of crosslinking. By directly elucidating colibactins interactions with DNA, this work enhances our understanding of the structure and genotoxic mechanisms of this cancer-linked gut bacterial natural product.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haslecker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vennelakanti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honaker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stornetta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millan, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulik, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balbo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalta, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.26.655968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The specificity and structure of DNA crosslinking by the gut bacterial genotoxin colibactin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.27.656397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new heme enzyme family forms hydrazine groups in diverse biosynthetic pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.27.656397v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond formation is an inherently challenging chemical process that plays a key role in the global nitrogen cycle. An array of microbial metalloenzyme complexes has evolved to shuttle nitrogen between biologically accessible reduced or oxidized states and its inert form as dinitrogen (N2) gas. More recently, N-N bond formation has been observed in a more specialized context, natural product biosynthesis. Here, we report the discovery of a unique metalloenzyme complex that forms hydrazine functional groups in the biosynthetic pathways of structurally diverse natural products. This heterodimeric system consists of a heme enzyme from a previously unidentified family and a partner ferredoxin.

Together, these enzymes effect the unprecedented four-electron reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to form a hydrazine functional group on a substrate amino acid in an oxygen-independent reaction that resembles primary microbial nitrogen metabolism. These enzymes are unexpectedly widespread among bacteria and are present in diverse genomic contexts, including cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters, highlighting the importance of this previously uncharacterized protein family.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kenney, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.-K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.27.656397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new heme enzyme family forms hydrazine groups in diverse biosynthetic pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.22.655455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defective splicing of Y-chromosome-linked gigantic genes underlies hybrid male sterility in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.22.655455v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Y chromosome evolves rapidly, often differing dramatically even between closely related species. While such divergence has long been suspected to contribute to hybrid male sterility, leading to reproductive isolation and thus speciation, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we identify a molecular basis linking Y chromosome divergence to reproductive isolation in Drosophila. We show that male hybrids between D. simulans and D. mauritiana fail to properly express key Y-linked fertility genes. These genes contain unusually large introns, exceeding megabases and show substantial sequence divergence between species. In the hybrids, these gigantic introns are misprocessed, resulting in widespread splicing defects, including aberrant "back-splicing" events that join later exons to earlier ones. Our findings suggest that sequence divergence within introns can disrupt essential gene expression through defective splicing, providing a mechanistic link between rapid Y chromosome evolution and hybrid sterility. This work highlights the underappreciated role of intronic divergence in speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fontan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lannes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerhut, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defective splicing of Y-chromosome-linked gigantic genes underlies hybrid male sterility in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.24.655919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleiotropic mutational effects on function and stability constrain the antigenic evolution of influenza hemagglutinin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.24.655919v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of human influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) involves simultaneous selection to acquire antigenic mutations that escape population immunity while preserving protein function and stability. Epistasis shapes this evolution, as an antigenic mutation that is deleterious in one genetic background may become tolerated in another. However, the extent to which epistasis can alleviate pleiotropic conflicts between immune escape and protein function/stability is unclear. Here, we measure how all amino acid mutations in the HA of a recent human H3N2 influenza strain affect its cell entry function, acid stability, and neutralization by human serum antibodies. We find that epistasis has entrenched certain mutations so that reverting to the ancestral amino acid identity in earlier strains is no longer tolerated. Epistasis has also enabled the emergence of antigenic mutations that were detrimental to HAs cell entry function in earlier strains. However, epistasis appears insufficient to overcome the pleiotropic costs of antigenic mutations that impair HAs stability, explaining why some mutations that strongly escape human antibodies never fix in nature. Our results refine our understanding of the mutational constraints that shape recent H3N2 influenza evolution: epistasis can enable antigenic change, but pleiotropic effects can restrict its trajectory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikawa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englund, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.24.655919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleiotropic mutational effects on function and stability constrain the antigenic evolution of influenza hemagglutinin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.23.655664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage recording in monoclonal gastruloids reveals heritable modes of early development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.23.655664v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian stem cells possess a remarkable capacity for self-organization, a property that underlies increasingly sophisticated in vitro models of early development. However, even under carefully controlled conditions, stem cell-derived models exhibit substantial "inter-individual" heterogeneity. Focusing on gastruloids, a powerful model of the early posterior embryo1, we sought to investigate the origins of this heterogeneity. To this end, we developed a scalable protocol for generating gastruloids that are monoclonal, i.e. derived from a single mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC). Single cell transcriptional profiling of monoclonal gastruloids revealed extensive inter-individual heterogeneity, with some hardly progressing, others resembling conventional gastruloids but biased towards mesodermal or neural lineages, and yet others bearing cell types rare or absent from conventional polyclonal gastruloids. To investigate this further, we leveraged DNA Typewriter2 to record the cell lineage relationships among the mESCs from which monoclonal gastruloids originate. Early in the expansion of "founder" mESCsprior to induction of the resulting aggregates to form gastruloidswe observe clear examples of fate bias or fate restriction, i.e. sister clades that exhibit markedly different cell type compositions. In a separate experiment with DNA Typewriter, we reconstructed a monophyletic "tree of trees", composed of [~]50,000 cells derived from [~]100 gastruloids, all descended from a single "founder of founders" stem cell. From these data, we find that founder mESCs that are more closely related are more likely to give rise to monoclonal gastruloids with similar cell type compositions. Our results suggest that fluctuations in the intrinsic states of mESCs are heritable, and shape their descendants fates across many cell divisions. Our study also showcases how DNA Typewriter can be used to reconstruct high-resolution, monophyletic cell lineage trees in stem cell models of early development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regalado, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottapalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalanne, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamazaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domcke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage recording in monoclonal gastruloids reveals heritable modes of early development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.23.655669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Barcoded monoclonal embryoids are a potential solution to confounding bottlenecks in mosaic organoid screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.23.655669v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic screens in organoids hold tremendous promise for accelerating discoveries at the intersection of genomics and developmental biology. Embryoid bodies (EBs) are self-organizing multicellular structures that recapitulate aspects of early mammalian embryogenesis. We set out to perform a CRISPR screen perturbing all transcription factors (TFs) in murine EBs. Specifically, a library of TF-targeting guide RNAs (gRNAs) was used to generate mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) bearing single TF knockouts. Aggregates of these mESCs were induced to form mouse EBs, such that each resulting EB was mosaic with respect to the TF perturbations represented among its constituent cells. Upon performing single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) on cells derived from mosaic EBs, we found many TF perturbations exhibiting large and seemingly significant effects on the likelihood that individual cells would adopt certain fates, suggesting roles for these TFs in lineage specification. However, to our surprise, these results were not reproducible across biological replicates. Upon further investigation, we discovered cellular bottlenecks during EB differentiation that dramatically reduce clonal complexity, curtailing statistical power and confounding interpretation of mosaic screens. Towards addressing this challenge, we developed a scalable protocol in which each individual EB is monoclonally derived from a single mESC and genetically barcoded. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we show how these monoclonal EBs enable us to better quantify the consequences of TF perturbations as well as inter-individual heterogeneity across EBs harboring the same genetic perturbation. Looking forward, monoclonal EBs and EB-derived organoids may be powerful tools not only for genetic screens, but also for modeling Mendelian disorders, as their underlying genetic lesions are overwhelmingly constitutional (i.e. present in all somatic cells), yet give rise to phenotypes with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regalado, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalanne, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapnell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domcke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Barcoded monoclonal embryoids are a potential solution to confounding bottlenecks in mosaic organoid screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.22.655115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of Group II Introns in Phage Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.22.655115v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although bacteriophage genomes are under strong selective pressure for high coding density, they are still frequently invaded by mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Group II introns are MGEs that reduce host burden by autocatalytically splicing out of RNA before translation. While widely known in bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic organellar genomes, group II introns have been considered absent in phage. Identifying group II introns in genome sequences has previously been challenging because of their lack of primary sequence similarity. Advances in RNA structure-based homology searches using covariance models has provided the ability to identify the conserved secondary structures of group II introns. Here, we discover that group II introns are widely prevalent in phages from diverse phylogenetic backgrounds, from endosymbiont phage to jumbophage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merk, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of Group II Introns in Phage Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.22.655499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosome transcriptomics reveal trafficking of Cajal bodies into multivesicular bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.22.655499v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All eukaryotic cells secrete exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the endocytic compartments known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs), or late endosomes (LEs). Exosomes contain a diverse range of cargo such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and small molecules but whether these contents have a biological function remains an area of intense investigation. Over the last decade, numerous studies have described the transcriptome of exosomes but very little is known about the RNA content of the MVBs, the source compartment for exosome biogenesis. Here we determine the small-RNA transcriptome of highly purified MVBs and report that various classes of nuclear small regulatory RNAs such as small-Cajal body associated RNAs (scaRNAs), small-nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and small-nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) traffic to MVBs. We show that this RNA-trafficking requires the function of ESCRT machinery but is independent of canonical LC3 lipidation mediated selective autophagy. Furthermore, blocking the activity of a PI3K Class 3 enzyme, VPS34, required for recruitment of the ESCRT machinery to the endosome, prevents the turnover of these nuclear RNAs in MVBs. Our results provide a mechanism for targeting nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs), such as Cajal bodies, for degradation and turnover by the cytoplasmic endo-lysosomal pathway.

Significance StatementEndosomes are cytoplasmic, membrane-bound subcellular organelles that are sites for biogenesis of exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles, thought to mediate intercellular communication via their packaged cargo such as RNA. Previous studies have focused on the transcriptome of exosomes however very little is known about the identity of RNAs and mechanisms by which they are sorted into endosomes. Here we report a comprehensive endosome transcriptome and provide evidence that several nuclear RNA-protein complexes (RNPs) sort into endosomes, a previously unappreciated phenomenon. We show that this process requires the activity of endosomal sorting complexes and phospholipids characteristic of cellular endocytic compartments. Our study provides a mechanism for recycling and disposal of unwanted nuclear RNPs by the cytoplasmic endolysosomal pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhawar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosome transcriptomics reveal trafficking of Cajal bodies into multivesicular bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.19.655019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a novel glycocin from a thermophile 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.19.655019v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycocins are a growing family of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides that are O- and/or S-glycosylated. Using a sequence similarity network of putative glycosyltransferases, the tht biosynthetic gene cluster was identified in the genome of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum. ThtA is the precursor peptide to a member of the glycocin F family of glycocins. Like other members of this family, the glycosyltransferase (ThtS) encoded in the biosynthetic gene cluster adds N-acetyl-glucosamine to both Ser and Cys residues of ThtA. S-linked glycosylation has been shown to be chemically and enzymatically resistant to cleavage and therefore ThtS may be a valuable starting point for engineering efforts. The glycocin derived from ThtA, which we name thermoglycocin, was structurally characterized. Thermoglycocin is unique in that in addition to two nested disulfide bonds, it contains an additional disulfide bond creating a C-terminal loop. Unexpectedly, ThtA lacks the common double glycine motif that denotes a C39-peptidase leader peptide cleavage site. Based on AlphaFold3 modeling, we postulate that cleavage between the leader and core peptide occurs instead at a GK motif. This study adds to the small number of characterized glycocins, employs AlphaFold3 to aid in predicting the structure of the mature peptide product, and suggests a common naming convention similar to that established for lanthipeptides.

One sentence summaryThermoglycocin is a novel glycocin derived from the thermophile Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, containing three disulfide bonds, O- and S-GlcNAcylation, and is postulated to have a unique C39 protease cut site.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=199 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/655019v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17c74bforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d4ddb3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@27490dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12cffd7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martini, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.655019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a novel glycocin from a thermophile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.14.654121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent neutralization of Marburg virus by a vaccine-elicited monoclonal antibody 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.14.654121v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marburg virus (MARV) is a filovirus that causes a severe and often lethal hemorrhagic fever. Despite the increasing frequency of MARV outbreaks, no vaccines or therapeutics are licensed for use in humans. Here, we designed mutations that improve the expression and thermostability of the prefusion MARV glycoprotein (GP) ectodomain trimer, which is the sole target of neutralizing antibodies and vaccines in development. We discovered a fully human monoclonal antibody, MARV16, that broadly neutralizes all MARV isolates as well as Ravn virus and Dehong virus with 40 to 100-fold increased potency relative to previously described antibodies. We determined a cryo-electron microscopy structure of MARV16-bound MARV GP showing that MARV16 recognizes a prefusion-specific epitope spanning GP1 and GP2, blocking receptor binding and preventing conformational changes required for viral entry. We further reveal the architecture of the MARV GP glycan cap, which shields the receptor binding site (RBS), underscoring architectural similarities with distantly related filovirus GPs. MARV16 and previously identified RBS-directed antibodies can bind MARV GP simultaneously, paving the way for a MARV therapeutic antibody cocktail. MARV GP stabilization along with the discovery of a potent neutralizing antibody will advance treatment and prevention options for MARV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Addetia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perruzza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culap, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benigni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent neutralization of Marburg virus by a vaccine-elicited monoclonal antibody]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.13.653874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive homeobox gene function in the male-specific nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.13.653874v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explore here how neuronal cell type diversity is genetically delineated in the context of the large, but poorly studied male-specific nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Mostly during postembryonic development, the C. elegans male adds 93 male-specific neurons, falling into 25 cardinal classes, to the predominantly embryonically generated, sex-shared nervous system, comprised of 294 neurons (116 cardinal classes). Using engineered reporter alleles, we investigate here the expression pattern of 40 phylogenetically conserved homeodomain proteins within the male-specific nervous system of C. elegans, demonstrating that in aggregate, the expression of these homeodomain proteins covers each individual male-specific neuron. We show that the male-specific nervous system can be subdivided along the anterior/posterior axis in HOX cluster expression domains. The extent of our expression analysis predicts that each individual neuron class is likely defined by unique combinations of homeodomain proteins. Using a collection of newly available molecular markers, we undertake a mutant analysis of five of these genes (unc-30, unc-42, lim-6, lin-11, ttx-1) and identified defects in cell fate specification and/or male copulatory defects in each of these mutant strains. Our analysis expands our understanding of the importance of homeobox genes in nervous system development and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digirolamo, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valperga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersh, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive homeobox gene function in the male-specific nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.652596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The sensitising effect of IgG in fibromyalgia syndrome is mediated by Mrgprb2 in mast cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.652596v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by elevated levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), altered bowel habits, and increased pain sensitivity, suggesting immune dysregulation, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that FMS-IgG binds to mast cells in a MRGPRX2/b2-dependent manner, leading to mast cell recruitment and IL-6 secretion. Transferring serum-IgG from FMS patients to mice induced FMS-like symptoms and increased skin mast cells, indicating that FMS-IgG acts through mast cell activation. The ablation of mice Mrgprb2 mast cells or deleting Mrgprb2 receptors prevented IgG-induced heightened sensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli. Stimulating human LAD2 cells with FMS IgG elicited MRGPRX2-dependent IL-6 production. Consistent with mice findings, mast cell density and tryptase levels increased in human FMS skin samples compared to healthy controls. Taken together our results suggests that FMS IgG mediates hypersensitivity via activation of mast cells bearing the MRGPRX2 receptor and that these cells are a potential therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berwick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goebel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.652596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The sensitising effect of IgG in fibromyalgia syndrome is mediated by Mrgprb2 in mast cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.14.654096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA polymerase III transcription-associated polyadenylation promotes the accumulation of noncoding retrotransposons during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.14.654096v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) transcribed short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) retrotransposon RNA is a hallmark of various cellular stressors, including DNA virus infection. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the induction of these normally repressed loci are largely undefined. Here, we reveal that in addition to Pol III transcriptional induction, gammaherpesvirus infection stimulates mRNA-like 3 end processing of SINE RNAs that leads to their stabilization. We developed a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model that identified a polyadenylation-associated motif as the key hallmark of infection-induced SINEs. Indeed, mRNA polyadenylation machinery is recruited in a Pol III-dependent manner to virus-induced loci, including B2 SINE and tRNA genes. Infection causes enhanced polyadenylation of SINE ncRNA, which is required for its stable accumulation. This virus-host interaction therefore highlights an inducible, coupled relationship between Pol III transcription and mRNA-like polyadenylation. It also reveals that co-option of the polyadenylation machinery by Pol III is a mechanism to increase the abundance of noncoding RNA during pathogenic stress.

SIGNIFICANCEShort interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are hyperabundant and transcribed by RNA polymerase III (Pol III) to produce noncoding retrotransposons. Although generally not detectable in healthy somatic cells, SINE RNA expression is upregulated during stress, including viral infection and inflammatory diseases. We used gammaherpesvirus infection to uncover pathways leading to increased SINE RNA expression. Using a newly developed deep learning model and genomics analyses, we reveal that infection-induced accumulation of SINEs is driven by increased Pol III transcription and Pol III-dependent recruitment of polyadenylation machinery. This stimulates polyadenylation of SINEs, which is a known stabilizer of these noncoding transcripts. Our findings suggest that inducible alterations to Pol III transcript 3 end processing modulate the abundance of noncoding retrotransposons during pathogenic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghrajka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karijolich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA polymerase III transcription-associated polyadenylation promotes the accumulation of noncoding retrotransposons during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.654347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of myogenesis by the E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL3-BTBD9 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.654347v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metazoan development requires that cells adopt specific identities at the right time and place with-in an embryo. Central to the success of this process are posttranslational modifications that control the activity, stability or localization of crucial transducers of differentiation signals. During muscle development, modification of proteins with ubiquitin is known to play an important role, but the enzymatic machinery of ubiquitylation that drives myogenesis remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify CUL3BTBD9 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is essential for myogenesis in vitro. CUL3BTBD9 binds and ubiquitylates CAV1, the central component of caveolae that modulate insulin signaling during muscle formation. CUL3BTBD9 and CAV1 are required for insulin-dependent activation of the AKT kinase in myoblasts, thereby safeguarding the ability of muscle precursors to respond to insulin signals. Together, this work identifies CUL3BTBD9 as a regulator of myogenesis that acts by modulating plasma-membrane localized events critical for cell fate specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padovani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of myogenesis by the E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL3-BTBD9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.13.653819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frog-killing chytrid fungi deploy different strategies to regulate intracellular pressure in cell types that have or lack a cell wall 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.13.653819v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell morphogenesis is crucial for the physiology of animals and fungi alike. While animals typically shape their cells using the actin cytoskeleton, fungi control cell shape through polarized deposition of new cell wall material, which is inflated by intracellular osmotic "turgor" pressure. Understanding where and when these mechanisms evolved is essential for understanding the evolution of cell morphogenesis. To this end, we study chytrid fungi, which have a cell type that lacks a cell wall (the "zoospore") and a cell type that has a cell wall (the "sporangium"). While chytrid sporangia rely on polarized cell wall growth to control shape, we previously showed that the "frog-killing" chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) uses actin to control zoospore shape. Whether either zoospores or sporangia also use intracellular pressure regulation in cell shape control remains an open question. Here, we use live-cell imaging, environmental perturbations, and small molecule inhibitors to show that Bd sporangia generate and maintain turgor pressure, while Bd zoospores use specialized organelles called contractile vacuoles to pump water out of the cell, thereby keeping internal pressure low. Because chytrid fungi diverged prior to the evolution of the Dikarya--the fungal group comprising yeast, mushrooms, and filamentous fungi--these findings suggest that turgor pressure evolved early, and that cell morphogenesis underwent a major transition during early fungal evolution. We also suggest that the last common fungal ancestor may have, like chytrid fungi, employed stage-specific strategies for cell shape control--illustrating how developmental flexibility in cellular mechanisms can serve as a wellspring of evolutionary innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prostak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velle, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz-Laylin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frog-killing chytrid fungi deploy different strategies to regulate intracellular pressure in cell types that have or lack a cell wall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.09.652650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Orc6 tether mediates ORC binding site switching during replication origin licensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.09.652650v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During origin licensing, the origin recognition complex (ORC) loads two Mcm2-7 helicases onto DNA in a head-to-head conformation, establishing the foundation for subsequent bidirectional replication. Single-molecule experiments support a helicase-loading model in which one ORC loads both Mcm2-7 helicases at origins. For this to occur, ORC must release from its initial Mcm2-7 and DNA binding sites, flip over the helicase, and bind the opposite end of the Mcm2-7 complex and adjacent DNA to form the MO complex. Importantly, this binding-site transition occurs without ORC releasing into solution. Using a single-molecule FRET assay, we show that the N-terminal half of Orc6 tethers ORC to the N-terminal tier of Mcm2-7 (Mcm2-7N) during ORCs binding-site transition. This interaction involves both the folded Orc6 N-terminal domain (Orc6N) and the adjacent unstructured linker and forms before ORC releases from its initial Mcm2-7 interaction. The absence of this interaction increases the rate of ORC release into solution, consistent with a tethering function. CDK phosphorylation of ORC inhibits the tethering interaction, providing a mechanism for the known CDK inhibition of MO complex formation. Interestingly, we identify mutations in the Orc6 linker region that support MO complex formation but prevent double-hexamer formation by inhibiting stable second Mcm2-7 recruitment. Our study provides a molecular explanation for a one-ORC mechanism of helicase loading and demonstrates that Orc6 is involved in multiple stages of origin licensing.

Significance StatementBidirectional DNA replication is critical for accurate and complete duplication of the genome. Eukaryotic organisms coordinate this through loading of two oppositely-oriented Mcm2-7 replicative helicases at origins of replication. Using single-molecule biochemical studies, we identified and characterized a tethering interaction during helicase loading that enables the helicase loader ORC (origin recognition complex) to flip between two Mcm2-7 and DNA binding sites to load the second helicases in the opposite orientation. This interaction is cell-cycle regulated as part of the mechanisms ensuring replication from a given origin initiates only once. Our findings have important implications for the multiple mechanisms of helicase loading and illustrate how single-molecule studies can complement structural studies to provide a full view of complex molecular assembly events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.652650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Orc6 tether mediates ORC binding site switching during replication origin licensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.13.653746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter assay for mapping gene-specific regulatory regions at single nucleotide resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.13.653746v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise gene regulation is essential for the development and function of complex tissues, yet comprehensive mapping of cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) remains challenging due to limitations in throughput, resolution, and the ability to assay within specific cell types. Here, we introduce two complementary approaches--a locus-specific massively parallel reporter assay (LS-MPRA) and a degenerate MPRA (d-MPRA)--specifically designed to address some of these shortcomings. LS-MPRA leverages bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) to generate high-complexity libraries spanning large genomic regions, enabling unbiased interrogation of millions of DNA fragments potentially relevant for the regulation of a specific gene or set of genes. The d-MPRA employs systematic mutagenesis to resolve the functional architecture of CRMs at nucleotide resolution, thereby nominating critical nucleotides as potential TF binding sites, or for other regulatory roles.

We applied these methods to retinal genes that are stably expressed in differentiated cells of the retina, in rod photoreceptors and in subsets of bipolar interneurons, using both in vivo and ex vivo preparations of mouse tissue. LS-MPRA recapitulated some of the known CRMs for these genes--such as the proximal promoter region of Rho--and identified potentially novel CRMs, including those located within neighboring genes. The method was then applied to a gene that is dynamically expressed in subsets of retinal progenitor cells, Olig2, where it identified three distinct CRM regions (Olig2-NR1, NR2, and NR3). D-MPRA and subsequent motif analyses nominated critical TF binding sites within these regions. CUT&RUN experiments confirmed direct binding of these candidates. Moreover, extending LS-MPRA to chick retina and spinal cord demonstrated the applicability of these methods across species and tissues.

Together, the integrated LS-MPRA and d-MPRA strategies provide a robust, high-resolution platform for discovery of the cis-regulatory code underlying tissue-specific gene expression. It does not require prior knowledge of potential CRMs, and is quite rapid and straightforward to deploy, using typical molecular biology methods. The fragment size can be scaled to create short CRMs, e.g. for cell type-specific expression within viral vectors. It should enable CRM discovery at a scale and affordability for laboratories wishing to focus on a particular locus or set of loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tulloch, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catta-Preta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel reporter assay for mapping gene-specific regulatory regions at single nucleotide resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.09.653147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defect in hematopoiesis and embryonic lethality at midgestation of Vps13a/Vps13c double knockout mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.09.653147v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
VPS13 is the founding member of a family of proteins that mediate lipid transfer at intracellular membrane contact sites by a bridge-like mechanism. Mammalian genomes comprise 4 VPS13 genes encoding proteins with distinct localizations and function. The gene duplication resulting in VPS13A and VPS13C is the most recent in evolution and, accordingly, these two proteins are the most similar to each other. However, they have distinct subcellular localizations and their loss of function mutations in humans are compatible with life but result in two different age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, chorea-acanthocytosis and Parkinsons disease, respectively. Thus, it remains unclear whether these two proteins have overlapping functions. Here, we show that while Vps13a KO and Vps13c KO mice are viable, embryonic development of Vps13a/Vps13c double knockout (DKO) mice is arrested at midgestation. Prior to death, DKO embryos were smaller than controls, were anemic and had a smaller liver, the key erythropoietic site at this developmental stage. Further analyses of erythroid precursor cells showed that their differentiation was impaired and that this defect was accompanied by activation of innate immunity as revealed by upregulation of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). Additionally, the RIG-I and MDA5 components of dsRNA triggered innate immunity were found upregulated in the DKO fetal liver. Activation of innate immunity may result from loss of integrity of the membranes of intracellular organelles, such as mitochondria and autophagic lysosomes, due to the absence of these lipid transport proteins. The surprising and striking synthetic effect resulting for the combined loss of VPS13A and VPS13C suggests that despite of the different localization of these two proteins, the lipid fluxes that they mediate are partially redundant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancuso, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonzino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiss, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defect in hematopoiesis and embryonic lethality at midgestation of Vps13a/Vps13c double knockout mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.07.652698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic immunity to infection is driven by mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.07.652698v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As large consumers of cellular metabolites, mitochondria are positioned to compete with invading microbes for the nutrients they require to grow. Yet, little is known of whether cells weaponize mitochondrial metabolism during infection. We found that the transcription factor ATF4 activated a mitochondrial metabolic defense based on the essential B vitamin folate. During infection with the human parasite Toxoplasma gondii, ATF4 increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels by driving the one-carbon (1C) metabolism processes that occur in mitochondria and use folate. The activation of ATF4 depended on host detection of parasite effector proteins, and restricted parasite growth by limiting its access to folate(s) required for dTMP synthesis. Impairing host mitochondrial 1C metabolism downstream of ATF4 promoted parasite growth, while forcing host dependence on mitochondrial 1C metabolism had the opposite effect. ATF4 activation also promoted a host-protective response in a mouse model of Toxoplasma infection. Thus, ATF4 rewires mitochondrial metabolism to activate a folate-based metabolic immunity against Toxoplasma. Our work paves the way for future studies exploring noncanonical defense strategies mediated by mitochondria and the role of folate metabolism during infectious disease.

One-Sentence SummaryATF4 rewires mitochondrial metabolism during infection to drive a host-protective response based on folate competition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, T. C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allmeroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purrio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesaros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giavalisco, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic immunity to infection is driven by mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.11.652904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeny-driven design of broadly protective sarbecovirus receptor-binding domain nanoparticle vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.11.652904v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and sarbecoviruses with pandemic potential must elicit a robust humoral immune response in a population imprinted with the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. Here, we designed protein nanoparticle (NP) vaccines co-displaying the SARS-CoV-2 BA.5, SARS-CoV-1, and BtKY72 receptor-binding domains (RBDs) with or without the Wuhan-Hu-1 (Wu) RBD. We show that these vaccines elicit cross-reactive and broadly neutralizing plasma antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants and sarbecoviruses in naive and pre-immune animals. Immunization with multivalent RBD-NPs overcomes immune imprinting and elicits neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells specific for the BA.5, SARS-CoV-1, and BtKY72 RBDs in mRNA-1273-vaccinated non-human primates. Multivalent RBD-NPs outperform a monovalent Wu RBD-NP vaccine by providing superior protection in mice and non-human primates challenged with the vaccine-mismatched SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 or the pre-emergent RsSHC014. These data support the use of multivalent RBD-NP vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 variants and sarbecoviruses in naive and pre-immune populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Addetia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprouse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leaf, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walls, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catanzaro, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treichel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willoughby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beirne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessaint, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.11.652904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeny-driven design of broadly protective sarbecovirus receptor-binding domain nanoparticle vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.09.653162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social Exclusion Amplifies Behavioral Responses to Physical Pain via Insular Neuromodulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.09.653162v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Pain Overlap Theory" (1) proposes that the experience of social pain overlaps with and amplifies the experience of physical pain by sharing parts of the same underlying processing systems (2-6). In humans, the insular cortex has been implicated in this overlap of physical and social pain, but a mechanistic link has not been made (2,4,5,7-9). To determine whether social pain can subsequently impact responses to nociceptive stimuli via convergent electrical signals (spikes) or convergent chemical signals (neuromodulators), we designed a novel Social Exclusion paradigm termed the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) Task which facilitates a mechanistic investigation in mice. We found that socially-excluded mice display more severe responses to physical pain, disrupted valence encoding, and impaired neural representations of nociceptive stimuli. We performed a systematic biosensor panel and found that endocannabinoid and oxytocin signaling in the insular cortex have opposing responses during trials where mice were attending or not attending to the Social Exclusion events respectively, demonstrating distinct neuromodulatory substrates that underpin different states of Social Exclusion. We also found that intra-insular blockade of oxytocin signaling increased the response to physical pain following Social Exclusion. Together these findings suggest Social Exclusion effectively alters physical pain perception using neuromodulatory signaling in the insular cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aloboudi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Say, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nono, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delahanty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taschbach, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benna, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tye, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social Exclusion Amplifies Behavioral Responses to Physical Pain via Insular Neuromodulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.10.653263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human-specific regulatory mechanism revealed in a preimplantation model 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.10.653263v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cell-based human embryo models offer a unique opportunity for functional studies of the human-specific features of development. Here, we genetically and epigenetically manipulate human blastoids, a 3D embryo model of the blastocyst, to investigate the functional impact of HERVK LTR5Hs, a hominoid-specific endogenous retrovirus, on preimplantation development. We uncover a pervasive cis-regulatory contribution of LTR5Hs elements to the hominoid-specific diversification of the blastoids epiblast transcriptome. Many of the nearly 700 LTR5Hs genomic insertions in the human genome are unique to our own species. We show that at least one such human-specific LTR5Hs element is essential for the blastoid-forming potential via enhancing expression of the primate-specific ZNF729 gene, encoding a KRAB zinc finger protein. ZNF729 binds G/C-rich sequences, extremely abundant at gene promoters associated with basic cellular functions, such cell proliferation and metabolism. Surprisingly, despite mediating recruitment of TRIM28, at many of these promoters ZNF729 acts as a transcriptional activator. Together, our results illustrate how recently emerged transposable elements and genes can confer developmentally essential functions in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fueyo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swigut, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakauchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.10.653263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human-specific regulatory mechanism revealed in a preimplantation model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.06.652459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessment of nucleic acid structure prediction in CASP16 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.06.652459v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Consistently accurate 3D nucleic acid structure prediction would facilitate studies of the diverse RNA and DNA molecules underlying life. In CASP16, blind predictions for 42 targets canvassing a full array of nucleic acid functions, from dopamine binding by DNA to formation of elaborate RNA nanocages, were submitted by 65 groups from 46 different labs worldwide. In contrast to concurrent protein structure predictions, performance on nucleic acids was generally poor, with no predictions of previously unseen natural RNA structures achieving TM-scores above 0.8. Even though automated server performance has improved, all top-performing groups were human expert predictors: Vfold, GuangzhouRNA-human, and KiharaLab. Good performance on one template-free modeling target (OLE RNA) and accurate global secondary structure prediction suggested that structural information can be extracted from multiple sequence alignments. However, 3D accuracy generally appeared to depend on the availability of closely related 3D structure templates, and predictions still did not achieve consistent recovery of pseudoknots, singlet Watson-Crick-Franklin pairs, non-canonical pairs, or tertiary motifs like A-minor interactions. For the first time, blind predictions of nucleic acid interactions with small molecules, proteins, and other nucleic acids could be assessed in CASP16. As with nucleic acid monomers, prediction accuracy for nucleic acid complexes was generally poor unless 3D templates were available. Accounting for template availability, there has not been a notable increase in nucleic acid modeling accuracy between previous blind challenges and CASP16.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagianes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryshtafovych, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.06.652459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessment of nucleic acid structure prediction in CASP16]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.06.652547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promoter strength and position govern promoter competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.06.652547v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Competition between promoters within a shared regulatory landscape has been implicated in development and disease, but the determinants of promoter competition have not been systematically studied. Here, we use a synthetic platform to introduce diverse promoters at defined genomic sites within the Sox2 locus and measure how these inserted promoters attenuate activity of the endogenous promoter. We find that reduction in endogenous Sox2 transcription is correlated with the strength of the inserted promoter. Transcription from the inserted promoter is required for competition, with longer transcript resulting in more competition. Furthermore, competition is dependent on the location of the inserted promoter, but independent of cohesin mediated loop extrusion. Lastly, we encounter silencing of the de novo inserted promoter by HUSH, which counteracts competition. Together, our work uncovers the rules governing promoter competition, highlights its impact on tuning gene expression levels, and suggests a role for RNA in mediating this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swigut, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.06.652547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promoter strength and position govern promoter competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.02.651944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chinmo is a novel regulator of differential Hippo signaling response within a single developing organ. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.02.651944v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orchestrated control of proliferation of multiple cell types is essential for building a healthy organ. Here we use larval ovary development in Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand the homeostasis of somatic and germ line cells in the formation of the female adult reproductive organ. We previously showed that the highly conserved Hippo signaling pathway regulates proliferation of both germ line and somatic cells in the D. melanogaster larval ovary. Response to Hippo signaling appeared to be mediated by different genetic mechanisms in germ line and soma, but the mechanism allowing distinct responses to the same signaling pathway remained unknown. Here we perform cell type-specific RNA-Seq of isolated germ line and somatic cells from the developing ovary at multiple time points spanning the formation of germ line stem cell niches, in either a Hippo signaling loss- or gain-of-function genetic background. Applying network analysis to these data revealed a novel regulator of ovarian development, the transcription factor chinmo. Subsequent experimental validation showed that chinmo acts as a key germ cell-specific translator of Hippo signaling in the developing ovary, allowing the Hippo signal to be transduced in cell type-specific ways in germ line and somatic cells within the same organ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarikere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ylla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chinmo is a novel regulator of differential Hippo signaling response within a single developing organ.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.02.651258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The LOTUS domain of Oskar promotes localisation of both protein and mRNA components of Drosophila germ plasm 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.02.651258v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germ cells transmit genetic information to the next generation in multicellular organisms. In Drosophila melanogaster, germ cells are determined by germ plasm, a specialised cytoplasm assembled by the Oskar protein. The current view of the molecular mechanism of germ plasm assembly attributes recruitment of protein and mRNA germ plasm components to distinct domains of the Oskar protein, called the LOTUS and OSK domains respectively. However, most evidence for this model is based on in vitro studies. Here we test the ability of Oskar variants to assemble functional germ plasm in vivo. We found that Vasa recruitment was largely unperturbed by LOTUS deletion or mutations in vivo. In contrast, nanos and pgc mRNA recruitment was affected by LOTUS domain perturbations, despite the current model attributing mRNA recruitment to the distinct OSK domain. Taken together, these data suggest a revision of the prevailing modular view of Oskars structure-function mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Repouliou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srouji, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivard, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The LOTUS domain of Oskar promotes localisation of both protein and mRNA components of Drosophila germ plasm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.01.651681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of plant tissue culture parameters on the ploidy level of Physalis grisea, Solanum lycopersicum, and Solanum prinophyllum regenerants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.01.651681v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants regenerated from seedling explants (hypocotyls and cotyledons) of the Solanaceae family members Physalis grisea (groundcherry), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), and Solanum prinophyllum (forest nightshade) were used to determine the in vitro culture parameters that contribute to the incidence in polyploidization of tissue culture-derived plants (regenerants) from these species. We examined the possible effects of zeatin concentration in the plant regeneration medium, explant source, and species. Plants were grown to maturity under greenhouse conditions, pollen was collected and germinated. Flow cytometry analysis verified the utility of the pollen germination method for determining differences in ploidy, which was based on the number of pollen tubes produced with one tube representing diploid and two indicating polyploid. As for zeatin concentration, we assessed the effect of our standard method of initiation on medium containing 2 mg/l followed by 1 mg/l 2 weeks after culture initiation in comparison with 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/l throughout the culture lifetime. There were no major correlations for zeatin concentration on ploidy status across the species except for plants regenerated from S. lycopersicum hypocotyl explants where the percentage of polyploid regenerants increased with increasing concentrations. As for species and explant effects, P. grisea plants regenerated from hypocotyl explants had the highest percentage of polyploid plants at 81% compared to 43% and 35% for S. lycopersicum and S. prinophyllum, respectively. From cotyledons, 8% of S. lycopersicum and 20% of S. prinophyllum were polyploid. A comparison with P. grisea could not be made because cotyledon explants do not regenerate on zeatin-containing medium. The results indicated the incidence of polyploidization cannot be generalized for zeatin concentration, however, an influence of explant type and species was observed. Effects of increased ploidy on plant morphology were primarily larger flower and seed size; however, no significant differences were observed in plant or fruit size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartwood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of plant tissue culture parameters on the ploidy level of Physalis grisea, Solanum lycopersicum, and Solanum prinophyllum regenerants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.02.651832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and Spatial Organization of the Primary Olfactory System and its Responses to Social Odors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.02.651832v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The detection of olfactory cues is essential to signal food, predators, and social encounters. To determine how the sensory detection of physiologically relevant odors is systematically mapped into the mouse primary olfactory system, we used Multiplexed Error Robust Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (MERFISH) to construct a molecular atlas of odorant receptor (OR) expression in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and olfactory bulb (OB). We comprehensively quantified the expression of the mouse OR repertoire and uncovered stereotypical gradients of sensory neuron distribution in the MOE along two, central-to-peripheral and basal-to-apical, axes. Projections of sensory neurons mirror MOE gradients along the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes of the OB, respectively. Integration with sequencing data revealed candidate signaling molecules underlying this spatial organization. Co-imaging OR and activity marker expression identified distinct spatial domains of sensory responses in the MOE and OB, providing a topographical basis for olfactory responses to ethologically relevant odors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bintu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isogai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and Spatial Organization of the Primary Olfactory System and its Responses to Social Odors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.01.651778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fmp30 is a phosphatidylinositol hydrolase that regulates CoQ biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.01.651778v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone) is a redox-active isoprene lipid that supports fundamental enzymatic and antioxidant roles in mitochondria and beyond. Despite CoQs importance in organismal health and disease, the mechanisms that regulate its biosynthetic pathway remain elusive. Motivated by this, we mined S. cerevisiae multiomics datasets for genes whose disruptions alter CoQ levels and discovered the gene FMP30 as an unexpected negative regulator of CoQ biosynthesis. Loss of FMP30 results in elevated complex Q protein abundance, increased number and intensity of CoQ domains, and ultimately enhanced CoQ biosynthetic flux. We demonstrate that Fmp30, a member of the metallo-{beta}-lactamase super family, displays phospholipase type D activity toward phosphatidylinositol and phosphoinositides, and that its deletion causes marked elevation of these lipid species in purified mitochondria. Collectively, our work nominates Fmp30 as a novel regulator linking mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism to CoQ biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fmp30 is a phosphatidylinositol hydrolase that regulates CoQ biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.28.650893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LipidCruncher: An open-source web application for processing, visualizing, and analyzing lipidomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.28.650893v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAdvances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics have led to a significant surge in data volume, underscoring a need for robust tools to efficiently evaluate and visualize these expansive datasets. While numerous software tools have been developed, current workflows are hindered by manual spreadsheet handling and insufficient data quality assessment prior to analysis. Here, we introduce LipidCruncher, an open-source, web-based platform designed to easily process, visualize, and analyze lipidomic data with high efficiency and rigor.

ResultsLipidCruncher consolidates key steps of the lipidomics analysis workflow, including data standardization, normalization, and stringent quality controls. The platform also provides advanced visualization and analysis tools that are tailored to interrogate lipidomic data and enable detailed and holistic data exploration. To illustrate LipidCrunchers utility, we analyzed lipidomic data from adipose tissue of mice lacking the triacylglycerol synthesis enzymes DGAT1 and DGAT2.

ConclusionsLipidCruncher fills a specific gap in the lipidomics analysis ecosystem by providing an integrated, quality-focused platform that accepts data from multiple sources and complements existing specialized tools. By bridging the critical divide between data generation and biological interpretation, LipidCruncher facilitates rigorous lipidomics analyses to accelerate the translation of complex lipid profiles into biological insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambaw, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitraju, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zon, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farese, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.650893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LipidCruncher: An open-source web application for processing, visualizing, and analyzing lipidomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.29.651360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transcriptional atlas of early Arabidopsis seed development suggests mechanisms for inter-tissue coordination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.29.651360v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful seed development is essential for flowering plant reproduction and requires the coordination of three genetically distinct tissues: the embryo and endosperm, which are the products of fertilization, and the maternal seed coat. Our understanding of the transcriptional programs underlying tissue-specific functions and inter-tissue coordination in seeds remains incomplete. To address this, we performed single nucleus RNA-sequencing on Arabidopsis thaliana seeds at 3, 5, and 7 days after pollination. We characterize all major seed cell or nuclei types, further refine transcriptional states in the endosperm, and map signatures of selection on cell type-specific genes. Among other findings, our analyses reveal the compartmentalization of genes involved in brassinosteroid-responsive transcription factor activation, abundant endosperm expression of genes that encode short, secreted peptides (SSPs), and an enrichment of rapidly evolving genes in the chalazal endosperm, illuminating the cell type and species specificity of seed genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogdill, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transcriptional atlas of early Arabidopsis seed development suggests mechanisms for inter-tissue coordination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.30.651354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CARF-HAD phosphatase effector provides immunity during the type III-A CRISPR-Cas response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.30.651354v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity against phage infection in prokaryotes using an RNA-guided complex that recognizes complementary foreign nucleic acids. Different types of CRISPR-Cas systems have been identified that differ in their mechanism of defense. Upon infection, Type III CRISPR-Cas systems employ the Cas10 complex to find phage transcripts and synthesize cyclic oligo-adenylate (cOA) messengers. These ligands bind and activate CARF immune effectors that cause cell toxicity to prevent the completion of the viral lytic cycle. Here we investigated two proteins containing an N-terminal haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) phosphatase domain followed by four predicted transmembrane helices and a C-terminal CARF domain, which we named Chp. We show that, in vivo, Chp localizes to the bacterial membrane and that its activation induces a growth arrest, leads to a depletion of ATP and IMP and prevents phage propagation during the type III CRISPR-Cas response. In vitro, the CARF domain of Chp binds cyclic tetra-adenylates and the HAD phosphatase domain dephosphorylates dATP, ATP and IMP. Our findings extend the range of molecular mechanisms employed by CARF effectors to defend prokaryotes against phage infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marraffini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.651354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CARF-HAD phosphatase effector provides immunity during the type III-A CRISPR-Cas response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.30.651551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anoxia activates CRISPR-Cas immunity in the intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.30.651551v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The natural context in which CRISPR-Cas systems are active in Enterobacteriaceae has remained enigmatic. Here, we find that the Citrobacter rodentium Type I-E CRISPR-Cas system is activated by the oxygen-responsive transcriptional regulator Fnr in the anoxic mouse intestine. Since Fnr-dependent regulation is predicted in ~41% of Enterobacteriaceae cas3 orthologs, we propose that anoxic regulation of CRISPR-Cas immunity is an adaptation that protects Enterobacteriaceae against threats arising from the intestinal microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basta, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingl, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doranga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.651551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anoxia activates CRISPR-Cas immunity in the intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.25.650428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-term gonadal cultures are sufficient for germline transmission in a songbird 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.25.650428v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are germline stem cells that develop into sperm or egg cells and are valuable for avian biobanking and the propagation of donor-derived offspring. However, in non-poultry birds the long-term maintenance and self-renewal of PGCs in vitro remains challenging. This limitation hinders biobanking in other avian clades, particularly in the zebra finch and other songbirds that uniquely possess a germline restricted chromosome (GRC). Here, we generated and compared short-term cultures of chicken and zebra finch PGCs from the embryonic gonads or blood, as well as established long-term cultures of chicken PGCs. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that the transcriptome profile of long-term chicken gonadal cultures were exclusively PGCs, whereas the short-term chicken and zebra finch cultures represented a heterogeneous mixture of cell types. The zebra finch culture further included rapidly differentiating PGCs, as well as a germ cell type not previously identified in the embryonic songbird gonad. Although zebra finch short-term gonadal cultures did not yield robust long-term PGC cultures, short-term cultured PGCs were able to integrate into host zebra finch gonads after injection into the dorsal aorta, contribute to gametic populations in adult chimeras, and give rise to phenotypically- and genomically-validated offspring. This study provides a foundation for using short-term gonadal cultures to derive donor and transgenic offspring in songbirds and further explore the unique developmental genetics of PGCs across the avian clade.

SummaryBeyond poultry, the long-term culture of self-renewing primordial germ cells (PGCs) remains a challenge. Here, we compare the cell population heterogeneity and reproductive viability of gonadal cultures for the zebra finch, a songbird model of vocal learning, with established chicken PGC protocols. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identify the rapid differentiation of zebra finch gonadal germ cells in vitro, including germline identities not previously noted in the embryonic gonad. In comparison, these differentiated cell profiles were also found in zebra finch blood PGC culture conditions, but not identified in short- or long-term chicken PGC cultures. Host embryo injections of these short-term zebra finch gonadal cultures resulted in germline chimeric animals, but at lower rates of gonadal reconstitution compared to chicken. Nonetheless, these cultures allowed for the derivation of zebra finch germline chimeras that yield phenotypically- and genomically-validated offspring from cultured PGCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biegler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szialta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchernichovski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacIsaac, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyte, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.25.650428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-term gonadal cultures are sufficient for germline transmission in a songbird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.23.650240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialized parallel pathways for adaptive control of visual object pursuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.23.650240v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To pursue a moving visual object, the brain must generate motor commands that continuously steer the object to the center of the visual field via feedback. The gain of this control loop is flexible, yet the biological mechanisms underlying such adaptive control are not well-understood. Here we show that adaptive control in the Drosophila pursuit system involves two parallel pathways. One detects objects in the periphery and steers them toward the center of the visual field. The other detects objects near the center of the visual field and steers them to the visual midline. This latter pathway is flexible: gain increases when the object is moving away from the midline and when the pursuer is running fast. This latter pathway is also preferentially recruited when the fly is aroused, and suppressing it decreases pursuit performance. Our findings demonstrate how adaptive control can emerge from parallel pathways with specialized properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collie, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellogg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderbeck, Q. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtz, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialized parallel pathways for adaptive control of visual object pursuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.22.650067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Methylation Dynamics of Dose-dependent Acute Exercise, Training Adaptation, and Detraining 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.22.650067v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise and diet are direct physical contributors to human health, wellness, resilience, and performance1-5. Endurance and resistance training are known to improve healthspan through various biological processes such as mitochondrial function6-8, telomere maintenance9, and inflammaging10. Although several training prescriptions have been defined with specific merits 1,10-20, the long-term effects of these in terms of their molecular alterations have not yet been well explored. In this study, we focus on two combined endurance and resistance training programs: (1) traditional moderate-intensity continuous endurance and resistance exercise (TRAD) and (2) a variation of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) we refer to as high intensity tactical training (HITT), to assess the dynamics of DNA methylation (DNAm) in blood and muscle derived from males (N=23) and females (N=31), over a 12-week period of training followed by a 4-week period of detraining, sampled at pre-exercise and acute time points, totaling 528 samples. Due to its rapid responsiveness to stimuli and its stability, DNAm has been known to facilitate regulatory cascades that significantly affect various physiological processes and pathways. We find that several thousand differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with acute exercise in blood, many of which are shared across males and females. This trend is reversed when comparing the baseline (pre-exercise) time points or post-exercise timepoints at the untrained state with those at the post-conditioned state. Here, muscle shows majority of DNAm changes, with most of those being unique. We also find several hundred "memory" DMRs in muscle that maintain the gain or loss of methylation after four weeks of inactivity. Comparing phenotypic measurements, we find specific DMRs that correlate significantly with mitochondrial function and myofiber switching. Using machine learning, we select a subset of DMRs that are most characteristic of training modalities, sex and timepoint. Most of the DMRs are enriched in pathways associated with immune function, cell differentiation, and exercise adaptation. These findings reveal mechanisms by which exercise- and training-induced epigenetic changes alter immune surveillance, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory response, and underscore the relevance of epigenetic plasticity to health monitoring and wellness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenberg, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAdam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.22.650067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Methylation Dynamics of Dose-dependent Acute Exercise, Training Adaptation, and Detraining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.21.649851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tanycyte Bmal1 sex-specifically regulates weight gain and hypothalamic neurogenesis in female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.21.649851v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamic radial-glia-like tanycyte population plays important and intertwined roles in feeding and metabolism, reproduction, and seasonality. Although these processes are circadian-regulated and clock genes reportedly show robust cycling along the 3rd ventricle, the role of the clock in tanycytes has not yet been examined. We report here that clock genes cycle with much higher amplitude in ventral tanycytes compared to more dorsal ependymocytes of the 3rd ventricle, and that specific disruption of the tanycyte clock can be achieved by adult Bmal1 deletion using the RaxCreER driver. Adult tanycyte Bmal1 deletion did not affect circadian rhythms of wheel-running and sleep, but did inhibit weight gain on high-fat diet in female mice. Altered tanycyte-derived hypothalamic neurogenesis, which can regulate feeding and weight gain by contributing new neurons to nearby feeding-relevant nuclei, is one mechanism that likely contributes to this phenotype. Fate mapping studies showed that female mice have higher baseline tanycyte-derived neurogenesis than males, with many of the resulting neurons localizing to the feeding-relevant arcuate nucleus. Female but not male mice show reduced tanycyte-derived arcuate neurogenesis after adult tanycyte Bmal1 deletion and an increased percentage of newborn arcuate neurons take on a feeding-suppressing POMC neuropeptidergic fate. Thereby, skewing of feeding and satiety promoting fates link the weight homeostasis and neurogenesis effects. Together, our data establish tanycyte Bmal1 as a sexually dimorphic regulator of weight homeostasis, likely mediated at least in part by a female-specific neurogenesis effect in the feeding circuitry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iascone, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pivarshev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Valencia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noya, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anafi, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedont, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tanycyte Bmal1 sex-specifically regulates weight gain and hypothalamic neurogenesis in female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.19.649648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type- and chromosome-specific chromatin landscapes and DNA replication programs of Drosophila testicular stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.19.649648v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells have the unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histones and their post-translational modifications, play a crucial role in regulating programs integral to a cells identity, like gene expression and DNA replication. However, the transcriptional, chromatin, and replication timing profiles of adult stem cells in vivo remain poorly understood. Containing germline stem cells (GSCs) and somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs), the Drosophila testis provides an excellent in vivo model for studying adult stem cells. However, the small number of stem cells and cellular heterogeneity of this tissue have limited comprehensive genomic studies.

In this study, we developed cell type-specific genomic techniques to analyze the transcriptome, histone modification patterns, and replication timing of GSC-like and CySC-like cells. Single cell RNA sequencing validated previous findings on GSC-CySC intercellular communication and revealed high expression of chromatin regulators in GSC-like cells. To characterize chromatin landscapes, we developed a cell-type-specific chromatin profiling assay to map H3K4me3-, H3K27me3-, and H3K9me3- enriched regions, corresponding to euchromatic, facultative heterochromatic, and constitutive heterochromatic domains, respectively. Finally, we determined cell type-specific replication timing profiles, integrating our in vivo datasets with published data using cultured cell lines. Our results reveal that GSC-like cells display a distinct replication program compared to somatic lineages, that aligns with chromatin state differences. Collectively, our integrated transcriptomic, chromatin, and replication datasets provide a comprehensive framework for understanding genome regulation differences between these in vivo stem cell populations, demonstrating the power of multi-omics in uncovering cell type- specific regulatory features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringwalt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.19.649648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type- and chromosome-specific chromatin landscapes and DNA replication programs of Drosophila testicular stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.20.649668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRCA2 reversion mutation-independent resistance to PARP inhibition in prostate cancer through loss of function perturbations in the DNA pre-replication complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.20.649668v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent approvals of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) for BRCA-mutant metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) necessitate an understanding of the factors that shape sensitivity and resistance. Reversion mutations that restore homologous recombination (HR) repair are detected in [~]50-80% of BRCA-mutant patients who respond but subsequently relapse, but there is currently little insight into why only [~]50% of BRCA-mutant patients display upfront resistance. To address this question, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen to identify genomic determinants of PARPi resistance in murine Brca2{Delta}/{Delta} prostate organoids genetically engineered in a manner that precludes the development of reversion mutations. Remarkably, we recovered multiple independent sgRNAs targeting three different members (Cdt1, Cdc6, Dbf4) of the DNA pre-replication complex (pre-RC), each of which independently conferred resistance to olaparib and the next generation PARP-1 selective inhibitor AZD5305. Moreover, sensitivity to PARP inhibition was restored in Brca2{Delta}/{Delta}, Cdc6-depleted prostate cells by knockdown of geminin, a negative regulator of Cdt1, further implicating the critical role of a functional pre-RC complex in PARPi sensitivity. Furthermore, [~]50% of CRPC tumors have copy number loss of pre-RC complex genes, particularly CDT1. Mechanistically, prostate cells with impaired pre-RC activity displayed rapid resolution of olaparib-induced DNA damage as well as protection from replication fork degradation caused by Brca2 loss, providing insight into how Brca2-mutant cancer cells can escape cell death from replication stress induced by PARP inhibition in the absence of HR repair. Of note, a pharmacologic inhibitor that targets the CDT1/geminin complex (AF615) restored sensitivity to AZD5305, providing a potential translational avenue to enhance sensitivity to PARP inhibition in BRCA-mutant cancers.

SignificanceHere, we address a major limitation in the effectiveness of PARP inhibitors in BRCA-mutant prostate cancer treatment: only [~]50% of patients respond despite clear genomic evidence of defective homologous recombination. Prior efforts to study PARP inhibitor resistance in prostate cancer have been plagued by the lack of suitable cell lines. We overcame this challenge using primary prostate organoids coupled with genome-wide CRISPR screening. The key finding is that loss of function mutations in the DNA pre-replication complex confer PARP inhibitor resistance. These genes map to chromosomal regions frequently lost in prostate cancer and could therefore serve as potential biomarkers of treatment response. Pharmacologic inhibition of geminin, a negative regulator of the pre-replication complex, can restore PARP inhibitor sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pappas, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaClair, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang-Hobbs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abida, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karthaus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.20.649668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRCA2 reversion mutation-independent resistance to PARP inhibition in prostate cancer through loss of function perturbations in the DNA pre-replication complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.21.649849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of human organellar SPFH protein complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.21.649849v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stomatin, Prohibitin, Flotillin, and HflK/C (SPFH) family proteins are found in all kingdoms of life and in multiple eukaryotic organelles. SPFH proteins assemble into homo- or hetero-oligomeric rings that form domed structures. Most SPFH assemblies also abut a cellular membrane, where they are implicated in diverse functions ranging from membrane organization to protein quality control. However, the precise architectures of different SPFH complexes remain unclear. Here, we report single-particle cryo-EM structures of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident Erlin1/2 complex and the mitochondrial prohibitin (PHB1/2) complex, revealing assemblies of 13 heterodimers of Erlin1 and Erlin2 and 11 heterodimers of PHB1 and PHB2, respectively. We also describe key interactions underlying the architecture of each complex and conformational heterogeneity of the PHB1/2 complex. Our findings elucidate the distinct stoichiometries and properties of human organellar SPFH complexes and highlight common principles of SPFH complex organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherpa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of human organellar SPFH protein complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.21.648266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific transposable element demethylation and TAD remodeling in the aging mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.21.648266v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, yet underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we generated a comprehensive single-nucleus cell atlas of brain aging across multiple brain regions, comprising 132,551 single-cell methylomes and 72,666 joint chromatin conformation-methylome nuclei. Integration with companion transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility data yielded a cross-modality taxonomy of 36 major cell types. We observed that age-related methylation changes were more pronounced in non-neuronal cells. Transposable element methylation alone distinguished age groups, showing cell-type-specific genome-wide demethylation. Chromatin conformation analysis demonstrated age-related increases in TAD boundary strength with enhanced accessibility at CTCF binding sites. Spatial transcriptomics across 895,296 cells revealed regional heterogeneity during aging within identical cell types. Finally, we developed novel deep-learning models that accurately predict age-related gene expression changes using multi-modal epigenetic features, providing mechanistic insights into gene regulation. This dataset advances our understanding of brain aging and offers potential translational applications.

HighlightsO_LISingle-cell multi-omic profiling maps the epigenetic and spatial transcriptomic landscape of brain aging across multiple regions.
C_LIO_LICell-type-specific genome-wide demethylation of retrotransposable elements correlates with increased chromatin accessibility and expression.
C_LIO_LIElevated TAD boundary strength emerges as a unique marker of brain aging associated with CTCF gaining accessibility.
C_LIO_LIA novel deep-learning model reveals the significance of epigenetic features on age-related transcriptomic changes across genes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valadon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Becerra, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcoma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzavala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.648266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific transposable element demethylation and TAD remodeling in the aging mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.20.649728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear 2'-O-methylation regulates RNA splicing through its binding protein FUBP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.20.649728v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2'-O-methylation (Nm) is an abundant RNA modification exists on different mammalian RNA species. However, potential Nm recognition by proteins has not been extensively explored. Here, we employed RNA affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry to identify Nm-binding proteins. The candidates exhibit enriched binding at known Nm sites. Interestingly, some candidates display nuclear localization and functions. We focused on the splicing factor FUBP1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) validated preference of FUBP1 to Nm-modified RNA. As FUBP1 predominantly binds intronic regions, we profiled Nm sites in chromatin-associated RNA (caRNA) and found Nm enrichment within introns. Depletion of Nm led to increased exon skipping, suggesting Nm-dependent splicing regulation. The caRNA Nm sites overlap with FUBP1 binding sites, and Nm depletion reduced FUBP1 occupancy on modified regions. Furthermore, FUBP1 depletion induced exon skipping in Nm-modified genes, supporting its role in mediating Nm-dependent splicing regulation. Overall, our findings identify FUBP1 as an Nm-binding protein and uncover previously unrecognized nuclear functions for RNA Nm modification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.20.649728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear 2'-O-methylation regulates RNA splicing through its binding protein FUBP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.18.649598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear envelope budding is a non-canonical mechanism to export large transcripts in muscle cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.18.649598v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, nuclear envelope budding (NEB) has emerged as an alternative route for nuclear export of viral particles that are too large to pass through the nuclear pore complex. Yet, the significance of this unconventional export pathway for large endogenous cargoes in mammalian cells has remained largely unexplored. Here, we use a combination of electron and fluorescence microscopy to demonstrate that NEB events occur following myoblast differentiation into myotubes and concomitant with the expression of extremely long muscle-specific transcripts. We show that NE buds are derived from the inner nuclear membrane, contain internal vesicles, and are specifically enriched with long sarcomeric transcripts. We identify a role for the protein UIF in regulating mRNA cargo targeting into NE buds and show that this pathway requires the ESCRT-III membrane remodeling machinery. Our findings uncover a non-canonical pathway for large transcript nuclear export in muscle cells and provide insight into its mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaganelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrisch, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voeltz, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.649598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear envelope budding is a non-canonical mechanism to export large transcripts in muscle cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.19.649570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide mapping of mesoscale neuronal RNA organization and condensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.19.649570v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcellular RNA organization can affect critical cellular functions. However, our understanding of RNA microenvironments, particularly biomolecular condensates, remains limited, largely due to a lack of technologies to comprehensively interrogate mesoscale RNA organization. Here, we adapt Split-Pool Recognition of Interactions by Tag Extension to map micron-scale RNA-RNA spatial proximity genome-wide across cell regions (RNA-SPRITE). Deploying RNA-SPRITE, we find extensive, conserved organization of mature mRNAs, with increased colocalization between mRNAs that share RNA-binding protein (RBP) motifs or encode functionally related proteins. Both effects are especially strong in dendrites and axons, suggesting prevalent mRNA co-regulation. Moreover, mRNAs with less compact folding, lower translation efficiency, and specific RBP motifs are more likely to be in RNA-rich condensates. However, perturbations that broadly dissolve or enhance condensation reveal that RBP motif and encoded protein-mediated colocalizations largely remain intact, independent of condensation. These results demonstrate the power of RNA-SPRITE in revealing critical aspects of RNAs functional organization.

In BriefUnbiased, genome-wide maps of RNA-RNA mesoscale spatial proximity uncover extensive subcellular organization and its governing principles.

HighlightsO_LIRNA-SPRITE reveals micron-scale RNA colocalization genome-wide across cell regions
C_LIO_LImRNA colocalization specificity is driven by shared motifs and encoded protein function
C_LIO_LImRNAs with less compact folding, lower translation efficiency, and distinct protein-binding motifs are more likely to be in condensates
C_LIO_LINeurites have a particularly high degree of sequence and function-dependent mRNA organization
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinodoz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comi, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.19.649570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide mapping of mesoscale neuronal RNA organization and condensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.16.649033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
L-2-hydroxyglutarate impairs neuronal differentiation through epigenetic activation of MYC expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.16.649033v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High levels of L- and D-2-hydroxyglutarate, the reduced forms of -ketoglutarate (KG), are implicated in human neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. Both enantiomers exert effects on epigenetics by modulating a family of KG-dependent dioxygenases involved in histone, DNA and RNA demethylation. L-2HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) converts L-2HG to KG. Its deficiency is a rare, autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism (IEM) characterized by systemic elevations of L-2HG, progressive neurological disability and a high risk of malignancy in the brain. The mechanisms behind these aberrations are unknown. Here we used an isogenic, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) system to study the impact of L2HGDH deficiency on neural progenitor cell (NPC) function and neuronal differentiation. We demonstrate that L2HGDH deficiency causes accumulation of L-2HG, NPC hyperproliferation, increased clonogenicity, excessive growth, and defective neuronal differentiation in 2D cultures and cortical spheroids. Editing the L2HGDH locus to wild-type reverses these effects. Blocking L-2HG accumulation in NPCs with a glutaminase inhibitor also induces neuronal differentiation. L-2HG-dependent inhibition of KDM5 histone demethylases leads to widespread retention of H3K4me2 and H3K4me3, markers of active gene expression. These marks are prominently elevated at the MYC locus in L2HGDH-deficient cells, and consequently cells express high MYC both in 2D culture and in many distinct cell types within cortical spheroids. Although thousands of loci display altered histone methylation, genetically or pharmacologically normalizing MYC is sufficient to completely reverse defective neuronal differentiation. These data indicate that the primary metabolic disturbance in an iPSC IEM model activates the MYC oncogene, favoring stem cell self-renewal and suppressing lineage commitment to neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solmonson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasdogan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westfall, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faubert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudderth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afroze, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezprozvanny, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudarshan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBrayer, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[L-2-hydroxyglutarate impairs neuronal differentiation through epigenetic activation of MYC expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.15.649019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptor diversity and evolution in the closest living relatives of Metazoa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.15.649019v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a pivotal role in the perception of environmental cues across eukaryotic diversity. Although GPCRs have been relatively well characterized in metazoans, GPCR signaling is poorly understood in their sister group, the choanoflagellates, and in other close relatives of metazoans (CRMs). Here, we examine GPCR diversity and evolution in choanoflagellates by curating a catalog of 918 GPCRs, 141 G proteins, and 367 associated regulators from 23 choanoflagellate genomes and transcriptomes. We found that the repertoire of choanoflagellate GPCRs is larger and more diverse than previously anticipated, with 18 GPCR families found in choanoflagellates, of which 12 families are newly identified in these organisms. Comparative analyses revealed that most choanoflagellate GPCR families are conserved in metazoans and/or other eukaryotic lineages. Adhesion GPCRs and a class of GPCRs fused to kinases (the GPCR-TKL/Ks) are the most abundant GPCRs in choanoflagellates. The identification of GPCR repertoires in CRMs and other non-metazoans refines our understanding of metazoan GPCR evolution and reveals the existence of previously unreported GPCR families in metazoans and at the root of the eukaryotic tree.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia De Las Bayonas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.649019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G protein-coupled receptor diversity and evolution in the closest living relatives of Metazoa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.16.647665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered protein circuits for cancer therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.16.647665v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many targeted therapies indirectly suppress cancer cells by inhibiting oncogenic signaling pathways such as Ras1-4. This renders them susceptible to resistance and limits their long-term clinical efficacy4-10. Engineered protein circuits11-25 have been envisioned as an alternative to pharmacological inhibition that directly rewires oncogenic activity to cell death. However, it has remained unclear whether engineered protein circuits can potently and safely treat cancers. Here, we show that Ras-targeting circuits can accurately discriminate between cancer and non-cancer cells, circumvent intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms that limit pharmacological inhibitors, and suppress cancer in vivo. These circuits combine three modules: a protease-based sensor that responds to a broad spectrum of clinically relevant Ras mutations, an optional protease amplifier, and protease-triggered cell death effectors. These effectors can flexibly trigger either non-inflammatory apoptosis or immunogenic pyroptosis, which has been shown to extend therapeutic effects beyond transfected cells26,27. The resulting sense-kill circuits can be safely, efficiently, and transiently delivered to cells as mRNA in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). The circuits exhibited potent efficacy against Ras-mutant human cancer cell lines with minimal off-target killing of wild-type Ras cells. In immunocompetent mice bearing aggressive, multifocal Ras-driven liver tumors, systemically-delivered mRNA-LNP circuits significantly reduced tumor burden. Further, therapeutic circuits provided more potent killing of Ras-mutant cancer cells than the Ras inhibitors Sotorasib and RMC-79777,28-30, and exhibited increased sensitivity to Sotorasib-resistant cells in vitro. These results establish a potent, specific, and programmable mechanism for treating cancer and other human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budde, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klock, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegwart, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.647665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered protein circuits for cancer therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.15.649018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Archaeal SegAB forms a bipolar structure that promotes chromosome segregation in spherical cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.15.649018v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaeal segAB operons are thought to promote chromosome segregation, but their mechanism remains unknown. We employ comparative genomics, structural biology, genetic knockouts, and quantitative cell biology to investigate how SegA and SegB proteins work together to segregate chromosomes in the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In vitro, SegB binds a centromeric DNA sequence adjacent to the segAB operon, and in vivo forms a distinct focus on each segregating chromosome. SegA, a ParA-like ATPase, binds DNA non-specifically in vitro and promotes chromosome compaction and segregation in vivo. During division, SegA shifts from chromosome-associated puncta to form a single, elongated figure that runs between separating SegB foci. Late in division, SegA retreats to regions surrounding separated SegB foci. Elongated SegA figures appear in segB knockout cells but no longer lie perpendicular to the division plane. We propose that SegA and SegB interact to form a bipolar, DNA-segregating structure radically different from bacterial ParABS systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charles-Orszag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauskulage, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhowmick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goddard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wolferen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asper, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albers, S.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.649018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Archaeal SegAB forms a bipolar structure that promotes chromosome segregation in spherical cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.11.648401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosquito sex under lock and key 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.11.648401v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes, the worlds deadliest animal, exemplify single-mating systems where females mate only once in their lifetime, making mate choice critically important for reproductive success and mosquito control. Despite this importance, the mechanisms of female mating control and what prevents additional matings remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we developed a dual-color fluorescent sperm system in invasive Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and quantified mating patterns, confirming that 86-96% of females mate only once. Using behavioral tracking of mating pairs, deep learning, and quantitative analysis at increasing resolution, we discovered that females actively control mating initiation through a previously undescribed behavior: genital tip elongation. This female response is triggered by rapidly evolving male genital structures, creating a precise lock-and-key mechanism that determines mating success. Comparative analysis revealed that Aedes albopictus, separated from Aedes aegypti by 35 million years of evolution, employs a similar female-controlled system. However, Aedes albopictus males uniquely bypass female control when attempting cross-species matings with Aedes aegypti females but not with conspecific females. This "lock-picking" ability, combined with the known sterility of cross-species matings, may explain how Aedes albopictus competitively displaces Aedes aegypti populations in overlapping territories. Our findings redefine mosquito reproduction as a female-controlled process and establish a quantitative framework for investigating the molecular and neurobiological mechanisms underlying mating control and species competition in these globally important disease vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houri-Zeevi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzauti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasolli, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosshall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.11.648401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosquito sex under lock and key]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.15.648937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct satellite DNA composition between core and germline restricted chromosomes in Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.15.648937v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programmed DNA elimination (PDE), a phenomenon wherein cells eliminate a subset of genetic material during certain stages of development, is observed in a broad range of organisms. The fungus gnat Bradysia (formerly Sciara) coprophila undergoes a series of PDE events during their development, including elimination of germline-restricted chromosomes (called L chromosomes) in soma and elimination of paternal chromosomes during male meiosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are poorly understood. Highly repetitive satellite DNA, which often shows chromosome specific distribution, is a possible candidate for sequences involved in PDE. In this study, we utilized recent genomic data and genome assemblies to identify new satellite DNA sequences of B. coprophila. Through characterization of satellite DNA distribution on chromosomes, we found that the X and autosomes do not share centromeric satellite DNA sequence with the L chromosomes. We further provide the cytological evidence that confirms a recent finding based on the genome assembly that there are two distinct L chromosomes that were not previously distinguished cytologically. Together, our work lays a foundation for future studies to explore the possible connection between satellite DNA and the mechanism of PDE in B. coprophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerrebrock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodson, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.648937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct satellite DNA composition between core and germline restricted chromosomes in Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.09.647907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E3 ligase HECTD4 regulates COX-2 dependent tumor progression and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.09.647907v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
E3 ubiquitin ligases mediating turnover of proteins engaged in cancer progression point to key regulatory nodes. To uncover modifiers of metastatic competency, we conducted an in vivo genome-wide CRISPR-inactivation screen using cultured breast circulating tumor cells, following intravascular seeding and lung colonization. We identified HECTD4, a previously uncharacterized gene encoding a conserved potential HECT domain-containing ubiquitin transferase, as a potent tumor and metastasis suppressor. We show that purified HECTD4 mediates ubiquitin conjugation in vitro, and proteomic studies combined with ubiquitin remnant profiling identify a major degradation target as the prostaglandin synthetic enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2; PTGS2). In addition to COX-2 itself, HECTD4 targets its regulatory kinase MKK7. In breast cancer models, HECTD4 expression is induced as cells lose adherence to the matrix, and its depletion massively increases COX-2 expression, enhancing anchorage-independent proliferation and tumorigenesis. Genetic or pharmacologic suppression of COX-2 reverses the pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic phenotype of HECTD4-depleted cells. Thus, HECTD4 encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that downregulates COX-2 suppressing anchorage-independence in epithelial cancer cells.

Significance StatementA genome-wide CRISPR-inactivation screen identified the previously uncharacterized E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD4, as a tumor and metastasis suppressor, with COX-2 as its major degradation target. The pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic effect of HECTD4 suppression depends on COX-2 stabilization, which is critical for anchorage-independent growth, providing a basis for investigating COX-2 inhibition to prevent metastatic recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vuille, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanriover, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micalizzi, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Animesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajizadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaniewski, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittner, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesley, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunewald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antmen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joung, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulhan, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, A. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.647907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E3 ligase HECTD4 regulates COX-2 dependent tumor progression and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.15.646138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super Recombinator (SuRe): An in vivo recombination system for scalable and efficient transgene assembly at a single genomic locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.15.646138v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity to engineer organisms with multiple transgenic components is crucial to synthetic biology and basic biology research. For the former field, transgenic organisms allow the creation of novel biological functions; for the latter, such organisms provide potent means of dissecting complex biological pathways. However, the size limitations of a single transgenesis event and challenges associated with the assembly of multiple DNA fragments hinder the efficient integration of multiple transgenes. To overcome these hurdles, here we introduce a building block for synthetic design termed an integrated genetic array (IGA), which incorporates all genetic components into a single locus to prevent their separation during genetic manipulations. Since the natural recombination rate for genes located in the same locus is near zero, to construct IGAs we developed the Super Recombinator (SuRe) system, which uses CRISPR/Cas9, alone or in combination with site-specific serine recombinases, for in vivo transgene recombination at a single genomic locus. SuRe effectively doubles the number of elements assembled in each recombination round, exponentially accelerating IGA construction. By preventing the separation of transgenic elements, SuRe greatly reduces screening burdens, as validated here through studies of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. To optimize SuRe, we compared CRISPR/Cas9-induced homology-directed recombination to site-specific recombination using various serine recombinases. Optimized versions of SuRe achieved efficiency and fidelity values near their theoretical maxima and allowed the generation of recombinant products up to 4.2 Mbp in size in Drosophila. Using SuRe, we created fruit flies with 12 transgenic elements for fluorescence voltage imaging of neural activity in precisely defined cell-types. Mathematical modeling of the scalability of SuRe to large transgene assemblies showed that integration times and gene assembly workloads respectively scale logarithmically and linearly with the number of transgenes, both major improvements over conventional approaches. Overall, SuRe enables the efficient integration of multiple genes at individual loci, up to the chromosomal scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.646138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super Recombinator (SuRe): An in vivo recombination system for scalable and efficient transgene assembly at a single genomic locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.14.648806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designed NGF mimetics with reduced nociceptive signatures in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.14.648806v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clinical use of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) for neuronal regeneration has been hampered by pain sensitization side effects. NGF signals through the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkA and the co-receptor p75NTR; pain sensitization is thought to involve p75NTR. We sought to overcome this limitation by de novo design of a TrkA agonist that does not bind p75NTR. We designed homodimeric TrkA engaging constructs that dimerize TrkA subunits in a variety of geometries, and identified those eliciting the strongest signaling. The resulting designed agonists are able to stimulate transdifferentiated neurons and neuroblastoma cell lines, leading to neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation, with considerably reduced transcription of inflammation and pain related genes. These agonists are promising candidates for promoting neuronal regeneration without adverse side effects.

HighlightsO_LIDe novo designed TrkA agonists activate MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling
C_LIO_LIRigid fusions allow for highly tunable signaling signatures
C_LIO_LITrkA agonists lead to neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma cells comparable to retinoic acid
C_LIO_LIModulation of the TrkA pathway without co-stimulating p75NTR leads to a downregulation of inflammatory and nociceptive signature in neurons.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=107 SRC="FIGDIR/small/648806v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (32K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c48066org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c9c5a7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cf8ebdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a4345a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detraux, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peach, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edman, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sniezek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katiyar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etemadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ennist, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negahdari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamazaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweppe, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunnett, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohola-Baker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattwell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designed NGF mimetics with reduced nociceptive signatures in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.10.648217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular regulation of the stem cell transcriptome defines self-renewal, differentiation, and dedifferentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.10.648217v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis, yet are themselves vulnerable to loss. One common mechanism to replace lost stem cells is dedifferentiation, in which progeny revert to stem cell identity. It is a paradox how stem cells and progeny retain the same stem cell potential while exhibiting distinct current identities of self-renewal, differentiation, and dedifferentiation. Here, we show that the Drosophila male germline lineage solves this paradox via two parallel and complementary mechanisms to separate potential and identity. First, differentiating progeny maintain stem cell potency by inheriting perdurant stem cell mRNAs without actively transcribing them. Second, two known niche signals (Bmp and Jak-Stat) activate distinct sets of targets, defining three identities (self-renewal, differentiation, and dedifferentiation) based on the combination of their on/off states. Together, this study reveals how a pool of dedifferentiation-competent progeny is maintained to regenerate stem cells as needed without resulting in stem cell overproduction, and resolves the puzzle of why most stem cell systems require multiple independent niche signals.

Significance StatementDedifferentiation is a mechanism by which differentiating cells revert back to stem cell identity to compensate for the loss of stem cells, allowing for long-term tissue homeostasis. It remains poorly understood how stem cells and progeny retain the same stem cell potential while exhibiting distinct current identities of self-renewal, differentiation, and dedifferentiation. This study reveals two parallel mechanisms to separate cells potential and identity. First, differentiating progeny maintain stem cell potency by inheriting perdurant stem cell mRNAs. Second, two known niche signals (Bmp and Jak-Stat) activate distinct sets of targets, defining three identities (self-renewal, differentiation, and dedifferentiation) based on the combination of their on/off states. This study reveals how a pool of dedifferentiation-competent progeny is maintained to regenerate stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raz, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.648217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular regulation of the stem cell transcriptome defines self-renewal, differentiation, and dedifferentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.11.648449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular endothelial-specific loss of TGF-beta signaling as a model for choroidal neovascularization and central nervous system vascular inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.11.648449v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mice, postnatal endothelial cell (EC)-specific knockout of the genes coding for Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Receptor (TGFBR)1 and/or TGFBR2 eliminates TGF-beta signaling in vascular ECs and leads to distinctive central nervous system (CNS) vascular phenotypes. Knockout mice exhibit (1) reduced intra-retinal vascularization, (2) choroidal neovascularization with occasional anastomoses connecting choroidal and intraretinal vasculatures, (3) infiltration of diverse immune cells into the retina, including macrophages, T-cells, B-cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells, (4) a close physical association between immune cells and retinal vasculature, (5) a pro-inflammatory transcriptional state in CNS ECs, with increased ICAM1 immunoreactivity, and (6) increased Smooth Muscle Actin immunostaining in CNS pericytes. Comparisons of the retinal phenotype with two other genetic models of retinal hypovascularization - loss of Norrin/Fzd4 signaling and loss of VEGF signaling - shows that the immune cell infiltrate is greatest with loss of TGF-beta signaling, more modest with loss of Norrin/Fzd4 signaling, and undetectable with loss of VEGF signaling. The phenotypes caused by loss of TGF-beta signaling in ECs recapitulate some of the cardinal features of retinal and neurologic diseases associated with vascular inflammation. These observations suggest that therapies that promote TGF-beta-dependent anti-inflammatory responses in ECs could represent a promising strategy for disease modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.11.648449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular endothelial-specific loss of TGF-beta signaling as a model for choroidal neovascularization and central nervous system vascular inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.09.648075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atom level enzyme active site scaffolding using RFdiffusion2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.09.648075v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo enzyme design starts from ideal active site descriptions consisting of constellations of catalytic residue functional groups around reaction transition state(s), and seeks to generate protein structures that can accurately hold the site in place. Highly active enzymes have been designed starting from such descriptions using the generative AI method RFdiffusion [1-3], but there are two current methodological limitations. First, the geometry of the active site can only be specified at the residue level, so for each catalytic residue functional group placed around the reaction transition state, the possible locations of the residue backbone must be enumerated by building side chain rotamers back from the functional group. Second, the location of the catalytic residues along the sequence must be specified in advance, which considerably limits the space of solutions which can be sampled. Here we describe a new deep generative method, Rosetta Fold diffusion 2 (RFdiffusion2), that solves both problems, enabling enzymes to be designed from sequence agnostic descriptions of functional group locations without inverse rotamer generation. We first evaluate RFdiffusion2 on an in silico enzyme design benchmark of 41 diverse active sites and find that it is able to successfully build proteins scaffolding all 41 sites, compared to 16/41 with prior state-of-the-art deep learning methods. Next, we design enzymes around three diverse catalytic sites and characterize the designs experimentally; in each case we identify active catalysts in testing less than 96 sequences. RFdiffusion2 demonstrates the potential of atomic resolution generative models for the design of de novo enzymes directly from their reaction mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahern, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salike, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodbury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalvet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altae-Tran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaakkola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.648075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atom level enzyme active site scaffolding using RFdiffusion2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.10.648262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved phenotyping at subcellular resolution reveals shared principles and key trade-offs across antimicrobial peptide activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.10.648262v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cationic antimicrobial peptides are a large family of host defense molecules with diverse sequences and structures. Here, we present a computational and experimental pipeline for time-resolved quantification of both membrane-permeabilizing and intracellular effects in Escherichia coli. Applying this pipeline to 12 diverse natural peptides and synthetic peptidomimetics uncovers shared antimicrobial activities, but with different kinetics, forming two classes. With class I peptides, growth arrest is abrupt and predominantly coupled with inner membrane permeabilization and ribosome/DNA reorganization. However, membrane permeabilization leads to rapid peptide absorption by the first exposed bacterial cells, resulting in low efficacy against dense populations. With class II peptides, ribosome/DNA reorganization and growth inhibition occur more gradually, as inner membrane permeabilization is either absent or delayed. This is offset by slower intracellular peptide uptake and greater efficacy against high cell densities. These kinetic differences reveal functional trade-offs between classes that have major immunological and therapeutic implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fragasso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlechtweg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barron, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.648262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved phenotyping at subcellular resolution reveals shared principles and key trade-offs across antimicrobial peptide activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.07.647578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factor hubs exhibit gene-specific properties that tune expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.07.647578v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) form dynamic, high-concentration clusters, or "hubs", proposed to increase TF binding frequency at target enhancers. However, how enhancer sequence shapes hub properties remains unclear. We developed a live-imaging based framework to quantify the spatiotemporal relationship between TF hubs and actively transcribed genes in live Drosophila embryos. Examining hubs formed by the TF Dorsal across enhancers with defined binding-site composition, we find that hub enrichment and persistence scale with the number of Dorsal binding motifs. However, these hub properties do not predict transcriptional burst behavior for a given enhancer. Combining quantitative imaging with computational modeling, we show that Dorsal hubs arise from TF-DNA binding kinetics rather than actively increasing target occupancy. These findings support a model in which TF hubs are emergent features of enhancer-encoded TF-DNA interactions encoded by enhancer sequence rather than higher-order regulatory assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fallacaro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factor hubs exhibit gene-specific properties that tune expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.04.647296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Peptides by Formation and Crosslinking of ortho-Tyrosines 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.04.647296v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a growing class of natural products that possess many activities that are of potential translational interest. Multinuclear non-heme iron dependent oxidative enzymes (MNIOs), until recently termed domain of unknown function 692 (DUF692), have been gaining interest because of their involvement in a range of biochemical reactions that are remarkable from a chemical perspective. Over 13,500 putative MNIO-encoding biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) have been identified by sequence similarity networks (SSNs). In this study, we identified a set of precursor peptides containing a conserved FHAFRF-motif in MNIO-encoding BGCs. These BGCs follow a conserved synteny with genes encoding an MNIO, a RiPP recognition element (RRE)-containing partner protein, an arginase, and a B12-dependent radical SAM enzyme (rSAM). Using heterologous reconstitution of a representative BGC from Peribacillus simplex (pbs cluster) in E. coli, we demonstrated that the MNIO in conjunction with the partner protein catalyzes ortho-hydroxylation of each of the phenylalanine residues in the conserved FRF-motif, the arginase forms an ornithine by deguanidination of the arginine in the motif, and the B12-rSAM crosslinks the ortho-Tyr side side chains by a C-C linkage forming a novel macrocyclic molecule. Substrate scope studies suggested tolerance of the MNIO and the B12-rSAM towards substituting the Phe residues with tyrosines in the conserved motif with the position of hydroxylation and crosslinking being maintained. Overall, this study expands the diverse array of posttranslational modifications catalyzed by MNIOs and B12-rSAM enzymes.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padhi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Peptides by Formation and Crosslinking of ortho-Tyrosines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.06.647416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OmniSplice: a framework-free splicing event reporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.06.647416v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the development of a framework-free program to assess splicing events: OmniSplice. This new method comprehensively identifies the end of every exon, and categorizes the RNA sequence read based on the sequence that follows the exon ends. OmniSplice detects not only  spliced and  nascent reads but also unpredicted reads.

Using this method, we detected aberrant splicing events, including backsplicing that we failed to detect in our previous analysis upon depletion of a splicing factor U2AF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lannes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerhut, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.06.647416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OmniSplice: a framework-free splicing event reporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.04.647255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid metabolism of hepatocyte-like cells supports intestinal tumor growth by promoting tracheogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.04.647255v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors require metabolic adaptations to support their rapid growth, but how they influence lipid metabolism in distant tissues remains poorly understood. Here, we uncover a novel mechanism by which gut tumors in adult flies reprogram lipid metabolism in distal hepatocyte-like cells, known as oenocytes, to promote tracheal development and tumor growth. We show that tumors secrete a PDGF/VEGF-like factor, Pvf1, that activates the TORC1-Hnf4 signaling pathway in oenocytes. This activation enhances the production of specific lipids, including very long chain fatty acids and wax esters, that are required for tracheal growth surrounding the gut tumor. Importantly, reducing expression in oenocytes of either the transcription factor Hnf4, or the elongase mElo that generates very long chain fatty acid robustly extends lifespan, suppresses tumor growth, tracheogenesis, and associated organ wasting/cachexia-like phenotypes. Further, altering the expression level of oenocyte Hnf4 or mElo in control flies afects intestinal tracheogenesis. Lipoprotein-mediated lipid transport and altered oenocyte lipid metabolism drive the observed changes in tracheogenesis. Finally, we demonstrate that this regulatory pathway is conserved in mammals, as VEGF-A stimulates lipid metabolism gene expression in human hepatocytes, and lung tumor-bearing mice show increased hepatic expression of Hnf4 and the lipid elongation gene Elovl7. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized tumor-host interaction where tumors non-autonomously reprogram distal lipid metabolism to support their growth. This study not only identifies a novel non-autonomous role of the TORC1-Hnf4 axis in lipid-mediated tumor progression but also highlights potential targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer-associated metabolic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dantas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid metabolism of hepatocyte-like cells supports intestinal tumor growth by promoting tracheogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.04.647291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superinfection with intact HIV-1 results in conditional replication of defective proviruses and nonsuppressible viremia in people living with HIV-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.04.647291v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During replication of some RNA viruses, defective particles can spontaneously arise and interfere with wild-type (WT) virus replication. Recently, engineered versions of these defective interfering particles (DIPs) have been proposed as an HIV-1 therapeutic. However, DIPs have yet to be reported in people with HIV-1 (PWH). Here, we find DIPs in PWH who have a rare, polyclonal form of non-suppressible viremia (NSV). While antiretroviral therapy (ART) rapidly reduces viremia to undetectable levels, some individuals experience sustained viremia due to virus production from cell clones harboring intact or defective proviruses. We characterized the source of NSV in two PWH who never reached undetectable viral load despite ART adherence. Remarkably, in each participant, we found a diverse set of defective viral genomes all sharing the same fatal deletions. We found that this paradoxical accumulation of mutations by viruses with fatal defects was driven by superinfection with intact viruses, resulting in mobilization of defective genomes and accumulation of additional mutations during untreated infection. We show that these defective proviruses interfere with WT virus replication, conditionally replicate, and, in one case, have an R0 > 1, enabling in vivo spread. Despite this, clinical outcomes show no evidence of a beneficial effect of these DIPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fray, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathoulas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beg, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scully, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilliams, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Block, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keruly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superinfection with intact HIV-1 results in conditional replication of defective proviruses and nonsuppressible viremia in people living with HIV-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.02.646830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The aPBP-type cell wall synthase PBP1b plays a specialized role in fortifying the Escherichia coli division site against osmotic rupture 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.02.646830v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A multi-protein system called the divisome promotes bacterial division. This apparatus synthesizes the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall layer that forms the daughter cell poles and protects them from osmotic lysis. In the model Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, PG synthases called class A penicillin-binding proteins (aPBPs) have been proposed to play crucial roles in division. However, there is limited experimental support for aPBPs playing a specialized role in division that is distinct from their general function in the expansion and fortification of the PG matrix. Here, we present in situ cryogenic electron tomography data indicating that the aPBP-type enzyme PBP1b is required to produce a wedge-like density of PG at the division site. Furthermore, atomic force and live cell microscopy showed that loss of this structure weakens the division site and renders it susceptible to lysis. Surprisingly, we found that the lipoprotein activator LpoB needed to promote the general function of PBP1b was not required for normal division site architecture or its integrity. Additionally, we show that of the two PBP1b isoforms produced in cells, it is the one with an extended cytoplasmic N-terminus that functions in division, likely via recruitment by the FtsA component of the divisome. Altogether, our results demonstrate that PBP1b plays a specialized, LpoB-independent role in E. coli cell division involving the biogenesis of a PG structure that prevents osmotic rupture. The conservation of aPBPs with extended cytoplasmic N-termini suggests that other Gram-negative bacteria may use similar mechanisms to reinforce their division site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vettiger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajdu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananda, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Tavares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.646830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The aPBP-type cell wall synthase PBP1b plays a specialized role in fortifying the Escherichia coli division site against osmotic rupture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.01.646527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal neural ensemble codes for voluntary locomotor and involuntary dyskinetic movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.01.646527v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classical models of movement control posit that striatal spiny projection neurons of the basal ganglias direct and indirect pathways (dSPNs and iSPNs) respectively promote and suppress movement. Supporting this view, physiological recordings have revealed imbalanced dSPN and iSPN activity levels during hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement conditions. However, in normal brain states, dSPN and iSPN ensembles have approximately equal activation amplitudes and time courses, jointly encoding specific actions. How pathological movement conditions alter such action coding remains poorly understood. Here we imaged the concurrent dynamics of dSPNs and iSPNs in behaving mice across normal, hypokinetic, and hyperkinetic conditions, before and after administration of drug treatments used clinically. Analyses focused on resting periods and neural activity that immediately preceded movement, examining how SPNs encoded upcoming actions. In hypokinetic states, the dSPN population was hypoactive relative to the iSPN population, consistent with prior reports. Moreover, individual dSPNs and iSPNs that encoded upcoming locomotion exhibited a reduced measure of activity compared to the normal state; the extent of this reduction predicted the degree of decline in the occurrence of locomotion. Levodopa (L-DOPA) and amantadine treatments both improved locomotion frequency but acted via distinct mechanisms. L-DOPA rebalanced the activity of the dSPN and iSPN populations, whereas amantadine boosted the activity of individual locomotion-related dSPNs and iSPNs. In hyperkinetic states modeling L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, dSPN populations were hyperactive relative to iSPN populations. Involuntary dyskinetic movements engaged individual dSPNs and iSPNs distinct from those encoding voluntary locomotion. Amantadine treatment reduced the resting activity of dyskinesia-but not locomotion-related SPNs without improving the overall dSPN and iSPN imbalance. These findings highlight the importance of SPN action coding, not merely the extent of activity balance, for normal and pathological movements. The results delineate two distinct therapeutic mechanisms, one that rebalances the activity of the direct and indirect pathways and another that selectively potentiates or depresses the activity of SPN populations encoding voluntary or involuntary actions. Overall, this study refines the understanding of striatal dysfunction in movement disorders, demonstrates that distinct neural populations underlie normal voluntary locomotion and involuntary dyskinetic movements, and defines two complementary routes for the development of symptomatic treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chattree, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrapkiewicz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal neural ensemble codes for voluntary locomotor and involuntary dyskinetic movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.28.645991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping cellular targets of covalent cancer drugs in the entire mammalian body 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.28.645991v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As our understanding of biological systems reaches single-cell and high spatial resolutions, it becomes imperative that pharmacological approaches match this precision to understand drug actions. This need is particularly urgent for the targeted covalent inhibitors that are currently re-entering the stage for cancer treatments. By leveraging the unique kinetics of click reactions, we developed volumetric clearing-assisted tissue click chemistry (vCATCH) to enable deep and homogeneous click labeling across the 3D mammalian body. With simple and passive incubation steps, vCATCH offers cellular resolution drug imaging in the entire adult mouse. We combined vCATCH with HYBRiD imaging and virtual reality to visualize and quantify in vivo targets of two clinical cancer drugs, afatinib and ibrutinib, which recapitulated their known pharmacological distribution and revealed previously unreported tissue and cell type engagement potentially linked to off-target effects. vCATCH provides a body-wide, unbiased platform to map covalent drug engagements at unprecedented scale and precision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attarpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glynn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigua, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yender, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goubran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravatt, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping cellular targets of covalent cancer drugs in the entire mammalian body]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.01.643995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic insights into direct DNA and RNA strand transfer and dynamic protein exchange of SSB and RPA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.01.643995v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) are essential for genome stability, facilitating replication, repair, and recombination by binding ssDNA, recruiting other proteins, and dynamically relocating in response to cellular demands. Using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) assays, we elucidated the mechanisms underlying direct strand transfer from one locale to another, protein exchange, and RNA interactions at high resolution. Both bacterial SSB and eukaryotic replication protein A (RPA) exhibited direct strand transfer to competing ssDNA, with rates strongly influenced by ssDNA length. Strand transfer proceeded through multiple failed attempts before a successful transfer, forming a ternary intermediate complex with transient interactions, supporting a direct transfer mechanism. Both proteins efficiently exchanged DNA-bound counterparts with freely diffusing molecules, while hetero-protein exchange revealed that SSB and RPA could replace each other on ssDNA in a length-dependent manner, indicating that protein exchange does not require specific protein-protein interactions. Additionally, both proteins bound RNA and underwent strand transfer to competing RNA, with RPA demonstrating faster RNA transfer kinetics. Competitive binding assays confirmed a strong preference for DNA over RNA. These findings provide critical insights into the dynamic behavior of SSB and RPA in nucleic acid interactions, advancing our understanding of their essential roles in genome stability, regulating RNA metabolism, and orchestrating nucleic acid processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.643995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic insights into direct DNA and RNA strand transfer and dynamic protein exchange of SSB and RPA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.29.646093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-Situ High-Resolution Cryo-EM Reconstructions from CEMOVIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.29.646093v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron microscopy can be used to image cells and tissue at high resolution. To ensure electron transparency, sample thickness must not exceed 500 nm. Focused-ion-beam (FIB) milling has become the standard method to prepare thin samples (lamellae), however, the material removed by the milling process is lost, the imageable area is usually limited to a few square microns, and the surface layers sustain damage from the ion beam. We have examined cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS), a preparation technique based on cutting thin sections with a knife, as an alternative to FIB-milling. CEMOVIS sections also sustain damage, including compression, shearing and cracks. However, samples can be sectioned in series, producing many orders of magnitude more imageable area compared to lamellae making CEMOVIS an alternative to FIB-milling with distinct advantages. Using 2-dimensional template matching on images of CEMOVIS sections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, we reconstructed the 60S ribosomal subunit at near-atomic resolution, demonstrating that, in many regions of the sections, the molecular structure of these subunits is largely intact, comparable to FIB-milled lamellae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odriozola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukulski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.29.646093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-Situ High-Resolution Cryo-EM Reconstructions from CEMOVIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.25.645253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delphy: scalable, near-real-time Bayesian phylogenetics for outbreaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.25.645253v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogen genomic analysis is central to tracking, understanding, and containing outbreaks, but complexity and high costs of state-of-the-art (SOTA) phylogenetic tools limit global access and impact. We introduce Delphy, an exact reformulation of Bayesian phylogenetics designed to transform its speed, scalability and accessibility while retaining SOTA accuracy. Delphys central data structure, an Explicit Mutation Annotated Tree, exploits the high sequence similarity in large-scale epidemic datasets for efficient tree exploration and convergence. By reproducing key analyses from recent major epidemics (Ebola, Zika, SARS-CoV-2, mpox, and H5N1), we demonstrate SOTA accuracy with up to 1,000x speedups. Assessing Delphys scalability, we show that a simulated dataset of 100,000 sequences can be analyzed in under a day-the largest such computation to date. We distribute Delphy as a client-side web application, enabling users worldwide to turn raw data into interactive results within minutes, without the data ever leaving the users machine. Delphy automatically identifies key viral lineages and mutations, as well as their emergence and prevalence through time, all with quantified uncertainties derived from a solid theoretical foundation. Delphy shows the power of Bayesian phylogenetics as a fast, accessible frontline tool for tackling future outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varilly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schifferli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burcham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glennon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacks, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laning, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrs, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oba, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebbert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacInnis, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Happi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozonoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitzenmacher, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delphy: scalable, near-real-time Bayesian phylogenetics for outbreaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.21.644658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population and adaptation history of 739 Thlaspi arvense natural accessions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.21.644658v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) is a promising intermediate oilseed crop, producing oil suitable for conversion to biofuels--including aviation fuels. While domestication efforts are ongoing, a deeper understanding of the genetic architecture of traits is crucial for informing future breeding efforts. Here, we conducted the largest genomic and phenotypic survey of pennycress to date, analyzing 739 accessions collected across four continents. Leveraging whole-genome sequencing and field-collected phenotypes, we characterized the standing genetic variation underlying key agronomic traits and climate resilience. Our findings revealed multiple independent migration events to North America, with substantial genetic admixture. We identified homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana flowering-time genes that contribute to adaptation and demonstrated the agronomic benefits of winter-type pennycress. Furthermore, through multi-season field trials, we identified a genomic region containing a cluster of mTERF genes strongly associated with green canopy coverage, a critical trait for biomass retention and yield stability. These insights provide a genomic roadmap for accelerating pennycress domestication and improving its resilience to climate variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esfahanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshinaga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeyratne, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhmetov, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arana, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayliss, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borphukan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combs-Giroir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyderski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjesvold, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzejszczak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hateley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaikumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jawahir, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klisz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrid, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavicic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanigarathna, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puchałka, R</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population and adaptation history of 739 Thlaspi arvense natural accessions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.644985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term hunter-gatherer continuity in the Rhine-Meuse region was disrupted by local formation of expansive Bell Beaker groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.644985v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first phase of the ancient DNA revolution painted a broad-brush picture of European Holocene prehistory, whereby 6500-4000 BCE, farmers descending from western Anatolians mixed with local hunter-gatherers resulting in 70-100% ancestry turnover, then 3000-2500 BCE people associated with the Corded Ware complex spread steppe ancestry into north-central Europe. We document an exception to this pattern in the wider Rhine-Meuse area in communities in the wetlands, riverine areas, and coastal areas of the western and central Netherlands, Belgium and western Germany, where we assembled genome-wide data for 109 people 8500-1700 BCE. Here, a distinctive population with high hunter-gatherer ancestry ([~]50%) persisted up to three thousand years later than in continental European regions, reflecting limited incorporation of females of Early European Farmer ancestry into local communities. In the western Netherlands, the arrival of the Corded Ware complex was also exceptional: lowland individuals from settlements adopting Corded Ware pottery had hardly any steppe ancestry, despite a characteristic early Corded Ware Y-chromosome. The limited influx may reflect the unique ecology of the regions river-dominated landscapes, which were not amenable to wholesale adoption of the early Neolithic type of farming introduced by Linearbandkeramik, making it possible for previously established groups to thrive, and creating a persistent but permeable boundary that allowed transfer of ideas and low-level gene flow. This changed with the formation-through-mixture of Bell Beaker using populations [~]2500 BCE by fusion of local Rhine-Meuse people (9-17%) and Corded Ware associated migrants of both sexes. Their expansion from the Rhine-Meuse region then had a disruptive impact across a much wider part of northwest Europe, including Britain where its arrival was the main source of a 90-100% replacement of local Neolithic peoples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altena, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeois, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fokkens, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amkreutz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguilloux, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kegler, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kootker, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leijnse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooijmans, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauwerier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molthof, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noiret, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raemaekers, D. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivollat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smits, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ten Anscher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toussaint, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheronet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iliev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinhasi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.644985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term hunter-gatherer continuity in the Rhine-Meuse region was disrupted by local formation of expansive Bell Beaker groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.19.644114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonenzymatic RNA copying with a potentially primordial genetic alphabet 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.19.644114v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonenzymatic RNA copying is thought to have been responsible for the replication of genetic information during the origin of life. However, chemical copying with the canonical nucleotides (A, U, G, and C) strongly favors the incorporation of G and C and disfavors the incorporation of A and especially U, because of the stronger G:C vs. A:U base pair, and the weaker stacking interactions of U. Recent advances in prebiotic chemistry suggest that the 2-thiopyrimidines were precursors to the canonical pyrimidines, raising the possibility that they may have played an important early role in RNA copying chemistry. Furthermore, 2-thiouridine (s2U) and inosine (I) form by deamination of 2-thiocytidine (s2C) and A respectively. We used thermodynamic and crystallographic analyses to compare the I:s2C and A:s2U base pairs. We find that the I:s2C base pair is isomorphic and isoenergetic with the A:s2U base pair. The I:s2C base pair is weaker than a canonical G:C base pair, while the A:s2U base pair is stronger than the canonical A:U base pair, so that a genetic alphabet consisting of s2U, s2C, I and A generates RNA duplexes with uniform base pairing energies. Consistent with these results, kinetic analysis of nonenzymatic template-directed primer extension reactions reveals that s2C and s2U substrates bind similarly to I and A in the template, and vice versa. Our work supports the plausibility of a potentially primordial genetic alphabet consisting of s2U, s2C, I and A, and offers a potential solution to the long-standing problem of biased nucleotide incorporation during nonenzymatic template copying.

Significance StatementA long-standing challenge in primordial nonenzymatic RNA copying chemistry is the biased incorporation of C and G over A and U due to differences in base pair strength. We hypothesized that 2-thiopyrimidine substitution could help overcome this bias since A:s2U is a stronger version of the A:U base pair, and I:s2C is a weaker version of the G:C base pair. This study explores the efficacy of a potentially primordial genetic alphabet consisting of s2U, s2C, A and I. Our results show that A:s2U and I:s2C pairs are isoenergetic and isomorphic. Our findings highlight the potential of this alternative genetic alphabet to yield a more balanced incorporation of all nucleotides, facilitating information propagation by nonenzymatic RNA copying during the origin of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.644114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonenzymatic RNA copying with a potentially primordial genetic alphabet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.13.642887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HortaCloud: An Open and Collaborative Platform for Whole Brain Neuronal Reconstructions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.13.642887v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HortaCloud is a cloud-based, open-source platform designed to facilitate the collaborative reconstruction of long-range projection neurons from whole-brain light microscopy data. By providing virtual environments directly within the cloud, it eliminates the need for costly and time-consuming data downloads, allowing researchers to work efficiently with terabyte-scale volumetric datasets. Standardization of computational resources in the cloud make deployment easier and more predictable. The pay-as-you-go cloud model reduces adoption barriers by eliminating upfront investments in expensive hardware. Finally, HortaClouds decentralized architecture enables global collaboration between researchers and between institutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rokicki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schauder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olbris, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawase, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svirskas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arshadi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MouseLight Project Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.642887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HortaCloud: An Open and Collaborative Platform for Whole Brain Neuronal Reconstructions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.05.641556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of the Integrator and Nuclear Exosome Targeting complexes disrupts oogenesis and causes the emergenceof atypical transcripts in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.05.641556v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear RNA homeostasis depends on the balance of transcription, RNA processing, degradation, and transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. RNA degradation directed by the Integrator, nuclear exosome targeting (NEXT), and nuclear exosome complexes controls the accumulation of aberrant nuclear RNA. Here, we report that Drosophila oogenesis requires the Integrator, NEXT, and nuclear exosome complexes. Depletion of Integrator, NEXT, or nuclear exosome components in Drosophila female germ cells causes infertility and accumulation of 3' extended snRNAs, promoter upstream transcripts (PROMPTs), and cryptic transcripts. Our data highlight the essential role of nuclear RNA degradation and processing in Drosophila oogenesis and provide a catalog of RNAs whose nuclear levels are regulated by these three complexes. We propose that Integrator, NEXT, and the nuclear exosome support oogenesis by ensuring that inappropriate transcription does not overwhelm the limited supply of proteins that bind, process, and traffic RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biasini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipping, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.641556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of the Integrator and Nuclear Exosome Targeting complexes disrupts oogenesis and causes the emergenceof atypical transcripts in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.28.640922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic plasticity is a hallmark of metastatic pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.28.640922v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer deaths; nonetheless, how tumor cells adapt to vastly different organ contexts is largely unknown. To investigate this question, we generated a transcriptomic atlas of primary tumor and diverse metastatic samples from a patient with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent rapid autopsy. Unsupervised archetype analysis identified both shared and site-specific gene programs, including lipid metabolism and gastrointestinal programs prevalent in peritoneum and stomach wall lesions, respectively. We developed a probabilistic approach for inferring clonal phylogeny from single-cell and matched whole-exome data. Distantly related genetic clones in the peritoneum express the lipid metabolism program, likely due to signaling by the adipocyte-rich peritoneum environment, and cells in most clones express multiple programs, suggesting that transcriptomic plasticity is a prevalent feature of metastatic cells. These deeply annotated analyses using a patient-centric platform provide a model for investigating metastatic mechanisms and plasticity in advanced cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobuzio-Donahue, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic plasticity is a hallmark of metastatic pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.03.641186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent patterns of widespread neuronal genomic damage shared by major neurodegenerative disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.03.641186v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Alzheimers disease (AD) are common neurodegenerative disorders for which the mechanisms driving neuronal death remain unclear. Single-cell whole-genome sequencing of 429 neurons from three C9ORF72 ALS, six C9ORF72 FTD, seven AD, and twenty-three neurotypical control brains revealed significantly increased burdens in somatic single nucleotide variant (sSNV) and insertion/deletion (sIndel) in all three disease conditions. Mutational signature analysis identified a disease-associated sSNV signature suggestive of oxidative damage and an sIndel process, affecting 28% of ALS, 79% of FTD, and 65% of AD neurons but only 5% of control neurons (diseased vs. control: OR=31.20, p = 2.35x10-10). Disease-associated sIndels were primarily two-basepair deletions resembling signature ID4, which was previously linked to topoisomerase 1 (TOP1)-mediated mutagenesis. Duplex sequencing confirmed the presence of sIndels and identified similar single-strand events as potential precursor lesions. TOP1-associated sIndel mutagenesis and resulting genome instability may thus represent a common mechanism of neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luquette, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahile, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagier-Tourenne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.03.641186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent patterns of widespread neuronal genomic damage shared by major neurodegenerative disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.02.641101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric Histone Inheritance Regulates Differential Transcription Re-initiation and Cell Fate Decisions in Mouse Olfactory Horizontal Basal Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.02.641101v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The olfactory epithelium (OE) possesses an adult stem cell population, the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), to permit lifelong tissue regeneration. Here we show that HBCs exhibit asymmetric inheritance of histone H4 but not H2A-H2B during OE regeneration in mice. Primary HBC cultures further revealed asymmetric histone inheritance for H3 and H3.3. Upon mitotic exit, asymmetric histone inheritance correlates with asynchronous transcription re-initiation and differential enrichment of p63, a key transcription factor for HBC cell fate. Disruption of asymmetric histone inheritance abolished these asymmetric cellular features and attenuated OE regeneration and smell behavior recovery. Single-cell RNA sequencing of paired HBC daughters in culture further supported asymmetric multilineage cell fate priming. Together, these findings reveal asymmetric histone inheritance in a mammalian adult stem cell lineage and highlight its biological significance in neural tissue regeneration and animal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manske, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sue, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.02.641101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric Histone Inheritance Regulates Differential Transcription Re-initiation and Cell Fate Decisions in Mouse Olfactory Horizontal Basal Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.13.638172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence accumulation from experience and observation in the cingulate cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.13.638172v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We use our experiences to form and update beliefs about the hidden states of the world. When possible, we also gather evidence by observing others. However, how the brain integrates experiential and observational evidence is not understood. We studied the dynamics of evidence integration in a two-player game with volatile hidden states. Both humans and monkeys successfully updated their beliefs while playing the game and observing their partner, though less effectively when observing. Electrophysiological recordings in animals revealed that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) integrates independent sources of experiential and observational evidence into a coherent neural representation of dynamic belief about the environments state. The geometry of population activity revealed the computational architecture of this integration and provided a neural account of the behavioral asymmetry between experiential and observational evidence accumulation. This work lays the groundwork for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying evidence accumulation in social contexts within the primate brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radkani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valluru, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.13.638172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence accumulation from experience and observation in the cingulate cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.09.637334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lateralized pathway for associating nutrients with flavors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.09.637334v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals learn about the external world, in part, via interoceptive signals1,2. For example, the nutrient content of food is first estimated in the mouth, in the form of flavor, and then measured again via slower signals from the gut. How these signals from the mouth and gut are integrated to drive learning is unknown. Here we identify a lateralized dopamine pathway that is specialized for learning about the nutrient content of food. We show that dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTADA) are necessary for associating nutrients with flavors, and that post-ingestive nutrients trigger DA release selectively in a small region of the anterior basolateral amygdala (BLA) but not canonical DA targets in striatum. Remarkably, this nutrient-triggered DA release occurs preferentially on the left side of the brain in both mice and humans, revealing that the DA system is functionally lateralized. We identify the gut sensors that are responsible for nutrient-triggered DA release; show that they activate BLA-projecting DA neurons defined by expression of cholecystokinin (CCK); and demonstrate that stimulation of DA axon terminals in the anterior BLA drives flavor-nutrient learning but not other aspects of feeding behavior. Two-photon imaging of neurons in the left anterior BLA reveals that they integrate gustatory and post-ingestive cues, and silencing these neurons prevents flavor-nutrient learning. These findings establish a neural basis for how animals learn about the nutrient content of their food. They also reveal unexpectedly that post-ingestive nutrients are differentially represented on the right and left sides of the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grove, J. C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzmanovic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubadiah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tittgemeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.09.637334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lateralized pathway for associating nutrients with flavors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.01.636053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cutaneous lupus features specialized stromal niches and altered retroelement expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.01.636053v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cutaneous Lupus is an inflammatory skin disease causing highly morbid inflamed skin and hair loss. In order to investigate the pathophysiology of cutaneous lupus, we performed single-cell RNA and spatial sequencing of lesional and non-lesional cutaneous lupus skin compared to healthy controls. Pathway enrichment analyses of lesional keratinocytes revealed elevated responses to type I interferon, type II interferon, tumor necrosis factor, and apoptotic signaling. Detailed clustering demonstrated unique fibroblasts specific to lupus skin with likely roles in inflammatory cell recruitment and fibrosis. We also evaluated the association of retroelement expression with type I interferons in the skin. We observed increased retroelement expression which correlated with interferon-stimulated genes across multiple cell types. Moreover, we saw elevated expression of genes involved in RIG-I and cGAS-STING pathways, which transduce elevated nucleic acid signals. Treatment of active cutaneous lupus with Anifrolumab reduced RIG-I and cGAS-STING pathways in addition to the most abundant retroelement family, L2b. Our studies better define type I interferon-mediated immunopathology in cutaneous lupus and identify an association between retroelement expression and interferon signatures in cutaneous lupus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gehlhausen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koumpouras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesely, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damsky, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.01.636053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cutaneous lupus features specialized stromal niches and altered retroelement expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.03.636224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separable Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Projections mediate the Facets of Loneliness-like state 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.03.636224v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Affiliative social connections facilitate well-being and survival in numerous species. Engaging in social interactions requires positive or negative motivational drive, elicited through coordinated activity across neural circuits. However, the identity, interconnectivity, and functional encoding of social information within these circuits remains poorly understood. Here, we focus on downstream projections of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) dopamine neurons (DRNDAT), which we previously implicated in social motivation alongside an aversive affective state. We show that three prominent DRNDAT projections - to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), central amygdala (CeA), and posterior basolateral amygdala (BLP) - play separable roles in behavior, despite substantial collateralization. Photoactivation of the DRNDAT-CeA projection promoted social behavior and photostimulation of the DRNDAT-BNST projection promoted exploratory behavior, while the DRNDAT-BLP projection supported place avoidance, suggesting a negative affective state. Downstream regions showed diverse receptor expression, poising DRNDAT neurons to act through dopamine, neuropeptide, and glutamate transmission. Furthermore, we show ex vivo that the effect of DRNDAT photostimulation on downstream neuron excitability depended on region and baseline cell properties, resulting in excitatory responses in BNST cells and diverse responses in CeA and BLP. Finally, in vivo microendoscopic cellular-resolution recordings in the CeA with DRNDAT photostimulation revealed a correlation between social behavior and neurons excited by social stimuli- suggesting that increased dopamine tone may recruit different CeA neurons to social ensembles. Collectively, these circuit features may facilitate a coordinated, but flexible, response in the presence of social stimuli that can be flexibly guided based on the internal social homeostatic need state of the individual.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemieux, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserlein, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aloboudi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peroni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Moraga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pall e, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Coreano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tye, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separable Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Projections mediate the Facets of Loneliness-like state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.01.636073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of sequencing reads at scale using rdeval 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.01.636073v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationLarge sequencing data sets are produced and deposited into public archives at unprecedented rates. The availability of tools that can reliably and efficiently generate and store sequencing read summary statistics has become critical.

ResultsAs part of the effort by the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) to generate high-quality reference genomes at scale, we sought to address the community need for efficient sequencing data evaluation by developing rdeval, a standalone tool to quickly compute and dynamically display sequencing read metrics. Rdeval can either run on the fly or store key sequence data metrics in read  sketches, with dramatic compression gains. Statistics can then be efficiently recalled from sketches for additional processing. Rdeval can convert fa*[.gz] files to and from other popular formats including BAM and CRAM for better compression. Overall, while CRAM achieves the best compression, the gain is marginal, and BAM achieves the best compromise between data compression and accessing speed. Rdeval also generates a detailed visual report with multiple data analytics that can be exported in various formats. We showcase rdevals functionalities using human and VGP read data from different sequencing platforms and species. For PacBio long-read sequencing, our analysis shows dramatic improvements both in read length and quality over time, and a benefit of additional coverage for genome assembly.

Availability and implementationRdeval is implemented in C++ for data processivity and in R for data visualization. Precompiled releases (Linux, MacOS, Windows) and commented source code for rdeval are available under MIT license at https://github.com/vgl-hub/rdeval. Documentation is available using ReadTheDocs (https://rdeval-documentation.readthedocs.io). Rdeval is also available in Bioconda and in Galaxy (https://usegalaxy.org). An automated test workflow ensures the consistency of software updates.

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sollitto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brajuka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burhans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaffrey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.01.636073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of sequencing reads at scale using rdeval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.17.633609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-scale structure of chromatin condensates rationalizes phase separation and material properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.17.633609v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates, compartments that concentrate molecules without surrounding membranes, are integral to numerous cellular processes. The structure and interaction networks of molecules within condensates remain poorly understood. Using cryo-electron tomography and molecular dynamics simulations we elucidated the structure of phase separated chromatin condensates across scales, from individual amino acids to network architecture. We found that internucleosomal DNA linker length controls nucleosome arrangement and histone tail interactions, shaping the structure of individual chromatin molecules both within and outside condensates. This structural modulation determines the balance between intra- and intermolecular interactions, which in turn governs the molecular network, thermodynamic stability, and material properties of chromatin condensates. Mammalian nuclei contain dense clusters of nucleosomes whose non-random organization is mirrored by the reconstituted condensates. Our work explains how the structure of individual chromatin molecules ultimately determines physical properties of chromatin condensates, with implications for cellular chromatin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huertas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maristany, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doolittle, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rene Espinosa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collepardo-Guevara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-scale structure of chromatin condensates rationalizes phase separation and material properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.16.633419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The epigenetic factor Zrf1 regulates intestinal stem cell proliferation during midgut regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.16.633419v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells are essential for tissue maintenance and regeneration, balancing self-renewal and differentiation to support homeostasis and repair. Through an RNAi screen in the Drosophila midgut, we identified the epigenetic factor Zrf1 as a critical regulator of intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation. Functional analyses reveal that Zrf1 integrates inputs from multiple signaling pathways and interacts with components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Zrf1 mutants exhibit elevated expression of transposable elements (TEs) and chromatin disruption, highlighting a broader role in genome stability. Single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) further demonstrated the influence of Zrf1 on chromatin organization and TE repression, particularly within stem cell progenitors. Our findings suggest that Zrf1 is potentially a key chromatin regulator necessary for maintaining stem cell proliferation and genome integrity, enhancing our understanding of the molecular controls underlying stem cell function and chromatin dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.16.633419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The epigenetic factor Zrf1 regulates intestinal stem cell proliferation during midgut regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.10.632481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The bile acid-sensitive ion channel is gated by Ca2+-dependent conformational changes in the transmembrane domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.10.632481v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bile acid-sensitive ion channel (BASIC) is the least understood member of the mammalian epithelial Na+ channel/degenerin (ENaC/DEG) superfamily of ion channels, which are involved in a variety of physiological processes. While some members of this superfamily, including BASIC, are inhibited by extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+), the molecular mechanism underlying Ca2+ modulation remains unclear. Here, by determining the structure of human BASIC in the presence and absence of Ca2+ using single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we reveal Ca2+-dependent conformational changes in the transmembrane domain and {beta}-linkers. Electrophysiological experiments further show that a glutamate residue in the extracellular vestibule of the pore underpins the Ca2+-binding site, whose occupancy determines the conformation of the pore and therefore ion flow through the channel. These results reveal the molecular principles governing gating of BASIC and its regulation by Ca2+ ions, demonstrating that Ca2+ ions modulate BASIC function via changes in protein conformation rather than solely from pore-block, as proposed for other members of this superfamily.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freitas, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The bile acid-sensitive ion channel is gated by Ca2+-dependent conformational changes in the transmembrane domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.07.630106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Queen loss unmasks cryptic worker influence and decentralizes the bumble bee social network 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.07.630106v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dominant individuals often structure group organization, but less is known about how social networks differ in their absence or how variation among subordinates contributes to collective outcomes. Bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) provide an ideal system to study how individual behavior shapes colony organization: queens typically monopolize reproduction, but in some contexts individual workers can adopt queen-like social roles. We asked how this process shapes the collective phenotype. Using multi-animal pose tracking to quantify social behaviors, we compared matched queenright and queenless partitions from the same source colonies. Queenless colonies were more interactive and contained a subset of behaviorally extreme queen-like workers with higher movement, spatial centrality, and reproductive potential. Such variation, absent in queenright colonies, coincided with a shift to decentralized, efficient network structures. These results demonstrate how social context shapes the expression of individual phenotypes, revealing a mechanism by which seemingly hierarchical societies can retain latent social flexibility and underscoring the link between individual variation and collective organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruttenberg, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traniello, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.630106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Queen loss unmasks cryptic worker influence and decentralizes the bumble bee social network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.01.631009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis for shifted receptor recognition by an encephalitic arbovirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.01.631009v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After decades of inactivity throughout the Americas, western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) recently re-emerged in South America, causing a large-scale outbreak in humans and horses. WEEV binds protocadherin 10 (PCDH10) as a receptor; however, nonpathogenic strains no longer bind human or equine PCDH10 but retain the ability to bind avian receptors. Highly virulent WEEV strains can also bind the very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) as alternative receptors. Here, by determining cryo-electron microscopy structures of WEEV strains isolated from 1941-2005 bound to mammalian receptors, we identify polymorphisms in the WEEV spike protein that explain shifts in receptor dependencies and that can allow nonpathogenic strains to infect primary cortical neurons. We predict the receptor dependencies of additional strains and of a related North American alphavirus. Our findings have implications for outbreak preparedness and enhance understanding of arbovirus neurovirulence through virus receptor binding patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plung, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagappan-Chettiar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeckers, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjang, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varnum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcolm, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Souza, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umemori, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plante, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.01.631009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis for shifted receptor recognition by an encephalitic arbovirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.27.630532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular cartography reveals mouse prostate organization and determinants of castration resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.27.630532v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inadequate response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) frequently arises in prostate cancer, driven by cellular mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here, we integrated single-cell RNA sequencing, single-cell multiomics, and spatial transcriptomics to define the transcriptional, epigenetic, and spatial basis of cell identity and castration response in the mouse prostate. Leveraging these data along with a meta-analysis of human prostates and prostate cancer, we identified cellular orthologs and key determinants of ADT response and resistance. Our findings reveal that mouse prostates harbor lobe-specific luminal epithelial cell types distinguished by unique gene regulatory modules and anatomically defined androgen-responsive transcriptional programs, indicative of divergent developmental origins. Androgen-insensitive, stem-like epithelial populations - resembling human club and hillock cells - are notably enriched in the urethra and ventral prostate but are rare in other lobes. Within the ventral prostate, we also uncovered two additional androgen-responsive luminal epithelial cell types, marked by Pbsn or Spink1 expression, which align with human luminal subsets and may define the origin of distinct prostate cancer subtypes. Castration profoundly reshaped luminal epithelial transcriptomes, with castration-resistant luminal epithelial cells activating stress-responsive and stemness programs. These transcriptional signatures are enriched in tumor cells from ADT-treated and castration-resistant prostate cancer patients, underscoring their likely role in driving treatment resistance. Collectively, our comprehensive cellular atlas of the mouse prostate illuminates the importance of lobe-specific contexts for prostate cancer modeling and reveals potential therapeutic targets to counter castration resistance.

Significance StatementAndrogen deprivation therapy is a mainstay in prostate cancer treatment, yet many patients eventually develop castration-resistant disease--a lethal progression driven by poorly understood cellular mechanisms. Our study provides a comprehensive cellular map of the prostate, identifying key determinants of normal organization and castration-induced remodeling. By pinpointing the cell types and molecular programs that confer ADT responsiveness or resistance, our findings offer new directions for prostate cancer modeling and pave the way toward novel therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing ADT efficacy and preventing the emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tien, J. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahapatra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanasekaran, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitchiaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinnaiyan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.27.630532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular cartography reveals mouse prostate organization and determinants of castration resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.18.629202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Future Development of Stress-Induced Anhedonia From Cortical Dynamics and Facial Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.18.629202v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current state of mental health treatment for individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder leaves billions of individuals with first-line therapies that are ineffective or burdened with undesirable side effects. One major obstacle is that distinct pathologies may currently be diagnosed as the same disease and prescribed the same treatments. The key to developing antidepressants with ubiquitous efficacy is to first identify a strategy to differentiate between heterogeneous conditions. Major depression is characterized by hallmark features such as anhedonia and a loss of motivation (1, 2), and it has been recognized that even among inbred mice raised under identical housing conditions, we observe heterogeneity in their susceptibility and resilience to stress (3). Anhedonia, a condition identified in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, is described as the inability to experience pleasure and is linked to anomalous medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity (4). The mPFC is responsible for higher order functions (5-8), such as valence encoding; however, it remains unknown how mPFC valence-specific neuronal population activity is affected during anhedonic conditions. To test this, we implemented the unpredictable chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol (9-11) in mice and examined hedonic behaviors following stress and ketamine treatment. We used unsupervised clustering to delineate individual variability in hedonic behavior in response to stress. We then performed in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging to longitudinally track mPFC valence-specific neuronal population dynamics during a Pavlovian discrimination task. Chronic mild stress mice exhibited a blunted effect in the ratio of mPFC neural population responses to rewards relative to punishments after stress that rebounds following ketamine treatment. Also, a linear classifier revealed that we can decode susceptibility to chronic mild stress based on mPFC valence-encoding properties prior to stress-exposure and behavioral expression of susceptibility. Lastly, we used a markerless pose tracking computer vision tool, SLEAP (31), to predict whether a mouse would become resilient or susceptible based on facial expressions during a Pavlovian discrimination task. These results indicate that mPFC valence encoding properties and behavior are predictive of anhedonic states. Altogether, these experiments point to the need for increased granularity in the measurement of both behavior and neural activity, as these factors can predict the predisposition to stress-induced anhedonia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delahanty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamintuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagemann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adivikolanu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cressy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeDuke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durubeh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>linderhof, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wichmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Future Development of Stress-Induced Anhedonia From Cortical Dynamics and Facial Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.06.622160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MEDiCINe: Motion Correction for Neural Electrophysiology Recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.06.622160v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrophysiology recordings from the brain using laminar multielectrode arrays allow researchers to measure the activity of many neurons simultaneously. However, laminar microelectrode arrays move relative to their surrounding neural tissue for a variety of reasons, such as pulsation, changes in intracranial pressure, and decompression of neural tissue after insertion. Inferring and correcting for this motion stabilizes the recording and is critical to identify and track single neurons across time. Such motion correction is a preprocessing step of standard spike sorting methods. However, estimating motion robustly and accurately in electrophysiology recordings is challenging due to the stochasticity of the neural data. To tackle this problem, we introduce MEDiCINe (Motion Estimation by Distributional Contrastive Inference for Neurophysiology), a novel motion estimation method. We show that MEDiCINe outperforms existing motion estimation methods on an extensive suite of simulated neurophysiology recordings and leads to more accurate spike sorting. We also show that MEDiCINe correctly estimates the motion in primate electrophysiology recordings with a variety of motion and stability statistics. We open-source MEDiCINe, usage instructions, examples integrating MEDiCINe with common tools for spike-sorting, and data and code for reproducing our results. This open software will enable other researchers to use MEDiCINe to improve spike sorting results and get the most out of their electrophysiology datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watters, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buccino, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.622160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MEDiCINe: Motion Correction for Neural Electrophysiology Recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.26.620442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autocatalytic assembly of a chimeric aminoacyl-RNA synthetase ribozyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.26.620442v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autocatalytic reactions driving the self-assembly of biological polymers are important for the origin of life, yet few experimental examples of such reactions exist. Here we report an autocatalytic assembly pathway that generates a chimeric, amino acid-bridged aminoacyl-RNA synthetase ribozyme. The noncovalent complex of ribozyme fragments initiates low level aminoacylation of one of the fragments, which after loop-closing ligation generates a highly active covalently-linked chimeric ribozyme. The generation of this ribozyme is increasingly efficient over time due to the autocatalytic assembly cycle that sustains the ribozyme over indefinite cycles of serial dilution. Due to its trans activity, this ribozyme also assembles ribozymes distinct from itself, such as the hammerhead, suggesting that RNA aminoacylation, coupled with nonenzymatic ligation, could have facilitated the emergence and propagation of ribozymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radakovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todisco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.26.620442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autocatalytic assembly of a chimeric aminoacyl-RNA synthetase ribozyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel PhoPQ-potentiated mechanism of colistin resistance impairs membrane integrity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.15.618514v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing bacterial resistance to colistin, a vital last-resort antibiotic, is an urgent challenge. We previously reported that magnesium sequestration by Candida albicans enables Pseudomonas aeruginosa to become colistin-resistant. Here, we show that Mg{superscript 2} depletion drives P. aeruginosa to evolve greater colistin resistance through genetic changes in lipid A biosynthesis-modification pathways and a putative magnesium transporter. These mutations synergize with the Mg2+-sensing PhoPQ two-component signaling system to remodel lipid A structures of the bacterial outer membrane in previously uncharacterized ways. One predominant mutational pathway relies on early mutations in htrB2, a non-essential gene involved in lipid A biosynthesis, which enhances resistance but compromises outer membrane integrity, resulting in fitness costs and increased susceptibility to other antibiotics. A second pathway achieves increased colistin resistance independently of htrB2 mutations without compromising membrane integrity. In both cases, reduced binding of colistin to the bacterial membrane underlies resistance. Our findings reveal that Mg2+ scarcity unleashes two novel trajectories of colistin resistance evolution in P. aeruginosa. (160)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, Y.-Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keefe, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandekar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.15.618514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel PhoPQ-potentiated mechanism of colistin resistance impairs membrane integrity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bond-centric modular design of protein assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.11.617872v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a modular bond-centric approach to protein nanomaterial design inspired by the rich diversity of chemical structures that can be generated from the small number of atomic valencies and bonding interactions. We design protein building blocks with regular coordination geometries and bonding interactions that enable the assembly of a wide variety of closed and opened nanomaterials using simple geometrical principles. Experimental characterization confirms successful formation of more than twenty multi-component polyhedral protein cages, 2D arrays, and 3D protein lattices, with a high (10-50 %) success rate and electron microscopy data closely matching the corresponding design models. Because of the modularity, individual building blocks can assemble with different partners to generate distinct regular assemblies, resulting in an economy of parts and enabling the construction of reconfigurable systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibler, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coudray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhabha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzo, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bond-centric modular design of protein assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.01.615793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-informed genotyping of mosaic focal epilepsies reveals cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous disease-associated transcriptional programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.01.615793v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies demonstrate growing roles for genetic mosaicism in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, with the paradigm being drug-resistant pediatric focal epilepsy related to activating somatic variants in the PI3K-mTOR pathway. While identifying the genotype-associated changes at the single-cell level is fundamental to understanding disease pathophysiology, this remains technically challenging in human tissue samples with existing methods. Here, we performed single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of 20 focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) samples removed surgically for treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy, and 10 non-FCD controls, and we developed a new approach, Genotyping Of Transcriptomes Enhanced with Nanopore sequencing (GO-TEN), that combines targeted complementary (c)DNA sequencing with snRNA-seq to perform concurrent single-nucleus genotyping and transcriptional analysis. We find that mosaic pathogenic variants in FCD do not produce a detectable novel cell identity, but instead we observe conserved cell types present both in FCD cases and non-FCD control specimens. Similarly, GO-TEN analysis shows that most pathogenic variant-carrying cells have well-differentiated neuronal or glial identities and are enriched for layer II-III excitatory neurons. We identify cell-intrinsic disruption of glutamate and GABA-A signaling pathways in variant-carrying neurons and altered intercellular signaling, making potential mechanisms for epileptogenesis in FCD. In summary, by addressing genotype-specific changes in mosaic epilepsy-associated lesions, our study highlights new potential disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bizzotto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stronge, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talukdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhouk, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Gama, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reutens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buono, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poduri, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshkhoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.615793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-informed genotyping of mosaic focal epilepsies reveals cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous disease-associated transcriptional programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.27.615552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeodomain protein codes specify neuronal diversity in the first ganglion of the Drosophila visual system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.27.615552v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain deploys diverse neuronal subtypes to split complex inputs into parallel channels--each tuned to distinct features--enabling rich neural processing. Yet how progenitors generate distinct but functionally related subtypes remains unknown. In the Drosophila lamina (five lamina neuron subtypes receiving photoreceptor input), we uncover the regulatory logic: a pan-class homeodomain transcription factor (HDTF), induced by Hedgehog in progenitors and maintained in all lamina neurons, drives diversification within the lamina neuron class by orchestrating a four-step program across the progenitor-to-newborn neuron transition. Specifically, it establishes progenitor identity, promotes cell-cycle exit, induces subtype-specific HDTFs, and acts as their obligate cofactor to specify distinct subtypes. Loss of subtype-specific HDTFs in newborn--but not older--neurons drives subtype-to-subtype fate conversions at molecular, morphological, and functional levels, including a contrast-to-luminance encoding switch. In the mouse retina, we find that each of the 63 amacrine, 15 bipolar, and 45 retinal ganglion cell subtypes expresses pan-class and subtype-specific HDTFs, indicating evolutionary conservation of this regulatory logic. Given the brain-wide expression of HDTFs across species, these findings convert a longstanding mystery into a testable, generalizable principle for within-class subtype diversification and lay the groundwork for subtype-precise reprogramming and cell replacement strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newstein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeodomain protein codes specify neuronal diversity in the first ganglion of the Drosophila visual system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.27.615452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA polymerase Zeta is a robust reverse transcriptase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.27.615452v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell biology and genetic studies have demonstrated that DNA double strand break (DSB) repair can be performed using an RNA transcript that spans the site of the DNA break as a template for repair. This type of DSB repair requires a reverse transcriptase to convert an RNA sequence into DNA to facilitate repair of the break, rather than copying from a DNA template as in canonical DSB repair. Translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases (Pol) are often more promiscuous than DNA Pols, raising the notion that reverse transcription could be performed by a TLS Pol. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that human Pol {eta} has reverse transcriptase activity, while others have suggested that the yeast TLS Pol {zeta} is involved. Here, we purify all seven known nuclear DNA Pols of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and compare their reverse transcriptase activities. The comparison shows that Pol {zeta} far surpasses Pol {eta} and all other DNA Pols in reverse transcriptase activity. We find that Pol {zeta} reverse transcriptase activity is not affected by RPA or RFC/PCNA and acts distributively to make DNA complementary to an RNA template strand. Consistent with prior S. cerevisiae studies performed in vivo, we propose that Pol {zeta} is the major DNA Pol that functions in the RNA templated DSB repair pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holloman, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA polymerase Zeta is a robust reverse transcriptase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.24.614743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of genetic requirements and nutrient availability for Staphylococcus aureus growth in cystic fibrosis sputum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.24.614743v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens isolated from the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF), but little is known about its ability to colonize this niche. We performed a Tn-seq screen to identify genes necessary for S. aureus growth in media prepared from ex vivo CF sputum. We identified 19 genes that were required for growth in all sputum media tested and dozens more that were required for growth in at least one sputum medium. Depleted mutants of interest included insertions in many genes important for surviving metal starvation as well as the primary regulator of cysteine metabolism cymR. To investigate the mechanisms by which these genes contribute to S. aureus growth in sputum, we quantified low-molecular-weight thiols, nutrient transition metals, and the host metal-sequestration protein calprotectin in sputum from 11 individuals with CF. In all samples, the abundance of calprotectin exceeded nutrient metal concentration, explaining the S. aureus requirement for metal-starvation genes. Further, all samples contain potentially toxic quantities of cysteine and sufficient glutathione to satisfy the organic sulfur requirements of S. aureus. Deletion of the cysteine importer genes tcyA and tcyP in the {Delta}cymR background restored growth to wild-type levels in CF sputum, suggesting that the mechanism by which cymR is required for growth in sputum is to prevent uncontrolled import of cysteine or cystine from this environment. Overall, this work demonstrates that calprotectin and cysteine limit S. aureus growth in CF sputum.

IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus is a major cause of lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). This work identifies genes required for S. aureus growth in this niche, which represent potential targets for anti-Staphylococcal treatments. We show that genes involved in surviving metal starvation are required for growth in CF sputum. We also found that the primary regulator of cysteine metabolism, CymR, plays a critical role in preventing cysteine intoxication during growth in CF sputum. To support these models, we analyzed sputum from 11 individuals with CF to determine concentrations of calprotectin, nutrient metals, and low-molecular-weight thiols, which have not previously been quantified together in the same samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shull, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolter, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legg, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedroc, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reniere, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of genetic requirements and nutrient availability for Staphylococcus aureus growth in cystic fibrosis sputum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.614606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disparate demographic impacts of the Roman Colonization and the Migration Period in the Iberian Peninsula. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.23.614606v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been unclear how the periods of Roman and later Germanic political control shaped the demography of the Iberian Peninsula and how Iberia differs in these respects from other parts of the Roman Empire. We report genome-wide data from 248 ancient individuals from the largely unsampled period 100-800 CE and co-analyze them with previously reported data. In the Roman era, we document profound demographic transformation, with an influx of people with ancestry from the Central and Eastern Mediterranean in all the areas under study and of North Africans, especially in central and southern Iberia. Germanic (Buri, Suebi, Vandals & Visigoths) and Sarmatian (Alans) took over political control beginning in the 5th century, and although we identify individuals with Germanic-associated ancestry at sites with Germanic-style ornaments and observe that such individuals were closely related across large distances as in the case of two siblings separated by 700 km, for Iberia as a whole, we observe high continuity with the previous Hispano-Roman population. The demographic patterns in Iberia contrast sharply with those in Britain, which showed the opposite pattern of little change in the Roman period followed by great change in the Migration period, and also from demographic patterns in the central Mediterranean where both periods were associated with profound transformation, raising broader questions about the forces that precipitated change over this time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrion, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Arenas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coromina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verges, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botella, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante-Alvarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heras-Mora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Ruiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Collado, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiros-Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Padilla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Luengo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuadrado, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerdeno, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roig-Perez, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirosa-Canavate, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piza-Ruiz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallejo-Casas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal-Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagrera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubo-Cordoba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Enamorado, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rengel-Castro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Entero, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viguera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohl</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disparate demographic impacts of the Roman Colonization and the Migration Period in the Iberian Peninsula.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.19.613948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-guided engineering of type I-F CASTs for targeted gene insertion in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.19.613948v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional genome editing tools rely on DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and host recombination proteins to achieve large insertions, resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of undesirable editing outcomes. We recently leveraged a type I-F CRISPR-associated transposase (CAST) from the Pseudoalteromonas Tn7016 transposon (PseCAST) for DSB-free, RNA-guided DNA integration in human cells, taking advantage of its programmability and large payload capacity. PseCAST is the only characterized CAST system that has achieved human genomic DNA insertions, but multiple lines of evidence suggest that DNA binding may be a critical bottleneck that limits high-efficiency activity. Here we report structural determinants of target DNA recognition by the PseCAST QCascade complex using single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM), which revealed novel subtype-specific interactions and RNA-DNA heteroduplex features. By combining our structural data with target DNA library screens and rationally engineered protein mutations, we uncovered CAST variants that exhibit increased integration efficiency and modified PAM stringency. Structure predictions of key interfaces in the transpososome holoenzyme also revealed opportunities for the design of hybrid CASTs, which we leveraged to build chimeric systems that combine high-activity DNA binding and DNA integration modules. Collectively, our work provides unique structural insights into type I-F CAST systems while showcasing multiple diverse strategies to investigate and engineer new RNA-guided transposase architectures for human genome editing applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lampe, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-guided engineering of type I-F CASTs for targeted gene insertion in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.18.613595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Craters on the melanoma surface facilitate tumor-immune interactions and demonstrate pathologic response to checkpoint blockade in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.18.613595v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapy leads to cancer eradication despite the tumors immunosuppressive environment. Here, we used extended long-term in-vivo imaging and high-resolution spatial transcriptomics of endogenous melanoma in zebrafish, and multiplex imaging of human melanoma, to identify domains that facilitate immune response during immunotherapy. We identified crater-shaped pockets at the margins of zebrafish and human melanoma, rich with beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) and antigen recognition molecules. The craters harbor the highest density of CD8+ T cells in the tumor. In zebrafish, CD8+ T cells formed prolonged interactions with melanoma cells within craters, characteristic of antigen recognition. Following immunostimulatory treatment, the craters enlarged and became the major site of activated CD8+ T cell accumulation and tumor killing that was B2M dependent. In humans, craters predicted immune response to ICB therapy, showing response better than high T cell infiltration. This marks craters as potential new diagnostic tool for immunotherapy success and targets to enhance ICB response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ludin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stirtz, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmal, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciuti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanhope, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afeyan, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formato, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoytema van Konijnenburg, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajadhyaksha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodi, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodig, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zon, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Craters on the melanoma surface facilitate tumor-immune interactions and demonstrate pathologic response to checkpoint blockade in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered Receptors for Soluble Cell-to-Cell Communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.17.613377v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite recent advances in mammalian synthetic biology, there remains a lack of modular synthetic receptors that can robustly respond to soluble ligands and in turn activate cellular functions. Such receptors would have extensive clinical potential to regulate the activity of engineered therapeutic cells, but to date only receptors against cell surface targets have approached clinical translation. To address this gap, we developed a receptor architecture based on synNotch, called SyNthetic Intramembrane Proteolysis Receptor (SNIPR), that has the added ability to be activated by soluble ligands, both natural and synthetic, with remarkably low baseline activity and high fold activation. SNIPRs are able to access an endocytic, pH-dependent cleavage mechanism to achieve soluble ligand sensing, in addition to employing a canonical-like pathway for detecting surface-bound ligands. We demonstrate the therapeutic capabilities of the receptor platform by localizing the activity of CAR T-cells to solid tumors where soluble disease-associated factors are expressed, bypassing the major hurdle of on-target off-tumor toxicity in bystander organs. We further applied the SNIPR platform to engineer fully synthetic signaling networks between cells orthogonal to natural signaling pathways, expanding the scope of synthetic biology. Our design framework enables cellular communication and environmental interactions, extending the capabilities of synthetic cellular networking in clinical and research contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piraner, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran Gonzalez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin-Gray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindran, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roybal, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered Receptors for Soluble Cell-to-Cell Communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.12.612765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MtvS Regulates the Francisella Type V-A CRISPR-Cas System 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.12.612765v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems endow bacteria and archaea with adaptive immunity against mobile genetic elements, playing a fundamental role in shaping microbial communities. Many organisms harbor more than one CRISPR-Cas system, and little is known about whether and how they are differentially regulated, in many instances due to the impossibility of studying CRISPR immunity in native hosts. Here we studied the regulation of endogenous type II-B and type V-A CRISPR-Cas systems in opportunistic human pathogen Francisella novicida U112. Fluorescence microscopy and transcriptomics experiments revealed that while the type II-B system is constitutively expressed, the type V-A CRISPR-Cas system is differentially expressed at stationary phase and high cell density. Using mass spectrometry and genetics we identified MtvS as a factor required for the differential expression of the type V-A CRISPR-Cas locus. Surprisingly, MtvS-dependent expression of the type V-A CRISPR-Cas system at high cell density is linked to a quorum sensing-like behavior. In addition, MtvS modulates transcription of many genes in stationary phase, some of which are required for Francisella virulence. Pull-down experiments revealed MtvS interacts with the {beta} subunit of the RNA polymerase and therefore may constitute a noncanonical alternative sigma factor involved in the regulation of the expression of CRISPR loci and other genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brodmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marraffini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MtvS Regulates the Francisella Type V-A CRISPR-Cas System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.17.608415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome breakage-replication/fusion enables rapid DNA amplification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.17.608415v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA rearrangements are thought to arise from two classes of processes. The first class involves DNA breakage and fusion ("cut-and-paste") without net DNA gain or loss. The second class involves aberrant DNA replication ("copy-and-paste") and can produce either net DNA gain or loss. We previously demonstrated that the partitioning of chromosomes into aberrant structures of the nucleus, micronuclei or chromosome bridges, can generate cut-and-paste rearrangements by chromosome fragmentation and ligation. Surprisingly, in the progeny clones of single cells that have undergone chromosome bridge breakage, we identified large segmental duplications and short sequence insertions that are commonly attributed to copy-and-paste processes. Here, we demonstrate that both large duplications and short insertions are inherent outcomes of the replication and fusion of unligated DNA ends, a process we term breakage-replication/fusion (B-R/F). We propose that B-R/F provides a unifying explanation for complex rearrangement patterns including chromothripsis and chromoanasynthesis and enables rapid DNA amplification after chromosome fragmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.17.608415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome breakage-replication/fusion enables rapid DNA amplification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.27.601042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional protein mining with conformal guarantees 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.27.601042v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Molecular structure prediction and homology detection provide a promising path to discovering new protein function and evolutionary relationships. However, current approaches lack statistical reliability assurances, limiting their practical utility for selecting proteins for further experimental and in-silico characterization. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel approach to protein search leveraging principles from conformal prediction, offering a framework that ensures statistical guarantees with user-specified risk and provides calibrated probabilities (rather than raw ML scores) for any protein search model. Our method (1) lets users select many biologically-relevant loss metrics (i.e. false discovery rate) and assigns reliable functional probabilities for annotating genes of unknown function; (2) achieves state-of-the-art performance in enzyme classification without training new models; and (3) robustly and rapidly pre-filters proteins for computationally intensive structural alignment algorithms. Our framework enhances the reliability of protein homology detection and enables the discovery of new proteins with likely desirable functional properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boger, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chithrananda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelopoulos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.601042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional protein mining with conformal guarantees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.21.600088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing lipid nanoparticle trafficking for mRNA vaccine delivery in non-human primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.21.600088v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA delivered using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) has become an important subunit vaccine modality, but mechanisms of action for mRNA vaccines remain incompletely understood. Here, we synthesized a metal chelator-lipid conjugate enabling positron emission tomography (PET) tracer labeling of LNP/mRNA vaccines for quantitative visualization of vaccine trafficking in live non-human primates (NHPs). Following i.m. injection, we observed LNPs distributing through injected muscle tissue, simultaneous with rapid trafficking to draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Deltoid injection of LNPs mimicking human vaccine administration led to stochastic LNP delivery to 3 different sets of dLNs. LNP uptake in dLNs was confirmed by histology, and cellular analysis of tissues via flow cytometry identified antigen-presenting cells as the primary cell type responsible for early LNP uptake and mRNA translation. These results provide insights into the biodistribution of mRNA vaccines administered at clinically relevant doses, injection volumes, and injection sites in an important large animal model for vaccine development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buckley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arainga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarek Michaels, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steichen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villinger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.600088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing lipid nanoparticle trafficking for mRNA vaccine delivery in non-human primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.24.600095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling semiconductor growth with structured de novo protein interfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.24.600095v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein design now enables the precise arrangement of atoms on the nanometer length scales of inorganic crystal nuclei, opening up the possibility of templating the growth of metal oxides including semiconductors. We designed proteins presenting regularly repeating interfaces containing functional groups that organize ions and water molecules, and characterized their ability to bind to and template metal oxides. Two interfaces promoted the growth of hematite under conditions that otherwise resulted in the formation of magnetite. Three interfaces promoted ZnO nucleation under conditions where traditional ZnO-binding peptides and control proteins were ineffective. Designed cyclic assemblies with these ZnO nucleating interfaces lining interior cavities promoted ZnO growth within the cavity. CryoEM analysis of a designed octahedral nanocage revealed atomic density likely corresponding to the growing ZnO directly adjacent to the designed nucleation promoting interfaces. These findings demonstrate that designed proteins can direct the formation of metal oxides not observed in biological systems, opening the door to protein-semiconductor hybrid materials.

One Sentence SummaryWe describe the design of structured protein interfaces that bind to, promote, and localize the growth of zinc oxide and hematite, inorganic materials which are not found in biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saragovi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyles, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanikel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila-Hernandez, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackenbrough, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.24.600095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling semiconductor growth with structured de novo protein interfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.28.596078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transfer learning reveals sequence determinants of the quantitative response to transcription factor dosage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.28.596078v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning approaches have made significant advances in predicting cell type-specific chromatin patterns from the identity and arrangement of transcription factor (TF) binding motifs. However, most models have been applied in unperturbed contexts, precluding a predictive understanding of how chromatin state responds to TF perturbation. Here, we used transfer learning to train and interpret deep learning models that use DNA sequence to predict, with accuracy approaching experimental reproducibility, how the concentration of two dosage-sensitive TFs (TWIST1, SOX9) affects regulatory element (RE) chromatin accessibility in facial progenitor cells. High-affinity motifs that allow for heterotypic TF co-binding and are concentrated at the center of REs buffer against quantitative changes in TF dosage and strongly predict unperturbed accessibility. In contrast, motifs with low-affinity or homotypic binding distributed throughout REs lead to sensitive responses with minimal contributions to unperturbed accessibility. Both buffering and sensitizing features show signatures of purifying selection. We validated these predictive sequence features using reporter assays and showed that a biophysical model of TF-nucleosome competition can explain the sensitizing effect of low-affinity motifs. Our approach of combining transfer learning and quantitative measurements of the chromatin response to TF dosage therefore represents a powerful method to reveal additional layers of the cis-regulatory code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabatabaee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transfer learning reveals sequence determinants of the quantitative response to transcription factor dosage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.09.593390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the Flotillin Complex in a Native Membrane Environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.09.593390v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study we used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structures of the Flotillin protein complex, part of the Stomatin, Prohibitin, Flotillin, and HflK/C (SPFH) superfamily, from cell-derived vesicles without detergents. It forms a right-handed helical barrel consisting of 22 pairs of Flotillin1 and Flotillin2 subunits, with a diameter of 32 nm its wider end and 19 nm at its narrower end. Oligomerization is stabilized by the C-terminus, which forms two helical layers linked by a {beta}-strand, and coiled-coil domains that enable strong charge-charge inter-subunit interactions. Flotillin interacts with membranes at both ends; through its SPFH1 domains at the wide end and the C-terminus at the narrow end, facilitated by hydrophobic interactions and lipidation. The inward tilting of the SPFH domain, likely triggered by phosphorylation, suggests its role in membrane curvature induction, which could be connected to its proposed role in clathrin-independent endocytosis. The structure suggests a shared architecture across the family of SPFH proteins and will promote further research into Flotillins roles in cell biology.

Significance statementIt is well known that many biochemical processes in cells must occur in localized regions. There are many different ideas about how cells keep processes localized. In this study we demonstrate that Flotillin1 and Flotillin2 co-assemble to form a large, truncated cone shaped cage whose wide end is always attached to a membrane surface and whose narrow end is sometimes attached to a separate membrane. The entire wall of the cage is without holes and is likely impervious even to small molecules, forming a diffusion barrier that can connect membrane systems. The Flotillin cage is thus well suited to isolate biochemical processes. Through membrane attachment, it also alters local membrane curvature, which could influence endocytic and mechanosensory processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the Flotillin Complex in a Native Membrane Environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Empowering STEM Students: A University-wide Mentorship Program Fostering Retention and Belonging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.02.587784v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the face of a challenging climate that is resistant to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) efforts, there is a critical need for a support structure for retaining students, particularly those from historically excluded groups (HEGs), in STEM. The Biology Undergraduate and Masters Mentorship Program (BUMMP) embodies this commitment to fostering scientific identity, efficacy, and sense of belonging for 1st generation and historically underserved undergraduate and masters students at UC San Diego. The mission of BUMMP is to cultivate a sense of belonging, instill confidence, and nurture a strong scientific identity amongst all of its participants. At its core, the three pillars of BUMMP are: 1) mentorship, 2) professional development, and 3) research. Quality mentorship is provided where students receive personal guidance from faculty, graduate students, postdocs, and industry leaders in navigating their career pathways. Complementing mentorship, BUMMP provides paid research opportunities and prioritizes professional development by offering workshops designed to enhance students professional skills. These three pillars form the backbone of BUMMP, empowering students from all backgrounds and ensuring their retention and persistence in STEM. So far, weve served over 1,350 mentees, collaborated with 809 mentors, and had over 180 mentees actively engaged in BUMMP-sponsored research activities. Overall, BUMMPs expansive efforts have made a tremendous impact at UC San Diego and will continue to foster a community of future leaders who will be prepared to make meaningful contributions to the scientific community and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravishankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer-Drakes, T. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coopwood, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencers, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Empowering STEM Students: A University-wide Mentorship Program Fostering Retention and Belonging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.06.583734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MASCOT-Skyline integrates population and migration dynamics to enhance phylogeographic reconstructions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.06.583734v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spread of infectious diseases is shaped by spatial and temporal aspects, such as host population structure or changes in the transmission rate or number of infected individuals over time. These spatiotemporal dynamics are imprinted in the genome of pathogens and can be recovered from those genomes using phylodynamics methods. However, phylodynamic methods typically quantify either the temporal or spatial transmission dynamics, which leads to unclear biases, as one can potentially not be inferred without the other. Here, we address this challenge by introducing a structured coalescent skyline approach, MASCOT-Skyline that allows us to jointly infer spatial and temporal transmission dynamics of infectious diseases using Markov chain Monte Carlo inference. To do so, we model the effective population size dynamics in different locations using a non-parametric function, allowing us to approximate a range of population size dynamics. We show, using a range of different viral outbreak datasets, potential issues with phylogeographic methods. We then use these viral datasets to motivate simulations of outbreaks that illuminate the nature of biases present in the different phylogeographic methods. We show that spatial and temporal dynamics should be modeled jointly even if one seeks to recover just one of the two. Further, we showcase conditions under which we can expect phylogeographic analyses to be biased, particularly different subsampling approaches, as well as provide recommendations of when we can expect them to perform well. We implemented MASCOT-Skyline as part of the open-source software package MASCOT for the Bayesian phylodynamics platform BEAST2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Müller, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouckaert, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MASCOT-Skyline integrates population and migration dynamics to enhance phylogeographic reconstructions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.22.581622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetochores grip microtubules with directionally asymmetric strength 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.22.581622v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For accurate mitosis, all chromosomes must achieve  bi-orientation, with replicated sister chromatids coupled via kinetochores to the plus ends of opposing microtubules. However, kinetochores first bind the sides of microtubules and subsequently find plus ends by directed transport or when side-attached microtubules shorten and bring their ends to the kinetochores. Mitotic accuracy depends on the selective release of erroneous attachments and proposed mechanisms have focused mainly on plus-end attachments. Whether erroneous side-attachments are distinguished from correct side-attachments is unknown. Here we show that side-attached kinetochores are very sensitive to microtubule polarity, gripping six-fold more strongly when pulled toward plus versus minus ends. This directionally asymmetric grip correlates with changes in the axial arrangement of subcomplexes within the kinetochores, suggesting that internal architecture dictates attachment strength. We propose that the kinetochores directional grip promotes accuracy specifically during early mitosis, by stabilizing correct attachments even before both sisters have found plus ends.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitkamp, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popchock, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetochores grip microtubules with directionally asymmetric strength]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.05.570250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary analyses of IDRs reveal widespread signals of conservation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.05.570250v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are segments of proteins without stable three-dimensional structures. As this flexibility allows them to interact with diverse binding partners, IDRs play key roles in cell signaling and gene expression. Despite the prevalence and importance of IDRs in eukaryotic proteomes and various biological processes, associating them with specific molecular functions remains a significant challenge due to their high rates of sequence evolution. However, by comparing the observed values of various IDR-associated properties against those generated under a simulated model of evolution, a recent study found most IDRs across the entire yeast proteome contain conserved features. Furthermore, it showed clusters of IDRs with common "evolutionary signatures," i.e. patterns of conserved features, were associated with specific biological functions. To determine if similar patterns of conservation are found in the IDRs of other systems, in this work we applied a series of phylogenetic models to over 8,500 orthologous IDRs identified in the Drosophila genome to dissect the forces driving their evolution. By comparing models of constrained and unconstrained continuous trait evolution using the Brownian motion and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models, respectively, we identified signals of widespread constraint, indicating conservation of distributed features is mechanism of IDR evolution common to multiple biological systems. In contrast to the previous study in yeast, however, we observed limited evidence of IDR clusters with specific biological functions, which suggests a more complex relationship between evolutionary constraints and function in the IDRs of multicellular organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singleton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary analyses of IDRs reveal widespread signals of conservation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.17.558137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A proposed function for the red body of Nannochloropsis in the formation of the recalcitrant cell wall polymer, algaenan 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.17.558137v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stramenopile algae contribute significantly to global primary productivity, and one class, Eustigmatophyceae, is increasingly studied for applications in high-value lipid production. Yet much about their basic biology remains unknown, including the nature of an enigmatic, pigmented globule found in vegetative cells. Here, we present an in-depth examination of this "red body", focusing on Nannochloropsis oceanica. During the cell cycle, the red body formed adjacent to the plastid, but unexpectedly it was secreted and released with the autosporangial wall following cell division. Shed red bodies contained antioxidant ketocarotenoids, and overexpression of a beta-carotene ketolase resulted in enlarged red bodies. Infrared spectroscopy indicated long-chain, aliphatic lipids in shed red bodies and cell walls, and LC-HRMS detected a C32 alkyl diol, a potential precursor of algaenan, a recalcitrant cell wall polymer. We propose that the red body transports algaenan precursors from plastid to apoplast to be incorporated into daughter cell walls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen-Ranberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grob, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holman, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.558137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A proposed function for the red body of Nannochloropsis in the formation of the recalcitrant cell wall polymer, algaenan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.18.553925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progressive plasticity during colorectal cancer metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.18.553925v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis is the principal cause of cancer death, yet we lack an understanding of metastatic cell states, their relationship to primary tumor states, and the mechanisms by which they transition. In a cohort of biospecimen trios from same-patient normal colon, primary and metastatic colorectal cancer, we show that while primary tumors largely adopt LGR5+ intestinal stem-like states, metastases display progressive plasticity. Loss of intestinal cell states is accompanied by reprogramming into a highly conserved fetal progenitor state, followed by non-canonical differentiation into divergent squamous and neuroendocrine-like states, which is exacerbated by chemotherapy and associated with poor patient survival. Using matched patient-derived organoids, we demonstrate that metastatic cancer cells exhibit greater cell-autonomous multilineage differentiation potential in response to microenvironment cues than their intestinal lineage-restricted primary tumor counterparts. We identify PROX1 as a stabilizer of intestinal lineage in the fetal progenitor state, whose downregulation licenses non-canonical reprogramming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moorman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambuli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balkaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermeo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luthra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgambati, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luckett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaeger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarnagin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angelica, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Aguilar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Vega, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.18.553925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progressive plasticity during colorectal cancer metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.17.553700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermodynamic Coupling of the tandem RRM domains of hnRNP A1 underlie its Pleiotropic RNA Binding Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.17.553700v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional properties of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) require allosteric regulation through inter-domain communication. Despite the foundational importance of allostery to biological regulation, almost no studies have been conducted to describe the biophysical nature by which inter-domain communication manifests in RBPs. Here, we show through high-pressure studies with hnRNP A1 that inter-domain communication is vital for the unique stability of its N- terminal domain containing a tandem of RNA Recognition Motifs (RRMs). Despite high sequence similarity and nearly identical tertiary structures, the two RRMs exhibit drastically different stability under pressure. RRM2 unfolds completely under high-pressure as an individual domain, but when appended to RRM1, it remains stable. Variants in which inter-domain communication is disrupted between the tandem RRMs show a large decrease in stability under pressure. Carrying these mutations over to the full-length protein for in vivo experiments revealed that the mutations affected the ability of the disordered C-terminus to engage in protein-protein interactions and more importantly, they also influenced the RNA binding capacity. Collectively, this work reveals that thermodynamic coupling between the tandem RRMs of hnRNP A1 accounts for its allosteric regulatory functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levengood, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potoyan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penumutchu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutluay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolbert, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermodynamic Coupling of the tandem RRM domains of hnRNP A1 underlie its Pleiotropic RNA Binding Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jointly modeling deep mutational scans identifies shifted mutational effects among SARS-CoV-2 spike homologs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.31.551037v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep mutational scanning (DMS) is a high-throughput experimental technique that measures the effects of thousands of mutations to a protein. These experiments can be performed on multiple homologs of a protein or on the same protein selected under multiple conditions. It is often of biological interest to identify mutations with shifted effects across homologs or conditions. However, it is challenging to determine if observed shifts arise from biological signal or experimental noise. Here, we describe a method for jointly inferring mutational effects across multiple DMS experiments while also identifying mutations that have shifted in their effects among experiments. A key aspect of our method is to regularize the inferred shifts, so that they are nonzero only when strongly supported by the data. We apply this method to DMS experiments that measure how mutations to spike proteins from SARS-CoV-2 variants (Delta, Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.2) affect cell entry. Most mutational effects are conserved between these spike homologs, but a fraction have markedly shifted. We experimentally validate a subset of the mutations inferred to have shifted effects, and confirm differences of >1,000-fold in the impact of the same mutation on spike-mediated viral infection across spikes from different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Overall, our work establishes a general approach for comparing sets of DMS experiments to identify biologically important shifts in mutational effects.

Significance StatementAmino-acid mutations to a protein have effects that can shift as the protein evolves or is put under new selective pressure. The effects of amino-acid mutations to a specific protein under a defined selective pressure can be measured by deep mutational scanning experiments. Here, we devise an approach to quantify shifts in mutational effects between experiments performed on different homologs (i.e. variants) of the same protein, or on the same protein selected under different conditions. We use this approach to compare experiments performed on three homologs of SARS-CoV-2 spike, identifying mutations that have shifted in their effect on spike-mediated viral infection by >1,000 fold across SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haddox, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jointly modeling deep mutational scans identifies shifted mutational effects among SARS-CoV-2 spike homologs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.28.546576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable, accessible, and reproducible reference genome assembly and evaluation in Galaxy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.28.546576v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in genome sequencing and assembly are enabling high-quality reference genomes for all species. However, the assembly process is still laborious, computationally and technically demanding, lacks standards for reproducibility, and is not readily scalable. Here we present the latest Vertebrate Genomes Project assembly pipeline and demonstrate that it delivers high-quality reference genomes at scale across a set of vertebrate species arising over the last [~]500 million years. The pipeline is versatile and combines PacBio HiFi long-reads and Hi-C-based haplotype phasing in a new graph-based paradigm. Standardized quality control is performed automatically to troubleshoot assembly issues and assess biological complexities. We make the pipeline freely accessible through Galaxy, accommodating researchers even without local computational resources and enhanced reproducibility by democratizing the training and assembly process. We demonstrate the flexibility and reliability of the pipeline by assembling reference genomes for 51 vertebrate species from major taxonomic groups (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lariviere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abueg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brajuka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo-Alba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmada-Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabbani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacco, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denisova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooder, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Bonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secomandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uliano-Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Beek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterhouse, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable, accessible, and reproducible reference genome assembly and evaluation in Galaxy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.20.545120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetogenetic cell activation using endogenous ferritin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.20.545120v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to precisely control the activity of defined cell populations enables studies of their physiological roles and may provide therapeutic applications. While prior studies have shown that magnetic activation of ferritin-tagged ion channels allows cell-specific modulation of cellular activity, the large size of the constructs made the use of adeno-associated virus, AAV, the vector of choice for gene therapy, impractical. In addition, simple means for generating magnetic fields of sufficient strength have been lacking. Toward these ends, we first generated a novel anti-ferritin nanobody that when fused to transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1, TRPV1, enables direct binding of the channel to endogenous ferritin in mouse and human cells. This smaller construct can be delivered in a single AAV and we validated that it robustly enables magnetically induced cell activation in vitro. In parallel, we developed a simple benchtop electromagnet capable of gating the nanobody-tagged channel in vivo. Finally, we showed that delivering these new constructs by AAV to pancreatic beta cells in combination with the benchtop magnetic field delivery stimulates glucose-stimulated insulin release to improve glucose tolerance in mice in vivo. Together, the novel anti-ferritin nanobody, nanobody-TRPV1 construct and new hardware advance the utility of magnetogenetics in animals and potentially humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stanley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomeranz, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassanzadeh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brier, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaisey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ocana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dordick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetogenetic cell activation using endogenous ferritin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.09.543079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate immune responses yield tissue-specific bottlenecks that scale with pathogen dose 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.09.543079v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To cause infection, pathogens must overcome bottlenecks imposed by the host immune system. These bottlenecks restrict the inoculum and largely determine whether pathogen exposure results in disease. Infection bottlenecks therefore quantify the effectiveness of immune barriers. Here, using a model of Escherichia coli systemic infection, we identify bottlenecks that tighten or widen with higher inoculum sizes, revealing that the efficacy of innate immune responses can increase or decrease with pathogen dose. We term this concept "dose scaling". During E. coli systemic infection, dose scaling is tissue specific, dependent on the LPS receptor TLR4, and can be recapitulated by mimicking high doses with killed bacteria. Scaling is therefore due to sensing of pathogen molecules rather than interactions between the host and live bacteria. We propose that dose scaling quantitatively links innate immunity with infection bottlenecks and is a valuable framework for understanding how the inoculum size governs the outcome of pathogen exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hullahalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.543079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate immune responses yield tissue-specific bottlenecks that scale with pathogen dose]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.19.531556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matters Arising: FBXO38 does not control PD-1 stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.19.531556v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligases are versatile protein complexes that mediate the ubiquitination of substrates, which are recognized by their F-box-domain- containing subunits1. One of these substrate receptors is FBXO38. Its gene has been found to be mutated in several families with early-onset distal hereditary motor neuronopathy2. SCFFBXO38 ubiquitin ligase controls the stability of ZXDB, a nuclear factor associated with the centromeric chromatin protein CENP-B3. Moreover, the loss of FBXO38 results in growth retardation and defect in spermatogenesis characterized by deregulation of the Sertoli cell transcription program and centromere integrity4. A report by Meng et al. proposed that SCFFBXO38 regulates the protein levels of the PD-1 inhibitory receptor (also known as CD279, PDCD1) in T cells5. Here, we have re-addressed the conclusions by Meng et al. using Fbxo38KO/KO mice and cell systems. We have found no evidence indicating that FBXO38 controls the abundance and stability of PD-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dibus, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salyova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolarova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepanek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cermak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.19.531556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matters Arising: FBXO38 does not control PD-1 stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.19.533378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible and site-specific manipulation of histones in live animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.19.533378v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in protein engineering have provided a wealth of methods that allow for the site-specific manipulation of proteins in vitro and in cells. However, the efforts to expand these toolkits for use in live animals has been limited. Here, we report a new method for the semi-synthesis of site-specifically modified and chemically defined proteins in live animals. Importantly, we illustrate the usefulness of this methodology in the context of a challenging, chromatin bound N-terminal histone tail within rodent postmitotic neurons located in ventral striatum (Nucleus Accumbens/NAc). This approach provides the field with a precise and broadly applicable methodology for manipulating histones in vivo, thereby serving as a unique template towards examining chromatin phenomena that may mediate transcriptomic and physiological plasticity within mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finkin-Groner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Kachak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agustinus, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.19.533378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible and site-specific manipulation of histones in live animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.20.529064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enterovirus Evolution Reveals the Mechanism of an RNA-Targeted Antiviral and Determinants of Viral Replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.20.529064v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective pressures on positive-strand RNA viruses provide opportunities to establish target site specificity and mechanisms of action of antivirals. Here, Enterovirus-A71 revertant viruses with resistant mutations in the SLII IRES domain (SLIIresist) were selected at low doses of the antiviral DMA-135. The EV-A71 revertant viruses were resistant to DMA-135 at concentrations that robustly inhibit replication of wild-type virus. EV-A71 IRES structures harboring the suppressor mutations induced efficient expression of reporter Luciferase mRNA in the presence of non-cytotoxic doses of DMA-135 whereas DMA-135 dose-dependently inhibited Luciferase expression from the wild-type IRES element. NMR studies indicate that the resistant mutations change the structure of SLII at the bulge loop binding site of DMA-135 and at part of an extended surface recognized by host RNA-binding protein AUF1. Comparisons of biophysical analysis of complexes formed between AUF1, DMA-135, or either SLII or SLIIresist show that DMA-135 stabilizes a ternary complex with AUF1-SLII but not AUF1-SLIIresist. Further studies demonstrate that the hnRNP A1 protein retains binding affinity for SLIIresist, illustrating that DMA-135 inhibition and viral resistance do not perturb the SLII-hnRNP A1 arm of the regulatory axis. Taken together, this work demonstrates how viral evolution under selective pressures of small molecules can elucidate RNA binding site specificity, mechanisms of action, and provide additional insights into the viral pathways inhibited by the antiviral DMA-135.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davila-Calderon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penumutchu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcolm, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargrove, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolbert, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enterovirus Evolution Reveals the Mechanism of an RNA-Targeted Antiviral and Determinants of Viral Replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.02.525347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane free-energy landscapes derived from atomistic dynamics explain nonuniversal cholesterol-induced stiffening 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.02.525347v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All lipid membranes have inherent morphological preferences and resist deformation. Yet adaptations in membrane shape can and do occur at multiple length scales. While this plasticity is crucial for cellular physiology, the factors controlling the morphological energetics of lipid bilayers and the dominant mechanisms of membrane remodeling remain unclear. An ongoing debate regarding the universality of the stiffening effect of cholesterol underscores the challenges facing this field, both experimentally and theoretically, even for simple lipid mixtures. On the computational side, we have argued that enhanced- sampling all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are uniquely suited for quantification of membrane conformational energetics, not only because they minimize a-priori assumptions, but also because they permit analysis of bilayers in deformed states. To showcase this approach, we examine reported inconsistencies between alternative experimental measurements of bending moduli for cholesterol-enriched membranes. Specifically, we analyze lipid bilayers with different chain saturation, and compute free-energy landscapes for curvature deformations distributed over areas from [~]5 to [~]60 nm2. These enhanced simulations, totaling over 100 microseconds of sampling time, enable us to directly quantify both bending and tilt moduli, and to dissect the contributing factors and molecular mechanisms of curvature generation at each length scale. Our results show that cholesterol effects are lipid-specific, in agreement with giantvesicle measurements, and explain why experiments probing nanometer scale lipid dynamics diverge. In summary, we demonstrate that quantitative structure-mechanics relationships can now be established for heterogenous membranes, paving the way for addressing open fundamental questions in cell membrane mechanics.

SignificanceElucidating the energetics and mechanisms of membrane remodeling is an essential step towards understanding cell physiology. This problem is challenging, however, because membrane bending involves both large-scale and atomic-level dynamics, which are difficult to measure simultaneously. A recent controversy regarding the stiffening effect of cholesterol, which is ubiquitous in animal cells, illustrates this challenge. We show how enhanced molecular-dynamics simulations can bridge this length-scale gap and reconcile seemingly incongruent observations. This approach facilitates a conceptual connection between lipid chemistry and membrane mechanics, thereby providing a solid basis for future research on remodeling phenomena, such as in membrane trafficking or viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiorin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraldo-Gomez, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.525347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane free-energy landscapes derived from atomistic dynamics explain nonuniversal cholesterol-induced stiffening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.27.525942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimerization mechanism of an inverted-topology ion channel in membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.27.525942v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many ion channels are multi-subunit complexes with a polar permeation pathway at the oligomeric interface, but their mechanisms of assembly into functional, thermodynamically stable units within the membrane are largely unknown. Here we characterize the assembly of the inverted-topology, homodimeric fluoride channel Fluc, leveraging a known mutation, N43S, that weakens Na+ binding to the dimer interface, thereby unlocking the complex. While single-channel recordings show Na+ is required for activation, single-molecule photobleaching and bulk Forster Resonance Energy Transfer experiments in lipid bilayers demonstrate that N43S Fluc monomers and dimers exist in dynamic equilibrium, even without Na+. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate this equilibrium is dominated by a differential in the lipid-solvation energetics of monomer and dimer, which stems from hydrophobic exposure of the polar ion pathway in the monomer. These results suggest a model wherein membrane-associated forces induce channel assembly while subsequent factors, in this case Na+ binding, result in channel activation.

TeaserMembrane morphology energetics foster inverted-topology Fluc channels to form dimers, which then become active upon Na+ binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orabi, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockbridge, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraldo-Gomez, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimerization mechanism of an inverted-topology ion channel in membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.20.524959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular mechanism of selective and active transport in a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.20.524959v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secondary-active transporters catalyze the movement of myriad substances across all cellular membranes, typically against opposing concentration gradients, and without consuming any ATP. To do so, these proteins employ an intriguing structural mechanism evolved to be activated only upon recognition or release of the transported species. We examine this self-regulated mechanism using a homolog of the cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger as a model system. Using advanced computer simulations, we map out the complete functional cycle of this transporter, including unknown conformations that we validate against existing experimental data. Calculated free-energy landscapes reveal why this transporter functions as an antiporter rather than a symporter, why it specifically exchanges Na+ and Ca2+, and why the stoichiometry of this exchange is exactly 3:1. We also rationalize why the protein does not exchange H+ for either Ca2+ or Na+, despite being able to bind H+ and its high similarity with H+/Ca2+ exchangers. Interestingly, the nature of this transporter is not explained by its primary structural states, known as inward- and outward-open conformations; instead, the defining factor is the feasibility of conformational intermediates between those states, wherein access pathways leading to the substrate binding sites become simultaneously occluded from both sides of the membrane. This analysis offers a physically-coherent, broadly transferable route to understand the emergence of function from structure among secondary-active membrane transporters.

SignificanceThe class of membrane proteins known as secondary-active transporters mediate a wide range of critical cellular processes, including nutrient uptake, transmembrane signaling, and resistance to cytotoxic compounds, like human-made drugs. A detailed understanding of their molecular mechanisms is therefore of interest not only from a fundamental standpoint, but also because it will facilitate the design of inhibitors or stimulators that may be used as therapeutic agents. This study provides a conceptual mechanistic framework, grounded on statistical thermodynamics, that bridges the specific physiological function of these proteins and their molecular structure. While the study is focused on a particular subclass of transporters involved in cardiac physiology and cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, we envisage our conclusions will be broadly applicable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraldo-Gomez, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular mechanism of selective and active transport in a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.18.524445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous muscle, glial, epithelial, neuronal, and hemocyte cell lines for Drosophila research 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.18.524445v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression of activated Ras, RasV12, provides Drosophila cultured cells with a proliferation and survival advantage that simplifies the generation of continuous cell lines. Here we used lineage restricted RasV12 expression to generate continuous cell lines of muscle, glial, and epithelial cell type. Additionally, cell lines with neuronal and hemocyte characteristics were isolated by cloning from cell cultures established with broad RasV12 expression. Differentiation with the hormone ecdysone caused maturation of cells from mesoderm lines into active muscle tissue and enhanced dendritic features in neuronal-like lines. Transcriptome analysis showed expression of key cell-type specific genes and the expected alignment with single cell sequencing data in several cases. Overall, the technique has produced in vitro cell models with characteristics of glia, epithelium, muscle, nerve, and hemocyte. The cells and associated data are available from the Drosophila Genomic Resource Center.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Gosser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghuvanshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stitzinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luhur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariyappa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josifov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelhof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous muscle, glial, epithelial, neuronal, and hemocyte cell lines for Drosophila research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.18.670751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De Novo Design of Miniprotein Inhibitors of Bacterial Adhesins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.18.670751v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections necessitates the discovery of novel antimicrobial strategies. Here, we show that protein design provides a generalizable means of generating new antimicrobials by neutralizing the function of bacterial adhesins, which are virulence factors critical in host-pathogen interactions. We de novo designed high-affinity miniprotein binders to FimH and Abp1D/Abp2D chaperone usher pili adhesins from uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii, respectively, which are implicated in mediating both uncomplicated and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (UTI) responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The designed antagonists have high specificity and stability, disrupt bacterial recognition of host receptors, block biofilm formation, and are effective in treating and preventing uncomplicated and catheter-associated UTIs in vivo. Targeting virulence factors outside the cell membrane with protein design provides a rapid route to next-generation therapeutics that can disrupt pathogenesis and thus are capable of treating and preventing disease in an antibiotic-sparing manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chazin-Gray, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopatto, E. D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magala, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aprikian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchesnokova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanick, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamadonfar, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkner, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodson, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellebedy, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hvorecny, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardales, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klevit, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokurenko, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultgren, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De Novo Design of Miniprotein Inhibitors of Bacterial Adhesins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.13.670004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inverse expression of Ten3 and Lphn2 across the developing mouse brain reveals a global strategy for circuit assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.13.670004v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise wiring of neural circuits requires molecular strategies that ensure accurate target selection across diverse brain regions. Here, we identify inverse expression between a ligand-receptor pair, Teneurin-3 (Ten3) and Latrophilin-2 (Lphn2), throughout the developing mouse brain. Ten3 and Lphn2 exhibit inverse expression gradients along a retinotopic axis orthogonal to the ephrin-A and EphA gradients; along the tonotopic axis across multiple brainstem auditory nuclei; and along the dorsomedial-ventrolateral axis in striatum and pallidum. Their inverse expression also creates discrete domains of cerebellar Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei. Using conditional tag mice, we show that inverse Ten3 and Lphn2 expression patterns predict connectivity, following a  Ten3[-&gt;]Ten3, Lphn2[-&gt;]Lphn2 rule in all above circuits, and that Lphn2 is required in executing this rule in Purkinje cells[-&gt;]cerebellar nuclei projection. Our findings reveal a global strategy of coordinating gene expression of key wiring molecules with circuit connectivity across the developing brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederick, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inverse expression of Ten3 and Lphn2 across the developing mouse brain reveals a global strategy for circuit assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.20.670374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging cellular activity simultaneously across all organs of a vertebrate reveals body-wide circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.20.670374v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All cells in an animal collectively ensure, moment-to-moment, the survival of the whole organism in the face of environmental stressors1,2. Physiology seeks to elucidate the intricate network of interactions that sustain life, which often span multiple organs, cell types, and timescales, but a major challenge lies in the inability to simultaneously record time-varying cellular activity throughout the entire body.

We developed WHOLISTIC (WHole Organism Live Imaging System for recording Tissue and IntraCellular activity), a method to image second-timescale, time-varying intracellular dynamics across cell-types of the vertebrate body. By advancing and integrating volumetric fluorescence microscopy, machine learning, and pancellular transgenic expression of calcium sensors in transparent young Danio rerio (zebrafish) and with proof of concept in adult Danionella, the method enables real-time recording of cellular dynamics across the organism. Calcium is a universal intracellular messenger, with a large array of cellular processes depending on changes in calcium concentration across varying time-scales, making it an ideal proxy of cellular activity3.

Using this platform to screen the dynamics of most cells in the body, we discovered unexpected responses of specific cell types to stimuli, such as chondrocyte reactions to cold, meningeal responses to ketamine, and state-dependent activity, such as oscillatory ependymal-cell activity during periods of extended motor quiescence. At the organ scale, the method uncovered pulsating traveling waves along the kidney nephron. At the multi-organ scale, we uncovered muscle synergies and independencies, as well as muscle-organ interactions. Integration with optogenetics allowed us to all-optically determine the causal direction of brain-body interactions. At the whole-organism scale, the method captured the rapid brainstem-controlled redistribution of blood flow across the body.

Finally, we advanced Whole-Body Expansion Microscopy4 to provide ground-truth molecular and ultrastructural anatomical context, explaining the spatiotemporal structure of activity captured by WHOLISTIC. Together, these innovations establish a new paradigm for systems biology, bridging cellular and organismal physiology, with broad implications for both fundamental research and drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruetten, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensh, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemire, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadobianskyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelek-Greskovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petruncio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judkewitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.670374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging cellular activity simultaneously across all organs of a vertebrate reveals body-wide circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.18.670976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Augment rice ANNEXIN expression to counter planthopper NlAnnexin-like5 as an anti-virulence strategy against a major crop pest 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.18.670976v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brown planthopper (BPH) is the most devastating insect pest in rice, posing a serious threat to global rice production. One attractive control strategy would be based on the understanding of the virulence mechanisms of BPH at the molecular level and then designing targeted methods to neutralize such mechanisms. Salivary proteins of BPH are important players in mediating rice-BPH interactions. Here, we describe a pivotal role of a watery saliva protein, NlAnnexin-like5 (NlANX5), in the rice-BPH interaction. RNA interference (RNAi) of NlANX5 greatly compromised BPH feeding performance and survival rate on rice plants. NlANX5-RNAi BPH triggered a rapid calcium ion influx in rice cells. The feeding and survival defects of NlANX5-RNAi BPH can be restored in NlANX5-expressing transgenic rice plants. NlANX5 targets rice annexin (OsANN) proteins, including OsANN2 and OsANN8. Further analysis with NlANX5 and OsANN2 as well as OsANN8 showed that NlANX5 displaces OsANN2 and OsANN8 from the rice cell membrane. The osann2 osann8 mutant rice plants are hypersusceptible to BPH infestation. In contrast, enhanced expression of OsANN2 and OsANN8 gene resulted in robust rice resistance against BPH. This study highlights a successful example of identifying and augmenting the expression of the host targets of a major BPH virulence effector as a promising anti-virulence strategy against an important crop pest.

Significance StatementInsect pests pose a serious biotic threat to crop production worldwide. Understanding how insect pests attack plants could inspire innovative pest control measures to enhance global food security. The brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens St[a]l) is the most devastative insect pest in rice. In this study, we discovered that BPH secretes a salivary protein, NlAnnexin-like5 (NlANX5), to target rice host annexins that are associated with calcium fluxes and activation of multiple rice defense pathways. This knowledge led to employing enhanced expression of rice annexin-encoding genes to successfully defeat the virulence function of NlANX5. Results have significant implications in the development of anti-virulence breeding strategies against BPH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opachaloemphan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>he, s. y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Augment rice ANNEXIN expression to counter planthopper NlAnnexin-like5 as an anti-virulence strategy against a major crop pest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.21.671373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent viral phosphodiesterases for immune signaling evasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.21.671373v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and other short oligonucleotides play fundamental roles in immune system activation in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. In response, viruses use phosphodiesterase-mediated oligonucleotide cleavage for immune evasion, a strategy whose diversity has not yet been explored. We used a canonical 2H phosphodiesterase (2H PDE) structure-based search of prokaryotic and eukaryotic viral sequences to identify an exceptional diversity of 2H PDEs across the virome, including enzymes not detectable with sequence search methods alone. Despite active site conservation, biochemical experiments revealed remarkable substrate specificity of these PDEs that corresponds to variation in the core 2H fold. This nuanced specificity allows 2H PDEs to selectively degrade oligonucleotide messengers to avoid interfering with host immune signaling. Together, these findings nominate viral 2H PDEs as key regulators of CDN signaling across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomburg, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blount, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent viral phosphodiesterases for immune signaling evasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.21.671318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Interference Gates Monogenic Odorant Receptor Expression in Ants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.21.671318v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communication is crucial to social life, and in ants, it is mediated primarily through olfaction. Ants have more odorant receptor (OR) genes than any other group of insects, generated through tandem duplications that produce large genomic arrays of related genes. However, how olfactory sensory neurons produce a single functional OR from these arrays remains unclear. In ants, only mRNA from one OR in an array is exported into the cytoplasm, while upstream genes are silent and transcripts from downstream genes remain nuclear. Here, we show that non-canonical readthrough transcription in the downstream direction generates non-translated transcripts. We also find that OR promoters are bidirectional, producing antisense long non-coding RNAs that appear to suppress the expression of upstream genes. Finally, we present evidence that this regulatory architecture is conserved across ants and bees, suggesting that this mechanism for functionally monogenic OR expression is widespread in insects with expanded OR repertoires.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glotzer, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>H. Pastor, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronauer, D. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Interference Gates Monogenic Odorant Receptor Expression in Ants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.15.669933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skin capillary endothelial cells form a network of spatiotemporally conserved Ca2+ activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.15.669933v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+ signaling and its regulation are important for endothelial cell (EC) function and signaling. Yet, the spatiotemporal organization of Ca2+ activity and its regulation across a vascular plexus is poorly understood in an in vivo mammalian context. To overcome this gap in knowledge, we developed an intravital imaging approach to resolve Ca2+ activity with single cell resolution in skin vasculature of adult mice via multiphoton microscopy. Here, we tracked thousands of Ca2+ events in the skin capillary plexus during homeostasis and observed signaling heterogeneity between ECs, with just over half displaying Ca2+ activity at any given time. Longitudinal tracking of the same mice revealed that the same capillary ECs maintain Ca2+ activity over days to weeks. Interestingly, activity dynamics, such as frequency and event duration, are not conserved at a single cell level but are maintained at an EC population level. Molecularly, conditional deletion of the gap junction protein Connexin 43 (Cx43cKO) in ECs lead to a subset of ECs displaying sustained Ca2+ activity, biasing signaling dynamics of the whole network towards chronically persistent activity over time. Sustained capillary Ca2+ activity resulted in vascular permeability and flow dysregulation. Lastly, through pharmacological targeting of known agonists/antagonists, we showed that inhibition of L-type Voltage Gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) non cell-autonomously restores Ca2+ activity, blood flow, and barrier function in Cx43cKO mice. Collectively, our work provides insight into the characteristics, extent, and regulation of Ca2+ activity in skin capillaries of live mice with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

Significance StatementCa2+ signaling in mammalian endothelial cells (ECs) locally regulates blood flow, force sensing, and vessel permeability. Past studies have investigated Ca2+ signaling during vascular remodeling and repair. However, there is a gap in our understanding of how tissue-level Ca2+ is spatiotemporally organized and regulated during homeostasis. Intravital imaging in skin vasculature of live mice reveals that a conserved network of ECs participates in tissue-wide Ca2+ signaling over weeks. How this network maintains itself over time requires cellular communication through gap junction protein Connexin 43 (Cx43). Loss of EC Cx43 leads to heightened plexus-wide Ca2+ activity, and vessel barrier and flow dysregulation. Inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels non-cell autonomously restores the capillary Ca2+ landscape, and rescues both barrier and flow dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matte-Martone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monedero-Alonso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.669933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skin capillary endothelial cells form a network of spatiotemporally conserved Ca2+ activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.15.670615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain variation identifies a neural substrate for behavioral evolution in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.15.670615v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexual selection acts on heritable differences within species, driving the parallel diversification of signal production in one sex and behavioral responses in the other. This coevolution implies that sensory preferences are themselves variable traits, yet the neural basis of such variation remains unclear. Here, we identify striking strain-specific differences in Drosophila melanogaster male mate preferences that arise from differential sensitivity to heterospecific female pheromones. We map this variation to an ascending inhibitory pathway targeting a central circuit node known to dynamically pattern courtship. Inhibitory circuits thus emerge as a key locus for shaping mate discrimination via transient suppression of a males pursuit. Our findings highlight how variation within sensory circuitry serves as a substrate for selection, fueling the evolution of reproductive barriers between species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenfeld, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsitohay, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollunder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathiyari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbano, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain variation identifies a neural substrate for behavioral evolution in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.18.670955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning of Functional Perturbations from Condensate Morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.18.670955v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates compartmentalize the interior of living cells to spatiotemporally organize complex functions, yet linking molecular interactions within condensates to their mesoscale organization remains a major challenge. To bridge this gap, we developed a neural network-based framework - Deep-Phase - that uses microscopy images to quantitatively classify condensate morphology changes resulting from pharmacological alterations in associated biochemical processes. We use Deep-Phase to precisely quantify time- and concentration-dependent structural perturbations to the multiphase nucleolus and show that they are tightly coupled to potencies of drugs inhibiting rRNA transcription and processing. Applying Deep-Phase in a chemical screen, we identify a unique nucleolar morphology and discover a role for a DNA topoisomerase in rRNA processing. Mechanistic studies of this morphology provide insights into how interfaces between nucleolar subcompartments are maintained. We demonstrate Deep-Phases adaptability to diverse cell lines, labels, and condensates, offering a powerful platform for uncovering cellular organizing principles and therapeutic targets.

HighlightsO_LIA deep learning framework, Deep-Phase, classifies and quantifies drug-induced changes in morphologies of nucleoli, nucleolar speckles, and viral cytoplasmic condensates, directly from images.
C_LIO_LITime- and concentration-dependent morphological responses to perturbation predict associated disruptions in RNA transcription and processing.
C_LIO_LIUsing Deep-Phase in a high-content small molecule screen reveals a unique nucleolar morphology induced by TOP1 inhibition.
C_LIO_LITOP1 inhibition leads to reduced levels and processing of large ribosomal subunit precursors and provides a mechanism for maintenance of nucleolar phase boundaries.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donlic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comi, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinodoz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaberi-Lashkari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesner, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning of Functional Perturbations from Condensate Morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.18.671001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spike mutations that affect the function and antigenicity of recent KP.3.1.1-like SARS-CoV-2 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.18.671001v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is under strong evolutionary selection to acquire mutations in its spike protein that reduce neutralization by human polyclonal antibodies. Here we use pseudovirus-based deep mutational scanning to measure how mutations to the spike from the recent KP.3.1.1 SARS-CoV-2 strain affect cell entry, binding to ACE2 receptor, RBD up/down motion, and neutralization by human sera and clinically relevant antibodies. The spike mutations that most affect serum antibody neutralization sometimes differ between sera collected before versus after recent vaccination or infection, indicating these exposures shift the neutralization immunodominance hierarchy. The sites where mutations cause the greatest reduction in neutralization by post-vaccination or infection sera include receptor-binding domain (RBD) sites 475, 478 and 487, all of which have mutated in recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Multiple mutations outside the RBD affect sera neutralization as strongly as any RBD mutations by modulating RBD up/down movement. Some sites that affect RBD up/down movement have mutated in recent SARS-CoV-2 variants. Finally, we measure how spike mutations affect neutralization by three clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: VYD222, BD55-1205, and SA55. Overall, these results illuminate the current constraints and pressures shaping SARS-CoV-2 evolution, and can help with efforts to forecast possible future antigenic changes that may impact vaccines or clinical antibodies.

ImportanceThis study measures how mutations to the spike of a SARS-CoV-2 variant that circulated in early 2025 affect its function and recognition by both the polyclonal antibodies produced by the human immune system and monoclonal antibodies used as prophylactics. These measurements are made with a pseudovirus system that enables safe study of viral protein mutations using virions that can only infect cells once. The study identifies mutations that decrease recognition by current human antibody immunity; many of these mutations are increasingly being observed in new viral variants. It also shows the importance of mutations that move the spikes receptor binding domain up or down. Overall, these results are useful for forecasting viral evolution and assessing which newly emerging variants have reduced recognition by immunity and antibody prophylactics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harteloo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias-Warren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.671001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spike mutations that affect the function and antigenicity of recent KP.3.1.1-like SARS-CoV-2 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.15.670557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering compact Physalis peruviana (goldenberry) to promote its potential as a global crop 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.15.670557v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SOCIETAL STATEMENTEN - Goldenberry (Physalis peruviana) produces sweet, nutritionally-rich berries, yet like many minor crops, is cultivated in limited geographical regions and has not been a focus of breeding programs for trait enhancement. Leveraging knowledge of plant architecture-related traits from related species, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to generate a compact ideotype to advance future breeding efforts and agricultural production. Goldenberry growers will benefit from these compact versions because it optimizes per plot yield, facilitating larger-scale production to meet rising consumer popularity and demand.

SP - La uchuva (Physalis peruviana) produce frutos dulces y ricos en nutrientes, pero, igual que muchos cultivos minoritarios, se cultiva en zonas geograficas limitadas y no ha sufrido un proceso de mejora. Aprovechando conocimientos sobre rasgos relacionados con la arquitectura vegetal de especies relacionadas, hemos usado edicion genica mediante CRISPR/Cas9 para generar un ideotipo compacto para promover futuros esfuerzos en su mejora y en produccion agricola. Los productores de uchuva se podran beneficiar de estas versiones compactas ya que optimiza el rendimiento por parcela, facilitando asi la produccion a una mayor escala para cubrir la creciente popularidad y demanda de los consumidores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santo Domingo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robitaille, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartwood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karavolias, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering compact Physalis peruviana (goldenberry) to promote its potential as a global crop]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.13.670207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ten3-Lphn2-mediated target selection across the extended hippocampal network demonstrates a repeated strategy for circuit assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.13.670207v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do thousands of cell-surface proteins specify billions of neuronal connections in developing brains? We previously found that inverse expression of a ligand-receptor pair, teneurin-3 (Ten3) and latrophilin-2 (Lphn2) in CA1 and subiculum, instructs CA1[-&gt;]subiculum target selection through Ten3-Ten3 homophilic attraction and Ten3-Lphn2 heterophilic reciprocal repulsions. Here, we leveraged conditional knockouts to systematically demonstrate that these mechanisms generalize to extended hippocampal networks, including entorhinal cortex and hypothalamus. Cooperation between attraction and repulsion differs depending on the order in which developing axons encounter the attractant and repellent subfields. Strikingly, Ten3 and Lphn2 can serve both as ligands for incoming axons and receptors for their own target selection, within the same neuron; Ten3 can be repulsive or attractive as ligand or receptor. Thus, multifunctionality and repeated use, together with recurrent circuit motifs prevalent in the brain, enable one ligand-receptor pair to instruct target selection of many more neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gingrich, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederick, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ten3-Lphn2-mediated target selection across the extended hippocampal network demonstrates a repeated strategy for circuit assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.12.669950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of germinal center evolutionary dynamics via simulation-based deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.12.669950v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B cells and the antibodies they produce are vital to health and survival, motivating research on the details of the mutational and evolutionary processes in the germinal centers (GCs) from which mature B cells arise. It is known that B cells with higher affinity for their cognate antigen (Ag) will, on average, tend to have more offspring. However, the exact form of this relationship between affinity and fecundity, which we call the "affinity-fitness response function", is not known. Here we use deep learning and simulation-based inference to learn this function from a unique experiment that replays a particular combination of GC conditions many times. All code is freely available at https://github.com/matsengrp/gcdyn, while datasets and inference results can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15022130.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ralph, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakis, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of germinal center evolutionary dynamics via simulation-based deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.13.670029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PHA-4/FoxA controls the function of pharyngeal and extrapharyngeal enteric neurons of C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.13.670029v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FoxA transcription factors pattern gut tissue across animal phylogeny. Beyond their early patterning function, little is known about whether they control the terminal differentiation and/or function of the fully mature enteric nervous system, the intrinsic nervous system of the gut. We show here that the expression and function of the sole C. elegans FoxA homolog, PHA-4, reaches beyond its previously described pioneer factor roles in patterning the foregut. Through the engineering of neuron-specific cis-regulatory alleles, Cre-mediated cell-specific knockouts and degron-mediated, temporally controlled PHA-4/FoxA removal in postmitotic neurons, we found that PHA-4/FoxA is required not only to initiate the terminal differentiation program of foregut-associated enteric neurons, but also to maintain their functional properties throughout the life of the animal. Moreover, we discovered novel sites of expression of PHA-4/FoxA in extrapharyngeal enteric neurons that innervate the hindgut (AVL and DVB), a GABAergic interneuron that controls foregut function during sleep (RIS), and a peptidergic neuron, PVT, which we implicate here in controlling defecation behavior. We show that while PHA-4/FoxA is not required for the developmental specification of AVL, DVB, RIS, and PVT, it is required to enable these neurons to control enteric functions. Taken together, pha-4 is the only transcription factor known to date that is expressed in and required for the proper function of all distinct types of enteric neurons in a nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sural, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PHA-4/FoxA controls the function of pharyngeal and extrapharyngeal enteric neurons of C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.14.670328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerating Biomolecular Modeling with AtomWorks andRF3 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.14.670328v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning methods trained on protein structure databases have revolutionized biomolecular structure prediction, but developing and training new models remains a considerable challenge. To facilitate the development of new models, we present AtomWorks: a broadly applicable data framework for developing state-of-the-art biomolecular foundation models spanning diverse tasks, including structure prediction, generative protein design, and fixed backbone sequence design. We use AtomWorks to train RosettaFold-3 (RF3), a structure prediction network capable of predicting arbitrary biomolecular complexes with an improved treatment of chirality that narrows the performance gap between closed-source AlphaFold3 (AF3) and existing open-source implementations. We expect that AtomWorks will accelerate the next generation of open-source biomolecular machine learning models and that RF3 will be broadly useful as a structure prediction tool. To this end, we release the AtomWorks framework (https://github.com/RosettaCommons/atomworks), together with curated training data, code and model weights for RF3 (https://github.com/RosettaCommons/modelforge) under a permissive BSD license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubaney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kshirsagar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturmfels, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaaf, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonthalia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerating Biomolecular Modeling with AtomWorks andRF3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.25.672233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of human versus mosquito cell entry by the Chikungunya virus envelope proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.25.672233v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infects both humans and mosquitoes during its transmission cycle. How the viruss envelope proteins mediate entry in cells from such different species is unclear. MXRA8 is a receptor for CHIKV in mammalian cells, but the receptor(s) in mosquito cells remains unknown. Here we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how nearly all amino-acid mutations to the CHIKV envelope proteins affect entry in MXRA8-expressing human and mosquito cells. Most mutations similarly affect entry in both types of cells, and our comprehensive measurements of these effects define functional constraints related to protein folding and fusion activity. However, some mutations differentially affect entry in MXRA8-expressing human cells versus mosquito cells. Sites where mutations specifically impair entry in MXRA8-expressing human cells are often involved in MXRA8 binding, and we hypothesize sites where mutations specifically impair entry in mosquito cells are involved in binding the unknown mosquito receptor(s). We use the deep mutational scanning data to design loss-of-tropism mutant viruses that are impaired in their ability to infect either mosquito cells or MXRA8-expressing human cells. Our findings provide insights into the species-specific determinants of CHIKV cell entry that can help guide receptor identification and vaccine development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ju, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannon, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaszuba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltazar-Perez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of human versus mosquito cell entry by the Chikungunya virus envelope proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.25.672197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread purine bias in bacterial genes driven by runaway transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.25.672197v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genes in many bacteria are rich in purine nucleotides and poor in pyrimidines. We show that this purine preference is critical for gene expression because it prevents premature transcription termination in species that exhibit runaway transcription. In contrast to coupled transcription-translation1-5, runaway RNA polymerases that outpace trailing ribosomes have exposed nascent RNA and are vulnerable to the termination factor Rho6,7. Using a massively parallel reporter assay in Bacillus subtilis, we found that Rho-dependent termination requires a high C-to-G skew and high T content. Consequently, purine-rich coding (sense) sequences escape premature termination, whereas the correspondingly pyrimidine-rich antisense sequences are targeted by Rho and transcriptionally silenced. This purine requirement drives biased codon usage in most bacterial species with runaway transcription, except in lineages that have lost Rho. Our results suggest that the avoidance of premature transcription termination imposes major constraints on nucleotide content during genome evolution and adaptation of foreign genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dierksheide, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taggart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread purine bias in bacterial genes driven by runaway transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.25.672192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering Synthetic Phase Variation for Control of Microbial consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.25.672192v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some biochemical functions can be performed more efficiently when split into different tasks, each performed by distinct strains within a microbial consortium. Due to the distinct growth dynamics of each strain, uncontrolled consortia have unstable composition dynamics, leading to the rapid loss of the community level function. Several approaches have been developed to stabilize consortia, with most relying on communicated-mediated growth and death feedback. These approaches require accurate communication between strains to maintain control, something which is not guaranteed under non-well-mixed conditions. As such, these methods are of limited utility in consortia applications with poorly mixed environments e.g. industrial scale bioreactors or soil. Here, inspired by microbial phase variation dynamics, we introduce an alternative, communication-free approach in which a set of genetically identical cells switch stochastically between distinct phenotypes. In this scheme, the population composition is dynamically stable and determined by the rates of transitions between states. Mathematical modeling indicates that this approach can stabilize consortia. Experimentally, we used reversible DNA inversions catalyzed by serine recombinases to implement a dynamic consortium. We then characterized the dynamic properties of the consortium at the single cell and bulk levels, and demonstrated control in 2- and 3-state consortia. These results provide a composition control approach that does not rely on cell to cell communication, providing a foundation for deployment of engineered consortia in complex, and sometimes non-mixed, environments such as industrial scale bioreactors or the human gut.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kratz, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering Synthetic Phase Variation for Control of Microbial consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.22.671807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transcription factor-sRNA-mediated double-negative feedback loop confers pathogen-specific control of quorum-sensing genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.22.671807v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell-to-cell communication process called quorum sensing enables bacteria to synchronize collective behaviors. Quorum sensing relies on the production, release, and detection of signaling molecules called autoinducers. In Vibrio cholerae, the VqmA transcription factor, following binding of the DPO autoinducer, activates expression of the gene encoding the VqmR small regulatory RNA. VqmR controls traits including biofilm formation. Here, we identify repressors of DPO-VqmA-VqmR signaling. We focus on one identified repressor, the LuxT transcription factor. We show that LuxT represses vqmR transcription. VqmR post-transcriptionally represses luxT translation. This arrangement forms a double-negative feedback loop between the two regulators. Reciprocal control hinges on the N-terminal 8 amino acids of LuxT. The nucleotide sequence encoding this LuxT region serves as the VqmR binding site in the luxT mRNA and the amino acids specified by this same N-terminal region are required for LuxT to bind the vqmR promoter. This same LuxT N-terminal region also expands the DNA motifs to which LuxT can bind. We show this regulatory circuit is unique to V. cholerae and closely related species and absent from other vibrios. We define the set of LuxT-controlled genes in V. cholerae and show that LuxT promotes biofilm formation, a key requirement for successful colonization of eukaryotic hosts.

ImportanceBacterial quorum sensing enables control of collective behaviors. In Vibrio cholerae, the DPO-VqmA-VqmR quorum-sensing circuit governs key processes, including biofilm formation. Here, we identify a double-negative feedback loop between the transcription factor LuxT and the small RNA VqmR. This regulatory circuit depends on an eight amino acid N-terminal region that exists only in V. cholerae LuxT and LuxT from its close relatives. This short peptide sequence confers three distinct functions: It enables LuxT to repress vqmR, renders luxT mRNA susceptible to VqmR repression, and governs which DNA motifs LuxT can bind. Our findings reveal a pathogen-specific regulatory module that links small RNA targeting of mRNAs to transcription factor DNA binding specificity. The results show how evolution tailors bacterial regulatory circuits to adapt to different environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mashruwala, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valastyan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.22.671807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transcription factor-sRNA-mediated double-negative feedback loop confers pathogen-specific control of quorum-sensing genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.16.670679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An interneuronal CRH and CRHBP circuit stabilizes birdsong performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.16.670679v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The performance of skilled behaviors requires a balance between consistency and adaptability. Although the neural mechanisms that regulate this balance have been extensively studied at systems and physiological levels, relatively little is known about how the molecular properties of motor circuits influence motor stability versus flexibility. Here, we characterize the region- and cell-type specific expression patterns of neuropeptide systems across the neural circuit that controls the learning and performance of birdsong, a model for skilled behavior. We identify a number of neuropeptide pathways with differential expression between song regions and surrounding areas that are not involved in song production or learning. One of the strongest enriched genes in song regions is corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein (CRHBP), whose product binds corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), a neuropeptide implicated in neuronal excitability and plasticity. We find that the expression of CRHBP in the song motor pathway decreases upon deafening-induced song destabilization, increases during song acquisition, and increases the more a bird sings. CRH and CRHBP are expressed in distinct interneuronal populations in song motor regions, providing a local neuromodulatory circuit well-positioned to regulate song performance. Consistent with this role, genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the CRH pathway in the song motor pathway resulted in bidirectional modifications of song variability, with elevated CRHBP acting to maintain low variability and elevated CRH acting to increase variability. These data indicate that an interneuronal neuropeptidergic pathway maintains the stability of song, acting as a local mechanism that regulates the balance between motor consistency versus flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colquitt, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brainard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.16.670679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An interneuronal CRH and CRHBP circuit stabilizes birdsong performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.27.671140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive Selection Screen for Natural Product β-Catenin Inactivators 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.27.671140v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-based phenotypic screening of natural product mixtures can reveal new biological and pharmacological principles but has been largely abandoned, partly because such mixtures can be difficult to deconvolute and often contain toxins that confound "down" assays. We reasoned that these concerns could be partly mitigated by screening prefractionated natural product mixtures in cell-based "up" assays. We tested 326,304 natural product mixtures (40,744 extracts and 285,560 fractions derived from them) in a high throughput screen using mammalian cells expressing an oncogenic version of {beta}-catenin ({beta}-cat) fused to a suicide protein. Multiple fractions degraded the {beta}-cat fusion protein or drove it into a compartment where both fusion partners were apparently inactive. The active compound from one of the latter specifically activates novel, but not classical, protein kinase Cs (PKCs) and thereby relocates {beta}-cat to juxtamembrane vacuolar structures. These findings suggest a path for inactivating oncogenic {beta}-cat and underscore the power of natural product screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freire, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Fructuoso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akee, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Splaine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeja, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampson, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szajner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koduri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grkovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OKeefe, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelin, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.671140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive Selection Screen for Natural Product β-Catenin Inactivators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.30.672725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary innovation through fusion of sequences from across the tree of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.30.672725v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel genes arise through multiple mechanisms, including gene duplication, gene fusion and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). While HGT has increasingly been documented in animals, the post-transfer evolutionary fate of horizontally-acquired genes is less well understood. We hypothesized that fusion with endogenous sequences in animal genomes might generate what we call "HGT-chimeras": genes with regions of non-metazoan and metazoan descent in the same open reading frame. To test this hypothesis, we developed a molecular phylogenetics pipeline that enables the identification of HGT-chimeras. We applied our pipeline to 319 high-quality annotated arthropod genomes and uncovered a high-confidence set of 274 HGT-chimeras corresponding to 104 independent origination events across diverse arthropods. HGT-chimeras contain intervals acquired from across the tree of life, and many likely originated via a gene duplication-based mechanism. To assess whether HGT-chimeras might be functionally important, we performed RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing of tissues from 20 arthropod species predicted to harbor HGT-chimeras in their genome. We found evidence for the expression of contiguous chimeric mRNAs for 36 of 41 tested HGT-chimeras across 18 of 20 different tested species. We also found evidence that HGT chimeras evolve under purifying selection and have acquired potentially functional domain architectures, consistent with the hypothesis that these genes are in active use and may participate in diverse biological processes. These results illuminate an underappreciated combinatorial mechanism underlying the origin of novel genes across the largest animal phylum, and suggest that interdomain sequence fusion can play important roles in animal biology and evolution.

SignificanceEvolution forges novelty through the repurposing of available parts. Can recently acquired parts, previously foreign to an organism, be similarly repurposed? Applying a rigorous methodology to 319 genomes from arthropods, the largest phylum of animals, we uncover 104 novel genes that arose from the fusion of animal genes with fragments acquired via horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and plants. RNA-Seq and RT-PCR across multiple species show that many of these novel genes are expressed as mRNAs. Many show signatures of evolutionary conservation and coherent domain architectures, suggesting that these chimeric genes may play important roles in diverse biological processes. These results reveal an understudied path to evolutionary innovation via "bricolage" of genes from across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwager, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phuangphong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivard, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuyyamudi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.30.672725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary innovation through fusion of sequences from across the tree of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.673073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homology-mediated transformation of frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis illuminates chytrid development and pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.673073v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infects amphibians and causes chytridiomycosis, a disease linked to global amphibian decline. Despite its ecological importance, Bd has lacked robust tools for genetic manipulation, limiting molecular insights into its development and pathogenicity. Here, we establish homologous recombination as a system for stable transformation of Bd, enabling targeted chromosomal integration of exogenous DNA, endogenous protein tagging, and targeted gene deletion. We use this system to visualize Bd infection in live amphibians to enhance understanding of host invasion and pathogenesis. We also use this system to test a previous hypothesis regarding the role of chitin synthases in Bd development by tagging the endogenous chitin synthase Myo17D and observing its rapid relocalization to the plasma membrane during de novo cell wall assembly. Finally, we use our homologous recombination approach for targeted gene deletion by knocking out the URA3 locus, and confirm the resulting genotype and phenotype via sequencing and drug resistance assays. This genetic transformation system offers a foundational tool for molecular studies of Bd, advancing our capacity to dissect molecular mechanisms of chytrid pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brody, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prostak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz-Laylin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homology-mediated transformation of frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis illuminates chytrid development and pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.673192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterotypic intercellular adhesion tunes efficiency of cell-on-cell migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.673192v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration across epithelial barriers occurs in diverse developmental, immunological, and pathological contexts. Here we investigate the contribution of heterotypic adhesion between migrating cells and epithelial "substrate" cells to transepithelial migration. Using an in silico model inspired by the migration of primordial germ cells across the midgut epithelium in the Drosophila embryo, we show that heterotypic adhesion modulates migration efficiency in a non-monotonic manner, revealing the existence of an optimal adhesion regime. Consistent with this prediction, in vivo overexpression of E-cadherin in germ cells accelerated their exit from the midgut relative to controls. Beyond providing experimentally testable predictions, our model integrates and explains previous observations on the role of heterotypic adhesion in cell-on-cell migration, offering a framework for understanding transepithelial migration across biological contexts.

Significance StatementCell adhesion is important for cell migration, and when cells migrate on a substrate of other cells (rather than on extracellular matrix), the adhesive properties of both cell types must be considered. However, whether and how dynamic changes in adhesion regulate cell-on-cell migration remains unclear. Here we approach this problem using transepithelial migration of Drosophila embryonic germ cells as a case study. We develop an in silico model of the migration process that predicts an optimal level of adhesion between migrating cell and substrate cell to achieve efficient migration. In vivo live imaging and genetic manipulation experiments uphold the predictions of this model. This suggests that adhesion is not a simple on/off binary parameter regulating migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuyyamudi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterotypic intercellular adhesion tunes efficiency of cell-on-cell migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.673195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CUT&TIME captures the history of open chromatin indeveloping neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.673195v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin structure plays a central role in defining cell identity by regulating gene expression. During development, shifts in chromatin structure facilitate changes in gene expression needed to specify distinct cell types. To understand how changes in chromatin structure influence the developmental trajectory of neural progenitor cells, we developed CUT&TIME, a technique that uses a hyperactive 6-methyl adenosine (6mA) methyltransferase pulsed in living cells to map historical chromatin accessibility genome-wide in single cells. We show that CUT&TIME produces a record of the chromatin landscape during neurogenesis in the developing retina, specifically as neural progenitors produce the major projection neuron type, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We further show that this method is compatible with single cell profiling technologies, which allows us to visualize and capture the diversity of chromatin states that produce RGCs. Additionally, we identify changes in promoter accessibility associated with the transition from progenitor to RGC. Together, these data demonstrate that CUT&TIME captures a historical record of chromatin structure, which can be used to identify early changes in accessibility associated with cell-fate commitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eldred, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neph, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgerton, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyatt-Draher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranchalis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stergachis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reh, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CUT&TIME captures the history of open chromatin indeveloping neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.27.672533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-transcriptome-scale and isoform-resolved spatial imaging of single cells in complex tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.27.672533v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell and tissue functions arise from complex interactions among numerous genes, and a systematic understanding of these functions requires isoform-resolved, whole-transcriptome-scale analysis of single cells with high spatial resolution. Here, we introduce a spatial transcriptomics method based on a novel in situ RNA amplification strategy, enabling short RNA sequence detection and hence spatially resolved expression profiling of individual cells at the whole-transcriptome scale with splice-isoform resolution. Using this approach, we imaged [~]33,000 distinct RNAs--including [~]23,000 genes and [~]10,000 isoform-defining transcripts--in the mouse brain. Our data enabled systematic analyses of region- and cell-type-specific gene programs and ligand-receptor-based cell-cell communications. These data further revealed a rich spatial diversity and cell-type specificity in isoform usage across numerous genes and identified brain structures particularly enriched for specific isoform usage. We anticipate broad application of this method for molecular and cellular analysis of tissues, unlocking previously inaccessible discoveries in cell and organismal biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blosser, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-transcriptome-scale and isoform-resolved spatial imaging of single cells in complex tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.28.672867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catalytic pocket of Clr4 (Suv39h) methyltransfer-ase serves as a substrate receptor for Cullin 4-dependent histone H3 ubiquitination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.28.672867v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation must be regulated to prevent inappropriate heterochromatin formation. Regulation of the conserved fission yeast H3K9 methyltransferase Clr4 (Suv39h) involves an automethylation-induced conformational switch and interaction of its catalytic SET domain with mono-ubiquitinated histone H3 lysine 14 (H3K14ub), a modification catalyzed by the Cul4 subunit of the CLRC complex. Using reconstituted CLRC, we show that Clr4 catalytic pocket serves as a substrate receptor for Cul4-dependent H3K14 ubiquitination. H3K14ub activates Clr4 to catalyze cis methylation of H3K9 on the same histone tail, while Clr4 auto-methylation enables H3K14ub-bound Clr4 to methylate H3K9 on an unmodified H3 tail in trans. Crosslinking and structural modeling reveal interactions between Clr4 chromo and SET domains, and between the chromo-domain and H3K14ub, suggesting that the chromodomain reads H3K9me3 and H3K14ub to allosterically regulate Clr4 activity. H3K14 ubiquitination therefore regulates Clr4 by promoting its recruitment and by positioning H3K9 in the active site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Psenakova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parhard, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheek, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keogh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalocsay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.672867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catalytic pocket of Clr4 (Suv39h) methyltransfer-ase serves as a substrate receptor for Cullin 4-dependent histone H3 ubiquitination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.28.672852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endocytome profiling uncovers cell-surface protein dynamics underlying neuronal connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.28.672852v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocytosis actively remodels the neuronal surface proteome to drive diverse cellular processes, yet its global extent and circuit-level consequences have defied comprehensive interrogation. Here, we introduce endocytome profiling: a systematic, cell-type-specific approach for mapping cell-surface protein (CSP) dynamics in situ. Quantitative proteomic analysis of developing olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons generated an endocytic atlas comprising over 1,100 proteins and revealed the extent to which the surface proteome is remodeled to meet distinct developmental demands. Targeted interrogation of a junctional CSP showed that its endosome-to-surface ratio is precisely balanced to enable developmental axon pruning while preserving mature axon integrity. Multi-omic integration uncovered wide-spread transcellular signaling and identified a growth factor secreted by neighboring neurons to direct ORN axon targeting via endocytic regulation of its receptor. Endocytome profiling thus provides unprecedented access to cell-surface proteome dynamics and offers a powerful platform for dissecting proteome remodeling across diverse cell types and contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.672852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endocytome profiling uncovers cell-surface protein dynamics underlying neuronal connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.673048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of 2'-deoxyribo-purine substrates on nonenzymatic RNA template-directed primer extension 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.673048v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The composition of the primordial genetic material remains uncertain. Studies of duplex structure and stability, and of nonenzymatic template copying chemistry, provide insight into the viability of potentially primordial genetic polymers. Recent work suggests that 2'- deoxyribo-purine nucleotides may have been generated together with ribonucleotides on the early Earth. Since DNA/RNA duplexes are known to be less stable than RNA/RNA duplexes, we have examined the impact of dA, dI, and dG substitutions on RNA structure and nonenzymatic template copying. We find that single 2'-deoxyribo-purine substitutions reduce RNA duplex stability, as expected. Crystallographic studies show that such substitutions lead to minimal structural changes but point to diminished solvation as a likely reason for duplex destabilization. Kinetic studies show that dI and dG substrates exhibit slightly weaker template binding and slower rates of template-directed primer extension than the corresponding ribo-purine substrates. In contrast, dA substrates exhibit much slower reaction kinetics but higher template affinity than rA substrates. Our results suggest that a mixed RNA/DNA primordial genetic polymer would have suffered from moderately slower rates of template copying, but that this could have been offset by an advantage due to more facile strand separation or exchange.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/673048v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15bd09aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dc49d4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@730d20org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@162b84f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acikgoz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essex, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of 2'-deoxyribo-purine substrates on nonenzymatic RNA template-directed primer extension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.26.672243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of homoharringtonine pathway enzymes reveals a whole plant model for coordinated biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.26.672243v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants produce diverse molecules that inhibit protein translation. A lead example is homoharringtonine (HHT), a key tool for ribosomal profiling and an FDA-approved treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia. HHT is commercially produced through semi-synthesis from the alkaloid core cephalotaxine (CET) extracted from endangered Cephalotaxus species. Despite its significance, the CET/HHT biosynthetic pathway remains unresolved. Here, we use paired untargeted metabolomics (stable-isotope precursor feeding) and transcriptomics to elucidate a near-complete biosynthesis to CET without prior knowledge of intermediates and biosynthetic genes. We show that while the CET core is biosynthesized only in growing root tips, CET and HHT accumulate throughout the plant. We discovered seven pathway intermediates and six novel enzymes that produce cephalotaxinone, the likely direct precursor of CET. Included are non-canonical cytochrome P450s, an atypical short-chain dehydrogenase, and a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that together result in carbon excision and CET/HHT pentacyclic backbone formation. This study establishes a metabolic route to the HHT core scaffold and suggests a whole-plant coordination model in Cephalotaxus, where cephalotaxinone is produced in root tips and distributed throughout the plant for subsequent elaboration to HHT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of homoharringtonine pathway enzymes reveals a whole plant model for coordinated biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.25.672222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus TBP mimic uses a non-canonical DNA binding mode to promote viral late gene transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.25.672222v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) orchestrates late gene transcription through viral transcriptional activators that hijack host RNA polymerase II machinery, maintaining selectivity for viral promoters. Among these, the KSHV protein ORF24 serves as a TATA-binding protein (TBP) mimic essential for recognizing viral late promoters, although the molecular mechanisms underlying its function remain poorly characterized. Here, we used AlphaFold3 to predict the structure of ORF24 in complex with DNA and validated key features in both transfected cells and during KSHV lytic replication. Structural modeling revealed that ORF24 employs a non-canonical DNA binding mode where the C-terminal domain (CTD) makes critical DNA contacts beyond the canonical TBP fold. Targeted mutagenesis confirmed that ORF24 requires conserved TBP-like phenylalanines alongside a polar-rich binding interface distinct from cellular TBP. During infection, both the TBP-like domain and CTD are essential for ORF24 occupancy at viral late promoters. Most surprisingly, we discovered that ORF24 pre-assembles with RNA polymerase II and the viral protein ORF34 to achieve stable promoter binding. This cooperative assembly mechanism represents a fundamental departure from stepwise eukaryotic transcription initiation, resembling a prokaryotic strategy within the eukaryotic nucleus.

Summary Bullet pointsO_LIThe structure of the KSHV TBP mimic ORF24 binding DNA was modeled and experimentally tested.
C_LIO_LIKSHV ORF24 uses an extended DNA-binding interface beyond the canonical TBP fold.
C_LIO_LIORF24 requires cooperative pre-assembly with transcriptional machinery before DNA engagement
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Llacsahuanga Allcca, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Vargas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus TBP mimic uses a non-canonical DNA binding mode to promote viral late gene transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.672963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved electron transport chain sensitizes Bacteroides to a pore-forming type VI secretion toxin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.29.672963v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Data suggest that antagonism between bacteria is prevalent within the gut microbiome. Such antagonism could have profound consequences on the fitness of species; however, the susceptibility determinants to even the most pervasive antagonistic factors in this ecosystem remain incompletely understood. Here, we screened for genetic factors that impact the susceptibility of Bacteroides to type VI secretion system (T6SS)-delivered toxins. This revealed that the Bte2 family of pore-forming toxins, which are widespread in B. fragilis and other human gut-associated Bacteroidales, strictly require the H+/Na+-translocating ferredoxin:NAD+ reductase (Rnf) electron transport chain within target cells in order to intoxicate. In Bacteriodes, the precise metabolic role of the conserved Rnf pathway has not been defined. We establish that the Rnf complex is important for redox balancing within cells utilizing sugars derived from dietary fiber and is critical for fitness in vivo. Surprisingly, we find that while the intact Rnf membrane complex is required for Bte2 intoxication, Rnf-catalyzed electron transport is dispensable. We propose that the Rnf complex facilitates Bte2 membrane insertion, leading to intoxication via membrane depolarization. Our data suggest that T6SS toxins may avoid collateral damage within a complex ecosystem by recognizing discriminatory features of competitor species.

SignificancePathways for interbacterial antagonism are prevalent in the gut microbiome. The breadth of targeting and specificity determinants of these systems remain largely uncharacterized. We discovered that a widespread pore-forming toxin produced by gut Bacteroidales requires the conserved Rnf protein complex in target organisms. Although this complex is dispensable during in vitro growth, we show it is required for Bacteroides fitness during colonization of the mammalian gut. Our data support a model in which transient interaction between the toxin and Rnf enables rearrangement of the protein, facilitating membrane insertion. Related toxins found in Proteobacteria lack the requirement for Rnf, suggesting that competition between Bacteroidales species in the gut may be driving specialization of their antibacterial toxins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratner, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougous, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.672963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved electron transport chain sensitizes Bacteroides to a pore-forming type VI secretion toxin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.28.672940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Eukaryotic homology search complex distorts donor DNA structure to probe for homology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.28.672940v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR) is a DNA double-strand break repair pathway that facilitates genetic exchange and protects damaged replication forks during DNA synthesis. As a template-based repair process, the successful repair of a double-strand break depends on locating suitable homology from a donor DNA sequence elsewhere in the genome. In eukaryotes, Rad51 catalyzes the homology search in coordination with the ATP-dependent motor protein Rad54. The mechanism by which these two proteins regulate forces on dsDNA substrates during homology search remains unknown. Here, we have utilized single-molecule magnetic tweezers and optical trapping methods to monitor remodeling of the DNA template during the homology search. We find that the activity of Rad51 and Rad54 remodels the donor DNA substrate to control the association and dissociation of Rad51-ssDNA filaments in the absence of DNA homology. This mechanism occurs through the application of both linear (tension) and rotational (torsion) forces on the donor DNA. Finally, failure of Rad54 to act processively disrupts target selection in vivo. This study provides a basic understanding of how motorized homology search manipulates the donor DNA during the search for a suitable repair template.

Significance StatementHomologous recombination (HR) is a double-strand DNA break repair pathway that utilizes a template-based target search process to locate a suitable homologous DNA sequence in the genome, thereby initiating DNA repair. Called the homology search, in eukaryotes, this process is carried out by the RecA family member Rad51. During the homology search, Rad51 collaborates with the motor protein Rad54 to identify and interrogate homologous DNA sequences within the genome. In this study, we have measured the forces applied by the combination of Rad51 and Rad54 to the donor DNA duplex. These measurements reveal a coordinated effort by these motor proteins to remodel donor DNA to probe for homology, shedding new light on how template-based homology searches interrogate the DNA strands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woodhouse, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crickard, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.672940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Eukaryotic homology search complex distorts donor DNA structure to probe for homology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.25.672130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific clonal selection and differentiation of CD4+ T cells during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.25.672130v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogen-specific CD4 T cells undergo dynamic expansion and contraction during infection, ultimately generating memory clones that shape the subsequent immune responses. However, the influence of distinct tissue environments on the differentiation and clonal selection of polyclonal T cells remains unclear, primarily because of the technical challenges in tracking these cells in vivo. To address this question, we generated Tracking Recently Activated Cell Kinetics (TRACK) mice, a dual-recombinase fate-mapping system that enables precise spatial and temporal labeling of recently activated CD4 T cells. Using TRACK mice during influenza infection, we observed organ-specific clonal selection and transcriptional differentiation in the lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes (medLNs), and spleen. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing revealed that local antigenic landscapes and clonal identity shape repertoire diversity, resulting in a low clonal overlap between tissues during acute infection. During the effector phase, spleen-derived CD4 T cells preferentially adopted a stem-like migratory phenotype, whereas those activated in the medLNs predominantly differentiated into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Memory formation was associated with increased clonal overlap between lung and medLN-derived cells, whereas splenic clones retained a distinct repertoire. Additionally, memory CD4 T cells displayed converging antigen specificity across tissues over time. These results highlight the tissue-dependent mechanisms driving clonal selection and functional specialization during infection and underscore how memory development facilitates clonal redistribution and functional convergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parsa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho de Assis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B.R. de Castro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima dos Reis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartweger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific clonal selection and differentiation of CD4+ T cells during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.22.671771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecularly defined basalo-prefrontal-thalamic circuit regulates sensory and affective dimensions of pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.22.671771v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and thalamus have been implicated in pain regulation. However, the roles of the mPFC-thalamus connection in pain and how the mPFC modulates nociceptive processing remain unclear. Here, we show that the mPFC neurons projecting to thalamus, marked by Foxp2 expression, are deactivated in both acute and chronic pain in male mice. Persistent inactivation of the mPFC Foxp2+ neurons enhances nociceptive sensitivity, while their activation alleviates multiple aspects of pain. Circuit-specific manipulations revealed that the projections to parataenial nucleus, mediodorsal and ventromedial thalamus differentially modulate sensory and affective pain. Additionally, the mPFC Foxp2+ neurons receive cholinergic input from the basal forebrain, particularly the horizonal diagonal band (HDB). Notably, activation of the 4{beta}2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in mPFC exerts antinociceptive effects in Foxp2+ neuron-dependent manner. Together, our study defines an HDB[-&gt;]mPFCFoxp2[-&gt;]thalamus circuit essential for sensory and affective pain modulation and underscores the therapeutic potential of targeting mPFC cholinergic signaling in chronic pain management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.22.671771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecularly defined basalo-prefrontal-thalamic circuit regulates sensory and affective dimensions of pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.30.673239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reprogramming Factors Activate a Non-Canonical Oxidative Resilience Pathway That Can Rejuvenate RPEs and Restore Vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.30.673239v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 (OSK) Yamanaka factors induce pluripotency and reverse age-related epigenetic changes, yet the mechanisms by which they promote rejuvenation remain poorly explored. Oxidative stress contributes to CNS aging and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) degeneration in age-related macular degeneration. We find that OSK expression in RPE restores retinal structure and visual function in aged mice and promotes oxidative resilience through a non-canonical, Tet2-independent pathway. Integrative functional genomics identifies GSTA4, a detoxifying enzyme that clears the lipid peroxidation byproduct 4-HNE, as a necessary and sufficient OSK effector. Dynamic GSTA4 regulation by OSK recapitulates a stem cell derived stress resilience program. GSTA4 overexpression alone enhances mitochondrial resilience, rejuvenates the aged RPE transcriptome, and reverses visual decline. GSTA4 is consistently upregulated across diverse lifespan-extending interventions suggesting a broader pro-longevity role. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized protective axis driven by Yamanaka factors that circumvents reprogramming, providing therapeutic insights for age-related diseases.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIOSK-GSTA4 provides a dynamic, Tet2-independent stress-resilience axis.
C_LIO_LIFunctional genomics pinpoints GSTA4 as a direct downstream effector activated by OSK.
C_LIO_LIRPE aging involves progressive accumulation of 4-HNE that can be detoxified by GSTA4.
C_LIO_LIEnhancing GSTA4 rejuvenates RPE cells, restores vision and is associated with lifespan-extending interventions.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirahama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyshkovskiy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karg, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jena, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Brolosy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puszynska, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory-Ksander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladyshev, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saint-Geniez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenrostro, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickman, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksander, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.30.673239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reprogramming Factors Activate a Non-Canonical Oxidative Resilience Pathway That Can Rejuvenate RPEs and Restore Vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Affinity maturation of antibody responses is mediated by differential plasma cell proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.26.625430v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased antibody affinity over time after vaccination, known as affinity maturation, is a prototypical feature of immune responses. Recent studies have shown that a diverse collection of B cells, producing antibodies with a wide spectrum of different affinities, are selected into the plasma cell (PC) pathway. How affinity-permissive selection enables PC affinity maturation remains unknown. Here we report that PC precursors (prePC) expressing high affinity antibodies receive higher levels of T follicular helper (Tfh)-derived help and divide at higher rates than their lower affinity counterparts once they leave the GC. Thus, differential cell division by selected prePCs accounts for how diverse precursors develop into a PC compartment that mediates serological affinity maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacLean, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deimel, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ElTanbouly, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkenschlager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagglof, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazumyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Affinity maturation of antibody responses is mediated by differential plasma cell proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.681937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shifted assembly and function of mSWI/SNF family subcomplexes underlie targetable dependencies in dedifferentiated endometrial carcinomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.681937v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) family of chromatin remodelers govern cell type-specific chromatin accessibility and gene expression and assemble as three distinct complexes: canonical BAF (cBAF), Polybromo-associated BAF (PBAF), and non-canonical BAF (ncBAF). ARID1A and ARID1B are paralog subunits that specifically nucleate the assembly of cBAF complexes and are frequently co-mutated in highly aggressive dedifferentiated/undifferentiated endometrial carcinomas (DDEC/UECs). Here, in cellular models and primary human tumors, we find that ARID1A/B deficiency-mediated cBAF loss results in increased ncBAF and PBAF biochemical abundance and chromatin-level functions to maintain the DDEC oncogenic state. Further, treatment with clinical-grade SMARCA4/2 ATPase inhibitors markedly attenuates DDEC cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo and synergizes with carboplatin-based chemotherapy to extend survival. These findings reveal the oncogenic contributions of shifted mSWI/SNF family complex stoichiometry and resulting gene regulatory dysregulation and suggest therapeutic utility of mSWI/SNF small molecule inhibitors in DDEC/UEC and other cBAF-disrupted cancer types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>St. Laurent, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokbayrak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Same Guerra, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neel, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornick, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolin, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntsman, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadoch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.681937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shifted assembly and function of mSWI/SNF family subcomplexes underlie targetable dependencies in dedifferentiated endometrial carcinomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.18.688993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imp1 acts as a dosage- and stage-dependent temporal rheostat orchestrating radial glial fate transitions and cortical morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.18.688993v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical neurogenesis proceeds through a precise temporal program in which radial glia sequentially generate distinct neuronal subtypes and later glia, yet how post-transcriptional regulators coordinate these transitions remain poorly understood. We previously identified that a decreasing temporal gradient of the RNA-binding protein Imp encodes neural stem cell age in Drosophila. In this work, we extend our investigation to Imp1, a mammalian homologue of Imp, and its role in murine neocortical development. Using TEMPO to track birth-order dynamics, we demonstrate that sustained Imp1 overexpression during early neurogenesis arrests temporal fate progression, shifting neuronal populations toward deeper cortical layers V-VI. Immunostaining with layer-specific transcription factors Cux1 and Ctip2 confirmed that laminar repositioning results from genuine changes in neuronal identity rather than migratory defects, with neurons adopting molecular identities matching their final positions. Temporal window-specific manipulations reveal distinct stage-specific effects where early-stage Imp1 induction produces cascading effects on fate specification and moderately delays the neuronal-to-gliogenic transition, while mid-stage induction induces neuronal accumulation in the subplate region. Live imaging of organotypic cultures reveals continuous neuronal recruitment within intermediate and ventricular zones, with mid-stage-born neurons accumulating at significantly faster rates than earlier cohorts. Strikingly, mid-stage Imp1 overexpression also induces ectopic glial-like foci distributed throughout the cortical plate, featuring dramatic cellular expansion and morphological heterogeneity. These findings establish Imp1 as a dosage- and stage-dependent temporal rheostat orchestrating developmental transitions in radial glial progenitors, controlling neuronal fate decisions and spatial organization. This work advances our understanding of molecular timing mechanisms governing neuronal diversity in the mammalian cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azur, R. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Medina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilao-Garzon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.688993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imp1 acts as a dosage- and stage-dependent temporal rheostat orchestrating radial glial fate transitions and cortical morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.06.687049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease modeling in regenerative spiny mice (Acomys dimidiatus) captures key disease-relevant behavioral, histological, and molecular signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.06.687049v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that has been modeled extensively in animals, primarily rodents, but also in non-human primates and non-mammalian organisms. However, no single animal model fully recapitulates the hallmarks of PD pathology. Here, we extend this work by modeling PD for the first time in the spiny mouse (Acomys dimidiatus), a mammal notable for its robust regeneration of multiple tissues. We show that the nigrostriatal pathway of A. dimidiatus is vulnerable to both acute 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxicity and chronic -synuclein (Syn) preformed fibril-induced aggregation. Mouse Syn PFFs produced widespread pS129-positive Syn inclusions across multiple brain regions, mirroring a key pathological hallmark of PD. Compared to C57BL/6J mice, A. dimidiatus exhibited more pronounced behavioral impairments, greater nigrostriatal degeneration, and higher pS129-Syn inclusion burden within substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons. To probe the molecular underpinnings behind the vulnerability, we performed single-cell spatial proteomics, which revealed extensive proteomic alterations in dopaminergic neurons associated with Syn aggregation. Multiple proteins were dysregulated in A. dimidiatus, including those involved in proteasomal function, mitochondrial pathways, and oxidative stress regulation, which are processes commonly implicated in PD. Notably, proteomic analysis identified heightened astrocytic activation in the SNpc, which we validated histologically, suggesting a distinct glial response compared to mice. Together, these findings expand our understanding of PD-relevant pathophysiology across species and establish A. dimidiatus as a model for studying mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradinaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.687049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinsons disease modeling in regenerative spiny mice (Acomys dimidiatus) captures key disease-relevant behavioral, histological, and molecular signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.07.687244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the molecular basis of kinase activity and substrate recognition with phospho-PCA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.07.687244v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein kinases relay information to various cellular processes, and their dysregulation underlies numerous human diseases. Despite their importance, our understanding of how kinase domains and their variants impact protein stability, catalytic activity, and substrate recognition is incomplete. In this work, we develop the phosphorylation protein complementation assay (phospho-PCA), which enables quantitative measurements of kinase-substrate interactions by coupling them to the growth of bud-ding yeast, thereby enabling deep mutational scanning of kinase domains. When combined with deep mutational scans targeting folding stability and Bayesian modeling, phospho-PCA can disentangle the relative impact of mutations on kinase domain stability, catalytic activity, and substrate specificity. We demonstrate the accuracy and breadth of phospho-PCA, showing its applicability to both tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase domains. We then apply our method to three closely related protein kinases with distinct substrate preferences, evaluating over 15,000 kinase variants against a panel of three substrates for both catalytic activity and substrate specificity. The resulting dataset constitutes the largest and most detailed variant-to-function map assembled for this enzyme family to date, revealing numerous mutations that alter kinase activity and substrate specificity. Physics-based modeling reveals how these mutations operate through diverse mechanisms, including long-range allosteric communication, to alter both activity and substrate specificity. Given its scalability, we believe phospho-PCA can measure the functional impact of variants across the entire human kinome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Valen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the molecular basis of kinase activity and substrate recognition with phospho-PCA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.06.686519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody-mediated feedback modulates interclonal competition in the germinal center 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.06.686519v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serum antibodies from prior immune responses regulate B cell activation and germinal center (GC) access upon recall immunization. However, how antibodies produced by an ongoing immune response influence the outcomes of contemporaneous GCs is less clear. To explore this, we developed mouse models enabling the targeted ablation of plasma cells and antibodies produced by an immune response of interest, without affecting those produced homeostatically or by prior antigen encounters. Our findings show that, whereas antibody-mediated feedback is not required for affinity maturation, it can influence competition between B cells with different epitope specificities, specifically by reducing the abundance of clones that recognize the same epitopes as circulating antibodies. This modality of feedback represents a mechanism by which antibody responses can influence epitope specificity in ongoing GCs. These findings may therefore have implications for vaccination strategies aimed at steering clonal selection towards desired epitopes on complex antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbulescu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelaar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teetz, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urnavicius, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahamse, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Carvalho, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolatto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.686519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody-mediated feedback modulates interclonal competition in the germinal center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.05.686864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroRNA156 and its targeted SPL genes interact with the photoperiod, vernalization, and gibberellin pathways to regulate wheat heading time 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.05.686864v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heading time has a large impact on adaptation to different environments and crop productivity. In this study, we characterized the effect of the endogenous age pathway on heading time and its interactions with the photoperiod and vernalization pathways in the leaves of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum). Plants with reduced levels of microRNA156 or increased expression of its downstream targets, the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE genes SPL3, SPL4, and SPL13 exhibited accelerated heading time, with stronger effects under suboptimal inductive conditions. Earlier heading was associated with the upregulation of miR172 and flowering-promoting genes VRN1, FUL2, and FT1 and the downregulation of flowering-repressing genes AP2L1 and VRN2. Additionally, we uncovered complex interactions among SPL, SQUAMOSA (VRN1 and FUL2) and DELLA proteins that modulate wheat heading time. We showed that DELLA proteins, which are negative regulators in the gibberellic acid pathway, can interact with SPL proteins reducing their ability to induce flowering. We also discovered previously unknown interactions between SQUAMOSA and DELLA proteins in wheat that compete with the DELLA-SPL interactions, likely reducing DELLAs ability to repress SPL3 and SPL4 activity. Since SPL3 and SPL4 directly promote VRN1 and FUL2 transcription, these interactions generate a positive regulatory feedback loop that accelerates wheat heading time. Finally, we developed dominant miR156-resistant alleles rSPL3, rSPL4, and rSPL13 that accelerate wheat heading time under both optimal and suboptimal inductive conditions. These publicly available genetic resources can be used to fine tune heading time and improve wheat adaptation to changing environments.

Significance statementWheat heading time is critical for adaptation to diverse environments. We generated dominant mutations for the SPL3, SPL4 and SPL13 genes that accelerate heading time. Different combinations of these mutations can be used to modulate heading time and improve wheat adaptation to changing environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debernardi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroRNA156 and its targeted SPL genes interact with the photoperiod, vernalization, and gibberellin pathways to regulate wheat heading time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.06.686832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A silent Kv channel subunit shapes PV neuron action potential waveform and short-term synaptic plasticity during high-frequency firing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.06.686832v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive (PV) neurons provide precisely timed, context-dependent inhibition within cortical circuits. PV neuron firing properties are specialized among cortical neurons, suggesting that they express a unique complement of ion channels. Here, we identify the PV-specific silent voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel subunit Kv6.4 (encoded by Kcng4), whose role in cortical PV neuron physiology was previously unknown, as a modulator of both intrinsic and synaptic properties. Kv6.4 does not form functional channels on its own but, as shown in prior work, assembles with Kv2 subunits to create heterotetrameric channel complexes, effectively reducing Kv2-mediated delayed rectifier current. We find that Kcng4 expression is enriched within a distinct Pvalb-expressing subclass in primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortex and emerges during postnatal development. In PV neurons, Kv6.4 loss reduces action potential (AP) height and width, hyperpolarizes the threshold and interspike potential, and accelerates AP upstroke particularly during repetitive firing. Kv6.4 loss, potentially due to the changes in AP waveform, also alters GABA release and paired-pulse depression at synapses made by PV onto pyramidal (PYR) neurons. The effects of Kv6.4 loss are amplified during high-frequency firing, within the physiological range of fast-spiking PV neurons, likely due to altered repolarization dynamics that accumulate across successive APs. These findings are thus consistent with the function of Kv6.4 in modifying Kv2-mediated delayed rectifier currents. Hence, Kv6.4 tunes the temporal precision of PV inhibitory output, a feature that may be critical for stable excitation-inhibition ratios and adaptive circuit function underlying learning and behavior.

Significance StatementVoltage-gated ion channels are broadly expressed yet serve cell-type-specific functions. We demonstrate that the Kv6.4 silent subunit is selectively expressed by fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive (PV) inhibitory neurons among cortical neurons. In PV neurons, Kv6.4 modulates action potential (AP) waveform and GABA release onto excitatory neurons in a frequency-dependent manner, well within the physiological range of PV firing. This mechanism is likely important for preserving the temporal precision of inhibition, which is particularly critical for fast-spiking interneuron output. By shaping short-term synaptic plasticity during high-frequency firing, Kv6.4 provides a molecular and cell-type-specific mechanism for context-dependent tuning of inhibition within cortical circuits. This function may be especially relevant for sensory processing, experience-dependent plasticity, and the maintenance of excitation-inhibition ratios in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canty, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.686832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A silent Kv channel subunit shapes PV neuron action potential waveform and short-term synaptic plasticity during high-frequency firing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.06.686990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA 3' UTRs direct microRNA degradation to participate in imprinted gene networks and regulate growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.06.686990v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs direct downregulation of target mRNAs. Sometimes, however, this regulatory paradigm inverts, and a target RNA triggers the degradation of a microRNA. This target-directed microRNA degradation (TDMD) requires ZSWIM8. Zswim8-/- mice exhibit reduced growth and perinatal lethality, accompanied by stabilization of dozens of microRNAs. Nonetheless, studies of TDMD function in mammals have been limited because only two TDMD-triggering RNAs have been identified in mice. Here, we computationally identify and validate five new TDMD-triggering sites in mouse models. One site in Atp6v1g1 and two in Lpar4 direct degradation of miR-335-3p, which shows that in mammals, two sites in the same transcript, and multiple sites in different transcripts, can collaborate to destabilize a microRNA. Moreover, sites in Plagl1 and Lrrc58 direct degradation of miR-322 and miR-503, respectively. Mice lacking the Plagl1 and Lrrc58 sites exhibit reduced growth, demonstrating that target-directed degradation of miR-503 and miR-322 promotes mammalian growth. Both miR-335-3p and Plagl1 are maternally imprinted, implying that they participate in parental conflict, but their corresponding triggers or target microRNA partner are not imprinted. Thus, 3' UTRs directly participate in parental conflict by engaging TDMD to access an additional layer of regulation within a network of imprinted and biallelic genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elcavage, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalizeva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.686990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA 3' UTRs direct microRNA degradation to participate in imprinted gene networks and regulate growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.04.685995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VTA dopamine neuron activity produces spatially organized value representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.04.685995v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does the activity of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons reinforce actions? A prominent hypothesis is that the activity of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons instructs representations of predicted reward, or value, in downstream neurons1. To directly test this model, we performed comprehensive striatal recordings in mice engaged in a trial-and-error probabilistic learning task where they continuously adapted their choices to obtain a reward of optogenetic stimulation of VTA DA neurons (paired with an auditory cue). We then assessed neural representations of action values (estimated from a behavioral model), revealing for the first time that VTA DA stimulation is sufficient to generate downstream neural correlates of action value. Surprisingly, these value correlates were strongest in the intermediate caudoputamen (CP) and weakest in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), despite NAc being the major projection target of VTA DA neurons2,3. This was true not only for the value of each choice, but also for state value (reward expectation) and relative value (the decision variable). However, value representations were differentially organized within the intermediate CP, with ventromedial domains (which receive inputs from orbitofrontal cortex) preferentially encoding state value and dorsolateral domains (which receive inputs from motor cortex) preferentially encoding relative value. A difference in learning rate for the value computation between NAc and CP did not explain the relatively weak value correlates in NAc. Instead, we found that VTA DA stimulation was sufficient to produce learned neural responses to the stimulation-paired auditory cue throughout the striatum, including in the NAc, and that animals work for this cue rather than for VTA DA stimulation itself. Overall, this suggests that VTA DA neurons support trial-and-error learning indirectly, by making stimuli valuable ("conditioned reinforcers"), which in turn support the generation of action value representations in the CP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan-Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMannon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabre, J. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagiv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brain Laboratory, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.685995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VTA dopamine neuron activity produces spatially organized value representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.06.686050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rewiring protein function through genetically encoded oxidative chemistry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.06.686050v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxidative chemistry underlies many natural signaling pathways but remains largely unexplored as a design strategy for synthetic control of protein function. Here we introduce genetically encoded oxidative modulation as a general mechanism for regulating protein activity in living cells. Using the genetically encodable photosensitizer miniSOG to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), we show that controlled oxidation alters the behavior of diverse proteins. miniSOG-derived ROS increased the fluorescence of the redox reporter HyPerRed and activated redox-sensitive ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1, with TRPA1 displaying the strongest response. The magnitude and kinetics were tunable by illumination parameters, expression ratios, and subcellular localization of miniSOG, with membrane anchoring markedly improving efficiency of activating a membrane receptor. These findings establish genetically encoded oxidative chemistry as a versatile and tunable modality for controlling protein function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.686050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rewiring protein function through genetically encoded oxidative chemistry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.04.686414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of distinct cDC2 subpopulations that direct microbiota-specific T cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.04.686414v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How the complex network of intestinal antigen presenting cells (APCs) instructs CD4+ T cell responses against the microbiota remains unclear. Here, we use Labeling Immune Partnerships by SorTagging Intercellular Contacts (LIPSTIC) to characterize the APCs that prime CD4+ T cells recognizing the commensal bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila. A. muciniphila-specific T cells engaged multiple transcriptionally distinct migratory cDC2 subpopulations, both at homeostasis, when A. muciniphila promotes TFH differentiation, and during inflammation, when it also drives TH1 and TH17 differentiation. The identity of these subpopulations was unchanged by inflammation; however, the distribution of presentation across the subpopulations shifted, with increased presentation by inflammatory cDC2s favoring TH1 and TH17 polarization. These results reveal how distinct T cell differentiation trajectories can be determined through varied interactions with multiple, functionally distinct subpopulations of APCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carroll, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canesso, M. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of distinct cDC2 subpopulations that direct microbiota-specific T cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.05.686788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional divergence of Capicua isoforms explains differential tissue vulnerability in neurological disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.05.686788v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many neurological diseases impact specific brain regions despite widespread expression of the disease-related protein. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) primarily affects the cerebellum, though Ataxin-1 (ATXN1) is widely expressed. We previously showed that intensified interaction between mutant ATXN1 and Capicua (CIC) drives SCA1 pathogenesis in the cerebellum, whereas ATXN1 loss augments amyloid beta production in the hippocampus and cortex. CIC, however, forms a complex with ATXN1 and its paralog, Ataxin-1-like (ATXN1L)--yet knockout of either yields completely different phenotypes. To determine whether this could be due to CIC having two isoforms, we generated mice bearing either the long (CIC-L) or short (CIC-S) isoform. Loss of CIC-L led to cognitive deficits, whereas loss of CIC-S caused perinatal lethality, phenocopying, ATXN1 and ATXN1L knockout mice, respectively. Furthermore, CIC-L preferentially interacts with ATXN1, and CIC-S with ATXN1L. Our data underscore the importance of isoform-paralog interplay in studying regional vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, E. H.- Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veeraragavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivanna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional divergence of Capicua isoforms explains differential tissue vulnerability in neurological disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.04.686611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale discovery of neural enhancers for cis-regulation therapies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.04.686611v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-based gene activation (CRISPRa) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) caused by haploinsufficiency. However, scaling this cis-regulatory therapy (CRT) paradigm requires pinpointing which candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) are active in human neurons, and which can be targeted with CRISPRa to yield specific and therapeutic levels of target gene upregulation. Here, we combine Massively Parallel Reporter Assays (MPRAs) and a multiplex single cell CRISPRa screen to discover functional human neural enhancers whose CRISPRa targeting yields specific upregulation of NDD risk genes. First, we tested 5,425 candidate neuronal enhancers with MPRA, identifying 2,422 that are active in human neurons. Selected cCREs also displayed specific, autonomous in vivo activity in the developing mouse central nervous system. Next, we applied multiplex single-cell CRISPRa screening with 15,643 gRNAs to test all MPRA-prioritized cCREs and 761 promoters of NDD genes in their endogenous genomic contexts. We identified hundreds of promoter- and enhancer-targeting CRISPRa gRNAs that upregulated 200 of the 337 NDD genes in human neurons, including 91 novel enhancer-gene pairs. Finally, we confirmed that several of the CRISPRa gRNAs identified here demonstrated selective and therapeutically relevant upregulation of SCN2A, CHD8, CTNND2 and TCF4 when delivered virally to patient cell lines, human cerebral organoids, and a humanized mouse model of hTcf4. Our results provide a comprehensive resource of active, target-linked human neural enhancers for NDD genes and corresponding gRNA reagents for CRT development. More broadly, this work advances understanding of neural gene regulation and establishes a generalizable strategy for discovering CRT gRNA candidates across cell types and haploinsufficient disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDiarmid, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chardon, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosicki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourie, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laboy-Cintron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vij, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalanne, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muotri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philpot, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale discovery of neural enhancers for cis-regulation therapies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.03.685801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A membrane-bound nuclease directly cleaves phage DNA during genome injection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.03.685801v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From mammals to bacteria, the direct recognition and cleavage of viral nucleic acids is a potent defense strategy against viral infection, but it requires mechanisms for distinguishing self from non-self1,2. In bacteria, CRISPR-Cas and restriction modification systems achieve this discrimination by recognizing specific DNA sequences or DNA modifications. Alternative mechanisms likely remain to be discovered. Here, we characterize SNIPE, a novel anti-phage defense system that constitutively localizes to the bacterial cell membrane in E. coli to block phage {lambda} infection. Using radiolabeled phage DNA and time-lapse microscopy to track phage genomes we demonstrate that SNIPE directly cleaves phage DNA during genome injection.

Based on proximity labeling, we find that SNIPE associates with host proteins essential for {lambda} genome entry and with the {lambda} tape measure protein, which facilitates {lambda} genome injection across the inner membrane. SNIPE also defends against diverse siphoviruses, likely through direct interactions with their tape measure proteins. Our findings establish SNIPE as a widespread bacterial defense system that exploits the spatial organization of phage genome injection to specifically target viral DNA, representing a novel strategy for distinguishing self from non-self in prokaryotic immune systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deweirdt, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doering, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roney, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.685801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A membrane-bound nuclease directly cleaves phage DNA during genome injection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.03.685595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blind Prediction of Complex Water and Ion Ensembles Around RNA in CASP16 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.03.685595v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecules rely on water and ions for stable folding, but these interactions are often transient, dynamic, or disordered and thus hidden from experiments and evaluation challenges that represent biomolecules as single, ordered structures. Here, we compare blindly predicted ensembles of water and ion structure to the cryo-EM densities observed around the Tetrahymena ribozyme at 2.2-2.3 [A] resolution, collected through target R1260 in the CASP16 competition. 26 groups participated in this solvation  cryo-ensemble prediction challenge, submitting over 350 million atoms in total, offering the first opportunity to compare blind predictions of dynamic solvent shell ensembles to cryo-EM density. Predicted atomic ensembles were converted to density through local alignment and these densities were compared to the cryo-EM densities using Pearson correlation, Spearman correlation, mutual information, and precision-recall curves. These predictions show that an ensemble representation is able to capture information of transient or dynamic water and ions better than traditional atomic models, but there remains a large accuracy gap to the performance ceiling set by experimental uncertainty. Overall, molecular dynamics approaches best matched the cryo-EM density, with blind predictions from bussilab_plain_md, SoutheRNA, bussilab_replex, coogs2, and coogs3 outperforming the baseline molecular dynamics prediction. This study indicates that simulations of water and ions can be quantitatively evaluated with cryo-EM maps. We propose that further community-wide blind challenges can drive and evaluate progress in modeling water, ions and other previously hidden components of biomolecular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baulin, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bujnicki, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheatham, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elofsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farsani, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gromiha, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwakiri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagaya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kihara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kmiecik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurisaki, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Languin-Cattoen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malekzadeh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nithin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palo, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilla, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poblete, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pucci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punuru, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terashi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tugolukova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verburgt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuyun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerze, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.685595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blind Prediction of Complex Water and Ion Ensembles Around RNA in CASP16]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-scale genome assembly and annotation of the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685973v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, is a key hemimetabolous model organism for developmental biology, neuroscience, and regeneration. The existing reference genome is, however, highly fragmented into 47,877 scaffolds, hampering chromosome-scale analyses for these fields. Here, we report a high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly for the white-eyed mutant strain of this cricket, generated using a combination of Nanopore and PacBio HiFi long reads, integrated with Hi-C data. The final 1.62 Gbp assembly achieves a scaffold N50 of 107.4 Mbp, a significant improvement in contiguity over the previous 6.3 Mbp N50. We anchored 94.45% of the assembly into 15 pseudomolecules, consistent with the known karyotype (n = 15). The genome completeness (BUSCO v6.0.0 insecta_odb12) reached 98.1%. We also updated the annotation, identifying 14,964 protein-coding genes. This gene set shows markedly improved completeness (BUSCO v6.0.0 insecta_odb12: 95.7%) compared with the previous annotation (81.2%) and successfully recovers all nine essential neuropeptide genes previously reported as missing from the draft assembly. This chromosome-scale genomic resource provides an essential foundation for comparative and functional genomics in G. bimaculatus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kataoka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaczorek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, U. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asahi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ylla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-scale genome assembly and annotation of the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adapting CRISPR-associated transposons for rapid and high-throughput reverse genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685825v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-associated transposons (CAST) use guide RNAs to direct their transposition and are being harnessed as tools for programmable genome engineering across diverse bacterial species. However, CAST systems have not been adapted for high-throughput genetic screening. Here, we present MultiCAST, a streamlined platform for rapid and scalable guide RNA-directed transposon insertion in bacteria. MultiCAST generates targeted insertions in a single step through conjugative delivery of conditionally replicative plasmids encoding the CAST enzymatic machinery and a selectable mini-transposon expressing the guide RNA. By leveraging the inserted guide sequence as a molecular barcode, MultiCAST enables pooled, high-throughput genetic screens using only amplicon sequencing. We identified factors that influence transposition efficiency and the accuracy of insertion frequency measurements derived from guide sequencing. Adjusting the ratio of donor and recipient strain during conjugation mitigates guide-transposon "crosstalk", in which a single recipient cell acquires multiple donor plasmids containing distinct guides. Furthermore, we developed a machine learning-based predictive model for selecting highly active guides based on target sequence features that strongly correlate with activity. The nucleoid-associated protein H-NS was also found to inhibit CAST activity, providing a mechanistic explanation for variable insertion frequencies among non-essential genes. To demonstrate the scalability of MultiCAST, we screened a pooled mutant population created from >5,200 guides targeting 88 genes in E. coli across twelve nutrient conditions, accurately identifying genes with condition-specific fitness effects. The simplicity, speed, and throughput of MultiCAST make genome-scale functional screens more accessible across a wide range of bacterial species.

SignificanceEfficient gene disruption is essential for understanding bacterial gene function, but traditional genetic approaches are labor-intensive and generally not well-suited for high-throughput studies. We developed MultiCAST, a simple and scalable method that harnesses guide RNA-directed CRISPR-associated transposons for targeted bacterial gene disruption. MultiCAST enables single and pooled transposon mutagenesis in a single step and eliminates the need for complex sequencing library preparation protocols by using the guide sequence as a quantifiable surrogate for mutant abundance. This approach allows thousands of mutants to be generated and screened simultaneously across multiple conditions using only amplicon sequencing. By dramatically reducing the time, cost, and complexity of reverse genetics, MultiCAST opens new possibilities for genome-scale functional studies, accelerating the discovery of bacterial gene functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basta, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingl, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adapting CRISPR-associated transposons for rapid and high-throughput reverse genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.30.685663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B lymphocytes that enter the germinal center late preferentially differentiate into memory cells that recognize subdominant epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.30.685663v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune responses to pathogens and effective vaccines elicit germinal center (GC) responses wherein B cells undergo affinity maturation and develop into plasma cells (PCs) and memory B cells (MBCs). The GC reaction is initially seeded by a limited group of founder B cells, and subsequently further diversified by continual entry of naive B cells that compete with GC founder cells for antigen and T cell help. Whether these later-arriving invaders contribute to the development of PCs or MBCs is not known. To investigate the fate of GC invaders we developed a dual-recombinase reporter approach that enables pre- and post-GC B cell lineage tracing and used it to examine immune responses to vaccination and influenza infection. Notably, fate-mapped invaders preferentially give rise to MBCs as opposed to PCs. Moreover, antibodies expressed by invader-derived MBCs harbor fewer somatic mutations, exhibit lower affinity, and their antibodies bind to subdominant antigenic epitopes relative to founder MBCs. Our findings indicate that invader GC B cells are an important source of humoral immune memory diversification after infection or vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartweger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, K.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazumyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B lymphocytes that enter the germinal center late preferentially differentiate into memory cells that recognize subdominant epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-opting the bacterial lipoprotein pathway in the biosynthesis of a lipidated macrocyclic peptide 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685832v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are structurally diverse natural products that possess a range of bioactivities, often acting as antibiotics, antifungals, or metallophores. In RiPP biosynthesis, different modifying enzymes install an array of chemical motifs onto a precursor peptide. A recently described RiPP-modifying enzyme, ChrH, catalyzes a remarkably complex reaction on its precursor peptide that results in a macrocycle, heterocycle, and S-methyl group. By leveraging comparative genomics, we demonstrate that the products from a subfamily of enzymes related to ChrH display unexpected structural diversity, including the production of unmethylated macrocyclic congeners and C-terminally modified proteins over 30 kDa in size. Several of these precursors contain a signal peptide, sending them for downstream maturation by the bacterial lipoprotein biosynthetic pathway. Like bacterial lipoproteins, such peptides are modified by addition of a diacylglycerol (DAG) group to the N-terminal cysteine residue along with acylation of the N-terminal amine. Genome mining reveals that these RiPP-lipoprotein hybrids, which we term DAG-RiPPs, are widespread across bacterial phyla and are likely involved in different biological roles. Together, these results highlight a novel maturation paradigm for membrane-bound RiPPs and lay the foundation for the discovery and bioengineering of other RiPP-lipoprotein hybrids.

SignificanceRibosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a superfamily of natural products that display antibiotic, antifungal, anticancer, and metal-binding activities. Their biosynthesis typically follows a common logic in which modifying enzymes install chemical motifs onto a precursor peptide, followed by proteolytic processing and export from the cell. Herein, we describe the discovery and biochemical characterization of a new class of lipid-RiPP hybrid products. These RiPPs contain a signal peptide that exploits the endogenous bacterial lipoprotein biosynthesis pathway for lipidation, membrane localization, and potential secretion. Genome mining shows that these lipid-peptide hybrids are widespread across bacterial phyla.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-opting the bacterial lipoprotein pathway in the biosynthesis of a lipidated macrocyclic peptide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid bilayer thinning near a ubiquitin ligase selects ER membrane proteins for degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685944v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolded or unassembled membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are polyubiquitinated, translocated into the cytosol, and degraded by the proteasome, a poorly understood process that is conserved in all eukaryotes. Here, we use S. cerevisiae to elucidate how ER membrane proteins are selected for degradation. We show that hydrophilic residues in a trans-membrane (TM) segment cause the TM to partition into a thinned membrane region next to the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1, which then leads to substrate polyubiquitination and degradation. In the case of single-pass membrane proteins, the Hrd1-associated Der1 protein contributes to partitioning and degradation. In contrast, multi-pass proteins require Hrd1 to function on its own. Our results provide a general mechanism by which ER membrane proteins are targeted for degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pisa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapoport, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid bilayer thinning near a ubiquitin ligase selects ER membrane proteins for degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.30.685615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidative Peptide Backbone Cleavage by a HEXXH Enzyme During RiPP Biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.30.685615v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) rely on a diverse array of enzymes to tailor peptide backbones and side chains. In this study, we characterized enzymes from two different biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) from Pseudomonas strains (pfl and pos) that catalyze new transformations in RiPP biosynthesis. Two -ketoglutarate-dependent HEXXH enzymes, PflC and PosC, perform hydroxylation of multiple consecutive glutamine residues and selectively recognize a C-terminal ARMD tetrapeptide to trigger oxidative backbone cleavage that generates an amide terminus. Mutational analysis pinpoints the first position of this motif as a critical determinant. Notably, PflC displays proteolytic activity in the absence of the leader peptide, indicating that leader peptide-enzyme interactions modulate the observed reaction selectivity. The biosynthetic gene clusters also encode a unique MNIO-nitroreductase fusion enzyme that installs a rare Z-dehydrophenylalanine and hydroxylates an Asp residue. Collectively, this work expands both the catalytic repertoire and structural diversity accessible through bacterial RiPP biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidative Peptide Backbone Cleavage by a HEXXH Enzyme During RiPP Biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.29.685462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trimodal brain-wide ultrasound imaging of brain-tumor interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.29.685462v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with brain tumors often suffer debilitating neurological dysfunction as their tumors disrupt brain tissue, affecting both local and global neural activity and blood flow. However, studying tumor-brain interactions in animal models is challenging due to a lack of methods that simultaneously capture dynamics of tumor growth, neural activity and vascular alterations over time. Here, we overcome this limitation using a multimodal ultrasound imaging platform, an imaging technique that offers brain-wide coverage in living animals at 10-100 {micro}m resolution. To monitor the co-evolution of tumor growth, neural activity and vascular remodeling, we integrated (1) nonlinear imaging of acoustic reporter gene expressing-tumors, (2) hemodynamic functional imaging of brain activity, and (3) super-resolution microscopy of the vasculature. Integrating these modalities for the first time and applying them to a common model of glioblastoma, we followed tumor-brain interactions in individual animals over their disease lifetimes. Our approach allowed us to precisely map the spatial displacement of functional brain regions, the local and global disruption of functional connectivity, and the remodeling of the blood supply to support tumor growth. This integrated method bridges a critical gap in brain cancer research and therapy development by providing a unified dynamic view of what happens to the brain as tumors grow within it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivaei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiles, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trimodal brain-wide ultrasound imaging of brain-tumor interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.30.685668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep-dependent clearance of brain lipids by peripheral blood cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.30.685668v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is typically viewed through a brain-centric lens, with little known about the role of the periphery. Here, we identify a sleep function for peripheral macrophage-like cells (hemocytes) in the Drosophila circulation, showing that hemocytes track to the brain during sleep and take up lipids accumulated in cortex glia due to wake-associated oxidative damage. Through a screen of phagocytic receptors expressed in hemocytes, we discovered that knockdown of eater, a member of the Nimrod receptor family, reduces sleep. Loss of eater also disrupts hemocyte adhesion to the brain and lipid uptake, which results in increased brain levels of Acetyl CoA and acetylated proteins, including mitochondrial proteins PGC1 and DRP1. Dysregulation of mitochondria, reflected in high oxidation and reduced NAD+, is accompanied by impaired memory and lifespan. Thus, peripheral blood cells, which we suggest are precursors of mammalian microglia, perform a daily function of sleep to maintain brain function and fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngstrom, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killiany, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randolph, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beveridge, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saklani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep-dependent clearance of brain lipids by peripheral blood cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.30.685531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HaloTrace: A spatiotemporally precise fluorescent readout of blood-brain barrier permeability in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.30.685531v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an indispensable, selectively permeable interface that controls the entry and exit of nutrients, ions and waste products into the brain. Despite its biological importance, most measurements of BBB permeability rely on dyes that suffer from nonspecific signals, lack of spatial fidelity, and incompatibility with longitudinal or repeated measurements. Here we present HaloTrace: a method which leverages the HaloTag ligand-receptor tool to generate a precise spatiotemporal readout of BBB integrity that avoids major pitfalls of existing methods. We present evidence that the fluorescent HaloTag ligand has minimal interactions with blood contents but can enter the brain specifically at sites of BBB dysfunction, where it covalently binds to nearby HaloTag receptors. The ligand accumulates in the brain during its short lifetime in circulation and is stably anchored in place for at least 24 hours. Unlike existing tracers, free ligand is not retained in the blood vessels at detectable levels, so the entirety of ligand fluorescence represents true BBB leakage. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HaloTrace can quantify BBB permeability at multiple discrete timepoints prior to the experiment endpoint. This offers researchers the ability to study the progression or resolution of BBB permeability in a way current methods cannot. HaloTrace is thus uniquely poised to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of BBB leakage in mouse models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zucker, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konshina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HaloTrace: A spatiotemporally precise fluorescent readout of blood-brain barrier permeability in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial-inspired antidotes to repurpose toxic compounds as antibiotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685078v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic-resistant (AMR) bacterial infections are a major global health threat. Despite the critical need for new antimicrobials, progress is constrained by protracted development timelines, as well as the requirement for chemical novelty to avoid cross-resistance. Although advances in high-throughput screening, genome mining, and machine learning have greatly accelerated antimicrobial discovery, insufficient separation between antibacterial efficacy and host toxicity remains a bottleneck, precluding the clinical development of many promising compounds. Here, we establish a generalizable, two-component strategy to engineer antimicrobial safety and mobilize otherwise inaccessible chemical space for antimicrobial therapy, using calicheamicin, a potent cytotoxin with unacceptable host toxicity, as a proof of concept. In the first arm, we engineer a conditionally-active drug conjugate that limits calicheamicin activity to infected tissue, thereby reducing systemic toxicity. In the second arm, we co-administer a re-engineered self-resistance enzyme from Micromonospora echinospora, the natural producer of calicheamicin, as an "antidote" to neutralize calicheamicin present outside of infected tissue, further mitigating off-target toxicity. The conditionally-active conjugate exhibits activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens in response to a protease present within the infected microenvironment. When delivered in combination with the antidote, antibacterial efficacy is maintained while off-target toxicity is reduced in mouse models of Gram positive and negative bacterial pneumonia. We anticipate that our dual strategy, which engineers, rather than selects for enhanced drug safety, by combining conditional drug activity with antidote-driven neutralization of off-target effects, provides a generalizable framework for mobilizing other promising but toxic compounds as antimicrobials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samad, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngambenjawong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeAgazio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial-inspired antidotes to repurpose toxic compounds as antibiotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.29.685337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
larch: mapping the parsimony-optimal landscape of trees for directed exploration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.29.685337v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic inference algorithms for large data sets typically return a single tree. However, there are often many optimal trees, especially when sequence data is closely related. We develop a compact representation of large collections of maximally parsimonious histories--trees with mutations mapped onto tree edges. Our C++ implementation, larch, leverages this representation for a highly parallel search algorithm. The storage component uses our history DAG structure to compactly represent large families of optimal trees. The search algorithm integrates this storage with matOptimize for rapid tree optimization; the DAG structure allows us to accept thousands of conflicting tree rearrangements in parallel. The integration enables a new type of tree search: one that systematically maps out the collection of good trees, enabling moves that are directed away from the current set of optimal trees to cross valleys and increase the diversity of the set of optimal trees. It is able to identify more parsimonious trees than are found by other methods. We find diverse optimality landscapes for viral datasets, including many distinct plateaux. We also find that our implementation produces similar results whether using a variety of single starting trees or an ensemble of starting trees, indicating effective global optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milanov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumm, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turakhia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[larch: mapping the parsimony-optimal landscape of trees for directed exploration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage display-mediated immuno-PCR to detect low-abundance secreted proteins in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.31.685841v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating hormones, that mediate communications across organs to maintain physiological balance, are commonly detected and quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). However, while ELISA is well-suited for organisms where sample blood can be readily obtained, its application is considerably more challenging in smaller organisms, particularly Drosophila, which has gained widespread use in recent years for physiological studies. Here, we present sensitive phage display-mediated immuno-PCR (PD-iPCR) to detect Drosophila hemolymph proteins via two approaches: 1) by identifying high-affinity nanobodies through phage-display library screening and subsequent affinity maturation and 2) by generating a knock-in fly line producing secreted proteins tagged with tandem NanoTags composed of VHH05 and 127D01. Using these approaches, we successfully established PD-iPCR to detect insulin-binding ImpL2 protein in fly hemolymph. Notably, the tandem NanoTag-based sandwich PD-iPCR enabled highly sensitive detection of tagged antigens, allowing us to quantify elevated ImpL2 levels in the hemolymph of starved flies and those bearing Yki-induced gut tumors. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PD-iPCR enables detection of endogenous, low-abundance circulating hormones in Drosophila, providing a powerful tool for studying interorgan communication.

Significance statementHormones and other secreted factors orchestrate organism-wide physiology, yet their routine quantification in Drosophila has been limited by the limited volume of hemolymph available for assays like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here, we present phage display-mediated immuno-PCR (PD-iPCR) as a novel sensitive platform for quantifying secreted proteins in flies in vivo. Using ImpL2 as an example, we successfully detected nanomolar level of circulating ImpL2 and monitored its physiological changes during starvation and tumorigenesis using PD-iPCR. This approach can be readily expanded to multiplexed quantification of secreted proteins in vivo by leveraging the multiple available nanobodies and the vast collection of epitope-tagged Drosophila lines. This work opens the door to systematic endocrine phenotyping across developmental stages and diverse physiological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneburner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zirin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage display-mediated immuno-PCR to detect low-abundance secreted proteins in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.29.685445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Coronavirus HKU1 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Target Diverse Epitopes Within and Around the TMPRSS2 Receptor Binding Site 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.29.685445v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs), like HCoV-HKU1, account for [~]30% of common cold/year and can cause serious upper and lower respiratory infections, yet no licensed vaccines target HCoVs. In fact, little is known about HCoV-HKU1s antigenic landscape. Thus, we characterized key interactions between HCoV-HKU1 spike (S) with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from pre-pandemic HCoV-HKU1 convalescent PBMCs. We isolated 14 mAbs, which bound distinct S regions: receptor binding domain (RBD), N-terminal domain (NTD), and S2 subunit. Structural and functional studies revealed three groups of RBD-specific mAbs targeting diverse footprints within and around the TMPRSS2 receptor binding site, exemplified by: (1) The most potently neutralizing mAb, H501-022 (IC50 = 0.01 {micro}g/mL), which recognizes the TMPRSS2 binding motif, thereby blocking receptor engagement; (2) mAb H501-008 (IC50 = 0.05 {micro}g/mL) that binds a conserved, cross-reactive epitope outside of the TMPRSS2 binding site that is shared with HCoV-OC43; and (3) H501-018 (IC50 = 0.28 {micro}g/mL) that recognizes both "up" and "down" RBD conformations at a distinct, non-overlapping site outside of the TMPRSS2 binding motif, distinguishing itself from H501-022 and H501-008, which bind exclusively to the "up" RBD conformation. These mAbs represent the first type-specific HCoV-HKU1 mAbs isolated from a convalescent donor. Our findings provide molecular insight into HCoV-HKU1 antibody recognition and neutralization mechanisms, importantly highlighting antigenic differences comparing HCoVs and pandemic CoVs - a critical step towards advancing universal CoV vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrapp, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzuvor, C. K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchdoerfer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abiona, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moak, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eso, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Helaire, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Coronavirus HKU1 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Target Diverse Epitopes Within and Around the TMPRSS2 Receptor Binding Site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.27.684949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An unusual ring pattern in the Rosβ lanthipeptide of the two-component lantibiotic roseocin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.27.684949v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-component lantibiotics comprise two post-translationally modified peptides that synergistically exert antimicrobial activity. Most known two-component lantibiotics are made up of a structurally conserved -lanthipeptide that binds to the peptidoglycan precursor lipid II and a {beta}-lanthipeptide that is believed to interact with the -peptide-lipid II complex to form pores in the membranes of susceptible bacteria. A few two-component lantibiotics including roseocin do not follow this general scheme and act by different, currently unresolved mechanisms. An important first step in studying this group of lanthipeptides is determination of their chemical structure. Roseocins {beta}-peptide (Ros{beta}) is formed by the RosM lanthipeptide synthetase from the RosA1 precursor peptide. RosM carries out nine dehydrations of Ser and Thr residues to the corresponding dehydroamino acids followed by six Michael-type additions of the thiols of Cys residues to a subset of the dehydroamino acids forming six thioether crosslinks. Sequence alignment with structurally characterized lanthipeptides does not allow prediction of its ring pattern. In this study, Ros{beta} was produced in Escherichia coli and its ring pattern was established by multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The stereochemistry of the lanthionine and methyllanthionine residues was determined by Marfeys analysis with authentic standards. Ros{beta} is shown to have a unique ring pattern amongst previously characterized lanthipeptides.

TOC graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=131 SRC="FIGDIR/small/684949v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desormeaux, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An unusual ring pattern in the Rosβ lanthipeptide of the two-component lantibiotic roseocin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.27.684894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative splicing of synaptotagmin 7 regulates oligomerization and short-term synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.27.684894v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic plasticity is crucial for learning and memory. The presynaptic calcium sensor synaptotagmin 7 (syt7) regulates aspects of short-term plasticity (STP), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that alternative splicing of the syt7 juxtamembrane linker acts as a molecular switch at both biochemical and functional levels. The  and {beta} variants undergo liquid-liquid phase separation to form condensates, while the {gamma} variant forms aggregates. Using iGluSnFR imaging, we found that when expressed at equal levels, these three isoforms also diverge regarding their abilities to regulate two key aspects of STP: paired-pulse facilitation and synaptic depression. Further, MINFLUX super resolution microscopy demonstrated that syt7 forms clusters in the active zone, well-positioned to directly control synaptic vesicle dynamics. Thus, alternative splicing might fine-tune STP by differentially impacting syt7 oligomerization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salaka, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative splicing of synaptotagmin 7 regulates oligomerization and short-term synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.27.684972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Faf1 accelerates p97-mediated protein unfolding by promoting ubiquitin engagement 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.27.684972v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
P97/VCP is a protein unfoldase of the AAA+ ATPase family that plays essential roles in numerous processes, including ER-associated degradation and DNA replication. For unfolding of proteins that are modified with K48-linked ubiquitin chains, p97 works with the heterodimeric cofactor Ufd1-Npl4, and the cofactor Faf1 was shown to enhance this activity during replisome disassembly, yet the mechanisms remain unknown.

Here, we employ an in vitro reconstituted system with human components for biochemical experiments, FRET-based assays, and cryo-EM structure determination to reveal that Faf1 plays a generic role in accelerating ubiquitin-dependent substrate processing by promoting the unfolding of an initiator ubiquitin and its engagement by the ATPase. Faf1 thereby uses its p97-bound C-terminal UBX domain to anchor a long helix that braces the UT3 domain of Ufd1 and stabilizes the Ufd1-Npl4 cofactor for ubiquitin unfolding. Our findings demonstrate how p97 works simultaneously with several cofactors to facilitate the unfolding of ubiquitinated proteins, indicating more complex regulatory mechanisms for substrate selection than for the simpler yeast Cdc48.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Faf1 accelerates p97-mediated protein unfolding by promoting ubiquitin engagement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.27.684800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific regulation of PNPLA3 promotes lipid remodeling in response to dietary and temperature stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.27.684800v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsPNPLA3(I148M) is the strongest genetic risk factor for steatotic liver disease (SLD), but its functional role and tissue-specific regulation remain unclear. In mice, PNPLA3 is abundant in liver, yet undetectable in adipose depots. Here, we characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying these tissue-specific differences in PNPLA3 expression in mice to clarify its functional role and link to SLD risk.

MethodsPnpla3 mRNA and PNPLA3 protein levels were quantified in liver and adipose depots of fasted and refed mice at 30{degrees}C and 6{degrees}C. Signaling pathways regulating PNPLA3 expression in adipocytes were examined using adrenergic agonists and pathway-specific modulators. Translation and proteasomal inhibitors were used during adrenergic stimulation to investigate the discordance between Pnpla3 mRNA and protein levels. Relationship between PNPLA3 levels and triglyceride (TG) fatty acid composition was also assessed.

ResultsAt thermoneutrality, feeding strongly increased PNPLA3 levels in liver but it remained undetectable in adipose tissue of mice. Conversely, cold exposure or {beta}3-adrenergic stimulation had no effect on hepatic PNPLA3, but increased PNPLA3 >19-fold in brown adipose tissue (BAT), despite causing a >75% reduction in Pnpla3 mRNA, indicating robust post-translational regulation. In BAT, adrenergic signaling via cAMP/PKA and PI3K/AKT elevated PNPLA3 by reducing proteasomal degradation. PNPLA3 expression correlated with depletion of TG-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (TG-LCPUFAs) in both liver and BAT, consistent with a role in lipid remodeling.

ConclusionsThese findings reveal striking tissue- and context-specific regulation of PNPLA3, but a conserved association between its expression and TG-LCPUFAs levels, suggesting that PNPLA3 modulates lipid remodeling in response to metabolic stress and that disrupting this function may contribute to SLD susceptibility.

Impact and implicationsDespite being the strongest genetic risk factor for SLD, PNPLA3s physiological role remains unclear. Using mouse models, this study reveals that PNPLA3 is regulated in a tissue-specific manner in response to feeding and cold exposure, thereby promoting remodeling of cellular lipids to adapt to dietary and environmental challenges. The localization of PNPLA3 action and its tissue-specific regulation are directly relevant to hepatologists and metabolic researchers aiming to understand its influence on intracellular lipid composition and its effects on disease susceptibility. Moreover, modulation of PNPLA3 turnover--and its impact on LCPUFAs remodeling--emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy for regulating lipid homeostasis in SLD.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=191 SRC="FIGDIR/small/684800v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ee6ac7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a45d74org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f39929org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cc826b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIPNPLA3 is regulated in a highly tissue-specific manner in mice.
C_LIO_LIIn liver, feeding-but not cold exposure-induces PNPLA3 primarily through transcriptional mechanisms.
C_LIO_LIIn adipose tissue, cold exposure-but not feeding-induces PNPLA3 through post-transcriptional mechanisms.
C_LIO_LIIn adipose tissue, cold exposure increases PNPLA3 despite a reduction in Pnpla3 mRNA.
C_LIO_LIPNPLA3 remodels lipids in liver and adipose tissue to maintain lipid homeostasis, a process disrupted in SLD.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific regulation of PNPLA3 promotes lipid remodeling in response to dietary and temperature stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.27.684790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proton motive force maintains mtDNA euploidy by balancing mtDNA replication with cell proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.27.684790v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 13 essential components of the electron transport chain (ETC)1. A typical cell contains [~]1000s of copies of mtDNA, but how this copy number is stably maintained is unclear. Here, we track mtDNA copy number (mtCN) recovery in K562 cells following transient, chemically induced depletion to uncover principles of mtCN stability. Below a critical mtCN, ETC activity fails to sustain the proton motive force (PMF) and de novo pyrimidine synthesis--both required for mtDNA replication. PMF-dependent processes like Fe-S cluster biogenesis are also disrupted and stress responses are activated that impair cell proliferation and limit further mtCN dilution by cell division. Nonetheless, mtDNA replication and recovery remain possible via mtDNA-independent PMF, generated by complex V reversal, and uridine salvage. Once mtCN is restored, the ETC and forward complex V activity re-engage, stress responses subside, and proliferation recommences. Each cell division then dilutes mtDNA, serving as a built- in brake on mtCN. Our findings suggest that mtCN homeostasis emerges from the balance of two opposing PMF-driven processes -- mtDNA replication and cell proliferation -- revealing a bioenergetic logic that preserves mtDNA euploidy through repeated cell divisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rath, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mootha, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proton motive force maintains mtDNA euploidy by balancing mtDNA replication with cell proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.25.684556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural control of coordinated wing and leg movements during a terrestrial threat display 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.25.684556v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Threat displays are a common form of social communication. In flying species, such displays often involve stereotypical, choreographed wing and leg movements. How the brain coordinates characteristic movements of these appendages to transmit social signals is poorly understood. In male Drosophila, threat displays flexibly combine wing displays with rapid turns and charges. Here we identify two brain modules downstream of a superordinate threat command center. Each contains two neurons that combinatorially generate threat-specific appendicular movements: one comprises two descending neurons synergistically controlling wing threat; the other contains two interneurons that antagonistically control turns and charges. Within-module neuronal coactivation evokes appendage-specific actions recapitulating those evoked by the upstream center. These data uncover a hierarchical combinatorial circuit that coordinates wing and leg movements during a terrestrial social display. More generally, our findings identify an instantiation of a Tinbergenian hierarchical behavioral control system for social communication and reveal a novel underlying implementation logic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.25.684556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural control of coordinated wing and leg movements during a terrestrial threat display]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.24.684471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pH-dependent regulation in SLC38A9 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.24.684471v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells rely on precise metabolic control to adapt to environmental cues. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) senses nutrient availability, with amino acids serving as key signals. Lysosomes, which act as nutrient recycling centers, maintain amino acid homeostasis by breaking down macromolecules and releasing amino acids for cellular use. SLC38A9, a lysosomal amino acid transporter, functions as both a transporter and a sensor in the mTORC1 pathway. Here, we investigated whether SLC38A9 activity is regulated by pH. We show that arginine uptake by SLC38A9 is pH-dependent, and that the histidine residue His544 serves as the pH sensor. Mutating His544 abolishes the pH dependence of arginine uptake without impairing overall transport activity, indicating that His544 is not directly involved in substrate binding. Instead, protonation or deprotonation of His544 appears to influence transport through SLC38A9. To explore this mechanism, we compared two structures of SLC38A9 that we determined, one at high pH and one at low pH, and proposed a working model for pH-induced activation. These findings highlight the role of local ionic changes in modulating lysosomal transporters and underscore the intricate regulatory mechanisms that govern SLC38A9 function and, ultimately, mTORC1 signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sae Her, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pH-dependent regulation in SLC38A9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.24.684433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid composition and mechanical force underlie multi-modal regulation of Piezo1 gating 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.24.684433v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Piezo1 ion channels are widely expressed cellular mechanosensors. They adopt an intrinsically curved shape when closed and are thought to open when mechanical forces applied to the membrane favor a more flattened conformation. By reconstituting Piezo1 channels into lipid vesicles, a flattened conformation has been determined, however, the ion conduction pore remained closed. In line with this observation, Piezo1 channels do not exhibit mechanical activation in the kind of lipids used in the structural studies. Here we show first that Piezo1 channels in cell-derived membranes retain functional mechanical gating, and second, that in cell-derived membranes they adopt a completely flattened disk shape associated with large conformational changes within and around the ion conduction pathway. These conformational changes occurring in cell-derived lipid membranes, suggest that mechanical force is necessary but insufficient, and that a specific membrane-derived cofactor apparently complements mechanical force to activate Piezo1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaisey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid composition and mechanical force underlie multi-modal regulation of Piezo1 gating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.21.683723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental Novelty Modulates Rapid Cortical Plasticity During Navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.21.683723v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In novel environments, animals quickly learn to navigate, and position-correlated spatial representations rapidly emerge in both the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and primary visual cortex (V1). However, the role of plasticity in building these spatial representations, and how experience modulates this process, are not well understood. Here, we investigated the plasticity of spatial representations with real-time, cellular-resolution read and write control of neural activity using two-photon calcium imaging combined with holographic optogenetic stimulation in mice navigating virtual reality environments. Targeted stimulation of individual layer 2/3 neurons rapidly biased neural activity towards stimulation-paired locations in novel, but not familiar, environments. In contrast, RSC layer 5 neurons exhibited stimulation-induced plasticity regardless of environmental familiarity. These findings reveal a layer-specific, experience-dependent modulation of plasticity and offer a framework for how neocortical spatial representations strike a balance between stability of familiar environments with flexibility for continuous updates of relevant context information.

HighlightsO_LIAll optical read-write approach reveals experience-dependent plasticity in cortex
C_LIO_LIStimulating layer 2/3 neurons biases activity in novel but not familiar environments
C_LIO_LILayer 5 neurons exhibit plasticity regardless of environmental familiarity
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Attinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drinnenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siverts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quirin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental Novelty Modulates Rapid Cortical Plasticity During Navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.21.683652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separating selection from mutation in antibody language models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.21.683652v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are encoded by nucleotide sequences that are generated by V(D)J recombination and evolve according to mutation and selection processes. Existing antibody language models, however, focus exclusively on antibodies as strings of amino acids and are fitted using standard language modeling objectives such as masked or autoregressive prediction. In this paper, we first show that fitting models using this objective implicitly incorporates nucleotide-level mutation processes as part of the protein language model, which degrades performance when predicting effects of mutations on functional properties of antibodies. To address this limitation, we devise a new framework: a Deep Amino acid Selection Model (DASM) that learns the selection effects of amino-acid mutations while explicitly factoring out the nucleotide-level mutation process. By fitting selection as a separate term from the mutation process, the DASM exclusively quantifies functional effects: effects that change some aspect of the function of the antibody. This factorization leads to substantially improved performance on standard functional benchmarks. Moreover, our model is an order of magnitude smaller and multiple orders of magnitude faster to evaluate than existing approaches, as well as being readily interpretable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumm, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuyama, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddox, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separating selection from mutation in antibody language models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.21.683734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale cellular-resolution read/write of activity enables discovery of cell types defined by complex circuit properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.21.683734v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complexity of the mammalian brains vast population of interconnected neurons poses a formidable challenge to elucidate its underlying mechanisms of coordination and computation. A key step forward will be technologies that can perform large-scale, cellular-resolution monitoring and interrogation of distributed brain circuit activity in behaving animals. Here, we present an all-optical strategy for precise optogenetic activity control of [~]103 neurons and simultaneous activity monitoring of [~]104 neurons within and across areas of mouse cortex--an order-of-magnitude leap beyond previous capabilities. Tracking population responses following delivery of precisely-defined widely-distributed activity patterns to the visual cortex of awake mice, we were surprised to identify neurons robustly responsive to stimulation of diverse ensembles, defying conventional like-to-like wiring rules. These cells were primarily deep L2/3 somatostatin-positive (SST) interneurons with functional properties distinct from other SST neurons, and appeared to play a role in brain dynamics that could only have been identified through broad cellular-resolution circuit interrogation. Our work reveals the value of measuring large-scale circuit-dynamical properties of functionally-resolved single cells, beyond genetic and anatomical classification, to define and explore the roles of cell types in brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drinnenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raventos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharagoz, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siverts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daigle, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quirin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale cellular-resolution read/write of activity enables discovery of cell types defined by complex circuit properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.21.683766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Networks of sexually dimorphic neurons that regulate social behaviors in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.21.683766v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural mechanisms underlying sexually dimorphic social behaviors remain enigmatic in most species. In Drosophila, sexually dimorphic P1/pC1x neurons have been described as a site of sensory integration that regulates mating and aggressive behaviors. We show that the male P1/pC1x population forms a highly intertwined network with male-specific mAL and aSP-a neurons that is poised to regulate male behavior. The 48 P1/pC1x cell types exhibit heterogeneous synaptic connections with a subset receiving strong input from identified sensory pathways. We also describe circuit motifs by which P1 and sexually dimorphic aIPg neurons co-regulate social behaviors. Genetic driver lines for these cell types were generated and used to discover distinct roles for P1/pC1x cell types in promoting social acoustic signaling and male-male interactions. Our results reveal unexpected diversity in the connectivity and behavioral roles of the P1/pC1x cell types and provide essential genetic tools for interrogating their neurophysiological and behavioral functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Managan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schretter, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otopalik, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Networks of sexually dimorphic neurons that regulate social behaviors in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.16.682893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated COVID-19 vaccine boosters elicit variant-specific memory B cells in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.16.682893v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first exposure to a pathogen or an antigen profoundly impacts immune responses upon subsequent encounter with related pathogens. This immune imprinting explains that infection or vaccination with currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants primarily recalls cross-reactive memory B cells and antibodies induced by prior Wu spike (S) glycoprotein exposure rather than priming de novo responses. The magnitude and persistence of immune imprinting in mRNA vaccinated populations and the prospect to overcome it are not understood. To understand the impact of immune imprinting, we investigated memory B cell and plasma antibody responses after administration of multiple doses of XBB.1.5 and JN.1/KP.2 updated COVID-19 vaccine boosters. We found that administration of the JN.1/KP.2 booster elicited broadly neutralizing antibody responses against recently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants that were accounted for by recall of Wu S-induced immunity. We detected an increased fraction of serum antibodies and particularly memory B cells recognizing XBB.1.5 S and KP.2 S, but not Wu S, relative to individuals who received a single XBB.1.5 booster a year prior. These findings suggest that repeated exposures to antigenically divergent S trimers contribute to progressively overcoming immune imprinting and support vaccine updates and innovation to provide continued protection against COVID-19.

In briefImmune imprinting due to repeated SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 spike exposures is widely observed in humans. Tortorici et al. show that the humoral immune response is dominated by recall of pre-existing Wu S-induced serum antibodies and memory B cells after administration of multiple XBB.1.5 and JN.1/KP.2 COVID-19 vaccine boosters. However, the detection of an appreciable fraction of serum antibodies and particularly memory B cells binding the updated vaccine antigens, but not Wu, suggests a path towards overcoming immune imprinting

HighlightsO_LIXBB.1.5, JN.1 and KP.2 S COVID-19 vaccine boosters elicit neutralizing antibodies against current variants.
C_LIO_LISerum neutralizing activity against circulating variants elicited after multiple doses of updated COVID-19 vaccine boosters derive from recall of Wu S-elicited antibodies.
C_LIO_LINon-neutralizing antibodies specific for the updated spike antigens were detected after multiple, updated COVID-19 boosters.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tortorici, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprouse, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addetia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harteloo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias-Warren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated COVID-19 vaccine boosters elicit variant-specific memory B cells in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.18.683193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetically-defined population of amygdalofugal neurons promotes suckling and early postnatal growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.18.683193v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Suckling by newborns is an instinctive behavior defining the mammalian class. Yet, due to experimental difficulty in assessing neural function in the very young, little is known about the neural control of this fundamental behavior. Here we develop molecular-genetic approaches to interrogate neuronal connectivity and function in newborn mice and used these tools to identify a population of pro-dynorphin (PDYN) and somatostatin (SST) expressing neurons in the central amygdala that are activated during suckling. CeAPDYN+SST+ neurons connect with brainstem areas mediating oral sensorimotor and reward function in adults, and their ablation in newborns decreases suckling vigor and impairs growth. These results uncover the crucial role of a specific neuronal population of the central amygdala in maintaining the infants propensity to suckle and thrive throughout infancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElvain, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.18.683193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetically-defined population of amygdalofugal neurons promotes suckling and early postnatal growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.18.683251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tbx genes influence early gene expression and photoreceptor patterning in the chick retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.18.683251v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The retina, our sensory organ for vision, displays distinct photoreceptor distributions and can have a specialized region for high visual acuity. The establishment of these spatial patterns during development depends on regionally restricted transcription factors and signaling molecules. Members of the T-box family of transcription factors, Tbx2, Tbx3, and Tbx5, show such restricted patterns of expression, with a dorsal high to ventral low pattern in the early retina. Their potential regulatory interactions and roles in patterning have not been fully explored. Here, we investigated their regulatory interactions by overexpression (OE) and knockdown (KD) approaches. We found that Tbx2, Tbx3, and Tbx5, directly or indirectly regulate each other as well as other early, patterned genes, including Fgf8, Cyp26a1, Cyp26c1, Cyp1b1, Raldh1, Ventroptin, and Bmp2. KD of any one of these Tbx genes increased rod photoreceptor density in a specific region of the retina, whereas Tbx2 loss additionally reduced the number of UV cones throughout the retina. Notably, KD of Tbx2, Tbx3, or Tbx5 consistently resulted in a smaller rod-free zone (RFZ), a domain within the high acuity area. These findings demonstrate that T-box transcription factors form a coordinated regulatory network that governs regional gene expression and photoreceptor patterning.

HighlightsO_LITbx2, Tbx3, and Tbx5 regulate each other during chick retinal development
C_LIO_LITbx2, Tbx3, and Tbx5 regulate the expression of early patterned genes, including Fg8, Cyp26c1, Cyp26a1, Cyp1b1, and Bmp2
C_LIO_LIKnockdown of either Tbx2/3/5 increased rod numbers in the equatorial retina and reduced the size of the rod-free zone (RFZ)
C_LIO_LITbx2 knockdown decreased UV cone numbers dorsally, ventrally and in the RFZ
C_LIO_LITbx2, Tbx3, and Tbx5 had no impact on green or red cone abundance
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joisher, H. N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.18.683251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tbx genes influence early gene expression and photoreceptor patterning in the chick retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.17.683186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into substrate binding and utilization by hyaluronan synthase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.17.683186v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyaluronan (HA), a heteropolysaccharide of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucuronic acid (GlcA), is an essential component of the vertebrate extracellular matrix. HA biosynthesis proceeds via three evolutionarily convergent reaction mechanisms, catalyzed by the membrane integrated class 1 enzymes that either elongate the non-reducing (NR) or reducing end of HA, as well as the class 2 hyaluronan synthase (HAS), a soluble non-processive enzyme. Class 1-NR HAS, found in both vertebrates and large double-stranded DNA viruses, is monomeric and couples HA polymerization via coordinated transfer of UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GlcA substrates with the secretion of the nascent HA chain through its own transmembrane channel. How this HAS discriminates between two UDP-sugars using a single active site is a critical, yet unresolved question. Using single-particle cryo-EM, we reveal a two-step process by which the Chlorella virus HAS (CvHAS) recognizes and positions its substrate, UDP-GlcA, for glycosyl transfer. Further, we report greatly diminished turnover of UDP-GlcA in the absence of a primer, distinguishing acceptor free activity toward UDP-GlcNAc. Lastly, prompted by observation of a dodecyl maltoside bound HAS, we demonstrate the utility of non-canonical acceptors in priming of a UDP-GlcA transfer reaction. Altogether, this work clarifies the molecular basis for HAS dual substrate specificity and the role of UDP-GlcA recognition in integrity of HA synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasinska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into substrate binding and utilization by hyaluronan synthase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.16.682720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of folding intermediates on BAM show diverse substrates fold by a uniform mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.16.682720v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Gram-negative bacteria contain {beta}-barrel membrane proteins that are assembled by conserved multi-subunit machines. In bacteria, the {beta}-barrel assembly machine (BAM) folds over a hundred compositionally different substrates into barrels that vary greatly in size. Some larger barrels require globular proteins to plug the barrel lumen. How a single machine can assemble such different barrels is unknown. Here we report three structures representing progressively folded stages of a 16-stranded barrel engaged with BAM, as well as the structure of a late-stage folding intermediate of a 26-stranded substrate folding around its soluble lipoprotein plug on BAM. We find that BAM catalyzes folding of these substrates by a uniform mechanism in which BAM undergoes major distortions to accommodate the nascent barrel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, T. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of folding intermediates on BAM show diverse substrates fold by a uniform mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.16.682711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A line attractor maintains aggressiveness during feeding in hangry mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.16.682711v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aggression evolved to protect resources such as food from competitors, but animals must balance fighting and feeding so that they facilitate rather than hinder re-establishment of energy homeostasis. How this balancing is computed is not well understood. We have approached this problem at the level of neural population-coding by examining the effect of progressive starvation on a hypothalamic line attractor that encodes an internal state of aggressiveness. Moderate fasting yielded "hangry" mice, decreasing attack latency and increasing attack frequency. In parallel, line attractor ramping rate and stability were increased, suggesting that hunger enhances aggressiveness by modifying neural dynamics. In contrast, prolonged starvation inhibited aggression and eliminated the line attractor. In satiated mice, titrated acute chemogenetic activation of arcuate AgRP neurons recapitulated the biphasic effects of progressive starvation, suggesting that a continuous increase in hunger exerts bi-directional influences at different intensities. When confronted with food and an intruder, hangry mice alternated between feeding and fighting. During eating, population neural activity moved out of the line attractor while activity in the attractor dimension remained unchanged. Following feeding, activity rapidly relaxed back into the attractor and aggression resumed. Thus, the line attractor may serve to keep hungry animals primed for aggression during intermittent feeding bouts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coria, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinograd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A line attractor maintains aggressiveness during feeding in hangry mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.16.682844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiviral reverse transcriptases reveal the evolutionary origin of telomerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.16.682844v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defense-associated reverse transcriptases (DRTs) employ diverse and distinctive mechanisms of cDNA synthesis to protect bacteria against viral infection. However, much of DRT family diversity remains unstudied. Here we identify a new antiviral defense system, DRT10, that associates with a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) to catalyze processive, protein-primed synthesis of tandem-repeat DNA. Repeat addition is dictated by sequence and structural features of the ncRNA that have direct parallels in the RNA component of telomerase. Remarkably, a phylogenetic analysis of RTs across domains of life reveals an unexpected link between DRT10 and telomerase that is further supported by structural comparisons and mechanistic evidence. These findings expand the repertoire of reverse transcription mechanisms in antiviral defense and point to a bacterial origin for telomerase.

One-Sentence SummaryInsights from antiviral defense systems reveal an unexpected bacterial origin for the mechanism of chromosome maintenance by eukaryotic telomerase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mestre, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinilla-Redondo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiviral reverse transcriptases reveal the evolutionary origin of telomerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.15.682664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and antigenic constraints on the Nipah virus fusion protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.15.682664v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nipah virus is a highly pathogenic virus in the family Paramyxoviridae that utilizes two distinct surface glycoproteins to infect cells. The receptor-binding protein (RBP) binds host receptors whereas the fusion protein (F) merges viral and host membranes. Here, we use non-replicative pseudoviruses to safely measure the effects of all F single amino-acid residue mutations on its cell entry function and neutralization by monoclonal antibodies. We compare mutational tolerance in F with previous experimental measurements for RBP and show that F is much more functionally constrained than the RBP. We also identify mutationally intolerant sites on the F trimer surface and core that are critical for proper function, and describe mutations that are candidates for stabilizing F in the prefusion conformation for vaccine design. We quantify how F mutations affect neutralization by six monoclonal antibodies, and show that the magnitude of mutational effects on neutralization varies among antibodies. Our measurements of mutational effects on Nipah virus F predict the ability of the antibodies to neutralize the related Hendra virus. Overall, our work defines the functional and antigenic constraints on the F protein from an important zoonotic virus.

ImportanceNipah virus sporadically spills over into humans, where it is often fatal. The Nipah fusion (F) protein is necessary for infection, and is a target for vaccines and antibody therapies. To better understand the constraints on this protein, we experimentally measured how [~]8,500 single amino-acid mutations to F affected its function using pseudoviruses that enable the safe study of protein mutants without the generation of actual replicative virus. We examined the effects of these mutations in the context of structural data and publicly available Nipah virus sequences to characterize the constraints that shape F protein evolution. This work has implications for understanding paramyxovirus fusion proteins, and informs the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and antigenic constraints on the Nipah virus fusion protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.682236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An antagonistic epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression in pollen revealed through single-nucleus multiomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.682236v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arabidopsis MBD5, MBD6, and MBD7 are CG-specific methyl-readers with opposite functions: MBD5 and MBD6 (MBD5/6) repress methylated loci in pollen vegetative nuclei (VN), while MBD7 prevents transgene silencing, possibly by promoting DNA demethylation. Here we show that loss of MBD7 rescues transcriptional defects at a large subset of MBD5/6-bound loci. Using simultaneous profiling of DNA methylation and transcription in single pollen nuclei, we found that MBD5/6-bound loci that are actively demethylated in immature VN lose additional methylation in mbd5/6, prior to transcriptional derepression. A subset of these loci is also bound by MBD7, correlating with demethylation and transcriptional derepression in mbd5/6 that are both reversed by loss of MBD7. Conversely, ectopically recruiting the MBD7 complex to MBD5/6 targets causes partial demethylation and upregulation. We propose that MBD5/6 maintain silencing in VN in part by preventing the MBD7 complex from enhancing the active demethylation that occurs during VN maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Picard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuhanna, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrendt, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May Lei Soe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An antagonistic epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression in pollen revealed through single-nucleus multiomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.682212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nascent CUT&Tag captures transcription factor binding after chromatin duplication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.682212v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA replication strips off all chromatin proteins, which must be reassembled behind the replication fork. To track chromatin reassembly on newly synthesized DNA, we developed Nascent CUT&Tag, a chromatin profiling method that uses antibody-targeted in situ tagmentation to directly measure transcription factor binding on nascent chromatin. Using Nascent CUT&Tag, we tracked the recovery of GAGA factor (GAF) in Drosophila Kc cells. We find that GAF is displaced from chromatin during DNA replication and shows a broad spectrum of recovery times, ranging from minutes to hours. Early recovering peaks are characterized by shorter GAF motifs and are associated with functions related to cell cycle progression. Conversely, late recovering peaks are characterized by longer, degenerate GAF motifs and are associated with developmental functions. We also show that GAF recovery on newly synthesized DNA requires chromatin remodeling by Brahma Associated Factor (BAF), implying that nucleosome eviction is critical to fully reestablish GAF binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takushi, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nascent CUT&Tag captures transcription factor binding after chromatin duplication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.14.682417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural evolution of intermale sexual behavior by multiple pheromone switches among Drosophila species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.14.682417v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have identified a Drosophila species which exhibits spontaneous and robust intermale sexual behavior. D. santomea males distinguish conspecific sexes but court both vigorously and seldom attack. Elevated intermale courtship stems from at least three evolutionarily derived pheromonal changes. In males, the sexually monomorphic cuticular pheromone 7-tricosene promotes rather than inhibits courtship and the courtship-inhibiting olfactory pheromone cVA is reduced 84-92% compared to close relatives. The third switch is in D. santomea females, where cVA suppresses rather than promotes sexual receptivity. Female cVA aversion and male cVA reduction may have co-evolved to maintain efficient intraspecific mating but prevent hybridization with the sympatric sibling species D. yakuba. High intermale courtship and low cVA also co-occur and appear selectively derived in a distant monomorphic species D. persimilis, implying pheromonal and social behavioral convergence. Changes in pheromone valence and levels may therefore explain the recent evolutionary emergence of intermale sexual behavior in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouadah, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naragon, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smihula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khallaf, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural evolution of intermale sexual behavior by multiple pheromone switches among Drosophila species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.681913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological cues orchestrate concerted courtship in a Drosophila host specialist 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.681913v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mating decisions are often attributed to the sensory signaling between prospective sexual partners. Yet these interactions are also shaped by the broader environmental context in which they unfold, to appropriately align sexual arousal with reproductive opportunities. Here we show that in the host specialist Drosophila erecta mating is strictly contingent on the ecological and social environment generated as flies densely aggregate in groups on a food patch. We find that food volatiles directly promote male sexual arousal, triggering individuals to sample and pursue potential mates, giving rise to dynamic interactions across the group. The ensuing visual motion transforms each males visual field, which in turn further amplifies his arousal, generating a multisensory feedback loop that coordinately promotes courtship across individuals. D. erectas strict dependence on environmental cues appears latent in related species, such as D. melanogaster, where food odor can promote arousal but is dispensable for vigorous courtship. Comparative circuit analyses reveal that species-specific thresholds for sexual arousal reflect variation in how olfactory input modulates conserved nodes controlling courtship drive, rendering food volatiles a strict sensory gate only in D. erecta. Together, our findings highlight how ecological cues not directly tied to sexual signaling can profoundly influence reproductive behavior and reorganize the social landscape to ensure mating occurs in contexts where reproductive opportunities are abundant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eghbali, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zylka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto-Godino, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.681913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological cues orchestrate concerted courtship in a Drosophila host specialist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.14.682376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mycomembrane proteins PorH and ProtX are inserted at polar growth zones and linked to the cell wall 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.14.682376v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mycobacteriales order of bacteria includes important pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These organisms are surrounded by a unique cell envelope architecture that includes a two-layered cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (PG) and arabinogalactan. They also build an outer membrane called the mycomembrane that is made of mycolic acids. Mycolate outer membrane proteins (MOMPs) reside within the mycomembrane and a subset are thought to form pores that allow essential nutrients to permeate the envelope. However, little is known about the structure of these proteins or the mechanism by which they are assembled. Here, we investigate MOMP assembly in the model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum (Cglu) using PorH as a model MOMP. PorH is encoded in an operon with the MOMP PorA, and the two small, alpha-helical proteins have been proposed to form hetero-oligomeric pores in the mycomembrane. Consistent with this proposal, AlphaFold2 predicts a high confidence structure of a hetero-oligomeric pore formed by five copies each of PorH and its partner PorA, and we show that PorA is required for the surface assembly of PorH. Using a fluorescence assay for detection of surface-exposed PorH or another MOMP called ProtX, we found that MOMP assembly occurs within zones of active PG synthesis at the cell poles. We also discovered that PorH and ProtX are linked to the cell wall. Thus, like Gram-negative bacteria, Cglu and potentially other members of Mycobacteriales order, coordinate outer membrane protein assembly with PG biogenesis and use proteins to connect the mycomembrane and the cell wall.

SIGNIFICANCEDiderm bacteria in the Mycobacteriales order have a distinctive outer layer called the mycomembrane. Proteins that reside within the mycomembrane play critical roles in virulence and cell viability. However, how proteins are assembled into the mycomembrane has remained an outstanding question in the field. Here, we investigate the biogenesis of mycomembrane proteins in the model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum. We show that these proteins are inserted into the mycomembrane in a manner that correlates with polar growth and are attached to the cell wall. Many features of these mycomembrane proteins are shared between species in the Mycobacteriales, suggesting that our findings may be conserved in other species within this order.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bruin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marando, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alemany, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuru, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vettiger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mycomembrane proteins PorH and ProtX are inserted at polar growth zones and linked to the cell wall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.12.681868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional targets of SPEECHLESS and FAMA control guard cell division and expansion in the late stomatal lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.12.681868v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key feature of plant development is the ability to maintain post-embryonic stem cell niches which provide a constant source of new cells for forming organs. In the process, precursor cells can lose division potential in favour of differentiation, acquiring specific identities and functions. A simple example of this trajectory is in the stomatal lineage, where epidermal cells transit different stages as they differentiate into stomatal guard cells. In Arabidopsis, stomatal development is orchestrated by three closely related basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE and FAMA; which act in sequential steps along the differentiation trajectory. SPCH has a key role at the onset of the lineage, where it promotes asymmetric division and early stomatal identity. At the opposite end of the lineage, FAMA enforces guard cell identity and represses additional divisions of already differentiated cells. Recent data, showing that SPCH is present until late in the lineage where it is necessary for cells to commit to stomatal fate, however, challenges this classic view. How SPCH interacts with FAMA, and what SPCHs targets are at this late stage have remained open questions. Here, we examine the role of SPCH during late stomatal development and show that relative levels and activities of SPCH and FAMA tightly control cell division and expansion. Using a cell-type-specific RNA expression approach, we identify factors downstream of SPCH and FAMA in the late lineage and characterize their temporal and spatial localization. Finally, we demonstrate that timely regulation of late transcriptional targets of SPCH and FAMA is necessary for guard cell morphology and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Suarez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbers, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budrys, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional targets of SPEECHLESS and FAMA control guard cell division and expansion in the late stomatal lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.679875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A reference brain for the clonal raider ant 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.679875v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ants exhibit remarkable collective and social behaviors, such as alloparental care1, chemical communication2, homing3, and cooperative group hygiene4. The clonal raider ant Ooceraea biroi is especially well-suited for investigating the neuronal and genetic underpinnings of these behaviors5. Unlike most ant species, O. biroi lacks a queen caste. Instead, colonies consist entirely of regular workers and slightly larger intercaste workers6. All workers reproduce in synchrony via parthenogenesis, giving rise to age-matched cohorts of clonally identical offspring7,8. This unique life history enables precise experimental control over age, genotype, and colony composition. These features have also facilitated the introduction of genetically encoded calcium indicators into O. biroi, enabling in vivo two-photon imaging to investigate the neural basis of social behaviors9. Despite its promise as a neuroscience model, the structure of the clonal raider ant brain has not been systematically characterized, and a representative reference brain does not exist. To address this gap, we imaged the brains of 40 age-matched, genetically identical individuals with confocal microscopy and, using 3D groupwise registration, generated the first reference brain for the species. We introduce a registration pipeline to align brains to this reference, facilitating the comparison of anatomical features across labeling experiments with high spatial precision. Unexpectedly, despite homogeneity in genotype, age, and external morphology, we discovered extensive interindividual variability across our collection of brain samples. This raises the possibility that behavioral division of labor in O. biroi is linked to individual differences in brain structure. This work provides a powerful resource for the emerging clonal raider ant neuroscience community and reveals novel features of the species neurobiology that may influence social behaviors and colony function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frank, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seckler, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacroix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronauer, D. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.679875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A reference brain for the clonal raider ant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.14.682431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete genome of a songbird 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.14.682431v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bird genomes are the smallest among amniotes, but remain challenging to assemble due to their structural complexity. This study presents the first fully phased, diploid, telomere-to-telomere (T2T) reference genome for the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), a model organism for neuroscience and evolutionary genomics. Combining multiple sequencing strategies resulted in closing nearly all gaps, adding [~]90 Mbp of previously missing sequence (7.8%). This includes T2T assemblies for all microchromosomes, including dot chromosomes, and the previously almost entirely missing chr16. The T2T genome is comprehensively annotated for genes, repeats, structural variants, and long-read methylation calls. Complete centromeric structures were assembled and annotated along with kinetochore binding sites. Relative to the previous high-quality reference of the Vertebrate Genomes Project, 2,778 (8.51%) previously unassembled or unannotated genes were identified, of which 9% overlap with segmental duplications. This first complete genome of a songbird, now the new public reference, illuminates avian genome architecture and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medico, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sollitto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antipov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balacco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcellos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biegler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conceicao, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Oliveira, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komissarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galante, P. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhardt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giunta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masterson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaffrey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercuri, R. L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Connell, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Ruano, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secomandi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeds, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilley,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete genome of a songbird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.682132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary metabolism determines the outcome of salicylic acid-mediated immune induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.682132v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Controlling the deleterious effects of immune responses is as vital as fighting infection. In plants, this is achieved, in part, by circadian clock-mediated regulation, such as the synthesis of and response to the immune hormone salicylic acid (SA)1,2. Application of SA at the same concentration under light/dark cycles induces immunity with minimal impact on growth, however, prolonged darkness leads to plant death2. To uncover what determines this life-or-death outcome, we identified twenty survival of SA-induced death (ssd) mutants through genetic screening. These mutants are defective in starch, glucose, and nitrate metabolism, and circadian regulation, and accumulate excessive starch and/or glucose. Likewise, glucose application rescues SA-treated plants in prolonged darkness. Surprisingly, SA treatment does not deplete glucose, but instead, induces amino acid and fatty acid catabolism. Through transcriptomic analyses of glucose-rescued WT plants and ssd mutants for shared pathways, we found that SA triggers plant death in darkness by inducing oxidative stress, and water loss, while glucose antagonizes these processes, boosts ER protein processing and re-establishes the anabolism-catabolism balance. Interestingly, the programmed cell death induced by effector-triggered immunity shares common transcriptomic patterns with those observed during SA-induced cell death in darkness and could also be attenuated by glucose treatment. Therefore, coordination with the cellular metabolic context plays a central role in determining immune outcomes and optimizing plant health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karapetyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwimba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary metabolism determines the outcome of salicylic acid-mediated immune induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.682107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidative stress sensing by the translation elongation machinery promotes production of detoxifying selenoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.682107v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selenocysteine, incorporated into polypeptides at recoded termination codons, plays an essential role in redox biology. Using GPX1 and GPX4, selenoenzymes that mitigate oxidative stress, as reporters, we performed genome-wide knockout screens to identify regulators of selenocysteine incorporation. This revealed that selenoprotein production is limited by ribosome collisions that occur at inefficiently decoded selenocysteine codons. Accordingly, slowed translation elongation reduced collisions and enhanced selenocysteine decoding. Oxidative stress also slowed translation elongation and augmented selenoprotein production. We identified translation elongation factor EEF1G as a sensor of oxidized glutathione that couples the cellular redox state to translation elongation rate. Oxidative stress sensing by EEF1G slows translation, enhancing production of detoxifying selenoproteins to restore homeostasis. These findings reveal how programmed ribosome collisions enable gene regulation in response to stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rehfeld, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundstrom, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidative stress sensing by the translation elongation machinery promotes production of detoxifying selenoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.681693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex design and discovery of proximity handles for programmable proteome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.13.681693v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although we now have a rich toolset for genome editing, an equivalent framework for manipulating the proteome with a comparable flexibility and specificity remains elusive. A promising strategy for "proteome editing" is to use bifunctional molecules (e.g. PROteolysis-Targeting Chimeras or PROTACs1) that bring a target protein into proximity with a degradation or stabilization effector, but their broader application is constrained by a limited repertoire of well-characterized target or effector "handles". We asked whether coupling de novo protein design to a multiplex screening framework could address this gap by accelerating the discovery of effector handles for intracellular protein degradation, stabilization, or relocalization. Using LABEL-seq2, a sequencing-based assay that enables multiplex, quantitative measurement of protein abundance, we screened 9,715 de novo designed candidate effector handles for their ability to recruit a target protein to components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system3 (UPS) (FBXL12, TRAF2, UCHL1, USP38) or the autophagy pathway4 (GABARAP, GABARAPL2, MAP1LC3A). In a single experiment, we discovered hundreds of de novo designed effector handles that reproducibly drove either intracellular degradation (n = 277) or stabilization (n = 204) of a reporter protein. Validation of a subset of these hits in an orthogonal assay confirmed that sequencing-based measurements from the primary screen reliably reflected changes in intracellular abundance of the target protein. Successful effector handles were discovered for both the UPS (n = 194) and autophagy (n = 287) pathways, which provide complementary routes for programmable proteome editing. Autophagy-recruiting effector handles generalized to endogenous targets, as substituting the reporter-specific target handle with a high-affinity MCL1 binder5 reduced endogenous levels of this intracellular oncoprotein6. Moreover, directing autophagy-recruiting effector handles to the outer mitochondrial membrane dramatically perturbed mitochondrial networks in a manner consistent with synthetic tethering and sequestration7,8. Beyond generating a diverse repertoire of protein abundance or localization effector handles, our results establish a scalable, low-cost platform that links deep learning-guided protein design to functional cellular readouts, and chart a course toward a general framework for programmable proteome editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suiter, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maly, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.681693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex design and discovery of proximity handles for programmable proteome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.12.681903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct cell reprogramming by a designed agonist inducing HER2-FGFR proximity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.12.681903v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth factor induced receptor dimerization and activation of downstream pathways can modulate cell fate decisions. Here, we investigate the potential of de novo designed synthetic ligands, termed Novokines, to reprogram cell identity by inducing proximity of novel pairs of receptor subunits. We find that a design, H2F, that brings together HER2 (which has no known natural ligand) and the FGF receptor has potent signaling activity. H2F induces robust signaling and reprograms fibroblasts into myogenic cells. Unlike native FGF ligands, H2F selectively activates the MAPK pathway without engaging PLC{gamma}-mediated Ca{superscript 2} signaling. FRET assays confirm H2F-mediated HER2-FGFR proximity, and phosphoproteomic analysis reveals activation of MAPK effectors. H2F-induced ERK phosphorylation is abolished in cells expressing a kinase-dead FGFR1 (K514M) mutant, confirming the requirement for FGFR catalytic activity. H2F treatment significantly increases myofiber formation from adult patient-derived primary myoblasts, demonstrating its capacity to promote myogenic regeneration. Our findings demonstrate that synthetic receptor pairings can rewire signaling outputs to drive regeneration, providing a programmable platform for cell fate engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keshri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R Hicks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foreman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sniezek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J Robinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detraux, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S.T. Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L Mack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>K Schweppe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hristova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohola-Baker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct cell reprogramming by a designed agonist inducing HER2-FGFR proximity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.12.681819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometric Tuning of Cytokine Receptor Association Modulates Synthetic Agonist Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.12.681819v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokines signal by bringing receptor subunits together, but the role of receptor geometry in shaping signaling remains unclear because natural ligands enforce fixed assemblies. Here, we present a de novo protein design platform that rigidly scaffolds receptor-binding domains into defined spatial arrangements. Applying this across IL-7, type I and III interferons, IL-10, gp130, {beta} common, and synthetic receptor pairs, we show that by varying geometry, we can bias pSTAT pathway usage and tune functional outcomes. Geometric control allowed us to decouple pSTAT1 from pSTAT5 in IL-7, separate antigen presentation (MHC-I) from checkpoint induction (PD-L1) in type I interferons, and suppress pro-inflammatory IFN{gamma} secretion while retaining anti-inflammatory activity in IL-10. We further created minimal IL-6 and IL-3 agonists and strengthened synthetic receptor pairings inaccessible with present cytokines. These results establish receptor geometry as a central determinant of cytokine activity and provide a platform for programmable immune modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Exposit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hercus, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubbe, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wherry, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometric Tuning of Cytokine Receptor Association Modulates Synthetic Agonist Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.12.681920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput De Novo Protein Design Yields Novel Immunomodulatory Agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.12.681920v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokines regulate cell behavior by bringing together specific receptor subunits to trigger downstream signaling. Designed molecules that bring together non-natural receptor pairs could have novel signaling responses and cell specificities. We present a high-throughput de-novo design approach to create novel cytokines by generating and fusing pairs of computationally designed binders. By combining 33 designed receptor-binding domains, we generated over a thousand potential de novo designed "Novokines", of which 75 activated pSTAT signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We characterized 18 of these, including new pairings of established common receptors, cross-family pairings such as TrkA-{gamma}common, and a series of pairings with interferon receptor-1 (IFNAR1), revealing that IFNAR1 can function as a versatile common receptor similar to {gamma}common or {beta}common. We identify novokines that drive monocyte proliferation, T cell survival and CD4+ T cell-specific proliferation. Our framework provides a blueprint for expanding the understanding of cytokine signaling and generating novel therapeutic proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunn-Halbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glögl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohola-Baker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wherry, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput De Novo Protein Design Yields Novel Immunomodulatory Agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.10.681672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Structure-Guided Kinase-Transcription Factor Interactome Atlas Reveals Docking Landscapes of the Kinome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.10.681672v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractProtein kinases orchestrate cellular processes through phosphorylation, yet the structural basis for their specific binding partner interactions remains largely unmapped. Here, we present a structure-guided atlas of the human and Drosophila kinome, built by applying a new interface-aware scoring framework (iLIS) to AlphaFold-Multimer predictions. The resulting atlas recapitulates hallmark sequence preferences, confirms previously reported and functionally related protein-protein interactions, and uncovers unrecognized docking interactions. Notably, our analysis predicts a potentially widespread docking motif on homeodomain transcription factors that mediates interactions with basophilic kinases. Furthermore, we map putative allosteric interaction hotspots across the kinome and provide proof-of-concept evidence that targeting these surfaces can inhibit kinase activity. Finally, we demonstrate the physiological utility of the atlas by identifying a novel regulatory mechanism between Sgg/GSK3 and Hnf4 that controls lipid metabolism in vivo. This resource provides a blueprint for dissecting signaling networks and for the rational design of docking-site-specific kinase modulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron-Barir, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Structure-Guided Kinase-Transcription Factor Interactome Atlas Reveals Docking Landscapes of the Kinome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.11.681838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human arteriovenous differentiation roadmap reveals vein developmental mechanisms and vascular effects of viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.11.681838v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular signals and cell-fate trajectories during vein development remain elusive, despite trailblazing insights into artery development. Here we exploit human pluripotent stem cell differentiation and mouse embryology to present a model that answers longstanding questions: vein endothelial cell (EC) differentiation unfolds in two steps driven by opposing extracellular signals. First, VEGF differentiates mesoderm into "primed" ECs, newly-defined progenitors that co-express certain arterial (SOX17) and venous (APLNR) markers. Second, primed ECs execute vein differentiation upon VEGF/ERK inhibition; however, upon VEGF activation they can instead form artery ECs. The arteriovenous plasticity of primed ECs was supported by intersectional lineage tracing. Future venous genes including NR2F2 harbor poised chromatin in primed ECs, but are only transcribed upon VEGF/ERK inhibition. SOXF transcription factors, including SOX17, confer primed ECs with vein differentiation competence. Collectively, this two-step vein differentiation model--entailing primed EC intermediates and VEGF/ERK inhibition to trigger vein differentiation--has implications for VEGF-modulating therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ang, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masaltseva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Creytz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcocer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>She, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolyar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szumska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nornes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lickert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteus, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skylar-Scott, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosimann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumanas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Val, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescott, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Red-Horse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.11.681838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human arteriovenous differentiation roadmap reveals vein developmental mechanisms and vascular effects of viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.681456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-mild bisulfite outperforms EM-seq for 5-methylcytosine detection with low input DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.681456v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present Ultra-Mild Bisulfite Sequencing (UMBS-seq), a method for 5-methylcytosine (5mC) detection that minimizes DNA degradation and background noise. UMBS-seq outperforms conventional bisulfite and enzymatic methyl-sequencing (EM-seq) methods in library yield, complexity, and conversion efficiency when applied to low-input DNA samples. In particular, its effectiveness with low-input cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and hybridization-based target capture highlight its potential for clinical applications, including 5mC biomarker detection and early disease diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.681456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-mild bisulfite outperforms EM-seq for 5-methylcytosine detection with low input DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.680815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA poly(A)-tail length is a battleground for coronavirus-host competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.680815v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most eukaryotic mRNAs contain a poly(A) tail, which in post-embryonic cells enhances their stability. Many cytoplasmic RNA viruses also harbor poly(A) tails on their genomic RNA and mRNAs. Here, we report that coronavirus infection causes cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein (PABPC) activity to become limiting, which preferentially destabilizes short-tailed host mRNAs, occurring before the action of virally encoded mRNA-decay factor nsp1. In this environment hostile to poly(A) tails, viral RNAs maintain a narrow tail-length distribution centering on 70-80 nucleotides across infection cycles. They do this through two mechanisms. First, viral tails are extended during RNA synthesis within double-membrane vesicles; second, viral tails are capped by a complex that includes PABPC1 and CSDE1 and slows tail shortening. Our findings suggest poly(A)-tail length is an arena of host- virus conflict, in which preserving tail lengths of viral mRNAs promotes their cytoplasmic dominance.

HighlightsO_LIPABPC1 becomes limiting during coronavirus infection
C_LIO_LILimiting PABPC1 promotes decay of short-tailed host mRNAs--independently of nsp1
C_LIO_LIThe tail lengths of coronaviral mRNAs are extended during their synthesis in DMVs
C_LIO_LIViral tails are capped by PABPC1 and CSDE1, which protects against deadenylation
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latifkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levdansky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balabaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyeo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valkov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.680815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA poly(A)-tail length is a battleground for coronavirus-host competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.681382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinase KEY1 controls pyrenoid condensate size throughout the cell cycle by disrupting phase separation interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.681382v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates spatially organize cellular functions, but the regulation of their size, number, dissolution, and re-condensation is poorly understood. The pyrenoid, an algal biomolecular condensate that mediates one-third of global CO2 fixation, typically exists as one large condensate per chloroplast, but during cell division it transiently dissolves and reconfigures into multiple smaller condensates. Here, we identify a kinase, KEY1, in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that regulates pyrenoid condensate size and number dynamics throughout the cell cycle and is necessary for normal pyrenoid function and growth. Unlike wild type, key1 mutant cells have multiple smaller condensates throughout the cell cycle that fail to dissolve during cell division. We show that KEY1 localizes to the condensates and promotes their dissolution by disrupting interactions between their core constituents, the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco and its linker protein EPYC1, through EPYC1 phosphorylation. We develop a biophysical model that recapitulates KEY1-mediated condensate size and number regulation and suggests a mechanism for controlling condensate position. These data provide a foundation for the mechanistic understanding of the regulation of size, number, position, and dissolution in pyrenoids and other biomolecular condensates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemma, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Calvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennacy, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergun, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunday, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser-Browne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.681382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinase KEY1 controls pyrenoid condensate size throughout the cell cycle by disrupting phase separation interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.681358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosome-associated Rab GTPases control distinct aspects of neural circuit assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.681358v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuit assembly relies on the precise regulation of cell-surface receptors that mediate signaling and adhesion. Endocytosis controls receptor activity and availability by internalizing and routing proteins through two main pathways: recycling back to the cell-surface or delivery to lysosomes for degradation. Rab GTPases direct receptors into these distinct pathways, but their specific contributions to circuit formation remain opaque. Using clonal analyses with null alleles, we dissected the roles of Rab-mediated trafficking to early, late, and recycling endosomes across multiple stages of circuit assembly in vivo. Our approach revealed that Rab5 and Rab11 regulated extensive and largely distinct developmental events, highlighting the pivotal roles of early endosome sorting and recycling pathways in circuit assembly. We found that as neurons mature, both the spatial distribution and abundance of specific endocytic compartments change to reflect evolving trafficking demands. Our findings underscore how distinct post-endocytic trafficking fates are necessary to build neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.681358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosome-associated Rab GTPases control distinct aspects of neural circuit assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.680999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual dimorphism in the complete connectome of the Drosophila male central nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.09.680999v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex differences in behaviour exist across all animals, typically under strong genetic regulation. In Drosophila, fruitless/doublesex transcription factors can identify dimorphic neurons but their organisation into functional circuits remains unclear.

We present the connectome of the entire Drosophila male central nervous system. This contains 166,691 neurons spanning the brain and nerve cord, fully proofread and annotated including fruitless/doublesex expression and 11,691 types. We provide the first comprehensive comparison between male and female brain connectomes to synaptic resolution, finding 7,205 isomorphic, 114 dimorphic, 262 male-specific and 69 female-specific types.

This resource enables analysis of full sensory-to-motor circuits underlying complex behaviours and the impact of dimorphic elements. Sex-specific/dimorphic neurons are concentrated in higher brain centres while the sensory and motor periphery are largely isomorphic. Within higher centres, male-specific connections are organised into hotspots defined by male-specific neurons or arbours. Numerous circuit switches reroute sensory information to form antagonistic circuits controlling opposing behaviours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemura, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragniere, A. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjavon, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkantia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayworth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampf, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautman, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittle, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesche, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietzsch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleijzier, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badalamente, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cachero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canino, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisrisawatsuk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clements, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.680999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual dimorphism in the complete connectome of the Drosophila male central nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.08.681007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of menstruation in mice reveals the regulation of menstrual shedding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.08.681007v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During menstruation, an inner layer of the endometrium is selectively shed, while an outer, progenitor-containing layer is preserved to support repeated regeneration. Progress in understanding this compartmentalization has been hindered by the lack of suitable animal models, as mice and rats do not menstruate. Here, we present transgenic mouse models that recapitulate the key anatomical, functional, and transcriptional features of human menstruation through targeted chemogenetic activation of premenstrual differentiation. Using single-cell spatial transcriptomics, we define a new paradigm for spatially regulated fibroblast differentiation that drives pre-menstrual endometrial layering and ultimately determines the extent of tissue shedding. Our results revise a century-old view of endometrial shedding and regeneration and establish new transgenic mice as powerful tools to advance menstruation research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cevrim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilgert, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaage, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gable, J. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagamery, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breznik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Bella, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of menstruation in mice reveals the regulation of menstrual shedding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.08.681275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ingestion-activated CGRP neurons control learning but not satiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.08.681275v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) neurons in the parabrachial nucleus are critical for sickness and malaise but have also been proposed to control non-aversive (rewarding) satiation. How one cell type can coordinate these opposing processes has not been explained. Here we reinvestigate the function of these cells using single-cell imaging and optical manipulations. Contrary to current models, we show that CGRP neurons do not track cumulative food consumption, and their activity is not necessary for meal termination or satiety. Instead, we identify two distinct populations of CGRP cells, one of which responds rapidly to appetitive signals during ingestion and the other of which responds slowly to aversive visceral cues. Surprisingly, the ingestion-activated CGRP neurons are important for learning about post-ingestive effects but do not control ongoing food consumption. This reveals two populations of CGRP neurons that are sequentially engaged during, and responsible for, the distinct stages of post-ingestive, aversive learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarvie, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanavati, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnhill, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ingestion-activated CGRP neurons control learning but not satiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.08.681221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A family of lethal exotoxins defined by cell entry via the Attractin receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.08.681221v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although bacterial genomes encode numerous potential toxins, it is unclear how evolution drives the specificity of these important virulence factors. Using an insect CRISPR screen, we identified the transmembrane protein Attractin (ATRN) as the receptor for Nigritoxin (Ntx), a Vibrio toxin that causes seasonal shrimp pandemics. We found that Ntxs effector "warhead" inhibits translation via a previously uncharacterized mechanism. Moreover, we show that two related toxins require ATRN for entry but possess unrelated effector domains. One has a Rho-GTPase AMPylation function and the other an actin-targeting/proteolysis function. Our findings reveal the mechanism of Ntx entry and toxicity and show that the ATRN-targeting domain can deliver disparate effector domains, strongly indicating that this class of exotoxins can evolve as modular proteins using a common entry domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Viswanatha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mameli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butnaru, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchman, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekalanos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A family of lethal exotoxins defined by cell entry via the Attractin receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.06.680344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A TCR-mimic bispecific antibody reduces HIV-1 provirus and delays viral rebound in HLA-matched humanized mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.06.680344v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bispecific antibodies that reroute cytotoxic effectors toward infected cells are promising HIV-1 cure agents, yet existing formats bind Env and are limited by antigenic variation and Env down-regulation. We engineered a TCR-mimic single-chain diabody, HI12, that recognizes a conserved Pol-derived peptide presented by HLA-A*02:01 and evaluated its effect in HLA-matched, HIV-infected humanized mice. When administered during early antiretroviral therapy (ART), HI12 was well tolerated, activated HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and accelerated plasma virus decay. Treatment produced four-to six-fold reductions in intact and total proviral DNA within lymph-node and splenic CD4+ T cells, indicating substantive reservoir clearance. After ART interruption, HI12-treated animals showed a significant delay in viral rebound compared with controls, linking reservoir reduction to improved post-therapy control. These findings provide the first in-vivo evidence that a peptide-HLA-directed bispecific antibody can both shrink the intact HIV reservoir and defer viral recrudescence, supporting further development of TCR-mimic bispecific antibodies for cure strategies.

Significance StatementAn HIV-1 cure strategy will require novel therapeutics to facilitate immune-mediated elimination of infected cells and reduction of blood and tissue reservoirs. Here, we demonstrate that an TCR-mimic bispecific antibody that recognizes a conserved Pol epitope can promote CD8+ T cell-mediated clearance of infected cells in HLA-matched, HIV-infected humanized mice. The bispecific antibody therapy reduced HIV-1 proviral DNA in lymph node and splenic tissues and improved post-therapy viral control. This study highlights the potential of developing novel TCR-mimic bispecific antibodies in HIV cure-directed strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Board, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montaner, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A TCR-mimic bispecific antibody reduces HIV-1 provirus and delays viral rebound in HLA-matched humanized mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.03.679414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA sequence design and protein-DNA specificity prediction with NA-MPNN 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.03.679414v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA sequence design and protein-DNA binding specificity prediction can both be framed as nucleic acid inverse-folding problems: finding the most likely nucleic acid sequences given a fixed three-dimensional structure of a nucleic acid or nucleic acid-protein complex. While task-specific tools have been developed, no unified deep learning model for nucleic acid inverse folding has been described; a single model would have larger and more diverse datasets available for training and a considerably greater range of applicability. Here we introduce Nucleic Acid MPNN (NA-MPNN), a message-passing neural network that treats proteins, DNA, and RNA within a unified biopolymer graph representation. NA-MPNN outperforms previous methods on RNA sequence design and fixed-dock protein-DNA specificity prediction, and should be broadly useful for de novo RNA structure design and prediction of DNA-binding specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kubaney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecoraro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauparas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasscock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.679414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA sequence design and protein-DNA specificity prediction with NA-MPNN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.03.680328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling the importance of microbiological and physicochemical properties of Ethiopian field soils for the Striga seed bank and sorghum infestations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.03.680328v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Striga hermonthica (Striga) is a parasitic weed that severely affects sorghum yields in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent studies highlighted the soil microbiomes potential to suppress Striga through interference with specific stages in its life cycle. In this study, meta-analysis of 48 Ethiopian field soils revealed that microbial communities and their interactions with soil physico-chemical properties correlated with Striga field occurrence. Striga infestation of sorghum and soil seedbank levels were negatively correlated with clay content and the nutrients potassium, sulfur, calcium, and carbon. Microbiome analyses indicated that fungal communities were more responsive than bacteria to changes in Striga infestation and seedbank levels, with distinct microbial compositions even in soils where Striga was not detected. Specific fungal and bacterial genera showed both positive and negative correlations with Striga measures, but patterns rarely held across taxonomic levels, highlighting the complexity of microbiome-Striga interactions. To begin to validate these correlations, we tested an isolate from the fungal genus Neocosmospora, which negatively correlated with the Striga seedbank, and showed that this isolate promotes Striga seed germination in vitro, suggesting potential for biological control of Striga. The data and analysis methods are integrated and shared in a public Shiny App for broader analysis and continued research on soil-Striga interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes Alves Leite, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etalo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AriasGiraldo, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez de la Parte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macia-Vicente, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yimer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsega, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Doorn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa Leite, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessema, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crous, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuramae, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raajimakers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling the importance of microbiological and physicochemical properties of Ethiopian field soils for the Striga seed bank and sorghum infestations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatic ceramide synthesis links systemic inflammation to organelle dysfunction in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679814v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paraneoplastic syndromes arise when tumor-derived cytokines reprogram distant organs. Although mediators such as Interleukin-6 have been implicated, how these signals impair host organ function remains incompletely defined. Here, we identify a cytokine-lipid axis that drives hepatic autophagy dysfunction. Specifically, in Drosophila, the gut tumor-derived interleukin-like cytokine Upd3 induces the expression of the triglyceride lipase CG5SCC, which we named "cancer-associated lipid mobilizer (calm)", and the ceramide synthase schlank in the fat body. This upregulation rewires fat body lipid metabolism, resulting in an autophagic-flux blockade. Genetic reduction of either CG5SCC or schlank restores organelle homeostasis and mitigates paraneoplastic phenotypes. This mechanism is conserved in mammals: in mice, IL-6 upregulates the lipoprotein lipase Lpl and ceramide synthases which in turn trigger a hepatic autophagy-flux blockade; in humans, hepatic LPL and ceramide synthases expression correlates with poorer survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Our findings position hepatic lipid metabolism rewiring, especially ceramide synthesis as a critical, conserved node coupling systemic inflammation to organelle dysfunction, and suggest this pathway as a possible therapeutic entry point for cancer-associated liver disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezequiel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatic ceramide synthesis links systemic inflammation to organelle dysfunction in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flow Autoencoders are Effective Protein Tokenizers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679645v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWProtein structure tokenizers enable the creation of multimodal models of protein structure, sequence, and function. Current approaches to protein structure tok-enization rely on bespoke components that are invariant to spatial symmetries, but that are challenging to optimize and scale. We present Kanzi, a flow-based tokenizer for tokenization and generation of protein structures. Kanzi consists of a diffusion autoencoder trained with a flow matching loss. We show that this approach simplifies several aspects of protein structure tokenizers: frame-based representations can be replaced with global coordinates, complex losses are replaced with a single flow matching loss, and SE(3)-invariant attention operations can be replaced with standard attention. We find that these changes stabilize the training of parameter-efficient models that outperform existing to- kenizers on reconstruction metrics at a fraction of the model size and training cost. An autoregressive model trained with Kanzi outperforms similar generative models that operate over tokens, although it does not yet match the performance of state-of-the-art continuous diffusion models. Code is available here: https://github.com/rdilip/kanzi/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dilip, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Valen, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flow Autoencoders are Effective Protein Tokenizers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A regulatory region that controls Wnt gene expression following tissue injury is required for proper muscle regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679323v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity to detect and respond to injury is critical for the recovery and long-term survival of many organisms. Wnts are commonly induced by tissue damage but how they become activated transcriptionally is not well understood. Here, we report that mouse Wnt1 and Wnt10b are induced following injury in both lung and muscle. These Wnts occupy the same chromosome and are transcribed in opposite directions with 12kb between them. We identified a highly conserved cis-acting regulatory region (enhancer) residing between Wnt1 and Wnt10b that, when fused to a LacZ reporter, is activated post-injury. This enhancer harbors putative AP-1 binding sites that are required for reporter activity, a feature observed in other injury-responsive enhancers. Injured muscles in mice carrying a germ-line deletion of the enhancer region display reduced Wnt1 and Wnt10b expression and show elevated intramuscular adipogenesis--a hallmark of impaired regenerative capacity--revealing a requirement of this enhancer for proper regeneration. Enhancer redundancy is common in development, but our in vivo analysis shows that loss of a single injury-responsive regulatory region in adult tissues can produce a detectable regenerative phenotype.

SummaryA new, previously unknown shared regulatory region residing between two Wnts, Wnt1 and Wnt10b, is induced by tissue damage and required for muscle regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Logan, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizutani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusse, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A regulatory region that controls Wnt gene expression following tissue injury is required for proper muscle regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of RNA and nucleoprotein complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679929v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleic acids fold into sequence-dependent tertiary structures and carry out diverse biological functions, much like proteins. However, while considerable advances have been made in the de novo design of protein structure and function, the same has not yet been achieved for RNA tertiary structures of similar intricacy. Here, we describe a generative diffusion framework, RFDpoly, for generalized de novo biopolymer (RNA, DNA and protein) design, and use it to create diverse and designable RNA structures. We design RNA structures with novel folds and experimentally validate them using a combination of chemical footprinting (SHAPE-seq) and electron microscopy. We further use this approach to design protein-nucleic acid assemblies; the crystal structure of one such design is nearly identical to the design model. This work demonstrates that the principles of structure-based de novo protein design can be extended to nucleic acids, opening the door to creating a wide range of new RNA structures and protein-nucleic acid complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Favor, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubaney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esler, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politanska, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecoraro, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasscock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoddard, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of RNA and nucleoprotein complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory B cell Development in Response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 and Nanoparticle Immunization in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679787v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanoparticle immunogens excel at rapidly inducing high levels of circulating antibodies and are being deployed as part of several novel vaccines. However, their ability to elicit memory B cell responses is less well understood. Here we compared serologic and memory B cell responses to prime boost vaccination with either SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 mRNA vaccine, or protein nanoparticles: SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 homotypic containing a single receptor binding domain (RBD); (homotypic beta) or a combination of different Sarbecovirus RBDs (mosaic 8b), respectively. The memory B cells elicited by the 3 vaccine regimens showed closely related antibody sequences, similar levels of somatic mutation and clonal diversity. The breadth of serologic responses elicited by the mosaic nanoparticles were comparable to the homotypic nanoparticle and superior to the mRNA vaccine for some mismatched strains. However, serum neutralizing titers to SARS-CoV-2 were highest after mRNA vaccination. The three vaccines elicited memory B cells that produced antibodies specific to a broad range of epitopes on the RBD that differed in a way that may reflect epitope masking. Monoclonal antibodies derived from memory B cells elicited by the mosaic 8b nanoparticle showed greater breadth against a panel of SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-CoV.

Significance StatementNanoparticle vaccines are promising next-generation vaccine candidates, yet their capacity to generate durable memory B cell responses remains incompletely understood. We compared immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA, homotypic beta nanoparticle, or mosaic 8b nanoparticle vaccination in mice. Serum antibody neutralizing responses against a panel of SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by an mRNA vaccine were equivalent or superior to those elicited by mosaic 8b nanoparticle vaccines. However, the monoclonal antibodies derived from memory B cells elicited by the mosaic 8b nanoparticle showed better neutralizing breadth against heterologous pseudoviruses. These findings highlight individual strengths of mRNA and nanoparticle vaccines and show that mosaic 8b nanoparticle immunogens can enhance the breadth of memory B cell-derived antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiatr, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazumyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>hernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shawraz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieniasz, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatziioannou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muecksch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory B cell Development in Response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 and Nanoparticle Immunization in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.679412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
D. melanogaster meiotic driver Stellate compromises sperm development by impeding nuclear envelope remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.679412v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic drive is a phenomenon that violates Mendels Law of Equal Segregation, leading to biased transmission of the meiotic driver to the offspring. D. melanogaster Stellate (Ste) is an X-linked meiotic driver that preferentially harms Y-chromosome-bearing spermatids, thereby favoring the transmission of the X chromosome to the next generation. We have recently shown that Ste protein segregates asymmetrically during meiosis I with a strong bias toward the Y-chromosome-inheriting side, leading to the eventual demise of the Y-chromosome-containing spermatids. However, the cellular mechanisms by which Ste protein interferes with spermatid development remain unknown. Here, we show that Ste-containing spermatids are delayed in the process of nuclear envelope remodeling, an essential process during sperm DNA compaction. We show that components of the nuclear lamina (such as Lamin Dm0, and the LEM domain proteins Otefin and Bocks) are rapidly removed during nuclear envelope remodeling during the early stages of normal spermatid development. However, Ste-containing spermatids retained these nuclear lamina proteins for a prolonged time. Their delayed removal is associated with defective formation of the dense complex, which is composed of a bundle of microtubules and serves as a structural support for sperm nuclear morphogenesis. Defective dense complex formation in Ste-containing spermatids led to defective sperm DNA compaction. Together, the present study reveals an unexpected cellular mechanism by which a meiotic driver, Ste, sabotages sperm development.

Article summaryStellate is an X-chromosome-linked meiotic driver in D. melanogaster, which interferes with the process of spermatogenesis and causes preferential death of the Y-chromosome-containing spermatids. However, the cellular mechanisms by which Stellate interferes with spermatogenesis remain unknown. This study shows that Stellate-containing spermatids are defective in the process of nuclear envelope remodeling, an essential process during sperm DNA compaction. Defective nuclear envelope remodeling was associated with a failure to assemble the dense complex, a microtubule-rich structure that serves as structural support for sperm nuclear morphogenesis. Together, the study provides insights into a cellular strategy employed by a meiotic driver.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[D. melanogaster meiotic driver Stellate compromises sperm development by impeding nuclear envelope remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational Design of Multiclade Coronavirus Spike Immunodominant Domain Nanoparticles Elicit Broad Antibody Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.10.01.679649v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Four seasonal endemic human coronaviruses (EhCoVs), HKU1-CoV, OC43-CoV, 229E-CoV, and NL63-CoV, are culprits of mild upper respiratory and periodic severe diseases in vulnerable populations. Despite their prevalence, understanding EhCoVs antigenic and immune signatures remains elusive. SARS-CoV-2 has evolved as the fifth EhCoV, requiring seasonal vaccination in most parts of the world, and currently, no other EhCoV vaccines are available. SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with EhCoVs increases disease severity; thus, combined vaccination may provide increased protection against seasonal EhCoVs overall. Here, we explored Spike (S) receptor binding domain (RBD) vs. N-terminal domain (NTD) B-cell immunodominance in EhCoV-positive convalescent donors and immunogenicity in mice. We found that while antibody and B-cell isotypes were relatively dominant to S NTD, mice immunized with S RBD elicited significantly higher binding and neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses. With that knowledge, we used computational methods to infer that EhCoV S sequences evolve into two main clades and designed chimeric immunodominant domains (IDDs) from both clades for each EhCoV. IDDs were scaffolded onto two-component nanoparticles (NPs) displaying each IDD separately (monovalent IDD NP); three {beta}-EhCoV IDDs (Mosaic-3 IDD NP); or five EhCoVs IDDs (Mosaic-5 IDD NP). Mice immunized with mosaic IDD NPs, but not soluble IDD antigens nor monovalent IDD NPs, elicited potent, broadly cross-reactive binding and neutralizing antibody (Ab) responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants, other EhCoVs, and Sarbecoviruses. System serology revealed that all four IDD immunogens elicited distinct Ab subclasses and Fc-effector functions, with mosaic-5 IDD NPs eliciting the most de novo Ab subclasses, distributions, and broader Fc-mediated immune mechanisms. Dissection of vaccine-immune sera revealed polyclonal Ab responses against multiple non-overlapping cross-reactive S epitopes. Due to elicitation of broad Ab responses with combinatory functionality, IDD NPs open new horizons for developing first-in-class supraseasonal EhCoV vaccine candidates, with potential to decrease frequent SARS-CoV-2 sequence updates and protect against other EhCoVs. Moreover, elicitation of Ab breadth that spans pandemic-threat Sarbecoviruses gives mosaic IDD NPs promise towards pandemic preparedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dzuvor, C. K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzordzorme, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holman, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dropulic, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Helaire, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational Design of Multiclade Coronavirus Spike Immunodominant Domain Nanoparticles Elicit Broad Antibody Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.678898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of phospho-tyrosine peptide binders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.678898v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation on tyrosine is a key step in many signaling pathways. Despite recent progress in de novo design of protein binders, there are no current methods for designing binders that recognize phosphorylated proteins and peptides; this is a challenging problem as phosphate groups are highly charged, and phosphorylation often occurs within unstructured regions. Here we introduce RoseTTAFold Diffusion 2 for Molecular Interfaces (RFD2-MI), a deep generative framework for the design of binders for protein, ligand, and covalently modified protein targets. We demonstrate the power and versatility of this method by designing binders for four critical phosphotyrosine sites on three clinically relevant targets: Cluster of Differentiation 3 (CD3{varepsilon}), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Insulin Receptor (INSR) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (STAT5). Experimental characterization shows that the designs bind their phosphotyrosine containing targets with affinities comparable to native binding sites and have negligible binding to non-phosphorylated targets or phosphopeptides with different sequences. X-ray crystal structures of generated binders to CD3{varepsilon} and EGFR are very close to the design models, demonstrating the accuracy of the design approach. A designed binder to an EGFR intracellular region phosphorylated upon EGF activation co-localizes with the receptor following EGF stimulation in single-particle tracking (SPT) experiments, demonstrating pY specific recognition in living cells. RFD2-MI provides a generalizable all-atom diffusion framework for probing and modulating phosphorylation-dependent signaling, and more generally, for developing research tools and targeted therapeutics against post-translationally modified proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klupt, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roullier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalvet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skotheim, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motmaen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturmfels, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altae-Tran, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.678898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of phospho-tyrosine peptide binders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.678849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Region-Specific Epigenomic Reorganization and Altered Cell States in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.678849v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its region- and cell-type-specific pathogenesis remain poorly defined. Here, we generated a large-scale, single-cell multi-omic atlas--integrating DNA methylation and 3D genome architecture--from postmortem brain tissue of matched AD patients and cognitively normal controls. Samples were collected from three brain regions with distinct vulnerability to AD pathology: the temporal cortex (TC), primary visual cortex (VC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Our dataset comprises over 230,000 individual cells, spanning major neuronal and glial populations, and provides a high-resolution view of multi-layer epigenomic regulation. We identified widespread AD-associated DNA methylation changes and marked reorganization of 3D genome structure, including alterations in A/B compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs), and chromatin loops. These changes are strongly region-specific: TC displays pronounced hypermethylation, transcriptional downregulation, and elevated boundary density, whereas VC shows opposing trends and PFC an intermediate profile. We further uncovered previously unrecognized AD-associated glial and neuronal states defined by coordinated epigenomic dysregulation and recurrent genomic deletions, particularly near telomeric regions. This region-resolved, single-cell multi-omic atlas reveals divergent epigenomic trajectories across brain regions and cell types in AD, offering new mechanistic insights and a framework for targeted therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komandur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valadon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acerbo, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakley, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.678849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Region-Specific Epigenomic Reorganization and Altered Cell States in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.678932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of pH-sensitive binders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.29.678932v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
pH gradients are central to physiology, from vesicle acidification to the acidic tumor microenvironment. While therapeutics have been developed to exploit these pH changes to modulate activity across different physiological environments, current approaches for generating pH-dependent binders, such as combinatorial histidine scanning and display-based selections, are largely empirical and often labor-intensive. Here we describe two complementary principles and associated computational methods for designing pH-dependent binders: (i) introducing histidine residues adjacent to positively charged residues at binder-target interfaces to induce electrostatic repulsion and weaken binding at low pH, and (ii) introducing buried histidine-containing charged hydrogen-bonding networks in the binder core such that the protein is destabilized under acidic conditions. Using these methods, we designed binders that dissociate at acidic pH against ephrin type-A receptor 2, tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, interleukin-6, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, and the interleukin-2 mimic Neo2. Fusions of the designs to pH-independent binders of lysosomal trafficking receptors function as catalytic degraders, inducing target degradation at substoichiometric levels. Our methods should be broadly useful for designing pH-sensitive protein therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haefner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sappington, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broerman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glögl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.678932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of pH-sensitive binders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.27.679005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Sindbis virus nsP3 opal codon protects viral RNA and fitness by maintaining replication spherule integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.27.679005v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most alphaviruses maintain an in-frame opal stop codon that interrupts their non-structural polyprotein (nsP) ORF between nsP3 and nsP4 in both vertebrate and insect hosts. We show that the nsP3 opal stop codon confers a replicative advantage to Sindbis virus (SINV) in RNAi-competent mosquito cells and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, but not in cells or mosquitoes lacking RNAi. Mutation of the opal stop codon delays processing of the viral nsP polyprotein, which disrupts viral replication spherule integrity, and renders viral RNA susceptible to Dicer 2-cleavage, resulting in higher antiviral siRNA responses against SINV. Similarly, these defects caused by opal codon mutations lead to increased detection of viral RNA and enhanced antiviral interferon signaling in vertebrate cells. Thus, a single stop codon in alphaviruses mediates a multipotent viral strategy to evade innate immune defenses in diverse hosts.

TeaserA conserved ORF-interrupting stop codon helps alphaviral RNAs avoid triggering antiviral innate immunity in diverse hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alleman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chechik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myles, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.27.679005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Sindbis virus nsP3 opal codon protects viral RNA and fitness by maintaining replication spherule integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.678303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atlas of Lysosomal Aging Reveals a Molecular Clock of Storage Disorder-Associated Metabolites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.678303v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal dysfunction is a well-recognized feature of aging, yet its systematic molecular investigation remains limited. Here, we employ a suite of tools for rapid lysosomal isolation to construct a multi-tissue atlas of the metabolite changes that murine lysosomes undergo during aging. Aged lysosomes in brain, heart, muscle and adipose accumulate glycerophosphodiesters and cystine, metabolites that are causally linked to juvenile lysosomal storage disorders like Batten disease. Levels of these metabolites increase linearly with age, preceding organismal decline. Caloric restriction, a lifespan-extending intervention, mitigates these changes in the heart but not the brain. Our findings link lysosomal storage disorders to aging-related dysfunction, uncover a metabolic lysosomal "aging clock," and open avenues for the mechanistic investigation of how lysosomal functions deteriorate during aging and in age-associated diseases.

One-Sentence SummaryAging in mice is tracked by a lysosomal "clock", where glycerophosphodiesters and cystine - metabolites causally linked to juvenile lysosomal storage disorders - gradually accumulate in lysosomes of the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puszynska, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cangelosi, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseyang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprenger, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colgan, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedir, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajderowicz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esantsi, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atlas of Lysosomal Aging Reveals a Molecular Clock of Storage Disorder-Associated Metabolites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.26.678798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Fd4 transcription factor translates transient spatial cues in progenitors into long-term lineage identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.26.678798v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural diversity is required for the brain to generate complex behaviors. During development, neural progenitors are exposed to different combination of transient spatial cues for their identity specification. This identity is then interpreted by their progeny to activate terminal selector genes to become lineage-specific neurons. After spatial cues fade, it remains unclear how progenitors maintain their unique identity so that their progeny express the accurate, lineage-specific terminal selector genes. Using single cell RNA sequencing in Drosophila, we identified a Forkhead domain transcription factor, Fd4, that is exclusively expressed in a single neural progenitor (neuroblast) and its new-born progeny. This neuroblast (NB), named NB7-1, forms at the intersection of the transient spatial cues Vnd (columnar expression) and En (row expression). We show that Fd4 expression overlaps spatial factor expression and terminal selector gene expression, thereby making Fd4 an excellent candidate for bridging transient spatial factors to lineage-specific terminal selector genes. We show that Fd4 is required for expression of terminal selector genes that maintain neuronal identity. Conversely, Fd4 misexpression generates ectopic NB7-1 progeny at the expense of Fd4-negative progenitor lineages. We conclude that Fd4 is continuously expressed in the NB7-1 and its new-born neuronal progeny where it activates terminal selector genes to produce lineage-specific neurons. We propose that Fd4 is a pioneering member of a class of "lineage identity genes" that translate transient spatial cues into a long-term lineage identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Fd4 transcription factor translates transient spatial cues in progenitors into long-term lineage identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.678572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternating Angle Milling Suppresses Streaking Artifacts in FIB-SEM Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.678572v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) (1-3) has been used in life sciences to produce large volumetric datasets with high resolution information on ultrastructure of biological organisms. 3D image acquisition is accomplished by serial removal of thin layers of material using focused ion beam (FIB) milling followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging.

One of the challenges in the standard FIB-SEM imaging protocol is that FIB milling results in characteristic artifacts, known as "streaks" or "curtains". These streaks are caused by non-uniform material removal forming long straight trenches parallel to the FIB milling direction. These artifacts get worse along the milling direction and ultimately limit size of the SEM field of view.

Various methods have been proposed to mitigate the streaks in acquired images. While these techniques often provide noticeable visual improvement, the underlying problem remains. The structural information in the "streaked" areas is lost due to non-uniform material removal during milling and cannot be fully recovered.

We propose a simple modification allowing for a significant reduction of milling non-uniformities of streaks. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on various samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shtengel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arron, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polilov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karkali, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleck, C. K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternating Angle Milling Suppresses Streaking Artifacts in FIB-SEM Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.24.678385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Glypican 6-mediated Wnt activation maintains TDP-43 nuclear localization in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.24.678385v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abnormalities in TDP-43 (Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43kDa) localization and function span multiple neurodegenerative diseases and are implicated in driving neuronal degeneration and loss. Nuclear pore complex (NPC) abnormalities and disrupted nucleocytoplasmic trafficking (NCT) contribute to TDP-43 mislocalization, but how these cellular changes are initiated in disease is unclear. Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 2 (GDE2) is a surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor cleaving enzyme that encodes a physiological pathway that ensures NPC integrity, appropriate NCT, and nuclear TDP-43 expression and function in adult neurons by negatively regulating canonical Wnt signaling. Notably, studies of human postmortem tissue and patient-derived neuronal models suggest that the failure of GDE2-dependent regulation of Wnt contributes to TDP-43 abnormalities in disease. Here we show that GDE2 inhibits persistent neuronal Wnt activation by regulating the surface expression of the GPI-anchored protein, Glypican-(GPC)6. Excessive GPC6 surface expression potentiates neuronal Wnt activation in vivo, resulting in NPC disruption, alterations in Ran-dependent NCT, and TDP-43 mislocalization, while genetic reduction of GPC6 in mice lacking GDE2 rescues these cellular abnormalities. Thus, GDE2, GPC6, and the canonical Wnt pathway form a physiologically important signaling axis important for NPC integrity, appropriate NCT, and TDP-43 nuclear function in neurons that, when disrupted, may underlie associated neuropathologies in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sockanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Glypican 6-mediated Wnt activation maintains TDP-43 nuclear localization in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.678634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EPOP and MTF2 Activate PRC2 Activity through DNA-sequence specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.678634v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) facilitates the formation of facultative heterochromatin, instrumental to tissue specific gene expression. PRC2 catalyzes tri-methylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3), which is targeted for chromatin compaction by PRC1. Importantly, PRC2-associated cofactors regulate its distinct activities, as in the case of MTF2 and JARID2 that direct PRC2 to specific chromatin nucleation sites based on preferred DNA-binding motifs. Here, we investigated EPOP whose role in regulating PRC2 was not well-defined. We find that both EPOP and MTF2 stimulate PRC2 histone methyltransferase (HMT) activity in vitro. Unlike MTF2, EPOP is ineffectual in PRC2 chromatin recruitment as evidenced by an EED-rescue system in vivo, but promotes H3K27me3 deposition de novo in cooperation with MTF2 and JARID2. Binding assays using reconstituted dinucleosome substrates revealed that similar to MTF2, EPOP promotes PRC2 chromatin-binding activity in a distinct DNA-sequence dependent manner (GCN-rich and GA-rich, respectively). Thus, EPOP and MTF2 in conjunction with JARID2 foster PRC2-mediated HMT activity at chromatin sites comprising cofactor-preferred DNA-binding sequences during the formation of H3K27me3-chromatin domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Granat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popoca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksuz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EPOP and MTF2 Activate PRC2 Activity through DNA-sequence specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.677362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulated climate change magnifies genetic vulnerabilities from mutation load and maladaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.677362v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As climate change intensifies, the genetic diversity and composition of natural populations will become critical for adaptation and survival. Standing genetic diversity within populations differs across a species range, due to past demographic and natural selection processes driving the accumulation of adaptive, neutral, and deleterious variation. While accumulating genomic knowledge could be used to evaluate population extinction risk from local mal-adaptive genetic makeups, testing such approaches in natural environments remains challenging. Leveraging the genomic resources of Arabidopsis thaliana, we created experimental synthetic populations of similar genetic diversity but differing genetic makeups by mixing 245 natural accessions with different levels of potentially-climate-adaptive alleles and/or genomic burden of deleterious mutations. We planted our populations in a climate change field experiment simulating a gradient of declining rainfall. By tracking survival and reproduction of 135 synthetic experimental populations over three years, we show substantial predictability of genetic makeup on survival and population growth rate. Further, the accumulation of deleterious mutations and locally (mal)adaptive alleles synergistically reduces fitness in increasingly stressful climates. Our findings underscore that for populations to have the greatest chance of surviving climate change, the optimal combination of genomic makeups is essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leventhal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnegie Field Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.677362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulated climate change magnifies genetic vulnerabilities from mutation load and maladaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.678678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual-patterned pluripotent stem cells self-organize into a human embryo model with extended anterior-posterior patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.678678v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human gastruloids are a powerful class of stem cell-derived models that recapitulate key features of early embryonic development, including symmetry breaking and the emergence of three germ layers1-3. However, they lack anterior embryonic structures and coordinated axial organization4-6. To address this limitation, we pre-patterned human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) by exposing them to either anterior (FGF2) or posterior (CHIR99021 [CHIR] & retinoic acid [RA]) cues. Upon mixing, these dual-patterned hPSCs interacted and self-organized into elongated structures with both anterior and posterior features--which we term anterior-posterior (AP) human gastruloids. Anteriorly pre-treated cells robustly intercalated into posteriorly pre-treated cells, collectively giving rise to a continuum of neural tissues--including a brain-like domain, a neural tube-like structure, and neuro-mesodermal progenitors (NMPs)--with segmented somites arrayed bilaterally. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed that human AP gastruloids contain cell types resembling the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB), regionalized hindbrain structures (i.e. rhombomeres 1-8), regionalized neural crest (i.e. cranial, vagal, trunk)7,8 and head mesoderm. Transcriptomic comparisons to primate embryos revealed that human AP gastruloids most closely resemble Carnegie stage 11 (CS11) embryos. While they lack a notochord and full dorsal-ventral polarity, human AP gastruloids recapitulate key spatial and temporal features of early neurulation and somitogenesis. Perturbation of folic acid metabolism or rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling induced spinal cord defects, phenocopying aspects of spina bifida and other neural tube defects, highlighting this models potential for studying congenital disorders9. AP gastruloids may serve as a simple, robust, scalable platform for modeling coordinated human AP body axis development. More broadly, our results suggest that controlled interactions between differentially prepatterned progenitors can initiate self-organization of complex body axis features. The "pattern-and-mix" strategy may serve as a generalizable framework for assembling spatially organized stem cell models of mammalian development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamazaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual-patterned pluripotent stem cells self-organize into a human embryo model with extended anterior-posterior patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.678485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining brainwide activity imaging and electron microscopy reveals novel nociceptive circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.25.678485v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand how brains work, it is necessary to connect neural activity to synaptic-resolution circuit architecture. Recent advances in light-sheet microscopy (LSM) enable whole-brain, cellular-resolution imaging of activity of all neuronal cell bodies, however, most neurons from such datasets cannot be identified. In most organisms, neurons are identifiable based on their projections (and not based on their cell body position) which, when densely labelled, cannot be resolved using LSM. Here, we present a novel methodology to overcome this by combining whole-brain activity imaging with subsequent volume electron microscopy imaging of the same brain to visualise neuronal projections and identify neurons with interesting activity. We used this approach to identify brain neurons involved in nociception in Drosophila larva. After whole-brain imaging of activity during nociceptive stimulation, we imaged the same brain with an enhanced focused ion-beam electron microscope (eFIB-SEM). We registered the functional and anatomical volumes and reconstructed (in the eFIB-SEM volume) the projections of neurons that responded to nociceptive stimulation to determine their developmental lineage and identity. This revealed a distributed nociceptive network spanning 25 distinct lineages and many distinct brain areas, and included direct brain targets of nociceptive projection neurons that integrate nociceptive information with other sensory modalities, as well as brain output neurons (descending neurons [DN]) that likely contribute to action-selection. Our workflow provides a powerful framework for mapping neuronal activity onto structure across an entire brain, yielding novel insights into the distributed central processing of noxious stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Randel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Champion, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlatic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining brainwide activity imaging and electron microscopy reveals novel nociceptive circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.23.678164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Observing biological spatio-angular structures and dynamics with statistical image reconstruction and polarized fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.23.678164v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding molecular orientation and density distributions is essential for exploring biological structure and function. Polarized fluorescence microscopy (PFM) provides insights into molecular architecture but struggles to resolve three-dimensional (3D) molecular orientation distributions, particularly in densely labeled or structurally complex specimens. To address this, we introduce the efficient generalized Richardson-Lucy (eGRL) algorithm, a robust framework for reconstructing 3D molecular density and orientation (spatio-angular) distributions from PFM data. By modeling the imaging process in spatio-angular hyperspace, we propose a maximum-likelihood solution enhanced by dimensionality reduction and angular domain transformation to overcome computational challenges. eGRL improves accuracy and efficiency across different PFM implementations, enabling use on standard platforms. We utilize our methods to resolve biological spatio-angular structures and dynamics otherwise impossible to resolve, including the tangential alignment of actin filaments in U2OS cells, nanowire-guided cytoskeletal organization in NIH3T3 cells, rotational actin patterns in live HeLa protrusions, and membrane tension-induced anisotropy in live macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agashe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskin, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaumouille, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Observing biological spatio-angular structures and dynamics with statistical image reconstruction and polarized fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.24.678123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Composing trajectories for rapid inference of navigational goals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.24.678123v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals efficiently learn to navigate their environment. In the laboratory, naive mice explore their environment via highly structured trajectories and can learn to localize new spatial targets in as few as a handful of trials. It is unclear how such efficient learning is possible, since existing computational models of spatial navigation require far more experience to achieve comparable performance and do not attempt to explain the evolving structure of animal behavior during learning. To inform a new algorithm for rapid learning of navigational goals, we took inspiration from the reliable structure of behavior as mice learned to intercept hidden spatial targets. We designed agents that generate behavioral trajectories by controlling the speed and angular velocity of smooth path segments between anchor points. To rapidly learn good anchors, we use Bayesian inference on the history of rewarded and unrewarded trajectories to infer the probability that an anchor will be successful, and active sampling to trim hypothesized anchors. Agents learn within tens of trials to generate compact trajectories that intercept a target, capturing the evolution of behavioral structure and matching the upper limits of learning efficiency observed in mice. We further show that this algorithm can explain how mice avoid obstacles and rapidly adapt to target switches. Finally, we show that this framework naturally encompasses both egocentric and allocentric strategies for navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>AbdelRahman, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coddington, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermundstad, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Composing trajectories for rapid inference of navigational goals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.22.677529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDCA7 facilitates MET1-mediated CG DNA methylation maintenance in centromeric heterochromatin via histone H1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.22.677529v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation is a conserved epigenetic modification essential for maintaining genome stability. However, how methyltransferases maintain CG methylation within compact chromatin, including centromeres, remains unclear. In humans, CDCA7 is necessary for the inheritance of DNA methylation at juxta-centromeres. Mutations that impair its ability to bind chromatin result in Immunodeficiency, Centromeric Instability, and Facial Anomalies (ICF) syndrome, characterized by centromeric instability. To investigate whether CDCA7 function is conserved, we identified two Arabidopsis thaliana orthologs, CDCA7A and CDCA7B. The loss of both copies results in CG hypomethylation at pericentromeric regions and centromeric satellite repeat arrays. Machine learning analysis suggested that heterochromatic nucleosomes, with enrichment of H1, H2A.W, and H3K9me2 levels, depend heavily on CDCA7 proteins for CG methylation maintenance of the associated DNA. Loss of H1 restores heterochromatic DNA methylation in cdca7a cdca7b mutants, indicating that CDCA7A and CDCA7B mainly remodel H1-containing nucleosomes for methyltransferases to access DNA. Notably, in h1.1 h1.2 mutants, CG methylation shows a significant increase in centromeres, which reveals a new inhibitory role of H1 in DNA methylation maintenance within satellite repeat arrays. Centromeric DNA hypermethylation is lost in h1.1 h1.2 cdca7a cdca7b quadruple mutants, demonstrating that CDCA7A and CDCA7B can act independently of H1 to enhance MET1 activity. Overall, these findings establish CDCA7A and CDCA7B as conserved regulators of DNA methylation within heterochromatin and centromeric satellite repeat arrays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonkalsrud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDCA7 facilitates MET1-mediated CG DNA methylation maintenance in centromeric heterochromatin via histone H1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.22.677835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic changes in chromosome and nuclear architecture during maturation of normal and ALS C9orf72 motor neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.22.677835v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have investigated changes in chromosome conformation, nuclear organization, and transcription during differentiation and maturation of control and mutant motor neurons harboring hexanucleotide expansions in the C9orf72 gene that cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Using an in vitro reprogramming, differentiation and neural maturation protocol, we obtained highly purified populations of post-mitotic motor neurons for both normal and diseased cells. As expected, as fibroblasts are reprogrammed into iPSCs, and as iPSCs differentiate into motor neurons, chromatin accessibility, chromosome conformation, and nuclear organization change along with large-scale alterations in transcriptional profiles. We find that the transcriptome changes extensively during the first three weeks of post-mitotic neuronal maturation, with thousands of genes changing expression, but then is relatively stable for the next three weeks. In contrast, chromosome conformation and nuclear organization continue to change over the entire 6-week maturation period: chromosome territoriality increases, long-range interactions along chromosomes decrease, compartmentalization strength increases, and centromeres and telomeres increasingly cluster. In motor neurons derived from ALS patients such changes in chromosome conformation were much reduced. Chromatin accessibility changes also showed delayed maturation. The transcriptome in these cells matured relatively normally but with notable changes in expression of genes involved in lipid, sterol and mitochondrial function. We conclude that neural maturation is associated with large scale post-mitotic changes in gene expression, chromosome conformation and nuclear organization, and that these processes are defective in motor neurons derived from ALS patients carrying C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uyan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oomen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wightman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klim, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belaghzal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydemir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akgol-Oksuz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uslu, Z. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic changes in chromosome and nuclear architecture during maturation of normal and ALS C9orf72 motor neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.16.676163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-sequence deep learning delivers crystal-quality models of covalent K-Ras G12 hotspot complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.16.676163v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structure-based design of covalent drugs has achieved tremendous success by understanding and leveraging the three-dimensional interactions between small-molecule drug candidates and their protein targets. However, this approach traditionally relies on high-resolution co-complex structures obtained by X-ray crystallography, NMR, or cryo-EM, methods that are time-consuming and resource-intensive. Here we show that Chai-1, a publicly available structure prediction tool that accepts user-defined ligands, is able to accurately predict covalent K-Ras(G12C) complexes without using a multiple sequence alignment (MSA). Chai-1 yields pocket-aligned RMSDs <2 [A] for chemically diverse K-Ras(G12C) inhibitors, ranging from ARS-853 to BBO-8520. In addition to the conventional acrylamide-based covalent K-Ras(G12C) inhibitors, Chai-1 with a covalent-bond restraint successfully reproduced the binding poses of covalent K-Ras(G12D) and K-Ras(G12S) inhibitors, while showing limitations in capturing chemical details such as accounting for leaving-groups, bond properties, and stereochemistry. Chai-1 also provides [~]40-fold higher throughput than state-of-the-art AlphaFold3 while maintaining comparable pose accuracy. Together, these findings establish Chai-1 as an accessible and computationally efficient tool for covalent protein-ligand co-complex structure prediction, with its covalent-restraint mode offering a unique solution to accelerate covalent drug discovery, especially for challenging targets beyond cysteine.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=79 SRC="FIGDIR/small/676163v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-sequence deep learning delivers crystal-quality models of covalent K-Ras G12 hotspot complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.18.677171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine models for triple-negative breast cancer with differential responsiveness to immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.18.677171v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis in women. Clinical studies with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are encouraging for immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy (anti-PD-1 with paclitaxel and/or carboplatin). However, additional clinical advances may be pursued more rapidly with assistance from preclinical TNBC models including syngeneic mammary tumor cell lines. Here, we report two mammary tumor cell lines that exhibit differential responsiveness to immunotherapy in vivo. Spontaneous mammary tumors from C57BL/6J MMTV-Cre Trp53fl/+ animals were passaged serially in cell culture and in vivo in the mammary fat pad of fully wildtype animals. The resulting lines, MM001i and MM008i, lost Trp53 and formed 1000 mm3 tumors in the mammary fat pad within 21-28 days. Despite originating from the same genetic background, these lines exhibit differential responses to immunotherapy. For anti-PD-1 therapy, MM001i is poorly responsive and MM008i is strongly responsive with near-complete tumor regression. In comparison, both MM001i and MM008i respond rapidly to anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Both models express unique tumor antigens as evidenced by immunity to subsequent engraftments. Primary MM008i tumors exhibit greater T cell infiltration, and CD8-positive T lymphocytes are required for anti-PD-1 responses. These TNBC models are promising for further mechanistic studies and testing future single and combinatorial therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalantzakos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proehl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durfee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temiz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troness, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.677171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine models for triple-negative breast cancer with differential responsiveness to immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.17.676794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial predictive coding in visual cortical neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.17.676794v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive coding is a theoretical framework that can explain how animals build internal models of their sensory environments by predicting sensory inputs. Predictive coding may capture either spatial or temporal relationships between sensory objects. While the original theory by Rao and Ballard, 1999 described spatial predictive coding, much of the recent experimental data has been interpreted as evidence for temporal predictive coding. Here we directly tested whether the "mismatch" neural responses in sensory cortex are due to a spatial or a temporal internal model. We adopted two common paradigms to study predictive coding: one based on virtual-reality and one based on static images. After training mice with repeated visual stimulation for several days, we performed multiple manipulations, including: 1) we introduced a novel stimulus, 2) we replaced a stimulus with a novel gray wall, 3) we duplicated a trained stimulus, or 4) we altered the order of the stimuli. The first two manipulations induced a substantial mismatch response in neural populations of up to 20,000 neurons recorded across primary and higher-order visual cortex, while the third and fourth ones did not. Thus, a mismatch response only occurred if a new spatial - not temporal - pattern was introduced.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grodem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lensjo, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fyhn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial predictive coding in visual cortical neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.18.676967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo Design of All-atom Biomolecular Interactions with RFdiffusion3 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.18.676967v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning has accelerated protein design, but most existing methods are restricted to generating protein backbone coordinates and often neglect interactions with other biomolecules. We present RFdiffusion3 (RFD3), a diffusion model that generates protein structures in the context of ligands, nucleic acids and other non-protein constellations of atoms. Because all polymer atoms are modeled explicitly, conditioning the model on complex sets of atom-level constraints for enzyme design and other challenges is both simpler and more effective than previous approaches. RFD3 achieves improved performance compared to prior approaches on a range of in silico benchmarks with one tenth the computational cost. Finally, we demonstrate the broad applicability of RFD3 by designing and experimentally characterizing DNA binding proteins and cysteine hydrolases. The ability to rapidly generate protein structures guided by complex sets of atom-level constraints in the context of arbitrary non-protein atoms should further expand the range of functions attainable through protein design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butcher, J. K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salike, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muraishi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politanska, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.676967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo Design of All-atom Biomolecular Interactions with RFdiffusion3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.17.676899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIEZO channels link mechanical forces to uterine contractions in parturition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.17.676899v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractMechanical forces are extensively involved in pregnancy and parturition, but their precise roles and mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify mechanically activated ion channels PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 as key mechanotransducers required for labor progression. Genetic deletion of Piezo1 and Piezo2 in mice resulted in weakened uterine contractions and severe parturition defects. Tissue-specific knockouts revealed that deletion in either the uterus or sensory neurons alone caused modest defects, whereas combined loss significantly impaired labor, demonstrating additive effects. Single-nuclei sequencing showed that loss of PIEZO reduced expression of connexin43 (Gja1), a gap junction protein in uterine smooth muscle cells, suggesting a mechanistic link to impaired contraction. These findings highlight the critical role of PIEZO channels in mechanotransduction during parturition and suggest therapeutic targets for labor dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kini, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishkanian, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seradj, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocio, S.-V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonmez, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarishkin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Alavez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipomi, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrascheck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frolova, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patapoutian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIEZO channels link mechanical forces to uterine contractions in parturition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.16.676644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RiboCop surveils pre-rRNA processing by Dicer in cellular quiescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.16.676644v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, most cells exist in a quiescent G0 state in which cellular homeostasis must be rigorously maintained in the absence of cell division. Non-coding RNAs are prevalent in G0 and are important regulators of development and differentiation, but their function in quiescence is unclear. Here, we identify pre-rRNA as a direct target of the RNase III enzyme Dicer specifically in quiescence. Dicer is physically present at the rDNA, and improper rRNA processing in mutants results in a nucleolar stress response involving a novel trans-acting non-coding RNA (RiboCop) in complex with the highly conserved proteins Enp2/NOL10 and RNase H1. RiboCop is complementary to unprocessed pre-rRNA and triggers rDNA repeat silencing via Sir2, RENT, and histone H3-lysine-9 (H3K9) methylation. Thus RiboCop silences rDNA specifically during dormancy, when silencing of non-functional rRNA becomes essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roche, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RiboCop surveils pre-rRNA processing by Dicer in cellular quiescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.16.676304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FoxP3 forms a head-to-head dimer in vivo and stabilizes its multimerization on adjacent microsatellites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.16.676304v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FoxP3, the master regulator of Tregs, employs two DNA-binding modes to recognize diverse DNA sequences. It multimerizes on long TnG repeats (n = 2-5) to bridge DNA segments and stabilize chromatin loops, and it forms head-to-head (H-H) dimers on inverted repeat forkhead motifs (IR-FKHM) without bridging DNA. Although genomic data confirm its multimeric role, in vivo evidence for H-H dimerization has been elusive. Here, unbiased pull-down sequencing uncovers a range of relaxed motifs that drive H-H dimerization, enabling systematic genome- wide analysis. We demonstrate that FoxP3 binds genomic DNA as both H-H dimers and multimers in Tregs, with H-H binding often seeding and stabilizing multimerization on adjacent TnG repeats--especially on shorter, suboptimal repeats. While multimerization is conserved across FoxP family members, H-H dimerization is unique to FoxP3 orthologs, conferred by its divergent accessory loop. This dual-mode strategy broadens FoxP3s sequence repertoire and enhances its architectural function in chromatin looping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viennet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthanari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FoxP3 forms a head-to-head dimer in vivo and stabilizes its multimerization on adjacent microsatellites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.12.675850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FixGrower: An efficient and robust curriculum for shaping fixation behavior in rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.12.675850v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Center-port fixation is a common prerequisite for many freely-moving rodent tasks in neuroscience and psychology. However, typical protocols for shaping this behavior are non-standardized and inefficient. Moreover, motor errors in fixation termed  violations often account for a significant fraction of experimental trials, leading to notable data loss during experiments. In light of this, we developed FixGrower, a standardized protocol for center-port fixation training. FixGrower (1) requires a longer initial fixation requirement, (2) increases the required fixation duration at session boundaries customized to each animals performance, and (3) delays the introduction of violation penalties until the end of training. We demonstrate FixGrower decreases training time by 61%, yields low violation rates, and generalizes across rodent species and task difficulty. Moreover, the success of this curriculum is well supported by theories of operant conditioning and reinforcement learning. Our findings establish FixGrower as an efficient and broadly applicable curriculum for training fixation behavior in rodents, thereby accelerating training of many tasks in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breda, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willock, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopec, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FixGrower: An efficient and robust curriculum for shaping fixation behavior in rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.15.675587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of theta-timescale spiking impairs learning but spares hippocampal replay 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.15.675587v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to rapidly learn and retrieve salient information about new environments is critical for survival. In mammals, the hippocampus plays a crucial role in that learning. Specialized features of hippocampal population coding, including network-level theta oscillatory activity, location-specific firing of principal cells, and reactivation of experience during immobility (replay), have been implicated in rapid storage and retrieval of spatial information. Disruptions of theta and replay jointly, or replay alone, are sufficient to impair learning; however, the specific contribution of theta-associated temporal structure during locomotion remains unknown. In this study, we manipulated hippocampal spiking activity in rats specifically during locomotion by optogenetically activating septal parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons. We developed a closed-loop, theta phase-specific stimulation protocol that reliably reduced theta power shortly after stimulation onset. This manipulation preserved the place codes of individual cells but disrupted the fine temporal structure of endogenous spatio-temporal representations (for example, theta sequences) at the pairwise and population level. Theta disruption during locomotion was also sufficient to cause pronounced deficits in learning the more cognitively challenging component of a spatial alternation task, even though disruption was applied on only [~]66% of trials. Notably, network effects accompanying theta disruption were restricted to locomotor periods; we did not observe changes in replay rate, length, or content during immobility. Together, these results demonstrate the importance of the precise temporal microstructure of locomotion-associated spatial representations in the hippocampus for learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comrie, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharazia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maya, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiseleva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.675587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of theta-timescale spiking impairs learning but spares hippocampal replay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.15.676436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human-specific tandem repeat in CACNA1C modulates responses to neuronal stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.15.676436v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent development of long-read sequencing has made it possible to catalog variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) in the human genome. However, little is known about their functional consequences. Here, we characterized the effect of TRACT, a VNTR that is unique to humans and that has sequence variants linked to risk for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. By adding or removing this VNTR in both mouse models and human neural organoids, we find that TRACT, which is intronic to the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel gene CACNA1C, increases intracellular calcium after neuronal stimulation and leads to widespread changes in activity-dependent transcription programs in neurons. TRACT-dependent changes are enriched for genes associated with synapse formation and plasticity, and partially recapitulate evolutionary changes in activity-dependent transcription between species. These findings demonstrate that a single, human-specific, non-coding element can strongly affect the neuronal response to stimulation, and motivate the study of VNTRs as a genetic source of phenotypic variation in both evolution and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkuraya, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunbridge, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haerty, W. `</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasca, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human-specific tandem repeat in CACNA1C modulates responses to neuronal stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.11.675319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALM enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.11.675319v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive operations often require flexible implementation of stimulus-response contingencies, depending on context. We developed an olfactory task in which mice learned to associate a test odor with a directional lick response, conditional on a preceding context odor drawn from a different odor set. Two-photon imaging revealed that anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) contains distinct populations encoding context, test odors, and choice. Optogenetic silencing during the context and delay periods impaired performance, suggesting that ALM contributes to configuring the appropriate contingency. Although context odors that instructed the same mapping were represented by separate populations, their influence converged at the level of choice-selective neurons. A subpopulation of these neurons exhibited dual selectivity for context and choice, forming what we term "contingency neurons." These findings suggest that ALM supports flexible behavior not by abstracting over context cues, but by dynamically reconfiguring local circuits to route sensory input to the appropriate motor output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALM enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.11.675606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved cryo-EM reconstruction of sub-50 kDa complexes using 2D template matching 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.11.675606v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visualizing the structures of small proteins and complexes has been a longstanding challenge in single-particle cryo-EM. Some of these targets have been successfully resolved by binding to antibody fragments (Fabs) or fusing with external scaffolds to increase their size. Recent advances in conventional single-particle techniques have enabled the determination of an in-creasing number of structures smaller than 100 kDa, achieving resolutions relevant to drug research. Compared to X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM preserves the near-native states of biomolecules, can resolve structural heterogeneity, and has the potential to apply to a wide range of targets. In this work, we demonstrate that the alignment and reconstruction of small macromolecular complexes can be significantly improved using high-resolution structures as priors combined with 2D template matching. Using this method, we were able to reconstruct previously intractable targets under 50 kDa and improve the density of the ligand-binding sites in the reconstructions. We envision that this method will further lower the molecular weight limit of single-particle cryo-EM, enabling its application to important drug-binding complexes that are below 50 kDa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved cryo-EM reconstruction of sub-50 kDa complexes using 2D template matching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.09.675155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
marApp: An R package and web portal to calculate mutations- and genetic diversity-area relationship for conservation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.09.675155v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
International conservation policies including the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework now consider genetic diversity of wild species in their targets. However, scalable, theory-driven tools to assess and predict genetic diversity loss are still emerging, limiting their use in conservation planning. Analogous to the species-area relationship, recent work has shown that genetic diversity scales with area, described by the mutations-area relationship (MAR) or genetic-diversity-area relationship (GDAR), can approximate the genetic diversity loss in a species from habitat reduction. To enable application of these insights for conservation practitioners and policy makers, we present the mar R package and marApp web portal, a fast and user-friendly tool for MAR/GDAR analysis. The mar package connects genetic diversity patterns in space to ecological theory, and automates steps from reading genetic and geographic data to simulating various habitat extinction scenarios using MAR/GDAR. The mar package estimates only short-term genetic diversity, providing a lower-limit for the far greater long-term genetic losses, underscoring the need to maximize present-day habitat conservation before it becomes irreversible. As a case example, we showcase predictions of coral (Acropora sp.) genetic diversity loss from reef coverage impacts. We demonstrate the usage of marApp without requirements for prior genetics or coding experiences, and provide downloadable reports for conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mualim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selmoni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[marApp: An R package and web portal to calculate mutations- and genetic diversity-area relationship for conservation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.13.676032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aminoacyl-tRNA specificity of a ligase catalyzing non-ribosomal peptide extension 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.13.676032v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid ligases (PEARLs) are amide bond-forming enzymes that extend the main chain of peptides using aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) as a substrate. In this study, we investigated the substrate specificity of the PEARL BhaBCAla from Bacillus halodurans, which utilizes Ala-tRNAAla. By leveraging flexizyme, a ribozyme capable of charging diverse acids onto a desired tRNA, we generated an array of aa-tRNAs in which we varied both the amino acid and the tRNA to dissect the substrate scope of BhaBCAla. We demonstrate that BhaBCAla catalyzes peptide extension with non-cognate proteinogenic and non-canonical amino acids, hydroxy acids, and mercaptocarboxylic acids when attached to tRNAAla. For most of these, the efficiency was considerably reduced compared to Ala, indicating the enzyme recognizes the amino acid. By varying the different parts of the tRNA, enzyme specificity was shown to also depend on the acceptor stem and the anticodon arm of the tRNA. These findings establish the molecular determinants of PEARL specificity and provide a foundation for engineering these enzymes for broader applications in peptide synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Figueroa, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinogradov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadgil, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Splain, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.13.676032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aminoacyl-tRNA specificity of a ligase catalyzing non-ribosomal peptide extension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.10.675409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACAD10 encodes two orphan enzymes in the ether lipid biosynthetic and salvage pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.10.675409v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ether lipids play critical roles in membrane dynamics, antioxidant defense, and signaling. They comprise [~]20% of mammalian phospholipids, and disruptions in their metabolism cause severe genetic disorders and are associated with neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Ether lipids are synthesized de novo from glycolytic intermediates or salvaged from the diet. While the products of these pathways are known, several key enzymes remain unidentified, including the 1-O-alkylglycerol kinase and the 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate phosphatase. Here, we show that acyl-CoA dehydrogenase member 10 (ACAD10) catalyzes the phosphorylation of 1-O-alkylglycerols and the dephosphorylation of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate. Worms and mice lacking ACAD10 have reduced ether lipid levels and cannot salvage dietary alkylglycerols. Furthermore, individuals from the Akimel Oodham (Pima) tribe carrying ACAD10 polymorphisms also show decreased plasma ether lipid levels. Collectively, our findings resolve two long-standing gaps in ether lipid biochemistry and reveal a mechanistic link between ether lipid metabolism and a population-associated risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purlyte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizzar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagliarini, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomchick, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagliabracci, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACAD10 encodes two orphan enzymes in the ether lipid biosynthetic and salvage pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.10.674993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutral lipid processing in glia is sexually dimorphic and promotes sleep through diacylglycerol catabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.10.674993v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is thought to have a protective role in clearing toxic waste from the brain, which may include processing of damaged lipids. We recently showed that blocking endocytosis in glia increases sleep and report here that this block is associated with an increase in peroxidized lipids and glial lipid droplet accumulation, raising the possibility that accumulation of these lipids increases the need to sleep. Sleep gain induced by blocking glial transport is exaggerated by knockout of the lipid droplet coat protein, Lipid Storage Droplet 2 (Lsd2), suggesting that sleep-promoting lipids are not contained in lipid droplets. To identify lipids regulated by sleep state, we performed global, targeted lipidomics analysis on Drosophila neurons and glia, screening nearly 3,000 lipids across 11 major classes. This revealed that sex influences lipid composition in both cell types and lipid homeostasis following extended wakefulness. Female neurons and glia are enriched in ultra-long chain fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and diacylglycerols, with glial diacylglycerol enrichment correlating with elevated sleep need. Based on manipulations of neutral lipid metabolic pathways, we propose that monoacylglycerols, products of glial diacylglycerol catabolism, promote sleep.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pyfrom, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beveridge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanigicherla, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randolph, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negatu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killiany, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astacio, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pivarshev, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurado, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.674993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutral lipid processing in glia is sexually dimorphic and promotes sleep through diacylglycerol catabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.12.675873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atlas of innate immune responses to experimental cholera and IL22 treatment demonstrates protection by mucus-secreting cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.12.675873v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diarrheal disease cholera remains a global threat. However, knowledge of the innate immune defenses in the small intestine that protect against the causative agent, Vibrio cholerae, is limited. Here, single-cell RNA-sequencing of epithelial and immune cells mapped gene expression patterns in the infant mouse small intestine and revealed changes in response to V. cholerae infection and treatment with an IL22 Fc-fusion protein. Infection increased the abundance of an enterocyte subtype that highly expressed defense-associated functions and stimulated production of IL22, a cytokine linked to epithelial integrity, from group 3 innate lymphoid cells. Administration of IL22Fc increased production of vibriocidal Reg3{beta} from enterocytes and the abundance of secretory lineage and Muc2-producing goblet cells, which secreted mucus into the intestinal crypts, impairing V. cholerae association with the epithelium. These IL22-mediated responses limited V. cholerae intestinal colonization and protected mice from diarrhea and death. These observations suggest enterocyte specialization in mucosal defense, identify mechanisms of IL22-mediated protection, and point to host-directed approaches for cholera therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atlas of innate immune responses to experimental cholera and IL22 treatment demonstrates protection by mucus-secreting cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.10.675423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectral envelopes of rhythmic facial movements predict intention and motor cortical representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.10.675423v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Animals, including humans, use coordinated facial movements to sample the environment, ingest nutrients, and communicate. To study these behaviors and the neural signals that underlie them, we introduce face-rhythm, a tool for quantitatively tracking, extracting, and interpreting facial movements. The approach utilizes markerless point tracking, spectral analysis, and tensor component analysis to extract demixed components of behavior from videos of facial movements. Face-rhythm is fully unsupervised and allows for the discovery of uninstructed behaviors; when applied to videos of facial behavior, face-rhythm identifies interpretable behaviors such as whisking, sniffing, and snout movements. Analysis of videos of mice in various behavioral conditions, including a classical conditioning protocol, a brainmachine interface (BMI) task, and natural behaviors outside of a task structure, revealed robust signatures of uninstructed facial movements in all regimes. The expression of these facial movements predicted internal belief states during classical conditioning and was correlated with instructed neural activity when the BMI was activated. Furthermore, facial behaviors identified by face-rhythm were highly represented in face-associated areas of primary motor cortex (M1). We found that M1 neural activity encodes a mixed representation of both the phase of facial movements as well as the phase-invariant spectral envelope of movement patterns, with higher-frequency facial movements being more likely to be represented as phase-invariant. Our results demonstrate that face-rhythm provides a novel and flexible approach for decomposing continuous face movements into natural behavioral motifs that are closely linked to neural activity patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaggi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectral envelopes of rhythmic facial movements predict intention and motor cortical representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.09.675147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIF2-driven PTHrP Causes Cachexia and Hypercalcemia in Kidney Cancer: Treatment with HIF2 Inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.09.675147v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kidney cancer frequently causes paraneoplastic syndromes, including hypercalcemia and cachexia, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. The most common form of kidney cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, is frequently caused by loss of the pVHL tumor suppressor protein and the resulting upregulation of the HIF2 transcription factor. We show that PTHLH, which resides on a ccRCC amplicon on chromosome 12p, is a direct HIF2 transcriptional target in ccRCC. Further, we show that the increased PTHLH expression is both necessary and sufficient for the induction of hypercalcemia and cachexia in preclinical orthotopic cell line tumor models. Consistent with these observations, two different allosteric HIF2 inhibitors, belzutifan and NKT2152, rapidly ameliorated hypercalcemia and cachexia in ccRCC patients, including in some patients who did not exhibit objective tumor shrinkage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abu-Remaileh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stransky, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalerao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirole, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machaalani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigeant, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woldemichael, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enomoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choueiri, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitarresi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelin, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIF2-driven PTHrP Causes Cachexia and Hypercalcemia in Kidney Cancer: Treatment with HIF2 Inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.08.674524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gut microbiota directs vitamin A flux to regulate intestinal T cell development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.08.674524v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal microbiota shapes adaptive immunity, but the mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Here, we show that the microbiota initiates the movement of retinoids--dietary vitamin A derivatives including retinol and retinoic acid--through a sequential pathway from epithelial cells to myeloid cells and ultimately to T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs). This cellular axis is traversed over three days. Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) initiate retinoid flux by inducing expression of serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins. These epithelial retinol-binding proteins are necessary and sufficient for epithelial-to-myeloid cell retinoid transfer and for myeloid cell migration to the mLNs. In the mLNs, microbial antigen drives retinoid transfer from myeloid cells to developing T cells, culminating in T cell retinoid uptake and transcriptional programming. This pathway is activated during postnatal development, when gut adaptive immunity is first established. These findings reveal that the microbiota programs intestinal adaptive immunity by regulating immune cell access to a nutrient-derived developmental signal.

HighlightsO_LIThe gut microbiota enables vitamin A flux to developing intestinal CD4 T cells.
C_LIO_LIMicrobiota-induced SAA initiates vitamin A flux along a gut myeloid-T cell axis.
C_LIO_LIMicrobial molecular patterns and antigen drive distinct steps of vitamin A flux.
C_LIO_LIMicrobiota-driven vitamin A flux programs intestinal T cell homing and maturation.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=192 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/674524v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (53K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13b3906org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11ceee3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@87913forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50c9a0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dende, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhn, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrendt, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichterman, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arana, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gut microbiota directs vitamin A flux to regulate intestinal T cell development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.09.674968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysosomal RNA profiling reveals targeting of specific types of RNAs for degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.09.674968v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy targets a wide variety of substrates for degradation within lysosomes1. While lysosomes are known to possess RNase activity2, the role of lysosomal RNA degradation in post-transcriptional gene regulation is not well understood. Here, we define RNASET2, PLD3, and both endogenous and exogenous RNase A family members as lysosomal RNases. Cells lacking these RNases accumulated large amounts of lysosomal RNA. Although all types of RNA can be found within lysosomes, SRP RNAs, Y RNAs, 5' TOP mRNAs, long-lived mRNAs, and mRNAs encoding membrane and secreted proteins were specifically enriched. All types of RNA depend on autophagy for lysosomal targeting, but the lysosomally-enriched RNAs are more sensitive to loss of autophagy, implying that selective mechanisms mediate their lysosomal entry. RNA stability measurements revealed that lysosomally-degraded transcripts also had autophagy-dependent changes in stability. In exploring how specific RNAs are targeted for lysosomal degradation, we found that the Alu domain of SRP RNAs is sufficient for targeting these RNAs to lysosomes in fashion that depends on its interactions with the SRP9 and SRP14 proteins. For mRNAs, 5' TOP motifs are sufficient to increase their targeting to lysosomes for degradation in a LARP1-dependent manner. Altogether, our results establish lysosomes as selective modulators of cellular RNA content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keys, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.674968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysosomal RNA profiling reveals targeting of specific types of RNAs for degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.04.674256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vnd and En are expressed in orthogonal stripes and act in a brief competence window to combinatorially specify NB7-1 and its early lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.04.674256v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how neuronal diversity is generated is a major goal of neuroscience. Here we characterize the first step in generating neuronal diversity in the Drosophila embryo: spatial transcription factors (STFs) expressed in orthogonal rows and columns of neural progenitors. These factors give spatial identity to neural progenitors (neuroblasts, NBs), and are highly conserved in mammals. Here we investigate the roles of Engrailed (En+; posterior row) and Vnd+ (medial column) in specifying the well-characterized progenitor: neuroblast 7-1 (NB7-1). We show that NB7-1 is located at the intersection of Vnd and En, and we identify NB7-1 using a newly characterized gene, fd4, that we show is specifically expressed in NB7-1 and its progeny, giving us a specific assay for NB7-1 identity. We show that En and Vnd are both required for Fd4 expression, and that Vnd and En co-expression is sufficient to induce ectopic Fd4 expression in other NBs and their lineages. Finally, we show that NBs gradually lose competence to respond to En or Vnd. We conclude that En and Vnd are STFs that act combinatorially to specify the identity of an individual progenitor, NB7-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vnd and En are expressed in orthogonal stripes and act in a brief competence window to combinatorially specify NB7-1 and its early lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.04.674342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tandem association of CLOCK:BMAL1 complexes on DNA enables recruitment of CBP/p300 through multivalent interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.04.674342v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basic helix-loop-helix PER-ARNT-SIM (bHLH-PAS) transcription factor CLOCK:BMAL1 interacts with E-box motifs in the context of nucleosomes to elicit a circadian pattern of gene expression that oscillates with approximately 24 hour periodicity. Core clock genes and other highly rhythmic targets of CLOCK:BMAL1 typically possess a tandem arrangement of E-boxes that is required for robust oscillations. Here, we show that the presence of tandem E-boxes enables CLOCK:BMAL1 to bind more internal sites on the nucleosome, leading to release of DNA from the histone core and the presentation of multiple coactivator binding motifs in close proximity to facilitate multivalent interactions with the coactivator CBP/p300. We show that the transactivation domain (TAD) of BMAL1, essential for CLOCK:BMAL1 activity, interacts with several modular domains of CBP. Deletion of these CBP domains or chemical inhibition of protein-protein interactions with CBP significantly reduces or eliminates CLOCK:BMAL1-driven activity. Altogether, this suggests that multivalent interactions with CBP may play a role in the ability of tandem CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimers to recruit this limiting cofactor in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torgrimson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsley, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Membreno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kater, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoma, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tandem association of CLOCK:BMAL1 complexes on DNA enables recruitment of CBP/p300 through multivalent interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.06.674661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus to inform vaccine-strain selection in September 2025 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.06.674661v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hemagglutinin of human influenza virus evolves rapidly to erode neutralizing antibody immunity. Twice per year, new vaccine strains are selected with the goal of providing maximum protection against the viruses that will be circulating when the vaccine is administered [~]8-12 months in the future. To help inform this selection, here we quantify how the antibodies in recently collected human sera neutralize viruses with hemagglutinins from contemporary influenza strains. Specifically, we use a high-throughput sequencing-based neutralization assay to measure how 188 human sera collected from Oct 2024 to April 2025 neutralize 140 viruses representative of the H3N2 and H1N1 strains circulating in humans as of the summer of 2025. This data set, which encompasses 26,148 neutralization titer measurements, provides a detailed portrait of the current human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza A virus. The full data set and accompanying visualizations are available for use in vaccine development and viral forecasting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kikawa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowling, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englund, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greninger, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacombe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.06.674661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus to inform vaccine-strain selection in September 2025]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.03.674030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Biosynthetic Pathway to the Pyrroloiminoquinone Marine Natural Product Ammosamide C 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.03.674030v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ammosamide C is a marine natural product containing a highly decorated pyrroloiminoquinone core. Studies on the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) that produces ammosamides previously revealed that they are made by a series of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). The BGC includes genes encoding a precursor peptide AmmA and four enzymes known as PEptide Aminoacyl-tRNA Ligases (PEARLs). Initial studies into the ammosamide biosynthetic pathway demonstrated Trp addition to a precursor peptide by the PEARL AmmB2. Thereafter, sequential modifications by several enzymes including two other PEARLs lead to the formation of a peptide intermediate bearing a C-terminal diaminoquinone. In the present work, we present the biosynthetic steps that convert this intermediate to ammosamide C. The PEARL AmmB4 unexpectedly appends an arginine to the C-terminus of the aforementioned intermediate. Then, C-terminal proteolysis by the heterodimeric TldD/E-like protease Amm12/13 releases a dipeptide, which is subsequently cleaved by the dipeptidase Amm19 to produce a Trp-derived diaminoquinone. Amm3 next catalyzes the conversion of this Trp derivative to the corresponding chlorinated ammosamaic acid. Finally, Amm23 methylates this intermediate and a putative aminotransferase Amm20 performs an amidation to arrive at ammosamide C; the order of these last two steps could not be determined. This study reveals an unexpectedly lengthy route to ammosamide that illustrates the opportunistic nature of natural product biosynthesis, demonstrates a role for a PEARL that is unlike previous roles, identifies steps that are not PTMs, and adds Arg-tRNA to the growing repertoire of amino acyl tRNAs that are used by PEARLs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, J. S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.674030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Biosynthetic Pathway to the Pyrroloiminoquinone Marine Natural Product Ammosamide C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.01.673527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early postpartum development of pup urine preference in mothers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.01.673527v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition to motherhood involves profound physiological and neural changes, including adaptations in the sensory systems that support infant care.1,2 While the olfactory system plays a critical role in guiding maternal behaviors such as pup retrieval and nesting,3,4 how olfactory processing itself is reshaped during motherhood remains poorly understood. Here, we show that first-time mothers develop a selective preference for pup urine following parturition and early postpartum care, a preference not observed for other social or neutral odors. Using odor preference assays combined with liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identify specific volatile compounds in pup urine that may contribute to this maternal attraction. Disruption of olfactory input or restriction of contact chemosensation abolished the preference, indicating that both volatile and non-volatile sensory modalities contribute, likely through combined input from the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and vomeronasal organ (VNO).5,6 Notably, this preference is absent in late-pregnant females, in mothers separated from pups at birth, and in virgins cohoused with pups or exposed to pup urine-highlighting that pup urine preference depends on the convergence of internal hormonal signals and external chemosensory cues.7,8 These findings reveal a previously unrecognized specificity in maternal olfactory behavior and provide insight into how motherhood modulates the sense of smell to support offspring recognition and care.

In BriefMaternal pup urine preference depends on both hormonal changes and chemosensory cues associated with motherhood.

HighlightsO_LIPup urine specifically attracts postpartum mothers but not virgin females
C_LIO_LIPup urine contains distinct volatile and non-volatile metabolites
C_LIO_LIPup urine preference requires both pup experience and the hormonal priming of motherhood
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimouni, N. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, D.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stutzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early postpartum development of pup urine preference in mothers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.03.674087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid protamine evolution suppresses meiotic drive in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.03.674087v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many animal species replace histones with protamines during spermatogenesis. Despite their importance for sperm function, protamines rapidly evolve in many species; the biological causes behind their rapid evolution remain unknown. Here, using in vivo gene replacement, we investigated the causes and consequences underlying the rapid evolution of protamine Mst77F, which is essential for male fertility in D. melanogaster. Mst77F ortholog replacements led to defects in DNA compaction of X-chromosome-bearing sperm compared to Y-chromosome-bearing sperm during spermatogenesis, resulting in fewer X-bearing mature sperm and male-biased progeny. Unlike D. melanogaster, Mst77F is not essential for male fertility in D. yakuba but is still required to suppress sex-ratio distortion. Our results suggest that relentless pressure to suppress sex chromosomal meiotic drive drives the rapid evolution of protamines.

One-sentence summaryA rapidly evolving essential protamine suppresses sex-chromosome meiotic drive in Drosophila
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Cruz, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natividad, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.674087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid protamine evolution suppresses meiotic drive in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.03.674032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of bacterial signals that modulate enteric sensory neurons to influence behavior in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.03.674032v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial microbiome influences many aspects of animal health and disease. Some bacteria have beneficial functions, for example providing nutrients, whereas others act as pathogens. These bacteria are sensed by host cells to induce adaptive changes in physiology and behavior. While immune and intestinal cells detect bacterial signals through well-characterized mechanisms, recent studies indicate that neurons can also directly sense bacterial signals. However, the bacterial sensory mechanisms in neurons are less well understood. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the enteric sensory neuron NSM innervates the pharyngeal lumen and is directly activated by bacterial food ingestion; in turn, NSM releases serotonin to induce feeding-related behaviors. However, the molecular identities of the bacterial signals that activate NSM are unknown. To identify these signals, we systematically probed bacterial macromolecules from nutritive bacteria using biochemical approaches and GC-MS identification. We find that polysaccharides from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are sufficient to activate NSM. We further identify peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacteria as a specific component capable of activating NSM. NSM responses to polysaccharides require the acid-sensing ion channels DEL-3 and DEL-7, which localize to its sensory dendrite in the pharyngeal lumen. Ingestion of bacterial polysaccharides enhances feeding rates and reduces locomotion, matching the known effects of NSM on behavior. We also examine bacterial signals from pathogenic bacteria that can infect and kill C. elegans. This approach identifies prodigiosin, a metabolite from pathogenic Serratia marcescens, as a bacterial cue that prevents NSM activation by nutritive bacterial signals. This study identifies molecular signals that underlie neuronal recognition of nutritive bacteria in the alimentary canal and competing signals from a pathogenic bacterial strain that mask this form of recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Estrem, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dua, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fees, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeprich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goode, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.674032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of bacterial signals that modulate enteric sensory neurons to influence behavior in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.28.672965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrical stimulation directs formation of perfused vasculature in engineered tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.28.672965v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective, rapid and functionally perfusable vascularization remains a major challenge in tissue engineering. Current approaches to generate vasculature in vitro require multipart fabrication methods or complex and costly media supplements, limiting their scalability. Here, we demonstrate that exogenous electrical stimulation (estim) offers a promising alternative by enhancing 3D vasculogenesis in engineered human tissues. Exposing 3D endothelial-fibroblast cocultures to pulsed estim promoted the formation of dense and branched vascular networks. In a microfluidic device model, we show that estim induces the formation of an interconnected vascular network that can be perfused, whereas unstimulated control networks remained less mature. Importantly, we demonstrate that upon implantation, estim-pretreated vascular grafts exhibit elevated anastomosis with host and perfusion with blood relative to the untreated grafts. In addition, we use estim to promote engraftment of a vascularized 3D liver construct. Mechanistically, we find that estim induces membrane hyperpolarization in endothelial cells via voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels. Inhibiting KV channels abrogated estims pro-vasculogenic effects in endothelial cells. Conversely, pharmacologically activating hyperpolarization induced endothelial responses even without estim, directly linking KV channel-mediated hyperpolarization as a key mechanism by which estim drives vascular assembly and function. Ultimately, our work establishes estim as a new orthogonal approach to promote formation of perfusable vasculature in engineered tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grzelak, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerfield, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandian, N. K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.672965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrical stimulation directs formation of perfused vasculature in engineered tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.31.673345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage domains and cytoskeletal cables organize a cellular square grid in a crustacean 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.31.673345v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To build tissues, and ultimately functional bodies, cells in early embryos must arrange into specific patterns. In most animals, epithelial tissues exhibit a predominantly hexagonal space-packing geometry. However, in many species of the largest group of crustaceans, the Malacostraca, the embryonic epithelium takes on the striking form of a grid made up of predominantly square cells, sequential rows of which establish the adult segmented body plan. After square cells emerge, their organization appears to be maintained by specific cell division patterns. However, the mechanisms that initially generate square cells from hexagonal precursors are unknown. Here we address this problem by combining long-term multiview lightsheet microscopy, immunohistochemistry, laser ablation, and pharmacological perturbation. We show that in the emerging model crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis this highly unusual grid geometry is first initiated from two perpendicular axes that are established sequentially according to different cellular mechanisms. The first axis arises dorso-ventrally at a tensile lineage compartment boundary, while the second emerges at the anterior-posterior axis along the ventral midline through lineage-independent cell intercalation driven by tensile actomyosin cables. We show that these midline cables are necessary for organizing square-cell packing as well as for proper expression of the segmentation gene engrailed. Our findings show that both cell lineage-specific behaviors, as well as lineage-independent supracellular structures, are required to establish square grid epithelial organization and a segmented body plan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinert, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blondel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuyyamudi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.31.673345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage domains and cytoskeletal cables organize a cellular square grid in a crustacean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.01.663988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signals of consistent genetic diversity decline are not yet measurable in global meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.08.01.663988v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic diversity within species must be conserved as the basis for evolutionary adaptive capacity. To inform new global conservation policy, Shaw et al.1 conducted a meta-analysis of temporal genetic diversity data for over 600 wild species spanning a median of 7 years, reporting significant overall diversity loss of effect size g = -0.1. My re-analysis translating this effect to percentage change finds no robust statistical support for consistent decline, with overall changes near zero--from -1% to +1% diversity change depending on the averaging method. When testing each species individually, roughly half increased and half decreased in diversity. While genetic diversity is expected to decline following population losses, evolutionary theory predicts such declines substantially lag behind population reductions, and thus should not be measurable on average at the timescales in Shaws data, except in dramatically collapsing species. However, conservation policy should not wait for consistently measurable genetic diversity loss--to avoid future lagging losses, we must protect populations now.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.663988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signals of consistent genetic diversity decline are not yet measurable in global meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.31.667987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concerted actions of distinct serotonin neurons orchestrate female pup care behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.31.667987v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many mammalian species, female behavior towards infant conspecifics changes across reproductive stages. Sexually naive females interact minimally or aggressively with infants, whereas the same animals exhibit extensive care behavior, even towards unrelated infants, after parturition1-6. Here, we discovered that two distinct sets of serotonin neurons collectively mediate this dramatic transition in maternal behavior--serotonin neurons projecting to the medial preoptic area (mPOA) promote pup care in mothers, whereas those projecting to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) suppress pup interaction in virgin female mice. Disrupting serotonin synthesis in either of these subpopulations or stimulating either subpopulation is sufficient to toggle pup-directed behavior between that displayed by virgin females and that of lactating mothers. In virgin female mice, the first pup interaction triggers an increase in serotonin release in BNST but a decrease in mPOA. In mothers, serotonin activity becomes greatly elevated in mPOA during pup interactions. Acute interruption of serotonin signaling locally in either mPOA or BNST disrupts the stage-dependent switch in pup care. Together, these results highlight how functionally distinct serotonin subpopulations orchestrate social behaviors appropriate for a given reproductive state, and suggest a circuit logic for how a neuromodulator coordinates adaptive behavioral changes across life stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biderman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concerted actions of distinct serotonin neurons orchestrate female pup care behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.03.663021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism and Structure-Guided Optimization of SLC1A1/EAAT3-Selective Inhibitors in Kidney Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.03.663021v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Renal Cell Carcinomas (RCCs) depend metabolically on the trimeric sodium-coupled aspartate and glutamate transporter, SLC1A1/EAAT3; however, pharmacologically targeting SLC1A1 is challenging. We determined a cryo-EM structure of human SLC1A1 bound to compound 3e, a recently described SLC1A1-selective bicyclic imidazo[1,211]pyridine-3-amine (BIA) inhibitor. 3e binds a membrane-embedded allosteric pocket accessible only in the apo state, when SLC1A1 is unbound to substrate and sodium, and likely prevents sodium and substrate binding. Moreover, by wedging between the trimerization domain and the substrate-binding transport domain, alongside a cholesterol moiety from the lipid bilayer, 3e blocks SLC1A1s elevator-like movements that are essential for transport. Mutations in this binding pocket abolish 3e interaction and counteract 3es cytotoxicity in RCC cells, confirming on-target activity and explaining SLC1A1 selectivity. A structure-guided medicinal chemistry effort yielded two new SLC1A1-selective BIA derivatives, PBJ1 and PBJ2, with enhanced cytotoxicity resulting from the inhibition of SLC1A1-dependent aspartate, glutamate, and cysteine metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koochaki, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earsley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romigh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goins, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism and Structure-Guided Optimization of SLC1A1/EAAT3-Selective Inhibitors in Kidney Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.08.658495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering gene expression dynamics via self-amplifying RNA with drug-responsive non-structural proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.08.658495v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The design of gene therapies with drug-regulatable expression of therapeutic payloads is of interest for diverse applications. We hypothesized that a regulated expression system based on alphavirus-derived self-amplifying RNAs (saRNAs), which encode 4 non-structural proteins (nsPs) that copy the RNA backbone to enable sustained expression, would have advantages in safety and simplicity of delivery. Here we designed saRNAs where payload expression is regulated by the FDA-approved drug trimethoprim (TMP), by fusing TMP-responsive degradation domains (DDs) to nsPs to regulate RNA self-amplification. Screening a library of nsP-DD fusions, we identified an optimal design with DDs fused to nsP2, nsP3, and the payload, achieving a high fold-change in expression level in response to TMP and low expression in the off state. In mice, this saRNA circuit enabled diverse dynamic expression patterns in response to oral TMP. Implementing this circuit for controlled expression of an HIV antigen, an escalating TMP regimen significantly enhanced germinal center responses critical for B cell affinity maturation. This drug- regulated RNA technology holds potential for vaccines, immunotherapies, and gene therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousefpour, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonzaric, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledbetter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemnios, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remba, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guereca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.08.658495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering gene expression dynamics via self-amplifying RNA with drug-responsive non-structural proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.30.656844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific patterns and consequences of somatic mutation in development and aging brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.30.656844v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating the role of somatic mutations in cancer, healthy tissues, and aging depends on methods that can accurately characterize somatic mosaicism across different cell types, as well as assay their impact on cellular function. Current technologies to study cell-type-specific somatic mutations within tissues are low-throughput. We developed Duplex-Multiome, incorporating duplex consensus sequencing to accurately identify somatic single-nucleotide variants (sSNV) from the same nucleus simultaneously analyzed for single-nucleus ATAC-seq (snATAC-seq) and RNA-seq (snRNA-seq). By introducing strand-tagging into the construction of snATAC-seq libraries, duplex sequencing reduces sequencing error by >10,000-fold while eliminating artifactual mutational signatures. When applied to 98%/2% mixed cell lines, Duplex-Multiome identified sSNVs present in 2% of cells with 92% precision and accurately captured known sSNV mutational spectra, while revealing unexpected subclonal lineages. Duplex-Multiome of > 51,400 nuclei from postmortem brain tissue captured sSNV burdens and spectra across all major brain cell types and subtypes, including those difficult to assay by single-cell whole-genome sequencing (scWGS). This revealed for the first time that diverse neuronal and glial cell types show distinct rates and patterns of age-related mutation, while also directly discovering developmental cell lineage relationships. Duplex-Multiome identified clonal sSNVs occurring at increased rates in glia of certain aged brains, as well as clonal sSNVs that correlated with changes in expression of nearby genes, in both neurotypical and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) individuals, directly demonstrating that somatic mutagenesis can contribute to gene expression phenotypes. Duplex-Multiome can be easily adopted into the 10X Multiome protocol and will bridge somatic mosaicism to a wide range of phenotypic readouts across cell types and tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kriz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snellings, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.656844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific patterns and consequences of somatic mutation in development and aging brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.16.654244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosin 2 drives actin contractility in fast-crawling species outside of the amorphean lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.16.654244v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myosin 2-dependent actin contractility drives essential cell functions including fast crawling motility in animal cells, Dictyostelium amoebae, and other species from the Amorphea lineage. Whether and how species outside this single eukaryotic group can generate contractile actin networks has been largely unexplored. We demonstrate that Naegleria, an amoeba from the Heterolobosea--an evolutionarily distant eukaryotic lineage that includes the fastest known crawling eukaryotes--expresses three distinct Myosin 2 homologs. Using biochemical assays and immunofluorescence, we show that these Myosin 2 proteins bind cellular actin networks and that these networks generate ATP-dependent contractility. By identifying additional Myosin 2 homologs in dozens of additional heterolobosean amoebae (but not obligate flagellates), we find a widespread correlation within this group between crawling behavior and contractile actin networks. This correlation includes the amoeba Vahlkampfia avara, which we demonstrate can crawl at speeds exceeding 180 m/min and has contractile actin networks and Myosin 2 homologs. These findings show that Myosin 2-driven contractility exists beyond Amorphea and is associated with diverse, fast-crawling cell types. Expanding the taxonomic breadth of actin network contractility impacts our basic understanding of cell motility, evolutionary biology, and of the fundamental biology of human pathogens that rely on fast cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guest, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velle, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titus, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz-Laylin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosin 2 drives actin contractility in fast-crawling species outside of the amorphean lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.22.649486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Remyelination Reveals a Concerted Interferon-Responsive Glial State That Coordinates Immune Infiltration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.22.649486v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Remyelination, the process by which axons are re-encased in myelin after injury, is a critical step in restoring brain function, yet the dynamics from initial injury to repair remain poorly characterized. Here, we combined optimized single-nucleus RNA-seq with Slide-seqv2, a high-resolution spatial transcriptomics technology, to densely reconstruct the cellular processes that coordinate remyelination after a focal demyelinating injury. This revealed several findings: First, we found extensive transcriptional diversity of glia and monocyte-derived macrophages from demyelination to repair. Second, we identified a population of infiltrating peripheral lymphocytes--predominantly CD8 T-cells and natural killer cells--that are enriched specifically during remyelination. Third, we identified a concerted interferon-response gene signature that is shared across several cell types--microglia, astrocytes, and the oligodendrocyte lineage--just prior to reestablishment of myelin. These interferon-responsive glia (IRG) form clusters around remyelinating white matter and their formation is solely dependent on the type I interferon receptor. Functionally, we found that IRG secrete the cytokine CXCL10 which mediates infiltration of peripheral lymphocytes into the repairing white matter. Depletion of the most abundant infiltrating lymphocyte, CD8 T-cells, attenuated the differentiation of mature oligodendrocytes during remyelination. Together, our data reveals the diversity of glial-immune interactions that orchestrate white matter repair and a type I-dependent glial state that drives lymphocyte influx into damaged white matter to modulate oligodendrocyte differentiation.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=57 SRC="FIGDIR/small/649486v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolan, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakosi-Schmidt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadaf, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morshed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jäntti, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.22.649486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal Analysis of Remyelination Reveals a Concerted Interferon-Responsive Glial State That Coordinates Immune Infiltration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.29.646096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NUDT5 regulates purine metabolism and thiopurine sensitivity by interacting with PPAT 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.29.646096v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells generate purine nucleotides through both de novo purine biosynthesis (DNPB) and purine salvage. Purine accumulation represses energetically costly DNPB through feedback inhibition of the enzymatic steps that produce the precursor phosphoribosylamine. Excessive DNPB is associated with human diseases including neurological dysfunction and hyperuricemia. However, the mechanisms explaining how cells balance DNPB and purine salvage are incompletely understood. Data from a genome-wide CRISPR loss-of-function screen and extensive stable isotope tracing identified Nudix hydrolase 5 (NUDT5) as a suppressor of DNPB during purine salvage. NUDT5 ablation allows DNPB to persist in the presence of either native purines or thiopurine drugs; this renders NUDT5-deficient cells insensitive to thiopurine treatment. Surprisingly, this regulation occurs independently of NUDT5s known function in hydrolyzing ADP-ribose to AMP and ribose-5-phosphate. Rather, NUDT5 interacts with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT), the rate-limiting enzyme in DNPB that generates phosphoribosylamine. Upon induction of purine salvage, the PPAT-NUDT5 interaction is required to trigger disassembly of the purinosome, a cytosolic metabolon involved in efficient DNPB. Mutations that disrupt NUDT5s interaction with PPAT but leave its catalytic activity intact permit excessive DNPB during purine salvage, inducing thiopurine resistance. Collectively, our findings identify NUDT5 as a regulator governing the balance between DNPB and purine salvage, underscoring its impact on nucleotide metabolism and efficacy of thiopurine treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sondhi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, R.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshamleh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patricio, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.29.646096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NUDT5 regulates purine metabolism and thiopurine sensitivity by interacting with PPAT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.31.646365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIRT2 Mediates Integrated Stress Response by Deacetylating and Stabilizing 4EBP1 to Suppress Translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.31.646365v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to alleviate nutrient stress, such as amino acid limitation, is crucial for cell survival. The mTORC1 complex and integrated stress response (ISR) are mechanisms that sense the availability of amino acids and regulate ribosomal protein synthesis. Here we have discovered a new SIRT2-mediated pathway, downstream of ISR, that senses the limitation of amino acids to regulate translation. Under amino acid deprivation, SIRT2 protein level is upregulated translationally by its upstream open reading frame (uORF). SIRT2 in turn suppresses global protein translation, which helps cells to survive amino acid limitation. Mechanistically, we identified eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4EBP1), which negatively regulates translation, as a substrate of SIRT2. SIRT2 deacetylates 4EBP1 at Lys69 and stabilizes 4EBP1 by protecting it from proteasomal degradation. Our study reveals a novel role for SIRT2 in regulating protein translation and a new regulatory mechanism of 4EBP1 in cells. Our study provides a better understanding of the intricate regulation of translation and may explain the known non-oncogene addiction role of SIRT2 in cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerione, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIRT2 Mediates Integrated Stress Response by Deacetylating and Stabilizing 4EBP1 to Suppress Translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.28.646030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A miniature CRISPR-Cas10 enzyme confers immunity by an inverse signaling pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.28.646030v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial and viral co-evolution has created immunity mechanisms involving oligonucleotide signaling that share mechanistic features with human anti-viral systems1. In these pathways, including CBASS and type III CRISPR systems in bacteria and cGAS-STING in humans, oligonucleotide synthesis occurs upon detection of virus or foreign genetic material in the cell, triggering the antiviral response2-4. In a surprising inversion of this process, we show here that the CRISPR-related enzyme mCpol synthesizes cyclic oligonucleotides constitutively as part of an active mechanism that maintains cell health. Cell-based experiments demonstrated that the absence or loss of mCpol-produced cyclic oligonucleotides triggers cell death, preventing spread of viruses that attempt immune evasion by depleting host cyclic nucleotides. Structural and mechanistic investigation revealed mCpol to be a di-adenylate cyclase whose product, c-di-AMP, prevents toxic oligomerization of the effector protein 2TM{beta}. Analysis of cells by fluorescence microscopy showed that lack of mCpol allows 2TM{beta}-mediated cell death due to inner membrane collapse. These findings unveil a powerful new defense strategy against virus-mediated immune suppression, expanding our understanding of oligonucleotides in cell health and disease. These results raise the possibility of similar protective roles for cyclic oligonucleotides in other organisms including humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbuster, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolling, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akkati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogliano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.646030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A miniature CRISPR-Cas10 enzyme confers immunity by an inverse signaling pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.27.645613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic editing of frontostriatal circuitry prevents excessive grooming in SAPAP3-deficient mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.27.645613v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic dysfunction has been implicated as a key mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Most pharmacological therapeutics for schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depressive disorder temporarily augment chemical synapse function. Nevertheless, medication non-compliance is a major clinical challenge, and behavioral dysfunction often returns following pharmacotherapeutic discontinuation. Here, we deployed a designer electrical synapse to edit a single class of chemical synapses in a genetic mouse model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Editing these synapses in juvenile mice normalized circuit function and prevented the emergence of pathological repetitive behavior in adulthood. Thus, we establish precision circuit editing as a putative strategy for preventative psychotherapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walder-Christensen, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calakos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.645613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic editing of frontostriatal circuitry prevents excessive grooming in SAPAP3-deficient mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.25.645270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-25-induced memory ILC2s mediate long-term small intestinal adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.25.645270v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adaptation of intestinal helminths to vertebrates evolved strategies to attenuate host tissue damage to support reproductive needs of parasites necessary to disseminate offspring to the environment. Helminths initiate the IL-25-mediated tuft cell-ILC2 circuit that enhances barrier protection of the host although viable parasites can target and limit the pathway. We used IL-25 to create small intestinal adaptation marked by anatomic, cell compositional and immunologic changes that persisted months after induction. Small intestinal adaptation was associated with heightened resistance to barrier pathogens, including in the lung, and sustained by transcriptionally and epigenetically modified, tissue-resident, memory-effector ILC2s distinct from those described by innate  training; epithelial stem cells remained unaltered. Despite requiring IL-25 for induction, memory ILC2s maintained an activated state in the absence of multiple alarmins and supported mucosal resilience while avoiding adverse sensitization to chronic inflammation, revealing a pathway for deploying innate immune cells to coordinate a distributed mucosal defense.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cortez, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viragova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricardo-Gonzalez, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochhar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locksley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-25-induced memory ILC2s mediate long-term small intestinal adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.26.645619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergence of germ cell-less roles in germ line development across insect species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.26.645619v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development, sexually reproducing animals must specify and maintain the germ line, the lineage of cells that gives rise to the next generation of animals. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, germ cell-less (gcl) is required for the formation of primordial germ cells in the form of cells that cellularize at the posterior pole of the embryo, called pole cells. Forming pole cells is a mechanism of germ cell formation unique to a subset of insects. Even though most animals do not form pole cells as primordial germ cells, gcl is conserved across Metazoa, raising the question of how this conserved gene acquired its central role in the evolutionarily derived process of pole cell formation. Here, we examine the functions of gcl in two other insects with different modes of germ cell specification: the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus and the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. We found that gcl is involved in germ cell development, but not strictly required for germ cell specification, in O. fasciatus, although it appears to function through a mechanism different from that in D. melanogaster. In contrast, we could not detect any impact on the embryonic germ line upon gcl knockdown in G. bimaculatus. This work serves as a case study into how the roles of genes in the process of germ line development can change over evolutionary time across animals.

HighlightsO_LIgerm cell-less knockout reduces germ cell number in Oncopeltus fasciatus.
C_LIO_LIgerm cell-less knockdown does not affect germ cell number in Gryllus bimaculatus.
C_LIO_LIThe genetic mechanisms through which gcl affects germ cell number have diverged among insects.
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=75 SRC="FIGDIR/small/645619v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewen-Campen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergence of germ cell-less roles in germ line development across insect species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.26.645066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of inducibly assembling multi-component filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.26.645066v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The design of multi-component nanomaterials is an outstanding challenge. Here, we describe the computational design of protein filaments with two or three distinct structural components that assemble into micron-scale, well-ordered fibers when mixed. CryoEM structure determination of four fiber designs was close to the computational design models. Filament assembly can be initiated by mixing the components, and modulated by addition and/or phosphorylation of designed regulatory subunits. This work demonstrates that regulatable multi-component protein filament systems can now be designed, opening the door to a wide range of engineered materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decarreau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Yoreo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalatan, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of inducibly assembling multi-component filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.26.645588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed evolution expands CRISPR-Cas12a genome editing capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.26.645588v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas12a enzymes are versatile RNA-guided genome-editing tools with applications encompassing viral diagnosis, agriculture and human therapeutics. However, their dependence on a 5-TTTV-3 protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) next to DNA target sequences restricts Cas12as gene targeting capability to only [~]1% of a typical genome. To mitigate this constraint, we used a bacterial-based directed evolution assay combined with rational engineering to identify variants of Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cas12a (LbCas12a) with expanded PAM recognition. The resulting Cas12a variants use a range of non-canonical PAMs while retaining recognition of the canonical 5-TTTV-3 PAM. In particular, biochemical and cell-based assays show that the variant Flex-Cas12a utilizes 5-NYHV-3 PAMs that expand DNA recognition sites to [~]25% of the human genome. With enhanced targeting versatility, Flex-Cas12a unlocks access to previously inaccessible genomic loci, providing new opportunities for both therapeutic and agricultural genome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esain-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed evolution expands CRISPR-Cas12a genome editing capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.25.645291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term editing of brain circuits in mice using an engineered electrical synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.25.645291v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical signaling across distinct populations of brain cells underpins cognitive and emotional function; however, approaches that selectively regulate electrical signaling between two cellular components of a mammalian neural circuit remain sparse. Here, we engineered an electrical synapse composed of two connexin proteins found in Morone americana (white perch fish) - connexin34.7 and connexin35 - to accomplish mammalian circuit modulation. By exploiting protein mutagenesis, devising a new in vitro system for assaying connexin hemichannel docking, and performing computational modeling of hemichannel interactions, we uncovered a structural motif that contributes to electrical synapse formation. Targeting these motifs, we designed connexin34.7 and connexin35 hemichannels that dock with each other to form an electrical synapse, but not with other major connexins expressed in the mammalian central nervous system. We validated this electrical synapse in vivo using C. elegans and mice, demonstrating that it can strengthen communication across neural circuits composed of pairs of distinct cell types and modify behavior accordingly. Thus, we establish  Long-term integration of Circuits using connexins (LinCx) for precision circuit-editing in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ransey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almoril-Porras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walder-Christensen, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwennesen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mague, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, L.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bursac, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term editing of brain circuits in mice using an engineered electrical synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.645126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addendum to Ancient DNA data from Mengzi Ren, a Late Pleistocene individual from Southeast Asia, cannot be reliably used in population genetic analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.645126v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to the issues pointed out in Tabin et al1, the MZR data from Zhang et. al 20222 are suggestive of high levels of contamination from a source similar to modern Han Chinese, the majority population in the country where MZR was sequenced. In fact, MZR can be modeled entirely as Han-related ancestry and noise. These results raise further concerns about the veracity of the MZR data and thus the papers historical conclusions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tabin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addendum to Ancient DNA data from Mengzi Ren, a Late Pleistocene individual from Southeast Asia, cannot be reliably used in population genetic analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.645017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inherited resilience to clonal hematopoiesis by modifying stem cell RNA regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.645017v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations that increase hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fitness drive their expansion in clonal hematopoiesis (CH) and predispose to blood cancers. Although CH frequently occurs with aging, it rarely progresses to overt malignancy. Population variation in the growth rate and potential of mutant clones suggests the presence of genetic factors protecting against CH, but these remain largely undefined. Here, we identify a non-coding regulatory variant, rs17834140-T, that significantly protects against CH and myeloid malignancies by downregulating HSC-selective expression and function of the RNA-binding protein MSI2. By modeling variant effects and mapping MSI2 binding targets, we uncover an RNA network that maintains human HSCs and influences CH risk. Importantly, rs17834140-T is associated with slower CH expansion rates in humans, and stem cell MSI2 levels modify ASXL1-mutant HSC clonal dominance in experimental models. These findings leverage natural resilience to highlight a key role for post-transcriptional regulation in human HSCs, and offer genetic evidence supporting inhibition of MSI2 or its downstream targets as rational strategies for blood cancer prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pershad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, U. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norford, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neehus, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>della Volpe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlster, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranasinghe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlowe, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taggart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Wahab, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGraw, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldatov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharas, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inherited resilience to clonal hematopoiesis by modifying stem cell RNA regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.25.645332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-term alterations in dietary amino acids override host genetic susceptibility and reveal mechanisms of Salmonella Typhimurium small intestine colonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.25.645332v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to individual genetics, environmental factors (e.g., dietary changes) may influence host susceptibility to gastrointestinal infection through unknown mechanisms. Herein, we developed a model in which CBA/J mice, a genetically resistant strain that tolerates intestinal colonization by the enteric pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm), rapidly succumb to infection after exposure to a diet rich in L-amino acids (AA). In mice, S. Tm-gastroenteritis is restricted to the large intestine (cecum), limiting their use to understand S. Tm small intestine (ileum) colonization, a feature of human Salmonellosis. Surprisingly, CBA mice fed AA diet developed ileitis with enhanced S. Tm ileal colonization. Using germ-free mice and ileal-fecal slurry transplant, we found diet-mediated S. Tm ileal expansion to be microbiota-dependent. Mechanistically, S. Tm relied on Fructosyl-asparagine utilization to expand in the ileum during infection. We demonstrate how AA diet overrides host genetics by altering the gut microbiotas ability to prevent S. Tm ileal colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shealy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltagulov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Brito, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrimpe-Rutledge, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malekshahi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condreanu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado Ribeiro, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiting, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-term alterations in dietary amino acids override host genetic susceptibility and reveal mechanisms of Salmonella Typhimurium small intestine colonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.645090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane-associated polymerases deliver most of the actin subunits to a lamellipodial network 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.24.645090v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin filaments are two-stranded protein polymers that form the basic structural unit of the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton. While filaments assembled from purified actin in vitro elongate when soluble monomers bind to free filament ends, in cells the mechanism of filament elongation is less clear. Most monomeric actin in the cytoplasm is bound to the accessory protein profilin, and many regulators of filament assembly recruit actin-profilin complexes to membrane surfaces where they locally accelerate filament elongation. Employing quantitative live-cell imaging of actin-profilin fusion proteins and biochemically defined mutants of the branched actin regulator, WAVE1, we find that only [~]25% of the actin in leading-edge lamellipodial networks enters directly from solution, while the majority enters via membrane-associated polymerases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skruber, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sept, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane-associated polymerases deliver most of the actin subunits to a lamellipodial network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.23.644697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Body Single-Cell Atlas of 3D Genome Organization and DNA Methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.23.644697v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Higher-order chromatin structure and DNA methylation are critical for gene regulation, but how these vary across the human body remains unclear. We performed multi-omic profiling of 3D genome structure and DNA methylation for 86,689 single nuclei across 16 human tissues, identifying 35 major and 206 cell subtypes. We revealed extensive changes in CG and non-CG methylation across almost all cell types and characterized 3D chromatin structure at an unprecedented cellular resolution. Intriguingly, extensive discrepancies exist between cell types delineated by DNA methylation and genome structure, indicating that the role of distinct epigenomic features in maintaining cell identity may vary by lineage. This study expands our understanding of the diversity of DNA methylation and chromatin structure and offers an extensive reference for exploring gene regulation in human health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcotte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claffey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>eDrigo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.23.644697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Body Single-Cell Atlas of 3D Genome Organization and DNA Methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.20.643984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity and tailored deactivation rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.20.643984v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the input-output operations of neurons requires measurements of synaptic transmission simultaneously at many of a neurons thousands of inputs in the intact brain. To facilitate this goal, we engineered and screened 3365 variants of the fluorescent protein glutamate indicator iGluSnFR3 in neuron culture, and selected variants in the mouse visual cortex. Two variants have high sensitivity, fast activation (< 2 ms) and deactivation times tailored for recording large populations of synapses (iGluSnFR4s, 153 ms) or rapid dynamics (iGluSnFR4f, 26 ms). By imaging action-potential evoked signals on axons and visually-evoked signals on dendritic spines, we show that iGluSnFR4s/4f primarily detect local synaptic glutamate with single-vesicle sensitivity. The indicators detect a wide range of naturalistic synaptic transmission, including in the vibrissal cortex layer 4 and in hippocampal CA1 dendrites. iGluSnFR4 increases the sensitivity and scale (4s) or speed (4f) of tracking information flow in neural networks in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palutla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLennan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagihara, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsey, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsegaye, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiblot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leippe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarnawski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vevea, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carandini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnerth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasseman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podgorski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.643984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity and tailored deactivation rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.23.644666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of miniprotein agonists and antagonists targeting G protein-coupled receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.23.644666v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play key roles in physiology and are central targets for drug discovery and development, yet the design of protein agonists and antagonists has been challenging as GPCRs are integral membrane proteins and conformationally dynamic. Here we describe computational de novo design methods and a high throughput "receptor diversion" microscopy-based screen for generating GPCR binding miniproteins with high affinity, potency and selectivity, and the use of these methods to generate MRGPRX1 agonists and CXCR4, GLP1R, GIPR, GCGR and CGRPR antagonists. Cryo-electron microscopy data reveals atomic-level agreement between designed and experimentally determined structures for CGRPR-bound antagonists and MRGPRX1-bound agonists, confirming precise conformational control of receptor function. Our de novo design and screening approach opens new frontiers in GPCR drug discovery and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muratspahic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratovianu, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Sanchez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cary, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belousoff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sappington, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motmaen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svendsen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseinzadeh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindegaard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltenspühl, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deibler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oostdyk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halloran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krumm, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wootten, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.23.644666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of miniprotein agonists and antagonists targeting G protein-coupled receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.20.644192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial ubiquitin ligase engineered for small molecule and protein target identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.20.644192v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Legionella SidE effectors ubiquitinate host proteins independently of the canonical E1-E2 cascade. Here we engineer the SidE ligases to develop a modular proximity ligation approach for the identification of targets of small molecules and proteins, which we call SidBait. We validate the method with known small molecule-protein interactions and use it to identify CaMKII as an off-target interactor of the breast cancer drug ribociclib. Structural analysis and activity assays confirm that ribociclib binds the CaMKII active site and inhibits its activity. We further customize SidBait to identify protein-protein interactions, including substrates for enzymes, and discover the F-actin capping protein (CapZ) as a target of the Legionella effector RavB during infection. Structural and biochemical studies indicate that RavB allosterically binds CapZ and decaps actin, thus functionally mimicking eukaryotic CapZ interacting proteins. Collectively, our results establish SidBait as a reliable tool for identifying targets of small molecules and proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servage, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naidoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alto, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfandari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ready, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawłowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomchick, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagliabracci, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial ubiquitin ligase engineered for small molecule and protein target identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.20.644464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p62 sorts Lupus La and selected microRNAs into breast cancer-derived exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.20.644464v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exosomes are multivesicular body-derived extracellular vesicles that are secreted by metazoan cells. Exosomes have utility as disease biomarkers, and exosome-mediated miRNA secretion has been proposed to facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. Previously, we demonstrated that the Lupus La protein (La) mediates the selective incorporation of miR-122 into metastatic breast cancer-derived exosomes; however, the mechanism by which La itself is sorted into exosomes remains unknown. Using unbiased proximity labeling proteomics, biochemical fractionation, superresolution microscopy and genetic tools, we establish that the selective autophagy receptor p62 sorts La and miR-122 into exosomes. We then performed small RNA sequencing and found that p62 depletion reduces the exosomal secretion of tumor suppressor miRNAs and results in their accumulation within cells. Our data indicate that p62 is a quality control factor that modulates the miRNA composition of exosomes. Cancer cells may exploit p62-dependent exosome cargo sorting to eliminate tumor suppressor miRNAs and thus to promote cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temoche-Diaz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugupandiyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p62 sorts Lupus La and selected microRNAs into breast cancer-derived exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.18.643855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GMCL1 Controls 53BP1 Stability and Modulates Paclitaxel Sensitivity in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.18.643855v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitotic surveillance pathways monitor the duration of mitosis (M phase) in the cell cycle. Prolonged M phase, caused by spindle attachment defects or microtubule-targeting drugs triggers formation of the ternary "mitotic stopwatch pathway" complex (MSP) consisting of 53BP1, USP28, and p53. This complex stabilizes p53, leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in daughter cells. In cancers that are resistant to paclitaxel, a microtubule-targeting agent, cells bypass mitotic surveillance activation, allowing unchecked proliferation, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify GMCL1 as a key negative regulator of MSP signaling. We show that 53BP1 physically interacts with GMCL1, but not its paralog GMCL2, and we map their interaction domains. CRL3GMCL1 functions as a ubiquitin ligase that targets 53BP1 for degradation during the M phase, thereby reducing p53 accumulation in daughter cells. Depletion of GMCL1 inhibits cell cycle progression upon release from prolonged mitotic arrest, a defect that is rescued by co-silencing 53BP1 or USP28. Moreover, GMCL1 depletion sensitizes cancer cells to paclitaxel in a p53-dependent manner. Together, our findings support a model in which dysregulated CRL3GMCL1-mediated degradation of 53BP1 prevents proper MSP function, leading to p53 degradation and continued proliferation. Targeting GMCL1 may therefore represent one possible avenue for addressing paclitaxel resistance in cancer cells with functional p53.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KITO, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Robles, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaisari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueberheide, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rona, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.643855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GMCL1 Controls 53BP1 Stability and Modulates Paclitaxel Sensitivity in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.19.642801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning millisecond protein dynamics from what is missing in NMR spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.19.642801v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many proteins biological functions rely on interconversions between multiple conformations occurring at micro- to millisecond ({micro}s-ms) timescales. A lack of standardized, large-scale experimental data has hindered obtaining a more predictive understanding of these motions. After curating >100 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation datasets, we realized an observable for {micro}s-ms dynamics might be hiding in plain sight. Millisecond dynamics can cause NMR signals to broaden beyond detection, leaving some residues not assigned in the chemical shift datasets of [~]10,000 proteins deposited in the Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank (BMRB)1. We made the bold assumption that residues missing assignments are exchange-broadened due to {micro}s-ms motions and trained various deep learning models to predict missing assignments. Strikingly, these models also predict exchange measured via NMR relaxation experiments, indicative of {micro}s-ms dynamics. The best of these models, which we named Dyna-1, leverages an intermediate layer of the multimodal language model ESM-32. Notably, dynamics directly linked to biological function -- including enzyme catalysis and ligand binding -- are particularly well predicted by Dyna-1, which parallels our findings that residues experiencing {micro}s-ms exchange are more conserved. We anticipate the datasets and models presented here will be transformative in unlocking the common language of dynamics and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wayment-Steele, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Nesr, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettiarachchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariyawasam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.642801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning millisecond protein dynamics from what is missing in NMR spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.19.643339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTCF-RNA interactions orchestrate cell-specific chromatin loop organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.19.643339v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is essential for chromatin organization. CTCF interacts with endogenous RNAs, and deletion of its ZF1 RNA-binding region ({Delta}ZF1) disrupts chromatin loops in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, the functional significance of CTCF-ZF1 RNA interactions during cell differentiation is unknown. Using an ESC-to-neural progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation model, we show that CTCF-ZF1 is crucial for maintaining cell-type-specific chromatin loops. Expression of CTCF-{Delta}ZF1 leads to disrupted loops and dysregulation of genes within these loops, particularly those involved in neuronal development and function. We identified NPC-specific, CTCF-ZF1 interacting RNAs. Truncation of two such coding RNAs, Podxl and Grb10, disrupted chromatin loops in cis, similar to the disruption seen in CTCF-{Delta}ZF1 expressing NPCs. These findings underscore the inherent importance of CTCF-ZF1 RNA interactions in preserving cell-specific genome structure and cellular identity.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LICTCF loop anchors induced after differentiation are disrupted in the {Delta}ZF1 RNA-binding mutant.
C_LIO_LILoop loss in the {Delta}ZF1 mutant is independent of its DNA binding and protein interactions.
C_LIO_LIChromatin loop loss is associated with gene dysregulation.
C_LIO_LITruncation of cell-specific, CTCF-ZF1-interacting RNAs disrupts chromatin loops in cis.
C_LI

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/643339v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucero, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzoni, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.643339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTCF-RNA interactions orchestrate cell-specific chromatin loop organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.14.643395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic diversity and regulatory features of human-specific NOTCH2NL duplications 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.14.643395v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NOTCH2NL (NOTCH2-N-terminus-like) genes arose from ape-specific chromosome 1 segmental duplications implicated in human brain cortical expansion, including an incomplete NOTCH2 gene. Genetic characterization of these loci and their regulation is complicated because they are embedded in large, nearly identical duplications that predispose to recurrent microdeletion syndromes. Using near-complete long-read assemblies generated from 70 human and 12 ape haploid genomes, we show independent recurrent duplication among apes with protein-coding copies emerging in humans 2.2-3.7 million years ago. We distinguish NOTCH2NL paralogs present in every human haplotype (NOTCH2NLA) from copy number variable ones. We also characterize large-scale structural variation, including gene conversion, for 28% of haplotypes leading to a previously undescribed paralog, NOTCH2tv. Finally, we apply Fiber-seq and long-read transcript sequencing to human dorsal forebrain organoids to characterize the regulatory landscape and find that the most fixed paralogs, NOTCH2 and NOTCH2NLA, harbor the greatest number of paralog-specific elements potentially driving their regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Real, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikol, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popoola, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitart, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozanski, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranchalis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neph, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedeno-Cortes, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stergachis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.643395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic diversity and regulatory features of human-specific NOTCH2NL duplications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.14.643303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-scale drug discovery pipeline uncovers new therapeutic targets and a unique p97 allosteric binding site in Schistosoma mansoni 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.14.643303v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms that infect more than 200 million people globally. However, there is a shortage of molecular tools that enable the discovery of potential drug targets within schistosomes. Thus, praziquantel has remained the frontline treatment for schistosomiasis despite known liabilities. Here, we have conducted a genome-wide study in S. mansoni using the human druggable genome as a bioinformatic template to identify essential genes within schistosomes bearing similarity to catalogued drug targets. Then, we assessed these candidate targets in silico using a set of unbiased criteria to determine which possess ideal characteristics for a ready-made drug discovery campaign. Following this prioritization, we pursued a parasite p97 ortholog as a bona-fide drug target for the development of therapeutics to treat schistosomiasis. From this effort, we identified a covalent inhibitor series that kills schistosomes through an on-target killing mechanism by disrupting the ubiquitin proteasome system. Fascinatingly, these inhibitors induce a conformational change in the conserved D2 domain P-loop of schistosome p97 upon modification of Cys519. This conformational change reveals an allosteric binding site adjacent to the D2 domain active site reminiscent of the  DFG flip in protein kinases. This allosteric binding site can potentially be utilized to generate new classes of species-selective p97 inhibitors. Furthermore, these studies provide a resource for the development of alternative therapeutics for schistosomiasis and a workflow to identify potential drug targets in similar systems with few available molecular tools.

Significance StatementSchistosomes cause widespread infections in humans, leading to severe chronic illnesses in endemic regions. There is no vaccine for schistosomiasis, and there has been limited success using the current standard-of-care treatment, praziquantel. Therefore, it is essential to identify drug targets within these parasites. Here, we identify potential drug targets in schistosomes bearing similarity to established human therapeutic targets, evaluate their essentiality for parasite survival, then prioritize them using an unbiased set of criteria to uncover high-value targets for the treatment of schistosomiasis. We investigated one candidate as a proof-of concept, a p97 ortholog, to discover newly characterized inhibitors of the parasite enzyme. This study demonstrates that this workflow can lead to the identification of small molecules that kill schistosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, H. Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ready, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.643303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-scale drug discovery pipeline uncovers new therapeutic targets and a unique p97 allosteric binding site in Schistosoma mansoni]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.14.643101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of solubly expressed miniaturized SMART MHCs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.14.643101v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The precise recognition of specific peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes by T-cell receptors (TCRs) plays a key role in infectious disease, cancer and autoimmunity. A critical step in many immunobiological studies is the identification of T-cells expressing TCRs specific to a given pMHC antigen. However, the intrinsic instability of empty class-I MHCs limits their soluble expression in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and makes it very difficult to characterize even a small fraction of possible pMHC/TCR interactions. To overcome this limitation, we designed small proteins which buttress the peptide binding groove of class I MHCs, replacing {beta}2-microglobulin ({beta}2m) and the heavy chain 3 domain, and enable soluble expression of both H-2Db and A*02:01 in E. coli. We demonstrate that these soluble, monomeric, antigen-receptive, truncated (SMART) MHCs retain both peptide- and TCR-binding specificity, and that peptide-bound structures of both allomorphs are similar to their full-length, native counterparts. With extension to the majority of HLA alleles, SMART MHCs should be broadly useful for probing the T-cell repertoire in approaches ranging from yeast display to T-cell staining.

SignificanceDespite the critical role that TCR/pMHC interactions play in human health, it has remained difficult to produce reagents necessary to study them. Requirements for refolding or sequence optimization limit immunologists and biochemists ability to characterize diverse pMHC/TCR interactions. Here, we develop a de-novo designed protein domain that stabilizes the H-2Db and A*02:01 class I MHC allomorphs, allowing soluble expression in E. coli without the need for a stabilizing peptide, and improving display on the yeast surface, while maintaining peptide and TCR binding interactions. These features facilitate a wide range of experiments to more fully understand the nature of pMHC/TCR interactions, and pave the way for the development of stabilizing domains for all MHC allomorphs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jude, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonzanini, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onwuka, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kueh, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgourakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.643101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of solubly expressed miniaturized SMART MHCs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.10.642437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical Wnt Signaling Suppresses Brain Endothelial Cell Transcytosis to Maintain Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.10.642437v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Canonical Wnt signaling is essential for blood-brain barrier (BBB) development and maintenance. However, the subcellular mechanisms underlying this critical regulation have remained elusive. In this study, we use a physiological paradigm examining an early phase of acutely attenuated canonical Wnt signaling in adult brain endothelial cells (ECs) to investigate how the pathway regulates BBB integrity. Following canonical Wnt signaling attenuation via EC-specific knockout of {beta}-catenin, we find that there is increased transcytosis in brain ECs, including a striking diversity of morphologically distinct vesicles, indicating multiple pathways are involved. In addition, we find that although the molecular composition of tight junctions (TJs) is altered following canonical Wnt signaling attenuation, such that Claudin-5 and ZO-1 expression is downregulated, TJs remain impermeable to molecules as small as 1.9 kDa. These findings reveal previously underappreciated role of Wnt signaling in regulating brain EC transcytosis and help illuminate subcellular mechanisms of BBB maintenance in adulthood, which is crucial for improving delivery of therapeutics to the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>du Maine, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.10.642437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical Wnt Signaling Suppresses Brain Endothelial Cell Transcytosis to Maintain Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.04.641544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput neutralization measurements correlate strongly with evolutionary success of human influenza strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.04.641544v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human influenza viruses rapidly acquire mutations in their hemagglutinin (HA) protein that erode neutralization by antibodies from prior exposures. Here, we use a sequencing-based assay to measure neutralization titers for 78 recent H3N2 HA strains against a large set of children and adult sera, measuring [~]10,000 total titers. There is substantial person-to-person heterogeneity in the titers against different viral strains, both within and across age cohorts. The growth rates of H3N2 strains in the human population in 2023 are highly correlated with the fraction of sera with low titers against each strain. Notably, strain growth rates are less correlated with neutralization titers against pools of human sera, demonstrating the importance of population heterogeneity in shaping viral evolution. Overall, these results suggest that high-throughput neutralization measurements of human sera against many different viral strains can help explain the evolution of human influenza.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kikawa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figgins, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapeau, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englund, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.641544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput neutralization measurements correlate strongly with evolutionary success of human influenza strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.03.641270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional microRNA targeting without seed pairing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.03.641270v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) associate with Argonaute (AGO) proteins to serve as guides, directing binding to partially complementary sites in mRNAs, ultimately causing post-transcriptional repression. Complementarity to the miRNA seed region (miRNA nucleotides 2-7) is typically both necessary and sufficient for repression. Here, we investigate unusual sites with extensive complementarity to the miRNA 3' region (nucleotide 9 and onwards) but without complementarity to the seed. Top 3'-only sites bind as well as top canonical sites and impart similar repression, which can be further boosted by as few as 2-3 additional pairs to the miRNA seed. Despite these similarities, 3'-only sites have slower association and dissociation rates than seed-matched sites. They also impart different conformations to bound AGO-miRNA complexes than do seed-matched sites, and individual miRNAs differ substantially with respect to how well they bind their respective 3'-only sites. Thus, pairing to the seed is not required for binding and repression, or for a target to gain access to the 3' region of the guide. Overall, for those miRNAs which recognize 3'-only sites, those sites are estimated to constitute 0.5-1% of the endogenous targetome, a proportion resembling that of other rare but functional site types, such as 3'-compensatory sites.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=151 SRC="FIGDIR/small/641270v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hall, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.03.641270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional microRNA targeting without seed pairing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.09.642244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted suppression of type 1 interferon signaling during RNA delivery enhances vaccine-elicited immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.09.642244v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA vaccines have emerged as a breakthrough technology, and one promising modality employs alphavirus-derived self-replicating RNA (repRNA) to express vaccine antigens. However, both the lipid nanoparticles (LNP) commonly used to deliver RNA and virus-like amplification of repRNAs trigger innate immune recognition, especially via type I interferon (IFN) signaling. To modulate IFN responses during vaccination, we formulated LNPs co-delivering antigen-encoding RNA together with siRNA targeting the interferon-/{beta} receptor-1 (IFNAR1). siRNA-mediated repression of IFNAR1 increased antigen expression from repRNAs by >10-fold, increased immune cell infiltration, and increased antigen presenting cell activation in the injection site and draining lymph nodes. Compared to repRNA alone, siRNA/repRNA co-delivery increased serum antibody titers >10-fold, dramatically augmented antigen-specific germinal center (GC) B cell responses, and primed 4.4-fold more antigen-specific T cells. Ifnar1 silencing by siRNA co-delivery similarly enhanced mRNA vaccines. Thus, siRNA co-delivery is a readily translatable approach to substantially enhance the immunogenicity of RNA vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosn, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remba, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwall-Brady, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted suppression of type 1 interferon signaling during RNA delivery enhances vaccine-elicited immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.03.641217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse somatic genomic alterations in single neurons in chronic traumatic encephalopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.03.641217v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease that is linked to exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI), yet little is known about its pathogenesis. Applying two single-cell whole-genome sequencing methods to hundreds of neurons from prefrontal cortex of 15 individuals with CTE, and 4 with RHI without CTE, revealed increased somatic single-nucleotide variants in CTE, resembling a pattern previously reported in Alzheimers disease (AD). Furthermore, we discovered remarkably high burdens of somatic small insertions and deletions in a subset of CTE individuals, resembling a known pattern, ID4, also found in AD. Our results suggest that neurons in CTE experience stereotyped mutational processes shared with AD; the absence of similar changes in RHI neurons without CTE suggests that CTE involves mechanisms beyond RHI alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K. S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkham, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uretsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurlock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.03.641217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse somatic genomic alterations in single neurons in chronic traumatic encephalopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.01.640985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repulsive interactions instruct synaptic partner matching in an olfactory circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.01.640985v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons exhibit extraordinary precision in selecting synaptic partners. Although cell-surface proteins (CSPs) mediating attractive interactions between developing axons and dendrites have been shown to instruct synaptic partner matching1,2, the degree to which repulsive interactions play a role is less clear. Here, using a genetic screen guided by single-cell transcriptomes3,4, we identified three CSP pairs--Toll2-Ptp10D, Fili-Kek1, and Hbs/Sns- Kirre--in mediating repulsive interactions between non-partner olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons and projection neuron (PN) dendrites in the developing Drosophila olfactory circuit. Each CSP pair exhibits inverse expression patterns in the select ORN-PN partners. Loss of each CSP in ORNs led to similar synaptic partner matching deficits as the loss of its partner CSP in PNs, and mistargeting phenotypes caused by overexpressing one CSP could be suppressed by loss of its partner CSP. All CSP pairs are also differentially expressed in other brain regions. Together, our data reveal that multiple repulsive CSP pairs work together to ensure precise synaptic partner matching during development by preventing neurons from forming connections with non-cognate partners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi-Lebovic, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.01.640985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repulsive interactions instruct synaptic partner matching in an olfactory circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.01.640986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rewiring an olfactory circuit by altering the combinatorial code of cell-surface proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.01.640986v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper brain function requires the precise assembly of neural circuits during development. Despite the identification of many cell-surface proteins (CSPs) that help guide axons to their targets1,2, it remains largely unknown how multiple CSPs work together to assemble a functional circuit. Here, we used synaptic partner matching in the Drosophila olfactory circuit3,4 to address this question. By systematically altering the combination of differentially expressed CSPs in a single olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) type, which senses a male pheromone that inhibits male-male courtship, we switched its connection from its endogenous postsynaptic projection neuron (PN) type nearly completely to a new PN type that promotes courtship. From this switch, we deduced a combinatorial code including CSPs that mediate both attraction between synaptic partners and repulsion between non-partners5,6. The anatomical switch changed the odor response of the new PN partner and markedly increased male-male courtship. We generalized three manipulation strategies from this rewiring-- increasing repulsion with the old partner, decreasing repulsion with the new partner, and matching attraction with the new partner--to successfully rewire a second ORN type to multiple distinct PN types. This work demonstrates that manipulating a small set of CSPs is sufficient to respecify synaptic connections, paving ways to explore how neural systems evolve through changes of circuit connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.01.640986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rewiring an olfactory circuit by altering the combinatorial code of cell-surface proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.27.640681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning guided design of protease substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.27.640681v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteases, a class of enzymes that play critical roles in health and disease, exert their function through the cleavage of peptide bonds. Identifying substrates that are efficiently and selectively cleaved by target proteases is essential for studying protease activity and for harnessing their activity in protease-activated diagnostics and therapeutics. However, the vast design space of possible substrates (c.a. 2010 unique amino acid combinations for a 10-mer peptide) and the limited accessibility of high-throughput activity profiling tools hinder the speed and success of substrate design. We present CleaveNet, an end-to-end AI pipeline for the design of protease substrates. Applied to matrix metalloproteinases, CleaveNet enhances the scale, tunability, and efficiency of substrate design. CleaveNet generates peptide substrates that exhibit sound biophysical properties and capture not only well-established but also novel cleavage motifs. To enable precise control over substrate design, CleaveNet incorporates a conditioning tag that enables generation of peptides guided by a target cleavage profile, enabling targeted design of efficient and selective substrates. CleaveNet-generated substrates were validated experimentally through a large-scale in vitro screen, even in the challenging case of designing highly selective substrates for MMP13. We envision that CleaveNet will accelerate our ability to study and capitalize on protease activity, paving the way for new in silico design tools across enzyme classes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin Alonso, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alamdari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samad, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amini, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning guided design of protease substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.23.639707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolution to restore cryo-EM maps with anisotropic resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.23.639707v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With technological advancements in recent years, single particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become a major methodology for structural biology. Structure determination by single particle cryo-EM is premised on randomly orientated particles embedded in thin layer of vitreous ice to resolve high-resolution structural information in all directions. Otherwise, preferentially distributed particle orientations will lead to anisotropic resolution of the structure. Here we established a deconvolution approach, named AR-Decon, to computationally improve the quality of three-dimensional maps with anisotropic resolutions reconstructed from datasets with preferred orientations. We have tested and validated the procedure with both synthetic and experimental datasets and compared its performance with alternative machine-learning based methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedat, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.23.639707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolution to restore cryo-EM maps with anisotropic resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.24.639939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of energy filtering slit widths for MicroED data collection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.24.639939v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A favorable signal-to-noise ratio is essential for obtaining high-quality diffraction data in macromolecular electron crystallography. Inelastic scattering contributes significantly to the noise, reducing contrast between diffraction peaks and background, which complicates peak detection and compromises the accuracy of intensity integration. Energy filtering mitigates these challenges and enhances diffraction data quality by removing the inelastically scattered electrons, leading to reduced background noise and sharper Bragg peaks. Previously, we reported a substantial improvement in MicroED data quality and resolution with energy filtering. Here, we systematically evaluate the impact of different energy filter slit widths for optimal MicroED data collection. Data from proteinase K lamellae were collected using the 5, 10, and 20 eV energy filter slit widths. Our results show that the narrowest slit widths result in a stronger diffraction signal with lower background noise, improving the precision of the intensity measurements which resulted in better structural models. Our findings provide insights into the optimization of energy filter slit settings that, when paired with direct electron detection, enhance MicroED data collection strategies in MicroED by improving the signal-to-noise ratio, supporting higher quality data and ultimately enabling more precise structure determination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clabbers, M. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynowycz, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of energy filtering slit widths for MicroED data collection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.21.639354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA origami vaccines program antigen-focused germinal centers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.21.639354v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recruitment and expansion of rare precursor B cells in germinal centers (GCs) is a central goal of vaccination to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against challenging pathogens such as HIV. Multivalent immunogen display is a well-established method to enhance vaccine-induced B cell responses, typically accomplished by using natural or engineered protein scaffolds. However, these scaffolds themselves are targets of antibody responses, with the potential to generate competitor scaffold-specific B cells that could theoretically limit expansion and maturation of "on-target" B cells in the GC response. Here, we rationally designed T-independent, DNA-origami based virus-like particles (VLPs) with optimal antigenic display of the germline targeting HIV Env immunogen, eOD-GT8, and appropriate T cell help to achieve a potent GC response. In preclinical mouse models, these DNA-VLPs expanded significantly higher frequencies of epitope-specific GC B cells compared with a state-of-the-art clinical protein nanoparticle. Optimized DNA-VLPs primed germinal centers focused on the target antigen and rapidly expanded subdominant broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cells for HIV with a single immunization. Thus, avoiding scaffold-specific responses augments priming of bnAb precursor B cells, and DNA-VLPs are a promising platform for promoting B cell responses towards challenging subdominant epitopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knappe, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronsard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spivakovsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reizis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tingle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingwood, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.21.639354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA origami vaccines program antigen-focused germinal centers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.26.640152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudomonads coordinate innate defense against viruses and bacteria with a single regulatory system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.26.640152v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial cells live under the constant existential threats imposed by other bacteria and viruses. Their mechanisms for contending with these threats are well documented; however, the regulation of these diverse defense elements remains poorly understood. Here we show that bacteria can mount a genome-wide, coordinated, and highly effective immune response against bacterial and viral threats using a single regulatory pathway. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that Pseudomonas species broadly possess a specialized form of the Gac/Rsm regulatory pathway (GRP), which our prior work in Pseudomonas aeruginosa implicated in activating interbacterial antagonism defense mechanisms in response to neighbor cell death. Proteomic studies comparing GRP-activated and -inactivated strains derived from diverse Pseudomonas species showed that the pathway regulates a large and variable suite of factors implicated in defense against both bacterial and phage threats. Focusing on P. protegens, we identify profound phenotypic consequences of these factors against multiple forms of bacterial antagonism and several phage. Together, our results reveal that bacteria, like more complex organisms, couple danger sensing to the activation of an immune system with antibacterial and antiviral arms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brinkley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motha de Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougous, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.26.640152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudomonads coordinate innate defense against viruses and bacteria with a single regulatory system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.25.640158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining Sampling Methods with Attractor Dynamics in Spiking Models of Head-Direction Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.25.640158v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uncertainty is a fundamental aspect of the natural environment, requiring the brain to infer and integrate noisy signals to guide behavior effectively. Sampling-based inference has been proposed as a mechanism for dealing with uncertainty, particularly in early sensory processing. However, it is unclear how to reconcile sampling-based methods with operational principles of higher-order brain areas, such as attractor dynamics of persistent neural representations. In this study, we present a spiking neural network model for the head-direction (HD) system that combines sampling-based inference with attractor dynamics. To achieve this, we derive the required spiking neural network dynamics and interactions to perform sampling from a large family of probability distributions--including variables encoded with Poisson noise. We then propose a method that allows the network to update its estimate of the current head direction by integrating angular velocity samples--derived from noisy inputs--with a pull towards a circular manifold, thereby maintaining consistent attractor dynamics. This model makes specific, testable predictions about the HD system that can be examined in future neurophysiological experiments: it predicts correlated subthreshold voltage fluctuations; distinctive short- and long-term firing correlations among neurons; and characteristic statistics of the movement of the neural activity "bump" representing the head direction. Overall, our approach extends previous theories on probabilistic sampling with spiking neurons, offers a novel perspective on the computations responsible for orientation and navigation, and supports the hypothesis that sampling-based methods can be combined with attractor dynamics to provide a viable framework for studying neural dynamics across the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pjanovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavatone-Veth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masset, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keemink, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nardin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.640158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining Sampling Methods with Attractor Dynamics in Spiking Models of Head-Direction Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.25.639765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosquito Cell Atlas: A single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of the adult Aedes aegypti mosquito 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.25.639765v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The female Aedes aegypti mosquitos remarkable ability to hunt humans and transmit pathogens relies on her unique biology. Here, we present the Aedes aegypti Mosquito Cell Atlas, a comprehensive single-nucleus RNA sequencing dataset of more than 367,000 nuclei from 19 dissected tissues of adult female and male Aedes aegypti, providing cellular-level resolution of mosquito biology. We identify novel cell types and expand our understanding of sensory neuron organization of chemoreceptors to all sensory tissues. Our analysis uncovers male-specific cells and sexually dimorphic gene expression in the antenna and brain. In female mosquitoes, we find that glial cells in the brain, rather than neurons, undergo the most extensive transcriptional changes following blood feeding. Our findings provide insights into the cellular basis of mosquito behavior and sexual dimorphism. The Aedes aegypti Mosquito Cell Atlas resource enables systematic investigation of cell type-specific expression across all mosquito tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldman, O. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFoe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houri-Zeevi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakhiani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzauti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas-Villegas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsitohay, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosquito Cell Atlas Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua X D Ang,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igor Antoshechkin,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu Cai,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fangying Chen,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen-Chung Chen,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien Devilliers,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linhan Dong,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto Feuda,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolo Gabrieli,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artyom Kopp,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyeogsun Kwon,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsing-Han Li,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzu-Chiao Lu,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalita Lucio,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joao T Marques,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus F Oliveira,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roenick P Olmo,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umberto Palatini,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeaan M Pithawala,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien Pompon,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan Reis,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.639765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosquito Cell Atlas: A single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of the adult Aedes aegypti mosquito]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.23.639722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptic variation fuels plant phenotypic change through hierarchical epistasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.23.639722v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptic genetic variants exert minimal or no phenotypic effects alone but have long been hypothesized to form a vast, hidden reservoir of genetic diversity that drives trait evolvability through epistatic interactions. This classical theory has been reinvigorated by pan-genome sequencing, which has revealed pervasive variation within gene families and regulatory networks, including extensive cis-regulatory changes, gene duplication, and divergence between paralogs. Nevertheless, empirical testing of cryptic variations capacity to fuel phenotypic diversification has been hindered by intractable genetics, limited allelic diversity, and inadequate phenotypic resolution. Here, guided by natural and engineered cis-regulatory cryptic variants in a recently evolved paralogous gene pair, we identified an additional pair of redundant trans regulators, establishing a regulatory network that controls tomato inflorescence architecture. By combining coding mutations with a cis-regulatory allelic series in populations segregating for all four network genes, we systematically constructed a collection of 216 genotypes spanning the full spectrum of inflorescence complexity and quantified branching in over 27,000 inflorescences. Analysis of the resulting high-resolution genotype-phenotype map revealed a layer of dose-dependent interactions within paralog pairs that enhances branching, culminating in strong, synergistic effects. However, we also uncovered an unexpected layer of antagonism between paralog pairs, where accumulating mutations in one pair progressively diminished the effects of mutations in the other. Our results demonstrate how gene regulatory network architecture and complex dosage effects from paralog diversification converge to shape phenotypic space under a hierarchical model of epistatic interactions. Given the prevalence of paralog evolution in genomes, we propose that paralogous cryptic variation within regulatory networks elicits hierarchies of epistatic interactions, catalyzing bursts of phenotypic change.

Keyword: cryptic mutations, paralogs, redundancy, cis-regulatory, tomato, inflorescence, gene regulatory network, modeling, epistasis
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zebell, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martl-Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto Da Cunha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seman, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sretenovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCandlish, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.23.639722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptic variation fuels plant phenotypic change through hierarchical epistasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.24.639183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress drives plasticity in leaf maturation transcriptional dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.24.639183v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leaf development is dynamic, adapting to environmental stress to optimize resource use. For example, in response to drought, Arabidopsis restricts leaf growth to enhance water use efficiency. While this plastic response is well described at the physiological level, the underlying transcriptional changes that facilitate adjustments in leaf development in response to stress remain poorly described. By constructing a [~]1 million single-nuclei transcriptome atlas, we demonstrate that drought stress limits leaf growth by advancing transcriptional responses related to maturation and aging. Notably, we find that these transcriptional changes scale with environmental stress, and help explain how shoot size can decline proportionally with stress intensity. Leveraging these insights, we increased leaf growth under stress by cell-type targeted upregulation of FERRIC REDUCTION OXIDASE 6 in the mesophyll.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swift, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illouz-Eliaz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chory, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress drives plasticity in leaf maturation transcriptional dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.20.639313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent dopamine-dependent remodeling of the neural transcriptome in response to pregnancy and postpartum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.20.639313v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pregnancy and postpartum experiences represent transformative physiological states that impose lasting demands on the maternal body and brain, resulting in lifelong neural adaptations1-6. However, the precise molecular mechanisms driving these persistent alterations remain poorly understood. Here, we used brain-wide transcriptomic profiling to define the molecular landscape of parity-induced neural plasticity, identifying the dorsal hippocampal formation (dHF) as a key site of transcriptional remodeling. Combining single-cell RNA sequencing with a maternal-pup separation paradigm, we additionally demonstrated that chronic postpartum stress significantly disrupts dHF adaptations by altering dopamine dynamics, leading to changes in the dopamine-dependent histone post-translational modification - H3 dopaminylation, with further alterations in transcription, cellular plasticity, and behavior. In human dorsal subiculum, a brain structure within the dHF, we uncovered conserved patterns of parity-dependent alterations in H3 dopaminylation and transcription. We further established the sufficiency of dopamine modulation in regulating these parity-induced adaptations via chemogenetic suppression of dopamine release into the dHF, which recapitulated key epigenomic and behavioral features of parity in virgin female mice. In sum, our findings establish dopamine as a central regulator of parity-induced neuroadaptations in humans and mice, revealing a fundamental transcriptional mechanism by which female reproductive experiences remodel the brain to sustain long-term behavioral adaptations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Salvo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brindley, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.20.639313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent dopamine-dependent remodeling of the neural transcriptome in response to pregnancy and postpartum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.21.639590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin crosslinking is required for force sensing at tricellular junctions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.21.639590v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical forces are essential for tissue morphogenesis, but risk causing ruptures that could compromise tissue function. In epithelial tissues, adherens junctions withstand the forces that drive morphogenesis by recruiting proteins that stabilize cell adhesion and reinforce connections to the actin cytoskeleton under tension. However, how junctional actin networks respond to forces in vivo is not well understood. Here we show that the actin crosslinker Fimbrin is recruited to tricellular junctions under tension and plays a central role in amplifying actomyosin contractility and stabilizing cell adhesion. Loss of Fimbrin results in a failure to reorganize actin under tension and an inability to enhance myosin-II activity and recruit junction-stabilizing proteins in response to force, disrupting cell adhesion. Conversely, increasing Fimbrin activity constitutively activates force-response pathways, aberrantly stabilizing adhesion. These results demonstrate that Fimbrin-mediated actin crosslinking is an essential step in modulating actomyosin dynamics and reinforcing cell adhesion under tension during epithelial remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taneja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moubarak, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeoh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zallen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.21.639590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin crosslinking is required for force sensing at tricellular junctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.19.639122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput MicroED for probing ion channel dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.19.639122v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ion channels play a crucial role in ion transport and are integral to fundamental physiological processes. Therefore, understanding channel structures is essential for elucidating the mechanisms of ion permeation and selectivity beyond what can be predicted by computational simulations. Visualizing dynamics at high resolution, however, remains a significant challenge by structural techniques. In this study, we apply high-throughput Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED) to explore the structural dynamics of two ion channels, the non-selective ion channel NaK and its mutant, NaK2CNG. This approach utilizes automated data collection and processing to capture distinct structural substates from a large number of microcrystals, offering a deeper understanding of ion channel mechanisms. From a subset of NaK structures, we observed consistent sodium binding at specific sites. In contrast, NaK2CNG appears more dynamic and undergoes dilation of the selectivity filter upon potassium binding. Further, the conduction state of NaK2CNG appears to be influenced by channel gating. Comparative analysis of these structures reveals that non-selectivity arises from the plasticity of the selectivity filter, allowing dynamic control over ion passage. These studies, demonstrate the potential to employ high-throughput MicroED as a technique to address persistent questions regarding ion channel permeation, complementing current computational molecular dynamics studies. We anticipate that this approach will enhance future computational models, leading to more accurate predictions of ion channel behavior and providing a more comprehensive view of transport dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallenito, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clabbers, M. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.639122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput MicroED for probing ion channel dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.21.639493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arabidopsis REM transcription factors and GDE1 shape the DNA methylation landscape through the recruitment of RNA Polymerase IV transcription complexes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.21.639493v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation plays crucial roles in gene regulation and transposon silencing. In plants, the maintenance of DNA methylation is controlled by several self-reinforcing loops involving histone methylation and non-coding RNAs. However, how methylation is initially patterned at specific loci is unknown. Here, we describe four Arabidopsis REM transcription factors, VDD, VAL, REM12 and REM13, that recognize specific sequence regions, and together with the protein GENETICS DETERMINES EPIGENETICS1 (GDE1), recruit RNA polymerase IV transcription complexes to generate 24-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (24nt-siRNAs) that guide DNA methylation to specific loci. In the absence of GDE1, Pol IV transcription complexes redistribute to sites bound by a different factor called REM8. These results suggest that REM proteins act as sequence specific DNA binding proteins that pattern siRNAs and methylation at specific sites in the genome, highlighting the role of genetic information in determining epigenetic patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlschlegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.21.639493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arabidopsis REM transcription factors and GDE1 shape the DNA methylation landscape through the recruitment of RNA Polymerase IV transcription complexes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.15.638402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and single-cell expression analyses reveal complex expression domains in early wheat spike development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.15.638402v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wheat is important for global food security and understanding the molecular mechanisms driving spike and spikelet development can inform the development of more productive varieties. In this study, we integrated single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to generate an atlas of cell clusters and expression domains during the early stages of wheat spike development. We characterized spatiotemporal expression of 99 genes by smFISH in 48,225 cells at the early transition, late double ridge, and floret primordia stages. These cells were grouped into 21 different expression domains, including four in the basal region of the developing spikelets and three different meristematic regions, which were consistent across spikelets and sections. Using induced mutants, we revealed functional roles associated with the specific expression patterns of LFY in intercalary meristems, SPL14 in inflorescence meristems, and FZP in glume axillae. Complementary scRNA-seq profiling of 26,009 cells from W2.5 and W3.5 stages identified 23 distinct cell clusters. We used the scRNA-seq information to impute the expression of 74,464 genes into the spatially anchored smFISH-labelled cells and generated a public website to visualize them. We used experimental and imputed expression profiles, together with co-expression studies and correlation matrices, to annotate the scRNA-seq clusters. From co-expression analyses, we uncovered genes associated with boundary genes TCP24 and FZP, as well as the meristematic genes AGL6 and ULT1. The smFISH and scRNA-seq studies provided complementary tools for dissecting gene networks that regulate spike development and identifying new co-expressed genes for functional characterization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burguener, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraiso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumelty, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.15.638402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and single-cell expression analyses reveal complex expression domains in early wheat spike development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.12.637979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the nanoscale organization of the human cell surface proteome reveals new functional associations and surface antigen clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.12.637979v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell surface is a dynamic interface that controls cell-cell communication and signal transduction relevant to organ development, homeostasis and repair, immune reactivity, and pathologies driven by aberrant cell surface phenotypes. The spatial organization of cell surface proteins is central to these processes. High-resolution fluorescence microscopy and proximity labeling have advanced studies of surface protein associations, but the spatial organization of the complete surface proteome remains uncharted. In this study, we systematically mapped the surface proteome of human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphoblasts using proximity labeling of 85 antigens, identified from over 100 antibodies tested for binding to surface-exposed proteins. These experiments were coupled with an optimized data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry workflow to generate a robust dataset. Unsupervised clustering of the resulting interactome revealed functional modules, including well-characterized complexes such as the T-cell receptor and HLA class I/II, alongside novel clusters. Notably, we identified mitochondrial proteins localized to the surface, including the transcription factor TFAM, suggesting previously unappreciated roles for mitochondrial proteins at the plasma membrane. A high-accuracy machine learning classifier predicted over 6,000 surface protein associations, highlighting functional associations such as IL10RBs role as a negative regulator of type I interferon signaling. Spatial modeling of the surface proteome provided insights into protein dispersion patterns, distinguishing widely distributed proteins, such as CD45, from localized antigens, such as CD226 pointing to active mechanisms of regulating surface organization. This work provides a comprehensive map of the human surfaceome and a resource for exploring the spatial and functional dynamics of the cell membrane proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Floyd, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Till, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the nanoscale organization of the human cell surface proteome reveals new functional associations and surface antigen clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.15.638426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A vector-based strategy for olfactory navigation in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.15.638426v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Odors serve as essential cues for navigation. Although tracking an odor plume has been modeled as a reflexive process, it remains unclear whether animals can use memories of their past odor encounters to infer the spatial structure of their chemical environment or their location within it. Here we developed a virtual-reality olfactory paradigm that allows head-fixed Drosophila to navigate structured chemical landscapes, offering insight into how memory mechanisms shape their navigational strategies. We found that flies track an appetitive odor corridor by following its boundary, alternating between rapid counterturns to exit the plume and directed returns to its edge. Using a combination of behavioral modeling, functional calcium imaging, and neural perturbations, we demonstrate that this  edge-tracking strategy relies on vector-based computations within the Drosophila central complex in which flies store and dynamically update memories of the direction to return them to the plumes boundary. Consistent with this, we find that FC2 neurons within the fan-shaped body, which encode a flys navigational goal, signal the direction back to the odor boundary when flies are outside the plume. Together, our studies suggest that flies leverage the plumes boundary as a dynamic landmark to guide their navigation, analogous to the memory-based strategies other insects use for long-distance migration or homing to their nests. Plume tracking thus uses components of a conserved navigational toolkit, enabling flies to use memory mechanisms to navigate through a complex shifting chemical landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowell, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eghbali, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.15.638426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A vector-based strategy for olfactory navigation in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.13.638157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TF2TG: an online resource mining the potential gene targets of transcription factors in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.13.638157v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators of many biological processes, controlling the expression of their target genes through binding to the cis-regulatory regions such as promoters and enhancers. Each TF has unique DNA binding site motifs, and large-scale experiments have been conducted to characterize TF-DNA binding preferences. However, no comprehensive resource currently integrates these datasets for Drosophila. To address this need, we developed TF2TG ("transcription factor to target gene"), a comprehensive resource that combines both in vitro and in vivo datasets to link transcription factors (TFs) to their target genes based on TF-DNA binding preferences along with the protein-protein interaction data, tissue-specific transcriptomic data, and chromatin accessibility data. Although the genome offers numerous potential binding sites for each TF, only a subset is actually bound in vivo, and of these, only a fraction is functionally relevant. For instance, some TFs bind to their specific sites due to synergistic interactions with other factors nearby. This integration provides users with a comprehensive list of potential candidates as well as aids users in ranking candidate genes and determining condition-specific TF binding for studying transcriptional regulation in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodiger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulyk, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.13.638157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TF2TG: an online resource mining the potential gene targets of transcription factors in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.12.637895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A connection between Vibrio cholerae motility and inter-animal transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.12.637895v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outbreaks of cholera are caused by the highly transmissive pathogen Vibrio cholerae. Here, a transposon screen revealed that inactivation of the V. cholerae motility-linked gene motV increases infant mouse intestinal colonization. Compared to wild-type V. cholerae, a {Delta}motV mutant, which exhibits heightened motility in the form of constitutive straight swimming, localizes to the crypts earlier in infection and over a larger area of the small intestine. Aberrant localization of the mutant was associated with an increased number of V. cholerae initiating infection, and elevated pathogen burden, diarrhea, and lethality. Moreover, the deletion of motV causes V. cholerae to transmit from infected suckling mice to naive littermates more efficiently. Even in the absence of cholera toxin, the {Delta}motV mutant continues to transmit between animals, although less than in the presence of toxin, indicating that phenotypes other than cholera toxin-driven diarrhea contribute to transmission. Collectively, this work provides experimental evidence linking intra-animal bottlenecks, colonization, and disease to inter-animal transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehinwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morano, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingl, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A connection between Vibrio cholerae motility and inter-animal transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.11.637350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dendritic guidance receptor functions in both ligand dependent and independent modes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.11.637350v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of an appropriately shaped dendritic arbor is critical for a neuron to receive information. Dendritic morphogenesis is a dynamic process involving growth, branching, and retraction. How the growth and stabilization of dendrites are coordinated at the molecular level remains a key question in developmental neurobiology. The highly arborized and stereotyped dendritic arbors of the Caenorhabditis elegans PVD neuron are shaped by the transmembrane DMA-1 receptor through its interaction with a tripartite ligand complex consisting of SAX-7, MNR-1, and LECT-2. However, receptor null mutants exhibit strongly reduced dendrite outgrowth, whereas ligand null mutants show disordered branch patterns, suggesting a ligand-independent function of the receptor. To test this idea, we identified point mutations in dma-1 that disrupt receptor-ligand binding and introduced corresponding mutations into the endogenous gene. We show that the ligand-free receptor is sufficient to drive robust, disordered dendritic branch formation but results in a complete loss of arbor shape. This disordered outgrowth program utilizes similar downstream effectors as the stereotyped outgrowth program, further arguing that ligand binding is not necessary for outgrowth. Finally, we demonstrate that ligand binding is required to maintain higher-order dendrites after development is complete. Taken together, our findings support a surprising model in which ligand-free and ligand-bound DMA-1 receptors have distinct functions: the ligand-free receptor promotes stochastic outgrowth and branching, whereas the ligand-bound receptor guides stereotyped dendrite morphology by stabilizing arbors at target locations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machera, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dendritic guidance receptor functions in both ligand dependent and independent modes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.10.637451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin drives chromatin scanning during the RAD51-mediated homology search. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.10.637451v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cohesin folds genomes into chromatin loops, whose roles are under debate. We report that double strand breaks (DSB) induce de novo formation of chromatin loops, with the break positioned at the loop base. These loops form only in S/G2 phases and occur during repair via homologous recombination (HR), concomitant with DNA end resection and RAD51 assembly. RAD51 showed two-tiered accumulation around DSBs, with a broad (~Mb) domain arising from the homology search. This domain is regulated by cohesin unloader, is constrained by TAD boundaries, and it overlaps with chromatin regions reeled through the break-anchored loop, suggesting that loop extrusion regulates the homology search. Indeed, depletion of NIPBL results in reduced HR, and this effect is more pronounced when the HR donor is far (~100 kb) from the break. Our data indicates that loop-extruding cohesin promotes the mammalian homology search by facilitating break-chromatin interactions within the damaged TAD.

One-Sentence SummaryHigh spatiotemporal resolution analysis of double strand beak repair in 3D genome revealed the role of cohesin-driven loop extrusion in the homology search.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybczynski, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilavar, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karwacki- Neisius, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviles-Vazquez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanemaki, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scully, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin drives chromatin scanning during the RAD51-mediated homology search.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.10.637488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitors of the PqsR Quorum-Sensing Receptor Reveal Differential Roles for PqsE and RhlI in Control of Phenazine Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.10.637488v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections and it is resistant to many current antibiotic therapies, making development of new anti-microbial treatments imperative. The cell-to-cell communication process called quorum sensing controls P. aeruginosa pathogenicity. Quorum sensing relies on the production, release, and group-wide detection of extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. Quorum sensing enables bacteria to synchronize group behaviors. P. aeruginosa possesses multiple quorum-sensing systems that control overlapping regulons, including those required for virulence and biofilm formation. Interventions that target P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing receptors are considered a fruitful avenue to pursue for new therapeutic advances. Here, we developed a P. aeruginosa strain that carries a bioluminescent reporter fused to a target promoter that is controlled by two P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing receptors. The receptors are PqsR, which binds and responds to the autoinducer called PQS (2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone) and RhlR, which binds and responds to the autoinducer called C4-HSL (C4-homoserine lactone). We used this reporter strain to screen >100,000 compounds with the aim of identifying inhibitors of either or both the PqsR and RhlR quorum-sensing receptors. We report results for 30 PqsR inhibitors from this screen. All of the identified compounds inhibit PqsR with IC50 values in the nanomolar to low micromolar range and they are readily docked into the autoinducer binding site of the PqsR crystal structure, suggesting they function competitively. The majority of hits identified are not structurally related to previously reported PqsR inhibitors. Recently, RhlR was shown to rely on the accessory protein PqsE for full function. Specifically, RhlR controls different subsets of genes depending on whether it is bound to PqsE or to C4-HSL, however, the consequences of differential regulation on the quorum-sensing output response have not been defined. PqsR regulates pqsE. That feature of the system enabled us to exploit our new set of PqsR inhibitors to show that RhlR requires PqsE to activate the biosynthetic genes for pyocyanin, a key P. aeruginosa virulence factor, while C4-HSL is dispensable. These results highlight the promise of inhibition of PqsR as a possible P. aeruginosa therapeutic to suppress production of factors under RhlR-PqsE control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valastyan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mook, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitors of the PqsR Quorum-Sensing Receptor Reveal Differential Roles for PqsE and RhlI in Control of Phenazine Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.10.637507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cluster of RNA Polymerase II molecules is stably associated with an active gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.10.637507v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotic nuclei, transcription is associated with the clustering of RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) molecules. The mechanisms underlying cluster formation, their interactions with genes, and their impact on transcriptional activity remain heavily debated. Here, we take advantage of the naturally occurring increase in transcriptional activity during Zygotic Genome Activation (ZGA) in Drosophila melanogaster embryos to characterize the functional roles of RNAPII clusters in a developmental context. Using single-molecule tracking and lattice light-sheet microscopy, we find that RNAPII cluster formation depends on transcription initiation, and that cluster lifetimes depend on transcriptional activity when not constrained by interphase duration. We show that single clusters are stably associated with active gene loci during transcription and that cluster intensities are strongly correlated with transcriptional output. Collectively, our data and simulations on cluster formation kinetics show that RNAPII clusters reflect local accumulations of transcriptionally engaged polymerases and do not form through higher-order mechanisms such as phase separation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallacaro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratchasanmuang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haloush, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cluster of RNA Polymerase II molecules is stably associated with an active gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple interactions mediate the localization of BLTP2 at ER-PM contacts to control plasma membrane dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637094v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BLTP2/KIAA0100, a bridge-like lipid transfer protein, was reported to localize at contacts of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with either the plasma membrane (PM) or recycling tubular endosomes depending on the cell type. Our findings suggest that mediating bulk lipid transport between the ER and the PM is a key function of this protein as BLTP2 tethers the ER to tubular endosomes only after they become continuous with the PM and that it also tethers the ER to macropinosomes in the process of fusing with the PM. We further identify interactions underlying binding of BLTP2 to the PM, including phosphoinositides, the adaptor proteins FAM102A and FAM102B, and also N-BAR domain proteins at membrane-connected tubules. The absence of BLTP2 results in the accumulation of intracellular vacuoles, many of which are connected to the plasma membrane, pointing to a role of the lipid transport function of BLTP2 in the control of PM dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujise, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen-Samander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple interactions mediate the localization of BLTP2 at ER-PM contacts to control plasma membrane dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic interrogation of the lateral-line sensory system reveals mechanisms of pattern separation in the zebrafish brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637118v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of animals to interact with their environment hinges on the brains capacity to distinguish between patterns of sensory information and accurately attribute them to specific sensory organs. The mechanisms by which neuronal circuits discriminate and encode the source of sensory signals remain elusive. To address this, we utilized as a model the posterior lateral line system of larval zebrafish, which is used to detect water currents. This system comprises a series of mechanosensory organs called neuromasts, which are innervated by neurons from the posterior lateral line ganglion. By combining single-neuromast optogenetic stimulation with whole-brain calcium imaging, we developed a novel approach to investigate how inputs from neuromasts are processed. Upon stimulating individual neuromasts, we observed that neurons in the brain of the zebrafish show diverse selectivity properties despite a lack of topographic organization in second-order circuits. We further demonstrated that complex combinations of neuromast stimulation are represented by sparse ensembles of neurons within the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON) and found that neuromast input can be integrated nonlinearly. Our approach offers an innovative method for spatiotemporally interrogating the zebrafish lateral line system and presents a valuable model for studying whole-brain sensory encoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabella, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reagor, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudspeth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic interrogation of the lateral-line sensory system reveals mechanisms of pattern separation in the zebrafish brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural Variation in Photoprotection: Rapid NPQ Kinetics in Ferns 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637181v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Land plants perform oxygenic photosynthesis but are unable to use all of the solar radiation that they absorb on a daily basis. To minimize the production of reactive oxygen species in excess light, photosynthetic organisms use non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanisms to dissipate excess excitation energy. However, the on-off transition of these mechanisms is slower than the light fluctuations themselves. In high-to-low light transitions, this can be costly to the overall productivity and carbon gain of the organism across its lifetime, because useful light energy is wasted. Here, we characterize the rapid kinetics of NPQ found in species across the fern lineage. Most of the 23 examined fern species showed faster NPQ induction and faster and more complete NPQ relaxation. Curve fitting suggested that energy-dependent quenching was the dominant contributor to the kinetics. The xerophytic fern Astrolepis windhamii exhibited rapid, dithiothreitol-resistant accumulation of zeaxanthin during NPQ induction, and it maintained low residual NPQ after NPQ relaxation, which however was not associated with rapid re-epoxidation of zeaxanthin. Rapid NPQ kinetics might have been an adaptive trait as ferns radiated in sunflecked forest understories during angiosperm diversification and expansion during the Cretaceous.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maryn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaparro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural Variation in Photoprotection: Rapid NPQ Kinetics in Ferns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.08.637243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flavoaffinins, elusive cellulose-binding natural products from an anaerobic bacterium 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.08.637243v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellulose is the most abundant polymer on earth. Many anaerobic cellulose-degrading bacteria produce uncharacterized yellow-orange, cellulose-binding pigments known as yellow affinity substances (here referred to as flavoaffinins) that are associated with cellulose degradation. Here, we isolate and structurally characterize the flavoaffinins from Clostridium (Hungateiclostridium) thermocellum, a key workhorse for the industrial conversion of cellulosic feedstocks to ethanol. Flavoaffinins represent an unprecedented structural juxtaposition of an aryl polyene chain with a hydroxy-diene {gamma}-lactone. We also shed light on their biosynthesis using stable-isotope feeding experiments. This effort lays the groundwork for understanding the biological function(s) of the flavoaffinins and expands the limited number of natural products isolated from obligately anaerobic microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kountz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.08.637243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flavoaffinins, elusive cellulose-binding natural products from an anaerobic bacterium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti- and Pro-tumor Functions of Distinct Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Colorectal Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637083v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T (Treg) cells contribute to solid organ cancer progression, except in colorectal cancer (CRC) despite being abundantly present. Here, we demonstrate that two distinct tumoral IL-10 and IL-10- Treg cell subsets exert opposing functions by counteracting and promoting CRC tumor growth, respectively. The tumor restraining activity of IL-10 Treg cells was mediated by their suppression of effector CD4 T cell production of IL-17, which directly stimulates CRC tumor cell proliferation. Consistently, IL-10- Treg cells were more abundant in both mouse and human CRC tumors than in tumor-adjacent normal tissues, whereas IL-10+ Treg cells exhibited the opposite distribution. Furthermore, relative abundance of IL-10 and IL-10- Treg cells correlated with better and worse disease prognoses in human CRC, respectively. This functional dichotomy between Treg cell subsets provides a rationale for therapeutic strategies to selectively target pro-tumoral Treg cells while preserving their anti-tumoral counterparts across barrier tissue cancers that harbor both subsets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andretta, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooshdaran, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghelani, A. p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawless, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vancheswaran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti- and Pro-tumor Functions of Distinct Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Colorectal Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleomorphic effects of three small-molecule inhibitors on transcription elongation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.07.637008v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase (MtbRNAP) is the target of the first-line anti-tuberculosis inhibitor rifampin, however, the emergence of rifampin resistance necessitates the development of new antibiotics. Here, we communicate the first single-molecule characterization of MtbRNAP elongation and its inhibition by three diverse small-molecule inhibitors: N()-aroyl-N-aryl-phenylalaninamide (D-IX216), streptolydigin (Stl), and pseudouridimycin (PUM) using high-resolution optical tweezers. Compared to Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (EcoRNAP), MtbRNAP transcribes more slowly, has similar mechanical robustness, and only weakly recognizes E. coli pause sequences. The three small-molecule inhibitors of MtbRNAP exhibit strikingly different effects on transcription elongation. In the presence of D-IX216, which inhibits RNAP active-center bridge-helix motions required for nucleotide addition, the enzyme exhibits transitions between slowly and super-slowly elongating inhibited states. Stl, which inhibits the RNAP trigger-loop motions also required for nucleotide addition, inhibits RNAP primarily by inducing pausing and backtracking. PUM, a nucleoside analog of UTP, in addition to acting as a competitive inhibitor, induces the formation of slowly elongating RNAP inhibited states. Our results indicate that the three classes of small-molecule inhibitors affect the enzyme in distinct ways and show that the combination of Stl and D-IX216, which both target the RNAP bridge helix, has a strong synergistic effect on the enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Asmat, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Valle, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebright, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebridght, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleomorphic effects of three small-molecule inhibitors on transcription elongation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.04.636496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural variation, selection, and diversification of the NPIP gene family from the human pangenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.04.636496v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NPIP (nuclear pore interacting protein) gene family has expanded to high copy number in humans and African apes where it has been subject to an excess of amino acid replacement consistent with positive selection (1). Due to the limitations of short-read sequencing, NPIP human genetic diversity has been poorly understood. Using highly accurate assemblies generated from long-read sequencing as part of the human pangenome, we completely characterize 169 human haplotypes (4,665 NPIP paralogs and alleles). Of the 28 NPIP paralogs, just three (NPIPB2, B11, and B14) are fixed at a single copy, and only a single locus, B2, shows no structural variation. Four NPIP paralogs map to large segmental duplication blocks that mediate polymorphic inversions (355 kbp-1.6 Mbp) corresponding to microdeletions associated with developmental delay and autism. Haplotype-based tests of positive selection and selective sweeps identify two paralogs, B9 and B15, within the top percentile for both tests. Using full-length cDNA data from 101 tissue/cell types, we construct paralog-specific gene models and show that 56% (31/55 most abundant isoforms) have not been previously described in RefSeq. We define six distinct translation start sites and other protein structural features that distinguish paralogs, including a variable number tandem repeat that encodes a beta helix of variable size that emerged [~]3.1 million years ago in human evolution. Among the 28 NPIP paralogs, we identify distinct tissue and developmental patterns of expression with only a few maintaining the ancestral testis-enriched expression. A subset of paralogs (NPIPA1, A5, A6-9, B3-5, and B12/B13) show increased brain expression. Our results suggest ongoing positive selection in the human population and rapid diversification of NPIP gene models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underwood, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.04.636496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural variation, selection, and diversification of the NPIP gene family from the human pangenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.04.636539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solubilization of Membrane Proteins using designed protein WRAPS 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.04.636539v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of therapies and vaccines targeting integral membrane proteins has been complicated by their extensive hydrophobic surfaces, which can make production and structural characterization difficult. Here we describe a general deep learning-based design approach for solubilizing native membrane proteins while preserving their sequence, fold, and function using genetically encoded de novo protein WRAPs (Water-soluble RFdiffused Amphipathic Proteins) that surround the lipid-interacting hydrophobic surfaces, rendering them stable and water-soluble without the need for detergents. We design WRAPs for both beta-barrel outer membrane and helical multi-pass transmembrane proteins, and show that the solubilized proteins retain the binding and enzymatic functions of the native targets with enhanced stability. Syphilis vaccine development has been hindered by difficulties in characterizing and producing the outer membrane protein antigens; we generated soluble versions of four Treponema pallidum outer membrane beta barrels which are potential syphilis vaccine antigens. A 4.0 [A] cryo-EM map of WRAPed TP0698 is closely consistent with the design model. WRAPs should be broadly useful for facilitating biochemical and structural characterization of integral membrane proteins, enabling therapeutic discovery by screening against purified soluble targets, and generating antigenically intact immunogens for vaccine development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenach, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandawane, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courbet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azcarraga Murray, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grillova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caimano, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawley, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.04.636539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solubilization of Membrane Proteins using designed protein WRAPS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.31.635960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread bypasses nutrient limitation for replicating intracellular bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.31.635960v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that obtains nutrients from the mammalian host cell to fuel its replication in cytosol. Sparse infection of epithelial monolayers by L. monocytogenes results in the formation of distinct infectious foci, where each focus originates from the initial infection of a single host cell followed by multiple rounds of active bacterial cell-to-cell spread into neighboring host cells in the monolayer. We used time-lapse microscopy to measure changes in bacterial growth rate in individual foci over time and found that intracellular bacteria initially replicate exponentially, but then bacterial growth rate slows later in infection, particularly in the center of the infectious focus. We found that the intracellular replication rate of L. monocytogenes is measurably decreased by limiting host cell glucose availability, by decreasing the rate of intracellular bacterial oligopeptide import, and, most interestingly, by alterations in host cell junctional proteins that limit bacterial spread into neighboring cells without directly affecting bacterial growth or metabolism. By measuring the carrying capacity of individual host cells, we found that the nutritional density of cytoplasm is comparable to rich medium. Taken together, our results indicate that the rate of intracellular L. monocytogenes replication is governed by a balance of the rate of nutrient depletion by the bacteria, the rate of nutrient replenishment by the metabolically active host cells, and the rate of bacterial cell-to-cell spread which enables the bacteria to seek out "greener pastures" before nutrient availability in a single host cell becomes limiting.

SIGNIFICANCEListeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that is capable of facultative intracellular growth in a wide variety of mammalian cell types. It uses actin-based motility to spread directly from the cytoplasm of one infected host cell into another. After initially infecting cells in the small intestine, L. monocytogenes can circulate inside of infected macrophages, and subsequently spread to cells of distal organs, where it can cause spontaneous abortions in pregnant women and meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. In addition to facilitating body-wide dissemination, the actin-based cell-to-cell spread of L. monocytogenes contributes to the ability of the pathogen to evade the cell-mediated arm of the immune system. In this work, we find that cell-to-cell spread also benefits the bacteria in a third way, by enabling the bacteria to overcome the nutrient limitation they would face if they remained confined to a single host cell, such that they never enter stationary phase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.635960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread bypasses nutrient limitation for replicating intracellular bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.30.635158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Admixture mapping reveals evidence for multiple mitonuclear incompatibilities in swordtail fish hybrids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.30.635158v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How barriers to gene flow arise between closely related species is one of the oldest questions in evolutionary biology. Classic models in evolutionary biology predict that negative epistatic interactions between variants in the genomes of diverged lineages, known as hybrid incompatibilities, will reduce viability or fertility in hybrids. The genetic architecture of these interactions and the evolutionary paths through which they arise have profound implications for the efficacy of hybrid incompatibilities as barriers to gene flow between species. While these questions have been studied using theoretical approaches for several decades, only recently has it become possible to genetically map larger numbers of hybrid incompatibilities. Here, we use admixture mapping in natural hybrid populations of swordtail fish (Xiphophorus) to identify hybrid incompatibilities involving genetic interactions between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. We find that at least nine regions of the genome are involved in mitonuclear incompatibilities. These incompatibilities involve interactions between the nuclear genome and the X. malinche mitochondria, the X. birchmanni mitochondria, or both. Moreover, they vary in the strength of selection they experience, and the degree to which they limit gene flow in natural hybrid populations. Our results build a deeper understanding of the complex architecture of selection against incompatibilities in naturally hybridizing species and highlight an important role of mitonuclear interactions in the evolution of reproductive barriers between closely related species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robles, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Barrera, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jofre, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iverson, E. N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beskid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baczenas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedghifar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandvain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havird, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Admixture mapping reveals evidence for multiple mitonuclear incompatibilities in swordtail fish hybrids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.30.635136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional cellularization in chytrid fungi uses distinct mechanisms from those driving one- and two-dimensional cytokinesis in animals and yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.30.635136v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chytrid fungi provide a model for studying foam-like cellularization, where nuclei that are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm are synchronously compartmentalized into daughter cells. This organization poses geometric challenges not faced by cells undergoing conventional cytokinesis or Drosophila monolayer cellularization, where nuclei are organized in linear or planar arrangements with ready-access to the plasma membrane. We use the chytrid Spizellomyces punctatus to show that chytrid cellularization begins with migration of nuclei and their attached centrosomes to the plasma membrane, where centrosome-associated vesicles mark sites of membrane invagination. These vesicles then extend inwards, resulting in tubular furrows that branch and merge to create a honeycomb of polyhedral membrane compartments-a cellularization foam-each with a nucleus and cilium. Using inhibitors and laser ablation, we show that tensile forces produced by actomyosin networks drive aphrogenesis (foam-generation), while microtubules are important for foam patterning and ciliogenesis but are not essential for cellularization. Finally, we suggest that chytrids may have incorporated ancestral mechanisms associated with ciliogenesis to coordinate the association of internal nuclei with membrane furrows to solve the unique geometric challenges associated with aphrogenic cellularization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medina, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elting, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz-Laylin, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional cellularization in chytrid fungi uses distinct mechanisms from those driving one- and two-dimensional cytokinesis in animals and yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.29.634372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into transcriptional regulation by the helicase RECQL5 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.29.634372v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription and its regulation pose a major challenge for genome stability. The helicase RECQL5 has been proposed as an important factor to help safeguard the genome, and is the only member of the human RecQ helicase family that directly binds to RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) and affects its progression. RECQL5 mitigates transcription stress and genome instability in cells, yet the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unclear. Here, we employ cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structures of stalled Pol II elongation complexes (ECs) bound to RECQL5. Our structures reveal the molecular interactions stabilizing RECQL5 binding to the Pol II EC and highlight its role as a transcriptional roadblock. Additionally, we find that RECQL5 can modulate the Pol II translocation state. In its nucleotide-free state, RECQL5 mechanically twists the downstream DNA in the EC, and upon nucleotide binding, it undergoes a conformational change that allosterically induces Pol II towards a post-translocation state. We propose this mechanism may help restart Pol II elongation and therefore contribute to reduction of transcription stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ariza, A. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lue, N. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grob, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaeser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassube, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.29.634372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into transcriptional regulation by the helicase RECQL5]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.24.634795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterozygosity at a conserved candidate sex determination locus is associated with female development in the clonal raider ant 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.24.634795v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex determination is a developmental switch that triggers sex-specific developmental programs. This switch is "flipped" by the expression of genes that promote male- or female-specific development. Many lineages have evolved sex chromosomes that act as primary signals for sex determination. However, haplodiploidy (males are haploid and females are diploid), which occurs in ca. 12% of animal species, is incompatible with sex chromosomes. Haplodiploid taxa must, therefore, rely on other strategies for sex determination. One mechanism, "complementary sex determination" (CSD), uses heterozygosity as a proxy for diploidy. In CSD, heterozygosity at a sex determination locus triggers female development, while hemizygosity or homozygosity permits male development. CSD loci have been mapped in honeybees and two ant species, but we know little about their evolutionary history. Here, we investigate sex determination in the clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi. We identified a 46kb candidate CSD locus at which all females are heterozygous, but most diploid males are homozygous for either allele. As expected for CSD loci, the candidate locus has more alleles than most other loci, resulting in a peak of nucleotide diversity. This peak negligibly affects the amino acid sequences of protein-coding genes, suggesting that heterozygosity of a non-coding genomic sequence triggers female development. This locus is distinct from the CSD locus in honeybees but homologous to a CSD locus mapped in two distantly related ant species, implying that this molecular mechanism has been conserved since a common ancestor that lived approximately 112 million years ago.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lacy, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozen-Gagnon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronauer, D. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterozygosity at a conserved candidate sex determination locus is associated with female development in the clonal raider ant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.24.634737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centromeres in the thermotolerant yeast K. marxianusmediate attachment to a single microtubule 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.24.634737v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic chromosome segregation requires spindle microtubules to attach to chromosomes through kinetochores. The chromosomal locus that mediates kinetochore assembly is the centromere and is epigenetically specified in most organisms by a centromeric histone H3 variant called CENP-A. An exception to this is budding yeast which have short, sequenced-defined point centromeres. In S. cerevisiae, a single CENP-A nucleosome is formed at the centromere and is sufficient for kinetochore assembly. The thermophilic budding yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus also has a point centromere but its length is nearly double the S. cerevisiae centromere and the number of centromeric nucleosomes and kinetochore attachment sites is unknown. Purification of native kinetochores from K. marxianus yielded a mixed population, with one subpopulation that appeared to consist of doublets, making it unclear whether K. marxianus shares the same attachment architecture as S. cerevisiae. Here, we demonstrate that though the doublet kinetochores have a functional impact on kinetochore strength, kinetochore localization throughout the cell cycle appears conserved between these two yeasts. In addition, whole spindle electron tomography demonstrates that a single microtubule binds to each chromosome. Single-molecule nucleosome mapping analysis suggests the presence of a single centromeric nucleosome. Taken together, we propose that the K. marxianus point centromere assembles a single centromeric nucleosome that mediates attachment to one microtubule.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrero, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedouin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stergachis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centromeres in the thermotolerant yeast K. marxianusmediate attachment to a single microtubule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.18.633716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tobacco smoke carcinogens exacerbate APOBEC mutagenesis and carcinogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.18.633716v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in somatic cells are inflicted by both extrinsic and intrinsic sources and contribute over time to cancer. Tobacco smoke contains chemical carcinogens that have been causatively implicated with cancers of the lung and head & neck1,2. APOBEC family DNA cytosine deaminases have emerged as endogenous sources of mutation in cancer, with hallmark mutational signatures (SBS2/SBS13) that often co-occur in tumors of tobacco smokers with an equally diagnostic mutational signature (SBS4)3,4. Here we challenge the dogma that mutational processes are thought to occur independently and with additive impact by showing that 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (NQO), a model carcinogen for tobacco exposure, sensitizes cells to APOBEC3B (A3B) mutagenesis and leads to synergistic increases in both SBS2 mutation loads and oral carcinomas in vivo. NQO-exposed/A3B-expressing animals exhibit twice as many head & neck lesions as carcinogen-exposed wildtype animals. This increase in carcinogenesis is accompanied by a synergistic increase in mutations from APOBEC signature SBS2, but not from NQO signature SBS4. Interestingly, a large proportion of A3B-catalyzed SBS2 mutations occurs as strand-coordinated pairs within 32 nucleotides of each other in transcribed regions, suggesting a mechanism in which removal of NQO-DNA adducts by nucleotide excision repair exposes short single-stranded DNA tracts to enzymatic deamination. These highly enriched pairs of APOBEC signature mutations are termed didyma (Greek for twins) and are mechanistically distinct from other types of clustered mutation (omikli and kataegis). Computational analyses of lung and head & neck tumor genomes show that both APOBEC mutagenesis and didyma are elevated in cancers from smokers compared to non-smokers. APOBEC signature mutations and didyma are also elevated in normal lung tissues in smokers prior to cancer initiation. Collectively, these results indicate that DNA adducting mutagens in tobacco smoke can amplify DNA damage and mutagenesis by endogenous APOBEC enzymes and, more broadly, suggest that mutational mechanisms can interact synergistically in both cancer initiation and promotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durfee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Gay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temiz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proehl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyris, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.18.633716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tobacco smoke carcinogens exacerbate APOBEC mutagenesis and carcinogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.17.633651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Markovian State Models uncover Casein Kinase 1 dynamics that govern circadian period 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.17.633651v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms in mammals are tightly regulated through phosphorylation of Period (PER) proteins by Casein Kinase 1 (CK1, subtypes {delta} and {varepsilon}). CK1 acts on at least two different regions of PER with opposing effects: phosphorylation of phosphodegron (pD) regions leads to PER degradation, while phosphorylation of the Familial Advanced Sleep Phase (FASP) region leads to PER stabilization. To investigate how substrate selectivity is encoded by the conformational dynamics of CK1, we performed a large set of independent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of wildtype CK1 and the tau mutant (R178C) that biases kinase activity toward a pD. We used Markovian State Models (MSMs) to integrate the simulations into a single model of the conformational landscape of CK1 and used Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) to build the first molecular model of CK1 and the unphosphorylated FASP motif. Together, these findings provide a mechanistic view of CK1, establishing how the activation loop acts as a key molecular switch to control substrate selectivity. We show that the tau mutant favors an alternative conformation of the activation loop and significantly accelerates the dynamics of CK1. This reshapes the binding cleft in a way that impairs FASP binding and would ultimately lead to PER destabilization and shorter circadian periods. Finally, we identified an allosteric pocket that could be targeted to bias this molecular switch. Our integrated approach offers a detailed model of CK1s conformational landscape and its relevance to normal, mutant, and druggable circadian timekeeping.

Statement of SignificanceDisruption of circadian rhythms alters the temporal orchestration of vital cellular processes and increases the propensity for sleep disorders, metabolic disease, and cancer. Circadian rhythms are generated by a vast gene expression program controlled at the cellular level by a molecular clock comprised of dedicated clock proteins. Amongst the essential protein characters is Casein kinase 1 (CK1), which acts on multiple clock protein substrates. A delicate balance of CK1 activity on these substrates is crucial for proper circadian timekeeping, highlighting CK1 as a promising drug target to tune clock timing. This work aims to identify the conformational landscape of CK1 that underlies its substrate specificity and provide molecular insight for pharmacologic development that could modulate CK1 function for those suffering from clock-related syndromes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gravina Ricci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philpott, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torgrimson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeberg, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimamurthy,, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecora de Barros, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virshup, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCammon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Markovian State Models uncover Casein Kinase 1 dynamics that govern circadian period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.20.634000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autism-Associated Genes and Neighboring lncRNAs Converge on Key Gene Regulatory Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.20.634000v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication as well as restricted and/or repetitive behaviors. ASD is highly heritable1, with a complex genetic architecture: large-scale studies have identified dosage-altering copy number variants (CNV) and single nucleotide variants (SNV) that implicate hundreds of genes as individually rare causes of ASD (ASD genes)2-4, with common variation at multiple loci also contributing substantially to risk5. Understanding how disruptions to these functionally diverse genes lead to the shared core features of ASD remains a major challenge6. Moreover, ASD is three- to four-fold more common in males than females7,8, and autistic females tend to carry more autosomal risk alleles for ASD compared to autistic males9-13, but the biological basis of this "female protective effect" (FPE) is unknown14,15. Here we show that individual perturbations of 18 ASD genes converge on shared effects on gene expression, including widespread downregulation of other ASD genes. De novo reconstruction of a gene regulatory network (GRN) enabled the identification of central transcriptional regulators, including the prominent ASD gene CHD8 as well as novel candidates such as REST, that drive this transcriptomic convergence in ASD. Furthermore, the X-linked transcription factor ZFX, which is expressed from both the active and the "inactive" X chromosomes in females16, emerged as a key activator of many ASD genes: we propose that the higher ZFX expression level observed in female brain can buffer damaging mutations in diverse ASD genes, contributing to the FPE. Together, these results reveal how key GRNs can become broadly and similarly dysregulated upon disruption of individual ASD genes and provide molecular insight into the female protective effect in ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andersen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talukdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichfeld, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.634000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autism-Associated Genes and Neighboring lncRNAs Converge on Key Gene Regulatory Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.17.632430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Classes of Gut Bacterial Molybdenum-Dependent Enzymes Produce Urolithins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.17.632430v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urolithin A is an anti-aging and anti-inflammatory gut bacterial metabolite derived from ellagic acid (EA), a polyphenol abundant in berries and nuts. The conversion of EA to urolithin A involves multiple chemically challenging phenol dehydroxylation steps that produce urolithins with varying bioactivities. Despite their biological and chemical significance, the bacterial enzymes responsible for urolithin production remain unidentified. Here, we use differential gene expression analysis, anaerobic protein expression, and enzyme assays to identify members of two distinct molybdenum enzyme families (the DMSO reductase family and the xanthine oxidase family) capable of regioselective dehydroxylation and urolithin generation. These two enzyme families have distinct substrate requirements, suggesting they employ different catalytic mechanisms for phenol dehydroxylation. Multi-omics analysis of a human cohort uncovers decreased levels of urolithin A and genes encoding urolithin A-producing enzymes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), implying reduced health effects of EA consumption in this setting. Together, this study elucidates the molecular basis of urolithin production, expands the known enzymatic repertoire of the human gut microbiome, and suggests a potential link between gut bacterial urolithin production and host inflammation.

Significance statementThe human gut microbiome modulates the health effects of dietary compounds by modifying their chemical structures. For example, gut microbes extensively metabolize polyphenols, a group of diverse plant-derived compounds associated with positive health outcomes. Urolithin A, a gut bacterial metabolite derived from a polyphenol abundant in berries and nuts, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the gut bacterial enzymes involved in its production remain largely unknown. Here, we report urolithin-producing gut bacterial enzymes, including four phenol dehydroxylases from two distinct molybdenum-dependent enzyme families. Analyzing human gut microbiomes suggests a potential link between genes encoding these enzymes and host inflammation. Together, our findings fully map urolithin A production to enzymes, increasing our understanding of how the gut microbiome can alter the impacts of diet on human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bae, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inyama, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill-Maini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.632430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Classes of Gut Bacterial Molybdenum-Dependent Enzymes Produce Urolithins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.15.633200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Melbournevirus encodes a shorter H2B-H2A doublet histone variant that forms structurally distinct nucleosome structures. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.15.633200v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unique among viruses, some giant viruses utilize histones to organize their genomes into nucleosomes. Melbournevirus encodes a distinct H2B-H2A histone doublet variant in addition to the canonical H4-H3 and H2B-H2A doublets. This viral histone variant has a truncated H2B portion and its amino acid sequence deviates from that of the main viral H2B-H2A throughout the entire coding region. It is less abundant than the main H2B-H2A doublet, is essential for melbournevirus fitness, and is conserved in all Marseilleviridae. The cryo-EM structure of a nucleosome-like particle reconstituted with this H2B-H2A variant and viral H4-H3 reveals that only 90 base pairs of DNA are stably bound, significantly less than in eukaryotic nucleosomes and viral nucleosomes made with the main fused viral histone doublets. The reduced ability to bind DNA can be attributed to structural differences between variant and main H2B-H2A. Variant melbournevirus nucleosomes are less stable, possibly aiding rapid genome unpacking to initiate gene expression. Our results highlight the remarkable propensity of giant viruses to appropriate the utility of histones for their specialized purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villalta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toner, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abergel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.15.633200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Melbournevirus encodes a shorter H2B-H2A doublet histone variant that forms structurally distinct nucleosome structures.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.14.632594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive length and homology dependent chimerism in pool-packaged AAV libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.14.632594v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have emerged as the foremost gene therapy delivery vehicles due to their versatility, durability, and safety profile. Here we demonstrate extensive chimerism, manifesting as pervasive barcode swapping, among complex AAV libraries that are packaged as a pool. The observed chimerism is length- and homology-dependent but capsid-independent, in some cases affecting the majority of packaged AAV genomes. These results have implications for the design and deployment of functional AAV libraries in both research and clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lalanne, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mich, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDiarmid, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.14.632594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive length and homology dependent chimerism in pool-packaged AAV libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.12.632648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Squid primary cell culture as a model system and experimental tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.12.632648v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Squid primary cells from various tissues and ages are isolated, maintained in culture, and express exogenous genes. This protocol opens up numerous opportunities in molecular biology, neuroscience, and marine biology, enabling molecular and cellular-level investigations into processes specific to squids, including their complex behaviors, rapid color change mechanisms, RNA editing capabilities, with broader implications in basic cell physiology. We also describe procedures that harness life-stage tractability in Euprymna berryi squids towards future studies of aging in this model marine organism.

Highlights- Squid primary cells are isolated from optic lobes, gills, eyes, and the skin
- Cells from these tissues can be dissociated from any life stage of the squid
- Isolated cells can express exogenous genes through mRNA transfections and are subject to live and/or fixed cell imaging
- Specific details for optimized media conditions, trypsinization, plating, and passaging are included
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Squid primary cell culture as a model system and experimental tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.10.632162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Absolute measurement of fast and slow neuronal signals with fluorescence lifetime photometry at high temporal resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.10.632162v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The concentrations of extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules, such as dopamine and cAMP, change over both fast and slow timescales and impact downstream pathways in a cell-type specific manner. Fluorescence sensors currently used to monitor such signals in vivo are typically optimized to detect fast, relative changes in concentration of the target molecule. They are less well suited to detect slowly-changing signals and rarely provide absolute measurements of either fast and slow signaling components. Here, we developed a system for fluorescence lifetime photometry at high temporal resolution (FLIPR) that utilizes frequency-domain analog processing to measure the absolute fluorescence lifetime of genetically-encoded sensors at high speed but with long-term stability and picosecond precision in freely moving mice. We applied FLIPR to investigate dopamine signaling in two functionally distinct regions in the striatum, the nucleus accumbens core (NAC) and the tail of striatum (TOS). We observed higher tonic dopamine levels at baseline in the TOS compared to the NAC and detected differential and dynamic responses in phasic and tonic dopamine to appetitive and aversive stimuli. Thus, FLIPR enables simple monitoring of fast and slow time-scale neuronal signaling in absolute units, revealing previously unappreciated spatial and temporal variation even in well-studied signaling systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lodder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savenco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouinard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagoren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Absolute measurement of fast and slow neuronal signals with fluorescence lifetime photometry at high temporal resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.10.632443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing the function of widespread transcription of the testis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.10.632443v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Male germ cells have complex transcriptomes, with a large fraction of the genome being transcribed. This includes protein-coding genes (often not translated), non-coding DNA, and repetitive DNA, such as transposons and satellite DNA, which are normally silenced as heterochromatin. The significance of such widespread transcription remains unknown. Here, we show that a heterochromatin protein, HP2, is required for the transcription of AAGAG satellite DNA in Drosophila spermatocytes. HP2 depletion leads to abnormal retention of heterochromatin histone marks (H3K9me3) and spermatid death during sperm DNA packaging, leading to a model that transcription of AAGAG satellite DNA facilitates the remodeling of its heterochromatic nature in preparation for sperm DNA packaging. Strikingly, the severity of the spermatid death correlates with the amount of AAGAG satellite DNA carried by the spermatids, leading to preferential death of Y chromosome-containing spermatids over X-containing spermatids, and hence sex-ratio meiotic drive phenotype. We propose that widespread spermatocyte transcription may reflect the process of chromatin remodeling to allow sperm DNA packaging. We further propose that differential composition and amount of satellite DNA on chromosomes may underlie naturally occurring male meiotic drive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingerhut, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing the function of widespread transcription of the testis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.10.632397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A critical initialization for biological neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.10.632397v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial neural networks learn faster if they are initialized well. Good initializations can generate high-dimensional macroscopic dynamics with long timescales. It is not known if biological neural networks have similar properties. Here we show that the eigenvalue spectrum and dynamical properties of large-scale neural recordings in mice (two-photon and electrophysiology) are similar to those produced by linear dynamics governed by a random symmetric matrix that is critically normalized. An exception was hippocampal area CA1: population activity in this area resembled an efficient, uncorrelated neural code, which may be optimized for information storage capacity. Global emergent activity modes persisted in simulations with sparse, clustered or spatial connectivity. We hypothesize that the spontaneous neural activity reflects a critical initialization of whole-brain neural circuits that is optimized for learning time-dependent tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minisi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A critical initialization for biological neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.08.631998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial and host enzymes modulate the inflammatory response produced by the peptidoglycan of the Lyme disease agent 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.08.631998v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease. In some patients, an excessive, dysregulated proinflammatory immune response can develop in joints leading to persistent arthritis even after antibiotic therapy. In such patients, persistence of antigenic B. burgdorferi peptidoglycan (PGBb) fragments within joint tissues may contribute to immunopathogenesis pre- and post-antibiotic treatment. In live B. burgdorferi cells, the outer membrane shields the polymeric PGBb sacculus from exposure to the immune system. However, unlike most diderm bacteria, B. burgdorferi releases PGBb turnover products into its environment due to the absence of recycling activity. In this study, we identified the released PGBb fragments using a mass spectrometry-based approach. By characterizing the L,D-carboxypeptidase activity of B. burgdorferi protein BB0605 (renamed DacA), we found that PGBb turnover largely occurs at sites of PGBb synthesis. In parallel, we demonstrated that the lytic transglycosylase activity associated with BB0259 (renamed MltS) releases PGBb fragments with 1,6-anhydro bond on their N-acetylmuramyl residues. Stimulation of human cell lines with various synthetic PGBb fragments revealed that 1,6-anhydromuramyl-containing PGBb fragments are poor inducers of a NOD2-dependent immune response relative to their hydrated counterparts found in the polymeric PGBb isolated from dead bacteria. We also showed that the activity of the human N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase PGLYRP2, which reduces the immunogenicity of PGBb material, is low in joint (synovial) fluids relative to serum. Altogether, our findings suggest that MltS activity helps B. burgdorferi evade PG-based immune detection by NOD2 during growth despite shedding PGBb fragments and that PGBb-induced immunopathology likely results from host sensing of PGBb material from dead (lysed) spirochetes. Additionally, our results suggest the possibility that natural variation in PGLYRP2 activity may contribute to differences in susceptibility to PG-induced inflammation across tissues and individuals.

Author summaryDuring bacterial infection, the presence of peptidoglycan- a polymeric element of bacterial cell walls-triggers a host inflammatory response. Although generally protective during acute phases, inflammation, when chronic, can contribute to disease development. Recent work has suggested that the persistence of pro-inflammatory peptidoglycan derived from the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in joints may contribute to persistent arthritis in some patients despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. Interestingly, B. burgdorferi sheds peptidoglycan turnover products into the environment during growth. Here, we show that these shed products from live spirochetes are poor effectors of an immune response by the human NOD2 immune receptor due to the formation of an anhydro bond on the N-acetyl-muramic residue during peptidoglycan hydrolysis by a B. burgdorferi lytic transglycosylase. We also show that human N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase activity, which abrogates the NOD2-dependent response to the immunogenic peptidoglycan isolated from lysed B. burgdorferi cells, is low in human joint fluids relative to serum. Based on our findings, we propose that immunopathogenesis by peptidoglycan material more likely derives from lysed spirochetes (killed by an immune attack or antibiotics) than live ones and that the level of human peptidoglycan hydrolytic enzymes across tissues and individuals influences susceptibility to chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCausland, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloos, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irnov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnert, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steere, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palm, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial and host enzymes modulate the inflammatory response produced by the peptidoglycan of the Lyme disease agent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.08.631726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DefensePredictor: A Machine Learning Model to Discover Novel Prokaryotic Immune Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.08.631726v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-phage defense systems protect bacteria from viruses. Studying defense systems has begun to reveal the evolutionary roots of eukaryotic innate immunity and produced important biotechnologies such as CRISPR-Cas9. Dozens of new systems have been discovered by looking for systems that co-localize in genomes, but this approach cannot identify systems outside defense islands. Here, we present DefensePredictor, a machine-learning model that leverages embeddings from a protein language model to classify proteins as defensive. We applied DefensePredictor to 69 diverse E. coli strains and validated 45 previously unknown systems, with >750 additional unique proteins receiving high confidence predictions. Our model, provided as open-source software, will help comprehensively map the anti-phage defense landscape of bacteria, further reveal connections between prokaryotic and eukaryotic immunity, and accelerate biotechnology development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeWeirdt, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DefensePredictor: A Machine Learning Model to Discover Novel Prokaryotic Immune Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.07.631515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-death induced immune response and coagulopathy promote cachexia in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.07.631515v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors can exert a far-reaching influence on the body, triggering systemic responses that contribute to debilitating conditions like cancer cachexia. To characterize the mechanisms underlying tumor-host interactions, we utilized a BioID-based proximity labeling method to identify proteins secreted by Ykiact adult Drosophila gut tumors into the bloodstream/hemolymph. Among the major proteins identified are coagulation and immune-responsive factors that contribute to the systemic wasting phenotypes associated with Ykiact tumors. The effect of innate immunity factors is mediated by NF{kappa}B transcription factors Relish, dorsal, and Dif, which in turn upregulate the expression of the cachectic factors Pvf1, Impl2, and Upd3. In addition, Ykiact tumors secrete Eiger, a TNF-alpha homolog, which activates the JNK signaling pathway in neighboring non-tumor cells, leading to cell death. The release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from these dying cells presumably amplifies the inflammatory response, exacerbating systemic wasting. Targeting the inflammatory response, the JNK pathway, or the production of cachectic factors could potentially alleviate the debilitating effects of cancer cachexia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woldemichael, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.631515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-death induced immune response and coagulopathy promote cachexia in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.06.631508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut epithelium modifies enteric behaviors during nutritional adversity via distinct peptidergic signaling axes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.06.631508v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interorgan signaling events are emerging as key regulators of behavioral plasticity. The foregut and hindgut circuits of the C. elegans enteric nervous system (ENS) control feeding and defecation behavior, respectively. Here we show that epithelial cells in the midgut integrate feeding state information to control these behavioral outputs by releasing distinct neuropeptidergic signals. In favorable conditions, insulin and non-insulin peptides released from midgut epithelia activate foregut and hindgut enteric neurons, respectively, to sustain normal feeding and defecation behavior. During food scarcity, altered insulin signaling from sensory neurons activates the transcription factor DAF-16/FoxO in midgut epithelia, which blocks both peptidergic signaling axes to the ENS by transcriptionally shutting down the intestinal neuropeptide secretion machinery. Our findings demonstrate that midgut epithelial cells act as integrators to relay internal state information to distinct parts of the enteric nervous system to control animal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sural, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.631508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut epithelium modifies enteric behaviors during nutritional adversity via distinct peptidergic signaling axes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.02.631110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colorectal tumor-induced orexigenic imbalance lowers protein appetite and drives early organ wasting symptoms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.01.02.631110v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cachexia (CC) is characterized by organ wasting and ensuing involuntary weight loss. Despite advances, underlying mechanisms initiating CC remain unclear, including early symptoms like anorexia. Here, we use a fly gut-tumor model with a precise time-window before organ wasting starts. We show that tumor-induced factors involved in inflammation (unpaired 3/ Interleukin-6-like) and reduced insulin signaling (ImpL2/ Insulin Growth Factor Binding Protein) decrease NPF (Neuropeptide F/ Neuropeptide Y) in the brain prior to organ wasting. This early NPF decrease triggers low protein-specific food appetite and anorexia. We find that ImpL2 reduces NPF signaling while upd3 helps by concurrently disrupting the blood brain barrier. Tumor-induced NPF decrease, and early reduction of protein appetite drive the onset of weight loss and exacerbate the risk of death during organ wasting. Altogether, we provide evidence for an early orexigenic brain imbalance causing low protein appetite that regulates the onset and outcome of organ wasting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petsakou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.631110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colorectal tumor-induced orexigenic imbalance lowers protein appetite and drives early organ wasting symptoms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.19.629245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stability through plasticity: Finding robust memories through representational drift 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.19.629245v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memories are believed to be stored in synapses and retrieved through the reactivation of neural ensembles. Learning alters synaptic weights, which can interfere with previously stored memories that share the same synapses, creating a tradeoff between plasticity and stability. Interestingly, neural representations exhibit significant dynamics, even in stable environments, without apparent learning or forgetting--a phenomenon known as representational drift. Theoretical studies have suggested that multiple neural representations can correspond to a memory, with post-learning exploration of these representation solutions driving drift. However, it remains unclear whether representations explored through drift differ from those learned or offer unique advantages. Here we show that representational drift uncovers noise-robust representations that are otherwise difficult to learn. We first define the non-linear solution space manifold of synaptic weights for a fixed input-output mapping, which allows us to disentangle drift from learning and forgetting and simulate representational drift as diffusion within this manifold. Solutions explored by drift have many inactive and saturated neurons, making them robust to weight perturbations due to noise or continual learning. Such solutions are prevalent and entropically favored by drift, but their lack of gradients makes them difficult to learn and non-conducive to further learning. To overcome this, we introduce an allocation procedure that selectively shifts representations for new information into a learning-conducive regime. By combining allocation with drift, we resolve the tradeoff between learnability and robustness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Natrajan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stability through plasticity: Finding robust memories through representational drift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.18.629208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electric field-induced pore constriction in the human Kv2.1 channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.18.629208v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gating in voltage-dependent ion channels is regulated by the transmembrane voltage. This form of regulation is enabled by voltage sensing domains (VSDs) that respond to transmembrane voltage differences by changing their conformation and exerting force on the pore to open or close it. Here we use cryogenic electron microscopy to study the neuronal Kv2.1 channel in lipid vesicles with and without a voltage difference across the membrane. Hyperpolarizing voltage differences displace the positively charged S4 helix in the voltage sensor by one helical turn ([~]5 [A]). When this displacement occurs, the S4 helix changes its contact with the pore at two different interfaces. When these changes are observed in fewer than four voltage sensors the pore remains open, but when they are observed in all four voltage sensors the pore constricts. The constriction occurs because the S4 helix, as it displaces inward, squeezes the right-handed helical bundle of pore lining S6 helices. A similar conformational change occurs upon hyperpolarization of the EAG1 channel. Therefore, while Kv2.1 and EAG1 are from distinct architectural classes of voltage-dependent ion channels, called domain-swapped and nondomain-swapped, the manner in which the voltage sensors gate their pores is very similar.

Significance StatementOur ability to transmit signals across long distances rapidly - for example an instruction from the brain to the muscles in our fingers - depends on electrical impulses that travel along nerve cells. These electrical signals are mediated by membrane proteins called voltage-dependent ion channels. These channels have voltage sensors, which are domains that sense the voltage difference across the cell membrane and switch the channel on or off accordingly. Scientists discovered two architectural classes of voltage-dependent ion channels distinguished by the different ways the voltage sensors attach to the pore. This study shows that the two architectures are not very different after all because they both solve the problem of regulation of the pore by voltage sensors in the same way.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandala, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electric field-induced pore constriction in the human Kv2.1 channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.06.627213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related remodeling of the glycocalyx drives T cell exhaustion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.06.627213v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell surface glycans, termed the glycocalyx, are essential regulators of cellular signaling and thus cellular development and functions, but how aging impacts the glycocalyx remains poorly understood. Here, using immune cells as a model system for studying the relationship between aging and glycocalyx remodeling, we show that 2,6-linked sialic acid - a terminal glycan epitope typically associated with inhibitory signaling - becomes downregulated in T cells from older animals. This downregulation is tightly correlated with age-associated accumulation of effector T cells, which are decorated with little to no 2,6-linked sialic acids. T cell aging renders older individuals more vulnerable to infections and cancers. To understand the role of 2,6-linked sialic acids in T cell physiology, we generated a mouse model with T cell-specific deletion of the sialyltransferase gene St6gal1. The chronic depletion of 2,6-linked sialic acids led to naive T (TN) cells expansion in the periphery and premature T cell exhaustion. As a result, these mice were less able to control acute Listeria infection and chronic tumor growth. Blockade of the PD-1 pathway can partially restore the ability of St6gal1-deficient T cells to control tumor growth. Together, these data suggest that 2,6-linked sialic acids are critical for maintaining long-term T cell responsiveness, and the loss of 2,6-linked sialic acids may directly contribute to age-related T cell exhaustion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelista, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twells, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahal, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuPage, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related remodeling of the glycocalyx drives T cell exhaustion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.02.626507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The sparse driver system for in vivo single-cell labeling and manipulation in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.12.02.626507v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this protocol, we introduce a sparse driver system for cell-type specific single-cell labeling and manipulation in Drosophila, enabling complete and simultaneous expression of multiple transgenes in the same cells. The system precisely controls expression probability and sparsity via mutant FRT sites with reduced recombination efficiency and tunable FLP levels adjusted by heat-shock durations. We demonstrate that this generalizable toolkit enables tunable sparsity, multi-color staining, single-cell trans-synaptic tracing, single-cell manipulation, and in vivo analysis of cell-autonomous gene function.

For details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Xu et al. 2024.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=193 SRC="FIGDIR/small/626507v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The sparse driver system for in vivo single-cell labeling and manipulation in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.28.625917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RCVT: a novel diagnostic to quantify compositional biases among taxa for phylogenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.28.625917v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenomics aims to reconstruct the history of genes and genomes. However, noise or error during inference can stem from diverse sources, such as compositional biases. Here, we introduce RCVT (Relative Composition Variability among Taxa), a metric to quantify compositional biases among taxa. We demonstrate the utility of RCVT using example data and quantify compositional biases in 16 empirical phylogenomic datasets, revealing variation in bias among taxa within phylogenomic data matrices. Systematic removal of taxa with high RCVT scores substantially reduces compositional heterogeneity compared to randomly pruning taxa among large phylogenomic data matrices. RCVT may help researchers diagnose and potentially ameliorate phylogenomic noise associated with compositional biases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buida, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.28.625917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RCVT: a novel diagnostic to quantify compositional biases among taxa for phylogenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.28.625793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of high specificity binders for peptide-MHC-I complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.28.625793v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class I MHC molecules present peptides derived from intracellular antigens on the cell surface for immune surveillance, and specific targeting of these peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes could have considerable utility for treating diseases. Such targeting is challenging as it requires readout of the few outward facing peptide antigen residues and the avoidance of extensive contacts with the MHC carrier which is present on almost all cells. Here we describe the use of deep learning-based protein design tools to de novo design small proteins that arc above the peptide binding groove of pMHC complexes and make extensive contacts with the peptide. We identify specific binders for ten target pMHCs which when displayed on yeast bind the on-target pMHC tetramer but not closely related peptides. For five targets, incorporation of designs into chimeric antigen receptors leads to T-cell activation by the cognate pMHC complexes well above the background from complexes with peptides derived from proteome. Our approach can generate high specificity binders starting from either experimental or predicted structures of the target pMHC complexes, and should be widely useful for both protein and cell based pMHC targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonzanini, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motmaen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visani, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roullier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourmohammad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.28.625793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of high specificity binders for peptide-MHC-I complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.18.624217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A platform for multimodal in vivo pooled genetic screens reveals regulators of liver function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.18.624217v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ function requires coordinated activities of thousands of genes in distinct, spatially organized cell types. Understanding the basis of emergent tissue function requires approaches to dissect the genetic control of diverse cellular and tissue phenotypes in vivo. Here, we develop paired imaging and sequencing methods to construct large-scale, multi-modal genotype-phenotypes maps in tissue with pooled genetic perturbations. Using imaging, we identify genetic perturbations in individual cells while simultaneously measuring their gene expression and subcellular morphology. Using single-cell sequencing, we measure transcriptomic responses to the same genetic perturbations. We apply this approach to study hundreds of genetic perturbations in the mouse liver. Our study reveals regulators of hepatocyte zonation and liver unfolded protein response, as well as distinct pathways that cause hepatocyte steatosis. Our approach enables new ways of interrogating the genetic basis of complex cellular and organismal physiology and provides crucial training data for emerging machine-learning models of cellular function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saunders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolyar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A platform for multimodal in vivo pooled genetic screens reveals regulators of liver function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.18.624137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter- and Intrahemispheric Sources of Vestibular Signals to V1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.18.624137v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Head movements are sensed by the vestibular organs. Unlike classical senses, signals from vestibular organs are not conveyed to a dedicated cortical area but are broadcast throughout the cortex. Surprisingly, the routes taken by vestibular signals to reach the cortex are still largely uncharted. Here we show that the primary visual cortex (V1) receives real-time head movement signals -- direction, velocity, and acceleration -- from the ipsilateral pulvinar and contralateral visual cortex. The ipsilateral pulvinar provides the main head movement signal, with a bias toward contraversive movements (e.g. clockwise movements in left V1). Conversely, the contralateral visual cortex provides head movement signals during ipsiversive movements. Crucially, head movement variables encoded in V1 are already encoded in the pulvinar, suggesting that those variables are computed subcortically. Thus, the convergence of inter- and intrahemispheric signals endows V1 with a rich representation of the animals head movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bouvier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanzeni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanziani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter- and Intrahemispheric Sources of Vestibular Signals to V1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.12.622977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wireless recordings from dragonfly target detecting neurons during prey interception flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.12.622977v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Target interception is a complex sensorimotor behavior which requires fine tuning of the sensory system and its strategic coordination with the motor system. Despite various theories about how interception is achieved, its neural implementation remains unknown. We have previously shown that hunting dragonflies employ a balance of reactive and predictive control to intercept prey, using sophisticated model driven predictions to account for expected prey and self-motion. Here we explore the neural substrate of this interception system by investigating a well-known class of target-selective descending neurons (TSDNs). These cells have long been speculated to underlie interception steering but have never been studied in a behaving dragonfly. We combined detailed neuroanatomy, high-precision kinematics data and state-of-the-art neural telemetry to measure TSDN activity during flight. We found that TSDNs are exquisitely tuned to prey angular size and speed at ethological distances, and that they synapse directly onto neck and wing motoneurons in an unusual manner. However, we found that TSDNs were only weakly active during flight and are thus unlikely to provide the primary steering signal. Instead, they appear to drive the foveating head movements that stabilize prey on the eye before and likely throughout the interception flight. We suggest the TSDN population implements the reactive portion of the interception steering control system, coordinating head and wing movements to compensate for unexpected prey motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.622977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wireless recordings from dragonfly target detecting neurons during prey interception flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.11.623112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of vertebrate R2 retrotransposon complexes during target-primed reverse transcription and after second strand nicking 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.11.623112v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
R2 retrotransposons are model site-specific eukaryotic non-LTR retrotransposons that copy-and-paste into gene loci encoding ribosomal RNAs. Recently we demonstrated that avian A-clade R2 proteins achieve efficient and precise insertion of transgenes into their native safe-harbor loci in human cells. The features of A-clade R2 proteins that support gene insertion are not characterized. Here, we report high resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of two vertebrate A-clade R2 proteins, avian and testudine, at the initiation of target-primed reverse transcription and one structure after cDNA synthesis and second strand nicking. Using biochemical and cellular assays we discover the basis for high selectivity of template use and unique roles for each of the expanded A-clade zinc-finger domains in nucleic acid recognition. Reverse transcriptase active site architecture is reinforced by an unanticipated insertion motif in vertebrate A-clade R2 proteins. Our work brings first insights to A-clade R2 protein structure during gene insertion and enables further improvement and adaptation of R2-based systems for precise transgene insertion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thawani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Vargas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treeck, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of vertebrate R2 retrotransposon complexes during target-primed reverse transcription and after second strand nicking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.11.622990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hunger modulates exploration through suppression of dopamine signaling in the tail of striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.11.622990v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caloric depletion leads to behavioral changes that help an animal find food and restore its homeostatic balance. Hunger increases exploration and risk-taking behavior, allowing an animal to forage for food despite risks; however, the neural circuitry underlying this change is unknown. Here, we characterize how hunger restructures an animals spontaneous behavior as well as its directed exploration of a novel object. We show that hunger-induced changes in exploration are accompanied by and result from modulation of dopamine signaling in the tail of the striatum (TOS). Dopamine signaling in the TOS is modulated by internal hunger state through the activity of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, putative "hunger neurons" in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. These AgRP neurons are poly-synaptically connected to TOS-projecting dopaminergic neurons through the lateral hypothalamus, the central amygdala, and the periaqueductal grey. We thus delineate a hypothalamic-midbrain circuit that coordinates changes in exploration behavior in the hungry state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilsel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalangin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghubardayal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legister, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulshof, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watabe-Uchida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.622990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hunger modulates exploration through suppression of dopamine signaling in the tail of striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.08.622712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Projections between the globus pallidus externa and cortex span motor and non-motor regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.08.622712v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The globus pallidus externa (GPe) is a heterogenous nucleus of the basal ganglia, with intricate connections to other basal ganglia nuclei, as well as direct connections to the cortex. The anatomic, molecular and electrophysiologic properties of cortex-projecting pallidocortical neurons are not well characterized. Here we show that pallidocortical neurons project to diverse motor and non-motor cortical regions, are organized topographically in the GPe, and segregate into two distinct electrophysiological and molecular phenotypes. In addition, we find that the GPe receives direct synaptic input back from deep layers of diverse motor and non-motor cortical regions, some of which form reciprocal connections onto pallidocortical neurons. These results demonstrate the existence of a fast, closed-loop circuit between the GPe and the cortex which is ideally positioned to integrate information about behavioral goals, internal states, and environmental cues to rapidly modulate behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferenczi, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pottala, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanese, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohur, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastro, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Projections between the globus pallidus externa and cortex span motor and non-motor regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.04.621531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type IV pili-associated secretion of a biofilm matrix protein from Clostridium perfringens that forms intermolecular isopeptide bonds 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.11.04.621531v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming, bacterial pathogen of humans and animals. C. perfringens also produces type IV pili (T4P) and has two complete sets of T4P-associated genes, one of which has been shown to produce surface pili needed for cell adherence. One hypothesis about the second set of T4P genes is that they comprise a system analogous to the type II secretion systems (TTSS) found in Gram-negative bacteria, which is used to export folded proteins from the periplasm through the outer membrane to the extracellular environment. Gram-positive bacteria have a similar secretion barrier in the thick peptidoglycan (PG) layer, which blocks secretion of folded proteins >25 kD. To determine if the T4P-associated genes comprise a Gram-positive TTSS, the secretome of mutants lacking type IV pilins were examined and a single protein, a von Willebrand A domain containing protein, BsaC (CPE0517), was identified as being dependent on pilin PilA3 for secretion. The bsaC gene is in an operon with genes encoding a SipW signal peptidase and two putative biofilm matrix proteins BsaA and BsaB, both of which have remote homology to Bacillus subtilis biofilm protein TasA. Since BsaA forms long oligomers that are secreted, we analyzed BsaA monomer interactions with de novo modeling. These models projected that the monomers formed isopeptide bonds as part of a donor strand exchange process, in which an N-terminal disordered loop of one monomer intercalates into a beta sheet structure of an adjacent monomer and reforms into a beta sheet with subsequent isopeptide bond formation. Mutations in residues predicted to form the isopeptide bonds led to loss of oligomerization, supporting an exchange and lock mechanism. Phylogenetic analysis showed the BsaA family of proteins are widespread among bacteria and archaea but only a subset is predicted to form isopeptide bonds.

ImportanceFor bacteria to secrete folded proteins to the environment, they have to overcome the physical barriers of an outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the thick peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria. One mechanism to do this is the use of a Type II secretion system in Gram-negative bacteria, which has a structure similar to type IV pili and is modeled to act as a piston that pumps folded proteins through the outer membrane to the environment. Clostridium perfringens, like all or most all of the clostridia, has type IV pili and, in fact, has two sets of pilus-associated genes. Here we present evidence that C. perfringens uses one set of pilus genes to secrete a biofilm associated protein and may be responsible for secreting the main biofilm protein, BsaA. We show that BsaA monomers are, unlike most other biofilm matrix proteins, linked by intermolecular isopeptide bonds, enhancing the physical strength of BsaA fibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kivimaki, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempsey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tani, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicklin, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby-Haas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type IV pili-associated secretion of a biofilm matrix protein from Clostridium perfringens that forms intermolecular isopeptide bonds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.14.618111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telocytes link epithelial nutrient sensing with amplification of the ILC2-tuft cell circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.14.618111v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) are prevalent in small intestine but engagement of type 2 immunity during basal processes are incompletely described. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine implicated in ILC2 activation, was constitutively expressed in villus telocytes and crypt-associated trophocytes, specialized fibroblasts that sustain epithelial identity. Feeding increased TSLP and induced ILC2 type 2 cytokines that were attenuated by deletion of TSLP in PDGFR+ stromal cells or TSLP receptor on ILC2s. Mouse and human telocytes expressed receptors for glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which is released by enteroendocrine cells (EECs) after eating. GLP-2 induced intestinal TSLP, TSLP-dependent ILC2 cytokine production, and tuft cell hyperplasia. The telocyte-alarmin relay couples EEC nutrient detection with amplification of a tuft cell chemosensory circuit that diversifies surveillance of ingested cargo.

One-Sentence SummaryIntestinal telocyte TSLP relays signals from enteroendocrine cells to ILC2s to amplify the tuft cell circuit in response to feeding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drucker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locksley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telocytes link epithelial nutrient sensing with amplification of the ILC2-tuft cell circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.08.617237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA/polysome phase separation and cell width confinement couple nucleoid segregation to cell growth in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.08.617237v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome segregation is essential for cellular proliferation. Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria lack cytoskeleton-based machinery to segregate their chromosomal DNA (nucleoid). The bacterial ParABS system segregates the duplicated chromosomal regions near the origin of replication. However, this function does not explain how bacterial cells partition the rest (bulk) of the chromosomal material. Furthermore, some bacteria, including Escherichia coli, lack a ParABS system. Yet, E. coli faithfully segregates nucleoids across various growth rates. Here, we provide theoretical and experimental evidence that polysome production during chromosomal gene expression helps compact, split, segregate, and position nucleoids in E. coli through out-of-equilibrium dynamics and polysome exclusion from the DNA meshwork, inherently coupling these processes to biomass growth across nutritional conditions. Halting chromosomal gene expression and thus polysome production immediately stops sister nucleoid migration while ensuing polysome depletion gradually reverses nucleoid segregation. Redirecting gene expression away from the chromosome and toward plasmids causes ectopic polysome accumulations that are sufficient to drive aberrant nucleoid dynamics. Cell width enlargement suggest that the proximity of the DNA to the membrane along the radial axis is important to limit the exchange of polysomes across DNA-free regions, ensuring nucleoid segregation along the cell length. Our findings suggest a self-organizing mechanism for coupling nucleoid segregation to cell growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papagiannakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govers, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA/polysome phase separation and cell width confinement couple nucleoid segregation to cell growth in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.04.611262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer activation from transposable elements in extrachromosomal DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.04.611262v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) drives oncogene amplification and intratumoral heterogeneity in aggressive cancers. While transposable element (TE) reactivation is common in cancer, its role on ecDNA remains unexplored. Here, we map the 3D architecture of MYC-amplified ecDNA in colorectal cancer cells and identify 68 ecDNA-interacting elements (EIEs)--genomic loci enriched for TEs that are frequently integrated onto ecDNA. We focus on an L1M4a1#LINE/L1 fragment co-amplified with MYC, which functions only in the ecDNA amplified context. Using CRISPR-CATCH, CRISPR interference, and reporter assays, we confirm its presence on ecDNA, enhancer activity, and essentiality for cancer cell fitness. These findings reveal that repetitive elements can be reactivated and co-opted as functional rather than inactive sequences on ecDNA, potentially driving oncogene expression and tumor evolution. Our study uncovers a mechanism by which ecDNA harnesses repetitive elements to shape cancer phenotypes, with implications for diagnosis and therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kraft, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhargava-Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer activation from transposable elements in extrachromosomal DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.05.611421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vivo Optical Clearing of Mammalian Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.09.05.611421v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Established methods for imaging the living mammalian brain have, to date, taken the brains optical properties as fixed; we here demonstrate that it is possible to modify the optical properties of the brain itself to significantly enhance at-depth imaging while preserving native physiology. Using a small amount of any of several biocompatible materials to raise the refractive index of solutions superfusing the brain prior to imaging, we could increase several-fold the signals from the deepest cells normally visible and, under both one-photon and two-photon imaging, visualize cells previously too dim to see. The enhancement was observed for both anatomical and functional fluorescent reporters across a broad range of emission wavelengths. Importantly, visual tuning properties of cortical neurons in awake mice, and electrophysiological properties of neurons assessed ex vivo, were not altered by this procedure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talei Franzesi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piatkveich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildirim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andaraarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vashishtha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaqoob, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wissner-Gross, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Alarcon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veinot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortshagen, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vivo Optical Clearing of Mammalian Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.25.609573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread Neuroanatomical Integration and Distinct Electrophysiological Properties of Glioma-Innervating Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.25.609573v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gliomas are the most common malignant primary brain tumors and are often associated with severe neurological deficits and mortality. Unlike many cancers, gliomas rarely metastasize outside the brain, indicating a possible dependency on unique features of brain microenvironment. Synapses between neurons and glioma cells exist, suggesting that glioma cells rely on neuronal inputs and synaptic signaling for proliferation. Yet, the locations and properties of neurons that innervate gliomas have remained elusive. In this study, we utilized transsynaptic tracing with a pseudotyped, glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus to specifically infect TVA and glycoprotein-expressing human glioblastoma cells in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model, allowing us to identify the neurons that form synapses onto the gliomas. Comprehensive whole-brain mapping revealed that these glioma-innervating neurons (GINs) consistently arise at brain regions, including diverse neuromodulatory centers and specific cortical layers, known to project to the glioma locations. Molecular profiling revealed that these long-range cortical GINs are predominantly glutamatergic, and subsets express both glutamatergic and GABAergic markers, whereas local striatal GINs are largely GABAergic. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated that while GINs share passive intrinsic properties with cortex-innervating neurons, their action potential waveforms are altered. Our study introduces a novel method for identifying and mapping GINs and reveals their consistent integration into existing location-dependent neuronal network involving diverse neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. The observed intrinsic electrophysiological differences in GINs lay the groundwork for future investigations into how these alterations may correspond with the postsynaptic characteristics of glioma cells.

SignificanceWe have developed a novel system utilizing rabies virus-based monosynaptic tracing to directly visualize neurons that synapse onto human glioma cells implanted in mouse brain. This approach enables the mapping and quantitative analysis of these glioma-innervating neurons (GINs) in the entire mouse brain and overcomes previous barriers of molecular and electrophysiological analysis of these neurons due to the inability to identify them. Our findings indicate that GINs integrate into existing neural networks in a location-specific manner. Long-range GINs are mostly glutamatergic, with a subset expressing both glutamatergic and GABAergic markers and local striatal GINs are GABAergic, highlighting a complex neuromodulatory profile. Additionally, GINs exhibit unique action potential characteristics, distinct from similarly selected neurons in non-tumor-bearing brains. This study provides new insights into neuronal adaptations in response to forming putative synapses onto glioma, elucidating the intricate synaptic relationship between GINs and gliomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kula, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irshad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferenczi, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigis, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.25.609573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread Neuroanatomical Integration and Distinct Electrophysiological Properties of Glioma-Innervating Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
To integrate or not to integrate: Testing degenerate strategies for solving an accumulation of perceptual evidence decision-making task 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609064v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common approach in the study of cognition is to train subjects to perform a task that requires a particular cognitive process to solve. Analysis of the subjects response behavior while they perform these tasks can offer valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms that give rise to cognition. However, if subjects are able to accurately perform such a task by using a strategy that doesnt involve the targeted cognitive process, data from those experiments becomes more difficult to interpret. A number of perceptual decision-making tasks have been designed to study the accumulation of evidence, i.e. how noisy information presented over time is used to form a decision. Recent work, however, has highlighted how a variety of non-integration strategies can by some measures yield strikingly near-optimal performance on such tasks, raising the possibility that past conclusions from these experiments may be incorrect. Here we assemble the largest data set of animals performing one such task - the "Poisson Clicks" task - which is optimally solved by the gradual integration of pulsatile auditory noise. To investigate whether rats are in fact using this strategy, we compiled data from 515 rats performing over 35 million trials. We compare performance of 3 degenerate strategies (that circumvent the need to integrate evidence) to the optimal (integration) strategy. We demonstrate that the pulsatile nature of the stimuli used in the Poisson Clicks Task makes it possible to distinguish which strategy subjects use. Overwhelmingly, we find the rats are using an integration strategy when performing the Poisson Clicks Task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kopec, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breda, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stagnaro, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirko, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustos, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willock, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osorio, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[To integrate or not to integrate: Testing degenerate strategies for solving an accumulation of perceptual evidence decision-making task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved opal termination codon optimizes a temperature-dependent tradeoff between protein production and processing in alphaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.21.609082v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alphaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that often require transmission between arthropod and vertebrate hosts for their sustained propagation. Most alphaviruses encode an opal (UGA) termination codon in nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) upstream of the viral polymerase, nsP4. The selective constraints underlying the conservation of the opal codon are poorly understood. Using primate and mosquito cells, we explored the role and selective pressure on the nsP3 opal codon through extensive mutational analysis in the prototype alphavirus, Sindbis virus (SINV). We found that the opal codon is highly favored over all other codons in primate cells under native 37{o}C growth conditions. However, this preference is diminished in mosquito and primate cells grown at a lower temperature. Thus, the primary determinant driving the selection of the opal stop codon is not host genetics but the passaging temperature. We show that the opal codon is preferred over amber and ochre termination codons because it results in the highest translational readthrough and polymerase production. However, substituting the opal codon with sense codons leads to excessive full-length polyprotein (P1234) production, which disrupts optimal nsP polyprotein processing, delays the switch from minus-strand to positive-strand RNA production, and significantly reduces SINV fitness at 37{degrees}C; this fitness defect is relieved at lower temperatures. A naturally occurring suppressor mutation unexpectedly compensates for a delayed transition from minus to genomic RNA production by also delaying the subsequent transition between genomic and sub-genomic RNA production. Our study reveals that the opal stop codon is the best solution for alphavirus replication at 37{o}C, producing enough nsP4 protein to maximize replication without disrupting nsP processing and RNA replication transitions needed for optimal fitness. Our study uncovers the intricate strategy dual-host alphaviruses use at a single codon to optimize fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alleman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyola, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.609082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved opal termination codon optimizes a temperature-dependent tradeoff between protein production and processing in alphaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.15.608059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insect size responses to climate changes vary across elevations according to seasonal timing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.15.608059v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Widespread plastic and evolutionary responses to temperature have led to body size declines being proposed as a universal response to warming, but the high degree of variation in terrestrial ectotherms has challenged this view. We investigate whether temperature dependent development and growth rates in ectothermic organisms drive departures from universal size responses. Leveraging a long-term study of montane grasshoppers, we detect size shifts over recent decades that depend on elevation and species seasonal timing. Size shifts have been focused at low elevations with the earliest emerging species (those that overwinter as juveniles) getting bigger, and later season species getting smaller. The shifts correspond to warmer temperatures at low elevation increasing the sizes of the earliest season species but decreasing the sizes of the later season species. This is consistent with our hypothesis that the earliest season species may be able to take advantage of warmer conditions accelerating growth during early spring development, whereas warm temperatures may adversely impact later season species via mechanisms such as increased rates of energy use or thermal stress. Grasshoppers tend to capitalize on warm conditions by both getting bigger and reaching adulthood earlier. Our analysis further reinforces the need to move beyond expectations of universal responses to climate change to consider how environmental exposure and sensitivity varies across elevations and life histories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nufio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troutman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insect size responses to climate changes vary across elevations according to seasonal timing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.14.607960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide screen overexpressing mycobacteriophage Amelie genes identifies multiple inhibitors of mycobacterial growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.14.607960v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome sequences of thousands of bacteriophages have been determined and functions for many of the encoded genes have been assigned based on homology to characterized sequences. However, functions have not been assigned to more than two-thirds of the identified phage genes as they have no recognizable sequence features. Recent genome-wide overexpression screens have begun to identify bacteriophage genes that encode proteins that reduce or inhibit bacterial growth. This study describes the construction of a plasmid-based overexpression library of 76 genes encoded by Cluster K1 mycobacteriophage Amelie, which is genetically similar to Cluster K phages Waterfoul and Hammy recently described in similar screens and closely related to phages that infect clinically important mycobacteria. 26 out of the 76 genes evaluated in our screen, encompassing 34% of the genome, reduced growth of the host bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis to various degrees. More than one-third of these 26 toxic genes have no known function, and 10 of the 26 genes almost completely abolished host growth upon overexpression. Notably, while several of the toxic genes identified in Amelie shared homologs with other Cluster K phages recently screened, this study uncovered eight previously unknown gene families that exhibit cytotoxic properties, thereby broadening the repertoire of known phage-encoded growth inhibitors. This work, carried out under the HHMI-supported SEA-GENES project (Science Education Alliance Gene-function Exploration by a Network of Emerging Scientists), underscores the importance of comprehensive overexpression screens in elucidating genome-wide patterns of phage gene function and novel interactions between phages and their hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tafoya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamora, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Iderstein, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonemoto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonemoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.14.607960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide screen overexpressing mycobacteriophage Amelie genes identifies multiple inhibitors of mycobacterial growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.11.607521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examining NFκB Genomic Interactions by ChIP-seq and CUT&Tag 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.11.607521v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An understanding of the mechanisms and logic by which transcription factors coordinate gene regulation requires delineation of their genomic interactions at a genome-wide scale. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and more recent techniques, including CUT&Tag, typically reveal thousands of genomic interactions by transcription factors, but without insight into their functional roles. Due to cost and time considerations, optimization of ChIP experimental conditions is typically carried out only with representative interaction sites rather than through genome-wide analyses. Here, we describe insights gained from the titration of two chemical crosslinking reagents in genome-wide ChIP-seq experiments examining two members of the NF-{kappa}B family of transcription factors: RelA and c-Rel. We also describe a comparison of ChIP-seq and CUT&Tag. Our results highlight the large impact of ChIP-seq experimental conditions on the number of interactions detected, on the enrichment of consensus and non-consensus DNA motifs for the factor, and on the frequency with which the genomic interactions detected are located near potential target genes. We also found considerable consistency between ChIP-seq and CUT&Tag results, but with a substantial fraction of genomic interactions detected with only one of the two techniques. Together, the results demonstrate the dramatic impact of experimental conditions on the results obtained in a genome-wide analysis of transcription factor binding, highlighting the need for further scrutiny of the functional significance of these condition-dependent differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daly, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.11.607521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examining NFκB Genomic Interactions by ChIP-seq and CUT&Tag]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.12.607554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide screen in ex vivo gallbladders identifies Listeria monocytogenes factors required for virulence in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.12.607554v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogen that causes the severe foodborne disease listeriosis. Following oral infection of the host, L. monocytogenes disseminates from the gastrointestinal tract to peripheral organs, including the gallbladder, where it replicates to high densities. The gallbladder then becomes the primary bacterial reservoir and source of fecally excreted bacteria. Despite its importance in pathogenesis, little is known about how L. monocytogenes survives and replicates in the gallbladder. In this study, we assessed the L. monocytogenes genes required for growth and survival in ex vivo non-human primate gallbladders using a transposon sequencing approach. The screen identified 43 genes required for replication in the gallbladder, some of which were known to be important for virulence, and others had not been previously studied in the context of infection. We evaluated the roles of 19 genes identified in our screen both in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrate that most were required for replication in bile in vitro, for intracellular infection of murine cells in tissue culture, and for virulence in an oral murine model of listeriosis. Interestingly, strains lacking the mannose phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) permeases Mpt and Mpo exhibited no defects in intracellular growth or intercellular spread but were significantly attenuated during murine infection. While the roles of PTS systems in vivo were not previously appreciated, these results suggest that PTS permeases are necessary for extracellular replication during infection. Overall, this study demonstrates that L. monocytogenes genes required for replication in the gallbladder also play broader roles in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwardt, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halsey, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reniere, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide screen in ex vivo gallbladders identifies Listeria monocytogenes factors required for virulence in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.08.603944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biogenesis, engineering and function of membranes in the CO2-fixing pyrenoid 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.08.603944v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphApproximately one-third of global CO2 assimilation is performed by the pyrenoid1, a liquid-like organelle found in most algae and some plants2. Specialized membranes are hypothesized to drive CO2 assimilation in the pyrenoid by delivering concentrated CO23,4, but their biogenesis and function have not been experimentally characterized. Here, we show that homologous proteins SAGA1 and MITH1 mediate the biogenesis of the pyrenoid membrane tubules in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and are sufficient to reconstitute pyrenoid-traversing membranes in a heterologous system, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. SAGA1 localizes to the regions where thylakoid membranes transition into tubules and is necessary to initiate tubule formation. MITH1 localizes to the tubules and is necessary for their extension through the pyrenoid. Tubule-deficient mutants exhibit growth defects under CO2-limiting conditions, providing evidence for the function of membrane tubules in CO2 delivery to the pyrenoid. Furthermore, these mutants form multiple aberrant condensates of pyrenoid matrix, indicating that a normal tubule network promotes the coalescence of a single pyrenoid. The reconstitution of pyrenoid-traversing membranes in a plant represents a key milestone toward engineering a functional pyrenoid into crops for improving crop yields. More broadly, our study demonstrates the functional importance of pyrenoid membranes, identifies key biogenesis factors, and paves the way for the molecular characterization of pyrenoid membranes across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hennacy, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser-Browne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergun, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilarrasa-Blasi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinkerson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.08.603944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biogenesis, engineering and function of membranes in the CO2-fixing pyrenoid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.06.606834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optics-free reconstruction of 2D images via DNA barcode proximity graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.06.606834v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial genomics technologies include imaging- and sequencing-based methods. Sequencing-based spatial methods typically require surfaces coated with coordinate-associated DNA barcodes, but the physical registration of these barcodes to spatial coordinates is challenging, necessitating either high density printing of oligonucleotides or in situ sequencing/probing of randomly deposited, DNA-barcode-bearing beads. As a consequence, the surface areas available to sequencing-based spatial genomic methods are constrained by the time, labor, cost and instrumentation required to either print or decode a coordinate-tagged surface. To address this challenge, we developed SCOPE (Spatial reConstruction via Oligonucleotide Proximity Encoding), an optics-free, DNA microscopy-inspired method. With SCOPE, the relative positions of DNA-barcoded beads within a 2D shape, 2D image or 3D volume are inferred from the ex situ sequencing of chimeric molecules formed from diffusing "sender" and tethered "receiver" oligonucleotides. To demonstrate the potential of this approach, we applied SCOPE to reconstruct 2D shapes, 2D images or 3D volumes defined by 104-106 x 20-100 {micro}m DNA barcoded beads, including an asymmetric "swoosh" resembling the Nike logo (44 mm2), a "color" Snellen eye chart (704 mm2) and the surface topology of 3D molds of a teddy bear, star, butterfly or block letter (75-100 mm3). Each of the resulting "DNA barcode proximity graphs" was computationally reconstructed in an automated fashion, across fields of view and at resolutions that were determined by sequencing depth, bead size and diffusion kinetics, rather than by microarray or microscope instrument time. Because the ground truth shapes are known, these datasets may be particularly useful for the further development of computational algorithms by this nascent field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottapalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung-Rojas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapnell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivatsan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.06.606834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optics-free reconstruction of 2D images via DNA barcode proximity graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.06.606781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleus transcriptomics resolves differentiation dynamics between shoot stem cells and primary stem. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.06.606781v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The shoot apical meristem (SAM), located at the plant apex, is accountable for the formation of above-ground organs such as leaves, stem and flowers. Although transcriptional profiling has elucidated some cell-types observed within stems or flowers, the differentiation transcriptional dynamics from shoot stem cells to multiple cell identities remain unknown. We employed a single-nucleus RNA-sequencing approach to assess the transcriptional heterogeneity and cell differentiation processes within the SAM. By collecting dissected inflorescence meristems, we constructed an inflorescence single-nucleus SAM atlas from Arabidopsis thaliana. Our analysis unveiled regulatory elements for most previously known cell types such as the boundary domain, vasculature, early primordia, epidermis and internal stem cells. We also identified previously unobserved transcriptional profiles, revealing that the stem cortex is defined early within forming primordia. Moreover, trajectory inference analysis allowed us to capture spatial control of S-phase machinery by floral homeotic genes and differentiation gene expression dynamics from internal shoot stem cells toward internal layers such as cortex, cambium, xylem and phloem. The results advance our understanding of the cellular and transcriptional heterogeneity underlying the cell-fate transcriptional dynamics shaping shoot organs and architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenz, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerowitz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.06.606781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleus transcriptomics resolves differentiation dynamics between shoot stem cells and primary stem.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.02.606316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synapse weakening-induced caspase-3 activity confers specificity to microglia-mediated synapse elimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.08.02.606316v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During brain development, synapses are initially formed in excess and are later eliminated in an activity-dependent manner. Weak synapses are preferentially removed, but the mechanism linking neuronal activity to synapse removal is unclear. Here we show that, in the developing mouse visual pathway, inhibiting synaptic transmission induces postsynaptic activation of caspase-3. Caspase-3 deficiency results in defects in synapse elimination driven by both spontaneous and experience-dependent neural activity. Notably, caspase-3 deficiency blocks activity-dependent synapse elimination, as evidenced by reduced engulfment of inactive synapses by microglia. Furthermore, in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease, caspase-3 deficiency protects against synapse loss induced by amyloid-{beta} deposition. Our results reveal caspase-3 activation as a key step in activity-dependent synapse elimination during development and synapse loss in neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.02.606316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synapse weakening-induced caspase-3 activity confers specificity to microglia-mediated synapse elimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.31.604373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-dependent regulation of immune memory responses against HIV by saponin monophosphoryl lipid A nanoparticle adjuvant 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.31.604373v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The induction of durable protective immune responses is the main goal of prophylactic vaccines, and adjuvants play an important role as drivers of such responses. Despite advances in vaccine strategies, a safe and effective HIV vaccine remains a significant challenge. The use of an appropriate adjuvant is crucial to the success of HIV vaccines. Here we assessed the saponin/MPLA nanoparticle (SMNP) adjuvant with an HIV envelope (Env) trimer, evaluating the safety and impact of multiple variables including adjuvant dose (16-fold dose range), immunization route, and adjuvant composition on the establishment of Env-specific memory T and B cell responses (TMem and BMem) and long-lived plasma cells in non-human primates. Robust BMem were detected in all groups, but a 6-fold increase was observed in the highest SMNP dose group vs. the lowest dose group. Similarly, stronger vaccine responses were induced in the highest SMNP dose for CD40L+OX40+ CD4 TMem (11-fold), IFN{gamma}+ CD4 TMem (15-fold), IL21+ CD4 TMem (9-fold), circulating TFH (3.6-fold), bone marrow plasma cells (7-fold), and binding IgG (1.3-fold). Substantial tier-2 neutralizing antibodies were only observed in the higher SMNP dose groups. These investigations highlight the dose-dependent potency of SMNP in non-human primates, which are relevant for human use and next-generation vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramezani-Rad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marina-Zarate, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groschel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiegler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallerla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayeed, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagar, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasturi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Rompay, K. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hangartner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.604373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-dependent regulation of immune memory responses against HIV by saponin monophosphoryl lipid A nanoparticle adjuvant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.30.605703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling cysteine deficiency-associated rapid weight loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.30.605703v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forty percent of the US population and 1 in 6 individuals worldwide are obese, and the incidence of this disease is surging globally1,2. Various dietary interventions, including carbohydrate and fat restriction, and more recently amino acid restriction, have been explored to combat this epidemic3-6. We sought to investigate the impact of removing individual amino acids on the weight profiles of mice. Compared to essential amino acid restriction, induction of conditional cysteine restriction resulted in the most dramatic weight loss, amounting to 20% within 3 days and 30% within one week, which was readily reversed. This weight loss occurred despite the presence of substantial cysteine reserves stored in glutathione (GSH) across various tissues7. Further analysis demonstrated that the weight reduction primarily stemmed from an increase in the utilization of fat mass, while locomotion, circadian rhythm and histological appearance of multiple other tissues remained largely unaffected. Cysteine deficiency activated the integrated stress response (ISR) and NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response (OSR), which amplify each other, leading to the induction of GDF15 and FGF21, hormones associated with increased lipolysis, energy homeostasis and food aversion8-10. We additionally observed rapid tissue coenzyme A (CoA) depletion, resulting in energetically inefficient anaerobic glycolysis and TCA cycle, with sustained urinary excretion of pyruvate, orotate, citrate, -ketoglutarate, nitrogen rich compounds and amino acids. In summary, our investigation highlights that cysteine restriction, by depleting GSH and CoA, exerts a maximal impact on weight loss, metabolism, and stress signaling compared to other amino acid restrictions. These findings may pave the way for innovative strategies for addressing a range of metabolic diseases and the growing obesity crisis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varghese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusarov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamallo-Lana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolgonos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamovsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Jenkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papagiannakopoulos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacold, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mar, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling cysteine deficiency-associated rapid weight loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A resource for comparing AF-Cluster and other AlphaFold2 sampling methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605333v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting multiple conformational states of proteins represents a significant open challenge in structural biology. Increasingly many methods have been reported for perturbing and sampling AlphaFold2 (AF2) [1] to achieve multiple conformational states. However, if multiple methods achieve similar results, that does not in itself invalidate any method, nor does it answer why these methods work. Interpreting why deep learning models give the results they do is a critically important endeavor for future model development and appropriate usage. To help the field continue to try to answer these questions, this work addresses misunderstandings and inaccurate conclusions in refs. [2-6]. Deep learning methods development moves quickly, and by no means did we think that the implementation of AF-Cluster in [7] would be the final word on how to sample multiple conformations. However, Porter et al.s primary critique, that AF-Cluster does not use local evolutionary couplings in its MSA clusters, is incorrect. We report here further analysis that underscores our original finding that local evolutionary couplings do indeed play an important role in AF-Cluster predictions, and refute all false claims made against [7].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wayment-Steele, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A resource for comparing AF-Cluster and other AlphaFold2 sampling methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gustatory Thalamic Neurons Mediate Aversive Behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.29.605702v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The parvicellular part of the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPMpc) of the thalamus, also known as the gustatory thalamus, receives input from the parabrachial nucleus and relays taste sensation to the gustatory (or insular) cortex. Prior research has focussed on the role of the VPMpc in relaying taste signals. Here we provide evidence showing that VPMpc also mediates aversive behaviors. By recording calcium transients in vivo from single neurons in mice, we show that neurons expressing cholecystokinin and the mu-opioid receptor in the VPMpc respond to various noxious stimuli and fear memory. Chemogenetic and optogenetic activation of these neurons enhances the response to aversive stimuli, whereas silencing them attenuates aversive behaviors. The VPMpc neurons directly innervate neurons in the insular cortex and rostral lateral amygdala. This study expands the role of the VPMpc to include mediating aversive and threating signals to the insular cortex and lateral amygdala.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmiter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gustatory Thalamic Neurons Mediate Aversive Behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.25.605170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct mechanisms of inhibition of Kv2 potassium channels by tetraethylammonium and RY785 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.25.605170v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated K+ channels play central roles in human physiology, both in health and disease. A repertoire of inhibitors that are both potent and specific would therefore be of great value, not only as pharmacological agents but also as research tools. The small molecule RY785 has been described as particularly promising in this regard, as it selectively inhibits channels in the Kv2 subfamily with high potency. Kv2 channels are expressed in multiple cell types in humans, and are of particular importance for neuronal function. The mechanism of action of RY785 has not yet been determined at the molecular level, but functional studies indicate it differs from that of less specific inhibitors, such as quaternary-ammonium compounds or aminopyridines; RY785 is distinct also in that it is electroneutral. To examine this mechanism at the single-molecule level, we have carried out a series of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations based on the experimental structure of the Kv2.1 channel in the activated, open state. First, we report a 25-microsecond trajectory calculated in the absence of any inhibitor, under an applied voltage of 100 mV, which demonstrates outward K+ flow under simulation conditions at rates comparable to experimental measurements. Additional simulations in which either RY785 or tetraethylammonium (TEA) is introduced in solution and allowed to interact with the pore domain show both inhibitors spontaneously enter the channel interior through the cytoplasmic gate, but with distinct effects. In agreement with prior structural studies, we observe that TEA binds to a site adjacent to the selectivity filter, on the pore axis, thereby blocking the flow of K+ ions. RY785, by contrast, binds to the channel walls, off-axis, and allows K+ flow while the cytoplasmic gate remains open. The observed mode of RY785 binding, however, indicates that its mechanism of action is to stabilize and occlude a semi-open state of the gate, by bridging hydrophobic protein-protein interactions therein; this hypothesis would explain the puzzling experimental observation that RY785 recognition influences the gating currents generated by the voltage sensors, 3 nm away.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stix, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orabi, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraldo-Gomez, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.605170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct mechanisms of inhibition of Kv2 potassium channels by tetraethylammonium and RY785]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical Induction of Longevity-Promoting Colanic Acid in the Host's Microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.23.604802v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiota-derived metabolites have emerged as key regulators of longevity. The metabolic activity of the gut microbiota, influenced by dietary components and ingested chemical compounds, profoundly impacts host fitness. While the benefits of dietary prebiotics are well-known, chemically targeting the gut microbiota to enhance host fitness remains largely unexplored. Here, we report a novel chemical approach to induce a pro-longevity bacterial metabolite in the host gut. We discovered that specific Escherichia coli strains overproduce colanic acids (CAs) when exposed to a low dose of cephaloridine, leading to an increased lifespan in host Caenorhabditis elegans. In the mouse gut, oral administration of low-dose cephaloridine induces the transcription of the capsular biosynthesis operon responsible for CA biosynthesis in commensal E. coli, which overcomes the inhibition of CA biosynthesis above 30{degrees}C and enables its induction directly from the microbiota. Importantly, low-dose cephaloridine induces CA independently of its antibiotic properties through a previously unknown mechanism mediated by the membrane-bound histidine kinase ZraS. Our work lays the foundation for microbiota-based therapeutics through the chemical modulation of bacterial metabolism and reveals the promising potential of bacteria-targeting drugs in promoting host longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical Induction of Longevity-Promoting Colanic Acid in the Host's Microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.08.602544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-region recurrent circuit for evidence accumulation in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.08.602544v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decision-making based on noisy evidence requires accumulating evidence and categorizing it to form a choice. Here we evaluate a proposed feedforward and modular mapping of this process in rats: evidence accumulated in anterodorsal striatum (ADS) is categorized in prefrontal cortex (frontal orienting fields, FOF). Contrary to this, we show that both regions appear to be indistinguishable in their encoding/decoding of accumulator value and communicate this information bidirectionally. Consistent with a role for FOF in accumulation, silencing FOF to ADS projections impacted behavior throughout the accumulation period, even while nonselective FOF silencing did not. We synthesize these findings into a multi-region recurrent neural network trained with a novel approach. In-silico experiments reveal that multiple scales of recurrence in the cortico-striatal circuit rescue computation upon nonselective FOF perturbations. These results suggest that ADS and FOF accumulate evidence in a recurrent and distributed manner, yielding redundant representations and robustness to certain perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopec, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-region recurrent circuit for evidence accumulation in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.02.601765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional landscape of a hypoxia response identifies cell-specific pathways for adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.02.601765v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How the HIF-1 (Hypoxia-Inducible) transcription factor drives and coordinates distinct responses to low oxygen across diverse cell types is poorly understood. We present a multi-tissue single-cell gene-expression atlas of the hypoxia response of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This atlas highlights how cell-type-specific HIF-1 responses overlap and diverge among and within neuronal, intestinal, and muscle tissues. Using the atlas to guide functional analyses of candidate muscle-specific HIF-1 effectors, we discovered that HIF-1 activation drives downregulation of the tspo-1 (TSPO, Translocator Protein) gene in vulval muscle cells to modulate a hypoxia-driven change in locomotion caused by contraction of body-wall muscle cells. We further showed that in human cardiomyocytes HIF-1 activation decreases levels of TSPO and thereby alters intracellular cholesterol transport and the mitochondrial network. We suggest that TSPO-1 is an evolutionarily conserved mediator of HIF-1-dependent modulation of muscle and conclude that our gene-expression atlas can help reveal how HIF-1 drives cell-specific adaptations to hypoxia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savvidis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvitz, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional landscape of a hypoxia response identifies cell-specific pathways for adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.30.601446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MeCP2 Interacts with the Super Elongation Complex to Regulate Transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.30.601446v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss-of-function mutations in methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) cause Rett syndrome, a postnatal neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in [~]1/10,000 live female births. MeCP2 binds to methylated cytosines across genomic DNA and recruits various partners to regulate gene expression. MeCP2 has been shown to repress transcription in vitro and interacts with co-repressors such as the Sin3A and NCoR complexes. Based on these observations, MeCP2 has been largely considered as a repressor of transcription. However, a mouse model of RTT displays many down-regulated genes, and those same genes are up-regulated in a MECP2 duplication mouse model. Furthermore, TCF20, which has been associated with transcriptional activation, have recently been identified as a protein interactor of MeCP2. These data broaden the potential functions of MeCP2 as a regulator of gene expression. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying MeCP2-dependent gene regulation remain largely unknown. Here, using a human MECP2 gain-of-function Drosophila model, we screened for genetic modifiers of MECP2-induced phenotypes. Our approach identified several subunits of the Drosophila super elongation complex, a P-TEFb containing RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) elongation factor required for the release of promoter-proximally paused RNA pol II, as genetic interactors of MECP2. We discovered that MeCP2 physically interacts with the SEC in human cells and in the mouse brain. Furthermore, we found that MeCP2 directly binds AFF4, the scaffold of the SEC, via the transcriptional repression domain. Finally, loss of MeCP2 in the mouse cortex caused reduced binding of AFF4 specifically on a subset of genes involved in the regulation of synaptic function, which also displayed the strongest decrease in RNA pol II binding in the genebody. Taken together, our study reveals a previously unrecognized mechanism through which MeCP2 regulates transcription, providing a new dimension to its regulatory role in gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sonn, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwanaszko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkitny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissette, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Ramahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilatifard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.30.601446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MeCP2 Interacts with the Super Elongation Complex to Regulate Transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.26.600687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In silico screening identifies SHPRH as a novel nucleosome acidic patch interactor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.26.600687v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosomes are the fundamental unit of eukaryotic chromatin. Diverse factors interact with nucleosomes to modulate chromatin architecture and facilitate DNA repair, replication, transcription, and other cellular processes. An important platform for chromatin binding is the H2A-H2B acidic patch. Here, we used AlphaFold-Multimer to screen over 7000 human proteins for nucleosomal acidic patch binding and identify 41 potential acidic patch binders. We determined the cryo-EM structure of one hit, SHPRH, with the nucleosome at 2.8 [A]. The structure confirms the predicted acidic patch interaction, reveals that the SHPRH ATPase engages a different nucleosomal DNA location than other SF2-type ATPases, and clarifies the roles of SHPRHs domains in nucleosome recognition. Our results illustrate the use of in silico screening as a high throughput method to identify specific interaction types and expands the set of potential acidic patch binding factors.

All the screening data is freely available athttps://predictomes.org/view/acidicpatch
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.600687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In silico screening identifies SHPRH as a novel nucleosome acidic patch interactor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.07.597954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cognitive process model captures near-optimal confidence-guided waiting in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.06.07.597954v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rational decision-makers invest more time pursuing rewards they are more confident they will eventually receive. A series of studies have therefore used willingness to wait for delayed rewards as a proxy for decision confidence. However, interpretation of waiting behavior is limited because it is unclear how environmental statistics influence optimal waiting, and how sources of internal variability influence subjects behavior. We trained rats to perform a confidence-guided waiting task, and derived expressions for optimal waiting that make relevant environmental statistics explicit, including travel time incurred traveling from one reward opportunity to another. We found that rats waited longer than fully optimal agents, but that their behavior was closely matched by optimal agents with travel times constrained to match their own. We developed a process model describing the decision to stop waiting as an accumulation to bound process, which allowed us to compare the effects of multiple sources of internal variability on waiting. Surprisingly, although mean wait times grew with confidence, variability did not, inconsistent with scalar invariant timing, and best explained by variability in the stopping bound. Our results describe a tractable process model that can capture the influence of environmental statistics and internal sources of variability on subjects decision process during confidence-guided waiting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd-Meredith, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piet, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopec, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cognitive process model captures near-optimal confidence-guided waiting in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.596388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of activation or repression in transcriptional control under a fixed molecular context 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.596388v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, studies have noted that transcription factors (TFs) can behave as either activators or repressors of different target genes. More recently, evidence suggests TFs can act on transcription simultaneously in positive and negative ways. Here we use biophysical models of gene regulation to define, conceptualize and explore these two aspects of TF action: "duality", where TFs can be overall both activators and repressors at the level of the transcriptional response, and "coherent and incoherent" modes of regulation, where TFs act mechanistically on a given target gene either as an activator or a repressor (coherent) or as both (incoherent). For incoherent TFs, the overall response depends on three kinds of features: the TFs mechanistic effects, the dynamics and effects of additional regulatory molecules or the transcriptional machinery, and the occupancy of the TF on DNA. Therefore, activation or repression can be tuned by just the TF-DNA binding affinity, or the number of TF binding sites, given an otherwise fixed molecular context. Moreover, incoherent TFs can cause non-monotonic transcriptional responses, increasing over a certain concentration range and decreasing outside the range, and we clarify the relationship between non-monotonicity and common assumptions of gene regulation models. Using the mammalian SP1 as a case study and well controlled, synthetically designed target sequences, we find experimental evidence for incoherent action and activation, repression or non-monotonicity tuned by affinity. Our work highlights the importance of moving from a TF-centric view to a systems view when reasoning about transcriptional control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Corral, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velten, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawardena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of activation or repression in transcriptional control under a fixed molecular context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.596518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How repeats rearrange chromosomes in deer mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.29.596518v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large genomic rearrangements, such as chromosomal inversions, can play a key role in evolution and often underlie karyotype variation, but the mechanisms by which these rearrangements arise remain poorly understood. To study the origins of inversions, we generated chromosome-level de novo genome assemblies for four subspecies of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) with known inversion polymorphisms. We identified [~]8,000 inversions, including 47 mega-base scale inversions, that together affect [~]30% of the genome. Analysis of inversion breakpoints suggests that while most small (<1 Mb) inversions arise via ectopic recombination between retrotransposons, large (>1 Mb) inversions are primarily associated with segmental duplications (SDs). Large inversion breakpoints frequently occur near centromeres, which may be explained by an accumulation of transposable elements in pericentromeric regions driving SD formation. Additionally, multiple large inversions likely arose from ectopic recombination between near-identical centromeric satellite arrays located megabases apart, a previously uncharacterized mechanism of inversion formation. Together, our results illuminate how repeats give rise to massive shifts in chromosome architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gozashti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harringmeyer, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How repeats rearrange chromosomes in deer mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.24.595609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental maturation of frontal cortical circuits impacts decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.24.595609v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, frontal cortical circuits mature in parallel with the development of higher cognitive functions over the course of 15-20 years. In mice, behavior and brain structure change rapidly until reaching sexual maturity ([~]8 weeks of age). In contrast, the degree to which frontal cortices and the behaviors they support continue to develop in mice after this period is unclear. Here, we uncover age-related changes in the acquisition and execution of a probabilistic reward reinforcement task. Both young and old mice complete a similar number of trials per session, but 16-30-week-old mice obtain higher reward rates than younger mice. The older mice adjust their behavior more readily after failing to receive a reward, suggesting that age-dependent changes to circuits relevant to forming action-outcome associations, such as those in frontal associative cortices (FACs). Indeed, we identified cell-type and input-specific refinements of FAC circuits over the first 24 weeks of age, including protracted reductions in excitatory drive and increases in inhibition onto pyramidal cells. Dampening inhibitory activity in FAC alters behavior in a manner that counteracts the age-related differences. Together, these reveal an extended period of synaptic maturation in FAC that directly impacts age-related changes in decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mastro, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.24.595609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental maturation of frontal cortical circuits impacts decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.23.595576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Norepinephrine changes behavioral state via astroglial purinergic signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.23.595576v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both neurons and glia communicate via diffusible neuromodulatory substances, but the substrates of computation in such neuromodulatory networks are unclear. During behavioral transitions in the larval zebrafish, the neuromodulator norepinephrine drives fast excitation and delayed inhibition of behavior and circuit activity. We find that the inhibitory arm of this feedforward motif is implemented by astroglial purinergic signaling. Neuromodulator imaging, behavioral pharmacology, and perturbations of neurons and astroglia reveal that norepinephrine triggers astroglial release of adenosine triphosphate, extracellular conversion into adenosine, and behavioral suppression through activation of hindbrain neuronal adenosine receptors. This work, along with a companion piece by Lefton and colleagues demonstrating an analogous pathway mediating the effect of norepinephrine on synaptic connectivity in mice, identifies a computational and behavioral role for an evolutionarily conserved astroglial purinergic signaling axis in norepinephrine-mediated behavioral and brain state transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanasekar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rymbek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tocquer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prober, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.595576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Norepinephrine changes behavioral state via astroglial purinergic signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.21.595064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inducible transposon mutagenesis for genome-scale forward genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.21.595064v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-seq) is a powerful method for genome-scale functional genetics in bacteria. However, its effectiveness is often limited by a lack of mutant diversity, caused by either inefficient transposon delivery or stochastic loss of mutants due to population bottlenecks. Here, we introduce "InducTn-seq", which leverages inducible mutagenesis for temporal control of transposition. InducTn-seq generates millions of transposon mutants from a single colony, enabling the sensitive detection of subtle fitness defects and transforming binary classifications of gene essentiality into a quantitative fitness measurement across both essential and non-essential genes. Using a mouse model of infectious colitis, we show that InducTn-seq bypasses a highly restrictive host bottleneck to generate a diverse transposon mutant population from the few cells that initiate infection, revealing the role of oxygen-related metabolic plasticity in pathogenesis. Overall, InducTn-seq overcomes the limitations of traditional Tn-seq, unlocking new possibilities for genome-scale forward genetic screens in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basta, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotinger, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hullahalli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inducible transposon mutagenesis for genome-scale forward genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.14.593970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KBTBD4 Cancer Hotspot Mutations Drive Neomorphic Degradation of HDAC1/2 Corepressor Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.14.593970v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer mutations can create neomorphic protein-protein interactions to drive aberrant function1. As a substrate receptor of the CULLIN3-RBX1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, KBTBD4 is recurrently mutated in medulloblastoma (MB)2, the most common embryonal brain tumor in children, and pineoblastoma3. These mutations impart gain-of-function to KBTBD4 to induce aberrant degradation of the transcriptional corepressor CoREST4. However, their mechanism of action remains unresolved. Here, we elucidate the mechanistic basis by which KBTBD4 mutations promote CoREST degradation through engaging HDAC1/2, the direct neomorphic target of the substrate receptor. Using deep mutational scanning, we systematically map the mutational landscape of the KBTBD4 cancer hotspot, revealing distinct preferences by which insertions and substitutions can promote gain-of-function and the critical residues involved in the hotspot interaction. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis of two distinct KBTBD4 cancer mutants bound to LSD1-HDAC1-CoREST reveals that a KBTBD4 homodimer asymmetrically engages HDAC1 with two KELCH-repeat propeller domains. The interface between HDAC1 and one of the KBTBD4 propellers is stabilized by the MB mutations, which directly insert a bulky side chain into the active site pocket of HDAC1. Our structural and mutational analyses inform how this hotspot E3-neo-substrate interface can be chemically modulated. First, our results unveil a converging shape complementarity-based mechanism between gain-of-function E3 mutations and a molecular glue degrader, UM171. Second, we demonstrate that HDAC1/2 inhibitors can block the mutant KBTBD4-HDAC1 interface, the aberrant degradation of CoREST, and the growth of KBTBD4-mutant MB models. Altogether, our work reveals the structural and mechanistic basis of cancer mutation-driven neomorphic protein-protein interactions and pharmacological strategies to modulate their action for therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harry, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadley, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosavi, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angiolella, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazitschek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northcott, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liau, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.593970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KBTBD4 Cancer Hotspot Mutations Drive Neomorphic Degradation of HDAC1/2 Corepressor Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.07.592993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Indels allow antiviral proteins to evolve functional novelty inaccessible by missense mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.07.592993v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiviral proteins often evolve rapidly at virus-binding interfaces to defend against new viruses. We investigated whether antiviral adaptation via missense mutations might face limits, which insertion or deletion mutations (indels) could overcome. We report one such case of a nearly insurmountable evolutionary challenge: the human anti-retroviral protein TRIM5 requires more than five missense mutations in its specificity-determining v1 loop to restrict a divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). However, duplicating just one amino acid in v1 enables human TRIM5 to potently restrict SIV in a single evolutionary step. Moreover, natural primate TRIM5 v1 loops have evolved indels that confer novel antiviral specificities. Thus, indels enable antiviral proteins to overcome viral challenges inaccessible by missense mutations, revealing the potential of these often-overlooked mutations in driving protein innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tenthorey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Banco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramzan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingenberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.07.592993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Indels allow antiviral proteins to evolve functional novelty inaccessible by missense mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.03.592417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RealtimeDecoder: A fast software module for online clusterless decoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.03.592417v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decoding algorithms provide a powerful tool for understanding the firing patterns that underlie cognitive processes such as motor control, learning, and recall. When implemented in the context of a real-time system, decoders also make it possible to deliver feedback based on the representational content of ongoing neural activity. That in turn allows experimenters to test hypotheses about the role of that content in driving downstream activity patterns and behaviors. While multiple real-time systems have been developed, they are typically implemented in C++ and are locked to a specific data acquisition system, making them difficult to adapt to new experiments.

Here we present a Python software system that implements online clusterless decoding using state space models in a manner independent of data acquisition systems. The parallelized system processes neural data with temporal resolution of 6 ms and median computational latency <50 ms for medium- to large-scale (32+ tetrodes) rodent hippocampus recordings without the need for spike sorting. It also executes auxiliary functions such as detecting sharp wave ripples from local field potential (LFP) data. Performance is similar to state-of-the-art solutions which use compiled programming languages. We demonstrate this system use in a rat behavior experiment in which the decoder allowed closed loop neurofeedback based on decoded hippocampal spatial representations . This system provides a powerful and easy-to-modify tool for real-time feedback experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chu, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulter, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denovellis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eden, U. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemere, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RealtimeDecoder: A fast software module for online clusterless decoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.24.591006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of high sugar diet-induced dysregulated metabolic pathways in muscle using tissue-specific metabolic models in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.24.591006v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual tissues perform highly specialized metabolic functions to maintain whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Although Drosophila serves as a powerful model for studying human metabolic diseases, modeling tissue-specific metabolism has been limited in this organism. To address this gap, we reconstruct 32 tissue-specific genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) by integrating a curated Drosophila metabolic network with pseudo-bulk single-nuclei transcriptomics data, revealing distinct metabolic network structures and subsystem coverage across tissues. We validate enriched pathways identified through tissue-specific GEMs, particularly in muscle and fat body, using metabolomics and pathway analysis. Moreover, to demonstrate the utility in disease modeling, we apply muscle-GEM to investigate high sugar diet (HSD)-induced metabolic dysregulation. Constraint-based semi-quantitative flux and sensitivity analyses identify altered NAD(H)-dependent reactions and distributed control of glycolytic flux, including GAPDH. This prediction is further validated through in vivo 13C-glucose isotope tracing study. Notably, decreased glycolytic flux, including GAPDH, is linked to increased redox modifications. Finally, our pathway-level flux analyses identify dysregulation in fructose metabolism. Together, this work establishes a quantitative framework for tissue-specific metabolic modeling in Drosophila, demonstrating its utility for identifying dysregulated reactions and pathways in muscle in response to HSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzieciatkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.591006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of high sugar diet-induced dysregulated metabolic pathways in muscle using tissue-specific metabolic models in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.17.589597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.17.589597v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Yamnaya archaeological complex appeared around 3300BCE across the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and by 3000BCE reached its maximal extent from Hungary in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. To localize the ancestral and geographical origins of the Yamnaya among the diverse Eneolithic people that preceded them, we studied ancient DNA data from 428 individuals of which 299 are reported for the first time, demonstrating three previously unknown Eneolithic genetic clines. First, a "Caucasus-Lower Volga" (CLV) Cline suffused with Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) ancestry extended between a Caucasus Neolithic southern end in Neolithic Armenia, and a steppe northern end in Berezhnovka in the Lower Volga. Bidirectional gene flow across the CLV cline created admixed intermediate populations in both the north Caucasus, such as the Maikop people, and on the steppe, such as those at the site of Remontnoye north of the Manych depression. CLV people also helped form two major riverine clines by admixing with distinct groups of European hunter-gatherers. A "Volga Cline" was formed as Lower Volga people mixed with upriver populations that had more Eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG) ancestry, creating genetically hyper-variable populations as at Khvalynsk in the Middle Volga. A "Dnipro Cline" was formed as CLV people bearing both Caucasus Neolithic and Lower Volga ancestry moved west and acquired Ukraine Neolithic hunter-gatherer (UNHG) ancestry to establish the population of the Serednii Stih culture from which the direct ancestors of the Yamnaya themselves were formed around 4000BCE. This population grew rapidly after 3750-3350BCE, precipitating the expansion of people of the Yamnaya culture who totally displaced previous groups on the Volga and further east, while admixing with more sedentary groups in the west. CLV cline people with Lower Volga ancestry contributed four fifths of the ancestry of the Yamnaya, but also, entering Anatolia from the east, contributed at least a tenth of the ancestry of Bronze Age Central Anatolians, where the Hittite language, related to the Indo-European languages spread by the Yamnaya, was spoken. We thus propose that the final unity of the speakers of the "Proto-Indo-Anatolian" ancestral language of both Anatolian and Indo-European languages can be traced to CLV cline people sometime between 4400-4000 BCE.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=115 SRC="FIGDIR/small/589597v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (91K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@127de98org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@87010aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1554627org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@170dd63_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSummary Figure:C_FLOATNO The origin of Indo-Anatolian and Indo-European languages.

Genetic reconstruction of the ancestry of Pontic-Caspian steppe and West Asian populations points to the North Caucasus-Lower Volga area as the homeland of Indo-Anatolian languages and to the Serednii Stih archaeological culture of the Dnipro-Don area as the homeland of Indo-European languages. The Caucasus-Lower Volga people had diverse distal roots, estimated using the qpAdm software on the left barplot, as Caucasus hunter-gatherer (purple), Central Asian (red), Eastern hunter-gatherer (pink), and West Asian Neolithic (green). Caucasus-Lower Volga expansions, estimated using qpAdm on the right barplot as disseminated Caucasus Neolithic (blue)-Lower Volga Eneolithic (orange) proximal ancestries, mixing with the inhabitants of the North Pontic region (yellow), Volga region (yellow), and West Asia (green).

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyazov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokhlov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitov, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishlina, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ailincai, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agapov, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agapov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batieva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauyrzhan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bereczki, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzhilova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changmai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chizhevsky, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciobanu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinescu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csanyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dashkovskiy, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faifert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flegontov, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frinculeasa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frinculeasa, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajdu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarosz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jelinek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khartanovich, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirginekov, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiss, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyashko, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koledin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korolev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosintsev</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.17.589600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.17.589600v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The north Black Sea (Pontic) Region was the nexus of the farmers of Old Europe and the foragers and pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe1,2, and the source of waves of migrants that expanded deep into Europe3-5. We report genome-wide data from 78 prehistoric North Pontic individuals to understand the genetic makeup of the people involved in these migrations and discover the reasons for their success. First, we show that native North Pontic foragers had ancestry not only from Balkan and Eastern hunter-gatherers6 but also from European farmers and, occasionally, Caucasus hunter-gatherers. More dramatic inflows ensued during the Eneolithic, when migrants from the Caucasus-Lower Volga area7 moved westward, bypassing the local foragers to mix with Trypillian farmers advancing eastward. People of the Usatove archaeological group in the Northwest Pontic were formed ca. 4500 BCE with an equal measure of ancestry from the two expanding groups. A different Caucasus-Lower Volga group, moving westward in a distinct but temporally overlapping wave, avoided the farmers altogether, and blended with the foragers instead to form the people of the Serednii Stih archaeological complex7. A third wave of expansion occurred when Yamna descendants of the Serednii Stih forming ca. 4000 BCE expanded during the Early Bronze Age (3300 BCE). The temporal gap between Serednii Stih and the Yamna expansion is bridged by a genetically Yamna individual from Mykhailivka in Ukraine (3635-3383 BCE), a site of uninterrupted archaeological continuity across the Eneolithic-Bronze Age transition, and the likely epicenter of Yamna formation. Each of these three waves propagated distinctive ancestries while also incorporating outsiders during its advance, a flexible strategy forged in the North Pontic region that may explain its peoples outsized success in spreading their genes and culture across Eurasia3-5,8-10.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikitin, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Videiko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dergachev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potekhina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krenz-Niedbała, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Łukasik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhortykh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shephard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirbu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svyryd, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkachuk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Włodarczak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iliev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalzala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.12.589144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Essential and virulence-related protein interactions of pathogens revealed through deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.12.589144v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of bacterial protein-protein interactions and predicting the structures of the complexes could aid in the understanding of pathogenicity mechanisms and developing treatments for infectious diseases. Here, we developed a deep learning-based pipeline that leverages residue-residue coevolution and protein structure prediction to systematically identify and structurally characterize protein-protein interactions at the proteome-wide scale. Using this pipeline, we searched through 78 million pairs of proteins across 19 human bacterial pathogens and identified 1923 confidently predicted complexes involving essential genes and 256 involving virulence factors. Many of these complexes were not previously known; we experimentally tested 12 such predictions, and half of them were validated. The predicted interactions span core metabolic and virulence pathways ranging from post-transcriptional modification to acid neutralization to outer membrane machinery and should contribute to our understanding of the biology of these important pathogens and the design of drugs to combat them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishchenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tower, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougous, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Essential and virulence-related protein interactions of pathogens revealed through deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.04.587889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated live-cell single-molecule tracking in enteroid monolayers reveals transcription factor dynamics probing lineage-determining function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.04.04.587889v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lineage transcription factors (TFs) provide one regulatory level of differentiation crucial for the generation and maintenance of healthy tissues. To probe TF function by measuring their dynamics during adult intestinal homeostasis, we established HILO-illumination-based live-cell single-molecule tracking (SMT) in mouse small intestinal enteroid monolayers recapitulating tissue differentiation hierarchies in vitro. To increase the throughput, capture cellular features, and correlate morphological characteristics with diffusion parameters, we developed an automated imaging and analysis pipeline, broadly applicable to 2D culture systems. Studying two absorptive lineage-determining TFs, we find an expression level-independent contrasting diffusive behavior: While Hes1, key determinant of absorptive lineage commitment, displays a large cell-to-cell variability and an average fraction of DNA-bound molecules of [~]32%, Hnf4g, conferring enterocyte identity, exhibits more uniform dynamics and a bound fraction of [~]56%. Our results suggest that TF diffusive behavior can indicate the progression of differentiation and modulate early versus late differentiation within a lineage.

Highlights- Automated live-cell single-molecule tracking records hundreds of cells in enteroid monolayers
- Cellular diffusion clustering and morphological feature correlation reveals subpopulations
- Transcription factor dynamics regulate differentiation independent of expression level
- Hes1 and Hnf4g display contrasting dynamics assisting early vs. late absorptive differentiation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walther, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.04.587889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated live-cell single-molecule tracking in enteroid monolayers reveals transcription factor dynamics probing lineage-determining function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription factors ERα and Sox2 have differing multiphasic DNA and RNA binding mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.03.18.585577v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many transcription factors (TFs) have been shown to bind RNA, leading to open questions regarding the mechanism(s) of this RNA binding and its role in regulating TF activities. Here we use biophysical assays to interrogate the kon, koff, and Kd for DNA and RNA binding of two model human transcription factors, ER and Sox2. Unexpectedly, we found that both proteins exhibited multiphasic nucleic acid binding kinetics. We propose that Sox2 RNA and DNA multiphasic binding kinetics could be explained by a conventional model for sequential Sox2 monomer association and dissociation. In contrast, ER nucleic acid binding exhibited biphasic dissociation paired with novel triphasic association behavior, where two apparent binding transitions are separated by a 10-20 min "lag" phase depending on protein concentration. We considered several conventional models for the observed kinetic behavior, none of which adequately explained all the ER nucleic acid binding data. Instead, simulations with a model incorporating sequential ER monomer association, ER nucleic acid complex isomerization, and product "feedback" on isomerization rate recapitulated the general kinetic trends for both ER DNA and RNA binding. Collectively, our findings reveal that Sox2 and ER bind RNA and DNA with previously unappreciated multiphasic binding kinetics, and that their reaction mechanisms differ with ER binding nucleic acids via a novel reaction mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hemphill, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kominsky, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuttke, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cech, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription factors ERα and Sox2 have differing multiphasic DNA and RNA binding mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Next Generation Neuropeptide Y Receptor Small Molecule Agonists Inhibit Mosquito Biting Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582529v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can spread disease-causing pathogens when they bite humans to obtain blood nutrients required for egg production. Following a complete blood meal, host-seeking is suppressed until eggs are laid. Neuropeptide Y-like Receptor 7 (NPYLR7) plays a role in endogenous host-seeking suppression and previous work identified small molecule NPYLR7 agonists that suppress host-seeking and blood feeding when fed to mosquitoes at high micromolar doses. Using structure activity relationship analysis and structure-guided design we synthesized 128 compounds with similarity to known NPYLR7 agonists. Although in vitro potency (EC50) was not strictly predictive of in vivo effect, we identified 3 compounds that suppressed blood feeding from a live host when fed to mosquitoes at a 1 M dose, a 100-fold improvement over the original reference compound. Exogenous activation of NPYLR7 represents an innovative vector control strategy to block mosquito biting behavior and prevent mosquito/human host interactions that lead to pathogen transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeledon, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxt, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosshall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Next Generation Neuropeptide Y Receptor Small Molecule Agonists Inhibit Mosquito Biting Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.27.582096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognate Antigen Engagement Induces HIV-1 Expression In CD4+ T Cells From People On Long-Term ART 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.27.582096v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 persists in latently-infected CD4+ T cells, preventing cure. Antigens drive the proliferation of infected cells, precluding latent reservoir decay. However, the relationship between antigen recognition and HIV-1 gene expression is poorly understood since most studies of latency reversal use agents that induce non-specific global T cell activation. Here, we isolated rare CD4+ T cells responding to cytomegalovirus (CMV) or HIV-1 Gag antigens from participants on long-term ART and assessed T cell activation and HIV-1 RNA expression upon co-culture with autologous dendritic cells (DCs) presenting cognate antigens. Physiological presentation of cognate antigens induced broad T cell activation (median 42-fold increase in CD154+CD69+ cells) and significantly increased HIV-1 transcription (median 4-fold), mostly through the induction of rare cells with higher viral expression. Thus, despite low proviral inducibility, physiologic antigen recognition can promote HIV-1 expression, potentially contributing to spontaneous reservoir activity on ART and viral rebound upon ART interruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moskovjlevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Board, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mounzer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montaner, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.27.582096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognate Antigen Engagement Induces HIV-1 Expression In CD4+ T Cells From People On Long-Term ART]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin signaling regulates R2 retrotransposon expression to orchestrate transgenerational rDNA copy number maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582629v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preserving a large number of essential yet highly unstable ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats is critical for the germline to perpetuate the genome through generations. Spontaneous rDNA loss must be countered by rDNA copy number (CN) expansion. Germline rDNA CN expansion is best understood in Drosophila melanogaster, which relies on unequal sister chromatid exchange (USCE) initiated by DNA breaks at rDNA. The rDNA-specific retrotransposon R2 responsible for USCE-inducing DNA breaks is typically expressed only when rDNA CN is low to minimize the danger of DNA breaks; however, the underlying mechanism of R2 regulation remains unclear. Here we identify the insulin receptor (InR) as a major repressor of R2 expression, limiting unnecessary R2 activity. Through single-cell RNA sequencing we find that male germline stem cells (GSCs), the major cell type that undergoes rDNA CN expansion, have reduced InR expression when rDNA CN is low. Reduced InR activity in turn leads to R2 expression and CN expansion. We further find that dietary manipulation alters R2 expression and rDNA CN expansion activity. This work reveals that the insulin pathway integrates rDNA CN surveying with environmental sensing, revealing a potential mechanism by which diet exerts heritable changes to genomic content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slicko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin signaling regulates R2 retrotransposon expression to orchestrate transgenerational rDNA copy number maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic reinforcement learning reveals time-dependent shifts in strategy during reward learning. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.28.582617v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different brain systems have been hypothesized to subserve multiple "experts" that compete to generate behavior. In reinforcement learning, two general processes, one model-free (MF) and one model-based (MB), are often modeled as a mixture of agents (MoA) and hypothesized to capture differences between automaticity vs. deliberation. However, shifts in strategy cannot be captured by a static MoA. To investigate such dynamics, we present the mixture-of-agents hidden Markov model (MoA-HMM), which simultaneously learns inferred action values from a set of agents and the temporal dynamics of underlying "hidden" states that capture shifts in agent contributions over time. Applying this model to a multi-step, reward-guided task in rats reveals a progression of within-session strategies: a shift from initial MB exploration to MB exploitation, and finally to reduced engagement. The inferred states predict changes in both response time and OFC neural encoding during the task, suggesting that these states are capturing real shifts in dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venditto, S. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic reinforcement learning reveals time-dependent shifts in strategy during reward learning.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.26.582023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTFFIND5 provides improved insight into quality, tilt and thickness of TEM samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.26.582023v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Images taken by transmission electron microscopes are usually affected by lens aberrations and image defocus, among other factors. These distortions can be modeled in reciprocal space using the contrast transfer function (CTF). Accurate estimation and correction of the CTF is essential for restoring the high-resolution signal in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM). Previously, we described the implementation of algorithms for this task in the cisTEM software package (Grant et al., 2018). Here we show that taking sample characteristics, such as thickness and tilt, into account can improve CTF estimation. This is particularly important when imaging cellular samples, where measurement of sample thickness and geometry derived from accurate modeling of the Thon ring pattern helps judging the quality of the sample. This improved CTF estimation has been implemented in CTFFIND5, a new version of the cisTEM program CTFFIND. We evaluated the accuracy of these estimates using images of tilted aquaporin crystals and eukaryotic cells thinned by focused ion beam milling. We estimate that with micrographs of sufficient quality CTFFIND5 can measure sample tilt with an accuracy of 3{degrees} and sample thickness with an accuracy of 5 nm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zottig, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.26.582023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTFFIND5 provides improved insight into quality, tilt and thickness of TEM samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.25.581951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TASOR expression in naive embryonic stem cells safeguards their developmental potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.25.581951v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The seamless transition through stages of pluripotency relies on a delicate balance between transcription factor networks and epigenetic silencing mechanisms that ensure proper regulation of the developmental program, critical for normal development. Here, we uncover the pivotal role of the transgene activation suppressor (TASOR), a component of the human silencing hub (HUSH) complex, in sustaining cell viability during the transition from naive to primed pluripotency, despite its rapid downregulation during this transition. Loss of TASOR in naive cells triggers replication stress, disrupts H3K9me3 heterochromatin formation, and compromise the transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing of LINE-1 (L1) transposable elements (TEs), with these effects become more pronounced in primed cells. Remarkably, the survival of Tasor-knockout cells during naive to primed transition can be restored through the inhibition of cysteine-aspartic acid protease (Caspase) or deletion of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). This suggests that unscheduled L1 expression activates an innate immune response, leading to programmed cell death, specifically in cells exiting naive pluripotency. Additionally, we propose that HUSH-promoted H3K9me3 in naive PSCs sets the stage for ensuing DNA methylation in primed cells, establishing long-term silencing during differentiation. Our findings shed insights on the crucial impact of epigenetic programs established in early developmental stages on subsequent phases, underscoring their significance in the developmental process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinzon-Arteaga, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzagati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakurai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaszynski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.25.581951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TASOR expression in naive embryonic stem cells safeguards their developmental potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.22.581585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MaizeCODE reveals bi-directionally expressed enhancers that harbor molecular signatures of maize domestication. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.22.581585v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern maize was domesticated from Teosinte parviglumis, with subsequent introgressions from Teosinte mexicana, yielding increased kernel row number, loss of the hard fruit case and dissociation from the cob upon maturity, as well as fewer tillers. Molecular approaches have identified several transcription factors involved in the development of these traits, yet revealed that a complex regulatory network is at play. MaizeCODE deploys ENCODE strategies to catalog regulatory regions in the maize genome, generating histone modification and transcription factor ChIP-seq in parallel with transcriptomics datasets in 5 tissues of 3 inbred lines which span the phenotypic diversity of maize, as well as the teosinte inbred TIL11. Integrated analysis of these datasets resulted in the identification of a comprehensive set of regulatory regions in each inbred, and notably of distal enhancers which were differentiated from gene bodies by their lack of H3K4me1. Many of these distal enhancers expressed non- coding enhancer RNAs bi-directionally, reminiscent of "super enhancers" in animal genomes. We show that pollen grains are the most differentiated tissue at the transcriptomic level, and share features with endosperm that may be related to McClintocks chromosome breakage- fusion-bridge cycle. Conversely, ears have the least conservation between maize and teosinte, both in gene expression and within regulatory regions, reflecting conspicuous morphological differences selected during domestication. The identification of molecular signatures of domestication in transcriptional regulatory regions provides a framework for directed breeding strategies in maize.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regulski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Santis Alves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chougule, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drenkow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufford, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingeras, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MaizeCODE reveals bi-directionally expressed enhancers that harbor molecular signatures of maize domestication.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.20.581202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDKN1B (p27kip1) enhances drug tolerant persister CTCs by restricting polyploidy following mitotic inhibitors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.20.581202v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitotic inhibitor docetaxel (DTX) is often used to treat endocrine-refractory metastatic breast cancer, but initial responses are mitigated as patients eventually have disease progression. Using a cohort of ex vivo cultures of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with heavily pretreated breast cancer (n=18), we find two distinct patterns of DTX susceptibility, independent of clinical treatment history. In CTCs cultured from some patients, treatment with a single dose of DTX results in complete cell killing, associated with accumulation of non-viable polyploid ([&ge;]8N) cells arising from endomitosis. In others, a transient viable drug-tolerant persister (DTP) population emerges, ultimately enabling renewed proliferation of CTCs with preserved parental cell ploidy and DTX sensitivity. In these CTC cultures, efficient cell cycle exit generates a [&le;]4N drug-tolerant state dependent on CDKN1B (p27Kip1). Exposure to DTX triggers stabilization of CDKN1B through AKT-mediated phosphorylation at serine 10. Suppression of CDKN1B reduces the number of persister CTCs, increases [&ge;]8N mitotic cells and abrogates regrowth after DTX exposure. Thus, CDKN1B-mediated suppression of endomitosis contributes to a reversible persister state following mitotic inhibitors in patient-derived treatment refractory breast cancer cells.

Summary in bulletsO_LITransient DTX tolerant persister cells emerge in some patient-derived cultured CTCs.
C_LIO_LIDTX-tolerant persisters restrict endoreduplication and polyploidy through CDKN1 (p27kip1).
C_LIO_LIDTX exposure induces CDKN1B stabilization through AKT mediated phosphorylation at serine 10.
C_LIO_LISuppression of polyploidy underlies a drug tolerant persister state specific to mitotic inhibitors.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubash, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabolcs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittner, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreuzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chirn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russel, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, X. I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antmen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade-Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maheswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDKN1B (p27kip1) enhances drug tolerant persister CTCs by restricting polyploidy following mitotic inhibitors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.19.580970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced Protein-Protein Interaction Discovery via AlphaFold-Multimer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.19.580970v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately mapping protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is critical for elucidating cellular functions and has significant implications for health and disease. Conventional experimental approaches, while foundational, often fall short in capturing direct, dynamic interactions, especially those with transient or small interfaces. Our study leverages AlphaFold-Multimer (AFM) to re-evaluate high-confidence PPI datasets from Drosophila and human. Our analysis uncovers a significant limitation of the AFM-derived interface pTM (ipTM) metric, which, while reflective of structural integrity, can miss physiologically relevant interactions at small interfaces or within flexible regions. To bridge this gap, we introduce the Local Interaction Score (LIS), derived from AFMs Predicted Aligned Error (PAE), focusing on areas with low PAE values, indicative of the high confidence in interaction predictions. The LIS method demonstrates enhanced sensitivity in detecting PPIs, particularly among those that involve flexible and small interfaces. By applying LIS to large-scale Drosophila datasets, we enhance the detection of direct interactions. Moreover, we present FlyPredictome, an online platform that integrates our AFM-based predictions with additional information such as gene expression correlations and subcellular localization predictions. This study not only improves upon AFMs utility in PPI prediction but also highlights the potential of computational methods to complement and enhance experimental approaches in the identification of PPI networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comjean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodiger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.19.580970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced Protein-Protein Interaction Discovery via AlphaFold-Multimer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.15.580594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CoRAL accurately resolves extrachromosomal DNA genomestructures with long-read sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.15.580594v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a central mechanism for focal oncogene amplification in cancer, occurring in approximately 15% of early stage cancers and 30% of late-stage cancers. EcDNAs drive tumor formation, evolution, and drug resistance by dynamically modulating oncogene copy-number and rewiring gene-regulatory networks. Elucidating the genomic architecture of ecDNA amplifications is critical for understanding tumor pathology and developing more effective therapies.

Paired-end short-read (Illumina) sequencing and mapping have been utilized to represent ecDNA amplifications using a breakpoint graph, where the inferred architecture of ecDNA is encoded as a cycle in the graph. Traversals of breakpoint graph have been used to successfully predict ecDNA presence in cancer samples. However, short-read technologies are intrinsically limited in the identification of breakpoints, phasing together of complex rearrangements and internal duplications, and deconvolution of cell-to-cell heterogeneity of ecDNA structures. Long-read technologies, such as from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, have the potential to improve inference as the longer reads are better at mapping structural variants and are more likely to span rearranged or duplicated regions.

Here, we propose CoRAL (Complete Reconstruction of Amplifications with Long reads), for reconstructing ecDNA architectures using long-read data. CoRAL reconstructs likely cyclic architectures using quadratic programming that simultaneously optimizes parsimony of reconstruction, explained copy number, and consistency of long-read mapping. CoRAL substantially improves reconstructions in extensive simulations and 9 datasets from previously-characterized cell-lines as compared to previous short-read-based tools. As long-read usage becomes wide-spread, we anticipate that CoRAL will be a valuable tool for profiling the landscape and evolution of focal amplifications in tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, I. T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CoRAL accurately resolves extrachromosomal DNA genomestructures with long-read sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.05.579003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mountable miniature microphones to identify and assign mouse ultrasonic vocalizations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.02.05.579003v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vocal communication is a major component of animal social behavior. Vocalizations can be learned or innate, and can convey a variety of signals, including territorial limits, the presence of predators, or courtship intent. Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are a promising model in which to study mammalian vocal production circuits. While mouse USVs are innate, mice still show complex vocal behavior, including production of structured song composed of multiple syllable types and the ability to modify their vocal rate and syllable repertoire based on social conditions. Though in courtship interactions male mice produce the majority of the emitted USVs, female mice are capable of emitting USVs. In order to study the underlying mechanisms of vocal production in freely behaving pairs of mice, it is necessary to identify the individual responsible for each syllable in group settings. Previous methods to identify the source of an individual USVs have used high-density microphone arrays and triangulation methods, which involve the use of multiple costly microphones and require implementation of complex computational methods. Here we identified, developed, and used an inexpensive, mountable, ultrasound-sensitive miniature-microphone system to record and identify USVs from individual mice during dual socializing behavior. Our system includes custom circuit boards that can be fitted to individual mice and connected to a variety of existing USV recording systems. We found that these miniature microphones reliably detected mouse USVs, and that a high percentage (90%) of vocalizations could be attributed to a specific animal in a vocalizing pair based on the relative amplitude differences alone. This simple readout method avoids the implementation of complicated triangulation methods. By pairing this method with simultaneous video recording and automated animal body part and identity tracking, we were able to study and describe the broader courtship behavioral landscape, in which USV production is one component. These results offer a promising, low-cost, and simple method that researchers can implement to study the social vocal communication between at least pairs of vocalizing mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waidmann, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.05.579003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mountable miniature microphones to identify and assign mouse ultrasonic vocalizations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.31.578067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporation of a cost of deliberation time in perceptual decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.31.578067v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many decisions benefit from the accumulation of evidence obtained sequentially over time. In such circumstances, the decision maker must balance speed against accuracy, and the nature of this tradeoff mediates competing desiderata and costs, especially those associated with the passage of time. A neural mechanism to achieve this balance is to accumulate evidence in suitable units and to terminate the deliberation when enough evidence has accrued. To accommodate time costs, it has been hypothesized that the criterion to terminate a decision may become lax as a function of time. Here we tested this hypothesis by manipulating the cost of time in a perceptual choice-reaction time task. Participants discriminated the direction of motion in a dynamic random-dot display, which varied in difficulty across trials. After each trial, they received feedback in the form of points based on whether they made a correct or erroneous choice. They were instructed to maximize their points per unit of time. Unbeknownst to the participants, halfway through the experiment, we increased the time pressure by canceling a small fraction of trials if they had not made a decision by a provisional deadline. Although the manipulation canceled less than 5% of trials, it induced the participants to make faster decisions while lowering their decision accuracy. The pattern of choices and reaction times were explained by bounded drift-diffusion. In all phases of the experiment, stopping bounds were found to decline as a function of time, consistent with the optimal solution, and this decline was exaggerated in response to the time-cost manipulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.31.578067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporation of a cost of deliberation time in perceptual decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.28.577632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depot-Specific mRNA Expression Programs in Human Adipocytes Suggest Physiological Specialization via Distinct Developmental Programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.28.577632v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adipose tissue is distributed in diverse locations throughout the human body. Not much is known about the extent to which anatomically distinct adipose depots are functionally distinct, specialized organs, nor whether depot-specific characteristics result from intrinsic developmental programs, as opposed to reversible physiological responses to differences in tissue microenvironment. We used DNA microarrays to compare mRNA expression patterns of isolated human adipocytes and cultured adipose stem cells, before and after ex vivo adipocyte differentiation, from seven anatomically diverse adipose tissue depots. Adipocytes from different depots displayed distinct gene-expression programs, which were most closely shared with anatomically related depots. These depot-specific differences in gene expression were recapitulated when adipocyte progenitor cells from each site were differentiated ex vivo, suggesting that progenitor cells from specific anatomic sites are deterministically programmed to differentiate into depot-specific adipocytes. mRNAs whose expression differed between anatomically diverse groups of depots (e.g., subcutaneous vs. internal) suggest important functional specializations. Many developmental transcription factors showed striking depot-specific patterns of expression, suggesting that adipocytes in each anatomic depot are programmed during early development in concert with anatomically related tissues and organs. Our results support the hypothesis that adipocytes from different depots are functionally distinct and that their depot-specific specialization reflects distinct developmental programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clemons, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.28.577632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depot-Specific mRNA Expression Programs in Human Adipocytes Suggest Physiological Specialization via Distinct Developmental Programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.26.577465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FBM: Freestanding bilayer microscope for single-molecule imaging of membrane proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.26.577465v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) constitute a large fraction of organismal proteomes, playing fundamental roles in physiology and disease. Despite their importance, the mechanisms underlying dynamic features of IMPs, such as anomalous diffusion, protein-protein interactions, and protein clustering, remain largely unknown due to the high complexity of cell membrane environments. Available methods for in vitro studies are insufficient to study IMP dynamics systematically. This publication introduces the Freestanding-Bilayer Microscope (FBM), which combines the advantages of freestanding bilayers with single-particle tracking. The FBM, based on planar lipid bilayers, enables the study of IMP dynamics with single-molecule resolution and unconstrained diffusion. This paper benchmarks the FBM against total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging on supported bilayers and is used here to estimate ion channel open probability and to examine the diffusion behavior of an ion channel in phase- separated bilayers. The FBM emerges as a powerful tool to examine membrane protein/lipid organization and dynamics to understand cell membrane processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez-Mitta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sezgin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FBM: Freestanding bilayer microscope for single-molecule imaging of membrane proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.25.576941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional specialization manifests in the reliability of neural population codes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.25.576941v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain has the remarkable ability to learn and guide the performance of complex tasks. Decades of lesion studies suggest that different brain regions perform specialized functions in support of complex behaviors1-3. Yet recent large-scale studies of neural activity reveal similar patterns of activity and encoding distributed widely throughout the brain4-6. How these distributed patterns of activity and encoding are compatible with regional specialization of brain function remains unclear. Two frontal brain regions, the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), are a paradigm of this conundrum. In the setting complex behaviors, the dmPFC is necessary for choosing optimal actions2,7,8, whereas the OFC is necessary for waiting for3,9 and learning from2,7,9-12 the outcomes of those actions. Yet both dmPFC and OFC encode both choice- and outcome-related quantities13-20. Here we show that while ensembles of neurons in the dmPFC and OFC of rats encode similar elements of a cognitive task with similar patterns of activity, the two regions differ in when that coding is consistent across trials ("reliable"). In line with the known critical functions of each region, dmPFC activity is more reliable when animals are making choices and less reliable preceding outcomes, whereas OFC activity shows the opposite pattern. Our findings identify the dynamic reliability of neural population codes as a mechanism whereby different brain regions may support distinct cognitive functions despite exhibiting similar patterns of activity and encoding similar quantities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guidera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gramling, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comrie, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denovellis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yorita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.576941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional specialization manifests in the reliability of neural population codes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.21.576304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammalian SWI/SNF complex activity regulates POU2F3 and constitutes a targetable dependency in small cell lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.21.576304v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are comprised of heterogeneous subtypes marked by lineage-specific transcription factors, including ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3. POU2F3-positive SCLC, [~]12% of all cases, are uniquely dependent on POU2F3 itself; as such, approaches to attenuate POU2F3 expression may represent new therapeutic opportunities. Here using genome-scale screens for regulators of POU2F3 expression and SCLC proliferation, we define mSWI/SNF complexes, including non-canonical BAF (ncBAF) complexes, as top dependencies specific to POU2F3-positive SCLC. Notably, clinical-grade pharmacologic mSWI/SNF inhibition attenuates proliferation of all POU2F3-positive SCLCs, while disruption of ncBAF via BRD9 degradation is uniquely effective in pure non-neuroendocrine POU2F3-SCLCs. mSWI/SNF maintains accessibility over gene loci central to POU2F3-mediated gene regulatory networks. Finally, chemical targeting of SMARCA4/2 mSWI/SNF ATPases and BRD9 decrease POU2F3-SCLC tumor growth and increase survival in vivo. Taken together, these results characterize mSWI/SNF-mediated global governance of the POU2F3 oncogenic program and suggest mSWI/SNF inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for SCLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duplaquet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somerville, T. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiling, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakoc, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrester, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederst, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadoch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oser, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.21.576304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammalian SWI/SNF complex activity regulates POU2F3 and constitutes a targetable dependency in small cell lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.23.575293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stepwise neofunctionalization of the NF-κB family member c-Rel during vertebrate evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.23.575293v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive immunity and the five vertebrate NF-{kappa}B/Rel family members first appeared in cartilaginous fish, suggesting that divergence and specialization within the NF-{kappa}B family helped facilitate the evolution of adaptive immunity. One specialized function of the NF-{kappa}B c-Rel protein in macrophages is the activation of Il12b, which encodes a key regulator of T-cell development. We found that c-Rel is a far more potent regulator of Il12b than of any other inducible genes in macrophages, with c-Rel regulation of Il12b dependent on its heightened intrinsic DNA-binding affinity. c-Rel homodimers regulate Il12b transcription in part via motifs with little resemblance to canonical NF-{kappa}B motifs. ChIP-seq experiments further defined distinct c-Rel DNA-binding preferences genome-wide, and X-ray crystallography of a c-Rel/RelA chimeric protein identified key amino acid changes that support the unique c-Rel properties. Unexpectedly, these changes, along with the c-Rel/RelA binding affinity differences, were largely restricted to mammalian species. Together, our findings reveal how a transcription factor family member can undergo a structural transition at a late stage of vertebrate evolution, resulting in an increased intrinsic DNA binding affinity and with clear functional consequences, presumably to support the increasing complexity of immune regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daly, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purbey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redelings, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siggers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smale, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.575293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stepwise neofunctionalization of the NF-κB family member c-Rel during vertebrate evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.18.576291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate inference of population history in the presence of background selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.18.576291v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1All published methods for learning about demographic history make the simplifying assumption that the genome evolves neutrally, and do not seek to account for the effects of natural selection on patterns of variation. This is a major concern, as ample work has demonstrated the pervasive effects of natural selection and in particular background selection (BGS) on patterns of genetic variation in diverse species. Simulations and theoretical work have shown that methods to infer changes in effective population size over time (Ne(t)) become increasingly inaccurate as the strength of linked selection increases. Here, we introduce an extension to the Pairwise Sequentially Markovian Coalescent (PSMC) algorithm, PSMC+, which explicitly co-models demographic history and natural selection. We benchmark our method using forward-in-time simulations with BGS and find that our approach improves the accuracy of effective population size inference. Leveraging a high resolution map of BGS in humans, we infer considerable changes in the magnitude of inferred effective population size relative to previous reports. Finally, we separately infer Ne(t) on the X chromosome and on the autosomes in diverse great apes without making a correction for selection, and find that the inferred ratio fluctuates substantially through time in a way that differs across species, showing that uncorrected selection may be an important driver of signals of genetic difference on the X chromosome and autosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cousins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durvasula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.18.576291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate inference of population history in the presence of background selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.13.575363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Value construction through sequential sampling explains serial dependencies in decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.13.575363v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many decisions are expressed as a preference for one item over another. When these items are familiar, it is often assumed that the decision maker assigns a value to each of the items and chooses the item with the highest value. These values may be imperfectly recalled, but are assumed to be stable over the course of an interview or psychological experiment. Choices that are inconsistent with a stated valuation are thought to occur because of unspecified noise that corrupts the neural representation of value. Assuming that the noise is uncorrelated over time, the pattern of choices and response times in value-based decisions are modeled within the framework of Bounded Evidence Accumulation (BEA), similar to that used in perceptual decision-making. In BEA, noisy evidence samples accumulate over time until the accumulated evidence for one of the options reaches a threshold. Here, we argue that the assumption of temporally uncorrelated noise, while reasonable for perceptual decisions, is not reasonable for value-based decisions. Subjective values depend on the internal state of the decision maker, including their desires, needs, priorities, attentional state, and goals. These internal states may change over time, or undergo revaluation, as will the subjective values. We reasoned that these hypothetical value changes should be detectable in the pattern of choices made over a sequence of decisions. We reanalyzed data from a well-studied task in which participants were presented with pairs of snacks and asked to choose the one they preferred. Using a novel algorithm (Reval), we show that the subjective value of the items changes significantly during a short experimental session (about 1 hour). Values derived with Reval explain choice and response time better than explicitly stated values. They also better explain the BOLD signal in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, known to represent the value of decision alternatives. Revaluation is also observed in a BEA model in which successive evidence samples are not assumed to be independent. We argue that revaluation is a consequence of the process by which values are constructed during deliberation to resolve preference choices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.13.575363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Value construction through sequential sampling explains serial dependencies in decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.07.574573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved σD envelope stress response monitors multiple aspects of envelope integrity in corynebacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.07.574573v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell envelope fortifies bacterial cells against antibiotics and other insults. Species in the Mycobacteriales order have a complex envelope that includes an outer layer of mycolic acids called the mycomembrane (MM) and a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and arabinogalactan. This envelope architecture is unique among bacteria and contributes significantly to the virulence of pathogenic Mycobacteriales like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Characterization of pathways that govern envelope biogenesis in these organisms is therefore critical in understanding their biology and for identifying new antibiotic targets. To better understand MM biogenesis, we developed a cell sorting-based screen for mutants defective in the surface exposure of a porin normally embedded in the MM of the model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum. The results revealed a requirement for the conserved {sigma}D envelope stress response in porin export and identified MarPas the site-1 protease, respectively, that activate the response by cleaving the membrane-embedded anti-sigma factor. A reporter system revealed that the {sigma}D pathway responds to defects in mycolic acid and arabinogalactan biosynthesis, suggesting that the stress response has the unusual property of being induced by activating signals that arise from defects in the assembly of two distinct envelope layers. Our results thus provide new insights into how C. glutamicum and related bacteria monitor envelope integrity and suggest a potential role for members of the {sigma}D regulon in protein export to the MM.

AUTHOR SUMMARYBacteria within the Mycobacteriales order, which includes the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have a unique multilayered cell surface architecture. How they sense and respond to defects in the construction of this distinct envelope to maintain homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here, we used the model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum to reveal that the conserved {sigma}D envelope stress response pathway responds to two distinct signals resulting from defects in different envelope layers. The results provide new insight into how members of the Mycobacteriales monitor the integrity of their surface and pave the way for the identification of novel vulnerabilities in envelope biogenesis that may be useful for targeting with antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyerly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BERNHARDT, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.07.574573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved σD envelope stress response monitors multiple aspects of envelope integrity in corynebacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.03.573641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local delivery of cell surface-targeted immunocytokines programs systemic anti-tumor immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.01.03.573641v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokine therapies are potent immunotherapy agents but exhibit severe dose-limiting toxicities. One strategy to overcome this involves engineering cytokines for intratumoral retention following local delivery. Here, we develop a localized cytokine therapy that elicits profound anti-tumor immunity by engineered targeting to the ubiquitous leukocyte receptor CD45. We designed CD45-targeted immunocytokines (CD45-Cyt) that, upon injection, decorated the surface of leukocytes in the tumor and tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) without systemic exposure. CD45-Cyt therapy eradicated both directly treated tumors and untreated distal lesions in multiple syngeneic mouse tumor models. Mechanistically, CD45-Cyt triggered prolonged pSTAT signaling and reprogrammed tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in the TDLN to exhibit an anti-viral transcriptional signature. CD45 anchoring represents a broad platform for protein retention by host immune cells for use in immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santollani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmeri, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duhamel, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suggs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porth, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinney, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Msari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittrup, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.03.573641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local delivery of cell surface-targeted immunocytokines programs systemic anti-tumor immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.31.573734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image processing tools for petabyte-scale light sheet microscopy data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.31.573734v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light sheet microscopy is a powerful technique for high-speed 3D imaging of subcellular dynamics and large biological specimens. However, it often generates datasets ranging from hundreds of gigabytes to petabytes in size for a single experiment. Conventional computational tools process such images far slower than the time to acquire them and often fail outright due to memory limitations. To address these challenges, we present PetaKit5D, a scalable software solution for efficient petabyte-scale light sheet image processing. This software incorporates a suite of commonly used processing tools that are memory and performance-optimized. Notable advancements include rapid image readers and writers, fast and memory-efficient geometric transformations, high-performance Richardson-Lucy deconvolution, and scalable Zarr-based stitching. These features outperform state-of-the-art methods by over one order of magnitude, enabling the processing of petabyte-scale image data at the full teravoxel rates of modern imaging cameras. The software opens new avenues for biological discoveries through large-scale imaging experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Görlitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milkie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillvis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killilea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.31.573734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image processing tools for petabyte-scale light sheet microscopy data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.30.573644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transforming chemigenetic bimolecular fluorescence complementation systems into chemical dimerizers using chemistry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.30.573644v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemigenetic tags are versatile labels for fluorescence microscopy that combine some of the advantages of genetically encoded tags with small molecule fluorophores. The Fluorescence Activating and absorbance Shifting Tags (FASTs) bind a series of highly fluorogenic and cell-permeable chromophores. Furthermore, FASTs can be used in complementation-based systems for detecting or inducing protein-protein interactions, depending on the exact FAST protein variant chosen. In this study, we systematically explore substitution patterns on FAST fluorogens and generate a series of fluorogens that bind to FAST variants, thereby activating their fluorescence. This effort led to the discovery of a novel fluorogen with superior properties, as well as a fluorogen that transforms splitFAST systems into a fluorogenic dimerizer, eliminating the need for additional protein engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.30.573644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transforming chemigenetic bimolecular fluorescence complementation systems into chemical dimerizers using chemistry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.22.573088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise 3D Localization of Intracerebral Implants with a simple Brain Clearing Method 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.22.573088v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the localization of intracerebral implants in rodent brain stands as a critical final step in most physiological and behaviroral studies, especially when targeting deep brain nuclei. Conventional histological approaches, reliant on manual estimation through sectioning and slice examination, are error-prone, potentially complicating data interpretation.

Leveraging recent advances in tissue-clearing techniques and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we introduce a method enabling virtual brain slicing in any orientation, offering precise implant localization without the limitations of traditional tissue sectioning.

To illustrate the methods utility, we present findings from the implantation of linear silicon probes into the midbrain interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) of anesthetized transgenic mice expressing chanelrhodopsin-2 and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein under the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) promoter/enhancer regions (ChAT-Chr2-EYFP mice). Utilizing a fluorescent dye applied to the electrode surface, we visualized both the targeted area and the precise localization, enabling enhanced inter-subject comparisons. Three dimensional (3D) brain renderings, presented effortlessly in video format across various orientations, showcase the versatility of this approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catanese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez-Tallon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.22.573088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise 3D Localization of Intracerebral Implants with a simple Brain Clearing Method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.18.572285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type specific enrichment of somatic aneuploidy in the mammalian brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.18.572285v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations alter the genomes of a subset of an individuals brain cells1-3, impacting gene regulation and contributing to disease processes4,5. Mosaic single nucleotide variants have been characterized with single-cell resolution in the brain2,3, but we have limited information about large-scale structural variation, including whole-chromosome duplication or loss1,6,7. We used a dataset of over 415,000 single-cell DNA methylation and chromatin conformation profiles across the adult mouse brain to identify aneuploid cells comprehensively. Whole-chromosome loss or duplication occurred in <1% of cells, with rates up to 1.8% in non-neuronal cell types, including oligodendrocyte precursors and pericytes. Among all aneuploidies, we observed a strong enrichment of trisomy on chromosome 16, which is syntenic with human chromosome 21 and constitutively trisomic in Down syndrome. Chromosome 16 trisomy occurred in multiple cell types and across brain regions, suggesting that nondisjunction is a recurrent feature of somatic variation in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type specific enrichment of somatic aneuploidy in the mammalian brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.18.571367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The activated plant NRC4 immune receptor forms a hexameric resistosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.18.571367v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate immune responses against microbial pathogens in both plants and animals are regulated by intracellular receptors known as Nucleotide-binding Leucine-rich Repeats (NLR) proteins. In plants, these NLRs play a crucial role in recognizing pathogen effectors, thereby initiating the activation of immune defense mechanisms. Notably, certain NLRs serve as "helper" NLR immune receptors (hNLR), working in tandem with "sensor" NLR immune receptors (sNLR) counterparts to orchestrate downstream signaling events to express disease resistance. In this study, we reconstituted and determined the cryo-EM structure of the hNLR required for cell death 4 (NRC4) resistosome. The auto-active NRC4 formed a previously unanticipated hexameric configuration, triggering immune responses associated with Ca2+ influx into the cytosol. Furthermore, we uncovered a dodecameric state of NRC4, where the coil-coil (CC) domain is embedded within the complex, suggesting an inactive state, and expanding our understanding of the regulation of plant immune responses.

One Sentence SummaryThe hexameric NRC4 resistosome mediates cell death associated with cytosolic Ca2+ influx.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carette, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.571367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The activated plant NRC4 immune receptor forms a hexameric resistosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.18.572244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vision sculpts a continuum of L2/3 cell types in the visual cortex during the critical period 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.18.572244v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How early sensory experience during "critical periods" of postnatal life affects the organization of the mammalian neocortex at the resolution of neuronal cell types is poorly understood. We previously reported that the functional and molecular profiles of layer 2/3 (L2/3) cell types in the primary visual cortex (V1) are vision-dependent (Tan et al., Neuron, 108(4), 2020; Cheng et al., Cell, 185(2), 2022). Here, we characterize the spatial organization of L2/3 cell types with and without visual experience. Spatial transcriptomic profiling based on 500 genes recapitulates the zonation of L2/3 cell types along the pial-ventricular axis in V1. By applying multi-tasking theory (Adler et al., Cell Systems, 8, 2019), we suggest that the spatial zonation of L2/3 cell types is linked to the continuous nature of their gene expression profiles, which can be represented as a 2D manifold bounded by three archetypal cell types ("A", "B", and "C"). By comparing normally reared and dark reared L2/3 cells, we show that visual deprivation-induced transcriptomic changes comprise two independent gene programs. The first, induced specifically in the visual cortex, includes immediate-early genes and genes associated with metabolic processes. It manifests as a change in cell state that is orthogonal to cell type-specific gene expression programs. By contrast, the second program impacts L2/3 cell type identity, regulating a subset of cell type-specific genes and shifting the distribution of cells within the L2/3 manifold, with a depression of the B-type and C-type and a gain of the A-type. Through an integrated analysis of spatial transcriptomic measurements with single-nucleus RNA-seq data from our previous study, we describe how vision patterns L2/3 cortical cell types during the postnatal critical period.

Significance statementLayer 2/3 (L2/3) glutamatergic neurons are important sites of experience-dependent plasticity and learning in the mammalian cortex. Their properties vary continuously with cortical depth and depend upon experience. Here, by applying spatial transcriptomics and different computational approaches in the mouse primary visual cortex, we show that vision regulates orthogonal gene expression programs underlying cell states and cell types. Visual deprivation not only induces an activity-dependent cell state, but also alters the composition of L2/3 cell types, which are appropriately described as a transcriptomic continuum. Our results provide insights into how experience shapes transcriptomes that may, in turn, sculpt brain wiring, function, and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vision sculpts a continuum of L2/3 cell types in the visual cortex during the critical period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.12.571353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MBD2 couples DNA methylation to Transposable Elements silencing during male gametogenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.12.571353v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation is an essential component of transposable element (TE) silencing, yet the mechanism by which methylation causes transcriptional repression remains poorly understood1-5. Here we study the Arabidopsis thaliana Methyl-CpG Binding Domain (MBD) proteins MBD1, MBD2, and MBD4, and show that MBD2 acts as a transposable element (TE) repressor during male gametogenesis. MBD2 bound chromatin regions containing high levels of CG methylation, and MBD2 was capable of silencing the FWA gene when tethered to its promoter. MBD2 loss caused TE activation in the vegetative cell (VC) of mature pollen without affecting DNA methylation levels, demonstrating that MBD2-mediated silencing acts strictly downstream of DNA methylation. Loss of silencing in mbd2 became more significant in the mbd5 mbd6 or adcp1 mutant backgrounds, as well as in plants with chemically induced genome-wide DNA demethylation, suggesting that MBD2 acts redundantly with other silencing pathways to safeguard TEs from activation. Overall, our study identifies MBD2 as a novel methyl reader that acts downstream of DNA methylation to silence TEs during male gametogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papareddy, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MBD2 couples DNA methylation to Transposable Elements silencing during male gametogenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.11.571124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An interactive web application for exploring human plasma and fibroblast metabolomics data from patients with inborn errors of metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.11.571124v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolomic profiling is instrumental in understanding the systemic and cellular impact of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), monogenic disorders caused by pathogenic genomic variants in genes involved in metabolism. This study encompasses untargeted metabolomics analysis of plasma from 474 individuals and fibroblasts from 67 subjects, incorporating healthy controls, patients with 65 different monogenic diseases, and numerous undiagnosed cases. We introduce a web application designed for the in-depth exploration of this extensive metabolomics database. The application offers a user-friendly interface for data review, download, and detailed analysis of metabolic deviations linked to IEMs at the level of individual patients or groups of patients with the same diagnosis. It also provides interactive tools for investigating metabolic relationships and offers comparative analyses of plasma and fibroblast profiles. This tool emphasizes the metabolic interplay within and across biological matrices, enriching our understanding of metabolic regulation in health and disease. As a resource, the application provides broad utility in research, offering novel insights into metabolic pathways and their alterations in various disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hieu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Haidar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudderth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhles, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudnall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornbuckle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuerle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNutt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotway, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afroze, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.571124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An interactive web application for exploring human plasma and fibroblast metabolomics data from patients with inborn errors of metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.07.570640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell eQTL mapping in yeast reveals a tradeoff between growth and reproduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.07.570640v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) provide a key bridge between noncoding DNA sequence variants and organismal traits. The effects of eQTLs can differ among tissues, cell types, and cellular states, but these differences are obscured by gene expression measurements in bulk populations. We developed a one-pot approach to map eQTLs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and applied it to over 100,000 single cells from three crosses. We used scRNA-seq data to genotype each cell, measure gene expression, and classify the cells by cell-cycle stage. We mapped thousands of local and distant eQTLs and identified interactions between eQTL effects and cell-cycle stages. We took advantage of single-cell expression information to identify hundreds of genes with allele-specific effects on expression noise. We used cell-cycle stage classification to map 20 loci that influence cell-cycle progression. One of these loci influenced the expression of genes involved in the mating response. We showed that the effects of this locus arise from a common variant (W82R) in the gene GPA1, which encodes a signaling protein that negatively regulates the mating pathway. The 82R allele increases mating efficiency at the cost of slower cell-cycle progression and is associated with a higher rate of outcrossing in nature. Our results provide a more granular picture of the effects of genetic variants on gene expression and downstream traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boocock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter-McNeill, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munugala, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruglyak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell eQTL mapping in yeast reveals a tradeoff between growth and reproduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.06.570444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor Immune Cell Targeting Chimeras (TICTACs) For Targeted Depletion of Macrophage-Associated Checkpoint Receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.12.06.570444v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment are not only powerful regulators of immunosuppression and tumorigenesis, but also represent a dominant cell type, with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) comprising up to 50% of total cell mass in solid tumors. Immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) derive their efficacy from this cancer-immune cell interface, however, immune-related adverse events resulting from systemic blockade remain a significant challenge. To address this need for potent, yet highly tumor-specific immunotherapies, we developed Tumor-Immune Cell TArgeting Chimeras (TICTACs) that are capable of selectively depleting immune checkpoint receptors such as SIRP from the surface of TAMs. These chimeric molecules consist of a synthetic glycan ligand that binds the C-type lectin CD206, a well-established TAM marker, conjugated to a non-blocking antibody that binds but does not inhibit the checkpoint receptor. By engaging CD206, which constitutively recycles between the plasma membrane and early endosomes, TICTACs facilitate robust degradation of the checkpoint receptors from the surface of CD206high macrophages, while having no effect on CD206low macrophages. By decoupling antibody selectivity from its blocking function, we present a new paradigm for developing highly tumor-specific immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Till, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor Immune Cell Targeting Chimeras (TICTACs) For Targeted Depletion of Macrophage-Associated Checkpoint Receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.30.569198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Ape Sex Chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.30.569198v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apes possess two sex chromosomes--the male-specific Y and the X shared by males and females. The Y chromosome is crucial for male reproduction, with deletions linked to infertility1. The X chromosome carries genes vital for reproduction and cognition2. Variation in mating patterns and brain function among great apes suggests corresponding differences in their sex chromosomes. However, due to their highly repetitive nature and incomplete reference assemblies, ape sex chromosomes have been challenging to study. Here, using the methodology developed for the telomere-to-telomere (T2T) human genome, we produced gapless assemblies of the X and Y chromosomes for five great apes (chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean and Sumatran orangutans) and a lesser ape, the siamang gibbon. These assemblies allowed us to untangle the intricacies of ape sex chromosome evolution. We found that, compared to the Xs, the ape Ys vary greatly in size and have low alignability and high levels of structural rearrangements. This divergence on the Y arises from the accumulation of lineage-specific ampliconic regions, palindromes, transposable elements, and satellites. Our analysis of Y chromosome genes revealed expansions of multi-copy gene families and signatures of purifying selection. Thus, the Y exhibits dynamic evolution, while the X is more stable. Mapping short-read sequencing data to these assemblies revealed diversity and selection patterns on sex chromosomes of >100 great ape individuals. These reference assemblies are expected to inform human evolution and conservation genetics of nonhuman apes, all of which are endangered species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makova, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, S. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Gennaro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamali, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pond, S. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPolice, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, Y.-H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maste</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Ape Sex Chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.25.568673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectivity underlying motor cortex activity during naturalistic goal-directed behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.25.568673v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural representations of information are shaped by local network interactions. Previous studies linking neural coding and cortical connectivity focused on stimulus selectivity in the sensory cortex 1-4. Here we study neural activity in the motor cortex during naturalistic behavior in which mice gathered rewards with multidirectional tongue reaching. This behavior does not require training and thus allowed us to probe neural coding and connectivity in motor cortex before its activity is shaped by learning a specific task. Neurons typically responded during and after reaching movements and exhibited conjunctive tuning to target location and reward outcome. We used an all-optical 5,4,6,7 method for large-scale causal functional connectivity mapping in vivo. Mapping connectivity between > 20,000,000 excitatory neuronal pairs revealed fine-scale columnar architecture in layer 2/3 of the motor cortex. Neurons displayed local (< 100 {micro}m) like-to-like connectivity according to target-location tuning, and inhibition over longer spatial scales. Connectivity patterns comprised a continuum, with abundant weakly connected neurons and sparse strongly connected neurons that function as network hubs. Hub neurons were weakly tuned to target-location and reward-outcome but strongly influenced neighboring neurons. This network of neurons, encoding location and outcome of movements to different motor goals, may be a general substrate for rapid learning of complex, goal-directed behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozsa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darshan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.25.568673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectivity underlying motor cortex activity during naturalistic goal-directed behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.20.563479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two-dose "extended priming" immunization amplifies humoral immune responses by synchronizing vaccine delivery with the germinal center response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.20.563479v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Extended priming" immunization regimens that prolong exposure of the immune system to vaccines during the primary immune response have shown promise in enhancing humoral immune responses to a variety of subunit vaccines in preclinical models. We previously showed that escalating-dosing immunization (EDI), where a vaccine is dosed every other day in an increasing pattern over 2 weeks dramatically amplifies humoral immune responses. But such a dosing regimen is impractical for prophylactic vaccines. We hypothesized that simpler dosing regimens might replicate key elements of the immune response triggered by EDI. Here we explored "reduced ED" immunization regimens, assessing the impact of varying the number of injections, dose levels, and dosing intervals during EDI. Using a stabilized HIV Env trimer as a model antigen combined with a potent saponin adjuvant, we found that a two-shot extended-prime regimen consisting of immunization with 20% of a given vaccine dose followed by a second shot with the remaining 80% of the dose 7 days later resulted in increased total GC B cells, 5-10-fold increased frequencies of antigen-specific GC B cells, and 10-fold increases in serum antibody titers compared to single bolus immunization. Computational modeling of the GC response suggested that this enhanced response is mediated by antigen delivered in the second dose being captured more efficiently as immune complexes in follicles, predictions we verified experimentally. Our computational and experimental results also highlight how properly designed reduced ED protocols enhance activation and antigen loading of dendritic cells and activation of T helper cells to amplify humoral responses. These results suggest that a two-shot priming approach can be used to substantially enhance responses to subunit vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhagchandani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Akiva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadhera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvine, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.563479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two-dose "extended priming" immunization amplifies humoral immune responses by synchronizing vaccine delivery with the germinal center response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.567136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flow-field inference from neural data using deep recurrent networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.567136v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computations involved in processes such as decision-making, working memory, and motor control are thought to emerge from the dynamics governing the collective activity of neurons in large populations. But the estimation of these dynamics remains a significant challenge. Here we introduce Flow-field Inference from Neural Data using deep Recurrent networks (FINDR), an unsupervised deep learning method that can infer low-dimensional nonlinear stochastic dynamics underlying neural population activity. Using population spike train data from frontal brain regions of rats performing an auditory decision-making task, we demonstrate that FINDR outperforms existing methods in capturing the heterogeneous responses of individual neurons. We further show that FINDR can discover interpretable low-dimensional dynamics when it is trained to disentangle task-relevant and irrelevant components of the neural population activity. Importantly, the low-dimensional nature of the learned dynamics allows for explicit visualization of flow fields and attractor structures. We suggest FINDR as a powerful method for revealing the low-dimensional task-relevant dynamics of neural populations and their associated computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flow-field inference from neural data using deep recurrent networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.11.566719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep generative model deciphers derailed trajectories in acute myeloid leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.11.566719v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological insights often depend on comparing conditions such as disease and health, yet we lack effective computational tools for integrating single-cell genomics data across conditions or characterizing transitions from normal to deviant cell states. Here, we present Decipher, a deep generative model that characterizes derailed cell-state trajectories. Decipher jointly models and visualizes gene expression and cell state from normal and perturbed single-cell RNA-seq data, revealing shared and disrupted dynamics. We demonstrate its superior performance across diverse contexts, including in pancreatitis with oncogene mutation, acute myeloid leukemia, and gastric cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nazaret, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavallee, V.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiseliovas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilionis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep generative model deciphers derailed trajectories in acute myeloid leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.567123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of LRRK2 designed ankyrin-repeat proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.14.567123v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large multidomain protein containing two catalytic domains, a kinase and a GTPase, as well protein interactions domains, including a WD40 domain. The association of increased LRRK2 kinase activity with both the familial and sporadic forms of Parkinsons disease (PD) has led to intense interest in determining its cellular function. However, small molecule probes that can bind to LRRK2 and report on or affect its activity are needed. Here, we identified a series of high-affinity LRRK2-binding designed ankyrin-repeat proteins (DARPins). One of these DARPins (E11) bound to the LRRK2 WD40 domain with high affinity. LRRK2 bound to DARPin E11 showed improved behavior on cryo-EM grids, resulting in higher resolution LRRK2 structures. DARPin E11 did not affect the catalytic activity of a truncated form of LRRK2 in vitro but decreased the phosphorylation of Rab8A, a LRRK2 substrate, in cells. We also found that DARPin E11 disrupts the formation of microtubule-associated LRRK2 filaments in cells, which are known to require WD40-based dimerization. Thus, DARPin E11 is a new tool to explore the function and dysfunction of LRRK2 and guide the development of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors that target the WD40 domain instead of the kinase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dederer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz Murillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasmanis, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatch, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdul Azeez, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galicia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluckthun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versees, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of LRRK2 designed ankyrin-repeat proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.11.566717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific effects of age and sex on human cortical neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.11.566717v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excitatory and inhibitory neurons establish specialized identities early in life through cell type-specific patterns of epigenetic regulation and gene expression. Although cell types are largely stable throughout the lifespan, altered transcriptional and epigenetic regulation may contribute to cognitive changes with advanced age. Using single-nucleus multiomic DNA methylation and transcriptome sequencing (snmCT-seq) in frontal cortex samples from young adult and aged donors, we found widespread age- and sex-related variability in specific neuronal cell types. The proportion of GABAergic inhibitory cells, including SST and VIP expressing cells, was reduced in aged donors. On the other hand, excitatory neurons had more profound age-related changes in their gene expression and DNA methylation compared with inhibitory cells. Hundreds of genes involved in synaptic activity were downregulated, while genes located in subtelomeric regions were upregulated with age and anti-correlated with telomere length. We further mapped sex differences in autosomal gene expression and escape from X-inactivation in specific neuron types. Multiomic single-nucleus epigenomes and transcriptomes provide new insight into the effects of age and sex on human neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chien, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valadon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claffey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific effects of age and sex on human cortical neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.09.566470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlative single molecule lattice light sheet imaging reveals the dynamic relationship between nucleosomes and the local chromatin environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.09.566470v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the nucleus, biological processes are driven by proteins that diffuse through and bind to a meshwork of nucleic acid polymers. To better understand this interplay, we developed an imaging platform to simultaneously visualize single protein dynamics together with the local chromatin environment in live cells. Together with super-resolution imaging, new fluorescent probes, and biophysical modeling, we demonstrated that nucleosomes display differential diffusion and packing arrangements as chromatin density increases whereas the viscoelastic properties and accessibility of the interchromatin space remain constant. Perturbing nuclear functions impacted nucleosome diffusive properties in a manner that was dependent on local chromatin density and supportive of a model wherein transcription locally stabilizes nucleosomes while simultaneously allowing for the free exchange of nuclear proteins. Our results reveal that nuclear heterogeneity arises from both active and passive process and highlights the need to account for different organizational principals when modeling different chromatin environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daugird, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostamian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strahl, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legant, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlative single molecule lattice light sheet imaging reveals the dynamic relationship between nucleosomes and the local chromatin environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.01.565189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LARP1 senses free ribosomes to coordinate supply and demand of ribosomal proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.11.01.565189v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terminal oligopyrimidine motif-containing mRNAs (TOPs) encode all ribosomal proteins in mammals and are regulated to tune ribosome synthesis to cell state. Previous studies implicate LARP1 in 40S- or 80S-ribosome complexes that repress and stabilize TOPs. However, a mechanistic understanding of how LARP1 and TOPs interact with these complexes to coordinate TOP outcomes is lacking. Here, we show that LARP1 senses the cellular supply of ribosomes by directly binding non-translating ribosomal subunits. Cryo-EM structures reveal a previously uncharacterized domain of LARP1 bound to and occluding the 40S mRNA channel. Free cytosolic ribosomes induce sequestration of TOPs in repressed 80S-LARP1-TOP complexes independent of alterations in mTOR signaling. Together, this work demonstrates a general ribosome-sensing function of LARP1 that allows it to tune ribosome protein synthesis to cellular demand.

One-Sentence SummaryLARP1 directly binds free ribosomal subunits to repress TOP mRNAs
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saba, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schole, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LARP1 senses free ribosomes to coordinate supply and demand of ribosomal proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.29.564316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical capillary waves of biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.29.564316v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation are key players in cellular organization, yet their interfacial mechanics remain poorly understood. Here, we show that both synthetic and endogenous nuclear condensates exhibit critical-like interfacial behaviors near the phase boundary, including enhanced capillary fluctuations, critical slowing down, and reduced surface tension. By combining optogenetic control with sub-micron-resolution fluctuation spectroscopy, we quantitatively estimate surface tension, bending rigidity, and effective viscosity. Surface tension diminishes as the system approaches the critical composition, consistent with classical theories of phase separation. Notably, bending elasticity emerges as an unexpected feature of these nuclear liquid-like structures, suggesting the formation of structured interfacial layers that progressively weaken near criticality. Among these condensates, the nucleolus displayed exceptionally high viscosity, which may arise in part from viscoelastic coupling to the surrounding perinucleolar heterochromatin, effectively increasing the apparent viscosity in the long-time fluctuation regime. This non-invasive approach enables probing condensate mechanics in living cells and may provide a basis for diagnosing or modulating condensates in biomedical contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimobayashi, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taniguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical capillary waves of biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.29.563503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal skin atlas associates a multicellular immune-stromal community with altered cornification and T cell expansion in atopic dermatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.29.563503v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In healthy skin, a cutaneous immune system maintains the balance between tolerance towards innocuous environmental antigens and immune responses against pathological agents. In atopic dermatitis (AD), barrier and immune dysfunction result in chronic tissue inflammation. Our understanding of the skin tissue ecosystem in AD remains incomplete with regard to the hallmarks of pathological barrier formation, and cellular state and clonal composition of disease-promoting cells. Here, we generated a multi-modal cell census of 310,691 cells spanning 86 cell subsets from whole skin tissue of 19 adult individuals, including non-lesional and lesional skin from 11 AD patients, and integrated it with 396,321 cells from four studies into a comprehensive human skin cell atlas in health and disease. Reconstruction of human keratinocyte differentiation from basal to cornified layers revealed a disrupted cornification trajectory in AD. This disrupted epithelial differentiation was associated with signals from a unique immune and stromal multicellular community comprised of MMP12+ dendritic cells (DCs), mature migratory DCs, cycling ILCs, NK cells, inflammatory CCL19+ IL4I1+ fibroblasts, and clonally expanded IL13+IL22+IL26+ T cells with overlapping type 2 and type 17 characteristics. Cell subsets within this immune and stromal multicellular community were connected by multiple inter-cellular positive feedback loops predicted to impact community assembly and maintenance. AD GWAS gene expression was enriched both in disrupted cornified keratinocytes and in cell subsets from the lesional immune and stromal multicellular community including IL13+IL22+IL26+ T cells and ILCs, suggesting that epithelial or immune dysfunction in the context of the observed cellular communication network can initiate and then converge towards AD. Our work highlights specific, disease-associated cell subsets and interactions as potential targets in progression and resolution of chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eraslan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alora-Palli, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Castillo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finan, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira-Soldano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBere, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slyper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phipatanakul, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delorey, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geha, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.563503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal skin atlas associates a multicellular immune-stromal community with altered cornification and T cell expansion in atopic dermatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.26.562893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single nuclei sequencing reveals C4 photosynthesis is based on rewiring of ancestral cell identity networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.26.562893v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multicellular systems changes to the patterning of gene expression drive modifications in cell function and trait evolution. One striking example is found in more than sixty plant lineages where compartmentation of photosynthesis between cell types allowed the evolution of the efficient C4 pathway from the ancestral C3 state. The molecular events enabling this transition are unclear. We used single nuclei sequencing to generate atlases for C3 rice and C4 sorghum during photomorphogenesis. Our analysis revealed that initiation of photosynthesis gene expression is conditioned by cell identity. In both species a conserved cistrome defines each cell type, and photosynthesis genes switching expression from mesophyll in rice to bundle sheath in sorghum acquire hallmarks of bundle sheath identity. The sorghum bundle sheath has also acquired gene networks associated with C3 guard cells. We conclude C4 photosynthesis is based on rewiring in cis that exapts cell identity networks of C3 plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swift, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuehl, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibberd, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.562893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single nuclei sequencing reveals C4 photosynthesis is based on rewiring of ancestral cell identity networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.25.563990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread fungal-bacterial competition for magnesium enhances antibiotic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.25.563990v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungi and bacteria coexist in many polymicrobial communities, yet the molecular basis of their interactions remains poorly understood. Using unbiased genomic approaches, we discover that the fungus Candida albicans sequesters essential Mg2+ ions from the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In turn, the bacterium competes using a Mg2+ transporter, MgtA. We show that Mg2+ sequestration by fungi is a general mechanism of antagonism against gram-negative bacteria. But the resultant Mg2+ limitation enhances bacterial resistance to polymyxin antibiotics like colistin, which target gram-negative bacterial membranes. Experimental evolution reveals that bacteria in co-culture with fungi become phenotypically, but not genetically, resistant to colistin; antifungal treatment renders resistant bacteria from co-cultures to become colistin-sensitive. Fungal-bacterial nutritional competition may thus profoundly impact treatments of polymicrobial infections with antibiotics of last resort.

One Sentence SummaryMagnesium sequestration by fungi lowers bacterial fitness but enhances antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, Y.-Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandekar, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.563990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread fungal-bacterial competition for magnesium enhances antibiotic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.17.562690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer-driven local 3D chromatin domain folding modulates transcription in human mammary tumor cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.17.562690v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome is organized in functional compartments and structural domains at the sub-megabase scale. How within these domains interactions between numerous cis-acting enhancers and promoters regulate transcription remains an open question. Here, we determined chromatin folding and composition over several hundred kb around estrogen responsive genes in human breast cancer cell lines following hormone stimulation. Modeling of 5C data at 1.8 kb resolution was combined with quantitative 3D analysis of multicolor FISH measurements at 100 nm resolution and integrated with ChIP-seq data on transcription factor binding and histone modifications. We found that rapid estradiol induction of the progesterone gene (PGR) expression occurs in the context of pre-existing, cell type specific chromosomal architectures encompassing the 90 kb PGR coding region and an enhancer-spiked 5 300 kb upstream genomic region. In response to estradiol, interactions between estrogen-receptor  (ER) bound regulatory elements are re-enforced. While initial enhancer - gene contacts coincide with RNA Pol 2 binding and transcription initiation, sustained hormone stimulation promotes ER accumulation creating a regulatory hub stimulating transcript synthesis. In addition to implications for estrogen receptor signaling, we uncover that preestablished chromatin architectures efficiently regulate gene expression upon stimulation without the need for de-novo extensive rewiring of long-range chromatin interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kocanova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raynal, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goiffon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksuz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamgoue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantaloube, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marti-Renom, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bystricky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer-driven local 3D chromatin domain folding modulates transcription in human mammary tumor cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.17.562769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanomechanics of wild-type and mutant dimers of the tip-link protein protocadherin 15 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.17.562769v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical force controls the opening and closing of mechanosensitive ion channels atop the hair bundles of the inner ear. The filamentous tip link connecting transduction channels to the tallest neighboring stereocilium modulates the force transmitted to the channels and thus changes their probability of opening. Each tip link comprises four molecules: a dimer of protocadherin 15 and a dimer of cadherin 23, all of which are stabilized by Ca2+ binding. Using a high-speed optical trap to examine dimeric PCDH15, we find that the proteins configuration is sensitive to Ca2+ and that the molecule exhibits limited unfolding at a physiological Ca2+ concentration. PCDH15 can therefore modulate its stiffness without undergoing large unfolding events in physiological Ca2+ conditions. The experimentally determined stiffness of PCDH15 accords with published values for the stiffness of the gating spring, the mechanical element that controls the opening of mechanotransduction channels. When PCDH15 has a point mutation, V507D, associated with non-syndromic hearing loss, unfolding events occur more frequently under tension and refolding events occur less often than in the wild-type protein. Our results suggest that the maintenance of appropriate tension in the gating spring is critical to the appropriate transmission of force to transduction channels, and hence to hearing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villasante, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudspeth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanomechanics of wild-type and mutant dimers of the tip-link protein protocadherin 15]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.14.562285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of novel sensory organs in fish with legs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.14.562285v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do animals evolve new traits? Sea robins are unusual "walking" fishes that use leg-like appendages to navigate the seafloor. Here, we show that legs are bona fide sense organs that mediate the unique ability to localize and uncover buried prey. We then probe the developmental and physiological basis of these novel sense organs as a striking example of a major trait gain in evolution. We find certain sea robin species have legs with unique end-organs called papillae that mediate enhanced mechanical and chemical sensitivity to enable predatory digging behavior. Papillae exhibit dense innervation from touch-sensitive neurons, noncanonical epithelial taste receptors, and chemical sensitivity that drives predatory digging behavior. Using a combination of developmental analyses, crosses between species with and without papillae, and interspecies comparisons of sea robins from around the world, we demonstrate that papillae represent a key evolutionary innovation associated with behavioral niche expansion on the seafloor. These discoveries provide a conceptual framework for understanding how molecular, cellular, and tissue-scale adaptations integrate to produce novel organismic traits and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allard, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhyne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourlay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seminara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellono, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.14.562285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of novel sensory organs in fish with legs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A blue-shifted genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator with enhanced two-photon absorption 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562058v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SignificanceGenetically encoded calcium ion (Ca2+) indicators (GECIs) are powerful tools for monitoring intracellular Ca2+ concentration changes in living cells and model organisms. In particular, GECIs have found particular utility for monitoring the transient increase of Ca2+ concentration that is associated with the neuronal action potential. However, the palette of highly optimized GECIs for imaging of neuronal activity remains relatively limited. Expanding the selection of available GECIs to include new colors and distinct photophysical properties could create new opportunities for in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging of neuronal activity. In particular, blue-shifted variants of GECIs are expected to have enhanced two-photon brightness, which would facilitate multiphoton microscopy.

AimWe describe the development and applications of T-GECO1 - a high-performance blue-shifted GECI based on the Clavularia sp.-derived mTFP1.

ApproachWe used protein engineering and extensive directed evolution to develop T-GECO1. We characterize the purified protein and assess its performance in vitro using one-photon excitation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, in vivo using one-photon excitation fiber photometry in mice, and ex vivo using two-photon Ca2+ imaging in hippocampal slices.

ResultsThe Ca2+-bound state of T-GECO1 has an excitation peak maximum of 468 nm, an emission peak maximum of 500 nm, an extinction coefficient of 49,300 M-1cm-1, a quantum yield of 0.83, and two-photon brightness approximately double that of EGFP. The Ca2+-dependent fluorescence increase is 15-fold and the apparent Kd for Ca2+ is 82 nM. With two-photon excitation conditions at 850 nm, T-GECO1 consistently enabled detection of action potentials with higher signal-to-noise (SNR) than a late generation GCaMP variant.

ConclusionT-GECO1 is a high performance blue-shifted GECI that, under two-photon excitation conditions, provides advantages relative to late generation GCaMP variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendifallah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobizhev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarowny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EMILIANI, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podgorski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A blue-shifted genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator with enhanced two-photon absorption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-canonical attractor dynamics underlie perceptual decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562427v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceptual decision-making is the process by which an animal uses sensory stimuli to choose an action or mental proposition. This process is thought to be mediated by neurons organized as attractor networks1,2. However, whether attractor dynamics underlie decision behavior and the complex neuronal responses remains unclear. Here we use simultaneous recordings from hundreds of neurons, together with an unsupervised, deep learning-based method, to discover decision-related neural dynamics in frontal cortex and striatum of rats while the subjects accumulate pulsatile auditory evidence. We found that trajectories evolved along two sequential regimes, the first dominated by sensory inputs, and the second dominated by the autonomous dynamics, with flow in a direction (i.e., "neural mode") largely orthogonal to that in the first regime. We propose that the transition to the second regime corresponds to the moment of decision commitment. We developed a simplified model that approximates the coupled transition in dynamics and neural mode and allows precise inference, from each trials large-scale neural population activity, of a putative neurally-inferred time of commitment ("nTc") on that trial. The simplified model captures diverse and complex single-neuron temporal profiles, such as ramping and stepping3-5, as well as trial-averaged curved trajectories6-8, and reveals distinctions between brain regions. The estimated nTc times were not time-locked to stimulus onset or offset, or to response onset, but were instead broadly distributed across trials. If nTc marks the moment of decision commitment, sensory evidence before nTc should affect the decision, while evidence afterward should not. Behavioral analysis of trials aligned to their estimated nTc times confirmed this prediction. Our results show that the formation of a perceptual choice involves a rapid, coordinated transition in both the dynamical regime and the neural mode of the decision process that corresponds to commitment to a decision, and suggest this moment as a useful entry point for dissecting mechanisms underlying rapid changes in internal state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopec, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-canonical attractor dynamics underlie perceptual decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylphenidate modulates motor cortical dynamics and behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562405v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylphenidate (MPH, brand: Ritalin) is a common stimulant used both medically and non-medically. Though typically prescribed for its cognitive effects, MPH also affects movement. While it is known that MPH noncompetitively blocks the reuptake of catecholamines through inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, a critical step in exploring how it affects behavior is to understand how MPH directly affects neural activity. This would establish an electrophysiological mechanism of action for MPH. Since we now have biologically-grounded network-level hypotheses regarding how populations of motor cortical neurons plan and execute movements, there is a unique opportunity to make testable predictions regarding how systemic MPH administration - a pharmacological perturbation - might affect neural activity in motor cortex. To that end, we administered clinically-relevant doses of MPH to Rhesus monkeys as they performed an instructed-delay reaching task. Concomitantly, we measured neural activity from dorsal premotor and primary motor cortex. Consistent with our predictions, we found dose-dependent and significant effects on reaction time, trial-by-trial variability, and movement speed. We confirmed our hypotheses that changes in reaction time and variability were accompanied by previously established population-level changes in motor cortical preparatory activity and the condition-independent signal that precedes movements. We expected changes in speed to be a result of changes in the amplitude of motor cortical dynamics and/or a translation of those dynamics in activity space. Instead, our data are consistent with a mechanism whereby the neuromodulatory effect of MPH is to increase the gain and/or the signal-to-noise of motor cortical dynamics during reaching. Continued work in this domain to better understand the brain-wide electrophysiological mechanism of action of MPH and other psychoactive drugs could facilitate more targeted treatments for a host of cognitive-motor disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verhein, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylphenidate modulates motor cortical dynamics and behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
hkb is required for DIP-α expression and target recognition in the Drosophila neuromuscular circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.15.562341v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our nervous system contains billions of neurons that form precise connections with each other through interactions between cell surface proteins (CSPs). In Drosophila, the Dpr and DIP immunoglobulin protein subfamilies form homophilic or heterophilic interactions to instruct synaptic connectivity, synaptic growth and cell survival. However, the upstream regulation and downstream signaling mechanisms of Dprs and DIPs are not clear. In the Drosophila larval neuromuscular system, DIP- is expressed in the dorsal and ventral type-Is motor neurons (MNs). We conducted an F1 dominant modifier genetic screen to identify regulators of Dprs and DIPs. We found that the transcription factor, huckebein (hkb), genetically interacts with DIP- and is important for target recognition specifically in the dorsal Is MN, but not the ventral Is MN. Loss of hkb led to complete removal of DIP- expression. We then confirmed that this specificity is through the dorsal Is MN specific transcription factor, even-skipped (eve), which acts downstream of hkb. Genetic interaction between hkb and eve revealed that they act in the same pathway to regulate dorsal Is MN connectivity. Our study provides insight into the transcriptional regulation of DIP- and suggests that distinct regulatory mechanisms exist for the same CSP in different neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatton, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecsey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[hkb is required for DIP-α expression and target recognition in the Drosophila neuromuscular circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.11.561813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chlorophyll to Zeaxanthin Energy Transfer in Non-Photochemical Quenching: An Exciton Annihilation-free Transient Absorption Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.11.561813v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zeaxanthin (Zea) is a key component in the energy-dependent, rapidly reversible, non-photochemical quenching process (qE) that regulates photosynthetic light harvesting. Previous transient absorption (TA) studies suggested that Zea can participate in direct quenching via Chlorophyll (Chl) to Zea energy transfer. However, the contamination of intrinsic exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) makes the assignment of TA signal ambiguous. In this study, we present EEA-free TA data using Nicotiana benthamiana thylakoid membranes, including wild type and three NPQ mutants (npq1, npq4, and lut2) generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. Results show a strong correlation between excitation energy transfer from excited Chl Qy to Zea S1 and the xanthophyll cycle during qE activation. Notably, a Lut S1 signal is absent in the npq1 thylakoids which lack zeaxanthin. Additionally, the fifth-order response analysis shows a reduction in the exciton diffusion length (LD) from 55 {+/-} 5 nm to 38 {+/-} 3 nm under high light illumination, consistent with the reduced range of exciton motion being a key aspect of plants response to excess light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel-Tupper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas-DeMott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karavolias, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chlorophyll to Zeaxanthin Energy Transfer in Non-Photochemical Quenching: An Exciton Annihilation-free Transient Absorption Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of automethylated PRC2 by dimerization on chromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.12.562141v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is an epigenetic regulator that trimethylates lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) and is essential for embryonic development and cellular differentiation. H3K27me3 is associated with transcriptionally repressed chromatin and is established when PRC2 is allosterically activated upon methyl-lysine binding by the regulatory subunit EED. Automethylation of the catalytic subunit EZH2 stimulates its activity by an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that PRC2 forms a dimer on chromatin in which an inactive, automethylated PRC2 protomer is the allosteric activator of a second PRC2 that is poised to methylate H3 of a substrate nucleosome. Functional assays support our model of allosteric trans-autoactivation via EED, suggesting a novel mechanism mediating context- dependent activation of PRC2. Our work showcases the molecular mechanism of auto- modification coupled dimerization in the regulation of chromatin modifying complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zirden, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehne, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Ray, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haensel-Hertsch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanbonmatsu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poepsel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of automethylated PRC2 by dimerization on chromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.07.561308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploration of the Tunability of BRD4 Degradation by DCAF16 Trans-labelling Covalent Glues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.07.561308v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small molecules that can induce protein degradation by inducing proximity between a desired target and an E3 ligase have the potential to greatly expand the number of proteins that can be manipulated pharmacologically. Current strategies for targeted protein degradation are mostly limited in their target scope to proteins with preexisting ligands. Alternate modalities such as molecular glues, as exemplified by the glutarimide class of ligands for the CUL4CRBN ligase, have been mostly discovered serendipitously. We recently reported a trans-labelling covalent glue mechanism which we named  Template-assisted covalent modification, where an electrophile decorated small molecule binder of BRD4 was effectively delivered to a cysteine residue on an E3 ligase DCAF16 as a consequence of a BRD4-DCAF16 protein-protein interaction. Herein, we report our medicinal chemistry efforts to evaluate how various electrophilic modifications to the BRD4 binder, JQ1, affect DCAF16 trans-labeling and subsequent BRD4 degradation efficiency. We discovered a decent correlation between the ability of the electrophilic small molecule to induce ternary complex formation between BRD4 and DCAF16 with its ability to induce BRD4 degradation. Moreover, we show that a more solvent-exposed warhead presentation is optimal for DCAF16 recruitment and subsequent BRD4 degradation. Unlike the sensitivity of CUL4CRBN glue degraders to chemical modifications, the diversity of covalent attachments in this class of BRD4 glue degraders suggests a high tolerance and tunability for the BRD4-DCAF16 interaction. This offers a potential new avenue for a rational design of covalent glue degraders by introducing covalent warheads to known binders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byun, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puvar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmoker, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groendyke, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.07.561308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploration of the Tunability of BRD4 Degradation by DCAF16 Trans-labelling Covalent Glues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.09.561558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional control contributes to hypoxia induced tumorigenic phenotypes in macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.09.561558v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are effector immune cells that experience substantial changes to oxygenation when transiting through tissues, especially when entering tumors or infected wounds. How the transition to hypoxia alters gene expression and macrophage effector function remains poorly understood, especially at the post-transcriptional level. Here we use TimeLapse-seq to measure how hypoxia modifies inflammatory activation of primary macrophages. Nucleoside recoding sequencing allowed us to derive steady-state transcript levels, degradation rates, and transcriptional synthesis rates from the same dataset. We find that inflammatory activation of macrophages is altered by hypoxia due to increased mRNA decay. Destabilized transcripts encode for proteins associated with phagocytosis and proteolysis of the extracellular matrix. Consistent with differential gene expression, we observed hypoxia alters the specificity of macrophage phagocytosis and reduces their invasion of extracellular matrix. Hypoxic gene expression bears similarity to tumorigenic macrophages in solid tumor biopsies suggesting post-transcriptional control contributes to the macrophage transition from tumoricidal to tumorigenic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Courvan, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-transcriptional control contributes to hypoxia induced tumorigenic phenotypes in macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.08.561368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Essential Role of Latrophilin-1 Adhesion GPCR Nanoclusters in Inhibitory Synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.08.561368v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latrophilin-1 (Lphn1, a.k.a. CIRL1 and CL1; gene symbol Adgrl1) is an Adhesion GPCR that has been implicated in excitatory synaptic transmission as a candidate receptor for -latrotoxin. Here we analyzed conditional knockin/knockout mice for Lphn1 that contain an extracellular myc-epitope tag. Surprisingly, we found that Lphn1 is localized in cultured neurons to synaptic nanoclusters that are present in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Conditional deletion of Lphn1 in cultured neurons failed to elicit a detectable impairment in excitatory synapses but produced a decrease in inhibitory synapse numbers and synaptic transmission that was most pronounced for synapses close to the neuronal soma. No changes in axonal or dendritic outgrowth or branching were observed. Our data indicate that Lphn1 is among the few postsynaptic adhesion molecules that are present in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses and that Lphn1 by itself is not essential for excitatory synaptic transmission but contributes to inhibitory synaptic connections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Südhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Essential Role of Latrophilin-1 Adhesion GPCR Nanoclusters in Inhibitory Synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.04.560962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting telomerase RNA structural heterogeneity in living human cells with DMS-MaPseq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.04.560962v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase that uses an intrinsic RNA subunit as the template for telomeric DNA synthesis. Biogenesis of human telomerase requires its RNA subunit (hTR) to fold into a multi-domain architecture that includes the template-containing pseudoknot (t/PK) and the three-way junction (CR4/5). These two hTR domains bind the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) protein and are thus essential for telomerase catalytic activity. Here, we probe the structure of hTR in living cells using dimethyl sulfate mutational profiling with sequencing (DMS-MaPseq) and ensemble deconvolution analysis. Unexpectedly, approximately 15% of the steady state population of hTR has a CR4/5 conformation lacking features thought to be required for hTERT binding. The proportion of hTR CR4/5 that is folded into the primary functional conformation does not require hTERT expression and the fraction of hTR that assumes a misfolded CR4/5 domain is not refolded by overexpression of its hTERT binding partner. This result suggests a functional role for an RNA folding cofactor other than hTERT during telomerase biogenesis. Mutagenesis demonstrates that stabilization of the alternative CR4/5 conformation is detrimental to telomerase assembly and activity. Moreover, the alternative CR4/5 conformation is not found in telomerase RNP complexes purified from cells via an epitope tag on hTERT, supporting the hypothesis that only the major CR4/5 conformer is active. We propose that this misfolded portion of the cellular hTR pool is either slowly refolded or degraded. Thus, kinetic traps for RNA folding that have been so well-studied in vitro may also present barriers for assembly of ribonucleoprotein complexes in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forino, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaug, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cech, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouskin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting telomerase RNA structural heterogeneity in living human cells with DMS-MaPseq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Modular Design for Synthetic Membraneless Organelles Enables Compositional and Functional Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.03.560789v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living cells organize a wide variety of processes through compartmentalization into membraneless organelles, known as biomolecular condensates. Given their ubiquitous presence across a wide spectrum of different organisms and cell types, biomolecular condensates are increasingly considered to offer great potential for biotechnological applications. However, native condensates remain difficult to harness for engineering applications, both due to their intertwined mechanisms of assembly and compositional control, and potential disruptions to native cellular processes. Here, we demonstrate a modular framework for the formation of synthetic condensates designed to decouple cluster formation and protein recruitment. Synthetic condensates are built through constitutive oligomerization of intrinsically-disordered regions (IDRs), which drive the formation of condensates whose composition can be independently defined through fused interaction domains. The composition of the proteins driven to partition into the condensate can be quantitatively described using a binding equilibrium model, demonstrating predictive control of how component expression levels and interaction affinity determine the degree of protein recruitment. Finally, the engineered system is utilized to regulate protein interactions and metabolic flux by harnessing the systems compositional tunability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walls, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avalos, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Modular Design for Synthetic Membraneless Organelles Enables Compositional and Functional Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.02.560617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell signaling analysis reveals that Major Vault Protein facilitates RasG12C inhibitor resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.02.560617v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently developed covalent inhibitors for RasG12C provide the first pharmacological tools to target mutant Ras-driven cancers. However, the rapid development of resistance to current clinical Ras G12C inhibitors is common. Presumably, a subpopulation of RasG12C-expressing cells adapt their signaling to evade these inhibitors and the mechanisms for this phenomenon are unclear due to the lack of tools that can measure signaling with single-cell resolution. Here, we utilized recently developed Ras sensors to profile the environment of active Ras and to measure the activity of endogenous Ras in order to pair structure (Ras signalosome) to function (Ras activity), respectively, at a single-cell level. With this approach, we identified a subpopulation of KRasG12C cells treated with RasG12C-GDP inhibitors underwent oncogenic signaling and metabolic changes driven by WT Ras at the golgi and mutant Ras at the mitochondria, respectively. Our Ras sensors identified Major Vault Protein (MVP) as a mediator of Ras activation at both compartments by scaffolding Ras signaling pathway components and metabolite channels. We found that recently developed RasG12C-GTP inhibitors also led to MVP-mediated WT Ras signaling at the golgi, demonstrating that this a general mechanism RasG12C inhibitor resistance. Overall, single-cell analysis of structure-function relationships enabled the discovery of a RasG12C inhibitor-resistant subpopulation driven by MVP, providing insight into the complex and heterogenous rewiring occurring during drug resistance in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, S.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maly, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell signaling analysis reveals that Major Vault Protein facilitates RasG12C inhibitor resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.02.560463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative Splicing of Latrophilin-3 Controls Synapse Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.02.560463v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How synapses are assembled and specified in brain is incompletely understood. Latrophilin- 3, a postsynaptic adhesion-GPCR, mediates Schaffer-collateral synapse formation in the hippocampus but the mechanisms involved remained unclear. Here we show that Latrophilin-3 organizes synapses by a convergent dual-pathway mechanism by which Latrophilin-3 simultaneously activates GS/cAMP-signaling and recruits phase-separated postsynaptic protein scaffolds. We found that cell type-specific alternative splicing of Latrophilin-3 controls its G protein coupling mode, resulting in Latrophilin-3 variants that predominantly signal via Gs and cAMP or via G12/13. A CRISPR-mediated genetic switch of Latrophilin-3 alternative splicing from a GS- to a G12/13-coupled mode impaired synaptic connectivity similar to the overall deletion of Latrophilin-3, suggesting that GS/cAMP- signaling by Latrophilin-3 splice variants mediates synapse formation. Moreover, GS- but not G12/13-coupled splice variants of Latrophilin-3 recruit phase-transitioned postsynaptic protein scaffolds that are clustered by binding of presynaptic Latrophilin-3 ligands. Strikingly, neuronal activity promotes alternative splicing of the synaptogenic variant of Latrophilin-3, thereby enhancing synaptic connectivity. Together, these data suggest that activity- dependent alternative splicing of a key synaptic adhesion molecule controls synapse formation by parallel activation of two convergent pathways, GS/cAMP signaling and the phase separation of postsynaptic protein scaffolds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLeon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative Splicing of Latrophilin-3 Controls Synapse Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.01.560332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.01.560332v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The North Eurasian forest and forest-steppe zones have sustained millennia of sociocultural connections among northern peoples. We present genome-wide ancient DNA data for 181 individuals from this region spanning the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age. We find that Early to Mid-Holocene hunter-gatherer populations from across the southern forest and forest-steppes of Northern Eurasia can be characterized by a continuous gradient of ancestry that remained stable for millennia, ranging from fully West Eurasian in the Baltic region to fully East Asian in the Transbaikal region. In contrast, cotemporaneous groups in far Northeast Siberia were genetically distinct, retaining high levels of continuity from a population that was the primary source of ancestry for Native Americans. By the mid-Holocene, admixture between this early Northeastern Siberian population and groups from Inland East Asia and the Amur River Basin produced two distinctive populations in eastern Siberia that played an important role in the genetic formation of later people. Ancestry from the first population, Cis-Baikal Late Neolithic-Bronze Age (Cisbaikal_LNBA), is found substantially only among Yeniseian-speaking groups and those known to have admixed with them. Ancestry from the second, Yakutian Late Neolithic-Bronze Age (Yakutia_LNBA), is strongly associated with present-day Uralic speakers. We show how Yakutia_LNBA ancestry spread from an east Siberian origin [~]4.5kya, along with subclades of Y-chromosome haplogroup N occurring at high frequencies among present-day Uralic speakers, into Western and Central Siberia in communities associated with Seima-Turbino metallurgy: a suite of advanced bronze casting techniques that spread explosively across an enormous region of Northern Eurasia [~]4.0kya. However, the ancestry of the 16 Seima-Turbino-period individuals--the first reported from sites with this metallurgy--was otherwise extraordinarily diverse, with partial descent from Indo-Iranian-speaking pastoralists and multiple hunter-gatherer populations from widely separated regions of Eurasia. Our results provide support for theories suggesting that early Uralic speakers at the beginning of their westward dispersal where involved in the expansion of Seima-Turbino metallurgical traditions, and suggests that both cultural transmission and migration were important in the spread of Seima-Turbino material culture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyazov, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flegontov, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frachetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tishkin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabogina, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agapov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agapov, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alekseev, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeskorov, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chizhevsky, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derevianko, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyakonov, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enshin, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fribus, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frolov, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grushin, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokhlov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitov, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovtun, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryushin, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryushin, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarov, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaev, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rykun, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savenkova, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shchelchkova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skochina, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirokov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherstobitova, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slepchenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.560332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.02.560011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping of multiple neurotransmitter receptor subtypes and distinct protein complexes to the connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.02.560011v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons express different combinations of neurotransmitter receptor (NR) subunits and receive inputs from multiple neuron types expressing different neurotransmitters. Localizing NR subunits to specific synaptic inputs has been challenging. Here we use epitope tagged endogenous NR subunits, expansion light-sheet microscopy, and EM connectomics to molecularly characterize synapses in Drosophila. We show that in directionally selective motion sensitive neurons, different multiple NRs elaborated a highly stereotyped molecular topography with NR localized to specific domains receiving cell-type specific inputs. Developmental studies suggested that NRs or complexes of them with other membrane proteins determines patterns of synaptic inputs. In support of this model, we identify a transmembrane protein associated selectively with a subset of spatially restricted synapses and demonstrate through genetic analysis its requirement for synapse formation. We propose that mechanisms which regulate the precise spatial distribution of NRs provide a molecular cartography specifying the patterns of synaptic connections onto dendrites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanfilippo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhukel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahidi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bevir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahidi, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlschlegel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping of multiple neurotransmitter receptor subtypes and distinct protein complexes to the connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.30.560328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhalable point-of-care urinary diagnostic platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.30.560328v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The late-stage detection of lung cancer leads to a high global mortality rate. Although low-dose computed tomography screening improves lung cancer survival in at-risk groups, this test still suffers from high rates of false positive results. In addition, inequality remains in the diagnosis of lung cancer as access to medical imaging infrastructure is limited. Here, we designed a needleless and imaging-free platform, termed PATROL (point-of-care aerosolizable nanosensors with tumor-responsive oligonucleotide barcodes), to increase detection accuracy, to reduce resource disparities for early detection of lung cancer, and to enable timely interception. PATROL formulates a set of DNA-barcoded, activity-based nanosensors (ABNs) into inhalable formats that can be delivered using clinical nebulizers or inhalers. Lung cancer-associated proteases in the tumor microenvironment selectively cleave the ABNs, releasing synthetic DNA reporters that are eventually excreted via the urine. The barcoded nanosensor signatures present in urine samples are quantified within 20 minutes using a multiplexable paper-based lateral flow assay at room temperature. PATROL detects early-stage tumors in an autochthonous lung adenocarcinoma mouse model with high sensitivity and specificity. Tailoring the library of ABNs may enable the modular PATROL platform to not only lower the resource thresholds required for early detection of lung cancer, but also enable rapid detection of chronic pulmonary disorders and infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, E. K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Alonso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhalable point-of-care urinary diagnostic platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.30.560311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and quantum chemical basis for OCP-mediated quenching of phycobilisomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.30.560311v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteria employ large antenna complexes called phycobilisomes (PBS) for light harvesting. However, intense light triggers non-photochemical quenching, where the Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) binds to PBS, dissipating excess energy as heat. The mechanism of efficiently transferring energy from phycocyanobilins in PBS to canthaxanthin in OCP remains insufficiently understood. Using advanced cryogenic-electron microscopy, we unveiled the OCP-PBS complex structure at 1.6-2.1 [A] resolution, showcasing its inherent flexibility. Employing multiscale quantum chemistry, we disclosed the quenching mechanism. Identifying key protein residues, we clarified how canthaxanthins transition dipole moment in its lowest-energy dark state becomes large enough for efficient energy transfer from phycocyanobilins. Our energy transfer model offers a detailed understanding of the atomic determinants of light harvesting regulation and antenna architecture in cyanobacteria.

One sentence summaryHigh-resolution cryo-EM structure of the OCP-PBS complex reveals intrinsic motions and enables the atomic simulation of the quenching mechanism
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauer, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupellini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondanza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez Martin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirst, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotecha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greber, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polivka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mennucci, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerfeld, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and quantum chemical basis for OCP-mediated quenching of phycobilisomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.26.559641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-viral ORFs discovery using Massively Parallel Ribosome Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.26.559641v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unveiling the complete proteome of viruses is crucial to our understanding of the viral life cycle and interaction with the host. We developed Massively Parallel Ribosome Profiling (MPRP) to experimentally determine open reading frames (ORFs) in 20,170 designed oligonucleotides across 679 human-associated viral genomes. We identified 5,381 ORFs, including 4,208 non-canonical ORFs, and show successful detection of both annotated coding sequences (CDSs) and reported non-canonical ORFs. By examining immunopeptidome datasets of infected cells, we found class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA-I) peptides originating from non-canonical ORFs identified through MPRP. By inspecting ribosome occupancies on the 5UTR and CDS regions of annotated viral genes, we identified hundreds of upstream ORFs (uORFs) that negatively regulate the synthesis of canonical viral proteins. The unprecedented source of viral ORFs across a wide range of viral families, including highly pathogenic viruses, expands the repertoire of vaccine targets and exposes new cis-regulatory sequences in viral genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weingarten-Gabbay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaeger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzani, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clauser, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelin, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-viral ORFs discovery using Massively Parallel Ribosome Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.28.559906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancement in Cellular Topographic and Nanoparticle Capture Imaging by High Resolution Microscopy Incorporating a Freeze-Drying and Gaseous Nitrogen-based Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.28.559906v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) offers an unparalleled view of the membrane topography of mammalian cells by using a conventional osmium (OsO4) and ethanol-based tissue preparation. However, conventional SEM methods limit optimal resolution due to ethanol and lipid interactions and interfere with visualization of fluorescent reporter proteins. Therefore, SEM correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) has been hindered by the adverse effects of ethanol and OsO4 on retention of fluorescence signals. To overcome this technological gap in achieving high-resolution SEM and retain fluorescent reporter signals, we developed a freeze-drying method with gaseous nitrogen (FDGN). We demonstrate that FDGN preserves cyto-architecture to allow visualization of detailed membrane topography while retaining fluorescent signals and that FDGN processing can be used in conjunction with a variety of high-resolution imaging systems to enable collection and validation of unique, high-quality data from these approaches. In particular, we show that FDGN coupled with high resolution microscopy provided detailed insight into viral or tumor-derived extracellular vesicle (TEV)-host cell interactions and may aid in designing new approaches to intervene during viral infection or to harness TEVs as therapeutic agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uryu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soplop, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catanese, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudreau, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matei, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenific, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoshino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancement in Cellular Topographic and Nanoparticle Capture Imaging by High Resolution Microscopy Incorporating a Freeze-Drying and Gaseous Nitrogen-based Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.27.559859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of Early Paclitaxel Biosynthetic Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.27.559859v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paclitaxel is an anticancer therapeutic produced by the yew tree. Over the last two decades, a significant bottleneck in the reconstitution of early paclitaxel biosynthesis has been the propensity of heterologously expressed pathway cytochromes P450, including taxadiene 5-hydroxylase (T5H), to form multiple products. This diverts metabolic flux away from the paclitaxel precursor, taxadien-5-ol, thus previous attempts of reconstitution have not yielded sufficient material for characterization, regardless of the heterologous host. Here, we structurally characterized four new products of T5H, many of which appear to be over-oxidation of the primary mono-oxidized products. By tuning the promoter strength for T5H expression, levels of these proposed byproducts decrease with a concomitant increase in the accumulation of taxadien-5-ol by four-fold. This engineered system enabled the reconstitution of a six step biosynthetic pathway to produce isolatable 5,10{beta}-diacetoxy-taxadien-13-ol. Furthermore, we showed that this pathway may function as a metabolic network rather than a linear pathway. The engineering of the paclitaxel biosynthetic network demonstrates that Taxus genes can coordinatively function for the biosynthetic production of key early stage paclitaxel intermediates and serves as a crucial platform for the discovery of the remaining biosynthetic genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Pena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tocol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of Early Paclitaxel Biosynthetic Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.26.559432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleolar dynamics are determined by the ordered assembly of the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.26.559432v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome biogenesis occurs in the nucleolus, a nuclear biomolecular condensate that exhibits dynamic biophysical properties thought to be important for function. However, the relationship between ribosome assembly and nucleolar dynamics is incompletely understood. Here, we present a platform for high-throughput fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (HiT-FRAP), which we use to screen hundreds of genes for their impact on dynamics of the nucleolar scaffold nucleophosmin (NPM1). We find that scaffold dynamics and nucleolar morphology respond to disruptions in key stages of ribosome biogenesis. Accumulation of early ribosomal intermediates leads to nucleolar rigidification while late intermediates lead to increased fluidity. We map these biophysical changes to specific ribosomal intermediates and their affinity for NPM1. We also discover that disrupting mRNA processing impacts nucleolar dynamics and ribosome biogenesis. This work mechanistically ties ribosome assembly to the biophysical features of the nucleolus and enables study of how dynamics relate to function across other biomolecular condensates.

HighlightsO_LIHigh-Throughput Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (HiT-FRAP) platform discovers factors that govern macromolecular dynamics of the nucleolar scaffold NPM1
C_LIO_LINPM1 dynamics and nucleolar morphology are determined by specific ribosomal intermediates in the nucleolus
C_LIO_LIMutation of interfaces in NPM1 that mediate ribosome interactions tunes nucleolar dynamics
C_LIO_LIDisruption of mRNA processing pathways leads to accumulation of early rRNA precursors in the nucleolus and rigidification
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheu-Gruttadauria, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuurman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floor, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleolar dynamics are determined by the ordered assembly of the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.22.559047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BAllC and BAllCools: Efficient Formatting and Operating for Single-Cell DNA Methylation Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.22.559047v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWith single-cell DNA methylation studies yielding vast datasets, existing data formats struggle with the unique challenges of storage and efficient operations, highlighting a need for improved solutions.

ResultsBAllC (Binary All Cytosines) emerges as a tailored binary format for methylation data, addressing these challenges. BAllCools, its complementary software toolkit, enhances parsing, indexing, and querying capabilities, promising superior operational speeds and reduced storage needs.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/jksr/ballcools

Contactecker@salk.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BAllC and BAllCools: Efficient Formatting and Operating for Single-Cell DNA Methylation Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.24.559170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graph-Dynamo: Learning stochastic cellular state transition dynamics from single cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.24.559170v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modeling cellular processes in the framework of dynamical systems theories is a focused area in systems and mathematical biology, but a bottleneck to extend the efforts to genome-wide modeling is lack of quantitative data to constrain model parameters. With advances of single cell techniques, learning dynamical information from high throughput snapshot single cell data emerges as an exciting direction in single cell studies. Our previously developed dynamo framework reconstructs generally nonlinear genome-wide gene regulation relations from single cell expression state and either splicing- or metabolic labeling-based RNA velocity data. In this work, we first developed a graph-based machine learning procedure that imposes a mathematical constraint that the RNA velocity vectors lie in the tangent space of the low-dimensional manifold formed by the single cell expression data. Unlike a popular cosine correlation kernel used in literature, this tangent space projection (TSP) preserves the magnitude information of a vector when one transforms between different representations of the data manifold. Next, we formulated a data-driven graph Fokker-Planck (FPE) equation formalism that models the full cellular state transition dynamics as a convection-diffusion process on a data-formed graph network. The formalism is invariant under representation transformation and preserves the topological and dynamical properties of the system dynamics. Numerical tests on synthetic data and experimental scRNA-seq data demonstrate that the graph TSP/FPE formalism built from snapshot single cell data can recapitulate system dynamics.

Significance StatementA cell is a dynamical system, which responds to extracellular and intracellular cues and changes its internal state. In practice the internal state of a cell is often characterized by its gene expression profile such as its transcriptome measured through destructive single cell techniques. Just like one can use Newtons equations to describe motions of the celestial bodies in the solar system, the state change of a cell in principle can also be described by a set of mathematical equations. Determining the form and associated parameters of such equations, however, is challenging. This work presented a general framework of reconstructing dynamical equations from snapshot single cell data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.24.559170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graph-Dynamo: Learning stochastic cellular state transition dynamics from single cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.18.558356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo designed Hsp70 activator dissolves intracellular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.18.558356v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein quality control (PQC) is carried out in part by the chaperone Hsp70, in concert with adapters of the J-domain protein (JDP) family. The JDPs, also called Hsp40s, are thought to recruit Hsp70 into complexes with specific client proteins. However, the molecular principles regulating this process are not well understood. We describe the de novo design of a set of Hsp70 binding proteins that either inhibited or stimulated Hsp70s ATPase activity; a stimulating design promoted the refolding of denatured luciferase in vitro, similar to native JDPs. Targeting of this design to intracellular condensates resulted in their nearly complete dissolution. The designs inform our understanding of chaperone structure-function relationships and provide a general and modular way to target PQC systems to condensates and other cellular targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuperus, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queitsch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestwicki, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo designed Hsp70 activator dissolves intracellular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.19.558438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways Differentially Affect Processing and Transduction by Dual AAV Vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.19.558438v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) are a powerful tool for gene delivery but have a limited DNA carrying capacity. Efforts to expand this genetic payload have focused on engineering the vector components, such as dual trans-splicing vectors which double the delivery size by exploiting the natural concatenation of rAAV genomes in host nuclei. We hypothesized that inefficient dual vector transduction could be improved by modulating host factors which affect concatenation. Since factors mediating concatenation are not well defined, we performed a genome-wide screen to identify host cell regulators. We discovered that Homologous Recombination (HR) is inhibitory to dual vector transduction. We demonstrate that depletion or inhibition of HR factors BRCA1 and Rad51 significantly increase reconstitution of a large split transgene by increasing both concatenation and expression from rAAVs. Our results define new roles for DNA damage repair in rAAV transduction and highlight the potential for pharmacological intervention to increase genetic payload of rAAV vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benyamini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways Differentially Affect Processing and Transduction by Dual AAV Vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.16.558083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surprising Features of Nuclear Receptor Interaction Networks Revealed by Live Cell Single Molecule Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.16.558083v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 Nuclear Receptors (T2NRs) require heterodimerization with a common partner, the Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), to bind cognate DNA recognition sites in chromatin. Based on previous biochemical and over-expression studies, binding of T2NRs to chromatin is proposed to be regulated by competition for a limiting pool of the core RXR subunit. However, this mechanism has not yet been tested for endogenous proteins in live cells. Using single molecule tracking (SMT) and proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA), we monitored interactions between endogenously tagged retinoid X receptor (RXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in live cells. Unexpectedly, we find that higher expression of RAR, but not RXR increases heterodimerization and chromatin binding in U2OS cells. This surprising finding indicates the limiting factor is not RXR but likely its cadre of obligate dimer binding partners. SMT and PAPA thus provide a direct way to probe which components are functionally limiting within a complex TF interaction network providing new insights into mechanisms of gene regulation in vivo with implications for drug development targeting nuclear receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dahal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckert, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.16.558083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surprising Features of Nuclear Receptor Interaction Networks Revealed by Live Cell Single Molecule Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.14.557854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-latency extracellular spike assignment for high-density electrodes at single-neuron resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.14.557854v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-time neural signal processing is essential for brain-machine interfaces and closed-loop neuronal perturbations. However, most existing applications sacrifice cell-specific identity and temporal spiking information for speed. We developed a hybrid hardware-software system that utilizes a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip to acquire and process data in parallel, enabling individual spikes from many simultaneously recorded neurons to be assigned single-neuron identities with 1-millisecond latency. The FPGA assigns labels, validated with ground-truth data, by comparing multichannel spike waveforms from tetrode or silicon probe recordings to a spike-sorted model generated offline in software. This platform allowed us to rapidly inactivate a region in vivo based on spikes from an upstream neuron before these spikes could excite the downstream region. Furthermore, we could decode animal location within 3 ms using data from a population of individual hippocampal neurons. These results demonstrate our systems suitability for a broad spectrum of research and clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lustig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbartis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-latency extracellular spike assignment for high-density electrodes at single-neuron resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.11.557225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coding of self and environment by Pacinian neurons in freely moving animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.11.557225v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pacinian corpuscle neurons are specialized low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) that are tuned to detect high-frequency vibration ([~]40-2000 Hz), however it is unclear how Pacinians and other LTMRs encode mechanical forces encountered during naturalistic behavior. Here, we developed methods to record LTMRs in awake, freely moving mice. We find that Pacinians, but not other LTMRs, encode subtle vibrations of surfaces encountered by the animal, including low-amplitude vibrations initiated over two meters away. Strikingly, Pacinians are also highly active during a wide variety of natural behaviors, including walking, grooming, digging, and climbing. Pacinians in the hindlimb are sensitive enough to be activated by forelimb- or upper-body-dominant behaviors. Finally, we find that Pacinian LTMRs have diverse tuning and sensitivity. Our findings suggest a Pacinian population code for the representation of vibro-tactile features generated by self-initiated movements and low-amplitude environmental vibrations emanating from distant locations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turecek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coding of self and environment by Pacinian neurons in freely moving animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.12.556572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma membrane abundance dictates phagocytic capacity and functional crosstalk in myeloid cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.12.556572v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Professional phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages tightly control what they eat, how much they eat, and when they move after eating. We show that plasma membrane abundance is a key arbiter of these cellular behaviors. Neutrophils and macrophages lacking the G-protein subunit G{beta}4 exhibit profound plasma membrane expansion due to enhanced production of sphingolipids. This increased membrane allocation dramatically enhances phagocytosis of bacteria, fungus, apoptotic corpses, and cancer cells. G{beta}4 deficient neutrophils are also defective in the normal inhibition of migration following cargo uptake. In G{beta}4 knockout mice, myeloid cells exhibit enhanced phagocytosis of inhaled fungal conidia in the lung but also increased trafficking of engulfed pathogens to other organs. These results reveal an unexpected, biophysical control mechanism lying at the heart of myeloid functional decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winer, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Settle, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakimov, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeronimo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarovt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipping, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saoi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepp, A.-L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galiano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geissmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasoli, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyster, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.556572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma membrane abundance dictates phagocytic capacity and functional crosstalk in myeloid cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.08.556941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cell atlas of the larval Aedes aegypti ventral nerve cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.08.556941v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquito-borne diseases account for nearly one million human deaths annually, yet we have a limited understanding of developmental events that influence host-seeking behavior and pathogen transmission in mosquitoes. Mosquito-borne pathogens are transmitted during blood meals, hence adult mosquito behavior and physiology have been intensely studied. However, events during larval development shape adult traits, larvae respond to many of the same sensory cues as adults, and larvae are susceptible to infection by many of the same disease-causing agents as adults. Hence, a better understanding of larval physiology will directly inform our understanding of physiological processes in adults. Here, we use single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to provide a comprehensive view of cellular composition in the Aedes aegypti larval ventral nerve cord (VNC), a central hub of sensory inputs and motor outputs which additionally controls multiple aspects of larval physiology. We identify more than 35 VNC cell types defined in part by neurotransmitter and neuropeptide expression. We also explore diversity among monoaminergic and peptidergic neurons that likely control key elements of larval physiology and developmental timing, and identify neuroblasts and immature neurons, providing a view of neuronal differentiation in the VNC. Finally, we find that larval cell composition, number, and position are preserved in the adult abdominal VNC, suggesting studies of larval VNC form and function will likely directly inform our understanding adult mosquito physiology. Altogether, these studies provide a framework for targeted analysis of VNC development and neuronal function in Aedes larvae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cell atlas of the larval Aedes aegypti ventral nerve cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.03.556059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drugs of abuse hijack a mesolimbic pathway that processes homeostatic need 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.09.03.556059v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Addiction prioritizes drug use over innate needs by "hijacking" brain circuits that direct motivation, but how this develops remains unclear. Using whole-brain FOS mapping and in vivo single-neuron calcium imaging, we find that drugs of abuse augment ensemble activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and disorganize overlapping ensemble responses to natural rewards in a cell-type-specific manner. Combining "FOS-Seq", CRISPR-perturbations, and snRNA-seq, we identify Rheb as a shared molecular substrate that regulates cell-type-specific signal transductions in NAc while enabling drugs to suppress natural reward responses. Retrograde circuit mapping pinpoints orbitofrontal cortex which, upon activation, mirrors drug effects on innate needs. These findings deconstruct the dynamic, molecular, and circuit basis of a common reward circuit, wherein drug value is scaled to promote drug-seeking over other, normative goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobauer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaziri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestler, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drugs of abuse hijack a mesolimbic pathway that processes homeostatic need]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.29.555394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanism of Gαq regulation of PLCβ3-catalyzed PIP2 hydrolysis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.29.555394v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PLC{beta} enzymes cleave PIP2 producing IP3 and DAG. PIP2 modulates the function of many ion channels, while IP3 and DAG regulate intracellular Ca2+ levels and protein phosphorylation by protein kinase C, respectively. PLC{beta} enzymes are under the control of GPCR signaling through direct interactions with G proteins G{beta}{gamma} and Gq and have been shown to be coincidence detectors for dual stimulation of Gq and Gi coupled receptors. PLC{beta}s are aqueous-soluble cytoplasmic enzymes, but partition onto the membrane surface to access their lipid substrate, complicating their functional and structural characterization. Using newly developed methods, we recently showed that G{beta}{gamma} activates PLC{beta}3 by recruiting it to the membrane. Using these same methods, here we show that Gq increases the catalytic rate constant, kcat, of PLC{beta}3. Since stimulation of PLC{beta}3 by Gq depends on an autoinhibitory element (the X-Y linker), we propose that Gq produces partial relief of the X-Y linker autoinhibition through an allosteric mechanism. We also determined membrane-bound structures of the PLC{beta}3-Gq, and PLC{beta}3-G{beta}{gamma}(2)-Gq complexes, which show that these G proteins can bind simultaneously and independently of each other to regulate PLC{beta}3 activity. The structures rationalize a finding in the enzyme assay, that co-stimulation by both G proteins follows a product rule of each independent stimulus. We conclude that baseline activity of PLC{beta}3 is strongly suppressed, but the effect of G proteins, especially acting together, provides a robust stimulus upon G protein stimulation.

Significance StatementFor certain cellular signaling processes, the background activity of signaling enzymes must be minimal and stimulus-dependent activation robust. Nowhere is this truer than in signaling by PLC{beta}3, whose activity regulates intracellular Ca2+, phosphorylation by Protein Kinase C, and the activity of numerous ion channels and membrane receptors. In this study we show how PLC{beta}3 enzymes are regulated by two kinds of G proteins, G{beta}{gamma} and Gq. Enzyme activity studies and structures on membranes show how these G proteins act by separate, independent mechanisms, leading to a product rule of co-stimulation when they act together. The findings explain how cells achieve robust stimulation of PLC{beta}3 in the setting of very low background activity, properties essential to cell health and survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falzone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanism of Gαq regulation of PLCβ3-catalyzed PIP2 hydrolysis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.25.554832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Niche-specific macrophage loss promotes skin capillary aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.25.554832v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All mammalian organs depend upon resident macrophage populations to coordinate repair processes and facilitate tissue-specific functions1-3. Recent work has established that functionally distinct macrophage populations reside in discrete tissue niches and are replenished through some combination of local proliferation and monocyte recruitment4,5. Moreover, decline in macrophage abundance and function in tissues has been shown to contribute to many age-associated pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegeneration6-8. Despite these advances, the cellular mechanisms that coordinate macrophage organization and replenishment within an aging tissue niche remain largely unknown. Here we show that capillary-associated macrophages (CAMs) are selectively lost over time, which contributes to impaired vascular repair and tissue perfusion in older mice. To investigate resident macrophage behavior in vivo, we have employed intravital two-photon microscopy to non-invasively image in live mice the skin capillary plexus, a spatially well-defined model of niche aging that undergoes rarefication and functional decline with age. We find that CAMs are lost with age at a rate that outpaces that of capillary loss, leading to the progressive accumulation of capillary niches without an associated macrophage in both mice and humans. Phagocytic activity of CAMs was locally required to repair obstructed capillary blood flow, leaving macrophage-less niches selectively vulnerable to both homeostatic and injury-induced loss in blood flow. Our work demonstrates that homeostatic renewal of resident macrophages is not as finely tuned as has been previously suggested9-11. Specifically, we found that neighboring macrophages do not proliferate or reorganize sufficiently to maintain an optimal population across the skin capillary niche in the absence of additional cues from acute tissue damage or increased abundance of growth factors, such as colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1). Such limitations in homeostatic renewal and organization of various niche-resident cell types are potentially early contributors to tissue aging, which may provide novel opportunities for future therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mesa, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvatore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Niche-specific macrophage loss promotes skin capillary aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Leptin Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554526v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obese humans and diet induced obese mice (DIO) have high leptin levels and fail to respond to the exogenous hormone suggesting that obesity is caused by leptin resistance, the pathogenesis of which is unknown. We found that leptin treatment reduced plasma levels of mTOR ligands leading us to hypothesize that mTOR activation might inhibit leptin signaling. Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, reduced fat mass and increased leptin sensitivity in DIO mice but not in mice with defects in leptin signaling. Rapamycin restored leptins actions on POMC neurons but failed to reduce the weight of mice with defects in melanocortin signaling. mTOR activation in POMC neurons caused leptin resistance while POMC specific mutations in mTOR activators decreased the weight gain of DIO mice. Thus increased mTOR activity in POMC neurons is necessary and sufficient for the development of leptin resistance in DIO mice establishing a key pathogenic mechanism leading to obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedbacker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and Molecular Basis of Leptin Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iATPSnFR2: a high dynamic range fluorescent sensor for monitoring intracellular ATP 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554624v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed a significantly improved genetically encoded quantitative adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensor to provide real-time dynamics of ATP levels in subcellular compartments. iATPSnFR2 is a variant of iATPSnFR1, a previously developed sensor that has circularly permuted super-folder GFP inserted between the ATP-binding helices of the{varepsilon} -subunit of a bacterial F0-F1 ATPase. Optimizing the linkers joining the two domains resulted in a [~] 5-6 fold improvement in the dynamic range compared to the previous generation sensor, with excellent discrimination against other analytes and affinity variants varying from 4 M to 500 M. A chimeric version of this sensor fused to either the HaloTag protein or a suitably spectrally separated fluorescent protein, provides a ratiometric readout allowing comparisons of ATP across cellular regions. Subcellular targeting of the sensor to nerve terminals reveals previously uncharacterized single synapse metabolic signatures, while targeting to the mitochondrial matrix allowed direct quantitative probing of oxidative phosphorylation dynamics.

Significance StatementAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a key metabolite necessary for cellular life. Here we develop a next-generation genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent ATP sensor that allows subcellular tracking of ATP levels in living cells. The large dynamic range makes it possible to follow the dynamics of this metabolite across cells and subcellular regions under different metabolic stressors. We expect that iATPSnFR2 will provide researchers with exciting new opportunities to study ATP dynamics with temporal and spatial resolution that has, until now, been unavailable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marvin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokotos, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulido, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkachuk, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iATPSnFR2: a high dynamic range fluorescent sensor for monitoring intracellular ATP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.23.554494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACD15, ACD21, and SLN regulate accumulation and mobility of MBD6 to silence genes and transposable elements. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.23.554494v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation mediates silencing of transposable elements and genes in part via recruitment of the Arabidopsis MBD5/6 complex, which contains the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) proteins MBD5 and MBD6, and the J-domain containing protein SILENZIO (SLN). Here we characterize two additional complex members: -crystalline domain containing proteins ACD15 and ACD21. We show that they are necessary for gene silencing, bridge SLN to the complex, and promote higher order multimerization of MBD5/6 complexes within heterochromatin. These complexes are also highly dynamic, with the mobility of complex components regulated by the activity of SLN. Using a dCas9 system, we demonstrate that tethering the ACDs to an ectopic site outside of heterochromatin can drive massive accumulation of MBD5/6 complexes into large nuclear bodies. These results demonstrate that ACD15 and ACD21 are critical components of gene silencing complexes that act to drive the formation of higher order, dynamic assemblies.

One-Sentence SummaryArabidopsis ACD21 and ACD15 drive accumulation of MBD5/6 complex silencing assemblies at methyl-CG sites and recruit SLN to maintain protein mobility in these assemblages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boone, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardiner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jami-Alahmadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steelman, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aardenne, A. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kira-Lucas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trentchev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlschlegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACD15, ACD21, and SLN regulate accumulation and mobility of MBD6 to silence genes and transposable elements.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMR measurements of transient low-populated tautomeric and anionic Watson-Crick-like G·T/U in RNA:DNA hybrids: Implications for the fidelity of transcription and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.24.554670v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many biochemical processes use the Watson-Crick geometry to distinguish correct from incorrect base pairing. However, on rare occasions, mismatches such as G*T/U can transiently adopt Watson-Crick-like conformations through tautomerization or ionization of the bases, giving rise to replicative and translational errors. The propensities to form Watson-Crick-like mismatches in RNA:DNA hybrids remain unknown, making it unclear whether they can also contribute to errors during processes such as transcription and CRISPR/Cas editing. Here, using NMR R1{rho} experiments, we show that dG*rU and dT*rG mismatches in two RNA:DNA hybrids transiently form tautomeric (Genol*T/U {rightleftarrows}G*Tenol/Uenol) and anionic (G*T-/U-) Watson-Crick-like conformations. The tautomerization dynamics were like those measured in A-RNA and B-DNA duplexes. However, anionic dG*rU- formed with a ten-fold higher propensity relative to dT-*rG and dG*dT- and this could be attributed to the lower pKa ({Delta}pKa [~]0.4-0.9) of U versus T. Our findings suggest plausible roles for Watson-Crick-like G*T/U mismatches in transcriptional errors and CRISPR/Cas9 off-target gene editing, uncover a crucial difference between the chemical dynamics of G*U versus G*T, and indicate that anionic Watson-Crick-like G*U- could play a significant role evading Watson-Crick fidelity checkpoints in RNA:DNA hybrids and RNA duplexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szekely, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangadurai, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manghrani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMR measurements of transient low-populated tautomeric and anionic Watson-Crick-like G·T/U in RNA:DNA hybrids: Implications for the fidelity of transcription and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.17.553776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of the RNA-dependence of PRC2 binding to chromatin in human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.17.553776v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), an important histone modifier and epigenetic repressor, has been known to interact with RNA for almost two decades. In our previous publication (Long, Hwang et al. 2020), we presented data supporting the functional importance of RNA interaction in maintaining PRC2 occupancy on chromatin, using comprehensive approaches including an RNA-binding mutant of PRC2 and an rChIP-seq assay. Recently, concerns have been expressed regarding whether the RNA-binding mutant has impaired histone methyltransferase activity and whether the rChIP-seq assay can potentially generate artifacts. Here we provide new data that support a number of our original findings. First, we found the RNA-binding mutant to be fully capable of maintaining H3K27me3 levels in human induced pluripotent stem cells. The mutant had reduced methyltransferase activity in vitro, but only on some substrates at early time points. Second, we found that our rChIP-seq method gave consistent data across antibodies and cell lines. Third, we further optimized rChIP-seq by using lower concentrations of RNase A and incorporating a catalytically inactive mutant RNase A as a control, as well as using an alternative RNase (RNase T1). The EZH2 rChIP-seq results using the optimized protocols supported our original finding that RNA interaction contributes to the chromatin occupancy of PRC2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooding, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodrich, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallery, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cech, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of the RNA-dependence of PRC2 binding to chromatin in human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.15.553399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the Drosophila toolkit for dual control of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.15.553399v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to independently control gene expression in two different tissues in the same animal is emerging as a major need, especially in the context of inter-organ communication studies. This type of study is made possible by technologies combining the GAL4/UAS and a second binary expression system such as the LexA-system or QF-system. Here, we describe a resource of reagents that facilitate combined use of the GAL4/UAS and a second binary system in various Drosophila tissues. Focusing on genes with well-characterizsed GAL4 expression patterns, we generated a set of more than 40 LexA-GAD and QF2 insertions by CRISPR knock-in and verified their tissue-specificity in larvae. We also built constructs that encode QF2 and LexA-GAD transcription factors in a single vector. Following successful integration of this construct into the fly genome, FLP/FRT recombination is used to isolate fly lines that express only QF2 or LexA-GAD. Finally, using new compatible shRNA vectors, we evaluated both LexA and QF systems for in vivo gene knockdown and are generating a library of such RNAi fly lines as a community resource. Together, these LexA and QF system vectors and fly lines will provide a new set of tools for researchers who need to activate or repress two different genes in an orthogonal manner in the same animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zirin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jusiak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewen-Campen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the Drosophila toolkit for dual control of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.13.553135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Action space restructures visual working memory in prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.13.553135v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual working memory enables flexible behavior by decoupling sensory stimuli from behavioral actions. While previous studies have predominantly focused on the storage component of working memory, the role of future actions in shaping working memory remains unknown. To answer this question, we used two working memory tasks that allowed the dissociation of sensory and action components of working memory. We measured behavioral performance and neuronal activity in the macaque prefrontal cortex area, frontal eye fields. We show that the action space reshapes working memory, as evidenced by distinct patterns of memory tuning and attentional orienting between the two tasks. Notably, neuronal activity during the working memory period predicted future behavior and exhibited mixed selectivity in relation to the sensory space but linear selectivity relative to the action space. This linear selectivity was achieved through the rapid transformation from sensory to action space and was subsequently maintained as a stable cross-temporal population activity pattern. Combined, we provide direct physiological evidence of the action-oriented nature of frontal eye field neurons during memory tasks and demonstrate that the anticipation of behavioral outcomes plays a significant role in transforming and maintaining the contents of visual working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonikaitis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Action space restructures visual working memory in prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.10.552874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thyroid hormone rewires cortical circuits to coordinate body-wide metabolism and exploratory drive 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.10.552874v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals adapt to varying environmental conditions by modifying the function of their internal organs, including the brain. To be adaptive, alterations in behavior must be coordinated with the functional state of organs throughout the body. Here we find that thyroid hormone-- a prominent regulator of metabolism in many peripheral organs-- activates cell-type specific transcriptional programs in anterior regions of cortex of adult mice via direct activation of thyroid hormone receptors. These programs are enriched for axon-guidance genes in glutamatergic projection neurons, synaptic regulators across both astrocytes and neurons, and pro-myelination factors in oligodendrocytes, suggesting widespread remodeling of cortical circuits. Indeed, whole-cell electrophysiology recordings revealed that thyroid hormone induces local transcriptional programs that rewire cortical neural circuits via pre-synaptic mechanisms, resulting in increased excitatory drive with a concomitant sensitization of recruited inhibition. We find that thyroid hormone bidirectionally regulates innate exploratory behaviors and that the transcriptionally mediated circuit changes in anterior cortex causally promote exploratory decision-making. Thus, thyroid hormone acts directly on adult cerebral cortex to coordinate exploratory behaviors with whole-body metabolic state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hochbaum, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinsky, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnsworth, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulshof, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baynard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadaf, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girasole, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantranupong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortopassi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prouty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geistlinger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scanlan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulting, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thyroid hormone rewires cortical circuits to coordinate body-wide metabolism and exploratory drive]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eukaryotic RNA-guided endonucleases evolved from a unique clade of bacterial enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.09.552727v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-guided endonucleases form the crux of diverse biological processes and technologies, including adaptive immunity, transposition, and genome editing. Some of these enzymes are components of insertion sequences (IS) in the IS200/IS605 and IS607 transposon families. Both IS families encode a TnpA transposase and TnpB nuclease, an RNA-guided enzyme ancestral to CRISPR-Cas12. In eukaryotes and their viruses, TnpB homologs occur as two distinct types, Fanzor1 and Fanzor2. We analyzed the evolutionary relationships between prokaryotic TnpBs and eukaryotic Fanzors, revealing that a clade of IS607 TnpBs with unusual active site arrangement found primarily in Cyanobacteriota likely gave rise to both types of Fanzors. The wide-spread nature of Fanzors imply that the properties of this particular group of IS607 TnpBs were particularly suited to adaptation and evolution in eukaryotes and their viruses. Experimental characterization of a prokaryotic IS607 TnpB and virally encoded Fanzor1s uncovered features that may have fostered coevolution between TnpBs/Fanzors and their cognate transposases. Our results provide insight into the evolutionary origins of a ubiquitous family of RNA-guided proteins that shows remarkable conservation across domains of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shimary, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amerasekera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisonoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eukaryotic RNA-guided endonucleases evolved from a unique clade of bacterial enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.08.552077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine-guided design of synthetic cell type-specific cis-regulatory elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.08.552077v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) control gene expression, orchestrating tissue identity, developmental timing, and stimulus responses, which collectively define the thousands of unique cell types in the body. While there is great potential for strategically incorporating CREs in therapeutic or biotechnology applications that require tissue specificity, there is no guarantee that an optimal CRE for an intended purpose has arisen naturally through evolution. Here, we present a platform to engineer and validate synthetic CREs capable of driving gene expression with programmed cell type specificity. We leverage innovations in deep neural network modeling of CRE activity across three cell types, efficient in silico optimization, and massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) to design and empirically test thousands of CREs. Through in vitro and in vivo validation, we show that synthetic sequences outperform natural sequences from the human genome in driving cell type-specific expression. Synthetic sequences leverage unique sequence syntax to promote activity in the on-target cell type and simultaneously reduce activity in off-target cells. Together, we provide a generalizable framework to prospectively engineer CREs and demonstrate the required literacy to write regulatory code that is fit-for-purpose in vivo across vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gosai, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kales, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noche, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewhey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine-guided design of synthetic cell type-specific cis-regulatory elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.07.552337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a Well-Folded Protein Interaction Hub Within the Human Long Non-Coding RNA NORAD 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.07.552337v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long non-coding RNA NORAD functions in maintaining genomic stability in humans via sequestering Pumilio proteins from the cytoplasm, and thereby modulating the gene expression of mRNA targets of Pumilio proteins. Despite its role in fundamental cellular pathways including chromosome segregation and DNA damage response, there have been limited structural and biophysical descriptions of NORAD. Here, using an integrative approach combining chemical probing coupled to high throughput sequencing, and RNA-pull downs coupled with mass spectrometry, we discovered a well-folded and structured protein interaction hub within the functional core of NORAD. Our in vitro biochemical reconstitutions using purified recombinant proteins and a NORAD repeat unit region within this hub reveal the assembly of a higher-order multimeric RNA-protein complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo Tavares, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a Well-Folded Protein Interaction Hub Within the Human Long Non-Coding RNA NORAD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.04.552026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feedforward amplification in recurrent networks underliesparadoxical neural coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.04.552026v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The activity of single neurons encodes behavioral variables, such as sensory stimuli (Hubel & Wiesel 1959) and behavioral choice (Britten et al. 1992; Guo et al. 2014), but their influence on behavior is often mysterious. We estimated the influence of a unit of neural activity on behavioral choice from recordings in anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) in mice performing a memory-guided movement task (H. K. Inagaki et al. 2018). Choice selectivity grew as it flowed through a sequence of directions in activity space. Early directions carried little selectivity but were predicted to have a large behavioral influence, while late directions carried large selectivity and little behavioral influence. Consequently, estimated behavioral influence was only weakly correlated with choice selectivity; a large proportion of neurons selective for one choice were predicted to influence choice in the opposite direction. These results were consistent with models in which recurrent circuits produce feedforward amplification (Goldman 2009; Ganguli et al. 2008; Murphy & Miller 2009) so that small amplitude signals along early directions are amplified to produce low-dimensional choice selectivity along the late directions, and behavior. Targeted photostimulation experiments (Daie et al. 2021b) revealed that activity along the early directions triggered sequential activity along the later directions and caused predictable behavioral biases. These results demonstrate the existence of an amplifying feedforward dynamical motif in the motor cortex, explain paradoxical responses to perturbation experiments (Chettih & Harvey 2019; Daie et al. 2021b; Russell et al. 2019), and reveal behavioral relevance of small amplitude neural dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontolan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druckmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feedforward amplification in recurrent networks underliesparadoxical neural coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-day Neuron Tracking in High Density Electrophysiology Recordings using EMD 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.03.551724v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate tracking of the same neurons across multiple days is crucial for studying changes in neuronal activity during learning and adaptation. Advances in high density extracellular electrophysiology recording probes, such as Neuropixels, provide a promising avenue to accomplish this goal. Identifying the same neurons in multiple recordings is, however, complicated by non-rigid movement of the tissue relative to the recording sites (drift) and loss of signal from some neurons. Here we propose a neuron tracking method that can identify the same cells independent of firing statistics, that are used by most existing methods. Our method is based on between-day non-rigid alignment of spike sorted clusters. We verified the same cell identity in mice using measured visual receptive fields. This method succeeds on datasets separated from one to 47 days, with an 84% average recovery rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebedeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-day Neuron Tracking in High Density Electrophysiology Recordings using EMD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.04.552056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide cytotoxicity screen of Cluster F1 mycobacteriophage Girr reveals novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium smegmatis growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.04.552056v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, thousands of bacteriophage genomes have been sequenced and annotated. A striking observation from this work is that known structural features and functions cannot be assigned for >65% of the encoded proteins. One approach to begin experimentally elucidating the function of these uncharacterized gene products is genome-wide screening to identify phage genes that confer phenotypes of interest like inhibition of host growth. This study describes the results of a screen evaluating the effects of overexpressing each gene encoded by the temperate Cluster F1 mycobacteriophage Girr on the growth of the host bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis. Overexpression of 29 of the 102 Girr genes ([~]28% of the genome) resulted in mild to severe cytotoxicity. Of the 29 toxic genes described, 12 have no known function (NKF) and are predominately small proteins of <125 amino acids. Overexpression of the majority of these 12 cytotoxic NKF proteins resulted in moderate to severe growth reduction and represent novel antimicrobial products. The remaining 17 toxic genes have predicted functions, encoding products involved in phage structure, DNA replication/modification, DNA binding/gene regulation, or other enzymatic activity. Comparison of this dataset with prior genome-wide cytotoxicity screens of mycobacteriophages Waterfoul and Hammy reveals some common functional themes, though several of the predicted Girr functions associated with cytotoxicity in our report, including genes involved in lysogeny, have not been described previously. This study, completed as part of the HHMI-supported SEA-GENES project, highlights the power of parallel, genome-wide overexpression screens to identify novel interactions between phages and their hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollenz, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barhnhill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daffner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finocchiaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinera, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanahan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miklaszewski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onalaja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padhye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robichaux, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlosser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciacchitano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide cytotoxicity screen of Cluster F1 mycobacteriophage Girr reveals novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium smegmatis growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.02.551486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retrotransposon addiction promotes centromere function via epigenetically activated small RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.08.02.551486v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retrotransposons have invaded eukaryotic centromeres in cycles of repeat expansion and purging, but the function of centromeric retrotransposons, if any, has remained unclear. In Arabidopsis, centromeric ATHILA retrotransposons give rise to epigenetically activated short interfering RNAs (easiRNAs) in mutants in DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION1 (DDM1), which promote histone H3 lysine-9 di-methylation (H3K9me2). Here, we show that mutants which lose both DDM1 and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) have pleiotropic developmental defects and mis-segregation of chromosome 5 during mitosis. Fertility defects are epigenetically inherited with the centromeric region of chromosome 5, and can be rescued by directing artificial small RNAs to a single family of ATHILA5 retrotransposons specifically embedded within this centromeric region. easiRNAs and H3K9me2 promote pericentromeric condensation, chromosome cohesion and proper chromosome segregation in mitosis. Insertion of ATHILA silences transcription, while simultaneously making centromere function dependent on retrotransposon small RNAs, promoting the selfish survival and spread of centromeric retrotransposons. Parallels are made with the fission yeast S. pombe, where chromosome segregation depends on RNAi, and with humans, where chromosome segregation depends on both RNAi and HELLSDDM1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimanelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakutani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retrotransposon addiction promotes centromere function via epigenetically activated small RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.27.550902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multiplex, prime editing framework for identifying drug resistance variants at scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.27.550902v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-based genome editing has revolutionized functional genomics, enabling screens in which thousands of perturbations of either gene expression or primary genome sequence can be competitively assayed in single experiments. However, for libraries of specific mutations, a challenge of CRISPR-based screening methods such as saturation genome editing is that only one region (e.g. one exon) can be studied per experiment. Here we describe prime-SGE ("prime saturation genome editing"), a new framework based on prime editing, in which libraries of specific mutations can be installed into genes throughout the genome and functionally assessed in a single, multiplex experiment. Prime-SGE is based on quantifying the abundance of prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) in the context of a functional selection, rather than quantifying the mutations themselves. We apply prime-SGE to assay thousands of single nucleotide changes in eight oncogenes for their ability to confer drug resistance to three EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Although currently restricted to positive selection screens by the limited efficiency of prime editing, our strategy opens the door to the possibility of functionally assaying vast numbers of precise mutations at locations throughout the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chardon, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suiter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDiarmid, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalanne, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starita, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multiplex, prime editing framework for identifying drug resistance variants at scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.23.550207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ME3BP-7 is a targeted cytotoxic agent that rapidly kills pancreatic cancer cells expressing high levels of monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.23.550207v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly 30% of Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)s exhibit a marked overexpression of Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1) offering a unique opportunity for therapy. However, biochemical inhibitors of MCT1 have proven unsuccessful in clinical trials. In this study we present an alternative approach using 3-Bromopyruvate (3BP) to target MCT1 overexpressing PDACs. 3BP is a cytotoxic agent that is known to be transported into cells via MCT1, but its clinical usefulness has been hampered by difficulties in delivering the drug systemically. We describe here a novel microencapsulated formulation of 3BP (ME3BP-7), that is effective against a variety of PDAC cells in vitro and remains stable in serum. Furthermore, systemically administered ME3BP-7 significantly reduces pancreatic cancer growth and metastatic spread in multiple orthotopic models of pancreatic cancer with manageable toxicity. ME3BP-7 is, therefore, a prototype of a promising new drug, in which the targeting moiety and the cytotoxic moiety are both contained within the same single small molecule.

One Sentence SummaryME3BP-7 is a novel formulation of 3BP that resists serum degradation and rapidly kills pancreatic cancer cells expressing high levels of MCT1 with tolerable toxicity in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rincon-Torroella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Molin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mog, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyhs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmedna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrielson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.23.550207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ME3BP-7 is a targeted cytotoxic agent that rapidly kills pancreatic cancer cells expressing high levels of monocarboxylate transporter MCT1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.14.549009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GAGA Factor Overcomes 1D Diffusion Barrier by 3D Diffusion in Search of Nucleosomal Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.14.549009v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To elucidate how eukaryotic sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) search for gene targets on chromatin, we used multi-color smFRET and single-particle imaging to track the diffusion of purified GAGA-Associated Factor (GAF) on DNA and nucleosomes. Monomeric GAF DNA-binding domain (DBD) bearing one zinc finger finds its cognate site by 1D or 3D diffusion on bare DNA and rapidly slides back-and-forth between naturally clustered motifs for seconds before escape. Multimeric, full-length GAF also finds clustered motifs on DNA by 1D-3D diffusion, but remains locked on target for longer periods. Nucleosome architecture effectively blocks GAF-DBD 1D-sliding into the histone core but favors retention of GAF-DBD when targeting solvent-exposed sites by 3D-diffusion. Despite the occlusive power of nucleosomes, 1D-3D facilitated diffusion enables GAF to effectively search for clustered cognate motifs in chromatin, providing a mechanism for navigation to nucleosome and nucleosome-free sites by a member of the largest TF family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GAGA Factor Overcomes 1D Diffusion Barrier by 3D Diffusion in Search of Nucleosomal Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.12.548689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Teosinte Pollen Drive guides maize domestication and evolution by RNAi 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.12.548689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic drivers subvert Mendelian expectations by manipulating reproductive development to bias their own transmission. Chromosomal drive typically functions in asymmetric female meiosis, while gene drive is normally postmeiotic and typically found in males. Using single molecule and single-pollen genome sequencing, we describe Teosinte Pollen Drive, an instance of gene drive in hybrids between maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) and teosinte mexicana (Zea mays ssp. mexicana), that depends on RNA interference (RNAi). 22nt small RNAs from a non-coding RNA hairpin in mexicana depend on Dicer-Like 2 (Dcl2) and target Teosinte Drive Responder 1 (Tdr1), which encodes a lipase required for pollen viability. Dcl2, Tdr1, and the hairpin are in tight pseudolinkage on chromosome 5, but only when transmitted through the male. Introgression of mexicana into early cultivated maize is thought to have been critical to its geographical dispersal throughout the Americas, and a tightly linked inversion in mexicana spans a major domestication sweep in modern maize. A survey of maize landraces and sympatric populations of teosinte mexicana reveals correlated patterns of admixture among unlinked genes required for RNAi on at least 4 chromosomes that are also subject to gene drive in pollen from synthetic hybrids. Teosinte Pollen Drive likely played a major role in maize domestication and diversification, and offers an explanation for the widespread abundance of "self" small RNAs in the germlines of plants and animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berube, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roche, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Santis Alves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheben, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siepel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross-Ibarra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kermicle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Teosinte Pollen Drive guides maize domestication and evolution by RNAi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.11.548536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of recombination in snakes reveal a tug of war between PRDM9 and promoter-like features 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.11.548536v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, there are two known mechanisms by which meiotic recombination is directed to the genome: in humans, mice, and other mammals, recombination occurs almost exclusively where the protein PRDM9 binds, while in species lacking an intact PRDM9, such as birds and canids, recombination rates are elevated near promoter-like features. To test if PRDM9 also directs recombination in non-mammalian vertebrates, we focused on an exemplar species, the corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus). Unlike birds, this species possesses a single, intact PRDM9 ortholog. By inferring historical recombination rates along the genome from patterns of linkage disequilibrium and identifying crossovers in pedigrees, we found that PRDM9 specifies the location of recombination events outside of mammals. However, we also detected an independent effect of promoter-like features on recombination, which is more pronounced on macrothan microchromosomes. Thus, our findings reveal that the uses of PRDM9 and promoter-like features are not mutually-exclusive, and instead reflect a tug of war, which varies in strength along the genome and is more lopsided in some species than others.

One sentence summaryWhile the localization of meiotic recombination in vertebrates was previously thought to occur using one of two distinct mechanisms, our analysis of recombination in corn snakes reveals that they and likely other vertebrates use both of these mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoge, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Manuel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahgoub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okami, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcnulty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macfarlan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzika, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of recombination in snakes reveal a tug of war between PRDM9 and promoter-like features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.11.548598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin remodeling of histone H3 variants underlies epigenetic inheritance of DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.11.548598v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic inheritance refers to the faithful replication of DNA methylation and histone modification independent of DNA sequence. Nucleosomes block access to DNA methyltransferases, unless they are remodeled by DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION1 (DDM1Lsh/HELLS), a Snf2-like master regulator of epigenetic inheritance. We show that DDM1 activity results in replacement of the transcriptional histone variant H3.3 for the replicative variant H3.1 during the cell cycle. In ddm1 mutants, DNA methylation can be restored by loss of the H3.3 chaperone HIRA, while the H3.1 chaperone CAF-1 becomes essential. The single-particle cryo-EM structure at 3.2 [A] of DDM1 with a variant nucleosome reveals direct engagement at SHL2 with histone H3.3 at or near variant residues required for assembly, as well as with the deacetylated H4 tail. An N-terminal autoinhibitory domain binds H2A variants to allow remodeling, while a disulfide bond in the helicase domain is essential for activity in vivo and in vitro. We show that differential remodeling of H3 and H2A variants in vitro reflects preferential deposition in vivo. DDM1 co-localizes with H3.1 and H3.3 during the cell cycle, and with the DNA methyltransferase MET1Dnmt1. DDM1 localization to the chromosome is blocked by H4K16 acetylation, which accumulates at DDM1 targets in ddm1 mutants, as does the sperm cell specific H3.3 variant MGH3 in pollen, which acts as a placeholder nucleosome in the germline and contributes to epigenetic inheritance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipsaro, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Major, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calarco, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimanelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua-Tor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin remodeling of histone H3 variants underlies epigenetic inheritance of DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.07.548126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social and genetic diversity in first farmers of central Europe 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.07.548126v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Linearbandkeramik (LBK) Neolithic communities were the first to spread farming across large parts of central Europe, settling fertile regions from Ukraine to France during the second half of the 6th millennium BCE. The LBK had a high degree of material culture uniformity, albeit with regional differences in settlement patterns, subsistence, and mortuary practices. To date, ancient DNA data from LBK individuals have been generated for a limited number of locations and often in small sample sizes, making it challenging to study variation within and across sites. We report genome-wide data for 178 LBK individuals, from the Alfold Linearbankeramik Culture (ALPC) eastern LBK site of Polgar-Ferenci-hat in Hungary, the western LBK site of Nitra in Slovakia, and the enclosed western LBK settlement and massacre site of Schletz in Austria, as well as 42 LBK individuals from 18 other sites. We also report genome-wide data for 28 Early Neolithic Koros and Star[c]evo individuals from 13 sites, viewed as the predecessors of the LBK. We observe a higher percentage of western hunter-gatherer (WHG) admixture among individuals in the eastern LBK than in the far more widely distributed western LBK, showing that these two archaeologically distinct cultures also had different genetic trajectories. Most WHG-farmer mixture occurred just before the dawn of the LBK culture and there is no evidence that the WHG ancestry came systematically more from males or females. However, we do find strong genetic evidence for patrilocality among the LBK, extending previous findings based on isotopic analysis, with more genetic structure across sites on the male than on the female line, and a higher rate of within-site relatives for males. At Schletz we detect almost no first-degree relatives despite reporting data from almost every skeleton present at the site, showing that this massacre involved people from a large population, not a small community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelabert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickle, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teschler-Nicola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheronet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broomandkhoshbacht, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buttinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candilio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freilich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberreiter, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schattke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdogan, K. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalzala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skrivanko, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novotny,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social and genetic diversity in first farmers of central Europe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.08.548212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coding and non-coding elements comprise a regulatory network controlling transcription in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.08.548212v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex transcriptional control is a conserved feature of both eukaryotes and the viruses that infect them. Here, we illustrate this by combining high-density functional genomics, expression profiling, and viral-specific chromosome conformation capture to define with unprecedented detail the transcriptional regulation of a single gene, ORF68, from Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We first identified seven cis-regulatory regions by densely tiling the [~]154 kb KSHV genome with CRISPRi. A parallel Cas9 nuclease screen indicated that three of these regions act as promoters of genes that regulate ORF68. RNA expression profiling demonstrated that three more of these regions act by either repressing or enhancing other distal viral genes involved in ORF68 transcriptional regulation. Finally, we tracked how the 3D structure of the viral genome changes during its lifecycle, revealing that these enhancing regulatory elements are physically closer to their targets when active, and that disrupting some elements caused large- scale changes to the 3D genome. These data enable us to construct a complete model revealing that the mechanistic diversity of this essential regulatory circuit matches that of human genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulyas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coding and non-coding elements comprise a regulatory network controlling transcription in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.04.547736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of TMEM63C suggests it functions as a monomer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.04.547736v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The TMEM63 family proteins (A, B, and C), calcium-permeable channels in animals that are preferentially activated by hypo-osmolality, have been implicated in various physiological functions. Deficiency of these channels would cause many diseases including hearing loss. However, their structures and physiological roles are not yet well understood. In this study, we determined the cryo-EM structure of the mouse TMEM63C at 3.56 [A], and revealed structural differences compared to its plant orthologues OSCAs. Further structural guided mutagenesis and electrophysiological studies demonstrated the important roles of the coupling of TM0 and TM6 in channel activity. Additionally, we confirmed that the physiological state of TMEM63C is monomer, while TMEM63B is a mix of monomer and dimer in cells, suggesting that oligomerization is a novel regulatory mechanism for TMEM63 proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of TMEM63C suggests it functions as a monomer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.03.547508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary origin, population diversity, and diagnostics for a cryptic hybrid pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.03.547508v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptic fungal pathogens pose significant identification and disease management challenges due to their morphological resemblance to known pathogenic species while harboring genetic and (often) infection-relevant trait differences. The cryptic fungal pathogen Aspergillus latus, an allodiploid hybrid originating from Aspergillus spinulosporus and an unknown close relative of Aspergillus quadrilineatus within section Nidulantes, remains poorly understood. The absence of accurate diagnostics for A. latus has led to misidentifications, hindering epidemiological studies and the design of effective treatment plans. We conducted an in-depth investigation of the genomes and phenotypes of 44 globally distributed isolates (41 clinical isolates and three type strains) from Aspergillus section Nidulantes. We found that 21 clinical isolates were A. latus; notably, standard methods of pathogen identification misidentified all A. latus isolates. The remaining isolates were identified as A. spinulosporus (8), A. quadrilineatus (1), or A. nidulans (11). Phylogenomic analyses shed light on the origin of A. latus, indicating one or two hybridization events gave rise to the species during the Miocene, approximately 15.4 to 8.8 million years ago. Characterizing the A. latus pangenome uncovered substantial genetic diversity within gene families and biosynthetic gene clusters. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both parental genomes are actively expressed in nearly equal proportions and respond to environmental stimuli. Further investigation into infection-relevant chemical and physiological traits, including drug resistance profiles, growth under oxidative stress conditions, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, highlight distinct phenotypic profiles of the hybrid A. latus compared to its parental and closely related species. Leveraging our comprehensive genomic and phenotypic analyses, we propose five genomic and phenotypic markers as diagnostics for A. latus species identification. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary origin, genomic outcome, and phenotypic implications of hybridization in a cryptic fungal pathogen, thus enhancing our understanding of the underlying processes contributing to fungal pathogenesis. Furthermore, our study underscores the effectiveness of extensive genomic and phenotypic analyses as a promising approach for developing diagnostics applicable to future investigations of cryptic and emerging pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colabardini, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canovas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagrou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary origin, population diversity, and diagnostics for a cryptic hybrid pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.27.546775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An engineered biosensor enables dynamic aspartate measurements in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.27.546775v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular levels of the amino acid aspartate are responsive to changes in metabolism in mammalian cells and can correspondingly alter cell function, highlighting the need for robust tools to measure aspartate abundance. However, comprehensive understanding of aspartate metabolism has been limited by the throughput, cost, and static nature of the mass spectrometry based measurements that are typically employed to measure aspartate levels. To address these issues, we have developed a GFP-based sensor of aspartate (jAspSnFR3), where the fluorescence intensity corresponds to aspartate concentration. As a purified protein, the sensor has a 20-fold increase in fluorescence upon aspartate saturation, with dose dependent fluorescence changes covering a physiologically relevant aspartate concentration range and no significant off target binding. Expressed in mammalian cell lines, sensor intensity correlated with aspartate levels measured by mass spectrometry and could resolve temporal changes in intracellular aspartate from genetic, pharmacological, and nutritional manipulations. These data demonstrate the utility of jAspSnFR3 and highlight the opportunities it provides for temporally resolved and high throughput applications of variables that affect aspartate levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An engineered biosensor enables dynamic aspartate measurements in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.23.546330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New genetic tools for mushroom body output neurons in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.23.546330v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How memories of past events influence behavior is a key question in neuroscience. The major associative learning center in Drosophila, the Mushroom Body (MB), communicates to the rest of the brain through Mushroom Body Output Neurons (MBONs). While 21 MBON cell types have their dendrites confined to small compartments of the MB lobes, analysis of EM connectomes revealed the presence of an additional 14 MBON cell types that are atypical in having dendritic input both within the MB lobes and in adjacent brain regions. Genetic reagents for manipulating atypical MBONs and experimental data on their functions has been lacking. In this report we describe new cell-type-specific GAL4 drivers for many MBONs, including the majority of atypical MBONs. Using these genetic reagents, we conducted optogenetic activation screening to examine their ability to drive behaviors and learning. These reagents provide important new tools for the study of complex behaviors in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New genetic tools for mushroom body output neurons in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.21.545952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide overexpression screen reveals Mycobacterium smegmatis growth inhibitors encoded by mycobacteriophage Hammy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.21.545952v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During infection, bacteriophages produce diverse gene products to overcome bacterial anti-phage defenses, to outcompete other phages, and take over cellular processes. Even in the best-studied model phages, the roles of most phage-encoded gene products are unknown, and the phage population represents a largely untapped reservoir of novel gene functions. Considering the sheer size of this population, experimental screening methods are needed to sort through the enormous collection of available sequences and identify gene products that can modulate bacterial behavior for downstream functional characterization. Here, we describe the construction of a plasmid-based overexpression library of 94 genes encoded by Hammy, a Cluster K mycobacteriophage closely related to those infecting clinically important mycobacteria. The arrayed library was systematically screened in a plate-based cytotoxicity assay, identifying a diverse set of 24 gene products (representing 25% of the Hammy genome) capable of inhibiting growth of the host bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis. Half of these are related to growth inhibitors previously identified in related phage Waterfoul, supporting their functional conservation; the other genes represent novel additions to the list of known anti-mycobacterial growth inhibitors. This work, conducted as part of the HHMI-supported Science Education Alliance Gene-function Elucidation by a Network of Emerging Scientists (SEA-GENES) project, highlights the value of parallel, comprehensive overexpression screens in exploring genome-wide patterns of phage gene function and novel interactions between phages and their hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wise, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo, C. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mushrush, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coats, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dittmar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarva, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenkebashvili, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathan-Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubrow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cresawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavrodi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivanathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide overexpression screen reveals Mycobacterium smegmatis growth inhibitors encoded by mycobacteriophage Hammy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.16.545339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metal Ions and their Effects on Antimicrobial Resistance Development in Wastewater 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.16.545339v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge and there is increasing recognition of the role of the environment, particularly wastewater, in the development and spread of AMR. Although trace metals are common contaminants in wastewater, the quantitative effects of trace metals on AMR in wastewater settings remain understudied. We experimentally determined the interactions between common antibiotic residues and metal ions found in wastewater and investigated their effects on the development of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli over time. These data were then used to expand on a previously developed computational model of antibiotic resistance development in continuous flow settings to incorporate the effects of trace metals acting in combination with multiple antibiotic residues. We found that the common metal ions, copper and iron, interact with both ciprofloxacin and doxycycline at wastewater relevant concentrations. This can significantly affect resistance development due to antibiotic chelation of the metal ions causing a reduction in the antibiotics bioactivity. Furthermore, modeling the effect of these interactions in wastewater systems showed the potential for metal ions in wastewater to significantly increase the development of antibiotic resistant E. coli populations. These results demonstrate the need to quantitatively understand the effects of trace metal-antibiotic interactions on AMR development in wastewater.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutradhar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chukwu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abia, A. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbanga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamer, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metal Ions and their Effects on Antimicrobial Resistance Development in Wastewater]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.14.545006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Krause corpuscles of the genitalia are vibrotactile sensors required for normal sexual behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.14.545006v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Krause corpuscles, first discovered in the 1850s, are enigmatic sensory structures with unknown physiological properties and functions found within the genitalia and other mucocutaneous tissues. Here, we identified two distinct somatosensory neuron subtypes that innervate Krause corpuscles of the mouse penis and clitoris and project to a unique sensory terminal region of the spinal cord. Using in vivo electrophysiology and calcium imaging, we found that both Krause corpuscle afferent types are A-fiber rapid-adapting low-threshold mechanoreceptors, optimally tuned to dynamic, light touch and mechanical vibrations (40-80 Hz) applied to the clitoris or penis. Optogenetic activation of male Krause corpuscle afferent terminals evoked penile erection, while genetic ablation of Krause corpuscles impaired intromission and ejaculation of males as well as reduced sexual receptivity of females. Thus, Krause corpuscles, which are particularly dense in the clitoris, are vibrotactile sensors crucial for normal sexual behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskols, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.545006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Krause corpuscles of the genitalia are vibrotactile sensors required for normal sexual behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.12.544624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of highly selective miniprotein inhibitors of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.12.544624v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-binding integrins v{beta}6 and v{beta}8 are clinically validated cancer and fibrosis targets of considerable therapeutic importance. Compounds that can discriminate between the two closely related integrin proteins and other RGD integrins, stabilize specific conformational states, and have sufficient stability enabling tissue restricted administration could have considerable therapeutic utility. Existing small molecules and antibody inhibitors do not have all of these properties, and hence there is a need for new approaches. Here we describe a method for computationally designing hyperstable RGD-containing miniproteins that are highly selective for a single RGD integrin heterodimer and conformational state, and use this strategy to design inhibitors of v{beta}6 and v{beta}8 with high selectivity. The v{beta}6 and v{beta}8 inhibitors have picomolar affinities for their targets, and >1000-fold selectivity over other RGD integrins. CryoEM structures are within 0.6-0.7[A] root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) to the computational design models; the designed v{beta}6 inhibitor and native ligand stabilize the open conformation in contrast to the therapeutic anti-v{beta}6 antibody BG00011 that stabilizes the bent-closed conformation and caused on-target toxicity in patients with lung fibrosis, and the v{beta}8 inhibitor maintains the constitutively fixed extended-closed v{beta}8 conformation. In a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, the v{beta}6 inhibitor potently reduced fibrotic burden and improved overall lung mechanics when delivered via oropharyngeal administration mimicking inhalation, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of de novo designed integrin binding proteins with high selectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winegar, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherf, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slocum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulson, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>casper, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallecillo-Zuniga, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdoz, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kipnis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olshefsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overed-Sayer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finch, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matute-Bello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birkland, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ry, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springer, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of highly selective miniprotein inhibitors of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.08.544267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholangiocytic differentiation drives cell proliferation in hepatoblastoma through Wnt-dependent FGF19 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.08.544267v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancers evolve not only through the acquisition and clonal transmission of somatic mutations but also by non-genetic mechanisms that modify cell phenotype. Here, we describe how transcriptional heterogeneity arises within human hepatoblastoma, one of the cancers with the lowest mutational burden, characterized by activating mutations in the Wnt pathway. Histology-guided RNA sequencing and evaluation of spatial gene expression in primary hepatoblastomas identified foci of tumor cells within the highly proliferative embryonal histology that express the growth factor FGF19, colocalizing with markedly increased expression of Wnt target genes and cholangiocyte markers. In patient-derived tumoroids, FGF19 provided a required growth signal for FGF19-negative cells, and its expression depended on both Wnt/-catenin and the biliary transcription factor SOX4. Our results reveal that a biliary lineage program induces FGF19 as a paracrine signal for tumor growth, thereby modulating the transcriptional outcome of constitutive Wnt activation and tumor cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazard, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vennam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusse, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholangiocytic differentiation drives cell proliferation in hepatoblastoma through Wnt-dependent FGF19 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.06.543957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recognition of centromere-specific histone Cse4 by the inner kinetochore Okp1-Ame1 complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.06.543957v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful mitosis depends on the timely establishment of correct chromosomal attachments to microtubules. The kinetochore, a modular multiprotein complex, mediates this connection by recognizing specialized chromatin containing a histone H3 variant called Cse4 in budding yeast and CENP-A in vertebrates. Structural features of the kinetochore that enable discrimination between Cse4/CENP-A and H3 have been identified in several species. How and when these contribute to centromere recognition and how they relate to the overall structure of the inner kinetochore are unsettled questions. We have determined the crystal structure of a Cse4 peptide bound to the essential inner kinetochore Okp1-Ame1 heterodimer from budding yeast. The structure and related experiments show in detail an essential point of Cse4 contact and provide information about the arrangement of the inner kinetochore.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinshaw, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recognition of centromere-specific histone Cse4 by the inner kinetochore Okp1-Ame1 complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.07.543722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific contributions to a persistent aggressive internal state in female Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.07.543722v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent internal states are important for maintaining survival-promoting behaviors, such as aggression. In female Drosophila melanogaster, we have previously shown that individually activating either aIPg or pC1d cell types can induce aggression. Here we investigate further the individual roles of these cholinergic, sexually dimorphic cell types, and the reciprocal connections between them, in generating a persistent aggressive internal state. We find that a brief 30-second optogenetic stimulation of aIPg neurons was sufficient to promote an aggressive internal state lasting at least 10 minutes, whereas similar stimulation of pC1d neurons did not. While we previously showed that stimulation of pC1e alone does not evoke aggression, persistent behavior could be promoted through simultaneous stimulation of pC1d and pC1e, suggesting an unexpected synergy of these cell types in establishing a persistent aggressive state. Neither aIPg nor pC1d show persistent neuronal activity themselves, implying that the persistent internal state is maintained by other mechanisms. Moreover, inactivation of pC1d did not significantly reduce aIPg-evoked persistent aggression arguing that the aggressive state did not depend on pC1d-aIPg recurrent connectivity. Our results suggest the need for alternative models to explain persistent female aggression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robie, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vippa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schretter, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.543722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific contributions to a persistent aggressive internal state in female Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.31.543105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A NanoDam toolkit for tissue-specific transcription factor profiling in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.31.543105v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development of multicellular organisms, cells must execute precise molecular decisions to achieve cell fate specification and differentiation. These decisions are orchestrated by networks of transcription factors (TFs) which act to regulate gene expression of specific cohorts of genes to ultimately confer identity. Depending on the cellular context, TF expression can vary dramatically both spatially and temporally. These differences in expression patterns can result in tissue-specific differences in TF binding to downstream targets. To identify targets on a tissue-specific basis, Targeted DamID (TaDa) has been recently introduced to generate TF binding profiles in various models including C. elegans. However, TaDa suffers from portability such that a new promoter-TF fusion transgene must be constructed for every new experimental condition of interest. Here, we adapt NanoDam for usage in C. elegans, which relies on endogenous TF-GFP knock-ins, a plethora of which have already been generated by the community. We report that NanoDam single copy transgenes consisting of lowly expressed, tissue-specific GFP nanobody-Dam fusions, when combined with endogenous GFP-tagged alleles of TFs, results in robust, tissue-specific profiling. Using an endogenous GFP-tagged allele of EGL-43/EVI1, we performed NanoDam profiling of two disparate tissue types, the anchor cell (AC) and dopaminergic neurons, and identify targets unique to each and shared by both cell types. We also identify two GATA TFs, ELT-6 and EGL-18, as novel regulators of AC invasion. Together, we demonstrate that NanoDam is capable of profiling endogenous GFP-tagged TFs to identify novel downstream targets in specific cell types of C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsanos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medwig-Kinney, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkoulas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A NanoDam toolkit for tissue-specific transcription factor profiling in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.02.543449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo design of modular protein hydrogels with programmable intra- and extracellular viscoelasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.02.543449v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relating the macroscopic properties of protein-based materials to their underlying component microstructure is an outstanding challenge. Here, we exploit computational design to specify the size, flexibility, and valency of de novo protein building blocks, as well as the interaction dynamics between them, to investigate how molecular parameters govern the macroscopic viscoelasticity of the resultant protein hydrogels. We construct gel systems from pairs of symmetric protein homo-oligomers, each comprising 2, 5, 24, or 120 individual protein components, that are crosslinked either physically or covalently into idealized step-growth biopolymer networks. Through rheological assessment and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we find that the covalent linkage of multifunctional precursors yields hydrogels whose viscoelasticity depends on the crosslink length between the constituent building blocks. In contrast, reversibly crosslinking the homo-oligomeric components with a computationally designed heterodimer results in non-Newtonian biomaterials exhibiting fluid-like properties under rest and low shear, but shear-stiffening solid-like behavior at higher frequencies. Exploiting the unique genetic encodability of these materials, we demonstrate the assembly of protein networks within living mammalian cells and show via fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) that mechanical properties can be tuned intracellularly, in correlation with matching formulations formed extracellularly. We anticipate that the ability to modularly construct and systematically program the viscoelastic properties of designer protein-based materials could have broad utility in biomedicine, with applications in tissue engineering, therapeutic delivery, and synthetic biology.

SignificanceProtein-based hydrogels have many applications in cellular engineering and medicine. Most genetically encodable protein hydrogels are made from naturally harvested proteins or protein-polymer hybrid constructs. Here we describe de novo protein hydrogels and systematically investigate the impact of microscopic properties of the building blocks (e.g., supramolecular interaction, valencies, geometries, flexibility) on the resultant macroscopic gel mechanics, both intra-and extracellularly. These de novo supramolecular protein assemblies, whose properties can be tuned from solid gels to non-Newtonian fluids, provide expanded opportunities for applications in synthetic biology and medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mout, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bretherton, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decarreau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edman, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlrichs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahtoe, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregorio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeForest, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo design of modular protein hydrogels with programmable intra- and extracellular viscoelasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.26.542482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The HLA-II immunopeptidome of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.26.542482v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted synthetic vaccines have the potential to transform our response to viral outbreaks; yet the design of these vaccines requires a comprehensive knowledge of viral immunogens, including T-cell epitopes. Having previously mapped the SARS-CoV-2 HLA-I landscape, here we report viral peptides that are naturally processed and loaded onto HLA-II complexes in infected cells. We identified over 500 unique viral peptides from canonical proteins, as well as from overlapping internal open reading frames (ORFs), revealing, for the first time, the contribution of internal ORFs to the HLA-II peptide repertoire. Most HLA-II peptides co-localized with the known CD4+ T cell epitopes in COVID-19 patients. We also observed that two reported immunodominant regions in the SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein are formed at the level of HLA-II presentation. Overall, our analyses show that HLA-I and HLA-II pathways target distinct viral proteins, with the structural proteins accounting for most of the HLA-II peptidome and non-structural and non-canonical proteins accounting for the majority of the HLA-I peptidome. These findings highlight the need for a vaccine design that incorporates multiple viral elements harboring CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes to maximize the vaccine effectiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weingarten-Gabbay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkizova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentili, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlman, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clauser, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abelin, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The HLA-II immunopeptidome of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.25.541239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An evolutionary mechanism to assimilate new nutrient sensors into the mTORC1 pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.25.541239v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals must sense and respond to nutrient availability in their local niche. This task is coordinated in part by the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, which regulates growth and metabolism in response to nutrients1-5. In mammals, mTORC1 senses specific amino acids through specialized sensors that act through the upstream GATOR1/2 signaling hub6-8. To reconcile the conserved architecture of the mTORC1 pathway with the diversity of environments that animals can occupy, we hypothesized that the pathway might maintain plasticity by evolving distinct nutrient sensors in different metazoan phyla1,9,10. Whether such customization occurs-- and how the mTORC1 pathway might capture new nutrient inputs--is not known. Here, we identify the Drosophila melanogaster protein Unmet expectations (Unmet, formerly CG11596) as a species-restricted nutrient sensor and trace its incorporation into the mTORC1 pathway. Upon methionine starvation, Unmet binds to the fly GATOR2 complex to inhibit dTORC1. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a proxy for methionine availability, directly relieves this inhibition. Unmet expression is elevated in the ovary, a methionine-sensitive niche11, and flies lacking Unmet fail to maintain the integrity of the female germline under methionine restriction. By monitoring the evolutionary history of the Unmet-GATOR2 interaction, we show that the GATOR2 complex evolved rapidly in Dipterans to recruit and repurpose an independent methyltransferase as a SAM sensor. Thus, the modular architecture of the mTORC1 pathway allows it to co-opt preexisting enzymes and expand its nutrient sensing capabilities, revealing a mechanism for conferring evolvability on an otherwise highly conserved system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouandin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahng, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.541239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An evolutionary mechanism to assimilate new nutrient sensors into the mTORC1 pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.19.541367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Atlas of Adaptive Evolution in Endemic Human Viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.19.541367v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through antigenic evolution, viruses like seasonal influenza evade recognition by neutralizing antibodies elicited by previous infection or vaccination. This means that a person with antibodies well-tuned to an initial infection will not be protected against the same virus years later and that vaccine-mediated protection will decay. It is not fully understood which of the many endemic human viruses evolve in this fashion. To expand that knowledge, we assess adaptive evolution across the viral genome in 28 endemic viruses, spanning a wide range of viral families and transmission modes. We find that surface proteins consistently show the highest rates of adaptation, and estimate that ten viruses in this panel undergo antigenic evolution to selectively fix mutations that enable the virus to escape recognition by prior immunity. We compare overall rates of amino acid substitution between these antigenically-evolving viruses and SARS-CoV-2, showing that SARS-CoV-2 viruses are accumulating protein-coding changes at substantially faster rates than these endemic viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kistler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.541367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Atlas of Adaptive Evolution in Endemic Human Viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.17.541249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational modeling of methylation impact of AML drivers reveals new pathways and refines AML risk-stratification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.17.541249v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decades before its clinical onset, epigenetic changes start to accumulate in the progenitor cells of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML). Delineating these changes can improve risk-stratification for patients and shed insights into AML etiology, dynamics and mechanisms. Towards this goal, we extracted "epigenetic signatures" through two parallel machine learning approaches: a supervised regression model using frequently mutated genes as labels and an unsupervised topic modeling approach to factorize covarying epigenetic changes into a small number of "topics". First, we created regression models for DNMT3A and TET2, the two most frequently mutated epigenetic drivers in AML. Our model differentiated wild-type vs. mutant genotypes based on their downstream epigenetic impacts with very high accuracy: AUROC 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. Methylation loci frequently selected by the models recapitulated known downstream pathways and identified several novel recurrent targets. Second, we used topic modeling to systematically factorize the high dimensional methylation profiles to a latent space of 15 topics. We annotated identified topics with biological and clinical features such as mutation status, prior malignancy and ELN criteria. Topic modeling successfully deconvoluted the combined effects of multiple upstream epigenetic drivers into individual topics including relatively infrequent cytogenetic events, improving the methylation-based subtyping of AML. Furthermore, they revealed complimentary and synergistic interactions between drivers, grouped them based on the similarity of their downstream methylation impact and linked them to prognostic criteria. Our models identify new signatures and methylation pathways, refine risk-stratification and inform detection and drug response studies for AML patients.

KEY POINTSO_LISupervised and unsupervised models reveal new methylation pathways of AML driver events and validate previously known associations.
C_LIO_LIIndividual DNMT3A and TET2 signatures are accurate and robust, despite the complex genetic and epigenetic make-up of samples at diagnosis.
C_LIO_LIUnsupervised topic modeling factorizes covarying methylation changes and isolates methylation signatures caused by rare mutations.
C_LIO_LITopic modeling reveals a group of mutations with similar downstream methylation impacts and mapped to adverse-risk class by ELN.
C_LIO_LITopic modeling uncovers methylation signatures of infrequent cytogenetic events, significantly improving methylation-based subtyping.
C_LIO_LIOur models can be leveraged to build predictive models for AML-risk.
C_LIO_LIOur models show that cytogenetic events, such as t(15;17) have widespread trans downstream methylation impacts.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyner, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spellman, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational modeling of methylation impact of AML drivers reveals new pathways and refines AML risk-stratification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.15.540823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor Cytokine-Induced Hepatic Gluconeogenesis Contributes to Cancer Cachexia: Insights from Full Body Single Nuclei Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.15.540823v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryA primary cause of death in cancer patients is cachexia, a wasting syndrome attributed to tumor-induced metabolic dysregulation. Despite the major impact of cachexia on the treatment, quality of life, and survival of cancer patients, relatively little is known about the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Hyperglycemia detected in glucose tolerance test is one of the earliest metabolic abnormalities observed in cancer patients; however, the pathogenesis by which tumors influence blood sugar levels remains poorly understood. Here, utilizing a Drosophila model, we demonstrate that the tumor secreted interleukin-like cytokine Upd3 induces fat body expression of Pepck1 and Pdk, two key regulatory enzymes of gluconeogenesis, contributing to hyperglycemia. Our data further indicate a conserved regulation of these genes by IL-6/JAK STAT signaling in mouse models. Importantly, in both fly and mouse cancer cachexia models, elevated gluconeogenesis gene levels are associated with poor prognosis. Altogether, our study uncovers a conserved role of Upd3/IL-6/JAK-STAT signaling in inducing tumor-associated hyperglycemia, which provides insights into the pathogenesis of IL-6 signaling in cancer cachexia.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=162 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/540823v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dantas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comjean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor Cytokine-Induced Hepatic Gluconeogenesis Contributes to Cancer Cachexia: Insights from Full Body Single Nuclei Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.18.541220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
p300 Is an Obligate Integrator of Combinatorial Transcription Factor Inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.18.541220v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription coactivators are proteins or protein complexes that mediate transcription factor (TF) function. However, they lack DNA binding capacity, prompting the question of how they engage target loci. Three non-exclusive hypotheses have been posited: coactivators are recruited by complexing with TFs, by binding histones through epigenetic reader domains, or by partitioning into phase-separated compartments through their extensive intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Using p300 as a prototypical coactivator, we systematically mutated its annotated domains and show by single-molecule tracking in live cells that coactivator- chromatin binding depends entirely on combinatorial binding of multiple TF-interaction domains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that acetyltransferase activity negatively impacts p300-chromatin association and that the N-terminal TF-interaction domains regulate that activity. Single TF-interaction domains are insufficient for both chromatin binding and regulation of catalytic activity, implying a principle that could broadly inform eukaryotic gene regulation: a TF must act in coordination with other TFs to recruit coactivator activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrie, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karr, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[p300 Is an Obligate Integrator of Combinatorial Transcription Factor Inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.12.540588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral serotonergic neurons regulate anxiety-like behavior and intestinal barrier immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.12.540588v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serotonergic circuits in the central nervous system play important roles in regulating mood and behavior, yet the functions of peripheral serotonergic neurons are less understood. Here, we engineered mice lacking the serotonin-producing enzyme Tph2 in peripheral neurons but with intact Tph2 in central neurons. In contrast to mice lacking Tph2 in all neurons, mice lacking Tph2 in peripheral serotonergic neurons did not exhibit increased territorial aggression. However, similar to the total body Tph2 KO mice, the conditional KO animals, exhibited reduced gut motility and decreased anxiety-like behavior. These observations reveal that peripheral serotonergic neurons contribute to control of intestinal motility and anxiety-like behavior and suggest that therapeutics targeting this subset of peripheral neurons could be beneficial.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral serotonergic neurons regulate anxiety-like behavior and intestinal barrier immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.10.539968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H1 restricts euchromatin-associated methylation pathways from heterochromatic encroachment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.10.539968v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silencing pathways prevent transposable element (TE) proliferation and help to maintain genome integrity through cell division. Silenced genomic regions can be classified as either euchromatic or heterochromatic, and are targeted by genetically separable epigenetic pathways. In plants, the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway targets mostly euchromatic regions, while CMT DNA methyltransferases are mainly associated with heterochromatin. However, many epigenetic features - including DNA methylation patterning - are largely indistinguishable between these regions, so how the functional separation is maintained is unclear. The linker histone H1 is preferentially localized to heterochromatin and has been proposed to restrict RdDM from encroachment. To test this hypothesis, we followed RdDM genomic localization in an h1 mutant by performing ChIP-seq on the largest subunit, NRPE1, of the central RdDM polymerase, Pol V. Loss of H1 resulted in NRPE1 enrichment predominantly in heterochromatic TEs. Increased NRPE1 binding was associated with increased chromatin accessibility in h1, suggesting that H1 restricts NRPE1 occupancy by compacting chromatin. However, RdDM occupancy did not impact H1 localization, demonstrating that H1 hierarchically restricts RdDM positioning. H1 mutants experience major symmetric (CG and CHG) DNA methylation gains, and by generating an h1/nrpe1 double mutant, we demonstrate these gains are largely independent of RdDM. However, loss of NRPE1 occupancy from a subset of euchromatic regions in h1 corresponded to loss of methylation in all sequence contexts, while at ectopically bound heterochromatic loci, NRPE1 deposition correlated with increased methylation specifically in the CHH context. Additionally, we found that H1 similarly restricts the occupancy of the methylation reader, SUVH1, and polycomb-mediated H3K27me3. Together, the results support a model whereby H1 helps maintain the exclusivity of heterochromatin by preventing encroachment from other competing pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.539968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H1 restricts euchromatin-associated methylation pathways from heterochromatic encroachment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.10.539644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution molecular atlas of a lung tumor in 3D 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.10.539644v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells live and interact in three-dimensional (3D) cellular neighborhoods. However, histology and spatial omics methods mostly focus on 2D tissue sections. Here we present a 3D spatial atlas of a routine clinical sample, an aggressive human lung carcinoma, by combining in situ quantification of 960 cancer-related genes across [~]340,000 cells with measurements of tissue-mechanical components. 3D cellular neighborhoods subdivided the tumor microenvironment into tumor, stromal, and immune multicellular niches. Interestingly, pseudotime analysis suggested that pro-invasive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), detected in stroma-infiltrating tumor cells, already occurred in one region at the tumor surface. There, myofibroblasts and macrophages specifically co-localized with pre-invasive tumor cells and their multicellular molecular signature identified patients with shorter survival. Moreover, cytotoxic T-cells did not infiltrate this niche but colocalized with inhibitory dendritic and regulatory T cells. Importantly, systematic scoring of cell-cell interactions in 3D neighborhoods highlighted niche-specific signaling networks accompanying tumor invasion and immune escape. Compared to 2D, 3D neighborhoods improved the characterization of immune niches by identifying dendritic niches, capturing the 3D extension of T-cell niches and boosting the quantification of niche-specific cell-cell interactions, including druggable immune checkpoints. We believe that 3D communication analyses can improve the design of clinical studies investigating personalized, combination immuno-oncology therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pentimalli, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schallenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon-Perinan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legnini, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theurillat, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boltengagen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzsche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernbach, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurmeister, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordenonsi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccolo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woehler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaiskos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klauschen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajewsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.539644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution molecular atlas of a lung tumor in 3D]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.02.539146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic manipulation of candidate phyla radiation bacteria provides functional insights into microbial dark matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.02.539146v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of bacteria has yielded fundamental insights into cellular biology and physiology, biotechnological advances and many therapeutics. Yet due to a lack of suitable tools, the significant portion of bacterial diversity held within the candidate phyla radiation (CPR) remains inaccessible to such pursuits. Here we show that CPR bacteria belonging to the phylum Saccharibacteria exhibit natural competence. We exploit this property to develop methods for their genetic manipulation, including the insertion of heterologous sequences and the construction of targeted gene deletions. Imaging of fluorescent protein-labeled Saccharibacteria provides high spatiotemporal resolution of phenomena accompanying epibiotic growth and a transposon insertion sequencing genome-wide screen reveals the contribution of enigmatic Saccharibacterial genes to growth on their Actinobacteria hosts. Finally, we leverage metagenomic data to provide cutting-edge protein structure-based bioinformatic resources that support the strain Southlakia epibionticum and its corresponding host, Actinomyces israelii, as a model system for unlocking the molecular underpinnings of the epibiotic lifestyle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkarslan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrieta-Ortiz, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radey, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baliga, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougous, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.02.539146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic manipulation of candidate phyla radiation bacteria provides functional insights into microbial dark matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.03.539266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of 9-1-1 DNA checkpoint clamp loading at gaps from start to finish and ramification to biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.03.539266v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent structural studies show the Rad24-RFC loads the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp onto a recessed 5' end by binding the 5' DNA on Rad24 at an external surface site and threading the 3' ssDNA into the well-established internal chamber and into 9-1-1. We find here that Rad24-RFC loads 9-1-1 onto DNA gaps in preference to a recessed 5' DNA end, thus presumably leaving 9-1-1 on a 3' ss/ds DNA after Rad24-RFC ejects from the 5' gap end and may explain reports of 9-1-1 directly functioning in DNA repair with various TLS polymerases, in addition to signaling the ATR kinase. To gain a deeper understanding of 9-1-1 loading at gaps we report high-resolution structures of Rad24-RFC during loading of 9-1-1 onto 10-nt and 5-nt gapped DNAs. At a 10-nt gap we captured five Rad24-RFC-9-1-1 loading intermediates in which the 9-1-1 DNA entry gate varies from fully open to fully closed around DNA using ATP{gamma}S, supporting the emerging view that ATP hydrolysis is not needed for clamp opening/closing, but instead for dissociation of the loader from the clamp encircling DNA. The structure of Rad24-RFC-9-1-1 at a 5-nt gap shows a 180{degrees} axially rotated 3'-dsDNA which orients the template strand to bridge the 3'- and 5'- junctions with a minimum 5-nt ssDNA. The structures reveal a unique loop on Rad24 that limits the length of dsDNA in the inner chamber, and inability to melt DNA ends unlike RFC, thereby explaining Rad24-RFCs preference for a preexisting ssDNA gap and suggesting a direct role in gap repair in addition to its checkpoint role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgescu, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of 9-1-1 DNA checkpoint clamp loading at gaps from start to finish and ramification to biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.01.538936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-learning in head fixed mice navigating in virtual reality: A Behavioral Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.01.538936v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals can learn general task structures and use them to solve new problems with novel sensory specifics. This capacity of  learning to learn, or meta-learning, is difficult to achieve in artificial systems, and the mechanisms by which it is achieved in animals are unknown. As a step toward enabling mechanistic studies, we developed a behavioral paradigm that demonstrates meta-learning in head-fixed mice. We trained mice to perform a two-alternative forced-choice task in virtual reality (VR), and successively changed the visual cues that signaled reward location. Mice showed increased learning speed in both cue generalization and serial reversal tasks. During reversal learning, behavior exhibited sharp transitions, with the transition occurring earlier in each successive reversal. Analysis of motor patterns revealed that animals utilized similar motor programs to execute the same actions in response to different cues but modified the motor programs during reversal learning. Our study demonstrates that mice can perform meta-learning tasks in VR, thus opening up opportunities for future mechanistic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattoni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlosky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spruston, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.01.538936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-learning in head fixed mice navigating in virtual reality: A Behavioral Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.01.538832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide Correspondence Between Neuronal Epigenomics and Long-Distance Projections 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.01.538832v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell genetic and epigenetic analyses parse the brains billions of neurons into thousands of "cell-type" clusters, each residing in different brain structures. Many of these cell types mediate their unique functions by virtue of targeted long-distance axonal projections to allow interactions between specific cell types. Here we have used Epi-Retro-Seq to link single cell epigenomes and associated cell types to their long-distance projections for 33,034 neurons dissected from 32 different source regions projecting to 24 different targets (225 source [-&gt;]target combinations) across the whole mouse brain. We highlight uses of this large data set for interrogating both overarching principles relating projection cell types to their transcriptomic and epigenomic properties and for addressing and developing specific hypotheses about cell types and connections as they relate to genetics. We provide an overall synthesis of the data set with 926 statistical comparisons of the discriminability of neurons projecting to each target for every dissected source region. We integrate this dataset into the larger, annotated BICCN cell type atlas composed of millions of neurons to link projection cell types to consensus clusters. Integration with spatial transcriptomic data further assigns projection-enriched clusters to much smaller source regions than afforded by the original dissections. We exemplify these capabilities by presenting in-depth analyses of neurons with identified projections from the hypothalamus, thalamus, hindbrain, amygdala, and midbrain to provide new insights into the properties of those cell types, including differentially expressed genes, their associated cis-regulatory elements and transcription factor binding motifs, and neurotransmitter usage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivkin, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagos, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyazaki, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinda, J. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claffey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valadon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patne, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito-Cole, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-Duartec, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eck</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.01.538832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide Correspondence Between Neuronal Epigenomics and Long-Distance Projections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.30.538884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular crowding facilitates ribozyme-catalyzed RNA assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.30.538884v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Catalytic RNAs or ribozymes are considered to be central to primordial biology. Most ribozymes require moderate to high concentrations of divalent cations such as Mg2+ to fold into their catalytically competent structures and perform catalysis. However, undesirable effects of Mg2+ such as hydrolysis of reactive RNA building blocks and degradation of RNA structures are likely to undermine its beneficial roles in ribozyme catalysis. Further, prebiotic cell-like compartments bounded by fatty acid membranes are destabilized in the presence of Mg2+, making ribozyme function inside prebiotically relevant protocells a significant challenge. Therefore, we sought to identify conditions that would enable ribozymes to retain activity in low concentrations of Mg2+. Inspired by the ability of ribozymes to function inside crowded cellular environments with <1 mM free Mg2+, we tested molecular crowding as a potential mechanism to lower the Mg2+ concentration required for ribozyme-catalyzed RNA assembly. Here, we show that the ribozyme-catalyzed ligation of phosphorimidazolide RNA substrates is significantly enhanced in the presence of the artificial crowding agent polyethylene glycol. We also found that molecular crowding preserves ligase activity under denaturing conditions such as alkaline pH and the presence of urea. We also show that crowding-induced stimulation of RNA-catalyzed RNA assembly is not limited to phosphorimidazolide ligation but extends to the RNA-catalyzed polymerization of nucleoside triphosphates. RNA-catalyzed RNA ligation is also stimulated by the presence of prebiotically relevant small molecules such as ethylene glycol, ribose, and amino acids, consistent with a role for molecular crowding in primordial ribozyme function and more generally, in the emergence of RNA-based cellular life.

Table of Contents Graphic

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=94 SRC="FIGDIR/small/538884v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (19K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17d282borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d8531aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1380f7borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@180708f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG SYNOPSISMolecular crowding enables ribozyme-catalyzed RNA assembly under low Mg2+ conditions, and consequently may have played an essential role in the origin and evolution of RNA-based primordial life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DasGupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.30.538884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular crowding facilitates ribozyme-catalyzed RNA assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.28.538736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Zika virus protein expression screen in Drosophila to investigate targeted host pathways during development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.28.538736v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the past decade, Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a global public health concern. While adult infections are typically mild, maternal infection can lead to adverse fetal outcomes. Understanding how ZIKV proteins disrupt development can provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of symptoms caused by this virus including microcephaly. In this study, we generated a toolkit to ectopically express Zika viral proteins in vivo in Drosophila melanogaster in a tissue-specific manner using the GAL4/UAS system. We use this toolkit to identify phenotypes and host pathways targeted by the virus. Our work identified that expression of most ZIKV proteins cause scorable phenotypes, such as overall lethality, gross morphological defects, reduced brain size, and neuronal function defects. We further use this system to identify strain-dependent phenotypes that may contribute to the increased pathogenesis associated with the more recent outbreak of ZIKV in the Americas. Our work demonstrates Drosophilas use as an efficient in vivo model to rapidly decipher how pathogens cause disease and lays the groundwork for further molecular study of ZIKV pathogenesis in flies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Link, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mgbike, U. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Balcazar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Zika virus protein expression screen in Drosophila to investigate targeted host pathways during development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.23.538006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic characterization of a Drosophila model of paraneoplastic nephrotic syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.23.538006v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paraneoplastic syndromes occur in cancer patients and originate from dysfunction of organs at a distance from the tumor or its metastasis. A wide range of organs can be affected in paraneoplastic syndromes; however, the pathological mechanisms by which tumors influence host organs are poorly understood. Recent studies in the fly uncovered that tumor secreted factors target host organs, leading to pathological effects. In this study, using a Drosophila gut tumor model, we characterized a mechanism of tumor-induced kidney dysfunction. Specifically, we found that Pvf1, a PDGF/VEGF signaling ligand, secreted by gut tumors activates the PvR/JNK/Jra signaling pathway in the principal cells of the kidney, leading to mis-expression of renal genes and paraneoplastic renal syndrome-like phenotypes. Our study describes a novel mechanism by which gut tumors perturb the function of the kidney, which might be of clinical relevance for the treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comjean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.538006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic characterization of a Drosophila model of paraneoplastic nephrotic syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.24.538170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of FacZ as a division site placement factor in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.24.538170v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive pathogen responsible for life-threatening infections that are difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance. The identification of new vulnerabilities in essential processes like cell envelope biogenesis represents a promising avenue towards the development of anti-staphylococcal therapies that overcome resistance. To this end, we performed cell sorting-based enrichments for S. aureus mutants with defects in envelope integrity and cell division. We identified many known envelope biogenesis factors as well as a large collection of new factors with roles in this process. Mutants inactivated for one of the hits, the uncharacterized SAOUHSC_01855 protein, displayed aberrant membrane invaginations and multiple FtsZ cytokinetic ring structures. This factor is broadly distributed among Firmicutes, and its inactivation in B. subtilis similarly caused division and membrane defects. We therefore renamed the protein FacZ (Firmicute-associated coordinator of Z-rings). In S. aureus, inactivation of the conserved cell division protein GpsB suppressed the division and morphological defects of facZ mutants. Additionally, FacZ and GpsB were found to interact directly in a purified system. Thus, FacZ is a novel antagonist of GpsB function with a conserved role in controlling division site placement in S. aureus and other Firmicutes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisley, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudner, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of FacZ as a division site placement factor in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translating deep learning to neuroprosthetic control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537581v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in deep learning have given rise to neural network models of the relationship between movement and brain activity that appear to far outperform prior approaches. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that enable people with paralysis to control external devices, such as robotic arms or computer cursors, might stand to benefit greatly from these advances. We tested recurrent neural networks (RNNs) on a challenging nonlinear BCI problem: decoding continuous bimanual movement of two computer cursors. Surprisingly, we found that although RNNs appeared to perform well in offline settings, they did so by overfitting to the temporal structure of the training data and failed to generalize to real-time neuroprosthetic control. In response, we developed a method that alters the temporal structure of the training data by dilating/compressing it in time and re-ordering it, which we show helps RNNs successfully generalize to the online setting. With this method, we demonstrate that a person with paralysis can control two computer cursors simultaneously, far outperforming standard linear methods. Our results provide evidence that preventing models from overfitting to temporal structure in training data may, in principle, aid in translating deep learning advances to the BCI setting, unlocking improved performance for challenging applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deo, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avansino, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translating deep learning to neuroprosthetic control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.12.536587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin context-dependent regulation and epigenetic manipulation of prime editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.12.536587v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prime editing is a powerful means of introducing precise changes to specific locations in mammalian genomes. However, the widely varying efficiency of prime editing across target sites of interest has limited its adoption in the context of both basic research and clinical settings. Here, we set out to exhaustively characterize the impact of the cis-chromatin environment on prime editing efficiency. Using a newly developed and highly sensitive method for mapping the genomic locations of a randomly integrated "sensor", we identify specific epigenetic features that strongly correlate with the highly variable efficiency of prime editing across different genomic locations. Next, to assess the interaction of trans-acting factors with the cis-chromatin environment, we develop and apply a pooled genetic screening approach with which the impact of knocking down various DNA repair factors on prime editing efficiency can be stratified by cis-chromatin context. Finally, we demonstrate that we can dramatically modulate the efficiency of prime editing through epigenome editing, i.e. altering chromatin state in a locus-specific manner in order to increase or decrease the efficiency of prime editing at a target site. Looking forward, we envision that the insights and tools described here will broaden the range of both basic research and therapeutic contexts in which prime editing is useful.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chardon, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDiarmid, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalanne, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathans, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin context-dependent regulation and epigenetic manipulation of prime editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocytic Neuroligins Are Not Required for Synapse Formation or a Normal Astrocyte Cytoarchitecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536254v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes perform multifarious roles in the formation, regulation, and function of synapses in the brain, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Interestingly, astrocytes abundantly express neuroligins, postsynaptic adhesion molecules that function as synaptic organizers by binding to presynaptic neurexins. Here we examined the function of neuroligins in astrocytes with a rigorous genetic approach that uses the conditional deletion of all major neuroligins (Nlgn1-3) in astrocytes in vivo and complemented this approach by a genetic deletion of neuroligins in glia cells that are co-cultured with human neurons. Our results show that early postnatal deletion of neuroligins from astrocytes in vivo has no detectable effect on cortical or hippocampal synapses and does not alter the cytoarchitecture of astrocytes when evaluated in young adult mice. Moreover, deletion of astrocytic neuroligins in co-cultures of human neurons produced no detectable consequences for the formation and function of synapses. Thus, astrocytic neuroligins are unlikely to fundamentally shape synapse formation or astrocyte morphogenesis but likely perform other important roles that remain to be discovered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golf, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakahara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Südhof, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocytic Neuroligins Are Not Required for Synapse Formation or a Normal Astrocyte Cytoarchitecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin Reprogramming of In Vitro Fertilized and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Bovine Embryos During Embryonic Genome Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536281v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reprogramming of the gamete into a developmentally competent embryo identity is a fundamental aspect of preimplantation development. One of the most important processes of this reprogramming is the transcriptional awakening during embryonic genome activation (EGA), which robustly occurs in fertilized embryos but is defective in most somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. However, little is known about the genome-wide underlying chromatin landscape during EGA in SCNT embryos and how it differs from a fertilized embryo. By profiling open chromatin genome-wide in both types of bovine embryos, we find that SCNT embryos fail to reprogram a subset of the EGA gene targets that are normally activated in fertilized embryos. Importantly, a small number of transcription factor (TF) motifs explain most chromatin regions that fail to open in SCNT embryos suggesting that over-expression of a limited number of TFs may provide more robust reprogramming. One such TF, the zygotically-expressed bovine gene DUXC which is a homologue of EGA factors DUX/DUX4 in mouse/human, is alone capable of activating [~]84% of all EGA transcripts that fail to activate normally in SCNT embryos. Additionally, single-cell chromatin profiling revealed low intra-embryo heterogeneity but high inter-embryo heterogeneity in SCNT embryos and an uncoupling of cell division and open chromatin reprogramming during EGA. Surprisingly, our data also indicate that transcriptional defects may arise downstream of promoter chromatin opening in SCNT embryos, suggesting additional mechanistic insights into how and why transcription at EGA is dysregulated. We anticipate that our work will lead to altered SCNT protocols to increase the developmental competency of bovine SCNT embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grow, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perisse, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regouski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polejaeva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin Reprogramming of In Vitro Fertilized and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Bovine Embryos During Embryonic Genome Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Zinc Pre-exposure on de novo Antibiotic Resistance Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.10.536219v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health crisis that is currently predicted to worsen. While the impact of improper antibiotics is an established driver, much less is known on the impacts of metal supplements. Here, we specifically probe the impact of zinc (Zn) on AMR. In conflict settings where diarrhea disease cases are high, Zn is both given as a supplement for treatment of these diseases prior to use of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and is associated with weapons of war. In this study, we find that the order with which E. coli is exposed to zinc impacts resistance development, with increasing pre-exposure time leading to accelerated ciprofloxacin resistance, while combined exposure of zinc with ciprofloxacin delays ciprofloxacin resistance. We did not find evidence that zinc pre-exposure leads to genetic changes or change in antibiotic tolerance, though it does increase both the lag phase and doubling time of E. coli, suggesting the mechanism may be due to changes in gene expression. While the zinc phenotype behavior is not permeant and would no longer be observed if ciprofloxacin exposure did not occur right after zinc pre-exposure, the elevated MIC phenotype resulting from the zinc pre-exposure was more stable than the zinc phenotype. These results are important as they highlight the need to reexamine the clinical role of zinc in treating diarrheal diseases and assess if changes in resistance development observed in vitro are also observed in vivo.

ImportanceAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem. According to a 2014 Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, it is projected to result in several million deaths by 2050 (Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations, 2014). While the improper usage of antibiotic treatments is an accepted driver of AMR, little work has focused on how non-antibiotic medication, such as supplements, might impact this when combined with antibiotics. One supplement of interest is the heavy metal zinc which is used in conjunction with ciprofloxacin to treat diarrheal diseases in children. We find that the order and duration of zinc exposure has significant impact on resistance development. More specifically, although the combined presence of zinc and ciprofloxacin delays the onset of resistance, when used successively as they often are in practice, zinc pre-exposure followed by ciprofloxacin exposure results in faster resistance development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suprenant, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutradhar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Sherif, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Zinc Pre-exposure on de novo Antibiotic Resistance Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.09.536190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glial Draper signaling triggers cross-neuron plasticity in bystander neurons after neuronal cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.09.536190v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal cell death and subsequent brain dysfunction are hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, but how the nearby healthy neurons (bystanders) respond to the cell death of their neighbors is not fully understood. In the Drosophila larval neuromuscular system, bystander motor neurons can structurally and functionally compensate for the loss of their neighbors by increasing their axon terminal size and activity. We termed this compensation as cross-neuron plasticity, and in this study, we demonstrated that the Drosophila engulfment receptor, Draper, and the associated kinase, Shark, are required in glial cells. Surprisingly, overexpression of the Draper-I isoform boosts cross-neuron plasticity, implying that the strength of plasticity correlates with Draper signaling. Synaptic plasticity normally declines as animals age, but in our system, functional cross-neuron plasticity can be induced at different time points, whereas structural cross-neuron plasticity can only be induced at early stages. Our work uncovers a novel role for glial Draper signaling in cross-neuron plasticity that may enhance nervous system function during neurodegeneration and provides insights into how healthy bystander neurons respond to the loss of their neighboring neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valverde, P. T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobb-Rabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatasubramanian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.09.536190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glial Draper signaling triggers cross-neuron plasticity in bystander neurons after neuronal cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.09.536164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do perineuronal nets stabilize the engram of a synaptic circuit? 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.09.536164v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perineuronal nets (PNN), a specialized form of ECM (?), surround numerous neurons in the CNS and allow synaptic connectivity through holes in its structure. We hypothesis that PNNs serve as gatekeepers that guard and protect synaptic territory, and thus may stabilize an engram circuit. We present high-resolution, and 3D EM images of PNN- engulfed neurons showing that synapses occupy the PNN holes, and that invasion of other cellular components are rare. PNN constituents are long-lived and can be eroded faster in an enriched environment, while synaptic proteins have high turnover rate. Preventing PNN erosion by using pharmacological inhibition of PNN-modifying proteases or MMP9 knockout mice allowed normal fear memory acquisition but diminished remote-memory stabilization, supporting the above hypothesis.

SignificanceIn this multidisciplinary work, we challenge the hypothesis that the pattern of holes in the perineuronal nets (PNN) hold the code for very-long-term memories. The scope of this work might lead us closer to the understanding of how we can vividly remember events from childhood to death bed. We postulate that the PNN holes hold the code for the engram. To test this hypothesis, we used three independent experimental strategies; high-resolution 3D electron microscopy, Stable Isotop Labeling in Mammals (SILAM) for proteins longevity, and pharmacologically and genetically interruption of memory consolidation in fear conditioning experiments. All of these experimental results did not dispute the PNN hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lev-Ram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deerinck, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushong, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoma, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClatchy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prichard, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savas, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsien, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.09.536164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do perineuronal nets stabilize the engram of a synaptic circuit?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.08.536119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative single cell epigenomic analysis of gene regulatory programs in the rodent and primate neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.08.536119v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequence divergence of cis-regulatory elements drives species-specific traits, but how this manifests in the evolution of the neocortex at the molecular and cellular level remains to be elucidated. We investigated the gene regulatory programs in the primary motor cortex of human, macaque, marmoset, and mouse with single-cell multiomics assays, generating gene expression, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylome, and chromosomal conformation profiles from a total of over 180,000 cells. For each modality, we determined species-specific, divergent, and conserved gene expression and epigenetic features at multiple levels. We find that cell type-specific gene expression evolves more rapidly than broadly expressed genes and that epigenetic status at distal candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) evolves faster than promoters. Strikingly, transposable elements (TEs) contribute to nearly 80% of the human-specific cCREs in cortical cells. Through machine learning, we develop sequence-based predictors of cCREs in different species and demonstrate that the genomic regulatory syntax is highly preserved from rodents to primates. Lastly, we show that epigenetic conservation combined with sequence similarity helps uncover functional cis-regulatory elements and enhances our ability to interpret genetic variants contributing to neurological disease and traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zemke, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armand, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteen, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krienen, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taskin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaway, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.08.536119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative single cell epigenomic analysis of gene regulatory programs in the rodent and primate neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.07.536032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid-kinetics degron benchmarking reveals off-target activities and mixed agonism-antagonism of MYB inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.07.536032v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attenuating aberrant transcriptional circuits holds great promise for the treatment of numerous diseases, including cancer. However, development of transcriptional inhibitors is hampered by the lack of a generally accepted functional cellular readout to characterize their target specificity and on-target activity. We benchmarked the direct gene-regulatory signatures of six agents reported as inhibitors of the oncogenic transcription factor MYB against targeted MYB degradation in a nascent transcriptomics assay. The inhibitors demonstrated partial specificity for MYB target genes but displayed significant off-target activity. Unexpectedly, the inhibitors displayed bimodal on-target effects, acting as mixed agonists-antagonists. Our data uncover unforeseen agonist effects of small molecules originally developed as TF inhibitors and argue that rapid-kinetics benchmarking against degron models should be used for functional characterization of transcriptional modulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalfon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dievenich Braes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leifer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paralkar, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegmaier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orkin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.536032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid-kinetics degron benchmarking reveals off-target activities and mixed agonism-antagonism of MYB inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.03.534791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying determinants of synaptic specificity by integrating connectomes and transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.03.534791v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do developing neurons select their synaptic partners? To identify molecules matching synaptic partners, we integrated the synapse-level connectome of neural circuits with the developmental expression patterns and binding specificities of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on pre- and postsynaptic neurons. We focused on parallel synaptic pathways in the Drosophila visual system, in which closely related neurons form synapses onto closely related target neurons. We show that the choice of synaptic partners correlates with the matching expression of receptor-ligand pairs of Beat and Side proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) CAMs. Genetic analysis demonstrates that these proteins determine the choice between alternative synaptic targets. Combining transcriptomes, connectomes, and protein interactome maps provides a framework to uncover the molecular logic of synaptic connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dombrovski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirshahidi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LoCascio, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipursky, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurmangaliyev, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.534791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying determinants of synaptic specificity by integrating connectomes and transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.02.535296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial GTP Metabolism Regulates Reproductive Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.02.535296v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Healthy mitochondria are critical for reproduction. During aging, both reproductive fitness and mitochondrial homeostasis decline. Mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics are key factors in supporting mitochondrial homeostasis. However, how they are coupled to control reproductive health remains unclear. We report that mitochondrial GTP metabolism acts through mitochondrial dynamics factors to regulate reproductive aging. We discovered that germline-only inactivation of GTP- but not ATP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS), promotes reproductive longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. We further revealed an age-associated increase in mitochondrial clustering surrounding oocyte nuclei, which is attenuated by the GTP-specific SCS inactivation. Germline-only induction of mitochondrial fission factors sufficiently promotes mitochondrial dispersion and reproductive longevity. Moreover, we discovered that bacterial inputs affect mitochondrial GTP and dynamics factors to modulate reproductive aging. These results demonstrate the significance of mitochondrial GTP metabolism in regulating oocyte mitochondrial homeostasis and reproductive longevity and reveal mitochondrial fission induction as an effective strategy to improve reproductive health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senturk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial GTP Metabolism Regulates Reproductive Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.534666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APOBEC3 degradation is the primary function of HIV-1 Vif for virus replication in the myeloid cell line THP-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.28.534666v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 must overcome multiple innate antiviral mechanisms to replicate in CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages. Previous studies have demonstrated that the APOBEC3 (A3) family of proteins (at least A3D, A3F, A3G, and stable A3H haplotypes) contribute to HIV-1 restriction in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Virus-encoded virion infectivity factor (Vif) counteracts this antiviral activity by degrading A3 enzymes allowing HIV-1 replication in infected cells. In addition to A3 proteins, Vif also targets other cellular proteins in CD4+ T lymphocytes, including PPP2R5 proteins. However, whether Vif primarily degrades only A3 proteins or has additional essential targets during viral replication is currently unknown. Herein, we describe the development and characterization of A3F-, A3F/A3G-, and A3A-to-A3G-null THP-1 cells. In comparison to Vif-proficient HIV-1, Vif-deficient viruses have substantially reduced infectivity in parental and A3F-null THP-1 cells, and a more modest decrease in infectivity in A3F/A3G-null cells. Remarkably, disruption of A3A-A3G protein expression completely restores the infectivity of Vif-deficient viruses in THP-1 cells. These results indicate that the primary function of Vif during HIV-1 replication in THP-1 cells is the targeting and degradation of A3 enzymes.

ImportanceHIV-1 Vif neutralizes the HIV-1 restriction activity of A3 proteins. However, it is currently unclear whether Vif has additional essential cellular targets. To address this question, we disrupted A3A to A3G genes in the THP-1 myeloid cell line using CRISPR and compared the infectivity of wildtype HIV-1 and Vif mutants with the selective A3 neutralization activities. Our results demonstrate that the infectivity of Vif-deficient HIV-1 and the other Vif mutants is fully restored by ablating the expression of cellular A3A to A3G proteins. These results indicate that A3 proteins are the only essential target of Vif that is required for HIV-1 replication in THP-1 cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APOBEC3 degradation is the primary function of HIV-1 Vif for virus replication in the myeloid cell line THP-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.27.534457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic protein disorder is insufficient to drive subnuclear clustering in embryonic transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.27.534457v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern microscopy has revealed that core nuclear functions, including transcription, replication, and heterochromatin formation occur in spatially restricted clusters. Previous work from our lab has shown that subnuclear high-concentration clusters of transcription factors may play a role in regulating RNA synthesis in the early Drosophila embryo. A nearly ubiquitous feature of eukaryotic transcription factors is that they contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that often arise from low complexity amino acid sequences within the protein. It has been proposed that IDRs within transcription factors drive co-localization of transcriptional machinery and target genes into high concentration clusters within nuclei. Here we test that hypothesis directly, by conducting a broad survey of the subnuclear localization of IDRs derived from transcription factors. Using a novel algorithm to identify IDRs in the Drosophila proteome, we generated a library of IDRs from transcription factors expressed in the early Drosophila embryo. We used this library to perform a high throughput imaging screen in Drosophila S2 cells. We found that while subnuclear clustering does not occur when the majority of IDRs are expressed alone, it is frequently seen in full length transcription factors. These results are consistent in live Drosophila embryos, suggesting that IDRs are insufficient to drive the subnuclear clustering behavior of transcription factors. Furthermore, the clustering of transcription factors in living embryos was unaffected by the deletion of IDR sequences. Our results demonstrate that IDRs are unlikely to be the primary molecular drivers of the clustering observed during transcription, suggesting a more complex and nuanced role for these disordered protein sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hannon, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic protein disorder is insufficient to drive subnuclear clustering in embryonic transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.26.534250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLAPSHOT reveals rapid dynamics of extracellularly exposed proteome in response to calcium-activated plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.26.534250v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To facilitate our understanding of the often rapid and nuanced dynamics of extracellularly exposed proteomes during signaling events, it is important to devise robust workflows affording fast time resolution without biases and confounding factors. Here, we present Surface-exposed protein Labeling using PeroxidaSe, H2O2, and Tyramide-derivative (SLAPSHOT), to label extracellularly exposed proteins in a rapid, sensitive, and specific manner, while preserving cellular integrity. This experimentally simple and flexible method utilizes recombinant soluble APEX2 peroxidase that is applied to cells, thus circumventing biological perturbations, tedious engineering of tools and cells, and labeling biases. APEX2 neither requires metal cations for activity nor contains disulfide bonds, conferring versatility for a wide spectrum of experimental setups. We applied SLAPSHOT followed by quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis to examine the immediate and extensive cell surface expansion and ensuing restorative membrane shedding upon the activation of Scott syndrome-linked TMEM16F, a ubiquitously expressed calcium-dependent phospholipid scramblase and ion channel. Time-course data ranging from one to thirty minutes of calcium stimulation using wild-type and TMEM16F deficient cells revealed intricate co-regulation of known protein families, including those in the integrin and ICAM families. Crucially, we identified proteins that are known to reside in intracellular organelles, including ER, as occupants of the freshly deposited membrane, and mitovesicles as an abundant component and contributor to the extracellularly exposed proteome. Our study not only provides the first accounts of the immediate consequences of calcium signaling on the extracellularly exposed proteome, but also presents a blueprint for the application of SLAPSHOT as a general approach for monitoring extracellularly exposed protein dynamics.

HighlightsAn enzyme-driven method to tag extracellularly exposed proteins in an unbiased manner with a superior combination of temporal resolution, spatial specificity, and sensitivity

A general approach applicable to primary and scarce cells without involving cellular engineering

Short time scale proteome dynamics of Jurkat cells with and without TMEM16F revealed by SLAPSHOT coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry provide insights into phospholipid scrambling-mediated plasma membrane remodeling
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuomivaara, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.26.534250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLAPSHOT reveals rapid dynamics of extracellularly exposed proteome in response to calcium-activated plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.21.533680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of single cell profiles from histology stains with the Single-Cell omics from Histology Analysis Framework (SCHAF) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.21.533680v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue biology involves an intricate balance between cell-intrinsic processes and interactions between cells organized in specific spatial patterns, which can be respectively captured by single cell profiling methods, such as single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics, and histology imaging data, such as Hematoxylin-and-Eosin (H&E) stains. While single cell profiles provide rich molecular information, they can be challenging to collect routinely in the clinic and either lack spatial resolution or high gene throughput. Conversely, histological H&E assays have been a cornerstone of tissue pathology for decades, but do not directly report on molecular details, although the observed structure they capture arises from molecules and cells. Here, we leverage vision transformers and adversarial deep learning to develop the Single Cell omics from Histology Analysis Framework (SCHAF), which generates a tissue samples spatially-resolved whole transcriptome single cell omics dataset from its H&E histology image. We demonstrate SCHAF on a variety of tissues-- including lung cancer, metastatic breast cancer, placentae, and whole mouse pups--training with matched samples analyzed by sc/snRNA-seq, H&E staining, and, when available, spatial transcriptomics. SCHAF generated appropriate single cell profiles from histology images in test data, related them spatially, and compared well to ground-truth scRNA-Seq, expert pathologist annotations, or direct spatial transcriptomic measurements, with some limitations. SCHAF opens the way to next-generation H&E analyses and an integrated understanding of cell and tissue biology in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Comiter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaishnav, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciapmricotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodig, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane-Valbuena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slyper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigneau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blosser, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segerstolpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abravanel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klughammer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayash-Kirschvink, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of single cell profiles from histology stains with the Single-Cell omics from Histology Analysis Framework (SCHAF)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.21.533603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spinal synergy of excitatory and inhibitory neurons coordinates ipsilateral body movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.21.533603v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate and goal-directed movements require a high-degree of trunk and appendicular muscle coordination to preserve body stability while ensuring the correct execution of the motor action. The spinal neural circuits underlying motor execution and postural stability are finely modulated by propriospinal, sensory and descending feedback, yet how distinct spinal neuron populations cooperate to control body stability and limb coordination remains unclear. Here, we identified a spinal microcircuit composed of V2 lineage-derived excitatory (V2a) and inhibitory (V2b) neurons that together coordinate ipsilateral body movements during locomotion. Inactivation of the entire V2 neuron lineage does not impair intralimb coordination but destabilizes body balance and ipsilateral limb coupling, causing mice to adopt a compensatory festinating gait and be unable to execute skilled locomotor tasks. Taken together our data suggest that during locomotion the excitatory V2a and inhibitory V2b neurons act antagonistically to control intralimb coordination, and synergistically to coordinate forelimb and hindlimb movements. Thus, we suggest a new circuit architecture, by which neurons with distinct neurotransmitter identities employ a dual-mode of operation, exerting either synergistic or opposing functions to control different facets of the same motor behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gullo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senturk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Costanzo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagasaki, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kageyama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imayoshi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goulding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spinal synergy of excitatory and inhibitory neurons coordinates ipsilateral body movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.20.533566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and single-cell transcriptomics reveal neuron-astrocyte interplay in long-term memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.20.533566v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory encodes past experiences, thereby enabling future plans. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a center of salience networks that underlie emotional experience and thus plays a key role in long-term fear memory formation1, 2. Here we used spatial and single-cell transcriptomics to illuminate the cellular and molecular architecture of the role of the basolateral amygdala in long-term memory. We identified transcriptional signatures in subpopulations of neurons and astrocytes that were memory-specific and persisted for weeks. These transcriptional signatures implicate neuropeptide signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), ubiquitination pathways, and synaptic connectivity in long-term memory. We also discovered that a neuronal sub-population, defined by increased Penk expression and decreased Tac expression, constitutes the most prominent component of the BLAs memory engram. These transcriptional changes were observed both with single-cell RNAseq and with single-molecule spatial transcriptomics in intact slices, thereby providing a rich spatial map of a memory engram. The spatial data enabled us to show that this neuronal subpopulation further interacts with spatially related astrocytes that are essential for memory consolidation, indicating that neurons require interactions with astrocytes to encode long term memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and single-cell transcriptomics reveal neuron-astrocyte interplay in long-term memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.19.532819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organization and replicon interactions within the highly segmented genome of Borrelia burgdorferi 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.19.532819v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Borrelia burgdorferi, a causative agent of Lyme disease, contains the most segmented bacterial genome known to date, with one linear chromosome and over twenty plasmids. How this unusually complex genome is organized, and whether and how the different replicons interact are unclear. We recently demonstrated that B. burgdorferi is polyploid and that the copies of the chromosome and plasmids are regularly spaced in each cell, which is critical for faithful segregation of the genome to daughter cells. Regular spacing of the chromosome is controlled by two separate partitioning systems that involve the protein pairs ParA/ParZ and ParB/SMC. Here, using chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), we characterized the organization of the B. burgdorferi genome and the interactions between the replicons. We uncovered that although the linear chromosome lacks contacts between the two replication arms, the two telomeres are in frequent contact. Moreover, several plasmids specifically interact with the chromosome oriC region, and a subset of plasmids interact with each other more than with others. We found that SMC and the SMC-like MksB protein mediate long-range interactions on the chromosome, but they minimally affect plasmid-chromosome or plasmid-plasmid interactions. Finally, we found that disruption of the two partition systems leads to chromosome restructuring, correlating with the mis-positioning of chromosome oriC. Altogether, this study revealed the conformation of a complex genome and analyzed the contribution of the partition systems and SMC family proteins to this organization. This work expands the understanding of the organization and maintenance of multipartite bacterial genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takacs, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandao, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.19.532819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organization and replicon interactions within the highly segmented genome of Borrelia burgdorferi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.16.533024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitigation of membrane morphology defects explain stability and orientational specificity of CLC dimers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.16.533024v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most membrane proteins are oligomers, but the physical forces explaining the stable association of these complexes inside the lipid bilayer are not well understood. The homodimeric antiporter CLC-ec1 highlights the puzzling nature of this reaction. This complex is thermodynamically stable even though it associates via a large hydrophobic protein-protein interface that appears well adapted to interact with the membrane interior. In a previous study, however, we discovered that when CLC-ec1 is dissociated, this interface introduces a morphological defect in the surrounding membrane, leading us to hypothesize association is driven by the elimination of this defect upon dimerization. This study tests this hypothetical mechanism directly and shows it is supported by molecular and physical models. First, using coarse-grained umbrella-sampling molecular simulations, we calculated the membrane contribution to the potential-of-mean-force for dimerization in a POPC bilayer. This shows the stable association of CLC subunits prior to formation of direct protein-protein contacts, but only via the native interface that presents the membrane defect, and not others. Single-molecule photobleaching experiments show that addition of short-chain DLPC lipids, known to alleviate the membrane defect, also shifts the association equilibrium from dimers to monomers. We explain this destabilizing effect through additional umbrella-sampling and alchemical free-energy simulations, which show DLPC enrichment of the defect diminishes the membrane contribution to the association free energy, as it improves the lipid-solvation energetics of the monomer but not the dimer. In summary, this study establishes a physical model that explains the stability and orientational specificity of CLC dimers in terms of membrane-mediated forces, rather than protein-protein interactions. We posit that cells might ubiquitously leverage morphological defects in the bilayer to drive organization of membrane proteins into functional complexes, and that cellular regulation of lipid composition can modulate this organizing effect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraldo-Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.533024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitigation of membrane morphology defects explain stability and orientational specificity of CLC dimers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.532438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leukemia core transcriptional circuitry is a sparsely interconnected hierarchy stabilized by incoherent feed-forward loops 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.532438v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lineage-defining transcription factors form densely interconnected circuits in chromatin occupancy assays, but the functional significance of these networks remains underexplored. We reconstructed the functional topology of a leukemia cell transcription network from the direct gene-regulatory programs of eight core transcriptional regulators established in pre-steady state assays coupling targeted protein degradation with nascent transcriptomics. The core regulators displayed narrow, largely non-overlapping direct transcriptional programs, forming a sparsely interconnected functional hierarchy stabilized by incoherent feed-forward loops. BET bromodomain and CDK7 inhibitors disrupted the core regulators direct programs, acting as mixed agonists/antagonists. The network is predictive of dynamic gene expression behaviors in time-resolved assays and clinically relevant pathway activity in patient populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalfon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braes, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heshmati, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucio, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellegast, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickramasinghe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paralkar, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharia, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegmaier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orkin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leukemia core transcriptional circuitry is a sparsely interconnected hierarchy stabilized by incoherent feed-forward loops]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.531623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An extra-circadian function for human CLOCK in the neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.531623v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Core circadian-related proteins such as the transcription factor CLOCK are ubiquitously expressed and important for regulating molecular pathways underlying circadian rhythms. Previous work has suggested that CLOCK has evolved human neocortex-specific gene regulation and therefore may have extra-circadian functions. To test this in vivo, we generated a mouse model that recapitulates human cortical expression of CLOCK. The CLOCK humanized (HU) mice show enhanced cognitive flexibility, which is associated with the alteration in spatiotemporal expression of CLOCK. Cell type specific genomic profiling of HU mice identified upregulated genes related to dendritic growth and spine formation in excitatory neurons. Consistent with this result, we found that excitatory neurons in HU mice have increased complexity of dendritic branching and spine density, as well as a greater frequency of excitatory postsynaptic currents, suggesting an increase in neural connectivity. In contrast, CLOCK knockout in human induced pluripotent stem cell-induced neurons showed reduced complexity of dendrites and lower density of presynaptic puncta. Together, our data demonstrate that CLOCK evolved extra-circadian gains of function via altered spatiotemporal gene expression and these functions may underlie human brain specializations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontenot, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konopka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.531623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An extra-circadian function for human CLOCK in the neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.516290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Terminal Uridyl Transferases in the Circadian Rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.516290v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 3 terminal oligo-uridylation, a post-transcriptional mRNA modification, is conserved among eukaryotes and drives mRNA degradation, thereby affecting several key biological processes such as animal development and viral infection. Our TAIL-seq experiment of mouse liver mRNA collected from six zeitgeber times reveals transcripts with rhythmic poly(A) tail lengths and demonstrates that overall 3 terminal uridylation frequencies at mRNA poly(A) tail very-ends undergo rhythmic change. Consistently, major terminal uridylyl transferases, TUT4 and TUT7, have cycling protein expression in mouse liver corresponding to 3 terminal uridylation rhythms, indicating that the cycling expression of TUTases correlates with the rhythmic pattern of uridylation. Furthermore, the double knockdown of TUT4 and TUT7 in U2OS cells lengthens the circadian period and decreases the rhythmic amplitude of clock gene expression. Our work thoroughly profiles the dynamic changes in poly(A) tail lengths and terminal modifications and uncovers uridylation as a post-transcriptional modulator in the mammalian circadian clock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.516290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Terminal Uridyl Transferases in the Circadian Rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.08.531671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ancIBD - Screening for identity by descent segments in human ancient DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.08.531671v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long DNA sequences shared between two individuals, known as Identical by descent (IBD) segments, are a powerful signal for identifying close and distant biological relatives because they only arise when the pair shares a recent common ancestor. Existing methods to call IBD segments between present-day genomes cannot be straightforwardly applied to ancient DNA data (aDNA) due to typically low coverage and high genotyping error rates. We present ancIBD, a method to identify IBD segments for human aDNA data implemented as a Python package. Our approach is based on a Hidden Markov Model, using as input genotype probabilities imputed based on a modern reference panel of genomic variation. Through simulation and downsampling experiments, we demonstrate that ancIBD robustly identifies IBD segments longer than 8 centimorgan for aDNA data with at least either 0.25x average whole-genome sequencing (WGS) coverage depth or at least 1x average depth for in-solution enrichment experiments targeting a widely used aDNA SNP set ( 1240k). This application range allows us to screen a substantial fraction of the aDNA record for IBD segments and we showcase two downstream applications. First, leveraging the fact that biological relatives up to the sixth degree are expected to share multiple long IBD segments, we identify relatives between 10,156 ancient Eurasian individuals and document evidence of long-distance migration, for example by identifying a pair of two approximately fifth-degree relatives who were buried 1410km apart in Central Asia 5000 years ago. Second, by applying ancIBD, we reveal new details regarding the spread of ancestry related to Steppe pastoralists into Europe starting 5000 years ago. We find that the first individuals in Central and Northern Europe carrying high amounts of Steppe-ancestry, associated with the Corded Ware culture, share high rates of long IBD (12-25 cM) with Yamnaya herders of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, signaling a strong bottleneck and a recent biological connection on the order of only few hundred years, providing evidence that the Yamnaya themselves are a main source of Steppe ancestry in Corded Ware people. We also detect elevated sharing of long IBD segments between Corded Ware individuals and people associated with the Globular Amphora culture (GAC) from Poland and Ukraine, who were Copper Age farmers not yet carrying Steppe-like ancestry. These IBD links appear for all Corded Ware groups in our analysis, indicating that individuals related to GAC contexts must have had a major demographic impact early on in the genetic admixtures giving rise to various Corded Ware groups across Europe. These results show that detecting IBD segments in aDNA can generate new insights both on a small scale, relevant to understanding the life stories of people, and on the macroscale, relevant to large-scale cultural-historical events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ancIBD - Screening for identity by descent segments in human ancient DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription Factor Dynamics in Cross-Regulation of Plant Hormone Signaling Pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531630v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cross-regulation between hormone signaling pathways is indispensable for plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms by which multiple hormones interact and co-ordinate activity need to be understood. Here, we generated a cross-regulation network explaining how hormone signals are integrated from multiple pathways in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. To do so we comprehensively characterized transcription factor activity during plant hormone responses and reconstructed dynamic transcriptional regulatory models for six hormones; abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and strigolactone/karrikin. These models incorporated target data for hundreds of transcription factors and thousands of protein-protein interactions. Each hormone recruited different combinations of transcription factors, a subset of which were shared between hormones. Hub target genes existed within hormone transcriptional networks, exhibiting transcription factor activity themselves. In addition, a group of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES (MPKs) were identified as potential key points of cross-regulation between multiple hormones. Accordingly, the loss of function of one of these (MPK6) disrupted the global proteome, phosphoproteome and transcriptome during hormone responses. Lastly, we determined that all hormones drive substantial alternative splicing that has distinct effects on the transcriptome compared with differential gene expression, acting in early hormone responses. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the common features of plant transcriptional regulatory pathways and how cross-regulation between hormones acts upon gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-s. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldierna Guzman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanbhag, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beddoe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewsey, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription Factor Dynamics in Cross-Regulation of Plant Hormone Signaling Pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.06.531303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roles of microbiota in autoimmunity in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.06.531303v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past three decades, researchers have isolated plant mutants that display constitutively activated defense responses in the absence of pathogen infection. These mutants are called autoimmune mutants and are typically dwarf and/or bearing chlorotic/necrotic lesions. From a genetic screen for Arabidopsis genes involved in maintaining a normal leaf microbiota, we identified TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE 1 (TIP1), which encodes a S-acyltransferase, as a key player in guarding leaves against abnormal microbiota level and composition under high humidity conditions. The tip1 mutant has several characteristic phenotypes of classical autoimmune mutants, including a dwarf stature, displaying lesions, and having a high basal level of defense gene expression. Gnotobiotic experiments revealed that the autoimmune phenotypes of the tip1 mutant are largely dependent on the presence of microbiota as axenic tip1 plants have markedly reduced autoimmune phenotypes. We found that the microbiota dependency of autoimmune phenotypes is shared by several "lesion mimic"-type autoimmune mutants in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, autoimmune phenotypes caused by mutations in NLR genes do not require the presence of microbiota and can even be partially alleviated by microbiota. Our results therefore suggest the existence of two classes of autoimmunity (microbiota-dependent vs. microbiota-independent) in plants. The observed interplay between autoimmunity and microbiota in the lesion mimic class of autoimmunity is reminiscent of the interactions between autoimmunity and dysbiosis in the animal kingdom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thireault, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paasch, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roles of microbiota in autoimmunity in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.05.531189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel characterization of transcriptional regulatory elements in three diverse human cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.05.531189v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human genome contains millions of candidate cis-regulatory elements (CREs) with cell-type-specific activities that shape both health and myriad disease states. However, we lack a functional understanding of the sequence features that control the activity and cell-type-specific features of these CREs. Here, we used lentivirus-based massively parallel reporter assays (lentiMPRAs) to test the regulatory activity of over 680,000 sequences, representing a nearly comprehensive set of all annotated CREs among three cell types (HepG2, K562, and WTC11), finding 41.7% to be functional. By testing sequences in both orientations, we find promoters to have significant strand orientation effects. We also observe that their 200 nucleotide cores function as non-cell-type-specific  on switches providing similar expression levels to their associated gene. In contrast, enhancers have weaker orientation effects, but increased tissue-specific characteristics. Utilizing our lentiMPRA data, we develop sequence-based models to predict CRE function with high accuracy and delineate regulatory motifs. Testing an additional lentiMPRA library encompassing 60,000 CREs in all three cell types, we further identified factors that determine cell-type specificity. Collectively, our work provides an exhaustive catalog of functional CREs in three widely used cell lines, and showcases how large-scale functional measurements can be used to dissect regulatory grammar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohota, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardimci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kircher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.531189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel characterization of transcriptional regulatory elements in three diverse human cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.28.530490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging Atlas Reveals Cell-Type-Specific Regulation of Pro-longevity Strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.28.530490v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organism aging occurs at the multicellular level; however, how pro-longevity mechanisms slow down aging in different cell types remains unclear. We generated single-cell transcriptomic atlases across the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans under different pro-longevity conditions (http://mengwanglab.org/atlas). We found cell-specific, age-related changes across somatic and germ cell types and developed transcriptomic aging clocks for different tissues. These clocks enabled us to determine tissue-specific aging-slowing effects of different pro-longevity mechanisms, and identify major cell types sensitive to these regulations. Additionally, we provided a systemic view of alternative polyadenylation events in different cell types, as well as their cell-type-specific changes during aging and under different pro-longevity conditions. Together, this study provides molecular insights into how aging occurs in different cell types and how they respond to pro-longevity strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging Atlas Reveals Cell-Type-Specific Regulation of Pro-longevity Strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.25.530020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebellar Granule Cells Develop Non-neuronal 3D Genome Architecture over the Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.25.530020v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum contains most of the neurons in the human brain, and exhibits unique modes of development, malformation, and aging. For example, granule cells--the most abundant neuron type--develop unusually late and exhibit unique nuclear morphology. Here, by developing our high-resolution single-cell 3D genome assay Dip-C into population-scale (Pop-C) and virus-enriched (vDip-C) modes, we were able to resolve the first 3D genome structures of single cerebellar cells, create life-spanning 3D genome atlases for both human and mouse, and jointly measure transcriptome and chromatin accessibility during development. We found that while the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility of human granule cells exhibit a characteristic maturation pattern within the first year of postnatal life, 3D genome architecture gradually remodels throughout life into a non-neuronal state with ultra-long-range intra-chromosomal contacts and specific inter-chromosomal contacts. This 3D genome remodeling is conserved in mice, and robust to heterozygous deletion of chromatin remodeling disease-associated genes (Chd8 or Arid1b). Together these results reveal unexpected and evolutionarily-conserved molecular processes underlying the unique development and aging of the mammalian cerebellum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghadami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parasar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallejo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.530020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebellar Granule Cells Develop Non-neuronal 3D Genome Architecture over the Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.22.529618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A compact regulatory RNA element in human Hsp70 mRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.22.529618v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hsp70 performs molecular chaperone functions by assisting in folding newly synthesized or misfolded proteins, thereby counteracting various cell stresses and preventing multiple diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. It is well established that Hsp70 upregulation during post-heat shock stimulus is mediated by cap-dependent translation. However, the molecular mechanisms of Hsp70 expression during heat shock stimulus remains elusive, even though the 5 end of Hsp70 mRNA may form a compact structure to positively regulate protein expression in the mode of cap-independent translation. The minimal truncation which can fold to a compact structure was mapped and its secondary structure was characterized by chemical probing. The predicted model revealed a highly compact structure with multiple stems. Including the stem where the canonical start codon is located, several stems were identified to be vital for RNA folding, thereby providing solid structural basis for future investigations on the function of this RNA structure on Hsp70 translation during heat shock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A compact regulatory RNA element in human Hsp70 mRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.22.529174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamical states of self-organized waves in a giant single-celled organism feeding on light 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.22.529174v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of self-organisation in living systems is their capacity to stabilise their own dynamics, often appearing to anticipate and act upon potential outcomes. Caulerpa brachypus is a marine green alga consisting of differentiated organs resembling leaves, stems and roots. While an individual can exceed a metre in size, it is a single multinucleated giant cell. Thus Caulerpa presents the mystery of morphogenesis on macroscopic scales in the absence of cellularization. The experiments reported here reveal self-organised waves of greenness -- chloroplasts -- that propagate throughout the alga in anticipation of the day-night light cycle. Using dynamical systems analysis we show that these waves are coupled to a self-sustained oscillator, and demonstrate their entrainment to light. Under constant conditions light intensity affects the natural period and drives transition to temporal disorder. Moreover, we find distinct morphologies depending on light temporal patterns, suggesting waves of chlorophyll could link biological oscillators to metabolism and morphogenesis in this giant single-celled organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerowitz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamical states of self-organized waves in a giant single-celled organism feeding on light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.20.529262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PANGEA: A New Gene Set Enrichment Tool for Drosophila and Common Research Organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.20.529262v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) plays an important role in large-scale data analysis, helping scientists discover the underlying biological patterns over-represented in a gene list resulting from, for example, an  omics study. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation is the most frequently used classification mechanism for gene set definition. Here we present a new GSEA tool, PANGEA (PAthway, Network and Gene-set Enrichment Analysis; https://www.flyrnai.org/tools/pangea/), developed to allow a more flexible and configurable approach to data analysis using a variety of classification sets. PANGEA allows GO analysis to be performed on different sets of GO annotations, for example excluding high-throughput studies. Beyond GO, gene sets for pathway annotation and protein complex data from various resources as well as expression and disease annotation from the Alliance of Genome Resources (Alliance). In addition, visualisations of results are enhanced by providing an option to view network of gene set to gene relationships. The tool also allows comparison of multiple input gene lists and accompanying visualisation tools for quick and easy comparison. This new tool will facilitate GSEA for Drosophila and other major model organisms based on high-quality annotated information available for these species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comjean, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attrill, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonazzo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurmond, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PANGEA: A New Gene Set Enrichment Tool for Drosophila and Common Research Organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.20.529267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tRNA modification in Mycobacterium tuberculosis facilitates optimal intracellular growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.20.529267v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse chemical modifications fine-tune the function and metabolism of tRNA. Although tRNA modification is universal in all kingdoms of life, profiles of modifications, their functions, and physiological roles have not been elucidated in most organisms including the human pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis. To identify physiologically important modifications, we surveyed the tRNA of Mtb, using tRNA sequencing (tRNA-seq) and genome-mining. Homology searches identified 23 candidate tRNA modifying enzymes that are predicted to create 16 tRNA modifications across all tRNA species. Reverse transcription-derived error signatures in tRNA-seq predicted the sites and presence of 9 modifications. Several chemical treatments prior to tRNA-seq expanded the number of predictable modifications. Deletion of Mtb genes encoding two modifying enzymes, TruB and MnmA, eliminated their respective tRNA modifications, validating the presence of modified sites in tRNA species. Furthermore, the absence of mnmA attenuated Mtb growth in macrophages, suggesting that MnmA-dependent tRNA uridine sulfation contributes to Mtb intracellular growth. Our results lay the foundation for unveiling the roles of tRNA modifications in Mtb pathogenesis and developing new therapeutics against tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomasi, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tRNA modification in Mycobacterium tuberculosis facilitates optimal intracellular growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.17.528918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-guided inhibition of the cancer DNA-mutating enzyme APOBEC3A 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.17.528918v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The normally antiviral enzyme APOBEC3A1-4 is an endogenous mutagen in many different human cancers5-7, where it becomes hijacked to fuel tumor evolvability. APOBEC3As single-stranded DNA C-to-U editing activity1, 8 results in multiple mutagenic outcomes including signature single-base substitution mutations (isolated and clustered), DNA breakage, and larger-scale chromosomal aberrations5-7. Transgenic expression in mice demonstrates its tumorigenic potential9. APOBEC3A inhibitors may therefore comprise a novel class of anticancer agents that work by blocking mutagenesis, preventing tumor evolvability, and lessening detrimental outcomes such as drug resistance and metastasis. Here we reveal the structural basis of competitive inhibition of wildtype APOBEC3A by hairpin DNA bearing 2-deoxy-5-fluorozebularine in place of the cytidine in the TC recognition motif that is part of a three-nucleotide loop. The nuclease-resistant phosphorothioated derivatives of these inhibitors maintain nanomolar in vitro potency against APOBEC3A, localize to the cell nucleus, and block APOBEC3A activity in human cells. These results combine to suggest roles for these inhibitors to study A3A activity in living cells, potentially as conjuvants, leading toward next-generation, combinatorial anti-mutator and anti-cancer therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harjes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurup, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieffer, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayarjagal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filitcheva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filichev, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harjes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameson, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.528918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-guided inhibition of the cancer DNA-mutating enzyme APOBEC3A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.16.528701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redox Regulation of m6A Methyltransferase METTL3 in Human β-cells Controls the Innate Immune Response in Type 1 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.16.528701v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing {beta}-cells. Several observations have renewed interest in the innate immune system as an initiator of the disease process against {beta}-cells. Here, we show that N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is an adaptive {beta}-cell safeguard mechanism that accelerates mRNA decay of the 2-5-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) genes to control the antiviral innate immune response at T1D onset. m6A writer methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) levels increase drastically in human and mouse {beta}-cells at T1D onset but rapidly decline with disease progression. Treatment of human islets and EndoC-{beta}H1 cells with pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 {beta} and interferon  mimicked the METTL3 upregulation seen at T1D onset. Furthermore, m6A-sequencing revealed the m6A hypermethylation of several key innate immune mediators including OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3 in human islets and EndoC-{beta}H1 cells challenged with cytokines. METTL3 silencing in human pseudoislets or EndoC-{beta}H1 cells enhanced OAS levels by increasing its mRNA stability upon cytokine challenge. Consistently, in vivo gene therapy, to prolong Mettl3 overexpression specifically in {beta}-cells, delayed diabetes progression in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D by limiting the upregulation of Oas pointing to potential therapeutic relevance. Mechanistically, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species blocked METTL3 upregulation in response to cytokines, while physiological levels of nitric oxide promoted its expression in human islets. Furthermore, for the first time to our knowledge, we show that the cysteines in position C276 and C326 in the zinc finger domain of the METTL3 protein are sensitive to S-nitrosylation (SNO) and are significant for the METTL3 mediated regulation of OAS mRNA stability in human {beta}-cells in response to cytokines. Collectively, we report that m6A regulates human and mouse {beta}-cells to control the innate immune response during the onset of T1D and propose targeting METTL3 to prevent {beta}-cell death in T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffrey, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizirik, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhe-Paganon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redox Regulation of m6A Methyltransferase METTL3 in Human β-cells Controls the Innate Immune Response in Type 1 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.13.528406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmembrane protein CD69 acts as an S1PR1 agonist 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.13.528406v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The activation of Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) by S1P promotes lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs, a process critical for immune surveillance and T cell effector activity 1-4. Multiple drugs that inhibit S1PR1 function are in use clinically for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Cluster of Differentiation 69 (CD69) is an endogenous negative regulator of lymphocyte egress that interacts with S1PR1 in cis to facilitate internalization and degradation of the receptor 5,6. The mechanism by which CD69 causes S1PR1 internalization has been unclear. Moreover, although there are numerous class A GPCR structures determined with different small molecule agonists bound, it remains unknown whether a transmembrane protein per se can act as a class A GPCR agonist. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of CD69-bound S1PR1 coupled to the heterotrimeric Gi complex. The transmembrane helix (TM) of one protomer of CD69 homodimer contacts the S1PR1-TM4. This interaction allosterically induces the movement of S1PR1-TMs 5-6, directly activating the receptor to engage the heterotrimeric Gi. Mutations in key residues at the interface affect the interactions between CD69 and S1PR1, as well as reduce the receptor internalization. Thus, our structural findings along with functional analyses demonstrate that CD69 acts in cis as a protein agonist of S1PR1, thereby promoting Gi-dependent S1PR1 internalization, loss of S1P gradient sensing, and inhibition of lymphocyte egress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyster, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmembrane protein CD69 acts as an S1PR1 agonist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.14.528495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insight into guanylyl cyclase receptor hijacking of the kinase-Hsp90 regulatory mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.14.528495v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane receptor guanylyl cyclases play a role in many important facets of human physiology, from regulating blood pressure to intestinal fluid secretion. The structural mechanisms which influence these important physiological processes have yet to be explored. We present the 3.9 [A] resolution cryo-EM structure of the human membrane receptor guanylyl cyclase GC-C in complex with Hsp90 and its co-chaperone Cdc37, providing insight into the mechanism of Cdc37 mediated binding of GC-C to the Hsp90 regulatory complex. As a membrane protein and non-kinase client of Hsp90-Cdc37, this work shows the remarkable plasticity of Cdc37 to interact with a broad array of clients with significant sequence variation. Further, this work shows how membrane receptor guanylyl cyclases hijack the regulatory mechanisms used for active kinases to facilitate their regulation. Given the known druggability of Hsp90, these insights can guide the further development of membrane receptor guanylyl cyclase-targeted therapeutics and lead to new avenues to treat hypertension, inflammatory bowel disease, and other membrane receptor guanylyl cyclase-related conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caveney, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsumi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insight into guanylyl cyclase receptor hijacking of the kinase-Hsp90 regulatory mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.10.528009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Antibiotic Interaction on Antimicrobial Resistance Development in Wastewater 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.10.528009v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While wastewater is understood to be a critically important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance due to the presence of multiple antibiotic residues from industrial and agricultural runoff, there is little known about the effects of antibiotic interactions in the wastewater on the development of resistance. We worked to fill this gap in quantitative understanding of antibiotic interaction in constant flow environments by experimentally monitoring E. coli populations under subinhibitory concentrations of combinations of antibiotics with synergistic, antagonistic, and additive interactions. We then used these results to expand our previously developed computational model to account for the complex effects of antibiotic interaction. We found that while E. coli populations grown in additively interacting antibiotic combinations grew predictably according to the previously developed model, those populations grown under synergistic and antagonistic antibiotic conditions exhibited significant differences from predicted behavior. E. coli populations grown in the condition with synergistically interacting antibiotics developed less resistance than predicted, indicating that synergistic antibiotics may have a suppressive effect on antimicrobial resistance development. Furthermore E. coli populations grown in the condition with antagonistically interacting antibiotics showed an antibiotic ratio-dependent development of resistance, suggesting that not only antibiotic interaction, but relative concentration is important in predicting resistance development. These results provide critical insight for quantitatively understanding the effects of antibiotic interactions in wastewater and provide a basis for future studies in modelling resistance in these environments.

ImportanceAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global threat to public health expected to impact 10 million people by 2050, driving mortality rates globally and with a disproportionate effect on low- and middle-income countries. Communities in proximity to wastewater settings and environmentally contaminated surroundings are at particular risk due to resistance stemming from antibiotic residues from industrial and agricultural runoff. Currently, there is a limited quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the evolution of AMR in response to multiple interacting antibiotic residues in constant flow environments. Using an integrated computational and experimental methods, we find that interactions between antibiotic residues significantly affect the development of resistant bacterial populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutradhar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heins, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Antibiotic Interaction on Antimicrobial Resistance Development in Wastewater]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.06.527314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for inactivation of PRC2 by G-quadruplex RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.06.527314v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The histone methyltransferase PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) silences genes via successively attaching three methyl groups to lysine 27 of histone H3. PRC2 associates with numerous pre-mRNA and lncRNA transcripts with a binding preference for G-quadruplex RNA. Here, we present a 3.3[A]-resolution cryo-EM structure of PRC2 bound to a G-quadruplex RNA. Notably, RNA mediates the dimerization of PRC2 by binding both protomers and inducing a protein interface comprised of two copies of the catalytic subunit EZH2, which limits nucleosome DNA interaction and occludes H3 tail accessibility to the active site. Our results reveal an unexpected mechanism for RNA-mediated inactivation of a chromatin-modifying enzyme. Furthermore, the flexible loop of EZH2 that helps stabilize RNA binding also facilitates the handoff between RNA and DNA, an activity implicated in PRC2 regulation by RNA.

One-Sentence SummaryCryo-EM structure of RNA-bound PRC2 dimer elucidates an unexpected mechanism of PRC2 inhibition by RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooding, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemphill, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasinath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cech, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for inactivation of PRC2 by G-quadruplex RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.01.526664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.01.526664v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-density, integrated silicon electrodes have begun to transform systems neuroscience, by enabling large-scale neural population recordings with single cell resolution. Existing technologies, however, have provided limited functionality in nonhuman primate species such as macaques, which offer close models of human cognition and behavior. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and performance of Neuropixels 1.0-NHP, a high channel count linear electrode array designed to enable large-scale simultaneous recording in superficial and deep structures within the macaque or other large animal brain. These devices were fabricated in two versions: 4416 electrodes along a 45 mm shank, and 2496 along a 25 mm shank. For both versions, users can programmatically select 384 channels, enabling simultaneous multi-area recording with a single probe. We demonstrate recording from over 3000 single neurons within a session, and simultaneous recordings from over 1000 neurons using multiple probes. This technology represents a significant increase in recording access and scalability relative to existing technologies, and enables new classes of experiments involving fine-grained electrophysiological characterization of brain areas, functional connectivity between cells, and simultaneous brain-wide recording at scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trautmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stine, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shude Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfranchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinemann, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagenaar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OCallaghan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putzeys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raducanu, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welkenhuysen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.01.526705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of gallium cryo-FIB milling damage in biological lamella 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.01.526705v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has the potential to reveal the molecular details of biological processes in their native, cellular environment at atomic resolution. However, few cells are sufficiently thin to permit imaging with cryo-EM. Thinning of frozen cells to <500 nm lamellae by cryogenic focused ion beam (FIB) milling has enabled visualization of cellular structures with cryo-EM. FIB-milling represents a significant advance over prior approaches because of its ease of use, scalability, and lack of large-scale sample distortions. However, the amount of damage caused by FIB-milling to the generated thin cell section has not yet been determined. We recently described a new approach for detecting and identifying single molecules in cryo-EM images of cells using 2D template matching (2DTM). 2DTM is sensitive to small differences between a molecular model (template) and the detected structure (target). Here we use 2DTM to demonstrate that under the standard conditions used for machining lamellae of biological samples, FIB-milling introduces a layer of variable damage that extends to a depth of 60 nm from each lamella surface. This thickness exceeds previous estimates and limits the recovery of information for in situ structural biology. We find that the mechanism of FIB-milling damage is distinct from radiation damage during cryo-EM imaging. By accounting for both electron scattering and FIB-milling damage, we find that FIB-milling damage will negate the potential improvements from lamella thinning beyond 90 nm.

SignificanceThe molecular mechanisms of biological macromolecules and their assemblies is often studied using purified material. However, the composition, conformation and function of most macromolecules depend on their cellular context, and therefore, must also be studied inside cells. Focused ion beam (FIB) milling enables cryogenic electron microscopy to visualize macromolecules in cells at close to atomic resolution by generating thin sections of frozen cells. However, the extent of FIB-milling damage to frozen cells is unknown. Here we show that Ga+ FIB-milling introduces damage to a depth of [~]60 nm from each lamella surface, leading to a loss of recoverable information of up to 20% in 100 nm samples. FIB-milling with Ga+ therefore presents both an opportunity and an obstacle for structural cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of gallium cryo-FIB milling damage in biological lamella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.26.525422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone-organized chromatin in bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.26.525422v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histones are the principal constituents of chromatin in eukaryotes and most archaea, while bacteria generally rely on an orthogonal set of proteins to organize their chromosomes. However, several bacterial genomes encode proteins with putative histone fold domains. Whether these proteins are structurally and functionally equivalent to archaeal and eukaryotic histones is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that histones are essential and are major components of chromatin in the bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Leptospira interrogans. Patterns of sequence evolution suggest important roles in several additional bacterial clades. Structural analysis of the B. bacteriovorus histone (Bd0055) dimer shows that histone fold topology is conserved between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Yet, unexpectedly, Bd0055 binds DNA end-on and forms a sheath of tightly packed histone dimers to encase straight DNA. This binding mode is in stark contrast to archaeal, eukaryotic, and viral histones, which invariably bend and wrap DNA around their outer surface. Our results demonstrate that histones are integral chromatin components across the tree of life and highlight organizational innovation in the domain Bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hocher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laursen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sockett, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnecke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone-organized chromatin in bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.24.525427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging genomic redundancy to improve inference and alignment of orthologous proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.24.525427v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying protein sequences with common ancestry is a core task in bioinformatics and evolutionary biology. However, methods for inferring and aligning such sequences in annotated genomes have not kept pace with the increasing scale and complexity of the available data. Thus, in this work we implemented several improvements to the traditional methodology that more fully leverage the redundancy of closely related genomes and the organization of their annotations. Two highlights include the application of the more flexible k-clique percolation algorithm for identifying clusters of orthologous proteins and the development of a novel technique for removing poorly supported regions of alignments with a phylogenetic HMM. In making the latter, we also wrote a fully documented Python package Homomorph that implements standard HMM algorithms and created a set of tutorials to promote its use by a wide audience. We applied the resulting pipeline to a set of 33 annotated Drosophila genomes, generating 22,813 orthologous groups and 8,566 high-quality alignments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singleton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging genomic redundancy to improve inference and alignment of orthologous proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.24.525276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fundamental law underlying predictive remapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.24.525276v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive remapping (R) -- the ability of cells in retinotopic brain structures to transiently exhibit spatiotemporal shifts beyond the spatial extent of their classical anatomical receptive fields -- has been proposed as a primary mechanism that stabilizes an organisms percept of the visual world around the time of a saccadic eye movement. Despite the well-documented effects of R, a biologically plausible mathematical abstraction that specifies a fundamental law and the functional architecture that actively mediates this ubiquitous phenomenon does not exist. I introduce the Newtonian model of R, where each modular component of R manifests as three temporally overlapping forces - a centripetal [Formula], convergent [Formula] and translational force [Formula], that perturb retinotopic cells from their equilibrium extent. The resultant and transient influences of these forces [Formula] gives rise to a neuronal force field that governs the spatiotemporal dynamics of R. This neuronal force field fundamentally obeys an inverse-distance law, akin to Newtons law of universal gravitation [1] and activates retinotopic elastic fields (el{varphi}s). I posit that el{varphi}s are transient functional structures that are self-generated by a visual system during active vision and approximate the sloppiness (or degrees of spatial freedom) within which receptive fields are allowed to shift while ensuring that retinotopic organization does not collapse. The predictions of the proposed general model are borne out by the spatiotemporal changes in sensitivity to probe stimuli in human subjects around the time of a saccadic eye movement and qualitatively match neural signatures associated with predictive shifts in the receptive fields of cells in premotor and higher-order retinotopic brain structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adeyefa-Olasupo, I.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fundamental law underlying predictive remapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.24.525203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal characterization of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells across SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.24.525203v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 antigen after infection or vaccination is defined by the durable production of antibodies and T cells. Population-based monitoring typically focuses on antibody titer, but there is a need for improved characterization and quantification of T cell responses. Here, we utilize multimodal sequencing technologies to perform a longitudinal analysis of circulating human leukocytes collected before and after BNT162b2 immunization. Our data reveal distinct subpopulations of CD8+ T cells which reliably appear 28 days after prime vaccination (7 days post boost). Using a suite of cross-modality integration tools, we define their transcriptome, accessible chromatin landscape, and immunophenotype, and identify unique biomarkers within each modality. By leveraging DNA-oligo-tagged peptide-MHC multimers and T cell receptor sequencing, we demonstrate that this vaccine-induced population is SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific and capable of rapid clonal expansion. Moreover, we also identify these CD8+ populations in scRNA-seq datasets from COVID-19 patients and find that their relative frequency and differentiation outcomes are predictive of subsequent clinical outcomes. Our work contributes to our understanding of T cell immunity, and highlights the potential for integrative and multimodal analysis to characterize rare cell populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanovic, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herati, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelrad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal characterization of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells across SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.21.524489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-performance speech neuroprosthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.21.524489v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have the potential to restore rapid communication to people with paralysis by decoding neural activity evoked by attempted speaking movements into text1,2 or sound3,4. Early demonstrations, while promising, have not yet achieved accuracies high enough for communication of unconstrainted sentences from a large vocabulary1-7. Here, we demonstrate the first speech-to-text BCI that records spiking activity from intracortical microelectrode arrays. Enabled by these high-resolution recordings, our study participant, who can no longer speak intelligibly due amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), achieved a 9.1% word error rate on a 50 word vocabulary (2.7 times fewer errors than the prior state of the art speech BCI2) and a 23.8% word error rate on a 125,000 word vocabulary (the first successful demonstration of large-vocabulary decoding). Our BCI decoded speech at 62 words per minute, which is 3.4 times faster than the prior record for any kind of BCI8 and begins to approach the speed of natural conversation (160 words per minute9). Finally, we highlight two aspects of the neural code for speech that are encouraging for speech BCIs: spatially intermixed tuning to speech articulators that makes accurate decoding possible from only a small region of cortex, and a detailed articulatory representation of phonemes that persists years after paralysis. These results show a feasible path forward for using intracortical speech BCIs to restore rapid communication to people with paralysis who can no longer speak.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willett, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avansino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamdar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druckmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.21.524489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-performance speech neuroprosthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.19.524823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune sensing of food allergens promotes aversive behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.19.524823v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to its canonical function in protecting from pathogens, the immune system can also promote behavioural alterations1-3. The scope and mechanisms of behavioural modifications by the immune system are not yet well understood. Using a mouse food allergy model, here we show that allergic sensitization drives antigen-specific behavioural aversion. Allergen ingestion activates brain areas involved in the response to aversive stimuli, including the nucleus of tractus solitarius, parabrachial nucleus, and central amygdala. Food aversion requires IgE antibodies and mast cells but precedes the development of gut allergic inflammation. The ability of allergen-specific IgE and mast cells to promote aversion requires leukotrienes and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). In addition to allergen-induced aversion, we find that lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation also resulted in IgE-dependent aversive behaviour. These findings thus point to antigen-specific behavioural modifications that likely evolved to promote niche selection to avoid unfavourable environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Florsheim, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtel, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa Lima, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godazgar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launay, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune sensing of food allergens promotes aversive behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.19.524430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Activity-Dependent Mechanisms of Small Cell Lung Cancer Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.19.524430v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity is increasingly recognized as a critical regulator of cancer growth. In the brain, neuronal activity robustly influences glioma growth both through paracrine mechanisms and through electrochemical integration of malignant cells into neural circuitry via neuron-to-glioma synapses, while perisynaptic neurotransmitter signaling drives breast cancer brain metastasis growth. Outside of the CNS, innervation of tumors such as prostate, breast, pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers by peripheral nerves similarly regulates cancer progression. However, the extent to which the nervous system regulates lung cancer progression, either in the lung or when metastatic to brain, is largely unexplored. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a lethal high-grade neuroendocrine tumor that exhibits a strong propensity to metastasize to the brain. Here we demonstrate that, similar to glioma, metastatic SCLC cells in the brain co-opt neuronal activity-regulated mechanisms to stimulate growth and progression. Optogenetic stimulation of cortical neuronal activity drives proliferation and invasion of SCLC brain metastases. In the brain, SCLC cells exhibit electrical currents and consequent calcium transients in response to neuronal activity, and direct SCLC cell membrane depolarization is sufficient to promote the growth of SCLC tumors. In the lung, vagus nerve transection markedly inhibits primary lung tumor formation, progression and metastasis, highlighting a critical role for innervation in overall SCLC initiation and progression. Taken together, these studies illustrate that neuronal activity plays a crucial role in dictating SCLC pathogenesis in both primary and metastatic sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savchuk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carleton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavarino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBelle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toland, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filbin, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasnow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Activity-Dependent Mechanisms of Small Cell Lung Cancer Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.18.524599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trial-history biases in evidence accumulation can give rise to apparent lapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.18.524599v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trial history biases and lapses are two of the most common suboptimalities observed during perceptual decision-making. These suboptimalities are routinely assumed to arise from distinct processes. However, several hints in the literature suggest that they covary in their prevalence and that their proposed neural substrates overlap - what could underlie these links? Here we demonstrate that history biases and apparent lapses can both arise from a common cognitive process that is normative under misbeliefs about non-stationarity in the world. This corresponds to an accumulation- to-bound model with history-dependent updates to the initial state of the accumulator. We test our models predictions about the relative prevalence of history biases and lapses, and show that they are robustly borne out in two distinct rat decision-making datasets, including data from a novel reaction time task. Our model improves the ability to precisely predict decision-making dynamics within and across trials, by positing a process through which agents can generate quasi-stochastic choices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePasquale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopec, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trial-history biases in evidence accumulation can give rise to apparent lapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.17.524442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of the gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.17.524442v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungi biosynthesize a diversity of secondary metabolites, small organic bioactive molecules that play diverse roles in fungal ecology. Fungal secondary metabolites are often encoded by physically clustered sets of genes known as biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Fungi in the genus Penicillium produce diverse secondary metabolites that have been both useful (e.g., the antibiotic penicillin and the cholesterol-lowering drug mevastatin) and harmful (e.g., the mycotoxin patulin and the immunosuppressant gliotoxin) to human affairs. BGCs often also encode resistance genes that confer self-protection to the secondary metabolite-producing fungus. Some Penicillium species, such as Penicillium lilacinoechinulatum and Penicillium decumbens, are known to produce gliotoxin, a secondary metabolite with known immunosuppressant activity; however, an evolutionary characterization of the BGC responsible for gliotoxin biosynthesis among Penicillium species is lacking. Here, we examine the conservation of genes involved in gliotoxin biosynthesis and resistance in 35 Penicillium genomes from 23 species. We found homologous, less fragmented gliotoxin BGCs in 12 genomes, mostly fragmented remnants of the gliotoxin BGC in 21 genomes, whereas the remaining two Penicillium genomes lacked the gliotoxin BGC altogether. In contrast, we observed broad conservation of homologs of resistance genes that reside outside the BGC across Penicillium genomes. Evolutionary rate analysis revealed that BGCs with higher numbers of genes evolve slower than BGCs with few genes. Even though the gliotoxin BGC is fragmented to varying degrees in nearly all genomes examined, ancestral state reconstruction suggests that the ancestor of Penicillium species possessed the gliotoxin BGC. Our analyses suggest that genes that are part of BGCs can be retained in genomes long after the loss of secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of the gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional specialization and structured representations for space and time in prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524214v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual neurons in prefrontal cortex - a key brain area involved in cognitive functions - are selective for variables such as space or time, as well as more cognitive aspects of tasks, such as learned categories. Many neurons exhibit mixed selectivity, that is, they show selectivity for multiple variables. A fundamental question is whether neurons are functionally specialized for particular variables and how selectivity for different variables intersects across the population. Here, we analyzed neural correlates of space and time in rats performing a navigational task with two behaviorally important categories - starts and goals. Using simultaneous recordings of many medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons during behavior, we found that population codes for elapsed time were invariant to different locations within categories, and subsets of neurons had functional preferences for time or space across categories. Thus, mPFC exhibits structured selectivity, which may facilitate complex behaviors by efficiently generating informative representations of multiple variables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional specialization and structured representations for space and time in prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.17.523798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic and vaccine-induced cross-reactive antibodies with effector function against emerging Omicron variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.17.523798v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants acquired convergent mutations at receptor-binding domain (RBD) hot spots1. Their impact on viral infection, transmission, and efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that recently emerged BQ.1.1. and XBB.1 variants bind ACE2 with high affinity and promote membrane fusion more efficiently than earlier Omicron variants. Structures of the BQ.1.1 and XBB.1 RBDs bound to human ACE2 and S309 Fab (sotrovimab parent) explain the altered ACE2 recognition and preserved antibody binding through conformational selection. We show that sotrovimab binds avidly to all Omicron variants, promotes Fc-dependent effector functions and protects mice challenged with BQ.1.1, the variant displaying the greatest loss of neutralization. Moreover, in several donors vaccine-elicited plasma antibodies cross-react with and trigger effector functions against Omicron variants despite reduced neutralizing activity. Cross-reactive RBD-directed human memory B cells remained dominant even after two exposures to Omicron spikes, underscoring persistent immune imprinting. Our findings suggest that this previously overlooked class of cross-reactive antibodies, exemplified by S309, may contribute to protection against disease caused by emerging variants through elicitation of effector functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Addetia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccoli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltramello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarino, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheaffer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprouse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silacci-Fregni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muoio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincenzetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giurdanella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culap, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAlister, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellota, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameroni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitener, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannini, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceschi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franzetti-Pellanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggiogero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garzoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zappi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernasconi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czudnochowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshiyama, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.523798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic and vaccine-induced cross-reactive antibodies with effector function against emerging Omicron variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.13.523947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An intravenous DNA-binding priming agent protects cell-free DNA and improves the sensitivity of liquid biopsies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.13.523947v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-based, or "liquid," biopsies enable minimally invasive diagnostics but have limits on sensitivity due to scarce cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Improvements to sensitivity have primarily relied on enhancing sequencing technology ex vivo. Here, we sought to augment the level of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detected in a blood draw by attenuating the clearance of cfDNA in vivo. We report a first-in-class intravenous DNA-binding priming agent given 2 hours prior to a blood draw to recover more cfDNA. The DNA-binding antibody minimizes nuclease digestion and organ uptake of cfDNA, decreasing its clearance at 1 hour by over 150-fold. To improve plasma persistence and limit potential immune interactions, we abrogated its Fc-effector function. We found that it protects GC-rich sequences and DNase-hypersensitive sites, which are ordinarily underrepresented in cfDNA. In tumor-bearing mice, priming improved tumor DNA recovery by 19-fold and sensitivity for detecting cancer from 6% to 84%. These results suggest a novel method to enhance the sensitivity of existing DNA-based cancer testing using blood biopsies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tabrizi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Alonso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blewett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Aponte, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naranjo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adalsteinsson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An intravenous DNA-binding priming agent protects cell-free DNA and improves the sensitivity of liquid biopsies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.10.523456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arabidopsis TRB proteins function in H3K4me3 demethylation by recruiting JMJ14 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.10.523456v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arabidopsis telomeric repeat binding factors (TRBs) can bind telomeric DNA sequences to protect telomeres from degradation. TRBs can also recruit Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) to deposit tri-methylation of H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) over certain target loci. Here, we demonstrate that TRBs also associate and colocalize with JUMONJI14 (JMJ14) and trigger H3K4me3 demethylation at some loci. The trb1/2/3 triple mutant and the jmj14-1 mutant show an increased level of H3K4me3 over TRB and JMJ14 binding sites, resulting in up-regulation of their target genes. Furthermore, tethering TRBs to the promoter region of genes with an artificial zinc finger (TRB-ZF) successfully triggers target gene silencing, as well as H3K27me3 deposition, and H3K4me3 removal. Interestingly, JMJ14 is predominantly recruited to ZF off-target sites with low levels of H3K4me3, which is accompanied with TRB-ZFs triggered H3K4me3 removal at these loci. These results suggest that TRB proteins coordinate PRC2 and JMJ14 activities to repress target genes via H3K27me3 deposition and H3K4me3 removal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego-Bartolome, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richey, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jami-Alahmadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlschlegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arabidopsis TRB proteins function in H3K4me3 demethylation by recruiting JMJ14]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.10.523455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MOM1 complex recruits the RdDM machinery via MORC6 to establish de novo DNA methylation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.10.523455v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MOM1 is an Arabidopsis factor previously shown to mediate transcriptional silencing independent of major DNA methylation changes. Here we found that MOM1 localizes with sites of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Tethering MOM1 with artificial zinc finger to unmethylated FWA promoter led to establishment of DNA methylation and FWA silencing. This process was blocked by mutations in components of the Pol V arm of the RdDM machinery, as well as by mutation of MORC6. We found that at some endogenous RdDM sites, MOM1 is required to maintain DNA methylation and a closed chromatin state. In addition, efficient silencing of newly introduced FWA transgenes was impaired by mutation of MOM1 or mutation of genes encoding the MOM1 interacting PIAL1/2 proteins. In addition to RdDM sites, we identified a group of MOM1 peaks at active chromatin near genes that colocalized with MORC6. These findings demonstrate a multifaceted role of MOM1 in genome regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego-Bartolome, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jami-Alahmadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohlschlegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MOM1 complex recruits the RdDM machinery via MORC6 to establish de novo DNA methylation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.09.523347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics reveals a conserved segment polarity program that governs muscle patterning in Nematostella vectensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.09.523347v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During early animal evolution, the emergence of axially-polarized segments was central to the diversification of complex bilaterian body plans. Nevertheless, precisely how and when segment polarity pathways arose remains obscure. Here we demonstrate the molecular basis for segment polarization in developing larvae of the pre-bilaterian sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Utilizing spatial transcriptomics, we first constructed a 3-D gene expression atlas of developing larval segments. Capitalizing on accurate in silico predictions, we identified Lbx and Uncx, conserved homeodomain-containing genes that occupy opposing subsegmental domains under the control of both BMP signaling and the Hox-Gbx cascade. Functionally, Lbx mutagenesis eliminated all molecular evidence of segment polarization at larval stage and caused an aberrant mirror-symmetric pattern of retractor muscles in primary polyps. These results demonstrate the molecular basis for segment polarity in a pre-bilaterian animal, suggesting that polarized metameric structures were present in the Cnidaria-Bilateria common ancestor over 600 million years ago.

HighlightsO_LINematostella endomesodermal tissue forms metameric segments and displays a transcriptomic profile similar to that observed in bilaterian mesoderm
C_LIO_LIConstruction of a comprehensive 3-D gene expression atlas enables systematic dissection of segmental identity in endomesoderm
C_LIO_LILbx and Uncx, two conserved homeobox-containing genes, establish segment polarity in Nematostella
C_LIO_LIThe Cnidarian-Bilaterian common ancestor likely possessed the genetic toolkit to generate polarized metameric structures
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial transcriptomics reveals a conserved segment polarity program that governs muscle patterning in Nematostella vectensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.07.522792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Passive endocytosis in protocells enables nutrient transport bypassing permeability limits 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.07.522792v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Semipermeable membranes are a key feature of all living organisms. While specialized membrane transporters in cells can import otherwise impermeable nutrients, the earliest cells would have lacked a mechanism to import nutrients rapidly under nutrient-rich circumstances. Using both experiments and simulations, we find that a process akin to passive endocytosis can be recreated in model primitive cells. Molecules that are too impermeable to be absorbed can be taken up in a matter of seconds in an endocytic vesicle. The internalized cargo can then be slowly released over hours, into the main lumen or putative cytoplasm. This work demonstrates a way by which primitive life could have broken the symmetry of passive permeation prior to the evolution of protein transporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anees, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fai, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.07.522792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Passive endocytosis in protocells enables nutrient transport bypassing permeability limits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.03.663078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of oxyacanthine dihydrochloride monohydrate polymorphs from obfuscated samples by MicroED 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.03.663078v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is estimated that more than 50% of marketed pharmaceuticals are derived from natural products. Structural characterization of natural products and their drug formulations is essential for the pharmaceutical industry. Here we report the use of microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED), to identify two polymorphic crystal structures of oxyacanthine dihydrochloride monohydrate from obfuscated samples that were mislabeled as "berbamine dihydrochloride". The two polymorphs display primary conformational differences in one of the tetrahydroisoquinoline rings: one polymorph exhibits an intermediate conformation between half-chair and half-boat, while the other adopts a distinct half-boat conformation. Analysis of their structures, energies and crystal packing diagrams indicates a thermodynamic preference for a transformation into the latter. This study highlights the value of integrating MicroED into pharmaceutical pipelines as an efficient tool for structural analysis and quality control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of oxyacanthine dihydrochloride monohydrate polymorphs from obfuscated samples by MicroED]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.24.690297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory traces bias new learning for hippocampal generalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.24.690297v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to use generalized prior experience to guide behavior in novel situations is a fundamental cognitive function1. While recent evidence suggests that the hippocampus supports generalization how this is accomplished is poorly understood2-9. Here we combined longitudinal optical imaging in head-fixed mice with computational modeling to examine generalization in hippocampal area CA1. We found that prior training accelerated behavioral adaptation to a novel environment and that this was accompanied by highly stable hippocampal representations. We identified putative memory traces from prior experience that enabled this generalization at multiple levels. At the population level, novel-context network dynamics rapidly aligned with low-dimensional neural subspaces10 established during prior experience. At the cellular level, spatially-informative weak "residual" activity reflecting generalizable information about the task structure appeared to bias which neurons form place fields (PFs) and where via behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity (BTSP)11,12. Finally, this was an active process as many PFs changed their reference frame in the novel environment to reflect the consistent task structure. In sum, the influence of memory traces on new PF formation may allow past experience to guide new learning such that representations are based on generalizable features, thus enabling rapid adaptive behavior in new contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipshutz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory traces bias new learning for hippocampal generalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.14.688499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal cell lineage reconstruction in the hindbrain reveals a link between progenitor origin and activity patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.14.688499v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Does the stem cell origin impact how daughter neurons acquire functional characteristics and assemble into circuits? Here, by multimodal cell lineage reconstruction in the zebrafish hindbrain we related a neurons embryonic origin to its future terminal differentiation features, such as neurotransmitter identity, and neuronal activity pattern. Intersectional lineage tracing, new developed computational tools, and genetic knockouts revealed that different progenitors formed functionally distinct neuron subtypes and could not compensate for the loss of adjacent progenitor pools, indicating developmental hardwiring. Dynamics of neuronal production suggest that progenitor competence changes over time. Whereas neurog1-expressing progenitors contributed to both glutamatergic and GABAergic lineages at early embryonic stages, later, other progenitor pools also assumed this role. Whole-hindbrain 3D atlases combining calcium imaging to monitor spontaneous neuronal activity, with genetic perturbations and progenitor origin information, unveiled that the emergence of neuronal activity patterns was presaged by their progenitor origins. This reveals a link between cell ontogeny and neuronal activity in the zebrafish hindbrain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meister, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemon, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiuza, U.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa Medina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujades, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal cell lineage reconstruction in the hindbrain reveals a link between progenitor origin and activity patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.08.687354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden Markov Models Detect Recombination and Ancestry of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.08.687354v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When individuals are co-infected with distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineages, homologous recombination can generate mosaic genomes carrying mutations from both parental lineages. A variety of methods exist to detect recombinant sequences and their parental lineages in surveillance-scale datasets comprised of millions of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. However, these methods often rely on user-specified parameters, such as the probability a recombination breakpoint occurs between adjacent positions on the query sequence. In this study, we devise a hidden Markov model that detects recombinant SARS-CoV-2 sequences and identifies their parental lineages within a test set of sequences. Our method does not depend on user-specified parameters and can accommodate de novo mutations on the query sequence that are not present in the predicted parental lineages. To achieve this, we use maximum likelihood to estimate parameters that characterize the transition and emission probabilities in our hidden Markov model. Applying our method to 440,307 SARS-CoV-2 sequences sampled in England between September 2020 and March 2024, we detect 7,619 recombinant sequences corresponding to 1.73% (95% CI: [1.69%, 1.77%]) of all sampled sequences. We observe a positive association between the proportion of query sequences detected as recombinant in each week and community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. This is consistent with higher prevalence increasing the risk of co-infection by distinct lineages and promoting the emergence of recombinant sequences. Finally, we observe localized clusters of recombination breakpoints within spike and in intergenic regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.08.687354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden Markov Models Detect Recombination and Ancestry of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.10.687577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mus Musculus papillomavirus MmuPV1 resists restriction by human APOBEC3B 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.10.687577v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The single-stranded DNA deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) is capable of potently restricting the replication of a range of viruses including retroviruses (cDNA) and herpesviruses (genomic DNA). However, these and likely other DNA virus families have evolved host species-specific counter-defenses that are equally potent and serve to protect viral DNA from restriction. Although high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection triggers A3B upregulation, potentially as part of an antiviral response, the impact of this restriction factor on papillomavirus replication and pathogenesis has yet to be assessed. To study human A3B antiviral function in the absence of a species-specific counter-defense, here we ask whether human A3B is capable of restricting Mus musculus papillomavirus (MmuPV1) in cellulo and in vivo. First, we created human A3B and catalytic mutant A3B-E255A expressing FVB/N mice. Second, MmuPV1 gene expression and replication was quantified in primary keratinocytes from these animals and, surprisingly, enzymatically active human A3B caused no measurable impairment in viral transcript or DNA accumulation. Third, A3B, catalytic mutant A3B-E255A, and nontransgenic FVB/N animals were infected with MmuPV1 and similar pathologies were found regardless of A3B functionality. Thus, despite likely never being exposed to human A3B during evolution, MmuPV1 appears to be unaffected by this potent, primate-specific antiviral factor. These results suggest that MmuPV1 and perhaps papillomaviruses more broadly possess a conserved mechanism to efficiently escape restriction by human A3B and related DNA deaminases.

IMPORTANCEHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are nearly ubiquitous, and persistent infection with high-risk types causes approximately 5% of cancers worldwide. Although HPV vaccination is effective for preventing infection, insufficient global coverage and a rising incidence of HPV-associated malignancies, such as oropharyngeal carcinoma, highlight the need to understand innate virus clearance mechanisms. APOBEC3 enzymes are a central component of the mammalian innate immune system and are hypothesized to restrict papillomavirus infection, particularly between species. Here, we establish mice that express the human antiviral enzyme APOBEC3B (A3B). Surprisingly, we find that human A3B is incapable of blocking the replication of a murine papillomavirus (Mus musculus papillomavirus 1, MmuPV1) in relevant primary cells from these animals or in infected tissues in vivo. These findings highlight the complexity of teasing apart host-pathogen interactions and suggest that papillomaviruses may have a general mechanism for escaping restriction by antiviral enzymes such as A3B.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward-Shaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreto Duran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durfee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proehl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mus Musculus papillomavirus MmuPV1 resists restriction by human APOBEC3B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.08.687402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virus induced transgene- and tissue-culture free heritable genome editing in tomato 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.08.687402v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome editing has emerged as a powerful tool for genome manipulation and trait improvement in crops. However, most commonly used approaches rely on tissue culture and transgenic materials, which are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and often strongly genotype-dependent. Here, we developed a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based system to deliver the compact ISYmu1 TnpB endonuclease, coupled with in planta shoot regeneration, to achieve somatic and heritable genome editing across different tomato cultivars without tissue culture. By targeting SlPDS, we successfully generated virus-free homozygous mutant progeny in a single generation. Furthermore, we extended this system to the functional analysis of the previously uncharacterized SlDA1 locus, revealing its involvement in organ size regulation, and recovered transgene-free SlDA1 mutants displaying enlarged fruits. Given the wide host range of TRV, our system should be broadly applicable for rapid, non-transgenic and less genotype-dependent heritable genome editing, thereby advancing both functional genomics and crop improvement.

SignificanceEfficient genome editing without the need for transgenesis or tissue culture remains a major challenge in crop breeding. Here, we establish a simple single-step system for transgene- and tissue culture-free genome editing in tomato based on Tobacco Rattle Virus-mediated delivery of the compact RNA-guided TnpB enzyme ISYmuI and its guide RNA. This strategy enabled somatic editing of de novo shoots and heritable transmission of targeted mutations to the next generation. Notably, editing an agronomically relevant gene produced tomato plants with larger fruits, highlighting the potential of this system for crop improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choo, S. Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roshannai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amerasekera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.08.687402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virus induced transgene- and tissue-culture free heritable genome editing in tomato]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.24.661348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5-azacytosine induces cytotoxicity via 5-methylcytosine depletion on chromatin-associated RNA in leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.24.661348v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
5-azacytidine (5-azaC) is a DNA hypomethylating agent clinically used to improve outcomes in myeloid malignancies. However, 5-azaC treatment causes gene dysregulation inconsistent with DNA hypomethylation changes, suggesting alternative mechanisms of action by 5-azaC. As a ribonucleoside analogue, 5-azaC is more readily incorporated into nascent RNA. Here, we demonstrate that RNA 5-methylcytosine (m5C) depletion by 5-azaC treatment, particularly at early time points, is sufficient to induce leukemia cell death. In contrast to its DNA demethylation function, the RNA-dependent effect of 5-azaC causes transcriptional repression, disrupting genes involved in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Mechanistically, 5-azaC impairs two specific m5C-mediated transcriptional regulatory pathways. First, depletion of m5C in chromatin-associated RNA (caRNA) disrupts the MBD6-mediated H2AK119ub deubiquitination. In parallel, this also impairs SRSF2 recruitment and the downstream H3K27ac deposition by p300. Indeed, loss of the caRNA methyltransferase NSUN2 caused prolonged cell cycle, defective DNA repair, and shifted hematopoietic lineage commitment toward erythropoiesis, mirroring the effects of 5-azaC treatment. Furthermore, we performed a leukemia cell line screen and identified that TET2 and IKZF1 depletion can sensitize 5-azaC treatment, consistent with the observed RNA-dependent cytotoxicity of 5-azaC in leukemic cells. In summary, our findings highlight the transcription repression by 5-azaC through depleting caRNA m5C, providing additional insights into the mechanism of action for 5-azaC, the prediction of its efficacy, and future directions for therapy developments based on 5-azaC.

HIGHLIGHTO_LIRNA-dependent effects of 5-azaC are sufficient to drive leukemia cell cytotoxicity through transcriptional repression.
C_LIO_LI5-azaC-induced caRNA m5C depletion impairs MBD6 binding and H2AK119ub deubiquitination.
C_LIO_LI5-azaC-induced caRNA m5C depletion disrupts SRSF2 chromatin-binding, impeding p300 recruitment and H3K27ac deposition.
C_LIO_LITET2 or IKZF1 depletion synergizes leukemia sensitivity to 5-azaC
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5-azacytosine induces cytotoxicity via 5-methylcytosine depletion on chromatin-associated RNA in leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.18.660273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ERM proteins regulate the shape and number of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Junctions in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.18.660273v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Plasma Membrane (PM) Junctions (EPJs) are specialized contact sites between ER membrane and the inner leaflet of PM. These junctions are critical for lipid exchange and Ca2+ signaling. In excitable cells like neurons and muscle, EPJs further modulate membrane excitability by regulating Ca2+ homeostasis. The mechanisms controlling EPJ abundance and morphology remain poorly understood. Using in vivo fluorescence imaging and electron microscopy of C. elegans neurons, we showed that EPJs form discrete, patch-like structures distributed across the soma. Through a forward genetics screen, we identified two conserved ERM (Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin) proteins, FRM-4 and FRM-1, as key regulators of EPJ shape and abundance. Both proteins localize to EPJs and exhibit liquid-liquid phase separation properties (LLPS). in vitro, purified FRM-4 binds to FRM-1, and together bundle filamentous actin. However, their presence in LLPS condensates and actin-bundling activity are mutually exclusive. In vivo, F-actin cables surround--but do not penetrate--EPJs, where FRM proteins are enriched as phase-separated condensates. Loss of FRM-4, FRM-1, or disruption of F-actin led to increased mobility of EPJs that fused into fewer but enlarged junctions. Together, our findings demonstrate that FRM-4 and FRM-1 control EPJ morphology by organizing peri-junctional F-actin networks, thereby restricting EPJ mobility and fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ERM proteins regulate the shape and number of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Junctions in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.13.688391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating MyoD1 dosage activates alternate cell fate beyond myogenic differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.13.688391v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor (TF) expression and dosage regulate developmental cell fate decisions. Increased TF dosage has been predicted to enhance expression of high-affinity target genes but also increase the binding of lower-affinity loci. The relative importance of high- versus lower-affinity TF binding in guiding cell fate decisions remains unclear.

To test the roles of TF dosage, we examined the effects of increasing the dosage of MyoD1, the "master regulator of myogenesis", on skeletal muscle differentiation. Unexpectedly, increased MyoD1 dosage inhibited canonical myogenesis and redirected myoblast differentiation towards forming spontaneously contracting myotubes. This novel phenotype was driven by the MyoD1-dose-dependent upregulation of non-myogenic genes, including cell adhesion genes whose ectopic expression also inhibited classical myogenic differentiation and enabled myotube contraction.

Live-cell single-molecule imaging showed that elevated MyoD1 dosage increased total chromatin binding and CUT&RUN profiling demonstrated that this increase occurred via preferential binding to lower-affinity loci. Integration of CUT&RUN, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq experiments revealed that increased MyoD1 binding correlated to the upregulation of otherwise lowly expressed genes. These findings suggest that increased MyoD1 dosage induced a selective gene regulatory expansion from high- to lower-affinity cis-regulatory elements, activating a broader ensemble of target genes, revealing a TF dose-dependent mechanism that can trigger distinct developmental programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitney, O. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating MyoD1 dosage activates alternate cell fate beyond myogenic differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.687893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Drosophila ovary produces three follicle waves similar to those in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.687893v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian follicles in Drosophila and many other species are thought to develop using a single pathway. In contrast, we show by lineage tracing [~]3,000 single-cell clones that three follicle "waves" arise in pupae, each following a distinct developmental program. 40 of the [~]100 larval primordial germ cells (PGCs) associate with niches to become germline stem cells (GSCs) that produce wave 2 follicles throughout adulthood. Wave 1.5 follicles develop directly from most of the remaining PGCs to become the first [~]100 follicles present at eclosion, more than previously expected. Wave 1.5 follicles acquire their follicular coverage from two follicle stem cells (FSCs) that are specifically replaced by new FSCs for wave 2. A novel wave 1 population amplifies rapidly to reach 250-350 germ cells, but soon undergoes programmed degeneration and exits the ovary along with somatic cells as they release lipid-enriched vacuoles. A subpopulation of testis germ cells behave in a similar manner. We propose that wave 1 germ cell breakdown contributes to the concomitant but unexplained pharate adult ecdysone pulse that mediates adult tissue development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spradling, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Drosophila ovary produces three follicle waves similar to those in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.04.641450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
map3k1 is required for spatial restriction of progenitor differentiation in planarians 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.04.641450v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Planarian regeneration and tissue turnover involve fate specification in pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts. Neoblasts select fates through the expression of fate-specific transcription factors (FSTFs), generating specialized neoblasts. Specialized neoblasts are spatially intermingled and can be dispersed broadly, frequently being present far from their target tissue. The post-mitotic progeny of neoblasts, serving as progenitors, can migrate and differentiate into mature cell types. Pattern formation is thus strongly influenced by the migratory assortment and differentiation of fate-specified progenitors in precise locations, which we refer to as progenitor targeting. This central step of pattern maintenance and formation, however, is poorly understood. Here, we describe a requirement for the conserved map3k1 gene in targeting, restricting post-mitotic progenitor differentiation to precise locations. RNAi of map3k1 causes ectopic differentiation of eye progenitors along their migratory path, resulting in dispersed, ectopic eye cells and eyes. Other neural tissues similarly display ectopic posterior differentiation and ectopic pharynx cells emerge dispersed laterally and anteriorly in map3k1 RNAi animals. Ectopic differentiated cells are also found within the incorrect organs after map3k1 RNAi, and ultimately, teratomas form. These findings implicate map3k1 signaling in controlling the positional regulation of progenitor behavior - restricting progenitor differentiation to targeted locations in response to external cues in the local tissue environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canales, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddien, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.641450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[map3k1 is required for spatial restriction of progenitor differentiation in planarians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.28.691144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep controls peroxisomal abundance to reduce wake-induced brain oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.28.691144v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is increasingly linked to the regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms underlying this interaction are underexplored. Here, we use Drosophila melanogaster to report a bidirectional relationship between sleep and peroxisomes, cellular organelles that process lipids and alleviate ROS. Of the genes that change expression after sleep deprivation in the dorsal fan-shaped body, knockdown of the peroxisomal biogenesis factor Pex16 results in decreased sleep. Pex16 acts in several brain regions to modulate sleep amount, with ellipsoid body neurons (EB) producing the highest sleep reduction of the sleep-promoting regions. Consistent with a general role for peroxisomes, knockdown of other peroxisomal enzymes relevant for lipid import and synthesis also decreases sleep. Whole-brain peroxisomal numbers increase with wake, which is supported by lipidomic analysis indicating that peroxisomal-derived phospholipids are the major contributors to phospholipid changes after wake or sleep deprivation. Peroxisomal proliferation in the EB is driven by neuronal activity and increased oxidation, suggesting that these mediate the effect of wake/sleep loss. In turn, peroxisomes alleviate the oxidation accumulated during wake, such that loss of Pex16 in the EB works non-cell autonomously to increase lipid peroxidation brain-wide. This likely contributes to sleep loss, as sleep is rescued with an antioxidant. Together, these results position peroxisomes as key players in sleep, regulating ROS and thereby maintaining normal cycles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guevara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyfrom, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killiany, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.28.691144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep controls peroxisomal abundance to reduce wake-induced brain oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naegleria amoebae seek confinement and crawl persistently through narrow spaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691445v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "brain-eating amoeba" Naegleria fowleri dwells in ponds where it normally feeds on bacteria, but if it enters the brain it can cause a deadly infection. To establish infection, N. fowleri must migrate through different environments--along olfactory axons, through openings in the cribriform plate, and within brain tissue--yet how it does so remains unknown. As a model for N. fowleri migration within these environments, we examine how its non-pathogenic relative, Naegleria gruberi, navigates environments of distinct geometries. We show that Naegleria uses both actin-rich protrusions and membrane blebs to crawl across or between flat surfaces. We also explore how Naegleria interact with narrow channels and find that, unlike Dictyostelium amoebae that we show frequently disengage from channel interfaces, Naegleria amoebae probe channels until they enter. Once inside, Naegleria crawls quickly (>50 m/min) and unidirectionally over long distances (>1 mm) using only bleb-based motility. We also introduced Naegleria to granular hydrogel matrices that mimic pond sediments and found that cells readily enter and migrate through these three-dimensional matrices using both blebs and lamellar protrusions. Although cells in matrices showed lower persistence at short timescales, longer time scales correlate with increased persistence, suggesting Naegleria cells may retain memory of past orientation. We propose that pond life may select for three behaviors that prime Naegleria for pathogenesis: memory-guided motility that would facilitate exploration of sinus cavities, confinement-seeking ("claustrophilia") that would promote entry into narrow passages along olfactory axons, and fast bleb-based migration that would allow rapid transit along axons to the brain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe "brain-eating amoeba" Naegleria fowleri causes a devastating brain infection with a [~]95% fatality rate, yet how these normally harmless pond-dwellers invade the human brain remains mysterious. Using the model species N. gruberi, we show that Naegleria amoebae exhibit three key behaviors: they retain directional memory during exploration, actively enter confined spaces, and crawl rapidly and persistently through narrow channels for millimeter-scale distances. We propose these behaviors are adaptations for hunting bacteria in pond sediments that inadvertently enable pathogenesis--directional memory facilitates sinus exploration, confinement-seeking draws amoebae into spaces between olfactory axons, and persistent channel migration enables rapid transit to the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hokmabad, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Perez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz-Laylin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.30.691445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naegleria amoebae seek confinement and crawl persistently through narrow spaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.29.690828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The type VI secretion system governs strain maintenance in a wild mammalian gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.29.690828v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria inhabiting the mammalian gut coexist in dense communities where contact-dependent antagonism mechanisms are widespread. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is an interbacterial toxin delivery pathway prevalent among gut Bacteroidales, yet its function in naturally evolved microbiomes remains poorly defined. Here, we examine the physiological role of the T6SS in Bacteroides within a gut community derived from wild mice (the WildR microbiome). Using newly developed genetic tools and a strategy for functional replacement of strains within the WildR community, we demonstrate that the WildR isolate B. acidifaciens employs a T6SS to antagonize co-resident Bacteroidales. We also show that loss of T6SS function compromises the long-term maintenance of B. acidifaciens in the community but not its initial colonization, establishing the system as a determinant of strain persistence. The T6SS we identified resides on an integrative and conjugative element (ICE). ICE-seq, a targeted sequencing approach, reveals that the T6SS-ICE is distributed among select Bacteroidales and Muribaculaceae species in the WildR microbiome, between which it appears to be recently exchanged. We also show that transfer of the T6SS-ICE to WildR isolate Phocaeicola vulgatus confers transient colonization benefits in mice, but an eventual fitness cost. Our findings demonstrate that the T6SS can stabilize the presence of specific strains within a complex, co-evolved gut microbiome, yet its value is context dependent and constrained by the ecological and physiological landscape of the host community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asfahl, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minot, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radey, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penewit, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salipante, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougous, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.29.690828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The type VI secretion system governs strain maintenance in a wild mammalian gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.28.691181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular interplay between the DNA damage checkpoint kinase Mec1-Ddc2 and its activator Dpb11 on gapped DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.28.691181v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic DNA damage and replication stress checkpoint is an essential component of the DNA damage response and crucial for genome maintenance. In budding yeast, the apical kinase Mec1 (ATR ortholog), along with binding partner Ddc2 (ATRIP ortholog), senses persistent RPA-bound ssDNA in the cell. Mec1 is activated by interaction with a Mec1-activating protein. One such activator, Dpb11 (TopBP1 ortholog), is recruited to a 5 ss-dsDNA junction via the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp. Due to their differential DNA binding preferences, it remains to be determined how Mec1 encounters its activators on damaged DNA. Using real-time single-molecule imaging of checkpoint proteins binding to dsDNA containing a long ssDNA gap, we show that, even in the absence of 9-1-1, Dpb11 binds to ssDNA and localizes to ss-dsDNA junctions in an RPA-dependent manner. Importantly, we directly visualize that Dpb11 recruits Mec1-Ddc2 to ss-dsDNA junctions. Additionally, single-molecule force spectroscopy was used to demonstrate that Dpb11 can interact with multiple DNA sites simultaneously to form bridges both alone and in the presence of RPA, stabilizing ssDNA loops and reducing the end-to-end distance of gapped DNA. Taken together, these data support a model in which Dpb11 facilitates Mec1 colocalization with its activators both directly by recruiting Mec1 to gap junctions and indirectly by decreasing the effective gap length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beckwitt, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, G. N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.28.691181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular interplay between the DNA damage checkpoint kinase Mec1-Ddc2 and its activator Dpb11 on gapped DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.27.690947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-range mRNA folding shapes expression and sequence of bacterial genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.27.690947v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accessibility of the ribosome binding site (RBS) plays an outsized role in bacterial mRNA decay and translation. Antagonistic mRNA sequences that reduce accessibility and regulate expression have been widely documented near the RBS. To determine whether such sequences are also the primary effectors of expression when placed far from the RBS, we measured impacts of all possible 8-nucleotide substitutions (65,536 variants) at different positions in mRNA in Bacillus subtilis. While the vast majority of substitutions negligibly affect RNA levels, pyrimidine-rich substitutions resembling the anti-Shine-Dalgarno (aSD) sequence exhibit strong inhibitory effects. Even several hundred nucleotides downstream of the RBS, these aSD-like sequences base-pair with the RBS, promote RNA decay, and inhibit translation initiation. We find aSD-like sequences to be depleted throughout endogenous genes, likely due to selective pressure for expression. Taken together, our findings reveal widespread long-range RNA intramolecular interactions in vivo and uncover a key constraint on gene sequence evolution.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LILong-range mRNA folding tunes accessibility of the ribosome binding site (RBS)
C_LIO_LIShort anti-RBS sequences are major mRNA repressors across the transcript body
C_LIO_LIAnti-RBSs, even distally located, can promote RNA decay and inhibit translation
C_LIO_LIAnti-RBS sequences are depleted throughout endogenous bacterial coding sequences
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gill, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thappeta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taggart, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.690947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-range mRNA folding shapes expression and sequence of bacterial genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.25.690450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In extracto cryo-EM reveals eEF2 as a major hibernation factor on 60S and 80S particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.25.690450v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) made impressive progress in resolving cellular macromolecules and their detailed interactions. Single-particle cryo-EM traditionally relies on purified macromolecules and lacks the complexity of cellular environments, whereas in situ cryo-EM or cryo-ET require extensive sample preparation and data acquisition, presenting challenges in achieving high resolution. We describe cryo-EM of cellular lysates--in extracto cryo-EM--allowing the flexibility and high-resolution of cryo-EM in the context of cellular components. High-resolution 2D template matching (2DTM) yields [~]2.2 [A] maps of the mammalian translational apparatus. Elongating ribosome abundances in primate cell lines (MCF-7 and BSC-1) and rabbit reticulocyte lysates range from [~]70% to [~]10%, reflecting translational stress responses. Non-translating (hibernating) ribosomes carrying no mRNA, feature numerous proteins shielding ribosomal functional centers. Elongation factor 2 (eEF2) is the most abundant hibernation factor bound to >95% of ribosomes and, unexpectedly, to 60S subunits. eEF2*GDP is stabilized by interactions with the sarcin-ricin loop and protein uL14. Hibernating ribosomes also feature LARP1 involved in initiation and mTOR signaling; eIF5A implicated in elongation and termination; and other factors, exposing the variety of hibernation scenarios. Our work underscores the efficiency and potential of in extracto cryo-EM to discover native cellular complexes and mechanisms at near-atomic resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seraj, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zottig, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveland, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sholi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In extracto cryo-EM reveals eEF2 as a major hibernation factor on 60S and 80S particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.21.689793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gene expression atlas of a juvenile nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.21.689793v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the fundamental architecture of metazoan nervous systems is typically established in the embryo, substantial numbers of neurons are added during post-natal development while existing neurons expand in size, refine connectivity, and undergo additional differentiation. To reveal the underlying molecular determinants of post-embryonic neurogenesis and maturation, we have produced gene expression profiles of all neuron types and their progenitors in the first larval stage (L1) of C. elegans. Comparisons of the L1 profile to the embryo and to the later L4 larval stage identified thousands of differentially expressed genes across individual neurons throughout the nervous system. Key neuropeptide signaling networks, for example, are remodeled during larval development. Gene regulatory network analysis revealed potential transcription factors driving the temporal changes in gene expression across the nervous system, including a broad role for the heterochronic gene lin-14. We utilized available connectomic data of juvenile animals in combination with our neuron-specific atlas to identify potential molecular determinants of membrane contact and synaptic connectivity. These expression data are available through a user-friendly interface at CeNGEN.org for independent investigations of the maturation, connectivity and function of a developing nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripoll-Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valperga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barney, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolfson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundvig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Child, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gene expression atlas of a juvenile nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.20.689622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of metalloproteases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.20.689622v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although significant progress has been made in creating de novo metalloenzymes that hydrolyze activated esters1,2, the energetically demanding cleavage of amide bonds has remained a major challenge for enzyme design: amide bonds are significantly more stable than ester bonds, the amine leaving groups in proteins are not activated, and peptide substrates are flexible making them difficult to bind precisely. Here, we report the de novo design of zinc proteases from minimal catalytic motifs using a fine-tuned version of RoseTTAFold Diffusion 2, called RoseTTAFold Diffusion 2 for Molecular Interfaces3, optimized for both enzyme and protein-protein interaction design. In a single one-shot design round of 135 designs, 36% of the designs had activity and cleaved precisely at the intended site. The most active design accelerated peptide bond hydrolysis more than 108-fold over the uncatalyzed reaction4. These results demonstrated that de novo enzyme design has advanced well beyond model reactions with activated substrates, and open the door to design of proficient metallohydrolases for medicine and bioremediation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanikel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodbury, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilvert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of metalloproteases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.19.689361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA switch model for localization and translation of the myelin basic protein mRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.19.689361v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes myelinate the central nervous system by extending cellular projections that ensheath axons and elongate to form lipid-rich myelin. Classic studies visualizing RNA dynamics showed that myelin basic protein (MBP), one of the most abundant myelin proteins, is locally synthesized at the myelin sheath through the transport and local translation of Mbp mRNA. Mbp transport requires its 1.5-kb 3 untranslated region (3 UTR) and prior work identified candidate sub-sequences that may act as cis-acting transport stimulating RNA elements, including one with putative secondary structure. Here, a high-throughput reporter assay, dimethyl sulfate (DMS)-based RNA structure probing, and microscopy in primary rat oligodendrocytes identify a structured 127-nt region that we name the Mbp localization signal (MLS) as both necessary and sufficient for RNA enrichment to oligodendrocyte projections. Lysate pulldown experiments further identify hnRNP-F - a known constituent of the Mbp RNA granule that can suppress mRNA translation - as associated with the MLS; paradoxically, binding of this protein should compete with the ordered MLS RNA structure. These results suggest a model in which the MLS switches between two RNA conformations with distinct protein partners during the transition from Mbp mRNA transport to Mbp translation at the myelin sheath. Such regulation of RNA behavior by structure switching may generalize to other eukaryotic mRNAs whose behaviors shift across space and time.

Significance StatementIn the brain, oligodendrocyte cells generate myelin, a type of insulation that wraps around neuronal axons in order to facilitate fast electrical signaling. A critical step in myelination is the local translation of MBP (myelin basic protein) in the myelin sheath. This requires the transport of Mbp mRNA, an incompletely understood phenomenon that we revisit using two recent approaches for mRNA structure and function. We refine a 127-nt region that is necessary and sufficient for mRNA transport to the myelin sheath. A proteomic screen reveals that this myelin localization signal (MLS) associates with a translation-suppressing protein called hnRNP-F, suggesting a model where Mbp mRNA switches between two states, one for transport and one for translation at the myelin sheath.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Topkar, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambiel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchero, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, M.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA switch model for localization and translation of the myelin basic protein mRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.18.689134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nucleic acid labeling chemistry reveals surface DNA on exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.18.689134v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical labeling of nucleic acids is essential to pinpoint the structure, localization, and function of RNA and DNA. Yet, reversible sequence-independent chemistries that can label native RNA and DNA remain poorly developed. Here we describe Reversible Uridine Nitrilium-mediated Addition (RUNA), a reversible covalent chemistry that selectively modifies uridine and thymidine residues via N3 deprotonation and reaction with a nitrilium ion intermediate generated from an aldehyde and an isonitrile. The reaction forms a stable N3 adduct that can be quantitatively reversed by hydrolysis. By labeling uridines and thymidines sequence-independently with reagents that are either membrane permeable or impermeable, we pinpointed the localization and function of DNA on exosomes. Although exosomes harbor nucleic acids, whether the latter are encapsulated in the exosome lumen or are surface-adhered is unknown. RUNA revealed that exosomal DNA is surface-exposed. The abundance of such surface-bound DNA increases upon DNA-damage accumulation in cancer cells that are treated with a PARP inhibitor. This surface-bound DNA drives exosome uptake by M2-polarized macrophages through scavenger receptors and triggers a shift toward an M1-like pro-inflammatory state. The selective labeling of surface DNA revealed an unexpected mechanism by which exosomes engage innate immune cells. RUNA is a versatile tool to analyze the nucleic acid content and functionality of extracellular vesicles in health and disease.

Significance StatementPinpointing the localization of RNA and DNA in cells and organelles is central to deriving insights into their biological functions in health and disease. We describe a new method, RUNA, for labeling nucleic acids that is sequence-independent and reversible. By varying RUNA reagents, we can distinguish between nucleic acids that are located either inside or outside of membrane compartments. Using RUNA, we showed that DNA is associated with the exterior surface of exosomes that are secreted by cancer cells. Further, the amount of exosomal DNA increases when the cancer cells are treated with an anti-cancer drug. This surface DNA promotes the uptake of exosomes by innate immune cells known as macrophages and modulates their inflammatory response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boskovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta Gupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.689134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nucleic acid labeling chemistry reveals surface DNA on exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.19.689338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid neocortical network modifications via dendritic plateau potential induced plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.19.689338v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning in brains is associated with changes in neuronal network activity thought to be driven by synaptic plasticity. While recent work in the hippocampus has revealed some of the mechanisms involved there, less is known about how neocortical circuits adapt, especially during behavior. Here to determine if neocortical areas possess rapid plasticity mechanisms that could support online adaptations we used optical imaging and intracellular membrane potential (Vm) recordings to examine the activity of layer V neurons in a higher visual area of mice learning a task. The introduction of a novel rewarded stimulus resulted in a rapid modification of population activity that featured abrupt alterations in single neuron selectivity. Vm recordings revealed that both naturally occurring and experimentally-induced dendritic calcium plateau potentials (plateaus) rapidly alter the action potential (APs) output and Vm dynamics of neurons over many seconds of time around the plateau, in some cases from one trial to the next. Trains of high frequency APs had no effect. Finally, experimental inhibition during learning of the distal dendritic region responsible for initiating plateaus reduced the rate of population level adaptation. Our findings suggest that the deep layers of higher order visual cortex possess a rapid learning mechanism mediated by plateau-induced synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid neocortical network modifications via dendritic plateau potential induced plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.17.688911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and mechanism of microtubule stabilization and motor regulation by MAP9 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.17.688911v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate the organization of microtubules and control intracellular transport, but their individual contributions to microtubule dynamics and motor regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we identify MAP9 as a critical factor that stabilizes microtubules and facilitates neuronal morphogenesis. MAP9 knockdown abolishes the outgrowth of neurites, a phenotype not observed through the loss of other neuronal MAPs. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that, unlike other MAPs that bind along protofilaments, MAP9 binds around the microtubule as a long alpha helix using five consecutive repeats. This unique binding mode enables MAP9 to staple adjacent protofilaments, thereby preventing microtubule depolymerization. We also showed that MAP9 selectively permits kinesin-3 motility while hindering kinesin-1 through interactions with a divergent loop-8 of their motor domains. Our results establish MAP9 as a key MAP required for neuronal growth and uncover how it differentially regulates intracellular transport driven by kinesin motors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cetin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golcuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroy, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ori-McKenney, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and mechanism of microtubule stabilization and motor regulation by MAP9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.17.688841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for Iterative Methylation by a Cobalamin-dependent Radical S-Adenosylmethionine Enzyme in Cystobactamids Biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.17.688841v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystobactamids are non-ribosomal peptide natural products that function as DNA gyrase inhibitors, exhibiting significant antibacterial activity. They are isolated from Cystobacter sp. Cbv34 and contain various alkoxy groups on para-aminobenzoic acid moieties, which are believed to play a crucial role in antibacterial functions. The alkoxy groups are generated by iterative methylations on a methoxy group by the cobalamin (Cbl)-dependent radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme CysS. CysS catalyzes up to three methylations to give ethoxy, isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, and tert-butoxy groups. For each methylation, CysS uses a ping-pong mechanism in which two molecules of SAM are consumed. One SAM is used to methylate cob(I)alamin, while another generates a 5'-deoxyadenosyl 5'-radical to initiate substrate methylation. However, little is known about how the enzyme promotes both Cbl methylation and iterative substrate methylation, which occur by polar SN2 and radical processes, respectively. Here, we report three X-ray crystal structures of a homolog of CysS from Corallococcus sp. CA054B. Two were determined in the presence of methoxy- and ethoxy-containing substrates, showing how CysS accommodates substrates and products during iterative methylation. The third structure, determined in the absence of a substrate, exhibits structural changes that reorient the SAMs conformation to allow for the methylation of cob(I)alamin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for Iterative Methylation by a Cobalamin-dependent Radical S-Adenosylmethionine Enzyme in Cystobactamids Biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.13.688263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FOXA1 mutations co-opt nascent transcription factor networks in partnership with androgen receptor to enhance prostate tumorigenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.13.688263v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1, found in 10-40% of human prostate cancers, alter global chromatin accessibility and promote growth in prostate cells. Through analysis of a novel cohort of 874 primary and metastatic prostate tumors with somatic FOXA1 mutations, we confirm the high frequency of missense mutations (n=339) and indels (n=335) in the Wing2 region of the Forkhead domain, as well as frameshift mutations that truncate the C-terminus (n=287). To investigate the transcriptomic consequences of each mutation subgroup as well as elevated levels of wild-type FOXA1 (WT) (a fourth well documented subgroup), we performed single nucleus multiome sequencing in primary mouse organoids following inducible expression of representative alleles. Whereas each mutant induced distinct transcriptomic and DNA accessibility features, a prominent feature of all mutants was perturbed epithelial lineage specification, ranging from basal-like fates in cells expressing indel mutants to secretory (L1-like) luminal fates in cells expressing C-terminal truncation, missense mutations or excess WT. Integrated RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq analysis of L1-like fate specification revealed enrichment of a composite androgen receptor-FOXA1 hybrid motif and cooperativity with the Oct family transcription factor POU2F1. Importantly, L1-like fate specification is seen in vivo tumorigenicity assays where, in combination with Trp53/Pten loss, expression of these mutants results in a histologic switch from basal-like to secretory luminal histology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ladewig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FOXA1 mutations co-opt nascent transcription factor networks in partnership with androgen receptor to enhance prostate tumorigenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.12.688142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of four mitochondrial tRNAs from only two loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.12.688142v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are among the few genes retained in animal mitochondrial genomes after more than a billion years of gene loss. These ancient bacterial vestiges are often structurally aberrant and less stable than their bacterial or cytosolic tRNA counterparts. In some lineages, mitochondrial tRNAs (mt-tRNAs) have become so truncated that the loss of one or both arms has expanded our understanding of what constitutes a functional tRNA. Here, we report another radical departure from canonical tRNA gene architecture: two overlapping tRNAs produced from opposite strands of the same locus. These  mirror tRNA pairs eliminate the need to retain separate loci for all tRNA genes, as a single locus can produce tRNAs to decode two different amino acids. We show that these mirror tRNAs are aminoacylated and demonstrate their presence in mitoribosomes. Furthermore, mirror tRNAs display strand-specific patterns of nucleotide modification and RNA editing, reflecting specific post-transcriptional maturation that depends on transcriptional orientation. To our knowledge, this demonstration of functional, bidirectional tRNA expression is a first for any genome or organism and reveals an unexpected strategy by which mitochondrial genomes maintain a complete set of tRNAs in the face of unrelenting gene loss. The discovery of mirror tRNAs has broad implications for the evolution of tRNA-interacting enzymes, mitochondrial biology, and even the origins of the protein synthesis machinery itself.

Significance StatementMitochondrial genomes have been reduced to only a handful of genes over the roughly two billion years since the origin of the organelle. Despite this extreme gene loss, bilaterian animal mitochondrial genomes still retain a complete, minimal set of tRNAs necessary for protein synthesis. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized strategy in animal mitochondria to maintain a complete set of tRNAs - the bidirectional expression of a single genomic locus to produce two different tRNAs. These "mirror" tRNAs are aminoacylated, incorporated into mitoribosomes, and exhibit strand-specific patterns of editing and modification. This surprising coding strategy reveals how mitochondrial genomes can preserve a complete set of tRNAs despite unrelenting gene loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warren, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, K. V. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temnyk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of four mitochondrial tRNAs from only two loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.13.688252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cap1 forms a cyclic tetra-adenylate-induced membrane pore during the type III-A CRISPR-Cas immune response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.13.688252v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During type III CRISPR-Cas immunity in prokaryotes, RNA-guided recognition of viral (phage) transcripts stimulates the Cas10 complex to convert ATP into cyclic oligoadenylates. These act as signaling molecules that bind to CARF proteins and activate their effector domains. Here, we report the structure and function of the Cap1 effector, composed of a pair of transmembrane helices (TM1/2), a CARF-like (CARFL) domain and a domain of unknown function (DUF4579). Cryo-EM studies on apo- and ligand-bound states of Cap1 in glyco-diosgenin detergent revealed the formation of tetrameric complexes in both states, with one cyclic tetra-adenylate molecule bound in a pocket composed by the four CARFL domains. Binding of cA4 triggers conformational changes that widen an otherwise narrow pore formed by the four TM1/2 domains. In vivo, Cap1 activation results in membrane depolarization, a growth arrest of the bacterial host and the abrogation of the viral lytic cycle. Our findings reveal the mechanistic basis of membrane depolarizarion mediated by cyclic nucleotide signaling during the type III CRISPR-Cas response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majumder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahir, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marraffini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cap1 forms a cyclic tetra-adenylate-induced membrane pore during the type III-A CRISPR-Cas immune response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.687718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-efficiency targeted integration of extrachromosomal arrays in C. elegans using PhiC31 integrase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.687718v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal arrays are unique chromosome-like structures created from DNA injected into the C. elegans germline. Arrays are easy to create and allow for high expression of multiple transgenes. They are, however, unstable unless integrated into a chromosome. Current methods for integration, such as X-rays and CRISPR, damage DNA and are low-efficiency. Here, we demonstrate that the viral integrase PhiC31, which mediates a non-mutagenic recombination between short attB and attP sequences, can be used for extremely efficient and targeted integration of arrays.

In this method, a transgene, a selectable marker, and attP sites are injected into the gonad of a strain that (1) has an attB site in its genome, and (2) expresses PhiC31 in its germline. F1 extrachromosomal arrays are cloned, grown for multiple generations with selection, and then screened for homozygous array integrations. The procedure is simple, requires less time than screening for extrachromosomal arrays, and arrays can be screened for transgene function after stable integration. Arrays that transmit are integrated by PhiC31 with 50-95% efficiency, allowing for the isolation of many unique integrants from a single injection. Arrays can also be integrated at fluorescent landing pads and arbitrary sites in the genome. Using nanopore sequencing, we show that three new integrated arrays are between 1.6 and 18 megabases in length, assemble with large repeats, and can contain hundreds of copies of injected transgenes. We have built a collection of strains and plasmids to enable array integration at multiple sites in the genome using various selections. PhiC1-mediated Integration of Arrays of Transgenes (PhiAT) will allow C. elegans researchers to shift from using unstable extrachromosomal arrays to directly integrating arrays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rich, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rog, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-efficiency targeted integration of extrachromosomal arrays in C. elegans using PhiC31 integrase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.10.687711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superabundant microRNAs are transcribed from human rDNA spacer promoters insulated by CTCF 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.10.687711v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs are [~]22-nucleotide RNAs processed from primary transcripts and exported from the nucleus to repress gene expression by base-pairing to mRNAs. We find that the highest levels of RNA Polymerase II at human microRNA genes are within the ribosomal gene repeat arrays (rDNAs). Alignment of public nascent transcript data to the hs1 human genome assembly reveals a 50-nucleotide transcript for both miR-1275 and miR-6724, which exits from the nucleus with exceptional rapidity. We show that the miR-1275/miR-6724 transcription unit is closely flanked by CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) within a <400-bp span of the rDNA spacer promoter. MiR-1275/miR-6724 and microRNA precursors expressed from the 5 External Transcribed Spacer (5ETS) are exported independently of known RNA processing activities and are detected in exosomes and as circulating cancer biomarkers. We propose that rDNA spacer promoter and 5ETS microRNA genes have evolved for general regulatory functions in recipient cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superabundant microRNAs are transcribed from human rDNA spacer promoters insulated by CTCF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.687663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast-conducting mechanonociceptors uniquely engage reflexive and affective pain circuitry to drive protective responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.687663v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nociceptors detect damaging stimuli and evoke pain in healthy animals. We conducted an optogenetic activation screen to identify genetically defined nociceptor populations that elicit place aversion and nocifensive behaviors in response to stimulation. Smr2Cre- and Bmpr1bCre-labeled A{delta} high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMRs) emerged as two of the few nociceptor populations, and we focused on investigating their physiological, morphological, functional, and synaptic properties. These neurons densely innervate skin and other organs, are activated only by intense, potentially damaging stimuli, and are necessary for protective responses to sharp mechanical stimuli. Centrally, A{delta}-HTMRs projections span multiple spinal segments and terminate across spinal cord laminae, forming strong, monosynaptic connections onto anterolateral tract projection neurons, including antenna cells of the deep dorsal horn. A{delta}-HTMRs also engage a local spinal reflex circuit enabling a remarkably rapid limb withdrawal. Thus, A{delta}-HTMRs are myelinated nociceptors with unique properties that can be exploited for development of new analgesics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lezgiyeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLisle, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkislar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehnert, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garibyan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emanuel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malfait, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast-conducting mechanonociceptors uniquely engage reflexive and affective pain circuitry to drive protective responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.07.687308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insertion of an invading retrovirus regulates a novel color trait in swordtail fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.07.687308v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For over a century, evolutionary biologists have been motivated to understand the mechanisms through which organisms adapt to their environments. Coloration and pigmentation are remarkably variable within and between species and can serve as an important window into the mechanisms of adaptation. Here, we map the genetic basis of a newly described iridescence trait in swordtail fish to a single locus. Individuals with this trait appear to sparkle as they move through the water. We find that the trait is driven by the recent endogenization of a retrovirus that inserted near the gene alkal2a. This insertion is associated with changes in the chromatin landscape, upregulation of alkal2a, and accumulation of iridescent cells that adhere to the scales. Rather than causing diseases, our results demonstrate that invading endogenous retroviruses can also regulate novel trait variation in the host. Moreover, we find that this coloration trait may act as an important signal in interactions between fish and their predators in the natural environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haghani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodge, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baczenas, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangburn, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fascinetto-Zago, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaatmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olmos-Santiago, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preising, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase Cox, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunnicutt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madrzyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stigloher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schartl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, G. z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insertion of an invading retrovirus regulates a novel color trait in swordtail fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.10.687660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical transcription termination mechanisms explain a minority of operons in cyanobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.10.687660v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteria are the most abundant phototrophs and hold potential as a carbon-negative platform for bioengineering applications. However, these efforts have been hampered by limited mechanistic understanding of their gene expression, including transcription termination. Unlike most bacteria, cyanobacteria lack the transcription termination factor Rho, raising the speculation that all transcription ends with intrinsic terminators. Here we show that most transcription units (TUs) in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 are not terminated by known termination pathways. Although many TUs (52%) have unique, well-defined 3' ends, only a small fraction have features that resemble canonical intrinsic terminators (22%). The noncanonical 3' ends broadly lacked strong secondary structure, making it unclear how these ends are protected against 3'-5' exonucleolytic decay. Furthermore, many TUs (46%) have diverse positions of mRNA 3' ends, suggesting a potentially diffuse termination signal. Finally, we observed a moderate increase in RNA levels downstream of most defined 3' ends in the absence of the transcription-repair coupling factor Mfd. This finding indicates that Mfd plays a limited, but widespread, role in RNA end formation, potentially through termination of stalled RNAPs. Together, our work reveals unique end architectures of the cyanobacterial transcriptome and suggests that undescribed transcription termination mechanisms are active in the phylum.

ImportanceOur understanding of bacterial transcription regulation is largely based on model organisms like Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, yet many of these mechanisms appear absent or divergent in cyanobacteria. These differences limit our fundamental understanding of gene regulation and the applied potential of cyanobacteria in sustainable biomanufacturing. To address this gap, we characterized transcription termination in the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. We resolve a longstanding question by showing that intrinsic termination alone cannot account for most termination events in this organism. Pervasive transcript ends lacking intrinsic terminator features and the absence of Rho suggest the existence of novel termination mechanism(s) and highlight a largely unexplored regulatory landscape. Simultaneously, our work expands the repertoire of functionally characterized cyanobacterial intrinsic terminators, offering a new toolkit to fine-tune gene expression using terminators of defined strengths. These findings pave the way for more predictable and powerful applications of cyanobacteria in green biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cascino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierksheide, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuzenkova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babitzke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical transcription termination mechanisms explain a minority of operons in cyanobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.08.687396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The deubiquitinating enzyme Otu1 releases substrates from the conserved initiation complex of the Cdc48/p97 ATPase for proteasomal degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.08.687396v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many eukaryotic proteins are modified with a polyubiquitin chain and then recruited to either the Cdc48 ATPase (p97 or VCP in mammals) or the 26S proteasome by conserved cofactors. They can then shuttle between the Cdc48 ATPase and the 26S proteasome before being degraded. How substrates avoid being trapped on the Cdc48 ATPase complex is incompletely understood, as they can undergo repeated cycles of translocation through the ATPase pore. Here, we show that the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) Otu1 (Yod1 in mammals) can break this futile cycle. Otu1 trims the ubiquitin chain of the substrate before its translocation through the Cdc48 pore is initiated, allowing transfer to the proteasome and subsequent degradation. A cryo-EM structure shows that the mammalian homolog Yod1 binds to p97 simultaneously with other Cdc48 cofactors. As in the yeast system, polypeptide translocation through the ATPase pore is initiated by the unfolding of a ubiquitin molecule, suggesting that the mechanism of substrate processing is conserved in all eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapoport, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.08.687396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The deubiquitinating enzyme Otu1 releases substrates from the conserved initiation complex of the Cdc48/p97 ATPase for proteasomal degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.20.655113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social interactions shape antiviral resistance outcomes in poliovirus via eco-evolutionary feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.20.655113v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiviral resistance evolution poses a major obstacle for controlling viral infections. A promising strategy is to target shared viral proteins that allow drug susceptible viruses to sensitize resistant ones during cellular coinfection, muting selection for resistance. Pocapavir, a poliovirus capsid inhibitor, employs this sociovirological strategy. While susceptible viruses significantly suppressed resistance in the presence of pocapavir in cell culture, a pocapavir clinical trial observed widespread resistance evolution and limited improvements to clearance times. To reconcile these findings, we present an intra-host eco-evolutionary model of poliovirus in the presence of pocapavir, which reproduces both the potent interference observed in vitro and the resistance emergence seen in patients. In the short term, our model predicts that a high density of susceptible viruses sensitizes resistant ones to pocapavir, mirroring cell culture results. However, over multiple replication cycles, pocapavirs high potency collapses viral density, which reduces coinfection and allows resistance to evolve as observed in the clinical trial. Since coinfection is essential to suppress resistance, enabling greater survival of susceptible viruses could offer therapeutic advantages. Counterintuitively, we demonstrate that this can be achieved by lessening antiviral potency, which can limit resistance evolution while also maintaining a low viral load. These findings suggest that antivirals that rely on viral intracellular interaction must balance immediate neutralization with the preservation of future coinfection, yielding more sustained inhibition. Explicitly considering the eco-evolutionary feedback encompassing viral density, shared phenotypes and absolute fitness not only provides new insights into designing effective therapies but also illuminates viral evolutionary dynamics more broadly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robertson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feder, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social interactions shape antiviral resistance outcomes in poliovirus via eco-evolutionary feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.02.691753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of remote planning in hippocampal replay 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.02.691753v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During brief, intermittent "replay" events, hippocampal activity can express navigational trajectories disconnected from both when and where they originally occurred. While replay biased toward immediate future goals has been observed, there is no evidence yet linking replay to planning beyond the next action. Here, we designed a sequential spatial working memory task which required rats to utilize information across multiple temporally separated actions. Remote replay events matched the animals future navigational choices made after completing an intervening subtask. Critically, this occurred only when the replayed information was useful for reducing memory load, consistent with it being an active process. Our findings suggest these remote replay events are a neural correlate of episodic forethought, allowing animals to use memories to plan beyond their immediate surroundings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lustig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastalkova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of remote planning in hippocampal replay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.02.656870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replaying germinal center evolution on a quantified affinity landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.02.656870v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Darwinian evolution of immunoglobulin genes within germinal centers (GC) underlies the progressive increase in antibody affinity following antigen exposure. Whereas the mechanics of how competition between GC B cells drives increased affinity are well established, the dynamical evolutionary features of this process remain poorly characterized. We devised an experimental evolution model in which we "replay" over one hundred instances of a clonally homogenous GC reaction and follow the selective process by assigning affinities to all cells using deep mutational scanning. Our data reveal how GCs achieve predictable evolutionary outcomes through the cumulative effects of many rounds of imperfect selection, acting on a landscape shaped heavily by somatic hypermutation (SHM) targeting biases. Using time-calibrated models, we show that apparent features of GC evolution such as permissiveness to low-affinity lineages and early plateauing of affinity are best explained by survivorship biases that distort our view of how affinity progresses over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, W. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galloway, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkutkar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolatto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumm, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings-Schaffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozorowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nourmohammad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.656870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replaying germinal center evolution on a quantified affinity landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.11.693582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved phenotype and function of human brain border-associated macrophages in iPSC-derived models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.11.693582v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Border-associated macrophages (BAMs) are increasingly implicated in protective brain functions including the removal of pathogenic material such as amyloid-beta (A{beta}). However, there is a lack of available and deeply characterized human BAM models. Here, we report that postnatal transplantation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hematopoietic progenitors to the murine brain sufficiently chimerizes the brain border immune compartment to allow functional interrogations. Human xenotransplanted BAMs (xBAMs) line the leptomeninges and brain vasculature beyond the glia limitans. Via single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that a conserved transcriptional signature distinguishes BAMs from microglia across species origin, age, and genetic background. Both xBAMs and murine BAMs are defined by a hyper-endocytic phenotype and function, surpass other brain macrophages in acute A{beta} scavenging, and exhibit compartment-restricted sampling of parenchymal material. Using a modified differentiation protocol, we find that we can generate iPS-derived BAM-like cells (iBAMs) in vitro, which are also characterized by a hyper-endocytic phenotype and enhanced engulfment capacity relative to iPS-derived microglia-like cells (iMGLs). Together, these data define a conserved hyper-endocytic BAM phenotype and provide a toolbox for studying human BAMs both in vivo and in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barr, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hingerl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimertz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved phenotype and function of human brain border-associated macrophages in iPSC-derived models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.693527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic Control of Implanted Engineered Liver Tissue Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.693527v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the promise of engineered tissue implants for the treatment of organ failure, scaling of these constructs to sizes of therapeutic relevance remains a barrier to clinical translation. Here, we propose a strategy to circumvent this limitation: to instead implant a small-scale construct and then induce it to grow in situ after its engraftment into a host. Using engineered liver tissue as a proof-of-concept application, we integrated synthetic biology and tissue engineering tools to build liver tissues that can be expanded on-demand after implantation in vivo. To achieve this goal, we first identified the combination of YAP and growth factor signaling as sufficient to drive human hepatocyte proliferation in dense, 3D engineered tissues. We then engineered control of these signaling axes using synthetic biology tools to drive human liver tissue expansion both in vitro and in vivo. As such, this work establishes a genetic strategy for generating large organ implants through bioengineered, on-demand outgrowth using synthetic triggers (BOOST).

TeaserPresenting bioengineered on-demand outgrowth via synthetic biology triggering (BOOST) for in situ solid cell therapy scale up.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoddard, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzouanas, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic Control of Implanted Engineered Liver Tissue Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.693579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonergic neuron-glioma interactions drive high-grade glioma pathophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.693579v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-grade gliomas are lethal brain cancers that are powerfully regulated by glutamatergic neurons through activity-dependent paracrine factors and functional neuron-to-glioma synapses. Here, we report that serotonergic neurons promote the proliferation of high-grade gliomas throughout the brain. Serotonergic neuronal activity drives circuit-specific increases in high-grade glioma proliferation, calcium transients, and reduced survival. This growth-promoting effect is chiefly mediated by activation of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) receptor 5HT2A on glioma cells. Knock out or pharmacological blockade of 5HT2A receptors in glioma abrogated the glioma growth-promoting effects of serotonergic neuronal activity, while serotonergic psychedelic drugs robustly promote malignant cell proliferation. Gliomas alter serotonergic neuronal activity patterns, resulting in elevated serotonin release into the tumor microenvironment. Together, these findings uncover pathogenic, feed-forward interactions between serotonergic neurons and glioma cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drexler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancusi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamardani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yabo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira de Biagi-Junior, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo Cascio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malenka, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heifets, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filbin, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiland, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonergic neuron-glioma interactions drive high-grade glioma pathophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.693074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The circadian clock regulates scavenging of fluid-borne substrates by brain border-associated macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.693074v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian disruptions perturb the brain and immune system and increase the risk of developing Alzheimers Disease (AD), yet whether this involves dysregulation of brain immunity remains less clear. Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing of the brain immune compartment around the day-night cycle and identify brain border-associated macrophages (BAMs) as highly rhythmic cells. During the rest phase, we find that BAMs exhibit coordinated upregulation of endocytic genes and enhanced uptake of extracellular fluid-borne material including amyloid-beta (A{beta}). Rhythmicity in BAM scavenging is regulated by the clock gene Bmal1, mediated by the endocytic receptor CD206, and perturbed with age. In a mouse model of AD, we show that deletion of Bmal1 in BAMs worsens perivascular and leptomeningeal A{beta} plaque burden. Our results identify endocytosis as a specialized and rhythmic BAM function and identify perturbed timing of brain border immune functions as a potential mechanism by which circadian disruptions precipitate amyloidosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barr, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimertz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupte, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hingerl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The circadian clock regulates scavenging of fluid-borne substrates by brain border-associated macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.09.691975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering immunotoxin-equipped effector cells and evaluation in primary human immune cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.09.691975v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lethal toxins could become potent therapies against cancer, but their clinical utility is limited by adverse events upon systemic administration. These could be reduced if the toxins were delivered by effector cells that specifically infiltrate cancers, thereby releasing toxins locally into the tumor microenvironment. One of the challenges underlying this strategy is that cells delivering toxins would have to be resistant to them. We address this obstacle by showing that effectors derived from transformed human cell lines genetically engineered for resistance to bacterial adenosine diphosphate ribosylating toxins (ADPRTs), including Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE), can produce targeted immunotoxins that specifically kill cancer cells expressing cognate tumor-associated antigens. Resistance to immunotoxins was achieved by knockout of genes in the diphthamide biosynthesis pathway (DPH1-4) required for the posttranslational modification of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EEF2) that is the target of ADPRTs, or by mutation of EEF2 itself. We show that engineering resistance to ADPRTs, one of the most potent toxins acting on human cells, is essential to achieve robust function of armored effector cell lines. This work establishes a first step on the path to equip effector cells with the ability to deliver powerful toxins to cancer cells and introduces a platform to investigate extension to primary autologous or allogeneic therapeutic cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pearlman, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mog, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rincon-Torroella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNapoli, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiue, E. H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glavaris, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzler, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konig, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.691975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering immunotoxin-equipped effector cells and evaluation in primary human immune cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.09.688862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shared DNA-repeat toxicity threshold, reached somatically at cell-type-specific rates, unites cortical and striatal neurodegeneration in Huntingtons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.09.688862v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Huntingtons disease (HD) affects two major brain areas - the striatum and cerebral cortex - in ways that differ in timing, severity, and gene-expression changes. For these reasons, and because many cortical neurons project axons to the affected striatal neurons, striatal and cortical atrophy have long been proposed to have distinct mechanisms, with one potentially a secondary consequence of the other.

In the striatum, we recently found that neurons degenerate asynchronously as their own huntingtin (HTT) gene CAG-repeat tracts, typically inherited at 40-50 CAGs, expand somatically beyond 150 CAGs. To ask whether a similar or different dynamic affects the cerebral cortex, we analyzed HTT CAG repeats and genome-wide RNA expression together in more than 130,000 nuclei from 12 cortical areas of brain donors with HD.

The resulting data revealed that cortical and striatal neurodegeneration in fact result from analogous sequences of cell-autonomous events, each instructed by somatic expansion of a neurons own HTT CAG repeat. Analyses revealed that somatic expansion beyond a high toxicity threshold (of about 150 CAGs) is necessary and sufficient to initiate pathological changes; that this pathogenicity length threshold is shared by striatal and cortical projection neurons of all types; and that cortical area, cortical layer, and axonal projections play only incidental roles, as proxies for the true driver: profound (up to 50-fold) variation among types and subtypes of pyramidal neurons in the likelihood of reaching the 150-CAG toxicity threshold in a human lifetime. These results also suggest that containing somatic DNA-repeat expansion below this high toxicity threshold would protect both brain areas in HD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kashin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Rivera, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berretta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.688862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shared DNA-repeat toxicity threshold, reached somatically at cell-type-specific rates, unites cortical and striatal neurodegeneration in Huntingtons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.692789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of stepwise G protein activation by a viral chemokine receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.692789v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) govern diverse cellular responses and are crucial drug targets. However, the sequence of structural events from G protein recognition to GDP release has remained elusive. Here, we leveraged the viral chemokine GPCR US28 to capture transient activation states of the US28-Gq complex. Using cryo-electron microscopy and an engineered chemokine superagonist, we determined three distinct complex structures, capturing the initial GDP-bound TL-state, the nucleotide-free C-state, and a previously unobserved intermediate bridging the two states, the T2C-state. These structures, along with simulations and functional data, provide high-resolution snapshots of the G protein activation trajectory and reveal a stepwise conformational mechanism that orchestrates G protein activation. This activation cascade closely parallels mechanisms proposed for human GPCRs, suggesting a conserved GPCR signaling mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jude, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suomivuori, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waghray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiyoshi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsumi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.692789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of stepwise G protein activation by a viral chemokine receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.05.692394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preoptic Neurons that Regulate Hibernation Entry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.05.692394v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution of seasonal hibernation has enabled mammals to survive harsh conditions by entering a state of prolonged hypometabolism and hypothermia with body temperatures as low as 0-4{degrees}C1-6. Despite decades of physiological studies, the genetic tools to study hibernation have remained limited and the mechanisms that induce hibernation entry are still unknown. Focusing on the brain, we map state-dependent neuronal activity across the hibernation cycle in Syrian hamsters and identify the hypothalamic anterior preoptic area (aPOA) as a key regulator of hibernation entry. Single-nucleus RNA and chromatin profiling provided a map of neuronal populations present in the hamster POA and enabled the discovery and design of an enhancer AAV that selectively targets hibernation-associated aPOA subpopulations. Using this genetic approach, we show that Samd3-positive aPOA glutamatergic neurons are necessary for entry into hibernation and that their activation is sufficient to induce a prolonged hypothermic state with associated nesting behavior. Together, we identify the first neuronal population that controls entry into hibernation, opening new avenues for investigating and manipulating the metabolic and physiological mechanisms underlying this extreme state of "suspended animation" and its potential applications in aging and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavin-Peter, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrvatin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preoptic Neurons that Regulate Hibernation Entry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.692503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and evolution-guided design of minimal RNA-guided nucleases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.692503v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The design of RNA-guided nucleases with properties not limited by evolution can expand programmable genome editing capabilities. However, generating diverse multi-domain proteins with robust enzymatic properties remains challenging. Here we use an artificial intelligence-driven strategy that couples structure-guided inverse protein folding with evolution-informed residue constraints to generate active, divergent variants of TnpB, a minimal CRISPR-Cas12-like nuclease. High-throughput functional screening of AI-generated variants yielded editors that retained or exceeded wild-type activity in bacterial, plant and human cells. Cryo-EM-based structure determination of the most divergent active variant revealed new stabilizing contacts in the RNA/DNA interfaces across conformational states, demonstrating the design potential of this approach. Together these results establish a strategy for creating non-natural RNA-guided nucleases and conformationally active nucleic acid binders, enlarging the designable protein space.

One-sentence abstractAn evolution- and structure-conditioned model enables design of active RNA-guided nucleases with new nucleic acid contacts resolved by cryo-EM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esain-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTurk, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamraj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loi, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langeberg, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisonoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.692503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and evolution-guided design of minimal RNA-guided nucleases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.06.692770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-immune interactions generate pathogen-specific sickness states 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.06.692770v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, animals encounter diverse pathogens that trigger specific peripheral defense programs and elicit sickness behavior, a set of stereotyped physiological and behavioral changes thought to promote host fitness. Most studies to date have relied on one or a few mouse models of infection, limiting insights into pathogen-specific neuroimmune interactions that generate sickness. We hypothesized that different pathogens might elicit distinct sickness states by engaging different cell types and brain circuits. Using inflammatory models representing bacterial, viral, allergic, parasitic or colitis conditions, we assessed sickness across scales: organismal - behavior and physiology; cellular - brain-wide neural activity; and molecular - single-cell in situ transcriptomics in hypothalamus areas associated with social and homeostatic functions affected during sickness. Remarkably, immune challenges elicited unique repertoires of changes across all scales. Our findings reveal pathogen-specific sickness states encoded by the brain across scales, thereby broadening our understanding of how infections make us sick.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincze, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraudet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misherghi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourido, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffitt, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-immune interactions generate pathogen-specific sickness states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.693056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of FicD-mediated AMPylation and deAMPylation by Isoprenoid Diphosphates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.693056v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FicD regulates Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) through reversible AMPylation and deAMPylation of BiP, an HSP70 chaperone and master regulator of the UPR. FicD activity is regulated by ER-stress, catalyzing BiP AMPylation under low stress conditions to hold inactive chaperone in reserve. In stressed cells, FicD deAMPylates BiP, acutely increasing its active pool to assist in protein folding. Variants in UPR machinery, including those in the FicD gene, are linked to hereditary diseases. Despite the known role of FicD in UPR, in-vivo regulation of its activity remains elusive, and identifying metabolites that alter FicD activity could prove useful pharmaceutically. We applied an unbiased high-throughput screening platform, known as Mass spectrometry Integrated with equilibrium Dialysis for the discovery of Allostery Systematically (MIDAS), to identify novel small molecule metabolites that might regulate FicD activity. MIDAS revealed interactions between FicD and two mavelonate pathway intermediates : geranyl-pyrophosphate and farnesyl-pyrophosphate. Biochemical characterization indicates that both potently inhibit FicD-mediated AMPylation and deAMPylation. The crystal structure of FicD bound to farnesyl-pyrophosphate demonstrates a competitive inhibition mechanism, with the pyrophosphate adopting the alpha and beta phosphate positions of ATP and the hydrocarbon chain filling the nucleoside pocket. FicD variants previously appeared as biochemically indistinguishable, yet lead to different human pathologies. We demonstrate farnesyl-pyrophosphate inhibits FicDR374H and FicDR374C variants implicated in causing hereditary spastic paraplegia, but not the FicDR371S variant associated with neonatal diabetes. This study furthers our understanding of FicD inhibitors and distinguishes disease causing variants, providing insight into pharmacological targeting of UPR activity.

Significance StatementFicD regulates UPR signaling in metazoans by fine-tuning BiP chaperone capacity. Therefore, targeting FicD activity may be a tractable method of altering UPR signaling for therapeutic benefit. We identify geranyl- and farnesyl-pyrophosphate as specific FicD inhibitors. Notably, these small molecules differentially inhibit disease-causing variants of FicD. A structure of farnesyl-pyrophosphate bound to the FicD active site helps explain the differential inhibition of pathogenic variants and provides insight into interactions that can be differentially exploited for modifying FicD activity. Their composition provides a novel chemical foundation for future drug development efforts targeting FicD activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blevins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monshad, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of FicD-mediated AMPylation and deAMPylation by Isoprenoid Diphosphates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.06.692780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis of Human Kinetochore-Microtubule Coupling by the Ndc80 and Ska Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.06.692780v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The outer kinetochore (KT) physically links chromosomes to dynamic microtubule (MT) plus ends, coupling to both polymerizing and depolymerizing tips to support chromosome movements while maintaining robust attachment. In human cells, the Ska complex is thought to function analogously to the yeast Dam1 complex and to cooperate with Ndc80 at the outer KT to ensure stable KT-MT interactions. However, the molecular basis for this cooperation remains poorly understood. We have obtained structures of human Ska and Ndc80 complexes simultaneously bound to MTs, showing how Ska interacts with MT across several tubulin dimers. Ndc80 and Ska complexes engage with each other across adjacent protofilaments "sandwiching" the -tubulin C-terminal tail in the process. We also identify an anchoring interaction between a distinct bending point within the Ndc80 coiled-coil and a tethering helix and nearby phosphorylation sites (T358/T360) in SKA3. Our findings shed light on how human outer KT components collaboratively engage dynamic MT ends to contribute to robust KT-MT attachment and fidelity during chromosome segregation in mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis of Human Kinetochore-Microtubule Coupling by the Ndc80 and Ska Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.04.692214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bispecific T cell engagers control solid tumors through clonal replacement and IL2-driven effector differentiation of CD8 T-cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.04.692214v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bispecific T cell engagers (TCEs) often exhibit limited efficacy in solid tumors, in part due to immunosuppressive cues in the tumor microenvironment and low expression of targetable tumor antigens. Therapeutic strategies to improve TCE target sensitivity and enhance T cell effector functions therefore have significant translational potential. Here, we engineered TCEs that induce T cell activation in vitro against the low-abundance target antigens, TRP2/Kb and DLL3. Despite in vitro activity in these models, TCE monotherapy showed limited control of tumor growth in immunocompetent mice. Leveraging this in vivo model of TCE treatment failure, we discovered that co-treatment with TCE and a CD25-biased Interleukin-2 (IL2) rescues anti-tumor activity. Further, multimodal single-cell transcriptomic and immune repertoire analyses revealed that TCE-IL2 combination therapy controlled tumors by recruiting and activating new CD8+ T cells into the tumor microenvironment. These findings demonstrate that TCE-mediated anti-tumor responses function through a CD8+ T cell clonal replacement mechanism that can be augmented by cytokine therapy.

One Sentence SummaryCombining TCE therapy with IL-2 enhances TCE efficacy in aggressive small-cell lung cancer and melanoma models with low target antigen density through T cell clonal replacement and CD8+ effector T cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obenaus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poupault, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prange, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldoon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waghray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyquem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Lopez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.692214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bispecific T cell engagers control solid tumors through clonal replacement and IL2-driven effector differentiation of CD8 T-cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.05.692432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vagal volume receptors in the heart compensate for blood loss and posture change 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.05.692432v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cranial nerves densely innervate the heart and vasculature, with sensory neurons reporting on blood pressure, respiratory gases, and tissue damage1. The roles of arterial baroreceptors in systemic physiology are well appreciated2, but the functions of vagal cardiac mechanoreceptors have been more difficult to parse, in part due to the closed-loop structure of the cardiovascular system. Here, we use genetic tools for isolated study of vagal mechanoreceptors in the heart, finding that they are acutely sensitive to circulating blood volume and play key roles in compensating for decreased filling of the heart that occurs in an upright posture and during hemorrhage. Vagal PIEZO2 neurons form characteristic end-net endings in the heart and display blood volume-dependent responses with every heartbeat that are timelocked to atrial and ventricular systole. Vagal PIEZO2 knockout eliminates heartbeatcoupled nerve activity, and compromises carotid blood pressure when mice on a tilttable are rotated to an upright position. Vagal PIEZO2 knockout mice also display a lethal failure to sustain blood pressure during trauma-induced blood loss. Together, these findings demonstrate an essential function for vagal cardiac mechanoreceptors in sustaining the constancy of blood circulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haskell, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josipovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alabi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberles, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vagal volume receptors in the heart compensate for blood loss and posture change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.03.692036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A paradoxical impact of alcohol on sleep-memory coupling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.03.692036v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep serves a fundamental role in memory consolidation, and yet it must adapt to the organisms physiological state. Acute ethanol consumption has a profound impact on animal physiology, but whether intoxication affects the role of sleep in memory consolidation remains unexplored. We demonstrate that acute ethanol exerts a paradoxical dual impact on sleep-memory coupling in Drosophila. Typically, satiated flies require sleep for memory consolidation, but starved flies that must forage for food switch to sleep-independent memory. Ethanol selectively impairs memory consolidation in satiated flies, whereas memories in starved flies remain intact despite intoxication. The observed impairment in satiated flies is due to a switch to sleep-independent memory, which then cant be supported because of ethanol-induced sedation. Mechanistically, the ethanol-induced switch to sleep-independent memory is driven by neuropeptide F-mediated modulation of dopamine signaling. These findings reveal that ethanol intoxication inverts the canonical function of sleep, wherein it becomes detrimental to memory consolidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chouhan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A paradoxical impact of alcohol on sleep-memory coupling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.01.691607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating an anterior cingulate circuit for self-initiated actions and rescue of Parkinsonian akinesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.01.691607v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine (DA) depletion is known to result in Parkinsonian symptoms such as the inability to initiate movements (akinesia). While Parkinsonian akinesia is traditionally associated with reduced DA signaling in the striatum, the contribution of cortical regions that also receive DA projections and project to the striatum remains unclear. Here, we identify a previously unexplored cortical circuit involving D1-like dopamine receptor-expressing neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that is critical for initiating goal-directed movements. We find that a selective activation of ACC-D1+ neurons can flexibly drive targeted movement and locomotion even in akinetic mice after dopamine depletion or receptor antagonism. These findings uncover a cortical mechanism for movement initiation and offer promising new therapeutic targets for treating Parkinsonian akinesia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ulloa Severino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roshchina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhurin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating an anterior cingulate circuit for self-initiated actions and rescue of Parkinsonian akinesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasonic Reporter of Kinase Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691048v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein kinases are an essential class of enzymes that regulate cellular signaling pathways, with their dysregulation implicated in pathologies such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the existence of high-performance fluorescent biosensors of kinase activity, it remains challenging to study the function and regulation pathways of kinases in opaque tissues due to the limited tissue penetration of light. To address this limitation, we introduce the first ultrasonic reporter of kinase activity (UReKA), designed to detect protein kinase A (PKA) activity by altering the ultrasound scattering of gas vesicles, a unique class of air-filled protein nanostructures. We engineer a gas vesicle shell protein to respond to PKA, demonstrate the functionality of UReKA both in purified protein format and expressed in mammalian cells, and showcase its capacity to monitor PKA signaling in response to pharmacological stimulation or genetic mutation. This work makes it possible to visualize cellular functional activity in opaque media, with broad potential for future applications in cancer biology, cellular development, and drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.691048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasonic Reporter of Kinase Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.29.691326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Need-selective gating of dopamine neuron cue responses by real and virtual hunger 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.29.691326v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The midbrain dopamine system is important for linking reward-predictive cues to learning and 20 motivation. Here we investigated how dopamine neuron responses to food and water cues are modulated by changes in internal state. We developed a flexible cued-approach task that allowed us to examine behavioral and neural responses to both food- and water-predictive cues within the same recording session. We found that overlapping subsets of dopamine neurons respond to food and water cues, but that the magnitude of these responses is gated in a need-25 specific way. Stimulation of hunger-promoting AgRP neurons amplified dopamine neuronresponses to food cues, but not water cues, and the magnitude of these responses exceeded those observed in natural hunger. These findings indicate that changes in internal state modulate, in a need-appropriate way, the responses of a common set of dopamine neurons to environmental signals of food and water availability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mamaligas, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitzer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.29.691326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Need-selective gating of dopamine neuron cue responses by real and virtual hunger]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular coding of ingestion in the caudal brainstem 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691333v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The termination of a meal is triggered by sensory feedback from the stomach and intestines that reports on ingested food1-10 and is relayed to the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) in the brainstem11-14. This sensory feedback is thought to gradually intensify as a meal progresses, resulting in the progressive activation of cNTS circuits that promote satiety15,16, but this idea has never been tested by recording the single-cell activity of cNTS neurons while animals eat. Here, we have used a preparation for calcium imaging in the caudal brainstem of behaving animals17 to characterize how food ingestion is encoded in the cNTS. We find that when food is delivered directly to the stomach, most cNTS neurons exhibit ramping activation over many minutes that tracks cumulative food consumed and depends on canonical gut-brain pathways. However, when the same food is consumed by mouth, this widespread ramping activation is gone, and most cNTS neurons instead exhibit phasic, seconds-timescale responses to oral contact with food. We show that these rapid responses are driven by a combination of mechanical, gustatory and nutritive signals from the mouth and throat and do not require traditional gut-brain pathways, including gut-innervating vagal afferents, although GI feedback modulates their duration. We show that one source of this rapid input is descending projections from the paraventricular hypothalamus, which track ingestion dynamics and are required for proper meal termination. These findings reveal that sensory feedback from the stomach and intestines, which is directly transmitted to the cNTS and thought to be critical for satiety, is not the major driver of cNTS activity during ingestion. Instead, these circuits make extensive use of rapid, pregastric signals that report on the dynamics of behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibih, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.691333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular coding of ingestion in the caudal brainstem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic screen in enteroendocrine cells reveals mechanisms that control protein sensing and GLP-1 release 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691441v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are the principal nutrient sensors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and release hormones such as glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) that modulate GI function and appetite. While some of the molecules involved in nutrient sensing within EECs have been described, there have been no systematic studies to map the relevant genes and pathways. Here, we developed a strategy to perform a high-throughput screen for genes that are required for nutrient-induced activation of EECs, and we applied this to probe mechanisms for sensing dietary protein. We found that all of the genes previously proposed to function as protein sensors in EECs are, collectively, dispensable for protein sensing in an EEC cell line. Instead, a screen of >20,000 sgRNAs identified numerous genes associated with mitochondrial respiration as being necessary for this process. We showed through secondary assays that impairing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) reduced EEC activation and GLP-1 release in response to nutrients but not in response to a non-nutritive stimulus. On the other hand, boosting OXPHOS increased EEC activation and GLP-1 release. These data reveal that intracellular metabolism within EECs controls the detection of dietary protein, possibly by monitoring the entry of ingested amino acids into the TCA cycle. More broadly, these findings suggest a general strategy to screen for genes and pathways that might be used to boost the nutrient-regulated release of gut peptides such as GLP-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggess, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teyssier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.691441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic screen in enteroendocrine cells reveals mechanisms that control protein sensing and GLP-1 release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An orthogonal TRAP enables intersectional genetic access to activated neurons in the mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.30.691330v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of neural circuits has been greatly enabled by methods for obtaining genetic access to activated neurons. However, these approaches typically tag neurons based on their response to only a single stimulus, which limits the ability to define precise subpopulations of cells. Here we describe an approach (X-TRAP) in which the activity-dependent expression of Flp recombinase is gated by branaplam, a small molecule that triggers splicing of the X-ON switch. We show that X-TRAP knock-in mice exhibit undetectable Flp recombination in the absence of drug and that branaplam treatment results in robust induction of recombination selectively in neurons that express FOS. Moreover, we show that X-TRAP is orthogonal to the widely-used TRAP system, such that these two approaches can be used in the same animal to label cells with Cre and Flp recombination in response to two different stimuli. We apply this strategy to map neural circuits that control food intake. This approach for intersectional, activity-dependent genetic labeling should enhance our ability to identify the neural correlates of behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatziris, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvie, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.691330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An orthogonal TRAP enables intersectional genetic access to activated neurons in the mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.26.690573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orthosteric Molecular Glue Inhibits COP9 Signalosome with Substrate-Dependent Potency 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.26.690573v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orthosteric inhibitors block enzyme active sites and prevent substrates from binding. Enhancing their specificity through substrate dependence seems inherently unlikely, as their mechanism hinges on direct competition rather than selective recognition. Here, we show that a molecular glue mechanism unexpectedly imparts substrate-dependent potency to CSN5i-3, an orthosteric inhibitor of the COP9 signalosome (CSN). We first confirm that CSN5i-3 inhibits CSN, which catalyzes NEDD8 deconjugation from the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), by occupying the active site of its catalytic subunit, CSN5, and directly competing with the iso-peptide bond substrate. Curiously, the orthosteric inhibitor binds free CSN with only micromolar affinity, yet achieves nanomolar potency in blocking its deneddylase activity. Cryo-EM structures of the enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex reveal that active site-engaged CSN5i-3 occludes the substrate iso-peptide linkage while simultaneously extending an NEDD8-binding exosite of CSN5, acting as a molecular glue to cement the NEDD8-CSN5 interaction. The cooperativity of this tri-molecular CSN5i-3-NEDD8-CSN5 assembly, in turn, sequesters CSN5i-3 at its binding site, conferring high potency to the orthosteric inhibitor despite its low affinity for the free enzyme. Together, our findings highlight the modest affinity requirements of molecule glues for individual target proteins and establish "orthosteric molecular glue inhibitors" as a new class of substrate-dependent enzyme antagonists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braitbard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman-Duhovny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orthosteric Molecular Glue Inhibits COP9 Signalosome with Substrate-Dependent Potency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.27.690844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early-life stromal niches orchestrate B lymphopoiesis at the brain's borders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.27.690844v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dura mater serves as a critical immunological niche for the central nervous system, yet the mechanisms governing the emergence of this niche in early life remain understudied. Here, we chart the trajectory of dural immune development, uncovering a distinctive function for the murine dura as a transient niche for B lymphopoiesis in the early-postnatal window. Shared embryonic progenitors initiate dural B cell development in concert with a multi-organ wave of extramedullary lymphopoiesis that contributes distinctively to the peripheral B cell pool. In the dura, B cells develop locally in discrete sinus-proximal foci, occupying an anatomically defined and developmentally restricted fibroblast niche. Sinus-proximal fibroblasts express the pro-hematopoietic chemokine CXCL12, and local deletion of this crucial factor severely impairs dural B lymphopoiesis. These data reveal a critical function for dural fibroblasts in shaping the early-life B cell compartment and provide a model for how extramedullary niches may support early-life leukocyte production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupte, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colville-Reimertz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabikunnahar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Soysa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazestani, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavinkurve, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanser, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dissing-Olesen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camargo, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.690844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early-life stromal niches orchestrate B lymphopoiesis at the brain's borders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.25.690553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrafast CTCF dynamics control cohesin barrier function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.25.690553v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes are organized into chromatin loops through cohesin-mediated extrusion, with CTCF acting as a polar boundary element. As cohesin approaches CTCF at kilobase-per-second speeds, it must rapidly choose whether to stall or bypass. How CTCF encodes this probabilistic decision within a brief encounter window has remained unclear. Here we show that CTCF governs this probabilistic outcome by rapidly sampling a dynamic ensemble of conformations generated by spontaneous rearrangements of its DNA-binding zinc fingers. This ensemble is tuned by DNA sequence, CpG methylation, nearby nucleosomes, and the cohesin regulator PDS5A before cohesin engagement. Upon cohesin binding, PDS5A enhances loop-anchor mechanical stability, reinforcing orientation-dependent boundaries. These findings establish conformational ensemble tuning, rather than static occupancy, as a regulatory principle linking base pair-scale motions to megabase-scale genome organization.

One sentence summaryChromatin boundary function is governed not by CTCF occupancy alone, but by a tunable ensemble of DNA-bound conformations that probabilistically gates cohesin capture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudnizky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, T. J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merino-Urteaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccianini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osorio-Valeriano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meneses, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarb, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzakis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksimentiev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrafast CTCF dynamics control cohesin barrier function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.21.688112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life-long behavioral screen reveals an architecture of vertebrate aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.21.688112v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping behavior of individual vertebrate animals across lifespan is challenging, but if achieved, could provide an unprecedented view into the life-long process of aging. We created the first platform for high-resolution continuous behavioral tracking of a vertebrate animal across natural lifespan from adolescence to death--here, of the African killifish. This behavioral screen revealed that animals follow distinct individual aging trajectories. The behaviors of long-lived animals differed markedly from those of short-lived animals, even relatively early in life, and were linked to organ-specific transcriptomic shifts. Machine learning models accurately predicted age and even forecasted an individuals future lifespan, given only behavior at a young age. Finally, we found that animals progressed through adulthood in a sequence of stable and stereotyped behavioral stages with abrupt transitions suggesting a novel structure for the architecture of vertebrate aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bedbrook, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.688112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life-long behavioral screen reveals an architecture of vertebrate aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.21.689808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of cysteine proteases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.21.689808v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in de novo enzyme design, success has been largely limited to low energy barrier model reactions. Amide bonds such as those linking amino acids along the peptide backbone are stable for hundreds of years in neutral aqueous solution because of the high energy barrier to hydrolysis1. Here we describe the use of a new deep learning method, RFD2-MI2, to de novo design enzymes which utilize an activated cysteine nucleophile to hydrolyze the polypeptide backbone in a sequence-dependent manner, achieving rate enhancements over the background reaction (kcat/kuncat) of up to 3 x 107. The generated designs have folds very different from the proteases in nature (TM score < 0.50), and crystal structures are very close to the design models (C RMSDs < 1.2 [A]), highlighting the accuracy of the design methodology. Our approach has broad utility for advancing the design of novel proteases for both biotechnical and medical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shida, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilvert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of cysteine proteases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.19.689381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting peptide-MHC complexes with designed T cell receptors and antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.19.689381v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class I major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells, present peptides derived from intracellular proteins for surveillance by T cells. The precise recognition of foreign or mutated peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes by T cell receptors (TCRs) is central to immune defense against pathogens and tumors. Although patient-derived TCRs specific for cancer-associated antigens have been used to engineer tumor-targeting therapies, their reactivity toward self- or near-self antigens may be constrained by negative selection in the thymus. Here, we introduce a structure-based deep learning framework, ADAPT (Antigen-receptor Design Against Peptide-MHC Targets), for the design of TCRs and antibodies that bind to pMHC targets of interest. We evaluate the ADAPT pipeline by designing and characterizing TCRs and antibodies against a diverse panel of pMHCs. Cryogenic electron microscopy structures of two designed antibodies bound to their respective pMHC targets demonstrate atomic-level accuracy at the recognition interface, supporting the robustness of our structure-based approach. Computationally designed TCRs and antibodies targeting pMHC complexes could enable a broad range of therapeutic applications, from cancer immunotherapy to autoimmune disease treatment, and insights gained from TCR-pMHC design should advance predictive understanding of TCR specificity with implications for basic immunology and clinical diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Motmaen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jude, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minervina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenstein, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenezer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correnti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting peptide-MHC complexes with designed T cell receptors and antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.19.689216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unconventional linkers facilitate potent stabilized coronavirus stem antibody responses following nanoparticle vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.19.689216v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccine technologies that protect against a range of related pathogens within viral families, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and coronaviruses (CoVs) represent the future of viral vaccine development. Towards developing broad-spectrum CoV and influenza vaccines, we and others previously designed and evaluated CoV and influenza stem antigens; but these elicited relatively weak and sub-neutralizing antibody (Ab) responses. Multivalent antigen display on nanoparticles (NPs) is an established strategy to enhance and shape immunogenicity. However, one facet of NP vaccines has been largely overlooked: the indispensable linker segment between the antigen and NP core. Here, we introduce de novo-designed rigid (L2) and rarely used long flexible (L6) linkers to optimally display antigens on NPs, target occluded epitopes, and enhance cross-reactive Ab responses, using prefusion-stabilized Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike (S-2P) and stem (SS) antigens as prototype antigens. Antigenic characterization of L2-NPs confirmed enhanced Ab binding and exposure of cross-reactive epitopes compared with L6-NPs and soluble antigens. Immunization with SS-L2-NPs elicited broader, more potent cross-reactive Ab responses across the seven human-infecting CoVs and pandemic threat WIV1-CoV, whereas SS-L6-NPs induced stronger neutralizing Ab responses against MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and WIV1-CoV. Ab competition and systems serology analyses revealed that SS-L2-NPs elicit robust Fc-mediated effector functions. By improving CoV-targeting Ab functionality, these linker approaches have the potential to confer broad-spectrum CoV protection and represent a promising strategy against hypervariable influenza and HIV viruses - as well as other broad viral families with pandemic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dzuvor, C. K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moak, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzordzorme, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evanson, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeyemi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limaye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Helaire, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unconventional linkers facilitate potent stabilized coronavirus stem antibody responses following nanoparticle vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.17.688899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near-atomistic simulations reveal the molecular principles that control chromatin structure and phase separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.17.688899v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how chromatins physicochemical properties shape its emergent organisation is central to deciphering genome function. To address this, we present OpenCGChromatin, a high-performance coarse-grained model that achieves near-atomistic simulations of chromatin systems an order of magnitude larger than previously possible, spanning biomolecular condensates and fibers tens of kilobases in length. OpenCGChromatin simulations independently predict, from physicochemical principles, the linker-DNA-dependent chromatin structures observed by cryo-ET and the relative thermodynamic stability of condensates inferred from biochemical assays. Crucially, OpenCGChromatin resolves histone-tail dynamics and interaction networks that remain inaccessible experimentally, explaining how linker-DNA length controls histone tail accessibility and the resulting multiscale structure of chromatin condensates. Extending simulations to 108-nucleosome fibers shows that acetylation disrupts chromatin compaction in a pattern-specific manner by weakening key tail-mediated interactions, with H4K16 and H3K9 emerging as the most energetically disruptive modifications. These results position OpenCGChromatin as a powerful framework for linking molecular detail to emergent chromatin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maristany, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huertas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orozco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collepardo-Guevara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.688899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near-atomistic simulations reveal the molecular principles that control chromatin structure and phase separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.15.688565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ecDNA-driven oncogene super-expressors shape immunoevasive tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.15.688565v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ecDNA contributes to cancer genetic heterogeneity through random segregation during mitosis. Emerging evidence links ecDNA to immune evasion, but the mechanism remains elusive. Using genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we show that Kras and Myc oncogenes are amplified either on ecDNAs or as homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) on chromosomes. ecDNA-driven tumors are more aggressive in immunocompetent mice. Single-cell transcriptomic and histological analyses reveal that ecDNA-driven tumors rapidly establish an immunoevasive tumor microenvironment (TME), marked by increased myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblasts (myCAFs) and reduced T cell infiltration. Mechanistically, ecDNA heterogeneity generates a subset of cancer cells with extremely high Kras expression, termed super-expressors, which secrete amphiregulin to promote myCAF expansion and suppress T cell infiltration. Clonally organized super-expressors establish an immunoevasive niche in the TME from patients with PDAC. Our findings demonstrate a causal role of ecDNA in TME remodeling, offering insights into cancer heterogeneity and immune evasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazgan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbreath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.15.688565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ecDNA-driven oncogene super-expressors shape immunoevasive tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.686428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting task-relevant preserved dynamics from contrastive aligned neural recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.11.686428v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work indicates that low-dimensional dynamics of neural and behavioral data are often preserved across days and subjects. However, extracting these preserved dynamics remains challenging: high-dimensional neural population activity and the recorded neuron populations vary across recording sessions. While existing modeling tools can improve alignment between neural and behavioral data, they often operate on a per-subject basis or discretize behavior into categories, disrupting its natural continuity and failing to capture the underlying dynamics. We introduce Contrastive Aligned Neural DYnamics (CANDY), an end-to-end framework that aligns neural and behavioral data using rank-based contrastive learning, adapted for continuous behavioral variables, to project neural activity from different sessions onto a shared low-dimensional embedding space. CANDY fits a shared linear dynamical system to the aligned embeddings, enabling an interpretable model of the conserved temporal structure in the latent space. We validate CANDY on synthetic and real-world datasets spanning multiple species, behaviors, and recording modalities. Our results show that CANDY is able to learn aligned latent embeddings and preserved dynamics across neural recording sessions and subjects, and it achieves improved cross-session behavior decoding performance. We further show that the latent linear dynamical system generalizes to new sessions and subjects, achieving comparable or even superior behavior decoding performance to models trained from scratch. These advances enable robust cross-session behavioral decoding and offer a path towards identifying shared neural dynamics that underlie behavior across individuals and recording conditions. The code and two-photon imaging data of striatal neural activity that we acquired here are available at https://github.com/schnitzer-lab/CANDY-public.git.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shikano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinc, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.686428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting task-relevant preserved dynamics from contrastive aligned neural recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.10.687652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome-wide in silico screening for human protein-protein interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.10.687652v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) drive virtually all biological processes, yet most PPIs have not been identified and even more remain structurally unresolved. We developed a two-step computational screen for human PPIs. First, a classifier called KIRC (Knowledge-Informed Rapid Classifier), trained on biological features, was used to rank all 200 million possible protein pairs in the human proteome by their interaction likelihood. Second, the [~]1.6 million top-ranked KIRC pairs were subjected to structure prediction by AlphaFold-Multimer and ranked using SPOC (Structure Prediction and Omics Classifier), which identifies functional predictions based on biological and structural features. This pipeline revealed 16,000 high-confidence PPIs ([~]90% precision), of which more than 5,000 were not previously recognized and more than 12,000 have not been structurally resolved. We use this "predictome" to formulate new hypotheses in different areas of biology, reinterpret low-resolution cryo-EM maps, and identify and validate novel PPIs that may support replication-coupled chromatin assembly. The predicted PPIs, viewable at predictomes.org, are expected to accelerate characterization of the molecular interactions that underlie vertebrate cell physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smogorzewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome-wide in silico screening for human protein-protein interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.07.687317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-informed evolutionary analysis of the meiotic recombination machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.07.687317v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite being essential for fertility, many proteins involved in meiotic homologous recombination have diverged rapidly. The evolutionary forces driving this divergence remain mostly unknown, in part because of challenges in accounting for the interplay of sequence changes with constraints imposed by proteins structures and physiological roles. Here, we explore strategies to more sensitively detect signatures of positive or relaxed selection by integrating evolutionary analyses with structural and functional information, using meiotic recombination proteins in four taxa--primates, rodents, birds and budding yeasts. By mapping selection rate estimates onto predicted protein structures, we characterized protein regions likely to have experienced positive selection. We further identified subtle sequence variation within protein domains that are well conserved generally because of structural constraints. To detect sequence variation masked by these constraints, we analyzed selection at structurally matched residues, comparing homologs across different lineages as well as between meiosis-specific and generalist paralogs. These approaches identified lineage- and paralog-restricted enrichment of non-synonymous substitutions that may indicate loss of functional constraints and/or adaptive innovation. Finally, we used cross-species complementation experiments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to show that sequence variation in the pro-crossover factor MSH4 modulates recombination proficiency. We suggest that evolutionary plasticity per se is a key conserved characteristic of the meiotic recombination machinery. More generally, our approach provides a mechanistic framework to analyze protein evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedanayagam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-informed evolutionary analysis of the meiotic recombination machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.10.687702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the regulation of VPS13 family bridge-like lipid transfer proteins from the structure of VPS13C. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.10.687702v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bridge-like lipid transfer proteins (BLTPs) play central roles in redistributing lipids from their primary site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to other organelles. They comprise bridge-domains spanning between organelles at contact sites that allow lipids to transit the cytosol between adjacent membranes. The assembly of BLTPs into complexes with adaptor proteins enables their lipid transfer ability. To address the mechanisms underlying assembly and regulation of BLTP complexes, we used cryo-EM to resolve the structure of one such BLTP, the Parkinsons protein VPS13C, at near-atomic resolution. The structure identifies a lipid-transfer-nonpermissive conformation, where the built-in C-terminal VAB adaptor module blocks the end of the lipid transfer bridge, interfering with lipid delivery. We also identify calmodulin, central to calcium signaling, as a VPS13 partner, suggesting calcium regulation of VPS13 function. Altogether, this structure of intact VPS13C serves as starting point to understand its regulation and, more broadly, that of other BLTPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the regulation of VPS13 family bridge-like lipid transfer proteins from the structure of VPS13C.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.03.657713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyserine-tau interactions modulate tau fibrilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.03.657713v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tau aggregates are the defining feature of multiple neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to the pathology of disease. However, the molecules affecting tau aggregation in cells are unclear. We previously determined that polyserine-rich domain containing proteins enrich in tau aggregates, assemble into puncta that can serve as sites of tau aggregation, and exacerbate tau aggregation in cells and mice. Herein, we show that polyserine domains are sufficient to define assemblies as sites of tau aggregation, in part, through localization of tau seeds. Purified polyserine self-assembles and directly interacts with monomeric and fibrillar tau. Moreover, polyserine-tau assemblies recruit RNA, leading to faster rates of tau fibrillization in vitro. Using polyserine variants, we found that enrichment in tau aggregates and stimulation of tau aggregation are separable functions of polyserine domains, with polyserine self-assembly stimulating tau aggregation. Together, our results show that polyserine self-assembles and directly interacts with tau to form preferred sites of tau aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pratt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyserine-tau interactions modulate tau fibrilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.28.656580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SHR/Akr Y chromosome reveals repeated turnover of the rat pseudoautosomal region 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.28.656580v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crossing-over between Chr X and Chr Y was first observed 90 years ago, in the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus. However, the sequence of the rat pseudoautosomal region (PAR) has remained a mystery. We produced a near-complete sequence of Chr Y from the SHR strain, along with nearly a megabase of sequence from both telomeres of Chr X. Both telomeric ends of Chr Y display extensive homology to Chr X, but no homology to the ancestral PAR of placental mammals. Using rat Y BACs probes for FISH on meiotic cells, we show that pairing almost always occurs between the tips of Yq and Xp, which are virtually identical in nucleotide sequence, but contain no protein-coding genes. Homology at the other ends of Chr X and Chr Y is likely the result of a recent transposition of five genes from Xq to Yp. These sequences are only 99.5% identical and pair infrequently, but show signs that it may have been pseudoautosomal in the ancestor of the rat genus. The rat Chr Y sequence presents opportunities for experimental studies of meiotic phenomena in a tractable model organism. The short PAR, with a correspondingly high recombination rate, represents a unique substrate for molecular studies of crossing-over. Likewise, the absence of extensively co-amplified testis gene families on the rat X and Y suggests they might serve as control for the intense competition between selfish elements that completely remodeled the mouse sex chromosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bellott, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaletsky, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyntikova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutseva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghlul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizghin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raudsepp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SHR/Akr Y chromosome reveals repeated turnover of the rat pseudoautosomal region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.692974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing a physiological state space via chronic jugular microdialysis in freely moving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.08.692974v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining physiological homeostasis requires a complex interplay among endocrine organs, peripheral tissues, and distributed neuroendocrine control circuits, all of which are coupled through feedback loops that operate over minutes to hours. Although many physiological needs are broadcast through hormones, metabolites, and other chemical compounds circulating in the bloodstream, we rarely observe more than a few of these messengers together and at high cadence during behavior. To address this, we developed a minimally disruptive workflow to measure the free fraction of hundreds of amines and small peptides at a 7.5-minute cadence for [~]8 hrs in freely moving mice using chronic jugular microdialysis implants and chemical isotope labeling Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Single-compound profiles behave according to known physiology, such as purine turnover correlating with movement, delayed histamine/5-HIAA changes, and coordinated amino-acid dynamics. Our multiplexed measures enable high-dimensional analyses that uncover properties of the underlying dynamics. For example, systems-level analyses show that 10 dimensions explain over 70% of the variance in hormone/metabolite covariation, consistent with a low rank description of the physiological state space, with projections aligned to locomotion state transitions. Our work opens avenues for the discovery of hormonal dynamics, compound interactions, and their effects on behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nardin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elziny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pjanovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boklund, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilanges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.692974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing a physiological state space via chronic jugular microdialysis in freely moving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial gene expression maps in vertebrate limbs display conserved and regenerative species-specific features within connective tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694399v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regeneration is widespread but sparsely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. Identifying factors that differentiate regenerative and non-regenerative organisms could enable approaches for improving regenerative outcomes in non-regenerative species. Constitutive adult positional information can be required for regeneration, but has been poorly characterized across animal species. Here, we generated positional gene expression atlases for the limbs of one regenerative (axolotl) and one non-regenerative (mouse) vertebrate. Regional gene expression signatures in both species are highly overlapping and mirror multiple developmental positional information patterns, particularly along the primary limb axis. These expression signatures are largely harbored in connective tissue, including diverse fibroblast types, in both organisms. We also identified species-specific regional expression patterns, including for Proxima, a novel gene encoding a secreted factor with strong positional expression in axolotl. Positional gene expression similar to developmental patterns also exists between fore and hindlimbs and along anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral limb axes, but is notably stronger in axolotl than in mouse. Our results demonstrate that regenerative and non-regenerative vertebrate limbs share many, but not all, signatures of positional information. This work establishes regional atlases of adult vertebrate limbs and suggests that the connective tissue of regenerative and non-regenerative vertebrate limbs share a conserved signature of positional information that is stronger in regenerative species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McMann, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloutier, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial gene expression maps in vertebrate limbs display conserved and regenerative species-specific features within connective tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.12.693842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondria-derived PEP licenses glycerolipid synthesis via SLC25A35 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.12.693842v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria provide a variety of metabolites, in addition to ATP, to meet cell-specific needs. One such metabolite is phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which contains a higher-energy phosphate bond than ATP and has diverse biological functions. However, how mitochondria-generated PEP is delivered to the cytosol and fulfills cell-specific requirements remains elusive. Here, we show that SLC25A35 regulates mitochondrial PEP efflux and glyceroneogenesis in lipogenic cells that utilize the pyruvate-to-PEP bypass. Reconstitution and structural studies demonstrated PEP transport by SLC25A35 in a pH gradient-dependent manner. Loss of SLC25A35 in adipocytes impaired the conversion of mitochondrial PEP into glycerol-3-phosphate, thereby reducing glycerolipid synthesis. Significantly, hepatic inhibition of SLC25A35 in obese mice alleviated steatosis and improved systemic glucose homeostasis. Together, these results suggest that mitochondria facilitate glycerolipid synthesis by providing PEP via SLC25A35, offering lipogenic mitochondria as a target to limit glycerolipid synthesis, a pivotal step in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and Type 2 diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamamuro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katoh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higuchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yook, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.693842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondria-derived PEP licenses glycerolipid synthesis via SLC25A35]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroligin-2 is ubiquitinated by Nedd4l to control developmental astrocyte morphogenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694023v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes of the central nervous system have an intricate and highly branched morphology. Proper development of perisynaptic astrocyte processes is necessary for the tripartite synapse development, maturation, and function. However, how astrocyte morphogenesis is controlled, and the specific molecules orchestrating this development are largely unknown. Previously, we identified Neuroligins (NLs) 1-3 as regulators of astrocyte morphogenesis by forming transcellular adhesions with neuronal neurexins. Here, we found that NL2 plays a non-redundant essential role in astrocyte morphogenesis. Through structure and function studies, we identified a WW-binding motif within the NL2 intracellular domain required for astrocyte morphogenesis. Using cell-specific in vivo proximity labeling by biotinylation (iBioID), we found that each NL displays distinct protein-protein interactions within astrocytes, and NL2 has cell-type specific interactomes in astrocytes versus neurons. By leveraging this interactome, we conducted in vitro and in vivo candidate screens and identified WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4l to control astrocyte morphogenesis. Biochemical assays revealed that Nedd4l ubiquitinates and stabilizes NL2, and this ubiquitination step is required for astrocyte morphogenesis. This study shows that Neuroligins have non-overlapping roles in controlling astrocyte growth and uncovers a molecular mechanism of how NL2 mediates astrocyte morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elazar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagendren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderblom, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroligin-2 is ubiquitinated by Nedd4l to control developmental astrocyte morphogenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore-based profiling of PEGylation in nucleic acid therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694309v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleic acid therapeutics, including aptamers, offer effective strategies for programmable and targeted disease treatment. To improve their stability and circulation time, oligonucleotides are often conjugated to hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, current bulk techniques fail to resolve PEG heterogeneity, especially in complex biological environments. Here, we use nanopore sensing to quantify PEG conjugation efficiency of the FDA-approved RNA aptamer pegaptanib. We assembled DNA nanostructures that bind pegaptanib and then we used solid-state nanopores to quantify pegaptanib PEGylation. We further assess pegaptanib PEGylation in a serum background and demonstrate that nanopore sensing resolves PEG moieties of distinct molecular weights within oligonucleotide conjugates. Single-molecule profiling of polymer-RNA conjugates enables iterative improvements in oligonucleotide design and provides a direct means to assess their stability in complex biological environments, thereby advancing the development of more effective nucleic acid therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patino Guillen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumberg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyser, U. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boskovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore-based profiling of PEGylation in nucleic acid therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.19.695558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel ubiquitin receptors on the 26S proteasome by photo-crosslinking mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.19.695558v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the endpoint of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, an essential pathway for maintaining cellular homeostasis through targeted degradation of misfolded, damaged, and obsolete proteins. Substrates labeled with ubiquitin are directed to the 26S proteasome by binding to one or more ubiquitin receptors. However, ubiquitin-dependent degradation occurs even when the canonical receptor sites are mutated, suggesting the presence of additional, unidentified binding sites. Here we created photo-crosslinkable probes for ubiquitin interactions by incorporating the unnatural amino acid p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine into ubiquitin. We show that these probes can be used to measure apparent affinities for known receptors and to reveal novel ubiquitin-binding sites on the yeast 26S proteasome. Through photo-crosslinking mass-spectrometry experiments we identified a groove on the top of the proteasome, formed by Rpn2, Rpn9, Rpn10, and Rpn12, that serves as an additional ubiquitin-binding interface. Our photo-crosslinkable probes thus serve as versatile tools for the characterization of ubiquitin-protein interactions and the identification of ubiquitin-binding domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacRae, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel ubiquitin receptors on the 26S proteasome by photo-crosslinking mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.18.694444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-cell cryo-electron tomography reveals differential effects of type I and type II kinase inhibitors on LRRK2 filament formation and microtubule association 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.18.694444v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a leading contributor to developing familial and idiopathic Parkinsons disease (PD). Most PD-causing LRRK2 mutations increase the kinase activity, leading to increased phosphorylation of Rab GTPases, disrupting vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and autophagy. Under homeostatic conditions, the bulk of WT and PD-mutant LRRK2 is found in the cytosol. However, exogenously expressed LRRK2 can form microtubule-associated filaments that have been shown to affect molecular transport along microtubules in vitro. While the physiological relevance of microtubule binding has not been established yet, inhibitors being designed and tested as therapeutics have been shown to either promote or prevent filament formation of LRRK2. In this study, we examine the localization and resulting molecular organization of hyperactive LRRK2-I2020T, a common PD mutant, in cells treated with type I (MLi-2) or type II (GZD-824) kinase inhibitors. Treatment with a type I kinase inhibitor results in extensive LRRK2-I2020T decoration around microtubules and microtubule bundling. Stabilization of LRRK2-I2020T filaments by type I inhibitor treatment allowed us to build a full-length closed-kinase model of LRRK2-I2020T in its cellular environment. Conversely, treatment with a type II inhibitor resulted in minimal microtubule decoration by LRRK2-I2020T compared to Type I inhibitor treated cells. This study provides a structural framework for understanding how type I and type II kinase inhibitors differentially modulate LRRK2 filament formation, demonstrating that type I inhibitor treatment promotes a distinct filament architecture, whereas such assemblies are not observed with type II inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basiashvili, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasmanis, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leschziner, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.694444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-cell cryo-electron tomography reveals differential effects of type I and type II kinase inhibitors on LRRK2 filament formation and microtubule association]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.17.694993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VEGF/ERK activation and PI3K inhibition together drive a vein-to-artery transition in an in vitro model of human angiogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.17.694993v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artery endothelial cells (ECs) arise through different pathways, including differentiation from mesodermal cells (vasculogenesis) or from already established vein or capillary plexus ECs (angiogenesis), the latter being most common during embryonic development and regeneration. Understanding the vein-to-artery (v2a) transition could improve revascularization therapies, but progress is limited by a lack of human models. Here, we develop a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation protocol that models the v2a EC conversion. Comparing v2a and mesoderm-to-artery (m2a) transcriptomes with publicly available single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from human embryos showed they reflected angiogenesis- and vasculogenesis-derived artery ECs, respectively. This reductionist system revealed that VEGF activation alongside PI3K inhibition was sufficient for vein ECs to acquire arterial identity within 48 hours. We model a critical step in vascular development and define the minimal signals required for artery differentiation from veins, providing a framework to promote this conversion in revascularization or therapeutic contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amir-Ugokwe, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Red-Horse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trimm, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.694993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VEGF/ERK activation and PI3K inhibition together drive a vein-to-artery transition in an in vitro model of human angiogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.16.694733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ectopic engraftment of nociceptive neurons derived from hPSCs for pain relief and joint homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.16.694733v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic pain arises from the interplay of inflammatory signals that activate and sensitize nociceptors within injured tissues. Most analgesics fail clinically due to their mono-targeted mechanisms. Here, we apply human pluripotent stem cell-derived nociceptive neurons (hPSC-NNs) as therapeutic agents for osteoarthritis, targeting both pain and joint degeneration. We generated sensory neurons from hPSCs and identified CD200 as a nociceptor marker. Transcriptomic and functional profiling revealed that CD200highhPSC-NNs closely resemble human nociceptors, expressing pain-relevant receptors and ion channels. Strikingly, ectopic transplantation of CD200highhPSC-NNs into the knee joint of osteoarthritic mice reduced pain and promoted bone and cartilage repair, whereas CD200low cells exhibited no benefit. Mechanistically, human and mouse proteomics suggest that CD200highhPSC-NNs act as decoys by sequestering inflammatory ligands while secreting reparative factors in joint tissues. These findings uncover a fundamental role of nociceptors in tissue repair, providing a multi-targeted, disease-modifying strategy for OA and chronic pain.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/694733v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (70K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15f0948org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5a59bforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ba4439org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d518d1_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIhPSC-derived nociceptors (hPSC-NNs) as Decoy Engraftment for Cellular Interception and Repair (DECIR) when transplanted into the knee joint, extending beyond conventional regenerative strategies
C_LIO_LICD200 serves as a clinically actionable surface marker for the purification of hPSC-NNs
C_LIO_LIEctopic grafting of CD200high hPSC-NNs delivers dual benefits, alleviating pain and modulating the neuro-immune environment within joint tissues
C_LIO_LIProteomic analyses reveal that CD200highhPSC-NNs sequester inflammatory mediators and secrete reparative factors to support joint homeostasis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ectopic engraftment of nociceptive neurons derived from hPSCs for pain relief and joint homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.16.694762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial control of fuel switching via carnitine biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.16.694762v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental adaptation often involves a shift in energy utilization toward mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which requires carnitine. Besides dietary sources of animal origin, carnitine biosynthesis from trimethyllysine (TML) is essential, particularly for those who consume plant-based diets; however, its molecular regulation and physiological role remain elusive. Here, we identify SLC25A45 as a mitochondrial TML carrier that controls carnitine biosynthesis and fuel switching. SLC25A45 deficiency decreased the carnitine pool and impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, shifting reliance to carbohydrate metabolism. Slc25a45-deficient mice were cold-intolerant and resistant to lipid mobilization by GLP1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), rendering them resistant to adipose tissue loss. Our study suggests that mitochondria serve as a regulatory checkpoint in fuel switching, with implications for metabolic adaptation and the efficacy of GLP-1RA-based anti-obesity therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujimoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katoh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granath-Panelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verkerke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yook, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajimura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial control of fuel switching via carnitine biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humanized Extracellular Vesicles for Efficient RNA Delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694436v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of non-viral delivery vectors for RNA-based vaccines and gene therapies. A specialized form of engineered EVs, known as enveloped protein nanocages (EPNs), has been developed to enhance cargo loading and delivery. When EPNs are equipped with a viral fusogen, such as vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G), they have been shown to deliver proteins or RNA efficiently into recipient cells. Comparisons across different EPN types and optimization of their different features have been difficult, as assays for their activity have not been reported for single, active units. As we were interested in optimizing EVs, we first developed a biological titration assay inspired by the methods used for infectious viral particles. With this assay, we optimized EVs using a modular platform, creating EVs composed predominantly of human-derived protein components. This system achieved efficient RNA delivery, with functional titers comparable to those of lentiviral vectors. The optimized chimeric proteins comprising the EV particles integrate domains from human epsin 1, human citramalyl-CoA lyase beta-like protein (CLYBL), and human CEP55. The constructs also include a short 21-amino-acid peptide from a non-human source for RNA packaging, resulting in an EV-based RNA delivery system with reduced immunogenicity compared with EPNs and retroviral virus-like particles (VLPs).

Significance StatementWe developed engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) as RNA delivery vehicles to address limitations of virus-like particles (VLPs) and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in gene therapies and vaccines. We first developed an assay for individual active particles, using methods typically employed for viral titrations. This approach allowed iterative optimization of a modular EV platform. Our optimized particles comprise primarily human proteins and reach titers that comparable to those of lentiviral vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humanized Extracellular Vesicles for Efficient RNA Delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.16.694519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human acrocentric chromosome short arm de novo mutation and recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.16.694519v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extraordinary repetitive content of human acrocentric short arms has prevented detailed investigations into recombination and de novo mutation. Integrating multiple sequencing technologies, we created 156 phased short arms and assessed 107 intergenerational transmissions from 23 samples in a four-generation pedigree. We observed a significant depletion (P<0.0001) of p-arm allelic recombination but one ectopic chr13-chr21 recombination breakpoint mediated by a 630 kbp segmental duplication mapping 1.6 Mbp distal to the SST1 array. In contrast, 18 maternal-biased q-arm allelic recombinations are significantly enriched within 5 Mbp of the centromere. Compared to autosomal euchromatin, the overall p-arm de novo single-nucleotide variant rate (1.33x10- per base pair per generation) is 10-fold higher, with a significant reduction of C>T but increased C>G and A>C mutations. We hypothesize that acrocentric sequence composition biases and the dearth of allelic recombination contribute to an elevated mutation rate and unique mutational signatures suggestive of mismatch repair defects and oxidative stress-induced DNA lesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastrorosa, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyes, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koundinya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorde, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neklason, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human acrocentric chromosome short arm de novo mutation and recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody Mediated Diversification of Primary and Secondary Immune Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.15.694384v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humoral immune responses are characterized by increasing antibody affinity and diversity over time. Increased affinity is mediated by a combination of immunoglobulin gene somatic mutation and iterative cycles of selection in germinal centers. Less is understood about how diversity increases. Here we examine the role of antibody feedback in diversifying immune responses in mice that produce B cells that are incapable of secreting antibodies. To this end, we produced two strains of mice, one that expresses only membrane and secreted forms of IgM, and a second that produces only the membrane bound form of IgM. Analysis of primary and secondary immune responses show that antibody feedback significantly diversifies both primary and secondary immune responses even when antibodies are present at levels that are 10-30 fold lower than physiologic. The data have significant implication for sequential vaccination approaches aimed at shepherding immunity to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies to highly diversified pathogens such as HIV-1 and Influenza.

SummaryHumoral immune responses diversify over time but whether secreted antibodies influence this process is unknown. Using antibody secretion-deficient mice this study shows a profound impact of secreted antibodies on the evolution of B cell diversity after vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaefer-Babajew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, G. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruprecht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deimel, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ElTanbouly, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharrassi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazumyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatatos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartweger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody Mediated Diversification of Primary and Secondary Immune Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.12.694068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphatase SHP2 pathogenic mutations enhance activity by altering conformational sampling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.12.694068v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SH2 domains are critical mediators of cellular signaling, although the molecular mechanisms by which they bind their phosphopeptide ligands remain incompletely understood. We investigate the atomic mechanisms underlying both healthy regulation and dysregulation of the human protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, a key regulator of cellular signaling. While most pathogenic mutations cluster near the PTP/N-SH2 interface, the E139D and T42A mutations are located within the regulatory SH2 domains, and their mechanisms of dysregulation remain controversial. The T42A mutation in the N-SH2 domain paradoxically increases phosphotyrosine-peptide binding affinity despite disrupting the hydrogen bond of T42 to the phosphoryl group, a puzzling contradiction that remains unresolved. We find that the T42A mutation shifts the conformational ensemble of peptide-bound N-SH2 toward a zipped {beta}-sheet state and suppresses millisecond conformational exchange, supporting a model in which enhanced stabilization of the zipped conformation contributes to hyperactivation. This conformational shift provides a structural rationale for the increased affinity of T42A and helps reconcile previously conflicting models of peptide-induced SHP2 activation. By integrating X-ray ensemble refinement with NMR relaxation, our work illustrates how complementary structural and dynamic approaches can uncover regulatory mechanisms in SHP2 and may inform broader principles of SH2-mediated phosphopeptide recognition.

Significance StatementHere, we characterize how two pathogenic SH2-domain mutations alter SHP2 regulation and lead to hyperactivation. We identify a previously unobserved apo conformation of the N-SH2 domain in which Tyr66 occludes the peptide-binding cleft, indicating that a conformational change is required for full binding of activating phosphopeptides. Our data suggest that the T42A mutation shifts the equilibrium toward a zipped central {beta}-sheet state in the peptide-bound N-SH2 domain as the most likely model underlying the measured 10-fold increased binding affinity. These results help clarify the structural basis for SHP2 regulation and illustrate how conformational dynamics shape SH2-phosphopeptide recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glaser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padua, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojoawo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.694068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphatase SHP2 pathogenic mutations enhance activity by altering conformational sampling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.11.693766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Type-Specific Hormonal Signaling Configures Hypothalamic Circuits for Parenting 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.11.693766v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parenting behavior emerges from hormonally sensitive circuits, but how distinct circuit components are affected by, and contribute to, sex and state dependent changes in infant caregiving remains unclear. Using cell type-specific approaches, we characterized two circuit nodes that are differentially configured by hormones to modulate infant-evoked behavior. An excitatory neuronal population in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus is only active in lactating mothers, increases virgin female caregiving when artificially stimulated and confers oxytocin sensitivity in mothers through a prolactin-STAT5b pathway. These neurons function upstream of another preoptic area population involved in male and female parenting, thus boosting caregiving by mothers. By contrast, androgen signaling in the latter preoptic population reshapes their intrinsic properties to promote pup-directed aggression, revealing cell type-specific tuning of social behavior circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Logeman, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulac, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Type-Specific Hormonal Signaling Configures Hypothalamic Circuits for Parenting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.09.693277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila maintain a consistent navigational goal angle for days to weeks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.09.693277v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Past work has demonstrated that Drosophila can keep to a consistent navigational bearing for minutes to hours. Here, we ask whether they can do so over days to weeks. First, we describe an experimental rig that allows individual head-fixed Drosophila to live for at least two weeks within a virtual-reality environment. Flies walk on a spherical treadmill and receive sugar drops at defined moments as food. Individuals express robust circadian and sleep rhythms on these rigs. We further show that flies freely navigating an environment containing a single visual orienting cue (akin to the sun) will often pick a unique direction and walk forward along that direction for tens to hundreds of meters over days to weeks. This preferred direction can be considered a goal angle because individuals will repeatedly correct for experimentally induced virtual rotations away from this angle. Flies rely on the visual cue to effectively progress forward along the goal angle--walking in circles without it--and they return to walking forward along the same angle in the morning after spending a full night (twelve hours) in darkness without the cue. These results argue for the existence of navigation goals in the Drosophila brain with a persistence time of days to weeks. Furthermore, the technology introduced here may enable trained behaviors across thousands of reinforcement trials in Drosophila, a paradigm central to mammalian neuroscience yet absent in flies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weisman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohren, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyse, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias-Ferreira, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila maintain a consistent navigational goal angle for days to weeks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.31.667571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed control circuits across a brain-and-cord connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.07.31.667571v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Just as genomes revolutionized molecular genetics, connectomes (maps of neurons and synapses) are transforming neuroscience. To date, the only species with complete connectomes are worms1-3 and sea squirts4 (103-104 synapses). By contrast, the fruit fly is more complex (108 synaptic connections), with a brain that supports learning and spatial memory5,6 and an intricate ventral nerve cord analogous to the vertebrate spinal cord7-11. Here we report the first densely reconstructed adult fly connectome that unites the brain and ventral nerve cord, and we leverage this resource to investigate principles of neural control. We show that effector neurons (motor neurons, endocrine cells and efferent neurons targeting the viscera) are primarily influenced by sensory neurons in the same body part, forming local feedback loops. These local loops are linked by long-range circuits involving ascending and descending neurons organized into behavior-centric modules. Single ascending and descending neurons are often positioned to influence the voluntary movements of multiple body parts, together with the endocrine cells or visceral organs that support those movements. Brain regions involved in learning and navigation supervise these circuits. These results reveal an architecture that is distributed, parallelized and embodied, reminiscent of distributed control architectures in engineered systems12,13.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsliah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajabi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, M. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collie, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serratosa Capdevilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munnelly, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griggs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya-Llamas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serafetinidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhawan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce-Lundgren, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKim, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kophs, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falt,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed control circuits across a brain-and-cord connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.15.603480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-specific targeting of intrinsically disordered protein regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.15.603480v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered proteins and peptides play key roles in biology, but the lack of defined structures and the high variability in sequence and conformational preferences has made targeting such systems challenging. We describe a general approach for designing proteins that bind intrinsically disordered protein regions in diverse extended conformations with side chains fitting into complementary binding pockets. We used the approach to design binders for 39 highly diverse unstructured targets and obtain designs with pM to 100 nM affinities in 34 cases, testing [~]22 designs per target (including polar targets). The designs function in cells and as detection reagents, and are specific for their intended targets in all-by-all binding experiments. Our approach is a major step towards a general solution to the intrinsically disordered protein and peptide recognition problem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratspahic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramelot, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M. Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schober, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brierley, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montelione, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derivery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.15.603480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-specific targeting of intrinsically disordered protein regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.29.696961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of the metalloenzyme IsmB revises a pathway for coprostanol formation by the human gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.29.696961v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High levels of circulating cholesterol are associated with human cardiovascular diseases and an altered gut microbiome. Still, major gaps exist in our understanding of the interactions of cholesterol with gut microbes. The reductive transformation of cholesterol to the poorly absorbed sterol coprostanol by human gut bacteria has long been known, but the genetic and biochemical basis for this activity is only partially elucidated. Here, we discover and characterize a gut bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of cholestenone to coprostanone, the second step in the intestinal sterol metabolism (ism) pathway for coprostanol production. We identify a gene encoding a previously unknown 5{beta}-reductase, IsmB, a new member of the Fe-S cluster flavoenzyme superfamily, in the coprostanol producing organism Eubacterium coprostanoligenes. Biochemical characterization of IsmB confirms it is an anaerobic Fe-S cluster flavoenzyme and reveals specificity for reduction of an unanticipated intermediate, 5-cholesten-3-one, to coprostanone, revising the ism pathway. We also identify and characterize homologs of IsmB encoded in uncultured human gut bacteria that also encode the previously identified ism pathway enzyme IsmA, further supporting the role of IsmB in coprostanol formation. Finally, analysis of human stool metagenomics and metabolomics datasets further confirms the relevance of IsmB in the human gut microbiome, and analyses of human serum metabolomics from Framingham Heart Study participants reveal negative correlation between serum cholesterol levels and the presence of IsmA/IsmB encoders in the gut. Together, these results show the utility of combining biochemistry and stool metagenomic analysis for gut microbial enzyme discovery, and suggests IsmA/IsmB-encoding gut bacteria carry potential benefits for cholesterol homeostasis and cardiovascular health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tinoco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banuelos Jara, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plichta, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.29.696961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of the metalloenzyme IsmB revises a pathway for coprostanol formation by the human gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.30.696949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Template-based RNA structure prediction advanced through a blind code competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.30.696949v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automatically predicting RNA 3D structure from sequence remains an unsolved challenge in biology and biotechnology. Here, we describe a Kaggle code competition engaging over 1700 teams and 43 previously unreleased structures to tackle this challenge. The top three submitted algorithms achieved scores within statistical error of the winners of the recent CASP16 competition. Unexpectedly, the top Kaggle strategy involved a pipeline for discovering 3D templates, without the use of deep learning. We integrated this template-modeling pipeline and other Kaggle strategies to develop a single model RNAPro that retrospectively outperformed individual Kaggle models on the same test set. These results suggest a growing importance of template-based modeling in RNA structure prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowerko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathkumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enrique Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshizawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuraishi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paullier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, T.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gezelle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirilli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolfs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steckelberg, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryshtafovyc</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.696949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Template-based RNA structure prediction advanced through a blind code competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.29.696959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ensemble Coding of Hidden Objects in Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.29.696959v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many species exhibit the understanding that visual objects that become hidden by others nonetheless still exist, a property known as object permanence. Previous studies in human and nonhuman primates have provided evidence that neurons within visual cortex encode objects that are remembered but not seen. However, past neurophysiological studies have generally failed to find evidence of visual cortical representations of hidden objects. We measured the activity of large populations of neurons within dorsal extrastriate cortex of macaques trained to monitor the identity of visual objects that moved behind an irrelevant occluder. We found that although the firing rates of neuronal populations signaled the trajectory of hidden objects throughout the occlusion period, coding of object identity in the same activity decayed to chance before the behavioral trial ended. Nevertheless, information about the hidden object was present in the coordinated activity of neuronal populations. Specifically, the strength and presence of pairwise cross-correlations reliably depended on the identity of the hidden object. These results demonstrate that ensembles of visual cortical neurons preserve information about hidden objects independent of single neuron firing rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cital, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.29.696959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ensemble Coding of Hidden Objects in Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.28.696766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for non-AUG translation regulation by 5MPs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.28.696766v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular proteome is regulated by translation initiation on AUG or non-canonical (non-AUG) start codons1-3. Non-AUG initiation remodels proteome during stress and is implicated in cancer and other diseases4-6. The eIF5-mimic proteins (5MPs) restrict non-AUG start codon usage and thereby reprogram proteoform expression from mRNAs with alternative start sites, such as the oncogenic c-Myc7-10. The mechanism by which 5MPs induce such translational reprogramming remains unknown. Here, using in extracto cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and biochemical assays, we report that translational repression by 5MP strongly depends on the sequence context near the AUG or non-AUG codons. Cryo-EM structures of 5MP-bound 48S pre-initiation complexes (PICs) from native cell extracts reveal that 5MP binds at the A site of the small ribosomal subunit, stabilizing an expanded open-head conformation of the PIC scanning along mRNA. The N-terminal region of 5MP blocks the A site, whereas the C-terminal domain docks at eIF2{beta} and the initiator tRNAMet outside the P site (i.e., Pout). These findings indicate that 5MP protein directly biases the initiating 48S complexes toward the open conformation, promoting mRNA scanning and inhibiting initiation at suboptimal start codons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zottig, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seraj, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostelev, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.28.696766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for non-AUG translation regulation by 5MPs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.26.696620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic and functional characterization indicate sexual dimorphism of discrete circadian neuron subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.26.696620v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While many sexually dimorphic behaviors exhibit distinct time-of-day preferences, our understanding of how sex shapes the molecular and circuit properties of central brain neurons remain limited. Here, we uncover the transcriptomic and circuit basis of sexual dimorphism within the Drosophila circadian network. By leveraging single-cell RNA sequencing of male and female clock neurons, we identify specific subsets of dorsal lateral neurons (LNds), dorsal neurons 1p (DN1ps), and dorsal neurons 3 (DN3s) with dramatic dimorphic gene expression profiles. These sex differences are primarily characterized by cell-type-specific expression of genes involved in neural connectivity, particularly cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Focusing on the dimorphic Cry-negative E3 LNds, we show that they form functionally active, synaptic connections with downstream doublesex-expressing pC1 and pCd-1 neurons, which serve as central regulators of dimorphic behaviors. Moreover, we demonstrate that formation and maintenance of these connections are mediated at least in part by sex-enriched CAMs, dpr9 in males and dpr3 in females. Thus, our work reveals sexual differentiation mechanisms at both the molecular and circuit levels, identifying specific molecules that sculpt sex-specific pathways to link the circadian clock to dimorphic outputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez Torres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurmangaliyev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.26.696620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic and functional characterization indicate sexual dimorphism of discrete circadian neuron subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.26.696579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 Integration Site Determines the Transcriptional Fate and Persistence of Integrated Proviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.26.696579v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which latent HIV-1 reservoirs persist during antiretroviral therapy is incompletely understood. Here, we derive a model system to measure clonal expansion and viral latency in which populations of human memory CD4+ T cells, each bearing a single transcriptionally active HIV-1 provirus are engrafted into immunodeficient mice. Over [~]2 months in vivo, clonal expansion and the establishment of latency occurred in subsets of engrafted infected cells. Clonal expansion in vivo was driven by T-cell receptor identity, but not by proviral insertional mutagenesis. The integration sites of proviruses that became latent in vivo were enriched on chromosome 19, in intergenic and centromeric satellite regions, and genes whose expression is atypically low. Pre-existing repressive epigenetic features were associated with latency for subsets of proviruses. Our findings suggest a confluency of genomic and epigenomic factors predispose certain genomic locations, including ZNF genes, to host proviruses that constitute the latent reservoir.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilling, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copertino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrows, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatziioannou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muecksch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieniasz, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.26.696579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 Integration Site Determines the Transcriptional Fate and Persistence of Integrated Proviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.24.696395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin profiling for everyone: FFPE-CUTAC for the theory and practice of modern molecular biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.24.696395v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2025, together with the Fred Hutch Summer Undergraduate Research and Summer High School Internship programs, we developed and implemented a laboratory genomics research experience to introduce students to modern molecular biology techniques and bioinformatics. The course centered around using a new method we had developed in 2023 that uses readily available fixed tissue sections on glass slides. Students performed a series of steps to tagment genomic locations of RNA Polymerase II and then used PCR to enrich libraries for next-generation sequencing in a core facility. Students then visualized their data in genomic browser tracks and assessed the results. At the end of the summer, students prepared and presented their work and experiences in seminar format to their cohorts. Overall, the technical simplicity of on-slide chromatin profiling introduced the students to laboratory practice and current techniques in genomics, bioinformatics, and medical sciences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henikoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.24.696395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin profiling for everyone: FFPE-CUTAC for the theory and practice of modern molecular biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.29.696938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A System for Live Sorting of Neuronal Spiking Activity from Large-scale Recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.29.696938v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Online monitoring and quantification of neural signals has tremendous value both for neurofeedback experiments and for brain-computer interfaces. Unfortunately, established methods of online monitoring primarily involve the use of thresholded neural activity rather than sorted single-neuron spikes. The recent introduction of large-scale, high-density electrophysiology has enabled the recording of activity from hundreds of neurons simultaneously in both model organisms and human participants. This development highlights the need for a robust and easily implementable system for sorting spikes during data collection for  live analyses of neuronal signals. Here, we describe a system for live sorting of neuronal activity (LSS) based on the widely used Kilosort platform. The LSS workflow utilizes an initial period of recorded neural data to identify waveform templates using Kilosort 4. LSS then interfaces with the SpikeGLX API to retrieve small batches (e.g. 50 ms) of data and for processing online. We measured the similarity of single-neuron activity sorted live by LSS to that sorted offline in neurophysiological recordings from macaque visual cortex using Neuropixels probes. We show that LSS closely replicates the post-stimulus time histograms and visual response tuning curves of single-neurons obtained using offline sorting. Furthermore, we show that decoding neural signals online with LSS consistently outperforms online decoding of thresholded activity, and that LSS can achieve the same performance as that obtained with offline sorting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panichello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikaitis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.29.696938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A System for Live Sorting of Neuronal Spiking Activity from Large-scale Recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.31.697193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial TLR4 signaling drives tissue inflammation, Claudin-5 internalization, and vascular barrier breakdown in a mouse model of neonatal meningitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.31.697193v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neonatal bacterial meningitis is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality, yet the molecular and cellular basis of the leptomeningeal response to infection remains poorly defined. Here, we study a mouse model of neonatal E. coli meningitis, combining cell-type specific gene knockouts, leptomeningeal single-nucleus RNA sequencing, and endothelial cell culture to explore the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the host response to infection. Endothelial-specific deletion of Tlr4 dramatically reduced the inflammatory response in all leptomeningeal cell types and abrogated the infection-associated increase in vascular permeability. In a brain endothelial cell line (bEnd.3 cells), exposure to E. coli triggered TLR4-dependent NF-{kappa}B activation, selective internalization of Claudin-5, and increased monolayer permeability, responses that were eliminated by Tlr4 knockout. RNA-seq showed that endothelial TLR4 controls an NF-{kappa}B-driven transcriptional program that orchestrates the leptomeningeal response to infection. These findings reframe the host response in neonatal Gram-negative bacterial meningitis as an endothelial-centric process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seegren, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.697193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial TLR4 signaling drives tissue inflammation, Claudin-5 internalization, and vascular barrier breakdown in a mouse model of neonatal meningitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.01.697272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-learning is expressed through altered prefrontal cortical dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.01.697272v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning where and when rewards like food and water are available is essential for survival1,2. In the simplest cases where resource availability is stable, animals can learn reward contingencies by integrating outcomes across repeated samples of each possible action. In more natural settings, however, reward availability is governed by structured higher-order rules such as depletion and repletion over time. To adapt flexibly to such changing environments, optimal choices require meta-learning wherein animals learn how to learn from external feedback, ultimately enabling them to infer the underlying reward structure from abstract, generalizable rules rather than relying solely on recent outcomes3,4. The existence of meta-learning in animal behavior is well established3-8, yet the neural circuits and computations that implement it remain poorly understood9-11. Here we investigated meta-learning using a spatial foraging task in which rats acquired a depletion-repletion rule that regulated reward availability, and carried out longitudinal, high-density recordings from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We show that meta-learning engages specific, systematic changes in mPFC neural dynamics that embed the learned rule and thereby alter how the network learns action values from reward outcomes. These dynamics are based on mixed coding of task structure and value in individual mPFC neurons. At the population level, this coding organizes into low-dimensional dynamical motifs that generalize across task conditions. As meta-learning progresses, these motifs are reshaped to instantiate both rule-guided inference of future states before outcome delivery and rule-based value updating during the outcome period. These results indicate that meta-learning sculpts pre-existing prefrontal dynamics to support the acquisition of new, generalizable reward-learning strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comrie, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroe, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denovellis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krausz, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yorita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.01.697272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-learning is expressed through altered prefrontal cortical dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.31.694479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory from variability: Heritable short-term cellular memory emerges from stochastic biochemical reaction networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.31.694479v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells exhibit a mysterious form of selective heritable short-term memory, influencing outcomes as diverse as cell fate decisions in embryos and environmental responses in cancer cells and bacteria. Here, we present a simple theoretical framework explaining how this selective memory can arise from the reactions regulating molecular levels in cells. Our key insight is that related cells retain more similar molecular concentrations relative to random cells when a greater variance of possible concentration states is created during a single cell generation than is created by cell division across a population. This persistence of molecular similarity down a lineage constitutes a form of heritable short-term memory. We identify the biochemical networks that produce, modify, and degrade molecules as an underexplored source of these additional molecular concentration states. Using experimentally informed simulations, we find that the strength and duration of molecular similarity down a lineage depend on tunable network properties, explaining why some cellular traits persist only briefly while others last generations. These contributions to molecular concentration variance from biochemical reaction networks act in concert with gene expression and other regulatory processes to shape the protein composition of cells. Our framework yields clear, testable predictions for determining how biochemical network architectures drive non-genetic cellular inheritance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aronson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgro, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.694479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory from variability: Heritable short-term cellular memory emerges from stochastic biochemical reaction networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.29.696917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PtdIns(3,5)P2 Is an Endogenous Ligand of STING in Innate Immune Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.29.696917v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytosolic DNA exposure triggers innate immune responses through cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)1-3. Upon binding to DNA, cGAS is activated to produce cGAMP, which functions as a second messenger that binds to stimulator of interferon genes (STING), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized signaling adaptor3-5. STING then traffics from the ER to the Golgi, leading to activation of the kinases TBK1 and IKK and subsequent induction of interferons and other cytokines6-10. Here we show that phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3,5)P2] is an endogenous ligand of STING that functions together with cGAMP to induce STING activation. Proteomics analysis identified a constitutive interaction between STING and PIKfyve, an enzyme that produces PtdIns(3,5)P2 in mammalian cells. Deletion of PIKfyve blocked STING trafficking from the ER and TBK1 activation. In vitro reconstitution revealed a strong and selective effect of PtdIns(3,5)P2 on STING activation. Purified STING bound directly to PtdIns(3,5)P2 in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. Consistently, PtdIns(3,5)P2 promoted cGAMP-induced STING oligomerization by binding to a groove between STING dimers as revealed by cryo-EM (Li et al., co-submitted). Similar to PIKfyve depletion, mutation of the PtdIns(3,5)P2-binding residues in STING blocked its trafficking and downstream signaling. These results reveal PtdIns(3,5)P2 as a lipid ligand of STING with essential roles in innate immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.29.696917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PtdIns(3,5)P2 Is an Endogenous Ligand of STING in Innate Immune Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.02.697412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNAbow: A versatile gene expression system for multiplexed fluorescent imaging using optimized in vitro transcribed mRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.02.697412v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Messenger RNA (mRNA) transfection enables rapid, transient protein expression without nuclear entry, providing a powerful alternative to DNA or viral delivery in post-mitotic and otherwise difficult-to-transfect cells. Although in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNAs have revolutionized therapeutic applications, their adoption in experimental biology remains limited by challenges in synthesis, variability across cell types, and concerns about cytotoxicity. Here, we define design principles that maximize IVT mRNA performance across diverse cellular and organismal systems. Through systematic comparison of capping strategies and base modifications, including N1-methyl-pseudouridine, 5-methylcytidine, and 5-methoxyuridine, we identify modifications that enhance translation while minimizing activation of cellular stress responses. Optimized transcripts drive robust protein expression within four hours, persist for up to one week, and support multiplexed expression of structurally and functionally distinct proteins in mammalian cells, including cancer cell lines, iPSC-derived systems, primary cells, and organoids, as well as in vivo in zebrafish embryos and in less genetically tractable models such as Danionella cerebrum and sea urchin embryos. To further expand accessibility for community use, we developed mRNAbow, a platform for generating low-toxicity mRNAs encoding organelle-targeted fluorescent proteins and biosensors for multiplex imaging, with corresponding plasmids made publicly available. Together, these advances establish a generalizable framework for IVT mRNA design and expand experimental access to synthetic mRNA technologies for dissecting cellular architecture and dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halanych, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasberg, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Testa, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin-Elgressy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walpita, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Medina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.02.697412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNAbow: A versatile gene expression system for multiplexed fluorescent imaging using optimized in vitro transcribed mRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.02.697391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABCC1 protects skin dendritic cells from FITC-induced toxicity by efflux and extracellular glutathione buffering 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.02.697391v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic cell (DC) migration is critical for initiating adaptive immune responses. Previous work suggested a role for ATP-binding cassette transporter C1 (ABCC1) in skin DC migration following cutaneous fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) exposure, but the precise mechanism involved was unclear. Here we establish that the primary contribution of ABCC1 to skin DC function following FITC exposure is not modulation of migration, but enhancement of survival. Our findings demonstrate that ABCC1 operates on a dual level: intracellularly, by transporting toxic FITC and fluorescein out of DCs, and extracellularly, by contributing to a glutathione (GSH) buffer zone that protects surrounding cells. DCs are particularly susceptible to FITC-mediated toxicity, possibly due to their high endocytic activity. This study elucidates the critical dependence of DCs on ABCC1 and extracellular GSH for resistance to toxic organic molecules and thereby identifies potential therapeutic avenues targeting ABCC1 to modulate immune responses.

Significance StatementAdaptive immunity is critically dependent on dendritic cells (DCs) and their ability to take up foreign molecules for processing and presentation to T cells. DCs in the skin are exposed to a diversity of environmental chemicals and whether they have mechanisms to protect themselves from chemical-induced toxicity has been unclear. In this work we investigate the role of the multi-drug resistance transporter ABCC1 (MRP1) in DC biology. We reveal that ABCC1 shields DCs from chemical poisoning following skin exposure to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). ABCC1 is needed both cell intrinsically and cell extrinsically to achieve the full protective effect. This discovery underscores a previously unrecognized reliance of DCs on ABCC1 function and opens new opportunities for therapeutic manipulation of these cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knopper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyster, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.02.697391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABCC1 protects skin dendritic cells from FITC-induced toxicity by efflux and extracellular glutathione buffering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.31.697091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial depolarization stabilizes the vitamin B12 chaperone MMADHC in the cytosol to increase MTR activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.31.697091v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Of the [~]1100 mitochondrial proteins, only a handful like PINK1 and ATFS-1 are known to stabilize and relocalize upon collapse of the proton motive force (PMF) to execute signaling roles. To systematically identify genes that increase exclusively at the protein level upon PMF collapse, we performed a joint proteomic and RNA-seq screen. The screen revealed 10 candidates (six mitochondrial), including the vitamin B12 chaperone MMADHC and cytosolic B12-dependent methionine synthase (MTR). MMADHC is short-lived across cell types and we show that its levels increase with PMF collapse. MMADHC stabilization precedes PINK1 activation in a time course of increasing mtDNA depletion, suggesting greater sensitivity to PMF collapse. MMADHC accumulates in mitochondria with LONP1 inhibition but in the cytosol upon PMF collapse, likely due to mitochondrial import failure. Cytosol-stabilized MMADHC increases MTR levels and activity. Altogether, the mitochondrial PMF regulates the cytosolic B12-dependent MTR, integral to one-carbon metabolism, by controlling the stability and compartmentalization of the B12 chaperone MMADHC.

Significance StatementHumans have only two vitamin B12-dependent enzymes - mitochondrial MMUT and cytosolic MTR - and both require a common B12 chaperone MMADHC. We discover that MMADHC is a low abundant, short-lived protein that is continuously imported and degraded by energized mitochondria. Upon collapse of the mitochondrial proton motive force, MMADHC accumulates in the cytosol and increases the levels and activity of MTR, critical for one-carbon metabolism. This PMF-dependent regulation of MMADHC stability and localization is important for understanding cofactor rationing and spatiotemporal compartmentalization of B12 metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rath, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mootha, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.697091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial depolarization stabilizes the vitamin B12 chaperone MMADHC in the cytosol to increase MTR activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.30.697072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix regulates lineage plasticity in prostate cancer through YAP/TEAD 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.30.697072v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an increasingly frequent mechanism of resistance to androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI) therapy in prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD). This lineage transition is dependent on upregulation of the NE-specifying transcription factor ASCL1, typically in a genetic background of RB1 and TP53 loss. Here we identify extracellular matrix-integrin-YAP1/TEAD signaling as a critical brake on NEPC lineage transition. Deletion of Itgb1, the shared B1 subunit required for collagen and laminin-mediated integrin activation, is sufficient to induce ASCL1 and NE lineage gene expression, by activating LATS1/2 kinases with subsequent inactivation of YAP1/TEAD signaling. Conversely, restoration of YAP1/TEAD signaling by pharmacological LATS1/2 inhibition, or by expression of constitutively active YAP1/TAZ mutants, prevents or reverts NEPC lineage transition. NOTCH and AR cooperate with YAP/TEAD to repress ASCL1, such that combined inhibition leads to complete reprograming of PRAD into NEPC in vitro, providing a dynamic platform to dissect the molecular events responsible for lineage transition over time. We find that lineage transition is accompanied by a redistribution of FOXA1 and TEAD cistromes from PRAD to NEPC-specific enhancers and requires the pioneering activity of FOXA1. Thus, extracellular matrix/integrin signaling in the PRAD tumor microenvironment restrains NE lineage plasticity, highlighting a potential path for pharmacological inhibitors in modulating treatment-induced lineage change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcgillivray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buttner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salsabeel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosiek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipping, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamard, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Stanchina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudspeth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular matrix regulates lineage plasticity in prostate cancer through YAP/TEAD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.696097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The organization of visual pathways in the Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.696097v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual systems across species transform photoreceptor inputs into diverse perceptual representations through hierarchical networks that extract features via parallel pathways. In Drosophila, the optic lobes are layered, retinotopic visual processing centers that contain two-thirds of the brains neurons and support diverse visually guided behaviors. Although this architecture has long suggested hierarchical and parallel organization, a system-wide account of how behaviorally relevant visual features are routed and integrated across a complete visual system--in any animal--has remained elusive. The new male fly connectome now provides the synapse-level wiring needed to trace visual information from photoreceptors through the optic lobes and across the central brain. Applying a network-based analysis of information flow, we reveal a multi-layered architecture organized into distinct, functionally interpretable pathways. Using this framework to propagate signals through these pathways predicts receptive-field structure and feature selectivity consistent with physiological data, enabling large-scale functional annotation of thousands of neuron types. We find that distinct visual input channels are broadly distributed throughout the brain, yet converge in focal regions of feature specificity and acute spatial vision. Together, these analyses provide a neuron-level, connectome-based view of how a brain organizes and transforms visual input.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoeller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.696097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The organization of visual pathways in the Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.31.697191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate immune sensing via the cGAS-STING pathway restricts extrachromosomal DNA-driven tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.31.697191v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal DNAs (ecDNAs) are circular DNA fragments frequently found in human cancers, where they amplify oncogenes, drive tumor heterogeneity, and promote therapy resistance and poor prognosis. Despite their prevalence, how ecDNAs interact with the immune system remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS detects ecDNA fragments in the cytoplasm and activates the innate immune response. cGAS and STING are frequently silenced in ecDNA+ tumors through promoter hypermethylation. Restoring cGAS or STING in human and murine ecDNA+ cancer cells reactivates innate immune signaling and selectively suppresses ecDNA+ tumor growth in an immunocompetent mouse model. Using two ecDNA biogenesis models, we show that the cGAS-STING pathway restricts de novo ecDNA formation. Together, our findings identify innate immune sensing as a natural barrier to ecDNA-driven oncogenesis and establish cGAS-STING reactivation as a therapeutic strategy for ecDNA+ cancers.

HighlightsO_LIThe cGAS-STING pathway is frequently silenced in ecDNA+ tumors
C_LIO_LIRestoration of cGAS in ecDNA+ cells activates innate immune responses
C_LIO_LIcGAS expression suppresses ecDNA+ tumor growth in vivo
C_LIO_LIThe cGAS-STING pathway restricts de novo ecDNA biogenesis
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.697191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate immune sensing via the cGAS-STING pathway restricts extrachromosomal DNA-driven tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E3 ubiquitin ligase mechanism specifying target-directed microRNA degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697729v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) associate with Argonaute (AGO) proteins to form complexes that down-regulate target RNAs, including mRNAs from most human genes1-3. Within each complex, the miRNA pairs to target mRNAs to specify their repression, and AGO provides effector function while also protecting the miRNA from cellular nucleases2-5. Although much has been learned about this mode of posttranscriptional gene regulation, less is known about how the miRNAs themselves are regulated. In one such regulatory pathway, unusual miRNA targets called "trigger" RNAs reverse the canonical regulatory logic and instead down-regulate microRNAs6-21. This target-directed miRNA degradation (TDMD) is thought to require a cullin-RING E3 ligase (CRL) because it depends on the cullin protein CUL3 and other ubiquitylation components, including the BC-box protein ZSWIM8 (ref. 22,23). ZSWIM8 is required for murine perinatal viability and for destabilization of most short-lived miRNAs, but is otherwise poorly understood23-25. Here, we demonstrate that a human AGO-miRNA- trigger complex selectively binds ZSWIM8 for CUL3-mediated polyubiquitylation of the AGO protein within this complex. Cryogenic electron-microscopy (cryo-EM) analyses show how ZSWIM8 recognizes the distinct AGO2 and miRNA-trigger conformations shaped by pairing of the miRNA to the trigger. For example, this pairing extracts the miRNA from a binding pocket within AGO2, allowing the pocket to be captured by ZSWIM8, and it directs the trigger RNA along a distinct trajectory to be also recognized by ZSWIM8. These results biochemically establish AGO binding and polyubiquitylation as the key regulatory step of TDMD, define a unique CRL class, and reveal generalizable RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, and protein-protein interactions that specify the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of AGO with exquisite selectivity. The substrate features recognized by the E3 ubiquitin ligase do not conform to a conventional degron26-28, but rather establish a two-RNA-factor authentication mechanism specifying a protein ubiquitylation substrate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farnung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobodyanyuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blodgett, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Gronau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E3 ubiquitin ligase mechanism specifying target-directed microRNA degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.01.697290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A panoramic view of the expression and function of the Doublesex/DMRT gene family in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.01.697290v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout the animal kingdom, sex determination and sexual differentiation are orchestrated by a strikingly diverse set of regulatory factors. The only type of molecules consistently deployed during sexual differentiation are members of the Doublesex/Mab-3-related transcription factor (DMRT) family. Although each animal genome codes for a multitude of DMRT family members, in no species has the full array of DMRT genes been comprehensively analyzed across the entire animal, in all sexes and throughout development. Hence, the extent of deployment of DMRT genes in sexual differentiation remains unknown. We describe here the first genome- and nervous system-wide expression and functional analysis of all members of the DMRT gene family. Leveraging genome-engineered reporter alleles of all ten DMRT genes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we find that six DMRTs display sexually dimorphic expression in somatic and/or reproductive tissues, including in cell and tissue types not previously known to be sexually dimorphic. In the nervous system, DMRT protein expression covers many, though not all, known sexually dimorphic neuron types. Analyses of DMRT null mutant alleles reveal a suite of neuronal differentiation defects, ranging from altered neurotransmitter identities and switched neuropeptide signatures to impaired glia-to-neuron transdifferentiation. Several DMRT proteins do not exhibit sexually dimorphic expression, indicating roles beyond sexual differentiation. Similar comprehensive analyses of DMRT genes in other organisms may help to better understand the extent and regulation of sex-specific cellular differentiation programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.01.697290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A panoramic view of the expression and function of the Doublesex/DMRT gene family in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.04.697548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of in situ hybridization and scRNA-seq data provides a 2D topographical map of the developing retina across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.04.697548v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise regional patterning is fundamental to tissue organization, yet the spatial logic that governs it remains poorly defined for many tissues. In the vertebrate retina, molecular domains along the dorsoventral and nasotemporal axes provide positional cues for regional specializations such as the high-acuity area (HAA). We combined multiplexed in situ hybridization data with single-cell transcriptomic data to create quantitative two-dimensional maps of developing retinal cells. In the developing chicken retina, this approach resolved sharp expression boundaries of genes involved in patterning, and revealed novel candidates enriched in the anlagen of the HAA. Comparative analysis of chicken, mouse, and human data demonstrated conserved axis-based programs, but distinct fine-scale organization consistent with presence/absence of an HAA. Here, we show that spatial reconstruction from scRNA-seq data, anchored by experimental benchmarks, enables comparative 2D topographic mapping of gene expression across species and provides a generalizable strategy to investigate the spatial logic of molecular organization in developing tissues.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=141 SRC="FIGDIR/small/697548v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (44K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e9b84aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4207deorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@112bc79org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@113e1d3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIQuantification of multiplexed RNA-FISH signals generated reproducible spatial expression maps in the developing chicken retina.
C_LIO_LIResolution of relative boundaries for early patterning genes revealed nested expression domains marking the boundaries of the developing HAA.
C_LIO_LIRNA-FISH experimental data using genes with axis-specific expression allowed the generation of DV and NT scores which enabled the localization of each cell in a scRNA-seq dataset onto a 2D topographical map of the developing retina.
C_LIO_LI2D topographic maps derived from scRNA-seq data revealed novel HAA-enriched genes in the developing chicken retina.
C_LIO_LICross-species comparisons showed conserved DV/NT programs but divergent fine-scale organization in retinal development.
C_LIO_LICyp26c1 expression pattern was validated in human retina correlating with the location of the future HAA.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joisher, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Weide, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonfat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.04.697548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of in situ hybridization and scRNA-seq data provides a 2D topographical map of the developing retina across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.02.697419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemiluminescent probes allow for the rapid identification of colibactin-producing bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.02.697419v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pks (or clb) gene cluster, which produces the genotoxic natural product colibactin, is encoded by human gut Enterobacteriaceae, including many commensal strains of E. coli. Colibactin crosslinks DNA and is implicated in colorectal cancer development, highlighting the importance of identifying colibactin-producing gut bacteria within biological samples. In this study, we develop phenoxy-dioxetane chemiluminescent probes that selectively react with a critical colibactin biosynthetic enzyme, the serine peptidase ClbP. We show that these chemiluminescent probes have superior sensitivity, speed, and detection capabilities compared to previously reported fluorescent ClbP probes. Furthermore, we employ these chemiluminescent probes to detect pks+ E. coli directly in complex stool suspensions. These probes will enable multiple applications requiring detection of colibactin-producing bacteria, including the identification of ClbP inhibitors and the screening of clinical samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguilar Ramos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.02.697419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemiluminescent probes allow for the rapid identification of colibactin-producing bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza hemagglutinin subtypes have different sequence constraints despite sharing extremely similar structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.05.697808v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemagglutinins (HA) from different influenza A virus subtypes share as little as [~]40% amino acid identity, yet their protein structure and cell entry function are highly conserved. Here we examine the extent that sequence constraints on HA differ across three subtypes. To do this, we first use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how all amino-acid mutations to an H7 HA affect its cell entry function. We then compare these new measurements to previously described measurements of how all mutations to H3 and H5 HAs affect cell entry function. We find that [~]50% of HA sites display substantially diverged preferences for different amino acids across the HA subtypes. The sites with the most divergent amino-acid preferences tend to be buried and have biochemically distinct wildtype amino acids in the different HA subtypes. We provide an example of how rewiring the interactions among contacting residues has dramatically shifted which amino acids are tolerated at specific sites. Overall, our results show how proteins with the same structure and function can become subject to very different site-specific evolutionary constraints as their sequences diverge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadonaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza hemagglutinin subtypes have different sequence constraints despite sharing extremely similar structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.06.697790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCREWx: A Screwless, Chronic, Recoverable, and Lightweight Neuropixels fixture for freely-moving rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.06.697790v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-density Neuropixels probes enable the study of large neural populations with single-cell and sub-millisecond resolution. While single-probe and acute head-fixed experiments have yielded critical scientific insights, understanding the neural mechanisms underlying many complex behaviors requires simultaneous multi-region recordings in freely moving, chronically implanted animals. Various probe fixtures have been developed to enable high-density recording, but existing designs impose critical limitations: their substantial weight restricts the maximum probe count that smaller animals can support, their bulky dimensions constrain the proximity of targeted brain regions, and their complex assembly risks damaging the probe during insertion and recovery. In this paper, we present a lightweight, fully 3D-printable, compact, and screwless fixture for chronic Neuropixels implants in freely moving rodents that features simple mechanisms for stable implantation and safe extraction. Our fixture design enables stable, high-yield single-unit recordings for months-long experiments, along with an 83% successful probe extraction rate. This fixture design provides a robust and accessible solution for long-term, multi-probe chronic Neuropixels recordings, increasing experimental throughput and enabling more complex experimental designs to investigate brain-wide neural dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sueoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koukuntla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCREWx: A Screwless, Chronic, Recoverable, and Lightweight Neuropixels fixture for freely-moving rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.08.698005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecting cis-regulation to quantitatively tune gene expression in cereals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.08.698005v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise modulation of gene expression via cis-regulatory editing holds promise for non-transgenic crop improvement, but the sequence-to-function relationships that govern plant promoter activity remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) in Sorghum bicolor to systematically measure the effects of >30,000 CRISPR-like mutations-deletions, substitutions, and motif insertions-across entire native promoters and 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of three photosynthesis genes: PsbS, Raf1, and SBPase. We find that gene expression is most tunable within a [~]500 base pair core promoter region, where mutational effects are reproducible across biological replicates and predictive of protein output. Within these regions, we identify compact deletions and motif insertions that strongly increase protein production (>30-fold relative to wild type), exceeding the performance of transgenic enhancer elements. Mutation-effect relationships are gene-specific, highlighting the need for tailored regulatory maps. Our results establish a high-throughput strategy for cis-regulatory fine-mapping that enables crop improvements via minimal, precise, and non-transgenic gene edits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Groover, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benegas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moubarak, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgieva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niyogi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.698005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecting cis-regulation to quantitatively tune gene expression in cereals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.654154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A signature-agnostic test for differences between tumor mutation spectra reveals carcinogen and ancestry effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.05.15.654154v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite dozens of tools to identify mutational signatures in cancer samples, there is not an established metric for quantifying whether signature exposures differ significantly between two heterogeneous groups of samples. We demonstrate that a signature-agnostic metric - the aggregate mutation spectrum distance permutation method (AMSD) - can rigorously determine whether mutational exposures differ between groups, a hypothesis that is not directly addressed by signature analysis. First, we reanalyze a study of carcinogen exposure in mice, determining that eleven of twenty tested carcinogens produce significant mutation spectrum shifts. Only three of these carcinogens were previously reported to induce distinct mutational signatures, suggesting that many carcinogens perturb mutagenesis by altering the composition of endogenous signatures. Next, we interrogate whether patient ancestry has a measurable impact on human tumor mutation spectra, finding significant ancestry-associated differences across ten cancer types. Some have been previously reported, such as elevated SBS4 in African lung adenocarcinomas, while some have not to our knowledge been reported, such as elevated SBS17a/b in European esophageal carcinomas. These examples suggest that AMSD is a robust tool for detecting differences among groups of tumors or other mutated samples, complementing descriptive signature deconvolution and enabling the discovery of environmental and genetic influences on mutagenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, S. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feder, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A signature-agnostic test for differences between tumor mutation spectra reveals carcinogen and ancestry effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.18.619176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An efflux pump family distributed across plant commensal bacteria conditions host- and organ-specific detoxfication of a host-specific glucosinolate 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.10.18.619176v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, plants recruit a diverse microbial community, the plant microbiome, that is distinct from the surrounding soil community 1-4. To understand the forces that shape the plant microbiome we need to characterize the microbial traits that contribute to plant colonization. We used barcoded mutant libraries to identify bacterial genes that contribute to the colonization of a monocot and a eudicot host 5-7. We show that plant colonization is influenced by dozens of genes. While some of these colonization genes were shared between the two host plant species, most were highly specific, benefiting the colonization of a single host and organ. We characterized an efflux pump that specifically contributes to Arabidopsis shoot colonization. This efflux pump is prevalent across Pseudomonadota genomes, yet benefits the bacterial association with only a small subset of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Leveraging genomic diversity within Arabidopsis thaliana, we confirmed that specific glucosinolate breakdown products are detoxified by this family of efflux pumps. The broad prevalence of this efflux pump family suggests that its members contribute to protection of commensal bacteria from collateral damage of plant glucosinolate-based defense responses to herbivores and necrotrophic pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliebenstein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangl, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An efflux pump family distributed across plant commensal bacteria conditions host- and organ-specific detoxfication of a host-specific glucosinolate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.08.698496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrafast Frame-Free Imaging of Neural Activity with Event Cameras 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.08.698496v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frame-based fluorescence imaging has long defined how neural activity is optically measured. This approach requires acquiring all pixels within an image, regardless of whether they carry meaningful neural dynamics, thereby intrinsically coupling spatial and temporal resolution while increasing data output. Here, we introduce an entirely different, frame-free approach that leverages the sparse nature of neural activity using event-based cameras, which asynchronously report fluorescence changes as spatiotemporal events. Compared with a frame-based camera, our method preserves signal fidelity while eliminating the fixed trade-off between spatial resolution, temporal resolution and data rate, thereby reducing data output by orders of magnitude. Applied to hippocampal preparations we demonstrate that the frame-free approach can resolve both single action potentials and fast network dynamics over large fields of view at kilohertz rates, enabling scalable, ultrafast optical recordings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasuba, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Morales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartsev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.698496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrafast Frame-Free Imaging of Neural Activity with Event Cameras]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.07.698149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A commensally regulated immune rheostat fine-tunes skin barrier fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.07.698149v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At the skins surface, the epidermis must balance stem cell renewal with barrier maintenance to withstand environmental stress and shield against pathogens. Here, we identify a microbial-immune-epithelial feedback mechanism that integrates environmental information into stem cell regulation. Specifically, we show that Langerhans cells--an intra-epithelial macrophage population-- orchestrate this circuit by producing prostaglandin E2, which restrains stem cell proliferation, promotes epidermal differentiation and maintains barrier integrity during homeostasis. Upon pathway disruption, stem cells become overactivated, impairing differentiation and compromising barrier function. Upstream, Langerhans cell activity is tuned by the local microbial environment in a rheostat-like fashion, coupling commensal sensing to stem cell control. Our findings provide a general framework for how barrier tissues achieve adaptive homeostasis amid continual external challenge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodig, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schernthanner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdusselamoglu, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, K. A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajjath, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Ugaldi, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonny, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A commensally regulated immune rheostat fine-tunes skin barrier fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.07.698073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of spikelet number during wheat spike development 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.07.698073v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wheat produces unbranched inflorescences (spikes) composed of smaller inflorescences (spikelets) as their fundamental building units. The spikelet number per spike (SNS) is a major determinant of grain yield and the gene networks that regulate this trait are the focus of this review. Spikelet development starts with the transition of the shoot apical meristem into an inflorescence meristem (IM) that produces lateral spikelet meristems (SMs). The rate at which SMs are produced and the timing of the IM transition into a terminal spikelet (IM[-&gt;]TS) determine the final SNS. These two traits are regulated by genes expressed in the IM (e.g. meristem identity genes), as well as by the amount of FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (florigen) transported from leaves to developing spikes. Spikelet number can also be increased by the production of spikes with supernumerary spikelets (SS) or branch-like structures that resemble small spikes. Mutations that promote a reversion from SM to IM identity can induce the formation of SS or branches. Initial efforts to incorporate these mutations into commercial wheat varieties have faced trade-offs in fertility and grain weight, which will require additional research and breeding efforts. Meanwhile, genes and allele combinations that increase SNS without affecting the number of spikelets per node have been identified and are being deployed in wheat breeding programs. Recent spatial transcriptomics, single-cell analyses, and multi-omics studies of wheat spike development are accelerating the discovery of new genes affecting SNS and enhancing our ability to engineer more productive wheat spikes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubcovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of spikelet number during wheat spike development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.09.698545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stepwise DNA unwinding gates TnpB genome-editing activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.09.698545v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TnpB is a compact RNA-guided endonuclease and evolutionary ancestor of CRISPR-Cas12 that offers a promising platform for genome engineering. However, the genome-editing activity of TnpBs remains limited and its underlying determinants are poorly understood. Here, we used biochemical and single-molecule assays to examine the DNA-unwinding mechanism of Youngiibacter multivorans TnpB (Ymu1 TnpB). DNA unwinding proceeds through formation of a partially unwound intermediate state to a fully unwound open state. The open state forms inefficiently and collapses readily in the absence of negative supercoiling. An optimized variant, Ymu1-WFR, stabilizes formation of both the intermediate and open states, resulting in enhanced DNA cleavage in vitro and increased genome editing in vivo. These findings identify the physical basis for the observed minimal activities of natural TnpBs, revealing how stabilizing specific unwinding states enables efficient DNA targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffarian-Deemyad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ur-Rehman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopintsev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langeberg, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amerasekera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aris, K. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sayyad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esain-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTurk, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stepwise DNA unwinding gates TnpB genome-editing activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.09.697058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pannexin-1 channel activity regulates neurogenesis and cell survival in the developing cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.09.697058v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in genes encoding a range of ion-conducting proteins disrupt development of the cerebral cortex in humans, often causing polymicrogyria (PMG), yet how ion conduction guides the development of cortical architecture is not clear. Here, we describe three individuals with brain malformations including PMG and microcephaly in whom de novo, missense mutations were identified in PANX1 - encoding an ATP and ion conducting channel. We show that these PMG-associated PANX1 mutations (p.D14H, p.M37R, and p.N338T) disrupt normal glycosylation and confer gain-of-function with respect to ATP release and channel conductance. In vivo modeling of PANX1 mutant forms in cortical progenitor cells demonstrated disrupted cell migration and cell fate, including excess cell death in both mice and ferret models. Modeling the N338T allele in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons further revealed how conductance changes lead to functional consequences of increased excitability and synchronicity. Our results show that normal PANX1 function contributes to cortical structure through regulation of ion conductance and ATP release and provides insight into how these processes influence corticogenesis and cytoarchitecture more broadly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hylton, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exposito-Alonso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambridge, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golinski, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talukdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doddi, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braddock, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGennaro, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akula, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.697058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pannexin-1 channel activity regulates neurogenesis and cell survival in the developing cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.699115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amplified genome editing by in vivo editor production 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.699115v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome editing enzymes have vast therapeutic potential. However, achieving sufficient delivery in vivo remains a major challenge, because editing machinery is confined to the subset of transfectable cells in a tissue. Here, we tested the possibility that genome editing could be amplified in vivo by programming transfected cells to produce and transfer editing enzymes in lipid vesicles to neighboring cells. Our data show that this NANoparticle-Induced Transfer of Enzyme (NANITE) strategy tripled editing efficiency in cultured cells relative to non-spreading controls. Furthermore, a single intravenous injection of the NANITE plasmid into mice induced [~]3-fold higher levels of liver editing at the Ttr locus relative to non-spreading controls, with corresponding reductions in serum transthyretin levels. Amplifying therapeutic enzymes in situ offers a nonviral and non-infectious strategy to overcome low delivery efficiencies and reduce effective dose requirements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas-Rivera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooks, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amplified genome editing by in vivo editor production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.10.698805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral Signatures of Post-Decisional Attention in Preferential Choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.10.698805v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention plays a key role in decision-making by directing limited cognitive resources to relevant information. It has been proposed that attention also biases the decision process, due to a multiplicative interaction between attention and subjective value (e.g., Krajbich et al., 2010). We tested two predictions of models that posit a causal multiplicative effect of attention on decision formation: (i) the last fixation should be more informative about the choice when the overall value of the alternatives is high, and (ii) more attention should be directed to the chosen option when choices conflict with stated preferences than when they do not. Reanalyzing data from a food-choice task (Krajbich et al., 2010), we found no evidence supporting these predictions. A similar discrepancy with the data is observed in recent normative models, which propose that gaze allocation arises from a process of Bayesian inference about the latent values of the alternatives (Callaway et al., 2021; Jang et al., 2021). An alternative model where attention reflects choices after the decision has completed, explains key observations, including the last-fixation bias, the gaze-cascade effect and the effect of the overall value of the alternatives on response times. However, this model does not fully account for the association between dwell time and choice. We conclude that gaze behavior prior to the choice report likely reflects both decisional and post-decisional processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krajbich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.10.698805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral Signatures of Post-Decisional Attention in Preferential Choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.09.698689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peaceful Queen Succession in the Naked Mole Rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.09.698689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eusocial naked mole rat exhibits an extreme reproductive skew involving a single queen that monopolizes breeding through behavioral dominance. When reproductive suppression of subordinates is lifted due to removal or death of the queen, subordinate females compete to assume the reproductive role, resulting in intense aggression and intracolony wars. This aggressive reproductive strategy is thought to confer several advantages under stable environmental conditions. However, reliance on a single reproductive female has the potential to create vulnerabilities when challenged with stressors or unstable environments. Thus, in some contexts, non-violent reproductive flexibility may be beneficial. Here, we report a longitudinal study of a captive naked mole rat colony identifying an alternative, mechanistically distinct mode of queen succession in response to external stressors that impair queen reproduction without social disturbance. Elevated colony density was sufficient to impair pup survival but did not alleviate reproductive suppression or trigger aggression in the colony. By contrast, relocating the colony to a new facility caused a long-term pause in the queens reproduction, leading to the sequential emergence of her daughters as additional breeders in the absence of fighting or aggression. This resulted in a transient period of peaceful plural breeding with one daughter and ultimately resulted in another daughter assuming the primary reproductive role for the colony. Together our findings support a model in which reproductive ascension is permissive and socially tolerated when the reigning queens reproductive function is impaired, thereby expanding the mechanistic framework of naked mole rat eusociality to include peaceful, fertility-based pathways of queen succession.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abeywardena, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schraibman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado Cuevas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayres, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peaceful Queen Succession in the Naked Mole Rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.699741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular gene tagging in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.699741v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tagging a gene endogenously can identify when the gene is expressed and where the protein is localized. CRISPR is the primary tool for generating tags of endogenous genes, but it is error-prone and requires unique reagents for each gene and tag. Recombinases can insert DNA in an error-free and modular manner. Here, we tested eight recombinases for germline function in the nematode C. elegans, and introduce PhIT, a recombinase-based method for protein tagging. First, a short 39bp PhiC31 attB landing pad is inserted into the locus by CRISPR. This strain is a resource which can be used to insert a variety of modular tags. Second, tags are inserted by the integrase PhiC31, and in tandem, extraneous backbone sequences are removed by a tyrosine recombinase. Current modular tags include seven different fluorescent proteins, FLP-regulated cell-specific expression constructs, and degron tags. Importantly, tags can be inserted by genetic crosses instead of by microinjection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hefel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular gene tagging in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.696064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated Microglial Synaptic Engulfment in Diffuse Midline Glioma 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.696064v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a near-universally lethal form of pediatric high-grade glioma, driven by neuronal activity-regulated paracrine signaling and synaptic integration of malignant cells into neural circuits. In turn, DMG increases neuronal excitability, augmenting neuron-to-glioma signaling. In the healthy brain, microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic connectivity. However, the role of microglia in promoting tumor-associated hyperexcitable neural networks in glioma remains unknown. Here, we investigate the activity-regulated engulfment of neuronal synapses by microglia in both healthy and glioma-bearing mice, and further explore how glioma cells alter microglia-mediated circuit refinement, contributing to pathogenic neuronal hyperexcitability. Microglia-mediated circuit refinement in the glioma microenvironment was characterized through synaptic engulfment analysis of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses by microglia in healthy mice and patient-derived DMG xenograft models, paired with optogenetic stimulation in the neocortex. We found that glutamatergic neuronal activity in the healthy brain increased excitatory synaptic engulfment by microglia in a previously unappreciated negative feedback mechanism that may guard against hyperexcitability. In contrast, this activity-regulated increase in excitatory synaptic engulfment was abrogated in DMG-infiltrated brains. Instead, inhibitory synaptic engulfment was significantly increased in DMG in response to glutamatergic neuronal activity. Together, these dysregulated synaptic engulfment mechanisms may create imbalance in the excitatory to inhibitory (E:I) synapse ratio predicted to increase neuronal excitability. Complementary single-nuclei sequencing studies revealed concordant tumor-specific, activity-regulated changes in microglia-neuron signaling showing reduced expression of excitatory synaptic refinement gene programs in microglia, potentially mediating the aberrant synaptic engulfment observed in DMG. These findings reveal novel cancer-neuron-immune interactions in DMG and provide an opportunity to potentially modulate tumor-associated neuronal hyperexcitability by targeting aberrant microglial synaptic engulfment.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIExcitatory synaptic engulfment by microglia increases in a glutamatergic neuronal activity-dependent manner in the healthy brain.
C_LIO_LIIn the glioma-infiltrated brain, this feedback regulatory mechanism is inverted, with loss of activity-regulated excitatory synaptic engulfment and aberrant increased inhibitory synaptic engulfment.
C_LIO_LITranscriptomic changes in glioma-associated microglia contribute to differential excitatory and inhibitory synaptic engulfment, with reduced excitatory synaptic refinement gene programs in tumor-associated microglia.
C_LIO_LIActivity-regulated soluble factors drive this imbalanced excitatory-inhibitory postsynaptic engulfment by glioma-associated microglia.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mancusi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatlock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamardani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta-Alvarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drexler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niizuma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulinyawe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malacon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byun, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraghty, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.696064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated Microglial Synaptic Engulfment in Diffuse Midline Glioma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.23.696288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid fluorescence lifetime sensor development of LifeCamp enables transient and baseline absolute calcium measurements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.23.696288v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically encoded calcium sensors (GECIs) have been instrumental for studying neuronal activity and intracellular signaling. GECIs are typically fluorescence-intensity sensors that change brightness upon calcium binding. Iterative improvements in GECIs have yielded indicators that report action potential-evoked calcium entry with high sensitivity and temporal resolution, enabling measurement of network activity across thousands of neurons. However, fluorescence intensity-based measurements generally cannot report baseline or absolute calcium levels and may confound neuromodulatory regulation of calcium handling with changes in action potential firing. Fluorescence lifetime sensors are insensitive to many artifacts that plague intensity-based measures and report absolute substrate levels, including those at rest. However, relatively few lifetime sensors for neuronal signals exist, and developing new sensors is typically difficult and low-yield. Here, we introduce a new rapid lifetime sensor development (RALISED) platform, which we use to build a new GCaMP8m-based high-speed lifetime calcium sensor, termed LifeCamp. We show that LifeCamp enables comparison of baseline calcium signals in cell culture, brain slices, and mice. In addition, we show that LifeCamp enables the detection of fast action potential-evoked calcium transients in single neurons from brain slices and in behaving mice. Using LifeCamp, we discovered calcium baseline changes associated with neuronal activity in brain slices and behaving mice, as well as slow average calcium changes in neuronal populations of freely moving mice. Altogether, this study highlights the utility of the RALISED method to rapidly develop new lifetime sensors and the application of the LifeCamp calcium lifetime sensor to study fast and slow calcium signaling.

Significance statementWe developed a new high-speed, sensitive calcium lifetime sensor (LifeCamp) using a novel rapid lifetime sensor development (RALISED) platform. LifeCamp has high sensitivity and a large substrate-dependent lifetime change (<1ns), allowing for the capture of baseline calcium levels, transient calcium changes, and neuronal firing in vitro and behaving animals. LifeCamp lifetime measurement is insensitive to artifacts that plague conventional intensity imaging and enables absolute comparison of baseline and transient calcium changes across cells, brain regions, and experimental conditions. Hence, LifeCamp is a powerful tool that enables a more accurate and in-depth understanding of neuronal activity and calcium signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lodder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghubardayal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andermann, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid fluorescence lifetime sensor development of LifeCamp enables transient and baseline absolute calcium measurements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.696041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stomatal setpoints and environmental responsiveness are sculpted by developmental trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.696041v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient gas and water exchange between plants and their environment largely depends on the number and distribution of stomata, cellular valves in leaf epidermis. Core genetic regulators of stomatal cell identity and pattern along with asymmetric stem-cell like divisions in stomatal precursors are hypothesized to customize stomatal production for optimal leaf performance. How these regulators work in concert and how division dynamics are modified and adjusted in different environments, however, are poorly understood. Here, we leveraged the variation in stomatal Arabidopsis accessions from diverse environments to define developmental rules and constraints in the stomatal lineage. The accessions subtle, quantitative variation, shaped by adaptation, enables us to identify which cellular parameters are flexible, revealing how developmental plasticity generates phenotypic plasticity. By developing live-cell imaging tools to track cellular behaviors during leaf growth under varying environmental conditions in these accessions, we could decompose stomatal density variation into its developmental origins. Variation in final stomatal numbers is driven by differences in the relative contributions of stomatal initiation, cell size-based fate thresholds, general proliferative capacity, and coordination between sister and neighbor cell behaviors. Overall, diverse accessions converge into two lineage regimes: one dominated by autonomous decisions with loose cell-cell coordination, the other by extensive cell-cell coordination. Challenging accessions with environmental fluctuations revealed regime-specific flexibility, with plasticity emerging through targeted adjustment of a single division-related parameter. Our results show how cellular parameters integrate into alternative developmental strategies that shape environmental responsiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.696041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stomatal setpoints and environmental responsiveness are sculpted by developmental trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.23.696203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of phosphate activation chemistry on the selection of the primordial genetic alphabet 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.23.696203v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA copying under mild conditions compatible with protocell integrity requires the input of chemical energy to drive the synthesis of activated nucleotides such as phosphorimidazolides. Recently, two potentially prebiotic classes of phosphate-activating agents have been explored, one based on isonitrile-aldehyde chemistry, the other on imine diimidazole (IDI)-N-cyanoimidazole (NCI) chemistry. Because such highly electrophilic activating agents may lead to undesirable nucleotide modifications, we have examined the reaction of both types of activating agents with the canonical ribonucleotides A, U, C, and G, and the potentially primordial nucleotides 2-thio-C (s2C), 2-thio-U (s2U), and inosine (I). We find that the isonitrile-aldehyde system shows minimal hydroxyl modification but does modify the nucleobases of U, G, s2U, and I. Except for guanosine, these modifications are readily reversible. In contrast, IDI-NCI systems acylate ribonucleotide hydroxyls while modifying nucleobases only transiently; mildly acidic pH suppresses undesired modifications. Both classes of activating agents modify 2-thiopyrimidines on the sulfur, with the isonitrile-aldehyde reaction promoting desulfurization and thus conversion to the canonical pyrimidines. To evaluate compatibility with model protocells, we tested the effects of activation chemistry on fatty acid vesicles and found that protocell integrity was preserved at moderate reagent concentrations. Our findings show that the potentially primordial s2U, s2C, and I nucleotides are more sensitive to modification than the canonical U, C, and G nucleotides, potentially contributing to the chemical selection of the early genetic alphabet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boskovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swatiputra, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of phosphate activation chemistry on the selection of the primordial genetic alphabet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.23.696279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae serotype impacts pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.23.696279v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The O1 serogroup of Vibrio cholerae has caused all cholera pandemics and for over a century V. cholerae O1 outbreak strains have been characterized by their serotype. The two V. cholerae serotypes differ by the presence (Ogawa) or absence (Inaba) of methylation of the terminal sugar on the lipopolysaccharide O1-antigen. Serotype switching often occurs during epidemics and has historically been attributed to the pathogen adapting to immune pressures. Here we address the impact of serotype on V. cholerae pathogenicity using otherwise isogenic Ogawa and Inaba versions of several clinical V. cholerae O1 isolates. Our findings indicate that O1 antigen methylation in Ogawa strains promotes V. cholerae colonization, infectivity and resistance to antimicrobial peptides. We propose that methylation of the O1 antigen elevates colonization by shielding the bacterium from cationic antimicrobial peptides at the pH of the small intestine. These observations provide insights into the biological significance of the V. cholerae O1 serotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zingl, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitner, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakoya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morano, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vibrio cholerae serotype impacts pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.19.695491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperative Interaction Between IL-4 Signaling and FLT3 in Multipotent Progenitors Restore Lymphopoiesis in Inflammation and Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.19.695491v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoiesis, the process of generating blood cells, is essential for maintaining immune functions in responding to systemic challenges. Disruption of this process, driven by inflammation or aging, often results in myeloid-biased hematopoiesis and impaired lymphoid lineage output. In this study, we identify interleukin-4 (IL-4) signaling as an important modulator of the lymphoid lineage commitment in hematopoietic multipotent progenitors (MPPs). We show that IL-4 promotes MPP differentiation from myelopoiesis to lymphopoiesis via the STAT6 signaling pathway. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that IL-4 signaling upregulates lymphoid-specific pathways while suppressing myeloid differentiation programs in MPPs, but not in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Mechanistically, FLT3-a class III receptor tyrosine kinase highly expressed in MPPs-interacts functionally with IL-4 signaling to facilitate STAT6 phosphorylation and activation. Notably, IL-4 treatment rejuvenates aged hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, restoring B and T cell output and counteracting inflammaging-associated myeloid bias. These changes are associated with improved immune, metabolic, physical, and cognitive functions, positioning IL-4 signaling-FLT3 cooperation in MPPs as a critical regulator of organism-wide immune fitness. Our findings highlight IL-4 as a potential therapeutic agent for restoring balanced hematopoiesis in the context of aging and inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperative Interaction Between IL-4 Signaling and FLT3 in Multipotent Progenitors Restore Lymphopoiesis in Inflammation and Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.12.693990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing the evolvability of an ancestrally reconstructed and modern adenylate kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.12.693990v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Directed evolution transformed protein engineering by providing a customizable framework for generating enzymes with improved catalytic performance across diverse functions. Yet modern enzymes often stall during directed evolution because populations become trapped on local fitness peaks. Researchers have suggested that ancestral enzymes offer better starting points because they are typically more thermostable. Here we propose and experimentally test an alternative explanation that does not depend on ancestral thermostability. We posit that ancestrally reconstructed sequences are unusually evolvable because they are inferred from the evolutionary lineages that survived to produce extant proteins. Less evolvable ancestors, and the trajectories emanating from them, disappeared by extinction and therefore do not contribute to reconstructed ancestors. Using thermophilic ancestral and modern adenylate kinases, we performed independent single-round selection experiments for activity in vivo and in vitro. In both settings, the ancestral enzyme tolerates a larger number of mutations, yielding more viable variants with greater genetic diversity than its modern descendants. Because mutational robustness promotes evolvability, these results support an intrinsic evolvability of reconstructed ancestral sequences that makes them superior launch points for directed evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patterson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludewig, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woldring, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Using, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theobald, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.693990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing the evolvability of an ancestrally reconstructed and modern adenylate kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.12.693809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic evolution of EZHIP, an inhibitor of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.12.693809v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is an ancient, conserved chromatin-interacting complex that controls gene expression, facilitating differentiation and cellular identity during development. Its regulation is critical in most eukaryotes. EZHIP was recently characterized as a PRC2 inhibitor and  oncohistone mimic in mammals. Although Ezhip expression is typically restricted to the germline, its aberrant expression in pediatric brain tumors inhibits PRC2-mediated H3K27 methylation and drives disease progression. To gain a deeper understanding of its normal functions, we systematically examined Ezhip evolution across 70 mammals using comparative genomics, synteny analysis, and motif discovery. Bolstering previous work, we find that Ezhip originated and has been strictly retained on the X chromosome in placental mammals. In addition to the highly conserved H3K27M-like histone mimic motif, our motif analysis reveals seven previously unidentified EZHIP motifs, including a putative nuclear localization signal, and tandem repeats that are largely well-conserved in placental mammals, except in some lineages. We hypothesize that these motifs are also critical to EZHIPs functions, including in PRC2 interaction and inhibition. We show that Ezhip has evolved under strong diversifying selection in primates and underwent dynamic expansions and losses across species. Some paralogs, such as Ezhip2 in primates, also evolved under positive selection. Based on its evolutionary attributes and germ-cell expression, we propose that Ezhip arose and evolved rapidly due to inter-parental conflict over fetal development in utero in placental mammals. Our work provides a foundation for further investigations into EZHIPs essential, potentially multifaceted roles in mammalian reproduction and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsukiyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.693809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic evolution of EZHIP, an inhibitor of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.12.699071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-deep duplex sequencing reveals unique features of somatic evolution in the normal tissues of a family with Li-Fraumeni syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.12.699071v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is caused by germline pathogenic variants in TP53 which predispose carriers to early onset cancer across multiple tissues. While genomically profiling those cancers has revealed factors contributing to their formation, little is understood about how LFS impacts clonal evolution in healthy tissues preceding cancer. Here, we use ultra-deep duplex sequencing (mean [~]15,000x depth) to investigate somatic mutation and selection in a family carrying the germline TP53 p.R181H pathogenic variant and a cohort of non-carrier controls. In blood samples, the germline variant was associated with more mutations in a panel designed to capture genomewide mutagenesis, and with reduced positive selection on somatic TP53 mutations, despite confounding by chemotherapy treatment in one individual. DNMT3A and TET2 mutations were positively selected and GATA2 mutations were negatively selected across the cohort, independent of the p.R181H status. Extensive multi-tissue sampling of 22 non-cancerous and 6 cancerous samples was also performed at autopsy in one individual with LFS who succumbed to esophageal cancer. Cross-tissue analysis revealed excess mutations in sun-exposed skin, esophagus and chronically-inflamed stomach tissue, and highly parallel emergence of mutations in the p.R248 hotspot of TP53 across most (18/28) tissue samples. Most somatic TP53 mutations in LFS that could be assessed for phase arose on the chromosomal copy lacking the p.R181H variant. Our study reveals how the germline p.R181H variant reshapes baseline somatic mutation and selection in normal tissues and highlights the importance of understanding early somatic evolution in LFS prior to cancer development and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colegrove, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubard-Gault, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohrn, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norgaard, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnick, E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salk, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahbari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feder, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risques, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.699071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-deep duplex sequencing reveals unique features of somatic evolution in the normal tissues of a family with Li-Fraumeni syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.24.639402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel assessment of designed protein solution properties using mass spectrometry and peptide barcoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.24.639402v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Library screening and selection methods can determine the binding activities of individual members of large protein libraries given a physical link between protein and nucleotide sequence, which enables identification of functional molecules by DNA sequencing. However, the solution properties of individual protein molecules cannot be probed using such approaches because they are completely altered by DNA attachment. Mass spectrometry enables parallel evaluation of protein properties amenable to physical fractionation such as solubility and oligomeric state, but current approaches are limited to libraries of 1,000 or fewer proteins. Here, we improved mass spectrometry barcoding by co-synthesizing proteins with barcodes optimized to be highly multiplexable and minimally perturbative, scaling to libraries of >5,000 proteins. We use these barcodes together with mass spectrometry to assay the solution behavior of libraries of de novo-designed monomeric scaffolds, oligomers, binding proteins and nanocages, rapidly identifying design failure modes and successes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feldman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepnik, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wicky, B. I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milles, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackenbrough, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacCoss, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel assessment of designed protein solution properties using mass spectrometry and peptide barcoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.02.592275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive optical third-harmonic generation microscopy for in vivo imaging of tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.05.02.592275v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Third-harmonic generation microscopy is a powerful label-free nonlinear imaging technique, providing essential information about structural characteristics of cells and tissues without requiring external labelling agents. In this work, we integrated a recently developed compact adaptive optics module into a third-harmonic generation microscope, to measure and correct for optical aberrations in complex tissues. Taking advantage of the high sensitivity of the third-harmonic generation process to material interfaces and thin membranes, along with the 1,300-nm excitation wavelength used here, our adaptive optical third-harmonic generation microscope enabled high-resolution in vivo imaging within highly scattering biological model systems. Examples include imaging of myelinated axons and vascular structures within the mouse spinal cord and deep cortical layers of the mouse brain, along with imaging of key anatomical features in the roots of the model plant Brachypodium distachyon. In all instances, aberration correction led to significant enhancements in image quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natan, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive optical third-harmonic generation microscopy for in vivo imaging of tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.16.562516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sibling chimerism among microglia in marmosets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.10.16.562516v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimerism happens rarely among most mammals but is common in marmosets and tamarins, a result of fraternal twin or triplet birth patterns in which in utero connected circulatory systems (through which stem cells transit) lead to persistent blood chimerism (12-80%) throughout life. The presence of Y-chromosome DNA sequences in organs of female marmosets has long suggested that chimerism might also affect these organs. However, a longstanding question is whether this chimerism is driven by blood-derived cells or involves contributions from other cell types. To address this question, we analyzed single-cell RNA-seq data from blood, liver, kidney and many brain regions across a number of marmosets, using transcribed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify cells with the siblings genome in various cell types within these tissues. Sibling-derived chimerism in all tissues arose entirely from cells of hematopoietic origin (i.e., myeloid and lymphoid lineages). In brain tissue this was reflected as sibling-derived chimerism among microglia (20-52%) and macrophages (18-64%) but not among other resident cell types (neurons, glia or ependymal cells). The percentage of microglia that were sibling-derived showed significant variation across brain regions, even within individual animals, likely reflecting distinct responses by genetic-sibling microglia to local recruitment or proliferation cues or, potentially, distinct clonal expansion histories in different brain areas. In the animals and tissues we analyzed, microglial gene expression profiles bore a much stronger relationship to local/host context than to sibling genetic differences. Naturally occurring marmoset chimerism will provide new ways to recognize the effects of genes, mutations and brain contexts on microglial biology and to distinguish between effects of microglia and other cell types on brain phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>del Rosario, R. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krienen, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutservitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysoker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemesh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sibling chimerism among microglia in marmosets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.16.699917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a Human Metabolite that Mimics the Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Autoinducer AI-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.16.699917v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria use small molecules to orchestrate collective behaviors in a process called quorum sensing (QS), which relies on the production, release, and group-wide detection of extracellular signal molecules referred to as autoinducers. One QS autoinducer, termed AI-2, is broadly used for inter-species bacterial communication, including in the mammalian gut. AI-2 consists of a family of interconverting compounds and adducts originating from 4,5-hydroxy-2,3-pentanedione. This complex speciation, coupled with the inherent instability of AI-2 congeners, have complicated isolation efforts. It has been known that mammalian epithelial cells produce an AI-2 mimic to which bacteria respond. However, the identity of the AI-2 mimic has remained elusive, presumably due to its instability, similar to that of known AI-2 compounds. Here, we developed a reactivity-based metabolomics approach to capture and identify a mammalian AI-2 mimic. Using a chemical strategy targeted at the -diketone moiety of known AI-2s, we identify the unusual sugar L-xylosone, as well as the related metabolite L-xylulose, as AI-2 mimics. While L-xylulose is a common and naturally occurring sugar known in human metabolism, L-xylosone is a rare and highly reactive oxidation product. We established a facile synthetic route to access pure enantiomers of xylosone and confirmed that, like AI-2, the L-configuration is required for recognition by the bacterial AI-2 receptor, LuxP, whereas D-xylosone is inactive. L-xylosone is new to the human metabolome, suggesting that other chemically reactive small molecules that mediate host-microbe interactions await discovery. The identification of L-xylosone expands the AI-2 family of molecules and adds a new word to the lexicon of host-bacterial interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valastyan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyedsayamdost, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a Human Metabolite that Mimics the Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Autoinducer AI-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.699069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved C. elegans zinc finger-homeodomain protein, ZFH-2, continuously required for structural integrity and function of alimentary tract and gonad 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.13.699069v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An unusually large transcription factor arose at the base of bilaterian evolution through domain shuffling that recombined many copies of two distinct DNA binding domains, C2H2-type zinc fingers and homeodomains. The function of this deeply conserved type of protein remains poorly characterized. We describe here the complete and complex expression pattern of its sole C. elegans representative, ZFH-2, throughout development and adulthood. We show that animals lacking this protein display defects in proper alimentary tract formation and starve to death in the first larval stage with an apparent inability to ingest food. Conditional removal of ZFH-2 at post-developmental stages reveals a continuous function of this protein in enabling food ingestion and demonstrates additional essential functions for the formation of other, postembryonically generated tubular structures. Even though ZFH-2 is broadly expressed throughout the nervous system, we detected no obvious defects in neuronal development or function in zfh-2 null mutants. Genome-engineered alleles indicate that while a large part of the protein is dispensable, at least a subset of the homeodomains are critical determinants for the essential functions of this protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sussfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sural, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved C. elegans zinc finger-homeodomain protein, ZFH-2, continuously required for structural integrity and function of alimentary tract and gonad]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.14.699358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unifying phylogenetic traversal and deep learning to guide tree exploration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.14.699358v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning offers hope for more efficient phylogenetic inference methods. However, it has yet to have the transformative effect on phylogenetics that it has had in other fields. Here we present a novel approach that combines deep learning with concepts behind current successful phylogenetic algorithms. Specifically, we give the deep learning algorithm access to the output of a phylogenetic dynamic program on the sequence alignment, rather than the raw sequence alignment. The algorithm then learns features based on these phylogenetically processed versions of the sequence data, which provides information that could inform local tree search. For this paper, our goal is simple: predict for each edge in a tree whether it is in a maximum parsimony tree or not. Our model consists of a recurrent neural network that learns features while traversing the input tree, which are used to classify the edge. The model makes high-quality predictions for this NP-complete problem on simulated and empirical datasets for trees of various sizes, and we believe is a stepping stone towards efficient phylogenetic inference using deep learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collienne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings-Shaffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsen, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unifying phylogenetic traversal and deep learning to guide tree exploration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.17.699915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular mRNA LNP design integrates RNA, lipid, and antigen engineering for protective vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.17.699915v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccines are programmable, multi-component systems in which immune outcomes emerge from coupled control of nanoparticle chemistry, RNA regulatory architecture, and antigen design. Here we establish an integrated engineering framework that quantitatively maps how ionizable lipid identity, untranslated region (UTR) configuration, and 5' cap structure shape innate activation landscapes and thereby tune the magnitude, cellular distribution, and polarization of adaptive immunity. Benchmarking three ionizable lipids shows that lipid chemistry imprints distinct cytokine and chemokine milieus during dendritic cell-T cell priming that mirror downstream T cell activation phenotypes, identifying lipid structure as a determinant of pathway-selective activation; notably, our first-in-study lipid exhibits benchmark-comparable immunostimulatory profiles, supporting further translational evaluation. Using Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) as a model high-consequence pathogen, we show that UTRs act as modular regulatory elements that redirect cytokine outputs, tuning effector versus proliferative programs and expanding helper polarization in an antigen-dependent manner. Cap structure functions primarily as a quantitative gain control, scaling cellular and humoral response magnitude without overriding antigen-defined polarization. Within this optimized platform, antigen architecture defines functional constraints on protection: structural modifications reshape immune hierarchies and antibody quality. Integrating these design axes yields an optimized mRNA-LNP vaccine encoding the CCHFV secreted glycoprotein complex (sGCs) that achieves 90% protection in an immunosuppressed murine lethal-challenge model with minimal clinical signs. Together, these data define generalizable design principles for rational, multi-parameter optimization of mRNA-LNP vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farzani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Manafi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Welch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D. Coleman-McCray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aida-Ficken, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Spengler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergeron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>F. Spiropoulou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielecki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N. Spector, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>E. Hensley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozonoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabeti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.17.699915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular mRNA LNP design integrates RNA, lipid, and antigen engineering for protective vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.699760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Preoptic Neurocircuit That Modulates Metabolic Flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.699760v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise, dynamic control of metabolic fuel usage in response to environmental challenges such as altered food availability or temperature change is essential for animal survival. In mammals, metabolic flexibility--the capacity to shift cellular metabolism between carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation--is understood to be largely regulated by circulating hormones such as insulin and glucagon. However, the role of the central nervous system in coordinating fuel selection and tissue metabolic tuning remains underexplored. Here, we investigated the mechanisms that mediate metabolic reprogramming following the acute activation of torpor-associated glutamatergic Adcyap1+ torpor-regulating neurons in the anteroventral preoptic area (avPOAVglut2/PACAP). The activation of these neurons rapidly shifts whole-body fuel use from glucose to fatty acids, irrespective of fuel/food availability. This shift is associated with reduced glucose utilization stemming from the transient induction of selective insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. We find that this reduction in skeletal muscle glucose metabolism does not require direct muscle innervation but is rather mediated in part via corticosterone. In contrast to their activation, avPOAVglut2/PACAP neuronal silencing results in improved glucose tolerance, demonstrating powerful bidirectional control of tissue-specific glucose metabolism, whole-body glucose levels, and fuel usage. Together, our findings uncover a novel POA -skeletal muscle pathway that dynamically controls glucose utilization and metabolic flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roessler, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigrin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortopassi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnehan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madigan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrvatin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Preoptic Neurocircuit That Modulates Metabolic Flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.14.699559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NPEPPS segmental duplication drives position effect expression of TBC1D3 in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.14.699559v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, the TBC1D3 gene family is thought to play a critical role in the expansion of the frontal cortex by promoting neuronal proliferation during brain development. This gene family shows some of the greatest structural heterozygosity ([~]97%) with haplotype copy numbers ranging from 3-39 among different human haplotypes. This raises the question as to how a gene so crucial in the evolutionary expansion of the human frontal cortex can be so variable in the human population. Here, we characterize the regulatory architecture that explains this paradox. We show that 45-96% of TBC1D3 expression is attributable to a single paralog located at the most telomeric position at the edge of a cluster of TBC1D3 genes. We find that its >3-fold higher expression relative to other copies is driven by a 110 kbp segmental duplication that occurred [~]8.9 million years ago, relocating a partial duplication of the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase gene (NPEPPS), including its promoter, adjacent to this TBC1D3 locus. Using neurospheres and comparative transcriptomics of iPSC-derived cultures, we show that expression of NPEPPSP1-TBC1D3 increases as neurons differentiate as a result of alternative splicing and differential polyadenylation usage. While the fusion exists in other ape lineages, we show subsequent deletion of the NPEPPSP1 promoter in Gorilla and a separate, lineage-specific duplication in the Pan lineage ablated the production of this fusion product, rendering this position effect of TBC1D3 specific to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guitart, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayllon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoglin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMullen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NPEPPS segmental duplication drives position effect expression of TBC1D3 in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.20.687493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse infection models demonstrate robust resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to innate immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.11.20.687493v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a robust activator of innate immunity. However, there is little evidence that innate immune mechanisms control Mtb before the onset of adaptive immunity. Prior work has generally used specific pathogen-free (SPF) mouse models and relatively large infectious doses, which may obscure the capacity of innate immunity to control Mtb. Here, we performed ultra-low dose Mtb infections and found that the initial innate immune response was unable to curb even minimal Mtb infectious doses. Additionally, we primed the immune systems of C57BL/6 mice by co-housing with "pet shop" mice prior to Mtb exposure. Co-housed mice were as susceptible to Mtb infection as SPF mice. To more specifically pre-activate innate immunity at the site of Mtb infection, we also infected the lungs of mice with Legionella pneumophila (Lp) prior to Mtb. Innate immunity alone can clear large doses (>100,000 CFU) of Lp from the lung within a few days. However, pre-infection with Lp only modestly reduced Mtb CFU compared to mice infected with only Mtb, indicating that Mtb can robustly replicate even in the presence of a strong innate inflammatory response. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing on myeloid cells from mice either infected with Mtb alone or mice primed with Lp. We found that Lp priming before Mtb infection induced measurable changes in myeloid cells responding to Mtb, but these changes had little effect on innate control of Mtb. Together, these data demonstrate the robust resistance of Mtb to innate immune clearance under diverse experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fairgrieve, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brydon, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.687493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse infection models demonstrate robust resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to innate immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.31.646367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human-chimpanzee tetraploid system defines mechanisms of species-specific neural gene regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.03.31.646367v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in human evolutionary biology is to pinpoint genetic differences that underlie human-specific traits, such as increased neuron number and differences in cognitive behaviors. We used human-chimpanzee tetraploid cells to distinguish gene expression changes due to cis-acting sequence variants that change local gene regulation, from trans expression changes due to species differences in the cellular environment. In neural progenitor cells, examination of both cis and trans changes -- combined with CRISPR inhibition and transcription factor motif analyses -- identified cis-acting, species-specific gene regulatory changes, including to TNIK, FOSL2, and MAZ, with widespread trans effects on neurogenesis-related gene programs. In excitatory neurons, we identified POU3F2 as a key cis-regulated gene with trans effects on synaptic gene expression and neuronal firing. This study identifies cis-acting genomic changes that cause cascading trans gene regulatory effects to contribute to human neural specializations, and provides a general framework for discovering genetic differences underlying human traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushinsky, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrocelli, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koreman, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human-chimpanzee tetraploid system defines mechanisms of species-specific neural gene regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.11.637750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of widespread activating mutations in a compact RNA-guided endonuclease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.11.637750v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TnpB is a diverse family of RNA-guided endonucleases associated with prokaryotic transposons. Due to their small size and putative evolutionary relationship to CRISPR-Cas12, TnpB enzymes hold significant potential for genome editing. However, most TnpBs lack robust gene editing activity, and unbiased profiling of mutational effects on editing activity has not been explored. Here, we mapped comprehensive sequence-function landscapes of a TnpB ribonucleoprotein and discovered many activating mutations in both the protein and RNA. One- and two-position RNA mutants outperform existing variants, highlighting the utility of systematic RNA scaffold mutagenesis. Leveraging the proteins mutational landscape, we identified enhanced TnpB variants from a combinatorial library of activating mutations. These variants enhanced editing in human cells, N. benthamiana, pepper, and rice, with up to a fifty-fold increase compared to wild-type TnpB. These findings highlight previously unknown elements critical for regulating TnpB endonuclease activity and reveal surprising latent activity accessible through mutation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thornton, B. W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrace, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groover, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartaglia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of widespread activating mutations in a compact RNA-guided endonuclease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.18.601886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Neural Networks to Register and Annotate the Cells of the C. elegans Nervous System 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.18.601886v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aligning and annotating the heterogeneous cell types that make up complex cellular tissues remains a major challenge in the analysis of biomedical imaging data. Here, we present a series of deep neural networks that allow for automatic non-rigid registration and cell identification, developed in the context of freely moving and deforming invertebrate nervous systems. A semi-supervised learning approach was used to train a C. elegans registration network (BrainAlignNet) that aligns pairs of images of the bending C. elegans head with single pixel-level accuracy. When incorporated into an image analysis pipeline, this network can link neurons over time with 99.6% accuracy. This network could also be readily purposed to align neurons from the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica, an organism with a vastly different body plan and set of movements. A separate network (AutoCellLabeler) was trained to annotate >100 neuronal cell types in the C. elegans head based on multi-spectral fluorescence of genetic markers. This network labels >100 different cell types per animal with 98% accuracy, exceeding individual human labeler performance by aggregating knowledge across manually labeled datasets. Finally, we trained a third network (CellDiscoveryNet) to perform unsupervised discovery of >100 cell types in the C. elegans nervous system: by comparing multi-spectral imaging data from many animals, it can automatically identify and annotate cell types without using any human labels. The performance of CellDiscoveryNet matched that of trained human labelers. These tools should be immediately useful for a wide range of biological applications and should be straightforward to generalize to many other contexts requiring alignment and annotation of dense heterogeneous cell types in complex tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atanas, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskoylu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.601886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Neural Networks to Register and Annotate the Cells of the C. elegans Nervous System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.20.700587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing the molecular basis for MDA5 mutation-linked autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.20.700587v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), a member of the RIG-I-like receptor family, is a cytoplasmic sensor essential for innate antiviral immunity. MDA5 distinguishes viral RNA from host RNA in part through its ATP hydrolysis activity, which promotes filament turnover on shorter endogenous dsRNAs. Here, we show that the gain-of-function T331I disease-linked mutation within the ATP binding pocket disrupts this balance, resulting in constitutive interferon signaling. Through a combination of cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM), biochemical assays, and cellular analyses, we reveal the extensive network of interactions that precisely position ATP for catalysis in the wild-type MDA5 ATP binding pocket, and also demonstrate that the T331I mutation impairs ATPase activity, thereby stabilizing MDA5-dsRNA complexes and leading to aberrant immune activation. These findings elucidate how MDA5 ATPase activity regulates antiviral specificity and prevents autoimmunity by controlling filament stability and downstream signaling, offering a mechanistic molecular explanation for disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing the molecular basis for MDA5 mutation-linked autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.19.700444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and Spectroscopic Basis for Catalysis by a Class C Radical S-adenosylmethionine Methylase Involved in Nosiheptide/Nocathiacin Biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.19.700444v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nosiheptide (NOS) is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural product that exhibits potent antibiotic activity against multiple bacterial pathogens. NOS features a core macrocyclic peptide containing thiazoles, dehydrated serine and threonine residues, and a 3-hydroxypyridine ring. In addition to the macrocycle, NOS possesses a side-ring system formed by a 3-methyl-2-indolic acid (MIA) bridge that connects to glutamyl and cysteinyl residues on the core peptide via ester and thioester linkages. This unique side-ring is installed by the class C radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methylase NosN. Here, we report X-ray crystal structures of the NosN homolog NocN--the first structure of a class C radical SAM methylase. The structures reveal clear electron density for two bound SAM molecules. Remarkably, the C5' atom of SAMI, which coordinates to the [Fe4S4] cluster, lies 3.1 [A] from the methyl group of SAMII and is properly positioned for direct hydrogen atom abstraction. A structure containing a product mimic illustrates how NocN engages its substrate and identifies Tyr276 as a key catalytic residue. The structure further suggests that the sulfonium center of SAMII may undergo epimerization to facilitate radical attack. Finally, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy identifies a paramagnetic species consistent with the addition of the SAMII-derived methylene radical to the MIA substrate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radle, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silakov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and Spectroscopic Basis for Catalysis by a Class C Radical S-adenosylmethionine Methylase Involved in Nosiheptide/Nocathiacin Biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.16.700014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inefficient autophagosome formation limits the temporal dynamics of OPTN-mediated mitophagy in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.16.700014v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitophagy is an essential quality control mechanism that maintains neuronal health by selectively removing damaged mitochondria via autophagosomes. In neurons, mitophagy is mainly driven by Optineurin (OPTN), a selective autophagy receptor that is recruited to damaged mitochondria. Consistent with its role in maintaining mitochondrial integrity, OPTN-mediated mitophagy is upregulated in response to mild oxidative stress. However, many mechanistic studies of mitophagy have relied on non-neuronal systems and acute mitochondrial damage paradigms. Thus, it remains unclear how well these findings translate to physiological stress conditions in neurons. Here, we investigated the temporal dynamics of neuronal mitophagy under mild oxidative stress using live-cell imaging in primary rat hippocampal neurons. Surprisingly, we found that in neurons, autophagosomes failed to readily engulf OPTN-positive (OPTN+) mitochondria, revealing a novel rate-limiting step in neuronal mitophagy. Interestingly, this inefficient engulfment was specific to OPTN+ mitochondria at mitophagy events. Given the slow progression of mitophagy, we extended our time course to define the timescale of OPTN-regulated mitophagy. Using a pulse-chase assay to monitor long-term mitochondrial turnover, we found that OPTN+ mitochondria colocalized with acidified lysosomes over a timescale significantly longer than reported in non-neuronal cells and acute neuronal models. Since inefficient autophagosome engulfment appeared to limit mitophagy, we stimulated autophagosome formation via nutrient deprivation, which increased lysosomal colocalization with damaged mitochondria and enhanced mitophagy flux. Together, these findings indicate that mitophagy proceeds relatively slowly in neurons, a characteristic that may contribute to neuronal vulnerability in neurodegenerative disease by promoting the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Green, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooden, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojo, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalejaiye, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.700014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inefficient autophagosome formation limits the temporal dynamics of OPTN-mediated mitophagy in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.699783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of the Phosphonate Flavophos Produced by Burkholderia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.15.699783v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphonate natural products have proven value to society as antibiotics and herbicides, and inhibit a range of enzyme targets usually by mimicking the enzyme substrates. In this study, we investigate a family of phosphonate biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) found in Burkholderia. Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli resulted in production of an antimicrobial compound. Spectroscopic characterization and chemical synthesis assigned its structure as 2,4-dioxopentylphosphonic acid. One of the biosynthetic enzymes is a member of the domain of unknown function (DUF) 849 family with homology to {beta}-keto acid cleavage enzymes (BKACEs). In vitro characterization shows this enzyme catalyzes chemistry that is divergent from BKACEs. The observed catalytic activity is explained by a series of co-crystal structures with substrates and intermediates. The BGC also contains a gene encoding lumazine synthase (LS), an essential enzyme in flavin biosynthesis. Expression of this gene, or genes encoding LS from a range of organisms, conferred resistance to the new phosphonate, which we therefore call flavophos. Biochemical experiments confirmed inhibition of LS by flavophos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Figueroa, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Lopez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongpipattanakul, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giurgiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffpauir, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of the Phosphonate Flavophos Produced by Burkholderia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.16.699998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B Lymphocyte Protein Factories produced by Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.16.699998v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term in vivo production of therapeutic proteins and development of vaccines that elicit protective levels of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against major pathogens face challenges. Here we report on an alternative gene-editing approach using small numbers of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to direct long-term, high-level expression of antibodies or cargo proteins. Edited B lymphocyte offspring can be activated by cognate antigen to undergo clonal expansion and develop into specific antibody or cargo protein-synthesizing plasma cells. These cells produce long-lasting, therapeutic levels of serum antibody against HIV-1 or malaria and an anti-influenza virus bNAb that mediated universal protection from heterologous lethal challenge. Our data provide a paradigm for cell therapy approaches to prevent or treat disease using self-amplifying B cell protein factories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartweger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruprecht, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffont, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima dos Reis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hägglöf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazumyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levashina, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardemann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatatos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B Lymphocyte Protein Factories produced by Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.20.700404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PfApiAT2 is a proline transporter essential for the transmission of  Plasmodium falciparum  by the mosquito vector. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.20.700404v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium falciparum oocysts undergo an explosive biomass increase during development in Anopheles mosquitoes, a dramatic growth process likely promoted by as-yet unknown nutrients scavenged from the mosquito. We previously observed in blood-stage parasites, that the amino acid transporter PfApiAT2, although dispensable, regulates proline homeostasis and mediates resistance to halofuginone, a potent proline-tRNA synthetase inhibitor. Here, we demonstrate that PfApiAT2 is a proline-specific transporter essential for early oocyst development in Anopheles gambiae. Halofuginone-resistant pfapiat2-mutant parasites form stunted oocysts severely defective in sporozoite production. This phenotype is recapitulated in PfApiAT2-knockout parasites that undergo a complete block in sporogony, forming oocysts that stall and degenerate. Remarkably, this growth defect can be rescued by nutrient supplementation to the mosquito vector. By identifying an amino acid transporter essential for oocyst growth, our data unveil a vulnerability in P. falciparum transmission, revealing a critical nutritional dependency of the parasite on its mosquito vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khushu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kissel, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauffman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taccheri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plant, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catteruccia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bopp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PfApiAT2 is a proline transporter essential for the transmission of  Plasmodium falciparum  by the mosquito vector.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.19.700410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective Immune Silencing by Targeted TGF-β Agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.19.700410v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Depletion of pathogenic T and B cells is a pillar of first-line therapies for inflammatory, autoimmune, and transplantation-related immunological diseases. However, concerns about adverse events, safety in immunocompromised patients, and disease relapse from incomplete depletion, limit clinical utility. Here, we exploit the immunosuppressive properties of Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-{beta}), through selective "silencing" of T and B cells by a targeted TGF-{beta} mimic agonist derived from Helminths. CD4 and CD8 T cell-targeted TGF-{beta} agonists effectively silence antigen-stimulated T cell activation and expansion in mice and human spleen organoids. A mouse CD4 T cell-targeted TGF-{beta} agonist silences antigen-specific antibody responses by reprogramming pro-inflammatory Th1 and T follicular helper cells into quiescent or regulatory T cell phenotypes in vivo. A human CD19 B cell-targeted TGF-{beta} agonist silences antibody responses by disrupting differentiation of germinal center B cells into antibody-secreting cells in human spleen organoids. Cell-type-specific targeted TGF-{beta} agonists ameliorate disease activity in multiple mouse models with minimal off-target effects in vivo. Thus, cell-selective TGF-{beta} agonism is a versatile therapeutic strategy for precise silencing of immune functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salehi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanz, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrin, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective Immune Silencing by Targeted TGF-β Agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.19.700311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UnionLoops: a workflow for calling chromatin loops across related Hi-C datasets with improved specificity, precision, and sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.19.700311v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin loop calling from Hi-C data often exhibits substantial variability across related samples, limiting reproducibility and complicating comparative biological analyses. Conventional loop callers such as HiCCUPS are optimized for single-sample loop detection and are not designed for consistent comparison of loop positions across multiple datasets, e.g., across conditions or time points. Here, we present UnionLoops, a computational workflow for reproducible chromatin loop calling across multiple related samples. UnionLoops integrates information across datasets to determine positions and dataset-specificity of looping interactions. It constructs a unified candidate loop set, applies consistent filtering and aggregation, and evaluates loop support across samples to distinguish shared looping interactions from dataset-specific loop calls. Using time-course Hi-C datasets, we demonstrate that UnionLoops increases sensitivity for detecting shared chromatin loops, reduces spurious sample-specific calls, and improves concordance with independent genomic features, including CTCF and cohesin occupancy. These improvements support more reliable downstream analyses and enable improved biological interpretation of chromatin loop organization and dynamics across related experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UnionLoops: a workflow for calling chromatin loops across related Hi-C datasets with improved specificity, precision, and sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.20.700679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the cell intrinsic and extrinsic roles of PRC2 in early embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.20.700679v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early embryogenesis is accompanied by dynamic epigenetic modifications. While such dynamics are important in cell intrinsic regulation of gene expression, their extrinsic roles in mediating intercellular communication during early embryogenesis is less understood. Using the protein degradation tag (dTAG) system, here we decode stage- and lineage-specific functions of Eed, a core component of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) in mouse early embryogenesis. Our results reveal previously underappreciated cell intrinsic and extrinsic functions of PRC2 in regulating pre-implantation and primordial germ cell (PGC) development, respectively. We demonstrate that PRC2 is required for normal maternal to zygotic transition (MZT), and epiblast (EPI) specification. Moreover, PRC2 controls proper PGC numbers in EPI through a PRC2-ESRRB-BMP4 regulatory axis in extraembryonic ectoderm (ExE). Thus, our study uncovers a previously unknown cell-autonomous function of PRC2 in preimplantation development and its non-cell-autonomous function in PGC number regulation, both through interplays between epigenetic-epigenetic and epigenetic-TFs networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the cell intrinsic and extrinsic roles of PRC2 in early embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.23.700382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient transgene-free multiplexed genome editing via viral delivery of an engineered TnpB. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.23.700382v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus-induced genome editing (VIGE) using compact RNA-guided endonucleases is a transformational new approach in plant biotechnology, enabling tissue-culture-independent and transgene-free genome editing (Hu et al. 2025; Liu et al. 2025; Weiss et al. 2025). We recently established a VIGE approach for heritable editing at single loci in Arabidopsis by delivering the compact genome editor ISYmu1 TnpB (Ymu1) and its guide RNA (gRNA) via Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) (Weiss et al. 2025). Here, we greatly improved this approach by devising a multiple gRNA expression system and by utilizing an engineered high-activity Ymu1 variant (Ymu1-WFR) (Zhou et al. 2026) to develop an efficient multiplexed genome editing platform.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirnowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amerasekera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.700382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient transgene-free multiplexed genome editing via viral delivery of an engineered TnpB.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New methods for epigenetic characterization and manipulation of rare fly brain neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700891v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila central brain is remarkably heterogeneous. Molecular as well as connectomic data indicate that many of its ca. 65,000 neurons are present in only a few copies per brain. This makes molecular characterization of individual cell types challenging. To address this issue, we developed Elution-based INTACT (El-INTACT), a nuclei-based purification technique that offers much higher purity, yield and efficiency compared to existing methods. El-INTACT successfully isolated two subsets of circadian neuron nuclei, one with [~]120 nuclei per brain and the other with only [~]16 nuclei per brain; the latter are the well-known circadian LNvs or PDF neurons. The method facilitated ATAC-Seq (Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin) assays, which revealed temporally regulated enhancers that cycle throughout the day within clock neurons. The ATAC-seq assays also identified cell-type-specific enhancers that correlate with adjacent genes, which are also only expressed in certain neuron types. To test the functional relevance of these enhancers, we developed a second approach, a CRISPR/Cas9 and multiplexed guide-RNA strategy and used it to disrupt individual enhancers of the core circadian gene Clock (Clk). Our results show that these two methods, El-INTACT to identify enhancers and a CRISPR-based strategy to perturb these enhancers, significantly improves the understanding of gene regulation within discrete neuron types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ojha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berglund, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosbash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New methods for epigenetic characterization and manipulation of rare fly brain neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of membrane perforation in rotavirus cell entry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700916v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infectious cell entry by non-enveloped viruses requires delivery of the viral genome -- in many cases enclosed within a large, subviral particle -- across the membrane of an intracellular compartment. Rotaviruses and other double-strand RNA (dsRNA) viruses introduce into their target cells an inner capsid particle, roughly 700 [A] in diameter, that does not uncoat further but instead extrudes capped viral mRNA by virtue of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capping activities within it. The delivery agent is an outer protein layer of the virion. We describe here use of cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET) to visualize the full course of rhesus rotavirus (RRV) entry, from cell attachment and inward budding of the virion to arrival of the subviral particle in the cytosol. The cryo-tomograms and subtomogram averaging of classified subparticles have enabled us to link high-resolution structures of the virion and its components with time series from live-cell fluorescence microscopy and thus to outline the molecular mechanism of each step in the entry process, including the hitherto elusive membrane perforation step needed for transfer of the subviral particle into the cytosol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Sautu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leistner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of membrane perforation in rotavirus cell entry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.19.700487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strong sustained type I IFN signaling acts cell intrinsically to impair IFNγ responses and cause tuberculosis susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.19.700487v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes over one million annual deaths, but most infected individuals never exhibit symptoms. Type I interferons (IFNs) have emerged as a major factor driving Mtb susceptibility, but how type I IFNs impair immunity to Mtb is a key unresolved question. Here we show that an early and primary effect of type I IFN during Mtb infection is the cell-intrinsic impairment of IFN{gamma} signaling. IFN{gamma} signaling was selectively impaired in the subset of infected macrophages experiencing high and sustained levels of type I IFN signaling. Genetic elimination of RESIST, a recently described positive regulator of type I IFN production, specifically eliminated the high and sustained type I IFN response, fully restored IFN{gamma} signaling, and rescued Mtb susceptibility without affecting basal type I IFN responses. Our results demonstrate that strong and sustained type I IFN responses specifically and cell-intrinsically impair responsiveness to IFN{gamma} to cause Mtb susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fattinger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brydon, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairgrieve, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaliwal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotov, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strong sustained type I IFN signaling acts cell intrinsically to impair IFNγ responses and cause tuberculosis susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spliceosome assembles on excised linear introns to protect them from degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700889v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, prolonged cellular stress induces some introns to accumulate post-splicing as stable, linear, spliceosome-protected RNAs1. These stable introns are defined by having short distances from their branchpoint (BP) sequences to their 3'-splice sites (3'SSs). Stable introns sequester splicing components, thereby reducing splicing activity and affecting cell growth in the stressed conditions. The mechanism by which these normally ephemeral products of pre-mRNA splicing persist cannot be explained by the current understanding of the splicing pathway, which derives primarily from studies of unstressed cells and their extracts2,3. Here, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a stable-intron complex purified from saturated-culture conditions. This structure and experimental follow-up show that a Bact-like spliceosome protects stable introns from degradation, and that the short BP-3'SS distances of stable introns render this conformation of the spliceosome resistant to remodelling by helicases. Spliceosomes can also assemble onto artificial introns that have the same sequences as authentic stable introns but do not rely on splicing for their biogenesis, which demonstrates that spliceosomes arrive at this Bact-like conformation by reassembling onto linear introns after their excision from pre-mRNAs. This reassembly activity is maintained in both stressed and unstressed cells. Thus, most yeast introns compete with pre-mRNAs for access to the splicing machinery, and budding yeast has co-opted this activity to adapt to environmental insults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spliceosome assembles on excised linear introns to protect them from degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.700572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live dynamics of induced cell-cell fusion between mitotic and interphasic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.700572v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell cycle is tightly regulated by checkpoint mechanisms that ensure faithful duplication and segregation of the genome. Here, we induced cell-cell fusion between mitotic and interphase cells to study how nuclei from different cell cycle stages behave in a shared cytoplasm. We found that mitosis is a dominant cell cycle state: the mitotic cytoplasm can drive interphase nuclei into mitosis, whereas, in high ratios of interphase versus mitotic nuclei, fusion forced mitotic nuclei to exit mitosis. Both outcomes represent checkpoint override events with impactful consequences. Interphase nuclei forced into mitosis form aberrant mitotic spindles, show partially condensed DNA and ultimately undergo mitotic catastrophe. Conversely, forced mitotic exit resulted in reformation of nuclear envelope membranes around condensed chromosomes, forming nuclei with a defective nuclear import machinery. Altogether, cell-cell fusion revealed an unexpected plasticity in cell cycle control and highlight cell-cell fusion experiments as a powerful experimental system to study how competing cytoplasmic states are integrated in a shared cytoplasm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afonso, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliciano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.700572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live dynamics of induced cell-cell fusion between mitotic and interphasic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engaging Unstabilized Alkyl Radicals with Pyridoxal Radical Biocatalysis: Enantiodivergent Synthesis of Aliphatic Non-Canonical Amino Acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.21.700944v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Harnessing transient, unstabilized alkyl radical intermediates for the enantioselective construction of valueadded chemical entities remains a fundamental challenge in biocatalysis. Through the repurposing and directed evolution of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent tryptophan synthases, we advanced an open-shell enzyme platform capable of intercepting transient alkyl radicals for the efficient and enantioselective synthesis of aliphatic non-canonical amino acids. Engineering an orthogonal pair of radical PLP enzymes allowed unstabilized alkyl radicals, generated from diverse aliphatic organoboronates, to undergo dehydroxylative C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling with a common L-serine donor, affording either L- or D-amino acids with excellent enantiopurity in an enzyme-controlled fashion. Mechanistic and computational investigations employing radical clock substrates and unusual radical-mediated rearrangement processes revealed that the radical intermediates generated in this system exhibit unexpectedly long lifetimes, highlighting the power of this dual enzyme-photocatalyst platform to engage unactivated alkyl radicals. Collectively, these findings delineate a potentially general strategy for generating and utilizing unstabilized alkyl radicals and underscore the synthetic potential of radical pyridoxal biocatalysts for stereodivergent amino acid construction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engaging Unstabilized Alkyl Radicals with Pyridoxal Radical Biocatalysis: Enantiodivergent Synthesis of Aliphatic Non-Canonical Amino Acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.702029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptin Receptor+ cells create a perisinusoidal niche for thrombopoiesis in the bone marrow by synthesizing CXCL14 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.702029v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptin Receptor-expressing (LepR+) stromal cells in the bone marrow are a critical source of growth factors for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and most restricted hematopoietic progenitors. An important unresolved question is whether they also regulate terminal differentiation in some hematopoietic cells. We found that LepR+ cells promote thrombopoiesis by synthesizing the chemokine CXCL14, which is expressed in the bone marrow by a subset of LepR+ cells. Cxcl14-expressing LepR+ cells extend fine processes that wrap around perisinusoidal megakaryocytes. Deletion of Cxcl14 from LepR+ cells did not significantly alter HSC function or most aspects of bone marrow hematopoiesis, including megakaryocyte generation; however, it significantly reduced the numbers of proplatelet-forming megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and platelets in the blood. CXCL14 promoted platelet formation by remodeling lipid metabolism in megakaryocytes, increasing fatty acid transporter expression and enabling megakaryocytes to use more polyunsaturated fatty acids from the circulation. A high fat diet rescued the formation of proplatelet-forming megakaryocyte and platelets in Lepr-cre; Cxcl14 fl/fl mice. CXCL14 protein was sufficient to promote platelet formation by megakaryocytes in vitro and in vivo. LepR+ cells thus create a perisinusoidal niche for thrombopoiesis by producing CXCL14, which regulates lipid metabolism and terminal differentiation in megakaryocytes.

Key pointsO_LILeptin Receptor+ stromal cells regulate terminal differentiation in megakaryocytes in addition to maintaining stem and progenitor cells
C_LIO_LICXCL14 from Leptin Receptor+ cells promotes the formation of platelets by remodeling lipid metabolism in megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippetts, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptin Receptor+ cells create a perisinusoidal niche for thrombopoiesis in the bone marrow by synthesizing CXCL14]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.23.701331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAK1 integrates the NLRP1 inflammasome into the innate immune response to double-stranded RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.23.701331v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate immune recognition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by germline-encoded receptors initiates antiviral defenses, including type I interferon (IFN) production. The inflammasome-forming sensor NLRP1 binds and is activated by dsRNA in a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38-dependent manner. How dsRNA initiates these events to induce NLRP1 inflammasome activation is unclear. Here we demonstrate that both exogenous and cellular dsRNA triggers NLRP1 inflammasome activation downstream of RIG-I/MDA5-MAVS and/or TLR3-TRIF signaling but is independent of type I IFN. In immortalized and primary human keratinocytes, we find that NLRP1 inflammasome activation by dsRNA, including during viral infection, requires the MAPK kinase kinase TAK1. Mechanistically, TAK1-dependent phosphorylation of the NLRP1 N-terminal disordered region is necessary and sufficient for inflammasome activation. Collectively, we reveal TAK1 as a novel activator of the NLRP1 inflammasome, functioning as a critical signaling hub linking NLRP1 to inflammatory responses in the context of viral infection and autoimmunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyodo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoda, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonemitsu, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantharath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAK1 integrates the NLRP1 inflammasome into the innate immune response to double-stranded RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.23.701336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetochore clustering is mediated by Mps1 phosphorylation of conserved MELT motifs in Stu1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.23.701336v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unattached kinetochores cluster in budding yeast to promote microtubule capture. Mallett et al. dissect the molecular mechanisms of this pathway, showing Mps1 kinase regulates an interaction between Stu1 and Slk19 to drive clustering.

ABSTRACTUnattached kinetochores promote microtubule capture while preventing cell cycle progression during mitosis. The Mps1 kinase controls these events by mediating kinetochore assembly of the fibrous corona in animal cells and by triggering the spindle checkpoint. In budding yeast, which does not assemble a fibrous corona, the Stu1 and Slk19 spindle proteins promote microtubule capture by clustering unattached kinetochores, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that Mps1 controls this pathway. We identify two conserved MELT motifs in Stu1 that are directly phosphorylated by Mps1 to recruit Slk19 and mediate kinetochore clustering. Structural analysis of the Stu1:Slk19 complex reveals long, string-like filaments and offers mechanistic insight into how kinetochores might cluster. Our findings reveal parallels between the Mps1-Stu1-Slk19 pathway and the fibrous corona and suggest the regulation of kinetochore capture is a conserved Mps1 function across eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallet, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minnuto, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetochore clustering is mediated by Mps1 phosphorylation of conserved MELT motifs in Stu1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.24.701519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell atlas of intestinal immune cells across the day-night cycle reveals dynamic populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.24.701519v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small intestine houses an array of immune cells that receive diverse inputs from food intake, microbiota, and other cues that vary by time of day. However, how diurnal variation influences intestinal immune cell proportions and functions is unclear. Here, we use flow cytometry and single cell RNA sequencing to establish an atlas of 815,073 mouse small intestine immune cells at four times across the day-night cycle. These data suggest possible temporal coordination of dendritic cell antigen processing and subsequent T cell antigen recognition. Most cells express circadian clock genes and have intrinsic oscillatory transcriptomes. However, differentiated antibody-producing plasma cells have minimal circadian gene expression and instead may receive extrinsic oscillatory cues from other cell types. Finally, certain populations of B cells are extremely dynamic, with broad transcriptional changes within a six hour time span. This dataset provides insight into the circadian dynamics of intestinal immunity.

SummaryO_LIAn atlas of 815,073 small intestine immune cells across four time-points reveals a large proportion of naive B and T cells.
C_LIO_LIGene expression profiles suggest coordination of antigen processing in dendritic cells prior to antigen recognition by T cells.
C_LIO_LITh17 and innate lymphoid cells have high expression of circadian clock genes and most immune cells have rhythmic gene expression.
C_LIO_LIPopulations of certain B cell subtypes, including transitional B cells and centrocytes, are extremely dynamic with large shifts over a six hour time frame.
C_LIO_LITerminally differentiated antibody-producing plasma cells have minimal circadian gene expression and few oscillatory genes.
C_LI



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=121 SRC="FIGDIR/small/701519v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maples, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dende, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.24.701519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell atlas of intestinal immune cells across the day-night cycle reveals dynamic populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.30.702415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Library transgenesis in zebrafish through delayed site-specific mosaic integration for in vivo pooled screening of transgenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.30.702415v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional screening through systematic deletion, editing or addition of libraries of genes is a powerful approach for discovering gene functions and developing improved molecular tools. However, due to the need for high throughput, such campaigns are typically conducted in vitro, leading to many discoveries, especially tools and therapeutics, which fail to translate in vivo. Tissue context, cellular physiology, and systemic regulation shape both tool performance and gene function in ways that simplified culture systems cannot predict. Pooled in vivo screening methods have the potential to enable screening within living animals while preserving the physiological context, but current approaches using viral vectors face three critical limitations: multi-transgene insertions per cell confound genotype-phenotype association, viral packaging constrains transgene size, and cell-type tropism restricts and biases targeting. Here, we introduce a zebrafish library transgenesis method that overcomes these limitations through delayed site-specific mosaic integration. We exploit a temporal delay between library microinjection with PhiC31 mRNA, and library integration, to allows the library to spread episomally throughout the developing embryo before integration begins. This produces mosaic animals where each cell independently integrates one randomly-selected library member, enforced by a single genomic AttP landing site. We demonstrate delivery of multi-kilobase transgenes with high library coverage of 1,378-1,989 unique integrants per animal, and single-transgene-per-cell in [~]99% of brain cells. This method provides a platform for direct in vivo screening of large transgene libraries with single-transgene precision, with potential applications in both biological discovery and tool development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amsterdam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitayat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Library transgenesis in zebrafish through delayed site-specific mosaic integration for in vivo pooled screening of transgenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.29.702630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles of in situ protein sequencing: expansion microscopy-adapted Edman degradation and amino acid recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.29.702630v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to map protein identity, with resolution sufficient to infer interactions, would support analysis of how proteins work together, or malfunction, in biological processes and diseases. Although several emerging technologies aim towards single-molecule protein sequencing, they require proteins to be removed from the nanoscale spatial context of cells and tissues. Expansion microscopy (ExM) has facilitated a diversity of chemical analyses by isotropically separating molecules throughout a specimen after permeation via a charged hydrogel, followed by gel swelling. Here, we adapt key protein sequencing steps - Edman degradation and amino acid recognition - to the ExM gel context. Using testbed peptides in ExM gels, we show that N-terminal amino acids can be recognized over multiple cycles of in-gel Edman degradation. These results establish principles of in situ protein sequencing and provide a framework for future in situ protein sequencing developments, including the development of higher specificity and affinity amino acid binders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavana, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evgeniou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domecillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estandian, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choueiri, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohadwala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polizzi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiessling, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles of in situ protein sequencing: expansion microscopy-adapted Edman degradation and amino acid recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.29.702595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unconstrained Plasticity Disrupts Memory Consolidation in a Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.29.702595v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory impairment is a hallmark cognitive deficit in Rett syndrome (RTT). Yet, long-term memory deficits in RTT animal models remain poorly understood, largely due to the technical challenges inherent in tracking neural activity over extended periods. Here, we used longitudinal two-photon calcium imaging to follow the same population of hippocampal CA1 neurons as RTT mice and their littermate controls formed cognitive maps of their environment during a spatial learning task. Neural representations in RTT mice were marked by excessive place cell (PC) activity, with individual PCs exhibiting pronounced instability across days. This disrupted single-cell stability propagated to the population level, resulting in unstable ensemble codes that poorly retained previously learned task information. Both excessive PC recruitment and instability could be attributed to a higher incidence of behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity (BTSP) in RTT mice. In wild-type littermates, place-cell consolidation across days is reflected by an increased likelihood of neuron-specific synaptic plasticity at the location of prior PC coding. This cellular mechanism of memory consolidation based on the location of BTSP was disrupted in RTT mice, where excessive and ectopic plasticity reduced PC stability, and degraded long-term stable representations. Backed by theoretical modeling, these results identify a plausible cellular and circuit-level mechanism underlying memory impairments in RTT mice and suggest principles that may be generalized to other neurological disorders involving memory deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidya, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unconstrained Plasticity Disrupts Memory Consolidation in a Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.28.702369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural mechanism of Necrocide 1 activation of human TRPM4 that triggers necrosis by sodium overload 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.28.702369v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small molecule Necrocide 1 (NC1) constitutively activates human TRPM4, triggering Na influx and leading to necrotic cell death, a process termed Necrosis by Sodium Overload (NECSO). NC1 activation is specific to human TRPM4 and does not affect most of the other mammalian TRPM4 orthologs. Here, we elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying NC1 activation and its species-specific selectivity for human TRPM4 using a combination of single-particle cryo-EM, electrophysiology, and cell death assays. We demonstrate that NC1 functions as a non-competitive surrogate of the endogenous Ca{superscript 2} ligand - it binds to a pocket within the S1-S4 domain adjacent to the Ca{superscript 2} site and induces the same conformational changes as those triggered by Ca{superscript 2}. Like Ca{superscript 2}-mediated activation, NC1-induced channel opening also requires membrane PI(4,5)P2 to stabilize the open state. Through comparative mutagenesis and structural analysis of human and mouse TRPM4, we identify the molecular determinants of NC1 specificity. Our results reveal that the insensitivity of mouse TRPM4 to NC1 arises not from a lack of binding, but from drug-induced conformational changes that destabilize the selectivity filter and inactivate the channel. We identify three critical residues that confer NC1 sensitivity, and their substitution renders mouse TRPM4 responsive to NC1, akin to the human channel. Given the upregulation of TRPM4 in various human cancers, our mechanistic insights into NC1 activation and specificity provide a framework for the potential development of cancer therapeutics targeting TRPM4-mediated necrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teixeira-Duarte, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural mechanism of Necrocide 1 activation of human TRPM4 that triggers necrosis by sodium overload]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.28.702380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social sensing of infection reprograms peripheral immunity in healthy mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.28.702380v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In plants and insects, social immunity enables individuals to detect infection in neighbors and mount protective, community-level responses. Whether mammals possess analogous mechanisms remains unknown. Here, we asked how the presence of sick cage-mates influences the physiology of uninfected neighbors. We found that healthy mice co-housed with conspecifics infected with the non-communicable murine pathogen Toxoplasma gondii undergo a shift in peripheral immune responses that establishes a primed immune state. This exposure-induced priming conferred physiological resilience to a sublethal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inflammatory challenge and was mediated by increased myeloid-derived IL-10 production. Blocking IL-10 signaling abrogated exposure-induced protection against a subsequent immune challenge. Thus, our findings show that immune state in healthy mammals can be shaped by exposure to infected conspecifics, hinting at social immunity-based protective mechanisms in mammals.

One sentence summaryImmune responses in healthy mammals are shaped by exposure to infected conspecifics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ademolue, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernas, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social sensing of infection reprograms peripheral immunity in healthy mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.702129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MDA5 multimerization on LINE RNA drives pathogenic extracellular immune complexes in autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.702129v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoantibodies are hallmarks of many autoimmune diseases, but their potential pathogenic roles, particularly for those targeting intracellular proteins, remain unclear. Anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis (anti-MDA5 DM) is characterized by autoantibodies against the intracellular protein MDA51,2, a conserved innate immune receptor that recognizes viral dsRNA by forming filaments3. Here, using four patient-derived monoclonal autoantibodies (mAbs), we reconstitute and define the molecular architecture, biogenesis, and immunological activity of pathogenic MDA5 immune complexes. Our cryo-EM analysis revealed that these mAbs bind dsRNA-scaffolded MDA5 filaments in at least two distinct binding modes, each exhibiting striking epitope convergence. Extracellular immune complexes formed between mAbs and filamentous, but not monomeric, MDA5 potently activate multiple innate immune pathways, with the magnitude of activation determined by antibody binding mode and immune-complex stoichiometry. Antibody bivalency further crosslinks MDA5 filaments into higher-order aggregates with heightened immunostimulatory activity, demonstrating an active role of autoantibodies in shaping immune complex architecture. Analysis of patient plasma reveals elevated levels of extracellular MDA5 filaments and identifies LINE retroelement-derived dsRNA as a structural scaffold. Notably, MDA5 immune complexes induce endogenous LINE dsRNA expression, likely promoting additional MDA5 filament formation and extracellular release through inflammatory cell death. These data thus support a self-amplifying inflammatory cycle as a pathogenic mechanism for anti-MDA5 DM. Collectively, our study defines a broadly applicable architectural principle, in which higher-order organization and binding modes of autoantibodies--beyond antibody affinity or nucleic acid presence alone--govern innate immune activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, T. Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isayama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Gompel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maadadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimazaki-Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurihara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galesic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notarnicola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vleugels, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellaripa, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awaji, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuda, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horuluogu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grönwall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosomi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MDA5 multimerization on LINE RNA drives pathogenic extracellular immune complexes in autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.26.701822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activating Ras-MAPK pathway variants drive hippocampal clonal competition in human epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.26.701822v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesial (a.k.a., medial) temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common focal epilepsy1,2 and, in drug-resistant cases, is treated by surgical removal of the anterior temporal lobe, which often shows neuronal loss and gliosis consistent with hippocampal sclerosis (HS)2. MTLE with HS has minimal contribution from germline genetic variation3, and is associated with prior precipitating insults such as prolonged childhood seizures and head trauma4-6. Somatic variants in Ras-MAPK pathway genes were recently reported in a few MTLE surgical specimens7,8, but their prevalence, clinical relevance, and underlying biological mechanisms remain unknown. Targeted duplex sequencing of hippocampal DNA from 462 surgical resections revealed significant enrichment of deleterious somatic variants in MTLE versus controls, with >40% of MTLE specimens harboring activating Ras-MAPK variants in PTPN11, NF1, BRAF, KRAS, and twelve genes not previously associated with focal epilepsy. Eight Ras-MAPK genes showed positive clonal selection in MTLE. Increased somatic variant burden predicted worse surgical outcome. Somatic Ras-MAPK variants at ultra-low (<0.5%) variant allele fractions were associated with older seizure onset and HS pathology, supporting a late prenatal or postnatal origin. Ras-MAPK variants in MTLE were enriched in cells derived from hippocampal progenitors--neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes--in line with the known neuronal hyperexcitability and seizures induced by Ras-MAPK overactivation9,10; in contrast, Alzheimer disease hippocampi exhibited microglial enrichment of Ras-MAPK variants, consistent with prior reports11. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing showed increased expression of Ras-MAPK genes in neurons and upregulation of pathways mediating neurogenesis and neural development in MTLE. Functional validation of novel, recurrent PTPN11 variants confirmed gain-of-function, while cellular modeling in induced pluripotent stem cells demonstrated proliferative/survival advantages for mutant cells in mosaic culture. Overall, our data suggest that somatic Ras-MAPK variants and acquired risk factors may converge on clonal competition in the hippocampus to modulate epilepsy risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khoshkhoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finander, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhouk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoullas, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coras, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielle, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chameh, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krings, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulluss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morokoff, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkovic, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffer, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perucca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapinskas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgrove, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkis, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Gama, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexadrescu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erson-Omay, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeL</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activating Ras-MAPK pathway variants drive hippocampal clonal competition in human epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.28.702368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca2+ exchanger NCLX 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.28.702368v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria serve as central hubs for Ca2+ signaling, which is critical for metabolism, intercellular communication, and cell fate determination. Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is maintained through tightly coordinated influx and efflux processes, with NCLX long recognized as the primary Ca2+ extruder operating via Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Despite its physiological significance, the molecular basis of NCLX function has remained unclear. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of rat NCLX in cytosolic-facing occluded and open states. The central transmembrane (TM) module of NCLX comprises 10 helices organized into two structurally similar halves with inverted orientations. Two characteristic -repeats form a central ion-binding pocket, while peripheral TMs 1 and 6 are loosely associated with the core, likely mediating alternative access to the binding site. These structural features closely resemble those of NCXs, revealing a conserved mechanism underlying ion exchange. While NCLX retains the canonical Ca2+-binding site, it lacks several key Na+-binding residues found in NCXs, suggesting it functions as a non-selective cation/Ca2+ exchanger. Consistent with this, cell-based Ca2+ uptake assays show that NCLX mediates slower Ca2+ exchange than NCX and can utilize Na+, K+, Li+, and potentially protons as counterions. Leveraging the structural symmetry of NCLX and its bidirectional exchange capability, we propose a model for the matrix-facing state and an alternating-access mechanism in which the sliding-door motions of TMs 1 and 6 enable ion access from cytosolic and matrix sides, analogous to NCX. These findings provide a structural and mechanistic framework for understanding mitochondrial NCLX function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca2+ exchanger NCLX]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.30.702804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient genomes from Ladakh reveal 2800-year-old mixture between Tibetans and South Asians 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.30.702804v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing population history is harder in South Asia than in many other world regions due to a paucity of ancient DNA. We report genome-wide data for ten individuals from Old Lady Spider Cave, which lies 4000 meters above sea level in the Himalayan region of Ladakh, and dates to around 1500 years before present (BP). These individuals were genetically homogeneous and had an ancestry signature rare in South Asians today: admixed in roughly 50-50% proportions between a population well-proxied by present-day North Indians, and another genetically similar to ancient Tibetans. By analyzing the typical sizes of segments of DNA inherited from each of these ancestral populations, we find that mixture of these groups began at least fifty generation before the date of the individuals, that is, by around 2800 BP.

TeaserDiscovery of a previously unknown population that lived 2800-1500 years ago in the Himalayan region of Ladakh.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mushrif-Tripathy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devers, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient genomes from Ladakh reveal 2800-year-old mixture between Tibetans and South Asians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.701975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular determinants of antibody-mediated priming to enhance detection of ctDNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.701975v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid biopsies can enable cancer detection and monitoring yet remain limited by low concentrations of ctDNA. To address this limitation, we previously introduced a monoclonal antibody (mAb) "priming agent" that transiently increased the concentration of ctDNA in blood. Here, we investigated the molecular features that drive this effect. In a panel of novel mAbs that bound cfDNA, both those targeting dsDNA and those targeting mononucleosomes increased the concentration of ctDNA. mAbs with high avidity to dsDNA performed best, suggesting dsDNA as the key binding target. One agent preserved short, biologically informative molecules of cfDNA typically depleted at baseline. The Fc domain was dispensable, as F(ab)2 fragments retained priming activity. Leveraging these insights, we engineered single-chain agents using the dsDNA binding domain sso7d, expanding priming strategies beyond immunoglobulins. This study identifies the molecular features and general design principles for mAb-based priming agents to enhance recovery and detection of ctDNA.

SignificanceLow concentration of ctDNA limits the sensitivity of liquid biopsies in many applications. This study shows how engineered antibodies and other dsDNA-binding molecules can inhibit clearance of ctDNA from the bloodstream and increase concentration of ctDNA in a blood draw, and identifies the key features that enable this activity. Modulation of cfDNA in the bloodstream using these agents can increase recovery of ctDNA and improve the performance of liquid biopsies for cancer detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tabrizi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Alonso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blewett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crnjac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adalsteinsson, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.701975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular determinants of antibody-mediated priming to enhance detection of ctDNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.702031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SAGA1 and SAGA2 localize the starch sheath to the pyrenoid in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.702031v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most algae enhance their CO2 assimilation by concentrating CO2 within the pyrenoid, a biomolecular condensate that contains the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco. Many pyrenoids are surrounded by a starch sheath that is thought to slow the escape of CO2 from the pyrenoid, but how the starch sheath is localized to the pyrenoid remains poorly understood. Here, in the leading model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we find that the protein SAGA2 is necessary for early pyrenoid starch sheath biogenesis and works redundantly with its homolog, SAGA1, to localize the starch sheath to the pyrenoid. SAGA2 and SAGA1 were enriched in different regions of the pyrenoid-starch sheath interface, suggesting that they play complementary roles. Both saga2 and saga1 mutants showed defects in starch sheath coverage early during pyrenoid formation that were improved at a later timepoint. Strikingly, a saga1;saga2 double mutant did not have a starch sheath around the pyrenoid and showed decreased overall starch content. SAGA1 and SAGA2 starch-binding domains bound to starch, the starch mimic molecule {beta}-cyclodextrin, and the starch precursor molecule maltoheptaose, suggesting a role for SAGA1 and SAGA2 in starch granule initiation. We propose a model where SAGA1 and SAGA2 each locally prime starch sheath initiation in a distinct region of the pyrenoid surface by enriching starch precursor molecules around the pyrenoid. These findings advance the understanding of algal starch sheath biogenesis and provide insights into the associations between biomolecular condensates and other cellular structures.

Significance StatementEukaryotic algae enhance their carbon assimilation using an organelle called the pyrenoid, where concentrated CO2 is supplied to the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco. In many algae, a starch sheath surrounding the pyrenoid is thought to enhance CO2 fixation, but how starch is localized to pyrenoids is unknown. Here, we show that two proteins, SAGA1 and SAGA2, each bind to starch precursor molecules and redundantly localize starch to the pyrenoid in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Our results suggest that SAGA1 and SAGA2 promote starch sheath initiation at the pyrenoid, rather than merely tethering starch, as previously thought. This work advances the understanding of the proteins and molecular mechanisms involved in pyrenoid starch sheath biogenesis and lays the foundations for their further study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crans, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SAGA1 and SAGA2 localize the starch sheath to the pyrenoid in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.02.703351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal-fetal immune conflict contributes to male-specific impairments in a mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.02.703351v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) arises through a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. One environmental risk factor is maternal immune activation (MIA), wherein pathogenic infections in pregnant individuals increase the risk of ASD in the offspring, an effect seen most prevalently in males. However, the reasons that males exhibit this heightened sensitivity to MIA, and the mechanisms through which inflammatory signals traverse the maternal-fetal interface to impact the developing male embryo, remain largely mysterious. Here, we harness the poly(I:C) mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorders to uncover changes in fetal health and in the structure and composition of the maternal-fetal interface that occur within twenty-four hours of MIA. We find that 30% of embryos exhibit large-scale teratogenic abnormalities--ranging from decreased fetal weight to a lack of external sensory organ development--while 70% of embryos develop normally. Strikingly, these abnormalities only occur in a subset of males, and never in females. Single-nucleus transcriptomics revealed the robust induction of pro-inflammatory gene programs across the placentas of males exhibiting deficits following MIA, including in immune, vascular, and decidual cells. These transcriptomic changes were particularly prominent in spongiotrophoblasts, fetally derived cells that in part comprise the border between the maternal and fetal compartments of the placenta. While upregulating inflammatory pathways following MIA, spongiotrophoblasts simultaneously downregulate extracellular matrix and hormone biosynthesis pathways, concurrent with a breakdown in the structural integrity of the placenta and the accumulation of immune cells and cytokines in the embryos amniotic fluid. One of these cytokines, IL-6, is necessary for the emergence of MIA-evoked developmental abnormalities. Our data suggest that MIA induces a rapid transition from an immunosuppressive toward a pro-inflammatory maternal-fetal interface in a subset of male embryos, leading to acute developmental deficits that are restricted to this vulnerable cohort. These data suggest that male embryos may harbor unique proteins capable of eliciting an inflammatory response at the maternal-fetal interface that, when coupled with a loss of immunosuppression due to maternal infection, derails embryonic development selectively in males.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Martin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukreja, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMartino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalish, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheadle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal-fetal immune conflict contributes to male-specific impairments in a mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.31.703028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure, biosynthesis, and bioactivity of nostolysamides 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.31.703028v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent genome mining study identified class II lanthipeptides encoded in Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 that contain acyl groups conjugated to Lys side chains. The structure and bioactivity of these peptides, named nostolysamides, were not determined. In this study, we produced the nostolysamides by co-expression of the NpuA precursor peptide with an N-terminal SUMO tag with the class II lanthipeptide synthetase NpuM in Escherichia coli. All four lanthionine and methyllanthionine residues were shown to have the DL configuration by Marfey's analysis. Tandem mass spectrometry and mutagenesis studies indicate an N-terminal non-overlapping methyllanthionine ring and three overlapping rings at the C-terminus for which the most likely ring pattern is proposed. The NpuM lanthipeptide synthetase is a member of the ProcM-clade and catalyzes ring formation with both C-to-N and N-to-C directionality. After removal of the leader peptide, the resulting lanthipeptide exhibits antibacterial as well as antifungal activity against Candida species by disrupting cell membranes. Antibacterial activity is shown not to involve lipid II. The biosynthetic gene cluster also encodes an acetyltransferase NpuN that transfers long chain acyl groups to the side chain of a Lys residue in position 1 of the precursor peptide. In vitro studies of NpuN show relatively broad substrate specificity with NpuN conjugating various acyl groups from acyl-CoA substrates to Lys1 in the nostolysamides. The acylation did not appreciably change the antifungal and antimicrobial activity of nostolysamide showing that it is not required for these activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weir, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anterola, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.31.703028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure, biosynthesis, and bioactivity of nostolysamides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.30.702844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Native yeast kinetochore structures identify an essential inner kinetochore interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.30.702844v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinetochores must accurately assemble on centromeres every cell cycle for faithful chromosome segregation. Although a conserved centromeric histone variant is essential for inner kinetochore formation, the budding yeast centromeric DNA is a poor template for nucleosome formation in vitro, possibly due to a resistance to bend. To better understand how the yeast inner kinetochore is assembled, we developed a one-step protocol to purify de novo assembled native inner kinetochore subcomplexes for structural studies. We performed cryoelectron microscopy on the purified complexes and generated medium to high resolution density maps of four separate inner kinetochore complexes, two of which had not previously been visualized. We detected differences between native and previously reconstituted structures, suggesting that the de novo assembly assay generated intermediate assemblage states. A strong extra structural density, which corresponds to an Ndc10 trimerization domain, associated with centromeric DNA and a pair of CBF3 complexes to induce significant centromere bending. Its deposition on the CBF3-CEN complex is essential for kinetochore assembly and chromosome segregation. We propose that Ndc10 trimerization facilitates bending of the centromeric DNA, leading to assembly and stabilization of the centromeric nucleosome and inner kinetochore.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedouin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade Latino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stergachis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Native yeast kinetochore structures identify an essential inner kinetochore interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.28.701831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune cells adapt to distinct stem cell niches to govern tissue homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.28.701831v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphIn adult tissues, epithelial stem cells exist within distinct residences, each endowing them with exclusive instructions for regenerative fitness under homeostasis and stress. Key components of these  niches are immune cells, which classically protect the host against external and internal threats. Whether and how stem cell:immune cell crosstalk contributes to normal tissue biology remains less clear. Here, we discover functional adaptation of resident lymphocytes within two distinct skin stem cell niches and show that through this communication, each niche adjusts to meet diverse tissue demands. In the upper hair follicle, where microbial load is high, T cells express lymphotoxin-{beta} and stimulate adjacent receptor-positive epithelial stem cells to form an immune-competent niche that controls microbial expansion. By contrast, in the epidermis, these T cells produce amphiregulin to maintain continuous stem cell reconstitution of the skins barrier. Concomitantly, they express the immune checkpoint protein  LAG-3, which autorestricts lymphocyte numbers, and hence amphiregulin levels, thereby preventing over-proliferative responses. Finally, when epidermal T cells are absent, dermal lymphocytes restore the imbalance by colonizing and adapting to their new niche. Our findings unveil functional specialization and homeostatic resilience of immune-stem cell niches, each tailored to suit the demands of distinct tissue microenvironments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parigi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajjath, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olyntho, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonny, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakandakari-Higa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.701831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune cells adapt to distinct stem cell niches to govern tissue homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.28.702352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLCβs are recruited to the plasma membrane in macrophages by both Gβγ and Gαq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.28.702352v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PLC{beta} enzymes cleave PIP2 from the plasma membrane, producing IP3 and DAG, which regulate intracellular Ca2+ levels and protein kinase C activity, respectively. They are regulated by GPCR signaling through the G proteins G{beta}{gamma} and Gq and have been shown to function as coincidence detectors for dual stimulation of Gq and Gi-coupled receptors via these G proteins. PLC{beta}s are aqueous-soluble enzymes, but partition onto the membrane surface to access their lipid substrate. We previously demonstrated that membrane recruitment and orientation of the catalytic core on the membrane surface underlie G{beta}{gamma}-dependent regulation of PLC{beta} enzymes. Using macrophages as a model system, where PLC{beta} signaling is essential for responses to infection and tissue injury, we investigated the contribution of G{beta}{gamma}-dependent regulation and membrane recruitment of PLC{beta} in the context of endogenous signaling. By measuring Ca2+ mobilization, we demonstrate that both Gi and Gq-coupled receptors independently stimulate PLC{beta} activity, illustrating that G{beta}{gamma} alone is sufficient to activate PLC{beta} in certain contexts. Using total internal reflection and stimulated emission depletion microscopy, we demonstrate that most of the PLC{beta}3 in the cell is localized away from the plasma membrane at rest but is rapidly recruited to the plasma membrane upon stimulation by both Gi and Gq-coupled receptors, illustrating that both G{beta}{gamma} and Gq recruit PLC{beta} to the plasma membrane. These results support an updated model for G protein-dependent regulation of PLC{beta} enzymes, where G{beta}{gamma}-induced regulation in the absence of Gq is context dependent and dictated by the local concentration of receptor, G proteins, and PLC{beta}.

Significance StatementPLC{beta} enzymes are critical mediators of signal transduction with roles in neuronal, cardiac, and immunological signaling. Despite this importance, many aspects of their function and regulation remain poorly understood. PLC{beta}s are aqueous soluble but must partition onto the membrane surface to access their lipid substrate, which enables regulation at the partitioning step, the catalytic step, or both. We previously demonstrated that membrane recruitment and orientation of the catalytic core on the membrane surface underlie the PLC{beta} regulation by one effector, G{beta}{gamma}. Using macrophages as a model system for physiological signaling, we demonstrate that G{beta}{gamma} is capable of independently activating PLC{beta} via membrane recruitment under the conditions of endogenous signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falzone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLCβs are recruited to the plasma membrane in macrophages by both Gβγ and Gαq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.02.703150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cell control and cancer initiation by an autocrine, injury-activated Igf complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.02.703150v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells rapidly proliferate after injury to repair damaged tissue, and chronic injury predisposes to cancer. However, injury-activated mitogens, the mechanisms that keep them inactive until injury, and their role in cancer are not understood. Here we identify Igf2 as the injury-activated mitogen for neuroendocrine stem cells, a facultative airway stem cell and origin of small cell lung cancer. Igf2 is constitutively produced by the stem cells but sequestered in inactive form by co-expressed Igf binding proteins. Injury releases Igf2 and induces proliferation by activating its receptors and repressing Rb tumor suppressor, which normally enforces stem cell quiescence. Persistent pathway activation initiates oncogenesis. Thus, in addition to its classical hormonal roles in physiology, growth, and aging, Igf operates locally with Igf binding proteins and Rb to control injury-induced stem cell activation and cancer. This pathway may also control related stem cells and cancers of the body and brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouadah, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasnow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cell control and cancer initiation by an autocrine, injury-activated Igf complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.04.703800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orofacial behaviors, not eye movements, govern neural activity in mouse visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.04.703800v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) correlates strongly with orofacial movements. Such strong modulation has not been found in the primate visual cortex during eye fixation [1], which led to the suggestion that the modulation may primarily depend on eye movements in both species [2]. Here we examined the influence of eye movements on neural activity in mouse visual cortex both in complete darkness and in the presence of different types of visual input. In all cases, we found that eye movements explain a smaller fraction of neural activity variance compared to orofacial behaviors. Additionally, we found that eye movements were correlated to orofacial movements, such as whisking and sniffing, and thus may be indirectly correlated to neural activity. These results further emphasize the impact of movement signals on mouse visual cortex during free viewing behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syeda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez-Ochoa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orofacial behaviors, not eye movements, govern neural activity in mouse visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.01.703137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Components of an ESCRT-independent nuclear envelope assembly pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.01.703137v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following chromosome segregation, the nuclear envelope (NE) must be reassembled and holes in the nuclear membrane must be "sealed." During NE assembly, the NE-specific adaptor, Cmp7, recruits/activates ESCRT-III proteins to mediate NE sealing. However, recent evidence suggests the presence of alternative mechanisms. In a screen using the fission yeast, S. japonicus, we recently implicated the ESCRT adaptor, Alx1, and a conserved, but little studied protein, Vid27, in Cmp7-independent NE assembly. Here, we provide direct evidence that Alx1 functions in a Cmp7- and ESCRT-independent NE assembly pathway via positive regulation of Vid27. Consistent with a role in membrane remodeling, Vid27 localizes to sites of postmitotic NE sealing and is essential in S. japonicus. Alx1 and Vid27 form a complex and mutations disrupting their interaction abolish Alx1s enhancement of Vid27 function at the NE. These findings define components of a new Cmp7- and ESCRT-independent NE assembly pathway, advancing our understanding of the mechanisms crucial for maintaining the integrity of the nucleus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sydir, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farra, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitford, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinojosa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarup, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusk, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.01.703137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Components of an ESCRT-independent nuclear envelope assembly pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.29.702605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Duration of Initial Viremia Modulates Functional Properties of HIV-specific T Cell Receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.29.702605v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells are crucial in controlling chronic human viral infections such as HIV-1, but the effect of persistent antigen exposure on T cell repertoire formation is not well understood. In this study, we examined epitope-specific CD8+ T cell repertoires in people living with HIV-1, where duration of viremia following hyperacute infection was modulated by the time of initiation of continuous suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). After ART-induced undetectable viremia in persons expressing the same HLA class I allele, we analyzed the impact of early (n=6) versus delayed (n=6) ART initiation on the clonotypic composition, clonotypic cross-reactivity, functional avidity and memory differentiation profile of the HIV-specific T cell repertoire restricted by HLA-B*58:01. Using a panel of barcoded tetramers, we mapped T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes specific for three dominant epitopes and their variants. Both groups exhibited polyclonal TCR repertoires with evidence of cross-reactivity, which was significantly enriched in donors with prolonged antigen exposure. Within this cohort, broadly cross-reactive clonotypes capable of recognizing all autologous variants were identified, but these were rare (<1%). Early ART initiation preserved repertoires characterized by higher-avidity TCRs and a relative enrichment of transitional memory CD8+ T cell subsets. These functional differences were not associated with differences in TRBV gene sharing, indicating that ART timing shapes repertoire quality and memory differentiation without altering TRBV gene bias. These findings demonstrate how antigen suppression dynamics differentially shape the breadth, functional sensitivity, and memory composition of the HIV-specific TCR repertoire, with implications for T cell-directed immunotherapies and HIV cure strategies.

One Sentence SummaryThe duration of viral antigen exposure during early HIV infection shapes the functional quality, breadth, and memory composition of virus-specific CD8 T cell receptor repertoires.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogunshola, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butty, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habte, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchiarello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheever, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allombert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piechocka-Trocha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gounder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baiyegunhi, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghebremichael, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekosky, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndung'u, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Duration of Initial Viremia Modulates Functional Properties of HIV-specific T Cell Receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.05.704034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte-induced internal state transitions reshape brainwide sensory, integrative, and motor computations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.05.704034v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals rapidly adapt to changing circumstances by shifting how they perceive, integrate, and act. Such flexibility is often attributed to transitions between internal states that exert widespread influence across the brain. Yet the mechanisms that drive state transitions and how they reconfigure brainwide computation remain unclear. Larval zebrafish, when actions are rendered futile by decoupling visual flow feedback from swimming in virtual reality, enter a temporary passive, energy-preserving state. In this state, astrocyte calcium levels are elevated, and swim reinitiation requires greater accumulated visual motion. Using whole-brain, cellular-resolution activity imaging, we observed widespread circuit alterations underlying this disengaged state: neuronal visual responses weakened, visual motion integration over time became dramatically leakier, motor inhibition increased, and motor preparation slowed, together suppressing conversion of sensory evidence into action. Astrocyte calcium rose during futile swimming, tracked the emergence and resolution of these brainwide changes, and was both necessary and sufficient to drive them. Thus, astrocytes orchestrate internal states that profoundly reshape neural computations, most powerfully at intermediate integrative processing stages, to meet changing demands.

HighlightsO_LIInternal state change alters brainwide neuronal processing at every stage of the sensorimotor transformation
C_LIO_LIEffects are most powerful at integrative stages through stimulus memory collapse
C_LIO_LIAs state resolves, amplification of sensory representations synergizes with reduced motor inhibition for action reinitiation
C_LIO_LIAstrocyte activity drives these brainwide adaptive shifts in neuronal dynamics
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasseman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikhattar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beriashvili, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zeeuw, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babadi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergles, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte-induced internal state transitions reshape brainwide sensory, integrative, and motor computations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.02.703428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
m6A-dependent microRNA binding to chromatin-associated RNA for transcriptional activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.02.703428v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been canonically viewed as post-transcriptional repressors. We discovered extensive binding of microRNAs to chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) and uncovered an N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-dependent transcriptional activation mechanism of microRNAs. We show that m6A-binding proteins FXR1/2 anchor AGO1/2 at m6A-marked caRNAs, where AAGUGC-seed microRNAs function as guide RNAs to direct AGO positioning. This dual anchoring stabilizes the AGO-microRNA/FXR-m6A complex at specific loci, which in turn recruits the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler SMARCA4 (BRG1) to promote local chromatin opening and TET1 for DNA demethylation, respectively. Together, these coordinated activities establish a transcriptionally permissive chromatin environment, enhancing accessibility and transcription across hundreds of genes in diverse cell types. Beyond the AAGUGC-seed family, additional microRNAs and siRNAs also enhance transcription, suggesting that caRNA binding and transcriptional activation may represent a broader property of small RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitroda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichselbaum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[m6A-dependent microRNA binding to chromatin-associated RNA for transcriptional activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.04.703741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting large-scale neural activity with Suite2p 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.04.703741v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural recordings using optical methods have improved dramatically. For example, we demonstrate here recordings of over 100,000 neurons from the mouse cortex obtained with a standard commercial microscope. To process such large datasets, we developed Suite2p, a collection of efficient algorithms for motion correction, cell detection, activity extraction and quality control. We also developed new approaches to benchmark performance on these tasks. Our GPU-accelerated non-rigid motion correction substantially outperforms alternative methods, while running over five times faster. For cell detection, Suite2p outperforms the CNMF algorithm in Caiman and Fiola, finding more cells and producing fewer false positives, while running in a fraction of the time. We also introduce quality control steps for users to evaluate performance on their own data, while offering alternative algorithms for specialized types of recordings such as those from one-photon and voltage imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Grosso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting large-scale neural activity with Suite2p]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.06.703857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regenerative base editing enables deep lineage recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.06.703857v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reconstructing the lineage histories of individual cells can reveal the dynamics of developmental and disease processes. In engineered recording systems, cells stochastically edit synthetic barcode sequences as they proliferate, creating distinct, heritable edit patterns that can be used to reconstruct the lineage trees relating individual cells in a manner analogous to phylogenetic reconstruction. However, recording depth is often limited by the kinetics of the editing process: the rate of editing declines exponentially over time for an array of independently editable targets, leading to most edits occurring in early generations. Here, we introduce the hypercascade, a regenerative molecular recording system that takes advantage of the predictability of A-to-G base editing to progressively create new target sites over time. The hypercascade packs 4 editable target sites in every 20 bp of sequence, enabling high density information storage. More importantly, the hypercascades regenerative logic leads to an approximately constant rate of mutation accumulation over time. This in turn facilitates reconstruction of deep lineage relationships. We demonstrate this by reconstructing trees spanning 23 days of editing and approximately 17 generations after a single polyclonal engineering step. Finally, simulations show that the hypercascade has the potential to record chromatin state transition dynamics across multiple genomic loci in parallel. The hypercascade thus provides a flexible and broadly useful tool for molecular recording.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chadly, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klock, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horns, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granados, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouckaert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.703857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regenerative base editing enables deep lineage recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.04.703838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcriptional and translational outcomes for pseudogenes in bacterial endosymbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.04.703838v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular bacteria in the early stages of host adaptation often show extraordinarily disrupted genomes, where up to half of their ancestral genes are found in a pseudogenized state. The mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus hosts two bacterial endosymbionts with high pseudogene loads, Symbiopectobacterium endolongispinus and Sodalis endolongispinus. Here, we measure the transcriptional and translational responses of these bacterial symbionts to understand how bacteria avoid (or fail to avoid) making large amounts of non-functional RNAs and proteins from these pseudogenes. Consistent with previous work, we show that pseudogenes continue to be transcribed, but at lower levels compared to intact and functional genes. Also consistent with previous work, we show that few pseudogene transcripts are translated into stable proteins. However, we find that numerous pseudogene transcripts still bind to Symbiopectobacterium ribosomes, and uncover a possible role for the tmRNA ribosome rescue system in the targeting of pseudogene proteins for degradation. Our results suggest a possible mechanism by which bacterial endosymbionts remove aberrant pseudogene-derived proteins during the critical time when many pseudogenes have formed but not enough time has passed for sequence evolution to erode ribosome binding sites from pseudogene transcripts.

SignificanceBacteria transitioning from free-living to host-dependent lifestyles often go through a transitory period where large numbers of genes are broken but not yet deleted. How cells navigate this period without producing useless or toxic gene products remains poorly understood. By combining transcriptomic, proteomic, and ribosomal profiling data from two closely related bacterial symbionts, we uncover a possible mechanism that cells use to mitigate the presence of thousands of newly formed pseudogenes. We show that pseudogenes are still widely transcribed and bind ribosomes, but are rarely translated into measurable proteins. RNA sequencing from purified ribosomes suggests that the tmRNA ribosome rescue system may act as a short-term quality control mechanism during early stages of genome reduction. These findings provide a mechanistic glimpse into how endosymbionts survive the unstable phase between gene inactivation and gene deletion, a fleeting but critical window in the evolution of endosymbiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwachukwu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stikeleather, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcriptional and translational outcomes for pseudogenes in bacterial endosymbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.02.703269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gaussian Process Inference Reveals Non-separability of Positionand Velocity Tuning in Grid Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.02.703269v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grid cells in medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) support spatial navigation by responding to multiple variables, including position, speed, and head direction. While tuning curves for each of these variables have been examined individually at the level of single-cells, less is known about the conjunctive coding of grid cells for these properties. To investigate this, we analyzed neural recordings of freely foraging rats and constructed four-dimensional (4D) tuning curves across 2D position and 2D velocity. In order to combat the sparse sampling of such a large behavioral space, we applied Gaussian Process (GP) methods to estimate firing rates at un-sampled points. Comparing GP model-derived tuning curves to those predicted by a fully separable model revealed that some cells exhibited significant non-separability of position and velocity tuning, and suggested a data coverage threshold necessary to observe this non-separability. In summary, our use of GPs allowed us to distinguish interactions in position-velocity tuning across a 4D behavioral space that have not been apparent in 2D analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gaussian Process Inference Reveals Non-separability of Positionand Velocity Tuning in Grid Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.03.703562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-body single-cell atlas of an adult vertebrate in homeostasis and regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.03.703562v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A complete transcriptome atlas of every cell type of a vertebrate could promote understanding of animal cell-type composition, organization, and evolution. The miniaturized, transparent, and regenerative teleost Danionella cerebrum brings whole-organism single-cell profiling experiments within experimental reach for adult vertebrate biology. We performed regionally stratified single-cell RNA sequencing experiments in adult Danionella to profile cells across the whole body and mapped cell types and gene expression spatially at single-cell resolution using whole-animal spatial transcriptomics. We delineated spatially distinct neural progenitor and neuronal cell types across the adult nervous system based on their regional gene expression signatures. The body-wide atlas uncovered paedomorphic features, allowed elucidation of cell types likely to harbor adult positional information, and revealed constitutive expression of conserved body region and appendage specification programs in adult connective tissue. Comparative analyses revealed conserved neural cell types over a large evolutionary distance, and neural regeneration datasets uncovered temporally resolved expression dynamics in neural progenitors for telencephalon regeneration. This whole-vertebrate transcriptome atlas yields a comprehensive resource for myriad questions in biology and neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atabay, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoude, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadobianskyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paugois, O. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judkewitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddien, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.03.703562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-body single-cell atlas of an adult vertebrate in homeostasis and regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.07.704095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-Brain Co-Mapping of Gene Expression and NeuronalActivity at Cellular Resolution in Behaving Zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.07.704095v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brains capabilities rely on both the molecular properties of individual cells and their interactions across brain-wide networks. However, relating gene expression to activity in individual neurons across the entire brain remains elusive. Here we developed an experimental-computational platform, WARP, for whole-brain imaging of neuronal activity during behavior, expansion-assisted spatial transcriptomics, and cellular-level registration of these two modalities. Through joint analysis of whole-brain neuronal activity during multiple behaviors, cellular gene expression, and anatomy, we identified functions of molecularly defined populations--including luminance coding in a cckb-pou4f2 midbrain population and task-structured activity in pvalb7-eomesa hippocampal-like neurons--and defined over 2,000 other function-gene-anatomy subpopulations. Analysis of this unprecedented multimodal dataset also revealed that most gene-matched neurons showed stronger activity correlations, highlighting a brain-wide role for gene expression in functional organization. WARP establishes a foundational platform and open-access dataset for cross-experiment discovery, high-throughput function-to-gene mapping, unification of cell biology and systems neuroscience, and scalable circuit modeling at the whole-brain scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marquez Legorreta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesselink, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeets, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensh, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.07.704095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-Brain Co-Mapping of Gene Expression and NeuronalActivity at Cellular Resolution in Behaving Zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.09.704846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pilot study for whole proteome tagging in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.09.704846v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tagging all proteins encoded by an animal genome with a fluorescent tag would open many windows to the discovery of unexpected patterns of protein expression and localization. To scale such an approach, it would be beneficial to introduce multiple, spectrally distinct fluorophore tags in parallel. As a first step in this direction, we undertook a pilot study in the nematode C. elegans, in which we set out to tag 30 different genetic loci with three different fluorophores, with 3 tags being introduced at a time. By choosing essential genes, predicted based on transcriptomics to cover a range of expression levels, we explore issues relating to disrupting gene function and visibility of tagged proteins. We demonstrate that such a tagging approach is highly efficient and indeed reveals unanticipated patterns of cellular sites of expression, as well as subcellular protein localization. We hope that this pilot study will motivate attempts to scale this tagging approach to more loci and, ultimately, the whole genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pilot study for whole proteome tagging in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.08.704674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple redundant mechanisms account for the majority of gene silencing downstream of DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.08.704674v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation is a conserved epigenetic modification crucial for silencing genes and transposable elements (TEs). However, the mechanisms that cause silencing remain unclear, partly because methyl reader protein mutants in both plants and animals show minimal transcriptional changes. To explore the possibility of redundancy among these silencing mechanisms, we generated combinatorial mutants of H1.1, H1.2, ADCP1, MOM1, MBD2, MBD5, and MBD6 lacking key methyl readers and related silencing pathways. We observed massive derepression of genes and TEs at DNA-methylated loci, showing that these pathways account for 73% of silencing compared to DNA methylation-free mutants. We also observed that immune response genes were upregulated, causing an imbalance between growth and defense. Loss of downstream silencing pathways further disrupted 3D genome organization, leading to increased euchromatin-heterochromatin interactions. These findings highlight the cooperative action of multiple downstream mechanisms in DNA methylation-mediated silencing and genome organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Movilli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiri, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Convery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.08.704674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple redundant mechanisms account for the majority of gene silencing downstream of DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.06.704447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for CTCF-mediated chromatin organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.06.704447v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic DNA is organized across multiple scales to support genome compaction, appropriate gene expression, and DNA recombination. A central player in these roles is the CCCTC binding factor (CTCF), which defines specific chromatin loop structures and insulates enhancer elements from promoters. Chromatin is organized in a distinct pattern around CTCF-bound sites, however, the role of this patterning remains unclear. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of reconstituted CTCF-nucleosome complexes, revealing that CTCF dimerization promotes the oligomerization of nucleosomes into defined higher-order assemblies involving specific histone-histone and CTCF-CTCF interactions. Notably, CTCF does not oligomerize efficiently on non-chromatinized DNA substrates. Disruption of CTCF-CTCF interaction interfaces in cells results in a marked decrease in chromatin looping and impairs cellular differentiation. These results indicate that chromatin structure at CTCF sites plays an important role in supporting higher-order interactions between distal regions of the genome and that these interactions are important for supporting cell-type-specific gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osorio Valeriano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccianini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for CTCF-mediated chromatin organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.12.705598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning-guided spatial omics for tissue-scale discovery of cell-type-specific architectures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.12.705598v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed protein imaging enables spatially resolved analysis of molecular organization in tissues, but existing spatial proteomics platforms remain constrained in scalability, throughput, and integration with RNA measurements and interpretable computational analysis. Here, we present an integrated spatial omics framework that combines highly multiplexed protein and RNA imaging with explainable machine learning to map cell-type-specific molecular and structural architectures at tissue scale. Using this platform, we simultaneously profiled up to 46 proteins and 79 RNA species across [~]370,000 cells in intact mouse brain tissue at diffraction-limited subcellular resolution ([~]260 nm). We developed a scalable, open-source computational pipeline for large-scale image processing and analysis, and show that nuclear protein and chromatin features alone are sufficient to accurately classify brain cell types and their spatial organization. Incorporation of explainable deep learning further enabled identification of human-interpretable, cell-type-specific subnuclear structural features directly from imaging data, with independent quantitative validation. Together, this integrated experimental and computational framework enables tissue-scale spatial proteomics-based cell-type classification and structural feature discovery, providing a broadly applicable platform for mechanistic studies, high-content screening, and translational applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjavon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawase, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preibisch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.705598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning-guided spatial omics for tissue-scale discovery of cell-type-specific architectures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.10.705117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid is a robust circulating and urine marker of mitochondrial disease and its severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.10.705117v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Management of patients with mitochondrial respiratory chain diseases is challenging, in part because of our incomplete understanding of pathogenesis and a lack of biomarkers. Unknown metabolites account for >90% of detected features in modern metabolomics experiments and hold immense untapped promise for new basic and biomedical research. We recently used mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to identify and validate 19 circulating blood-based biomarkers for patients with the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) m.3243A>G pathogenic variant, which is the most frequent cause of the mitochondrial disorder MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes). However, the most significantly changing biomarker corresponded to an "unknown" metabolite. Here, we combine cheminformatics with analytical chemistry and identify that feature as 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid (4,5-DHHA), a metabolite previously associated with inherited defects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) catabolism, but with no prior links to mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. We validate this finding in an independent MELAS cohort and further show that 4,5-DHHA levels correlate with disease severity and are elevated in patients with other forms of mitochondrial disease and sepsis. Furthermore, brain 4,5-DHHA levels were elevated in two genetic mouse models of mitochondrial disease. In vitro and tissue culture experiments indicate that 4,5-DHHA is generated when the GABA catabolite succinic semialdehyde reacts with an intermediate of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction and is sensitive to mitochondrial complex I function. Our work identifies 4,5-DHHA as a robust plasma and urine marker of mitochondrial dysfunction in humans and reveals new connections between the respiratory chain and GABA metabolism.

Significance StatementInborn errors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain cause severe, progressive diseases, yet effective treatments and biomarkers remain limited. Modern metabolomics detects thousands of molecules in biofluids, but the vast majority are unidentified. In this study, we investigate the most significantly altered blood metabolite in patients with the most common mitochondrial disease - MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) - and identify it as an 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid (4,5-DHHA). We show that 4,5-DHHA is reproducibly elevated and correlates with severity. Levels are increased across multiple mitochondrial disorders as well as in sepsis and rise when respiratory chain function is impaired. These findings establish 4,5-DHHA as a promising biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction and reveal a link to dysregulated GABA metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skinner, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struhl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleifer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henke, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vivo, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelstad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegmund, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laprise, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Des Rosiers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mootha, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid is a robust circulating and urine marker of mitochondrial disease and its severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.12.705594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multimodal Single-Cell Epigenomic and 3D Genome Atlas of the Human Basal Ganglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.12.705594v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basal ganglia are a group of forebrain nuclei critical for motor control and reward processing, and their dysfunction contributes to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we present the first multimodal single-cell epigenomic atlas of the human basal ganglia across major subregions and cell types. We jointly profiled DNA methylation and 3D chromatin conformation in 197,003 nuclei from eight basal ganglia subregions using multi-omic sequencing (snm3C-seq), and integrated these data with existing DNA methylation and chromatin conformation sequencing datasets to build a unified atlas of 261,331 cells spanning 31 subclasses and 59 groups. This atlas reveals extensive cell-type- and region-specific differential methylation, enriched for distinct transcription factor motifs, and validated by MERFISH spatial transcriptomics, which uncovered epigenetic gradients linked to transcriptional output. Compared to neuronal cells, non-neuronal cells exhibit distinct 3D genome organization including smaller chromatin compartments, increased long-range inter-compartment contacts, shorter loops, and stronger CG hypomethylation in A compartments. We further identified genes that display compartment switches, are strongly correlated with compartment scores, and exhibit differential domain boundaries and chromatin looping across basal ganglia cell types. We identified multiple medium spiny neuron subtypes defined by distinct hypomethylated signature genes, with 3D genome embeddings emphasizing dorsal, ventral, and hybrid populations. By integrating chromatin accessibility and histone modification profiles, we reconstructed cell-type-resolved enhancer-promoter links and gene regulatory networks, providing a comprehensive epigenomic framework for interpreting genetic risk loci and regulatory architecture in the human basal ganglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Becerra, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rink, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osgood, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acerbo, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcoma, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutson, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willier, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzavala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altshul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenker-Ahmed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikkina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConnor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrin, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alt, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariharan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.705594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multimodal Single-Cell Epigenomic and 3D Genome Atlas of the Human Basal Ganglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.28.651001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellpose-SAM: superhuman generalization for cellular segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.04.28.651001v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern algorithms for biological segmentation can match inter-human agreement in annotation quality. This however is not a performance bound: a hypothetical human-consensus segmentation could reduce error rates in half. To obtain a model that generalizes better we adapted the pretrained transformer backbone of a foundation model (SAM) to the Cellpose framework. The resulting Cellpose-SAM model substantially outperforms inter-human agreement and approaches the human-consensus bound. We increase generalization performance further by making the model robust to channel shuffling, cell size, shot noise, downsampling, isotropic and anisotropic blur. The new model can be readily adopted into the Cellpose ecosystem which includes finetuning, human-in-the-loop training, image restoration and 3D segmentation approaches. These properties establish Cellpose-SAM as a foundation model for biological segmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rariden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.651001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellpose-SAM: superhuman generalization for cellular segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.12.637930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical control of innate behavior from subcortical demonstration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.12.637930v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor control in mammals is traditionally viewed as a hierarchy of descending spinal-targeting pathways, with frontal cortex at the top 1-3. Many redundant muscle patterns can solve a given task, and this high dimensionality allows flexibility but poses a problem for efficient learning 4. Although a feasible solution invokes subcortical innate motor patterns, or primitives, to reduce the dimensionality of the control problem, how cortex learns to utilize such primitives remains an open question 5-7. To address this, we studied cortical and subcortical interactions as head-fixed mice learned contextual control of innate hindlimb extension behavior. Naive mice performed reactive extensions to turn off a cold air stimulus within seconds and, using predictive cues, learned to avoid the stimulus altogether in tens of trials. Optogenetic inhibition of large areas of rostral cortex completely prevented avoidance behavior, but did not impair hindlimb extensions in reaction to the cold air stimulus. Remarkably, mice covertly learned to avoid the cold stimulus even without any prior experience of successful, cortically-mediated avoidance. These findings support a dynamic, heterarchical model in which the dominant locus of control can change, on the order of seconds, between cortical and subcortical brain areas. We propose that cortex can leverage periods when subcortex predominates as demonstrations, to learn parameterized control of innate behavioral primitives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachitariu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical control of innate behavior from subcortical demonstration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.17.706203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear tau aggregates inhibit RNA export and form by secondary seeding from cytosolic tau aggregates. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.17.706203v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tau aggregates contribute to multiple neurodegenerative diseases including frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimers disease (AD). In models of tauopathy and in patient tissue, tau aggregates can form in the cytoplasm, perinuclear region, and nucleus. Using a HEK293T tau biosensor system, we identified that cytoplasmic tau aggregates formed first, followed by perinuclear-ring-like tau assemblies, and then nuclear tau aggregates formed in nuclear speckles. Nuclear tau aggregates only form in cells with pre-existing cytoplasmic tau aggregates and mostly form independently of cells traversing mitosis. Finally, nuclear tau aggregates do not contain exogenous tau seeds and arise by a secondary seeding event dependent on VCP. Nuclear tau aggregates inhibit mRNA export and show a twofold increase in poly-adenylated mRNAs in the nucleus. Together, these findings indicate that nuclear tau aggregation alters RNA biogenesis and occurs by a secondary seeding event from cytoplasmic tau aggregates, which could contribute to tau pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Decker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lester, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Alstyne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear tau aggregates inhibit RNA export and form by secondary seeding from cytosolic tau aggregates.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.13.705804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhomboid protease Rhbdl2 regulates macrophage recruitment and wound regeneration in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.13.705804v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue regeneration requires tight control of immune cell behavior, yet the mechanisms that restrain immune-driven regenerative responses remain poorly defined. Here, we identify the rhomboid intramembrane serine protease Rhbdl2 as a critical regulator of regeneration in zebrafish. We generated rhbdl2 mutants by CRISPR-Cas9 and found that it does not affect normal development, but triggers enhanced regenerative growth following injury, accompanied by increased macrophage accumulation at the wound site, which is accompanied by increased early apoptosis and proliferation. Proteomic analyses reveal increased Rac2 protein levels in rhbdl2 mutants, indicating dysregulated immune signaling. Functionally, Rac2 morpholino oligonucleotides-mediated knockdown in rhbdl2 mutant larvae suppresses the elevated macrophage recruitment and enhanced tissue regenerative phenotype. Together, these findings uncover Rhbdl2 as an immune checkpoint that constrains macrophage-driven enhanced regeneration, with vast implications for inflammatory disease, fibrosis, and tumor-immune interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gourkanti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohnalek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovett-Barron, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whisenant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strisovsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhomboid protease Rhbdl2 regulates macrophage recruitment and wound regeneration in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.17.603964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral delivery of an RNA-guided genome editor for transgene-free plant germline editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2024.07.17.603964v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractGenome editing is transforming plant biology by enabling precise DNA modifications. However, delivery of editing systems into plants remains challenging, often requiring slow, genotype-specific methods such as tissue culture or transformation. Plant viruses, which naturally infect and spread to most tissues, present a promising delivery system for editing reagents. But most viruses have limited cargo capacities, restricting their ability to carry large CRISPR-Cas systems. Here, we engineered tobacco rattle virus (TRV) to carry the compact RNA-guided TnpB enzyme ISYmu1 and its guide RNA. This innovation allowed transgene-free editing of Arabidopsis thaliana in a single step, with edits inherited in the subsequent generation. By overcoming traditional reagent delivery barriers, this approach offers a novel platform for genome editing, which can greatly accelerate plant biotechnology and basic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amerasekera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vohra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirnowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitkara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridharan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahagun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.17.603964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral delivery of an RNA-guided genome editor for transgene-free plant germline editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.18.706645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering epileptogenic and activity-dependent gene programs in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.18.706645v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity is fundamental to brain function, yet chronically elevated activity underlies neurological disorders such as drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). In animal models, activity induces defined transcriptional programs within activated neurons; however, the nature, cellular specificity, and pathological relevance of such programs in the human brain remain poorly understood. Here, we apply single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics to epileptogenic, non-epileptogenic, and intraoperatively stimulated non-epileptogenic cortical tissue obtained from individuals with DRE. Across 26 cell types profiled, glutamatergic neurons projecting from cortical layers 2/3, 5, and 6 to intratelencephalic targets exhibit pronounced sensitivity to the epileptogenic microenvironment, inducing shared immediate-early genes alongside cell-type-specific programs linked to synaptic remodeling and cellular stress. Approximately one-third of transcripts enriched in the epileptogenic microenvironment were also induced by acute stimulation, suggesting that a fraction of epilepsy-associated gene expression reflects conserved responses to heightened activity rather than disease-specific programs. While transcripts induced by both epileptogenic and acute activity converged upon immediate-early genes and heat-shock proteins, only acute stimulation triggered a rapid, multicellular induction of transcripts involved in mitochondrial ATP synthesis. This divergence suggests that neurons within epileptogenic cortex may be unable to mount appropriate metabolic adaptations to sustained energetic demands. In parallel, both microglia and circulating CD14+ monocytes exhibit signs of immune activation in epilepsy, suggesting myeloid-driven inflammatory rewiring that extends beyond the brain. Together, these findings illuminate human activity-dependent gene programs and reveal signatures of neuronal vulnerability and inflammation in DRE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Martin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheadle, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.18.706645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering epileptogenic and activity-dependent gene programs in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.19.706790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A druggable redox switch on SHP1 controls macrophage inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.19.706790v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunological proteins are major disease targets, yet most remain undrugged. Post-translational redox modification of cysteine residues has emerged as an important mode of immune cell regulation, particularly in macrophage cytokine responses. Here, we develop a strategy for systematic discovery and small-molecule functionalization of redox-regulated cysteines on immunological proteins. Using deep redox proteomics, we annotate 788 in vivo redox-regulated cysteines across diverse immune-relevant protein domains. We demonstrate how these sites enable cysteine-directed pharmacology through discovery of a novel cysteine activation site on the immune regulator SHP1. Targeting Cys102, we develop a highly selective covalent agonist, SCA, which binds the N-SH2 domain to relieve autoinhibition and activate SHP1. In mouse and human macrophages, SCA selectively engages SHP1 Cys102, antagonizing IRAK signaling and LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Together, this work identifies a druggable cysteine redox switch controlling macrophage cytokine responses and provides a compendium of redox-regulated sites for therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nix, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidek, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toenjes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhe-Paganon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wales, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouchani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A druggable redox switch on SHP1 controls macrophage inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.17.705849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural evolution of the MTCH family of mitochondrial insertases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.17.705849v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we demonstrated that MTCH2 is the defining member of a large family of mitochondrial outer membrane (OM) insertases. The MTCH family is conserved across holozoa and has diverged from the solute carrier 25 transporters. The cryoelectron microscopy structure of the 33 kDa human MTCH2 revealed that evolution of its insertase activity required loss of a transmembrane helix, which created a lipid-accessible hydrophilic groove stabilized by its unique, structured C-terminus. Mutational analyses showed that MTCH insertase activity is attenuated, while experimental structures of hyperactive mutants demonstrated that the hydrophobicity, charge, and size of the residues that line its groove regulated MTCH function. Leveraging the MTCH2 structure, we identified the plant OM insertase, and proposed a universal mechanism for OM insertion across all kingdoms of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevens, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galatis, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inglis, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhees, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.705849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural evolution of the MTCH family of mitochondrial insertases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.18.706689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A sequence-encoded promoter proximal super pause stabilizes an offline RNA polymerase II state 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.18.706689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Promoter proximal pausing by RNA polymerase II is critical for regulating gene expression in multicellular eukaryotes. How nucleic acid sequence and protein factors contribute to pausing remains incompletely understood. We developed Gene-specific Analysis of Transcriptional Output (GATO)-seq, which for the first time enables massively parallel, temporally resolved, reconstituted transcription in an assay that uses direct RNA sequencing to map 3'ends of nascent transcripts from a library of human genes. GATO-seq identified a "super pause" sequence that potently induces RNA polymerase II pausing and is not relieved by rescue factor Transcription Factor (TF) IIS. Cryogenic-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of RNA polymerase II on the super pause sequence reveal a previously unobserved, reversible single-nucleotide backtracked state ("sidetracked"), stabilized by a threonine-lined pocket that limits further backtracking. We introduce a powerful in vitro technique that can be employed to study transcription regulation and through its use show that nucleic acid sequence encodes pausing propensity and traps sequence specific offline states, linking sequence to pausing control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez Nunez, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.18.706689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A sequence-encoded promoter proximal super pause stabilizes an offline RNA polymerase II state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.05.692691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-efficiency, transgene-free plant genome editing by viral delivery of an engineered TnpB 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.05.692691v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome editing has revolutionized plant biology research. However, efficient and straightforward delivery of editing reagents remains a major challenge. Viral delivery systems can address these issues, but CRISPR-Cas nucleases are often too large for viral vectors. Recently, smaller editors like TnpBs have been identified, but wild-type TnpBs are significantly less active than commonly used Cas9 nucleases. Here, we optimized a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based system to deliver newly discovered, highly active engineered ISDra2 TnpB variants. Our results demonstrate that the eTnpBc variant delivered via TRV enables effective somatic editing in systemic leaves and achieves up to 90% editing efficiency at target loci, significantly higher than that of wild-type ISDra2 TnpB. Additionally, up to 89% of offspring exhibit a mutant phenotype, with editing efficiencies reaching 100%. The design principles outlined here are expected to accelerate broader adoption of eTnpBc for transformation- and transgene-free genome editing in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagalakshmi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinesh-Kumar, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-efficiency, transgene-free plant genome editing by viral delivery of an engineered TnpB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.18.706711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus as of early 2026 to inform vaccine-strain selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.18.706711v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Twice each year, a decision is made on whether to update the strains included in the seasonal influenza vaccine to better match the most recent circulating viral strains. To characterize the antigenic properties of current seasonal influenza A strains to inform the upcoming decision about which strains to include in the 2026-2027 Northern Hemisphere vaccine, here we perform high-throughput sequencing-based neutralization assays using a library of 57 H3N2 and 34 H1N1 influenza hemagglutinins reflecting the circulating diversity of strains in late 2025 to early 2026. We assay this library against 302 human sera collected in late 2025. The resulting data set encompasses 27,409 titers, and provides a near real-time portrait of the human neutralizing antibody landscape against influenza virus. We find that many human sera have lower titers against the K subclade of H3N2 and the D.3.1.1 subclade of H1N1; these subclades have recently become dominant among their respective subtypes. Our measurements also reveal variability in titers to different subvariants within the K subclade of H3N2, with titers especially low to subclade K strains with additional mutations in antigenic regions D and E. We make all our data and accompanying visualizations publicly available to enable their use in vaccine-strain selection and analyses of influenza evolution and immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kikawa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapeau, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowling, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englund, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacombe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanteri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neher, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.18.706711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus as of early 2026 to inform vaccine-strain selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Zelda interactome reveals diverse co-factors essential for the Drosophila zygotic genome activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707495v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zelda (Zld) is the master pioneer transcription factor essential for zygotic genome activation (ZGA) during the Drosophila maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). While Zld is known to promote chromatin accessibility at early enhancers and possess multiple conserved functional domains, the specific protein complexes it recruits to execute its functions remain poorly defined. Using an optimized immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry (IP-MS) pipeline in Stage 4-5 embryos, we identified a diverse Zld interactome. This repertoire includes the coactivators dCBP and Fsh (the Drosophila Brd4 ortholog), subunits of major nucleosome remodeling complexes(e.g. PBAP/BAP, NURF, FACT), RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), the corepressor Smrter (Smr), and the Tousled-like kinase (Tlk). We confirmed the enrichment of ten key factors at Zld-bound regions using CUT&RUN. Notably, our results demonstrate that RNAPII associates not only with Zld-bound promoters but also with distal Zld-binding sites. This finding, which contrasts with previous ChIP-based studies, suggests that Zld facilitates transcription by actively scaffolding or pre-recruiting the transcriptional machinery at enhancers. Functional analyses revealed that dCBP and Fsh are required for Zld-mediated activation, while RNAi knockdown of smr led to the broad derepression of Zld-target genes, suggesting that Smr modulates Zld activity to prevent premature expression. Finally, we show that Tlk, a kinase typically associated with DNA replication, directly interacts with a specific Zld domain in vitro and co-localizes with Zld in vivo. This suggests a novel mechanism by which Zld may coordinate transcriptional activation with the rapid mitotic cycles of early embryogenesis. Collectively, our findings provide a comprehensive map of the Zld interactome and reveal how a pioneer factor integrates diverse chromatin and transcriptional regulators to orchestrate zygotic genome activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Zelda interactome reveals diverse co-factors essential for the Drosophila zygotic genome activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.19.706786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lack of specificity of progenitor responses to injury in regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.19.706786v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regeneration is the process by which organisms replace body parts lost to injury. How cell-type production after injury is tailored to match the identity of missing tissues is a central problem of regeneration. Here, we investigated the specificity of stem cell responses to the identity of missing tissues following injury in planarians. We find that proximal injury that does not affect the mature tissue nonetheless drives increased progenitor incorporation into spatially restricted neurons within the brain, the ventral nerve cords, as well as muscle and neurons within the pharynx. In response to direct injury, broadly distributed peripheral neurons show a generic amplification of incorporation within and outside of the injury. Body-wall muscle production was amplified with siphoning of muscle progenitor allocation from distal sites to the wound and proximal to the wound. By contrast, essentially no stem cell division contributes to the newly formed epidermis during initial regeneration, with the epidermis instead being derived from pre-existing post-mitotic progenitors. Large injury still amplifies epidermal progenitor production, which arrive at the epidermis weeks after injury, including to uninjured regions. These results indicate that the identity of the missing mature tissue has little impact on determining the specificity of the stem cell response to injury. We suggest that planarian regeneration involves a combination of ongoing cell turnover, wound-associated amplification of stem cells, and spatially broad neoblast specification zones. This yields a simple mechanism for regeneration specificity that returns missing cell types, but with imprecision, resulting in amplification of uninjured wound-proximal cell type production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddien, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lack of specificity of progenitor responses to injury in regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.19.706905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Husbandry and Maintenance of Carausius morosus Laboratory Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.19.706905v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carausius morosus, the Indian stick insect, is a slender twig-like insect endemic to India. Though widely introduced through captivity around the world and commonly used in laboratories or kept as a household pet, standardized animal husbandry laboratory protocols are lacking. Here we report detailed laboratory culture conditions for C. morosus. We maintain stocks at 23 {degrees}C, 70% relative humidity, and a 12:12 hour light-dark photoperiod. This culture has been successfully sustained under these conditions for over two years, with standardized protocols in place for dietary and cage setup conditions. We also report methods for egg and hatchling care to support ongoing experiments with C. morosus. These standardized methods improve reproducibility and accessibility, enabling the broader use of C. morosus as a laboratory model system for developmental, behavioral, and physiological studies.

SummaryThis paper outlines detailed protocols for maintaining a Carausius morosus laboratory colony, including key procedures for animal husbandry, egg and hatchling care, and an overview of the species lifespan and biological characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ingersoll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacikova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Husbandry and Maintenance of Carausius morosus Laboratory Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.20.706353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic machine learning enables interpretable and generalizable prediction of prime editing outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.20.706353v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although prime editing (PE) can effect virtually any specified local change to genomic DNA in living systems, its efficient application currently requires extensive optimization of prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) sequences. We present OptiPrime, a machine learning model of PE efficiency based on our current understanding of the mechanism of prime editing. OptiPrime achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on PE efficiency prediction and also enables prediction of nicking guide RNA (PE3) and dual pegRNA (twinPE) outcomes. We validated that OptiPrime has learned the determinants of mammalian mismatch repair (MMR), and is therefore well suited for nominating MMR-evasive silent edits that improve PE efficiency. We demonstrate the utility of OptiPrime in a variety of prospective therapeutic contexts, including in primary human and mouse cells. Finally, we show how OptiPrime can be used to achieve highly streamlined and efficient in vivo correction of a pathogenic mutation in the brain of a mouse model of KIF1A-associated neurological disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbeck, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadeshwar, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsdale, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morad, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstiver, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazar, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.706353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic machine learning enables interpretable and generalizable prediction of prime editing outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.21.706835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reprogramming CAR T-Cells with designed bioPROTACs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.21.706835v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene editing has been used to enhance CAR T-cell function by disrupting negative regulators but has limitations. Here we show that de novo-designed generated targeted degraders (bioPROTACs) provide an alternative approach. Expression of bioPROTACs in CAR T-cells targeting DNMT3A, a key regulator of T-cell exhaustion, phenocopied gene knockout. Our reversible, non-gene editing approach provides a tunable strategy to reprogram T-cell fate which should be broadly applicable for next-generation cell therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peche, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Sanchez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathayat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiwen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>High, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemecek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeshakin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrara, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Throm, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngblood, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottschalk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.21.706835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reprogramming CAR T-Cells with designed bioPROTACs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.22.705581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral SSB-bound ssDNA activates the bacterial anti-phage defense system DARNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.22.705581v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To protect themselves against phage infection, bacteria employ diverse defense systems that are typically activated specifically upon infection. However, the mechanisms of activation and self versus non-self discrimination for most systems remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the bacterial immunity protein DARNA, once activated, cleaves a subset of host tRNAs, thereby inhibiting phage propagation. Although phages escape DARNA-mediated defense through mutations in the gene encoding single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB), we find that phage SSBs do not directly stimulate DARNA. Instead, DARNA is activated by single-stranded DNA presented by phage SSB, but not by the host SSB. The recognition of an endogenous nucleic acid signal promoted by a viral protein ensures that DARNA can detect and respond to a broad range of viruses while avoiding auto-immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puteikiene, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassallo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silanskas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juozapaitis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Songailiene, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasnauskas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.22.705581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral SSB-bound ssDNA activates the bacterial anti-phage defense system DARNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted knockout of CYP79A1 reduces cyanogenic potential in grain sorghum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707491v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sorghum bicolor is a climate-resilient C4 crop used for food, forage, and bioenergy, but broader adoption is constrained by accumulation of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin, which releases toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) upon tissue damage. Dhurrin levels are high in juvenile tissues, creating risk for grazing animals and limiting use in mixed crop-livestock systems. Here, we establish a CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing strategy targeting CYP79A1 -- whose product catalyzes the first committed step in dhurrin biosynthesis -- in the elite grain sorghum inbred RTx430, yielding transgene-free lines with stable, heritable reduction in cyanogenic potential across vegetative development. Homozygous cyp79a1 knockouts were negligibly cyanogenic, whereas heterozygous plants exhibited approximately half the cyanogenic potential of unedited controls. Consistent with established livestock grazing guidelines, only homozygous knockouts fell below thresholds considered hazardous for incidental grazing. This work establishes CYP79A1 as a practical and heritable genome-editing target for reducing sorghum cyanogenesis and provides a clear path for deployment of low-cyanogenic alleles in elite breeding backgrounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Groover, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aregawi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staskawicz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted knockout of CYP79A1 reduces cyanogenic potential in grain sorghum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic stress reveals widespread accumulation of cap-unmethylated RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707474v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA polymerase II transcripts are capped with N7-methylguanosine (mG), a conserved modification essential for mRNA function. Although traditionally viewed as constitutive, we developed a mass spectrometry-based method to demonstrate that in both yeast and mammalian cells, a substantial population of mRNAs lack cap methylation in response to SAM-limiting conditions and oxidative stress, which may be frequently encountered across organisms. Through developing two transcriptome-wide approaches, we found that methylation is enriched on specific transcripts and uncovered an unexpected connection between histone H3K36me3 and cap methylation, with both marks preferentially associated with stress-responsive MAPK signaling pathways. Strikingly, cap-unmethylated mRNAs exhibit features of canonical mRNAs--they are polyadenylated, exported to the cytosol, and translated. Enforced cap methylation reduces cell growth under SAM limitation, suggesting that unmethylated mRNAs confer an adaptive advantage during stress. These findings establish mRNA cap methylation as a dynamic, regulated modification and a previously underappreciated layer of gene expression control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xing, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic stress reveals widespread accumulation of cap-unmethylated RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated localization of calling birds with small passive acoustic arrays in complex soundscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707497v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately localizing vocalizing animals from passive acoustic recordings remains challenging in complex outdoor soundscapes. Although automated detection and classification of bird calls have advanced rapidly, reliable spatial localization has lagged, particularly for small arrays of autonomous recorders operating without manual intervention. Here we describe a fully automated pipeline for three-dimensional localization of bird vocalizations using distributed networks of 4 to 6 GPS-synchronized recorders deployed in heterogeneous forest environments.

Our framework integrates automated multi-recorder event matching, frequency-selective FFT-based cross-correlation for time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) estimation, geometric cycle-consistency filtering to resolve ambiguous cross-correlation peaks, and nonlinear optimization of source location and effective sound speed.

Applied to multi-year datasets from three field sites, the localizations exhibit strong concordance of localizations with independently known landscape features and species-specific habitat associations. These analyses indicate that small, practical arrays can recover ecologically meaningful spatial structure in complex soundscapes without manual curation.

This preprint documents the current state of the system and its performance under realistic field conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz-Matias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated localization of calling birds with small passive acoustic arrays in complex soundscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.24.707563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benzoxaboroles are structurally unique binders of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.24.707563v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Benzoxaboroles offer unusual reactivity and protein recognition for the development of small molecule drugs. Despite this potential, they are uncommon in drug discovery or in large fragment screening libraries. We synthesized a small series of structurally related benzoxaboroles containing a diazirine/alkyne tag to enable in-cell photoaffinity labeling (PAL) experiments. A subset of this library was found to have high selectivity for eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). The benzoxaborole-eIF4E interaction was found to be stereoselective in nature and competitive with the 7-methylguanosine cap of mRNA. Site of labeling experiments revealed that the benzoxaborole fragment interacts with the cap binding pocket of eIF4E. In silico modeling of the modified protein suggests that H-bonding interactions between the main chain of Trp102 and the side chain of Asn155 to the amide carbonyl and anionic boronate of the benzoxaborole, respectively, drive affinity for this challenging to drug pocket.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Combs, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peacock, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craven, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taunton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benzoxaboroles are structurally unique binders of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.25.707755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 5-hydroxymethylcytosine DNA glycosylase provides defense against T-even bacteriophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.25.707755v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most abundant prokaryotic mechanisms of defense against phage predation involve the recognition and destruction of the infecting DNA. One method of counter-defense is the incorporation of modified nucleobases into the phage genome to avoid interaction with enzymes that target the viral DNA. T-even coliphages replace cytosine with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) that in some cases are further decorated with glucosyl groups. To explore the diversity of immunity genes that recognize 5hmC, we infected a library of metagenomic DNA inserts from uncultured, non-sequenced soil bacteria with a mutant T4 phage that harbored only non-glucosylated 5hmC on its genome. Bacteria that resisted infection carried a DNA glycosylase, Brig3, that specifically excises 5hmC nucleobases to generate abasic sites in the phage genome and prevent viral proliferation. The crystal structure of Brig3 bound to its substrate revealed a catalytic mechanism in which the 5hmC nucleobase is flipped out of the DNA into the active site and replaced by an asparagine residue that inserts into the double helix to contact the complementary guanosine. Brig3 is encoded within an operon that also encodes BapA, a hydrolase that removes glucosyl groups from glucosyl-5hmC present in the genome of otherwise Brig3-resistant T-even phages carrying this hypermodified base. Our results uncover a defense strategy in which the combined action of BapA and Brig3 widens the immune response to restrict the infection of T-even phages with genomes that are either partially or completely glucosylated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mejia-Pitta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartosik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baca, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teplova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micura, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marraffini, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.25.707755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 5-hydroxymethylcytosine DNA glycosylase provides defense against T-even bacteriophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.24.707732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aspartate aminotransferase is required for Salmonella expansion in the inflamed gut via TCA anaplerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.24.707732v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspartate represents an important proteogenic amino acid in all living organisms. Many microorganisms can produce aspartate through various biosynthetic processes, utilizing it for energy production and as a precursor for synthesizing other biomolecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides. The enteric pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) has developed mechanisms to access aspartate as a nutrient source during expansion in the inflamed gut. However, how S. Tm deals with aspartate starvation during infection remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we interrogated Salmonellas reliance on the bi-directional aspartate aminotransferase encoded by aspC for growth in vitro and during host colonization using murine models of Salmonella infection. AspC can interconvert aspartate and the TCA intermediate oxaloacetate and is hypothesized to support S. Tm cellular demands for aspartate during starvation or support refueling of the TCA cycle via oxaloacetate synthesis. Herein, we find that loss of aspC results in a gut-specific S. Tm colonization defect that increases with the course of infection. Importantly, aspC is dispensable for S. Tm systemic colonization in CBA/J mice. Additionally, we report that loss of aspC results in a significant growth defect during respiration of inflammation-derived electron acceptors in vitro. Interruption of oxidative TCA cycle progression via TCA enzyme deletion or supplementation with TCA intermediates (e.g., oxaloacetate) abrogates the defect observed in {Delta}aspC S. Tm in vitro. Thus, suggesting the requirement for AspC to catabolize aspartate and support the TCA cycle during respiration. Altogether, we report that AspC plays a critical role in S. Tm pathogenesis in a gut-specific manner during inflammation through supporting energy generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shealy, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltagulov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avalos, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aspartate aminotransferase is required for Salmonella expansion in the inflamed gut via TCA anaplerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.26.708359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell body clustering drives gap junction-mediated synchronous activity in command neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.26.708359v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nervous system contains densely packed cell bodies, yet the role of neuronal cell body position in circuit function is poorly understood. Here we show that four Drosophila Moonwalker Descending Neurons (MDNs), command neurons for backward locomotion, must maintain cell body contact to allow gap junction-dependent synchronous activity necessary to initiate backward walking. MDNs express the transcription factor Hunchback, which drives expression of the Lar cell adhesion molecule; Hunchback, Lar, and its ligand Dlp promote MDN cell body clustering and backward walking. When clustered, the gap junction protein Inx8 allows synchronous firing of MDNs, which is required to initiate backward walking. These findings reveal a previously unappreciated role for cell body clustering and synchronous firing in neural circuit function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graciani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico Carvajal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell body clustering drives gap junction-mediated synchronous activity in command neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.27.640591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular grammars of intrinsically disordered regions that span the human proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.02.27.640591v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins are defined by functionally relevant molecular grammars. This refers to IDR-specific non-random amino acid compositions and non-random patterning of distinct pairs of amino acid types. Here, we introduce GIN (Grammars Inferred using NARDINI+) as a resource, which we have used to extract the molecular grammars of all human IDRs and classified them into thirty distinct clusters. Unbiased analyses of IDRome-spanning grammars reveals that specialized IDR grammar features direct biological processes, cellular localization preferences, and molecular functions. IDRs with exceptional grammars, defined as sequences with high-scoring non-random features, are harbored in proteins and complexes that enable spatial and temporal sorting of biochemical activities. Protein complexes within the nucleus recruit specific factors through top-scoring IDRs. These IDRs are frequently disrupted via cancer-associated mutations and fusion oncoproteins. Overall, GIN enables the decoding of sequence-function relationships of IDRs and can be deployed in IDR-specific and IDRome-wide analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruff, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>su, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadoch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappu, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular grammars of intrinsically disordered regions that span the human proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.707579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for C8 methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA by Cfr 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.707579v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cfr methylates C8 of adenosine 2503 (A2503) in 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and will also methylate C2 of A2503 after methylating C8. C8 methylation confers resistance to more than five classes of clinically used antibiotics, highlighting it as a worrisome mechanism of antibiotic resistance. Here, we report the structure of Cfr, determined by cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM). Despite its small size ([~]36 kDa), we exploit a transient protein-RNA crosslink that forms during catalysis, which requires Cys105 to resolve. Using a Cfr Cys105Ala variant and an 87-nucleotide strand of rRNA, we isolate the crosslinked species and determine its structure to 3.0 [A] resolution. Notably, the 87-mer rRNA adopts an L-shaped conformation characteristic of tRNAs, rather than the conformation it assumes in the ribosome.

One Sentence SummaryCryo-EM structure of Cfr, a radical S-adenosylmethionine methylase that confers antibiotic resistance
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esakova, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alumasa, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwalm, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauerle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafenstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.707579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for C8 methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA by Cfr]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.25.707567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vampire bats target their social grooming to hard-to-reach body parts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.25.707567v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Many group-living mammals and birds groom the fur (or preen the feathers) of their close associates, and this social grooming (or social preening) seems to build and maintain affiliative relationships. Female common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) lick each other in ways that appear to be responsive to cues of need, which suggests that this social grooming could be a low-cost form of helping in addition to being a social signal. If social grooming is a form of helping, then vampire bats should preferentially groom others in locations that are difficult to self-groom. We show that social grooming (n = 1586 events) did indeed occur most often on parts of the recipients body where self-grooming (n = 1515 events) was least likely, often in locations where the recipient could not lick itself, like the back of the head. The finding that vampire bats preferentially groom each other in hard-to-reach locations provides further support for the hypothesis that social grooming is a low-cost form of help in vampire bats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.25.707567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vampire bats target their social grooming to hard-to-reach body parts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.01.708910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte migration and tissue homeostasis are dictated by Gα13 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.01.708910v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal barrier harbors numerous intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) that promote tissue integrity and whose dysfunction contributes to disease. The signals regulating IEL dynamics are incompletely understood. Here we show that deficiency in heterotrimeric G-protein subunit G13 or effector Arhgef1 causes a loss of CD8 and CD8{beta} IEL. Following G13 ablation, IEL reduce migration speed prior to undergoing cell death. Induction of CD8{beta} IEL by Listeria monocytogenes is intact but the cells fail to distribute along the villi and quickly die. TGF{beta} gain-of-function rescues Arhgef1-deficient CD8{beta} cell numbers. CRISPR screening identifies a role for G13-coupled GPR132 in IEL homeostasis. T cell G13-deficient mice suffer more severe colitis and colorectal tumor growth. In summary, we identify G13 as an essential signaling node in {beta} and {gamma}{delta} CD8 IEL and we propose G13-guided IEL positioning in the villous niche is required for receipt of signals, including TGF{beta}, for their maturation, survival and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Earley, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knopper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisicka, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taglinao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looney, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyster, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.01.708910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte migration and tissue homeostasis are dictated by Gα13]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic mutation in human cerebellum illustrates neuron type-specific patterns of age-related mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708647v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by exquisite specificity for neuronal types, but the basis of this is unknown. Here, we show that cerebellar granule neurons (GN)--the most abundant neuronal type in the human brain--accumulate somatic mutations in patterns highly distinct from cerebral cortical neurons, and more closely resembling oligodendroglia and other dividing cells. We find shared mutational signatures between normal aging GNs and medulloblastoma subtypes, suggesting the GN lineage as a tumor cell of origin. Whole-genome sequence of multiple single GNs from the same donor allowed analysis of specific times of neurogenesis, revealing a rich lineage tree that includes GNs that become postmitotic 2 years or more after birth, yet migrating postnatally to populate both the cerebellar vermis and the distant cerebellar hemisphere. Our results show that neuronal type-specific somatic mutation patterns enlighten normal development, cancer origins and potentially the cell type-specificity of neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Essuman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambridge, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manam, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finander, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoshkhoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic mutation in human cerebellum illustrates neuron type-specific patterns of age-related mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mSWI/SNF complex inhibition sensitizes KRAS-mutant lung cancers to targeted therapies via epithelial-mesenchymal subversion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708377v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted therapies for KRAS-mutant non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) have shown promising clinical results, however, incomplete tumoral responses and the inevitable emergence of therapeutic resistance remain critical challenges. Here we identify mSWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes as critical determinants of (EMT)-mediated KRAS inhibitor inefficacy and resistance in KRAS G12C lung cancers. Treatment with the clinical-grade SMARCA4/2 inhibitor, FHD-286, dampens EMT-mediated acquired resistance in drug-responsive models and similarly resensitizes drug-refractory models by rewiring mSWI/SNF chromatin localization and activities that modulate epithelial transcriptional programs and cell state. Further, synergistic mSWI/SNF and KRAS inhibitor combination treatment sensitizes non-G12C KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells to pan-RAS and G12D-specific inhibitors. Finally, FHD-286 and sotorasib combination treatment results in potent anti-tumor efficacy in both G12Ci-resistant and - sensitive organoid models and in vivo patient-derived xenograft (PDX) systems. These data nominate mSWI/SNF inhibition as a combination strategy to improve KRAS inhibitor efficacy, response duration, and to mitigate emergence of resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gentile, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenahan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F. T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, N.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radulovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hueniken, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulesza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinkley, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, J. A. < A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facchinetti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locquet, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacher, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janne, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadoch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mSWI/SNF complex inhibition sensitizes KRAS-mutant lung cancers to targeted therapies via epithelial-mesenchymal subversion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.03.708097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosome motility controls light-responsive reproductive development and secondary metabolite production in Aspergillus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.03.708097v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus species, use microtubule transport to move early endosomes. Other cargos, such as peroxisomes and mRNAs, "hitchhike" on early endosomes to move throughout the long hyphae of these organisms. In Aspergillus nidulans, peroxisomes hitchhike on early endosomes using the endosomal protein PxdA and the peroxisomal protein AcbdA. The HookA adaptor protein links endosomes to microtubule motors. Here, we set out to explore the physiological functions of peroxisome hitchhiking and endosome motility. A. nidulans has a complex life cycle that includes asexual and sexual reproduction. A. nidulans and other fungi within the Pezizomycotina subphylum are also notable for the vast number of secondary metabolites they produce. Light and other environmental conditions influence developmental decisions and secondary metabolite production. Here, we found that sexual reproduction is favored in the absence of endosome motility, even in the light, which normally promotes asexual reproduction. RNA sequencing of strains lacking endosome motility showed altered expression of genes involved in development. Unexpectedly, we observed altered expression of genes involved in secondary metabolism in strains lacking endosome motility and peroxisome hitchhiking. Using mass spectrometry, we found that the loss of endosome motility affected the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin that is a food contaminant. Finally, in a pathogenic species, Aspergillus fumigatus, we found that deletion of its PxdA homolog also significantly altered secondary metabolite production. Our work uncovers an unexpected link between organelle motility, developmental decisions in response to light, and secondary metabolite production in filamentous fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oster, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir Rawa, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bok, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suen, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salogiannis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reck-Peterson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.708097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosome motility controls light-responsive reproductive development and secondary metabolite production in Aspergillus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Derlin-mediated ERAD of lipid regulator ORMDL3 safeguards mitochondrial function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.27.708653v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian Derlin proteins (Derlin-1, Derlin-2, and Derlin-3) are conserved components of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery that mediate the retrotranslocation and proteasomal degradation of misfolded ER-resident proteins. However, their paralog-specific contributions to cellular homeostasis remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Derlin deficiency disrupts mitochondrial architecture and results in mitochondrial fragmentation and tightening of ER-mitochondria contact sites (MERCs) in HEK293 cells. Mechanistically, we identify ORMDL proteins, evolutionarily conserved negative regulators of sphingolipid biosynthesis, as substrates of Derlin-2- and Derlin-3-dependent ERAD. Derlin deficiency leads to selective accumulation of ORMDL3 and its dose-dependent enrichment at MERCs, where it drives mitochondrial dysfunction in respiration and calcium handling. Reducing ORMDL3 levels restores mitochondrial function, establishing ORMDL3 as a key effector downstream of Derlin loss. Our work establishes ERAD as a critical mechanism of protein quantity control that safeguards organelle homeostasis by preventing aberrant accumulation and mislocalization of ER clients at inter-organelle contact sites. Given that ORMDL family members are central regulators of sphingolipid metabolism and are genetically linked to inflammation, cancer, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, these findings connect ERAD-dependent spatial control to sphingolipid homeostasis and a broad spectrum of human pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afolabi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskerville, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Som de Cerff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whisenant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Derlin-mediated ERAD of lipid regulator ORMDL3 safeguards mitochondrial function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.10.658880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of RNA-guided transcription by a dCas12f-σE-RNAP complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.10.658880v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-guided proteins have emerged as critical transcriptional regulators in both natural and engineered biological systems by modulating RNA polymerase (RNAP) and its associated factors1-3. In bacteria, di-verse clades of repurposed TnpB and CRISPR-associated proteins repress gene expression by blocking transcription initiation or elongation, enabling non-canonical modes of regulatory control and adaptive immunity1,4,5. Intriguingly, a distinct class of nuclease-dead Cas12f homologs (dCas12f) instead activates gene expression through its association with unique extracytoplasmic function sigma factors ({sigma}E)6, though the molecular basis has remained elusive. Here we reveal a novel mode of RNA-guided transcription initiation by determining cryo-electron microscopy structures of the dCas12f-{sigma}E system from Flagellimonas taeanensis. We captured multiple conformational and compositional states, including the DNA-bound dCas12f-{sigma}E-RNAP holoenzyme complex, revealing how RNA-guided DNA binding leads to {sigma}E-RNAP recruitment and nascent mRNA synthesis at a precisely defined distance downstream of the R-loop. Rather than following the classical paradigm of {sigma}E-dependent promoter recognition, these studies show that recognition of the -35 element is largely supplanted by CRISPR-Cas targeting, while the melted -10 element is stabilized through unusual stacking interactions rather than insertion into the typical recognition pocket. Collectively, this work provides high-resolution insights into an unexpected mechanism of RNA-guided transcription, expanding our understanding of bacterial gene regulation and opening new avenues for pro-grammable transcriptional control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmieri, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of RNA-guided transcription by a dCas12f-σE-RNAP complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.03.709382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parabrachial Ntsr1 neurons modulate food intake and anxiety through a projection to the ventromedial hypothalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.03.709382v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is an important hub located in the pons that integrates and relays sensory signals from peripheral regions. It is genetically diverse and contains many populations that modulate feeding and responses to threatening situations. A small Ntsr1-expressing population of neurons was identified that projects selectively to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). The Ntsr1 neurons are scattered throughout the lateral PBN with a cluster of cells along the border to the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (NLL) that overlap with Cck and Foxp2 expression. Chemogenetic activation of PBN Ntsr1 neurons results in Fos induction in Nr5a1 (SF1) and Bdnf neurons in the VMH. Activation of PBN Ntsr1 neurons reduces food intake after fasting and increases anxiety-like behaviors. In anxiogenic feeding assays, activation of PBN Ntsr1 neurons increases latency to feed as well as reducing food intake. Photometry showed that PBN Ntsr1-neuronal activity increases during anxiogenic situations but is suppressed during food consumption, suggesting a role in threat-induced suppression of feeding. Silencing PBN Ntsr1 neurons with Tetanus toxin light-chain (Tetx) increased food intake and reduced anxiety. These findings reveal a genetically defined PBN to VMH circuit that is involved in modulating threat signals and feeding behavior.

SignificanceThis study explored a population of Ntsr1 mRNA-expressing neurons in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) that project selectively to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Chemogenetic stimulation of PBN Ntsr1 neurons decreased feeding and increased anxiety, results that resemble those achieved by activating VMH neurons, implicating the Ntsr1 neurons as part of the circuitry that controls feeding and anxiety. Because PBN Ntsr1 neurons are activated by aversive stimuli, they are posited to help mice suppress feeding in risky environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pauli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmiter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parabrachial Ntsr1 neurons modulate food intake and anxiety through a projection to the ventromedial hypothalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.03.709317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gothic Identity as Cultural Practice: Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi - Ethnic Assemblages Under Gothic Material Culture in Late Antique Bulgaria (4th - 6th centuries CE) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.03.709317v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 38 individuals associated with Gothic-period mortuary contexts at two Bulgarian sites: the Aquae Calidae necropolis ([~]320 - 375 CE; n=23) and the Aul of Khan Omurtag (AKO; [~]350 - 489 CE; n=15). Although linked by closely similar Gothic-associated material culture and east - west Arian burial practices, the two assemblages are genetically distinct. Aquae Calidae individuals are modeled with predominantly Anatolian-related ancestry (50 - 85% in qpAdm), whereas AKO individuals are modeled with predominantly Wielbark/Chernyakhov-related northern ancestry (60 - 78%). Across the full assemblage, no single ancestry model fits all individuals, whose profiles range from nearly unadmixed Chernyakhov-like to predominantly Anatolian-related. DATES analysis places admixture between northern European and southern Balkan/Anatolian-related ancestry components approximately 11 - 13 generations before burial (point estimate [~]50 CE; 95% CI, 85 BCE - 183 CE; Z=5.26), raising the possibility that this mixture predated the earliest documented Gothic - Roman contacts ([~]170 CE). The convergence of dates across alternative southern proxies, together with reduced fit when Balkan and Anatolian sources are pooled into a single southern reference, favors admixture involving a pre-blended Balkan - Anatolian substrate over two temporally distinct southern admixture pulses. This signal was not recovered in the non-Gothic Roman-period Balkan populations tested as controls and is consistent with admixture in a trans-Danubian frontier setting, potentially including Roman Dacia after 106 CE. These findings support models in which Gothic affiliation in the Balkans operated as a cultural-political framework encompassing populations of diverse biological ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stamov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chobanov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momchilov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aladzhov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chobanov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toncheva, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamfirov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gothic Identity as Cultural Practice: Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi - Ethnic Assemblages Under Gothic Material Culture in Late Antique Bulgaria (4th - 6th centuries CE)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.02.709011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medulloblastoma-Associated KBTBD4 Mutations Disrupt PP2A-A Orphan Quality Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.02.709011v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, arises from developmental aberrations of cerebellar precursor cells. The CUL3-RING ubiquitin ligase adaptor KBTBD4 is recurrently mutated in medulloblastoma subgroups 3 and 4. While KBTBD4 mutations confer a gain-of-function phenotype leading to aberrant degradation of transcriptional repressors, endogenous targets of this E3 ligase remain unknown. Here, we identify the PP2A-A scaffolding subunit of the PP2A phosphatase as a CRL3KBTBD4 substrate. Using a combination of proteomics, cell biology, biochemical reconstitution, and cryo-EM structural analyses, we show that CRL3KBTBD4 mediates orphan quality control by targeting free PP2A-A for degradation to safeguard phosphatase activity. Loss of KBTBD4 or its mutation in medulloblastoma cause PP2A-A accumulation, hence affecting phospho-dependent signaling pathways in cancer development. Disease mutations in KBTBD4 thus elicit a dual phenotype: gain-of-function degradation of transcriptional repressors combined with loss of PP2A quality control, which dysregulates multiple signaling events implicated in cancer, including telomere length regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunardi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krebs, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haakonsen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waszak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciulli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rape, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoma, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medulloblastoma-Associated KBTBD4 Mutations Disrupt PP2A-A Orphan Quality Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.709984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spligation enables programmable chimeric RNA generation in living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.709984v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to precisely modify RNA offers opportunities to manipulate the flow of genetic information and influence transcript stability, localization and translation. RNA-targeting technologies enable RNA knockdown, base editing and trans-splicing, but more extensive transcript changes typically require genome editing or rely on the endogenous splicing machinery. Based on the ability of type III-A CRISPR-Csm complexes to catalyze programmable RNA cleavage in human cells, we investigated their potential to induce site-specific deletions while leaving the remainder of the transcript intact. Our data show that CRISPR-Csm complexes can generate short and long RNA excisions within a target transcript, and that the efficiency of this process is enhanced by fusion of Csm to the RNA ligase RtcB. Furthermore, cleavage of two different transcripts can trigger subsequent trans-ligation of the cleaved products into a chimeric transcript ("spligation"). Finally, we apply spligation to endogenous transcripts, using Csm to generate recombinant mRNA in cells independent of canonical splice sites. Collectively, this approach enables new forms of precise RNA manipulation in cells with potential applications in human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colognori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.709984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spligation enables programmable chimeric RNA generation in living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.02.709205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-guided Sequence-structure Co-design of De Novo Functional Enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.02.709205v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins underpin essential biological functions across all kingdoms of life. The capacity to design novel proteins with tailored activities holds transformative potential for biotechnology, medicine, and sustainability. However, since protein functions, particularly enzymatic activities, depend on precise interactions with small-molecule ligands, accurately modeling these interactions remains a formidable challenge in de novo protein design. Here, we introduce EnzyGen2, a protein foundation model designed for the simultaneous co-design of sequence and structure under ligand-guided functional targeting. Comprising 730 million parameters, EnzyGen2 is trained on 720,993 protein-ligand pairs using multi-task learning objectives that encompass joint prediction of sequence, structure, and protein-ligand interactions. In rigorous in silico benchmarks, EnzyGen2 consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, including Inpainting, RFdiffusion/ProteinMPNN, RFdiffusion2/LigandMPNN, and RFdiffusion3/LigandMPNN, as measured by the enzyme-substrate prediction score, AlphaFold2 confidence metric, and structural fidelity, while it generates samples 400x faster than prior methods. We further experimentally validated EnzyGen2 across multiple enzyme families, including chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase, and thiopurine S-methyltransferase. De novo enzymes generated by our family-specific EnzyGen2 exhibited catalytic activities comparable to or exceeding those of natural enzymes, while retaining substantial novelty with sequence identities as low as 51.6%. These results establish EnzyGen2 as a robust Artificial Intelligence-based tool for functional enzyme design, demonstrating the power of large protein foundation models to create high-performance, novel biocatalysts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-guided Sequence-structure Co-design of De Novo Functional Enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.02.706451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescence-directed nanotherapy ameliorates fibrosis and overcomes immune exclusion in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.02.706451v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrotic remodeling of tissues and tumors establishes immune-suppressive microenvironments that drive organ dysfunction and, in cancer, limit responses to immunotherapy. Cells exhibiting features of cellular senescence are conserved drivers of fibrotic remodeling and thus represent therapeutic targets, yet senescent states are heterogeneous and can exert both beneficial and pathogenic effects, complicating therapeutic intervention. Here, we show that P-selectin is selectively expressed by subsets of senescent-like cells in fibrotic tissues and fibrotic tumor microenvironments. Leveraging fucoidan-based nanoparticles that bind P-selectin, we develop senescence-modulating nanoparticles (SMNPs) to selectively target these disease-associated cell states. SMNPs exhibit potent antifibrotic and immunomodulatory activity while markedly improving therapeutic index. Mechanistically, we identify a pathogenic, immune-suppressive macrophage population as a principal functional target of SMNPs in vivo. In fibrotic tumors, niche remodeling restores immune infiltration and sensitizes tumors to immune checkpoint-based therapies. More broadly, SMNPs establish a generalizable nanotherapeutic strategy for selectively targeting pathogenic senescent cell subsets across fibrotic disease and cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinterleitner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthet, V. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perea, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillger, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves-Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skamagki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flowers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rekhtman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barretto, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tammela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romesser, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bott, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filliol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.706451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescence-directed nanotherapy ameliorates fibrosis and overcomes immune exclusion in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.05.709893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Miniprotein inhibitors of the Staphylococcus aureus efflux transporter NorA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.05.709893v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidrug efflux pumps transport antibiotics across the cellular membrane resulting in resistance conferred to the host organism. Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) potentiate the efficacy of antibiotics by blocking drug efflux and hold promise as adjuvant therapeutics in the fight against multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria. A hurdle in the field has been the lack of selectivity of small molecule EPIs which often display off-target toxicity due to non-specific binding. To tackle this specificity challenge, we aimed to maximize an inhibitors binding surface area to efflux pumps by designing miniprotein EPIs using computational protein design and an E. coli co-expression assay to screen inhibition in cells. We used S. aureus NorA as a model efflux transporter since it confers drug resistance to fluoroquinolones, puromycin, and other cytotoxic compounds. Starting from a focused miniprotein library of only 86 members, we identified inhibitors in the screen that blocked NorA transport under active efflux conditions in vitro. Our most promising inhibitor I-23 was validated by solving a cryo-EM structure of the miniprotein in complex with NorA, which stabilized the transporter in the outward-open conformation. I-23 has a ferredoxin-like fold with one of its {beta}-hairpins inserted into the substrate binding pocket of NorA and other parts of the globular fold occupying the shallow pocket and making extensive intermolecular contacts with NorA. An arginine residue on the tip of the hairpin loop was positioned near an anionic patch required for NorA antibiotic efflux. The identified structural motifs in this work could be employed to explore the molecular properties of peptidoglycan penetration; full realization of the therapeutic potential of the designed miniprotein inhibitors will require determining the principles for facilitating passage of [~]7 to 8 kDa miniproteins across the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin-Gray, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traaseth, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Miniprotein inhibitors of the Staphylococcus aureus efflux transporter NorA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.710169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring Amorphous Motion: Application of Optical Flow to Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Microscopy Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.710169v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motion is an essential component of any living system. It is rich with information, but it is often challenging to quantitatively extract biologically informative results from the motion apparent in microscopy images. This challenge is exacerbated by the wide variety in biological movement, which often takes the form of difficult-to-segment amorphous structures undergoing complex motion. An image processing technique known as optical flow can capture motion at each pixel in an image, thus bypassing the need for object segmentation or a priori definition of motion types. This makes it a powerful tool for quantitative assessment of biological systems from the protein to organism scale. However, despite its flexibility and strengths for analyzing fluorescence microscopy images, its adoption in the bioimaging community has been limited by the availability of easy-to-use tools and guidance in results interpretation. Here we describe an optical flow tool, OpticalFlow3D, that can be run in Python or MATLAB and is compatible with three-dimensional microscopy images. Using biological examples across length scales, we illustrate how OpticalFlow3D can enable new biological insight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenman, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.710169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring Amorphous Motion: Application of Optical Flow to Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Microscopy Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.708946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Modular Framework for Automated Segmentation and Analysis of AFM Imaging of Chromatin Organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.708946v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin organization underlies essential genome functions, but its nanoscale organization remains challenging to capture and quantify with precision. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers direct structural readouts of DNA and chromatin, yet translating these rich images into reproducible biological metrics has been limited by the lack of standardized, scalable analysis tools. Here we present DNAsight, an automated analysis framework that integrates machine learning (ML)-based segmentation with modular, base-pair-calibrated quantification of DNA spatial organization, looping, nucleosome spacing, and protein clustering. Applied across diverse chromatin-associated proteins, DNAsight reveals protein-specific organizational signatures, including topology-dependent compaction by integration host factor (IHF), cofactor-mediated cohesin loop stabilization by precocious dissociation of sisters 5A (PDS5A), and promoter-driven multimerization of GAGA factor (GAF) clusters. The framework further enables direct extraction of nucleosome spacing distributions from raw AFM images, providing a label-free route to investigate chromatin fiber architecture. Together, these advances establish DNAsight as a generalizable and scalable approach for converting AFM measurements into quantitative insights into the physical principles of chromatin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merino-Urteaga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnizky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, T.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zähringer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccianini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osorio-Valeriano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzakis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkegaard, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.708946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Modular Framework for Automated Segmentation and Analysis of AFM Imaging of Chromatin Organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.04.709615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remote homology and functional genetics unmask deeply preserved Scm3/HJURP orthologs in metazoans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.04.709615v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most animals and fungi, centromere identity and function depend on the Scm3/HJURP chaperone, which deposits CENPA at centromeres. However, Scm3/HJURP orthologs appeared to be missing in insects, nematodes, many vertebrates, and other metazoans, suggesting radical chaperone replacement in these lineages. Here, we combine remote homology detection, AlphaFold-based structural modeling, and functional genetics in zebrafish and Caenorhabditis elegans to identify previously unknown Scm3/HJURP orthologs that localize to centromeres and whose loss causes catastrophic mitotic failure. We further show that Drosophila CAL1, long considered a functional analog, is instead a highly diverged Scm3/HJURP ortholog. Despite rapid primary-sequence divergence, predicted and known structures reveal a broadly conserved CENPA-H4-binding scm3 fold across fungi, vertebrates, nematodes, insects, and basally-branching metazoans. Our work demonstrates how rapid divergence can obscure the broad conservation of essential centromere machinery and provides a broadly applicable strategy to unmasking missing orthologs.

Summary statementAnimals encode a rapidly evolving, essential cell cycle gene previously thought to be absent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hollis, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stonick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topalidou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moens, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehrbach, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.709615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remote homology and functional genetics unmask deeply preserved Scm3/HJURP orthologs in metazoans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.710083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating genes sufficient for viral entry into cells through sequential genome-wide CRISPR activation screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.710083v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A preeminent goal of virology is to discover cellular genes that mediate virus entry. Genome-wide loss-of-function screens can illuminate single genes necessary for virus entry, but are stymied by genetic redundancy. Here we report a genome-wide CRISPR activation screening strategy to discover single genes that are sufficient for viral entry into normally-uninfectable cells. Sequential rounds of viral infection vastly enhanced screening sensitivity. This sequential screening strategy was generalizable to two unrelated viruses--Ebola and rabies viruses--and could broadly accelerate the discovery of viral entry factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Creytz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescott, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.710083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating genes sufficient for viral entry into cells through sequential genome-wide CRISPR activation screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.08.710403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome Molecular Aging Shapes Translation Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.08.710403v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular homeostasis relies on continual renewal of cellular components, yet some complexes like ribosomes persist for long periods, raising the question of whether extended molecular age impacts functional fidelity. Here, we introduce a spatiotemporal mapping strategy to resolve biomolecular life stages, and show that intracellular ribosome aging alters translational dynamics at specific transcripts. Molecularly aged ribosomes exhibit impaired elongation at basic amino acid-rich sequences, leading to increased pausing, premature termination, and ribosome collisions. By profiling ribosomal RNA modifications, we find that molecular aging increases the collision propensity of specific ribosome subpopulations. Consistent with our findings, enrichment of aged ribosomes in cells amplifies molecular age-dependent translation defects. In vivo labeling of ribosomes in aged C. elegans demonstrates that molecularly aged ribosomes shape translational dynamics during organismal aging. These findings identify ribosome molecular age as a determinant of translational dynamics, and link molecular aging of a core gene-expression complex to organismal aging.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIA pulse-chase labeling strategy enables mapping subcellular demographics of macromolecular complexes in space and time.
C_LIO_LIMolecular aging of ribosomes drives differential mRNA translation and shapes elongation dynamics.
C_LIO_LIThe collision propensity of specific ribosome subpopulations increases with molecular age.
C_LIO_LIOlder ribosomes shape translation dynamics during organismal aging.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botello, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comi, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Alfa, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesner, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmrlj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristea, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brangwynne, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.08.710403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome Molecular Aging Shapes Translation Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.710171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Streptomyces enrichment in roots during drought is uncoupled from plant benefit and is driven by host suppression of iron uptake and immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.06.710171v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drought reshapes plant root microbiota, yet the mechanistic drivers and consequences of this observation remain unclear. We discovered that suppression of host immunity and iron homeostasis is required for Streptomyces enrichment in roots during drought across diverse soils. Genetic and physiological manipulation of these host pathways confirmed their requirement in modulating Streptomyces root enrichment. Drought-induced suppression of iron uptake was conserved across the [~]160 My monocot-eudicot divergence. Some Streptomyces strains enhanced plant growth and rescued iron uptake under drought. These benefits were uncoupled from Streptomyces root enrichment. They were instead shaped by intra-Streptomyces antagonism. We propose a two-step model: drought-driven down regulation of host iron and immune pathways enriches Streptomyces, while intra-genus dynamics fine-tune strain-level assembly and functional outcomes. Our data refine the idea that Streptomyces are enriched in roots during drought in response to a plant  cry for help and consequently contribute to alleviation of this abiotic stress.

HighlightsO_LIStreptomyces are enriched in roots during drought across diverse soils.
C_LIO_LISuppression of plant immunity and iron uptake drive Streptomyces enrichment.
C_LIO_LIDrought-induced suppression of iron uptake is shared across 160 Mya of plant evolution.
C_LIO_LISome Streptomyces can provision plant benefits during drought and iron limitation.
C_LIO_LIPlant benefit, or lack thereof, is unrelated to Streptomyces enrichment and is modulated by intra-genus antagonism.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hige, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajayi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jowers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anguita-Maeso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougous, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.710171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Streptomyces enrichment in roots during drought is uncoupled from plant benefit and is driven by host suppression of iron uptake and immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.15.711871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic Analysis of Behavior in the Mosquito Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.15.711871v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is an important vector of viral pathogens and serves as a model for other vector species. Pathogens are transmitted when a mosquito bites a host animal, but the neural circuits that control seeking and biting behavior are not known. Here, we detail methods and protocols for the manipulation of neural activity in the mosquito using optogenetics, a key technique to determine the causal relationship between neural circuits and behavior. These methods include rearing mosquitoes for optogenetics and three assays that are designed to measure different steps in the sequence of arousal, attraction, proboscis probing, and engorgement on the blood of host animals. These behaviors occur at different spatial scales and in response to different sensory stimuli. Each behavioral assay is outfitted with red (625 nm) LEDs for optogenetic activation. To detect arousal in response to olfactory stimuli, flight and walking are measured in all three assays. To assay attraction or landing, mosquitoes are presented with a heated blood meal in a large arena. Proboscis probing and engorgement are assayed with video resolution that enables measurement of appendages and abdomen size. The protocol describes machine vision models to enable high-resolution temporal quantification of behavior as well as endpoint measurements of feeding. These methods can be used to test the function of any population of neurons in mosquito biting behavior and can be extended to additional behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamble, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrells, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.15.711871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic Analysis of Behavior in the Mosquito Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.17.712426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quinone reductase 2 reads H3 serotonylation to support neuronal maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.17.712426v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone H3 Gln5 serotonylation (H3Q5ser) is a recently described posttranslational modification1 that plays important roles in guiding transcriptional permissiveness in brain and peripheral systems2-5. H3Q5ser has been implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes ranging from neural differentiation1 to sensory processing6, circadian rhythmicity7, stress responsivity8, placental gene regulation9, and tumorigenesis10-19. Since H3Q5ser can occur in combination with H3 Lys4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), most mechanistic studies to date have focused on H3Q5sers roles in modulating H3K4me3 reader interactions, where it has been shown to potentiate TAF3/TFIID binding to H3K4me31,20,21 and inhibit the recruitment of K4me3 demethylases21; however, whether H3 serotonylation functions as an autonomous chromatin signaling mark through dedicated reader proteins has remained unknown. Here, using a combination of proteomic-, structural-, molecular-, epigenomic-, and cellular-based approaches, we demonstrate that the Quinone reductase 2 (QR2) enzyme reads H3Q5ser independently of H3K4me3. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated disruption of H3 serotonylation or QR2s binding to the mark in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons impairs the establishment of neuronal transcriptional programs, alters synaptic connectivity, and disrupts electrophysiological maturation. These findings thus uncover an H3 serotonylation-dependent chromatin signaling axis that is essential for human neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weekley, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Chan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappuccio, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokol, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baljinnyam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marro, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maze, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.712426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quinone reductase 2 reads H3 serotonylation to support neuronal maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.18.712680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Midgestation metabolic constraint in purine metabolism drives distinct strategies for placenta and fetal growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.18.712680v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purine nucleotides are essential for mammalian development1,2. Purine monophosphates support cell signaling and proliferation and are synthesized by cells through either de novo synthesis or a salvage pathway3. We previously identified a midgestational metabolic transition in mice (gestational days gd10.5-11.5) characterized by changes in purine metabolism4. Midgestation is a period of rapid growth for placenta and embryo, yet it remains unclear how the placental tissues expand without directly competing with the embryo for biosynthetic resources. Here, we show that this midgestational metabolic transition is associated with a marked reduction in embryonic expression of purine salvage enzymes, which constrains embryonic metabolism and leads to different strategies for purine synthesis between the placenta and embryo. Midgestation embryos are unable to engage the purine salvage pathway even when de novo purine synthesis is blocked either in vivo or in ex utero embryo culture, whereas placental tissue and trophoblasts retain the capacity to use either pathway. Disruption of de novo purine synthesis in mice causes reduced embryonic growth, impaired axial elongation, and abnormal brain and placental development, which are only partially rescued by supplementation with purine salvage precursors. In human placenta, trophoblast stem cells readily switch between the de novo and salvage pathways based on nutrient availability, and syncytiotrophoblasts (STB) preferentially rely on the salvage pathway. We identified guanosine monophosphate (GMP) as a metabolic checkpoint regulating STB differentiation, with insufficient GMP levels causing degradation of the small GTPase Rheb and failure of mTOR activation. Supplementation of purine salvage substrates restored GMP synthesis and STB differentiation in humans, but not mice. Further, in vivo measurements in humans revealed that maternal circulating hypoxanthine decreases during pregnancy and is further reduced in women with clinically small placentas, highlighting the role of hypoxanthine in supporting placental growth. These results uncover compartmentalized purine salvage between the embryo and placenta as a mechanism that limits competition for biosynthetic resources and enables coordinated growth during mammalian development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lokshtanov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florian-Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntire, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duryea, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spong, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivatsan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solmonson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Midgestation metabolic constraint in purine metabolism drives distinct strategies for placenta and fetal growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.18.712693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UFMylation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Regulates Mitochondrial Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.18.712693v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1) post-translational modification (PTM), or UFMylation, regulates protein homeostasis and is essential for human development. Yet the roles of the de-UFMylase, UFM1-specific peptidase 2 (UFSP2), which removes UFM1 from UFMylated proteins, remain poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that UFMylation and UFSP2 regulate mitochondrial metabolism. Quantitative proteomics in UFSP2-deficient cells revealed the accumulation of many proteins previously unknown to be impacted by UFMylation. These included components of the mitochondrial ribosome, electron transport chain (ETC), and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex. Functional analyses demonstrated that excessive UFMylation in UFSP2-deficient cells increases mitochondrial respiration, glucose oxidation in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and PDH enzymatic activity. We identified dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT), the E2 component of PDH, as a direct UFMylation substrate, with lysine 118 (K118) as the primary conjugation site. Mutating K118 to arginine (K118R) abolished DLAT UFMylation and reduced pyruvate oxidation, identifying this modification as an activator of PDH. These findings reveal a UFMylation-based regulatory mechanism that controls mitochondrial function by inducing utilization of pyruvate as a TCA cycle fuel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sondhi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tippetts, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishkova, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumesnil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoxhaj, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UFMylation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Regulates Mitochondrial Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.16.711480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-scale functional mapping of the mammalian whole brain with in vivo Perturb-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.16.711480v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional genomics studies have provided critical insights into cell type-specific gene regulatory programs, but to date most have been conducted in wild-type tissues or cell cultures. Here, we present a gene expression functional atlas across the mouse brain. We use an enhanced in vivo Perturb-seq platform to analyze transcriptome-wide responses to loss of 1,947 disease-associated genes, profiling over 7.7 million cells spanning major brain regions and neuronal populations. We find striking cell-type-specific essentiality and transcriptional programs and show that closely related disease genes such as two NMDA receptor subunits can drive opposing transcriptional programs. Together, this work reveals insights into the genetics and mechanisms of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases in vivo, paving the way for the design of future genetic medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korshunova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishvanath, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyasulu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigdor, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geralt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabhi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Velthoven, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dicks, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.711480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-scale functional mapping of the mammalian whole brain with in vivo Perturb-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.15.711739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo multiomic Perturb-seq with enhanced nuclear gRNA capture 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.15.711739v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vivo CRISPR screening with joint transcriptomic and chromatin readouts has been limited by inefficient recovery of gRNAs from nuclei. Here, we developed in vivo multiomic Perturb-seq, an effective platform combining nuclear transcript anchoring with gRNA-specific capture and amplification to enable high-fidelity, high-recovery gRNA assignment and scalable perturbation-resolved single-nucleus multiomics. Applying this platform to interrogate neurodevelopmental disorder risk genes in the developing cortex reveals cell-type-specific transcriptomic and epigenomic perturbation phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tastemel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whte, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.15.711739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo multiomic Perturb-seq with enhanced nuclear gRNA capture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.13.711726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical BURST imaging for high-fidelity biomolecular ultrasound 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.13.711726v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultrasound is emerging as a method for molecular and cellular imaging by connecting the versatile physics of sound waves to protein-based contrast agents such as gas vesicles (GVs). BURST is a common imaging mode that leverages the strong, transient echoes generated when GVs collapse under acoustic pressure to enable highly sensitive ultrasound visualization of cells and biomolecules, down to the single cell level. However, BURST is vulnerable to fluctuating background signals, with large-amplitude fluctuations in scattering, as often present in vivo, obscuring genuine GV responses. In this study, we mathematically examine this limitation and show that incorporating statistical metrics such as correlation or temporal contrast-to-noise ratio effectively suppresses unwanted non-GV voxels and quantifies detection confidence, including in image sequences in which GV collapse spans multiple frames. Compared with prior methods, our approach enhances the clarity of BURST images and provides probabilistic interpretations of GV signals, facilitating more reliable analysis of ambiguous in vivo molecular imaging, as we demonstrate in imaging tumor-homing probiotics and gene expression in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivaei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical BURST imaging for high-fidelity biomolecular ultrasound]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.12.711294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A stress-function tradeoff organizes epithelial heterogeneity across spatial scales in the human thyroid 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.12.711294v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organs are organized into repeating anatomical units, yet how cellular heterogeneity is structured within and between these units remains poorly understood. Here we use spatial transcriptomics to dissect multiscale heterogeneity in the human thyroid gland, a tissue composed of hormone-producing follicles. Across human thyroid samples spanning non-inflamed to inflamed states, we develop a follicle-aware analytical framework that separates intra-follicular from inter-follicular variability. We find that heterogeneity among thyrocytes is not dominated by differences in hormone synthesis but instead by two opposing transcriptional programs: an active hormone-producing state and a damage-response thyrocyte (DRT) state enriched for stress, immune, and damage-response pathways. DRTs are spatially clustered, associated with DNA damage markers, and are enriched near immune niches. Notably, the balance between active and damage-response programs constitutes a major axis of variability across cells, follicles, and patients. Our findings highlight a damage-response epithelial thyrocyte state that may be fundamental to follicular function in the human thyroid and provide a general framework for studying heterogeneity in tissues composed of repeating anatomical units.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoselsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich-Zeliger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkahal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessler, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivatzki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avior, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoefllin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Shaul, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goliand, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addadi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A stress-function tradeoff organizes epithelial heterogeneity across spatial scales in the human thyroid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.16.712183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vibrio parahaemolyticus quorum sensing controls phage VP882 transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.16.712183v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quorum sensing is a cell-to-cell communication process bacteria use to orchestrate collective behaviors. Quorum sensing involves the production, release, and detection of extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. Some temperate phages can monitor bacterial autoinducers enabling them to track the abundance of potential host cells in the vicinity. Quorum-sensing-responsive phages can preferentially launch the transition from lysogeny to lytic replication at high cell density, presumably maximizing transmission. Once the phage lytic program is enacted, if nearby host cells are already lysogens, infections initiated by released virions could be nonproductive due to homoimmunity or superinfection exclusion mechanisms, posing a conundrum for temperate phages, including those that surveil quorum-sensing autoinducers. Here, we define host and phage components that influence transmission of the first discovered quorum-sensing-responsive phage, phage VP882, in populations of its host, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. We show that phage VP882 uses the K-antigen of serotype O3:K6 as its receptor. We demonstrate that host cells can prevent phage access to the O3:K6 K-antigen via quorum-sensing-control of the export of polysaccharides that shield the K-antigen from the phage at high cell density. We discover that phage VP882 can superinfect and superlysogenize V. parahaemolyticus, overcoming the challenge of detecting whether or not potential hosts are lysogens. Following superlysogenization, recombination of the resident and newly infecting phage genomes can occur possibly promoting phage VP882 genome diversification.

ImportanceA longstanding mystery is how temperate phages optimally time the launch of their lytic cascades to maximize spread. Quorum-sensing-responsive phages can preferentially execute their lytic replication programs at high host cell density, which in principle should foster transmission. However, if nearby host cells are already lysogens, infections initiated by released virions could be nonproductive due to homoimmunity or superinfection exclusion. We define host and phage components influencing transmission of the quorum-sensing-responsive phage VP882 in Vibrio parahaemolyticus populations. Phage VP882 uses the O3:K6 K-antigen as its receptor. Host cells prevent phage infection via quorum-sensing-controlled export of polysaccharides that shield the K-antigen at high cell density. We discover that phage VP882 can superinfect and superlysogenize V. parahaemolyticus, overcoming the challenge of detecting whether or not potential hosts are lysogens. These findings reveal how phages can capitalize on interception of host quorum-sensing cues to maximize their reproductive success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sargen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.712183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vibrio parahaemolyticus quorum sensing controls phage VP882 transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.12.711386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ESPeR-seq: Extremely Sensitive and Pure, End-to-end, RNA-seq library preparation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.12.711386v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Smart-seq family of methods represents the gold standard for high-sensitivity, full-length single-cell RNA sequencing. Despite iterative improvements, fundamental challenges remain: the generation of non-specific PCR products that limit sensitivity, the inability to capture precise Transcription End Sites (TES), and the insidious generation of "phantom UMIs"--artificial molecular barcodes created during PCR that systematically inflate molecular counts. Here, we present ESPeR-seq, a novel architecture that resolves these barriers. To enable precise, stranded TES capture, we developed an "Omega-dT" primer that bypasses synthetic poly-T tracts, restoring high-quality sequencing directly at transcript termini. To eliminate both PCR background and phantom UMIs, we implemented a biochemical "multi-lock" mechanism utilizing uracil-containing TSOs and a uracil-intolerant DNA polymerase. We validate this approach using the logQ-slope, a novel metric that sensitively diagnoses UMI fidelity. Benchmarking reveals that while state-of-the-art methods still exhibit signs of UMI inflation, ESPeR-seq strictly prevents it. Furthermore, the strandedness and precise end-delineation provided by TSO and dT reads support robust de novo gene model reconstruction, enabling the discovery of novel multi-exon genes, unannotated 3 UTR extensions, and candidate eRNAs across aggregated single-cell populations. Thus, ESPeR-seq establishes a robust framework for absolute quantitative accuracy and full-length isoform resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ESPeR-seq: Extremely Sensitive and Pure, End-to-end, RNA-seq library preparation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.13.708862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic data and biomedical literature synergize in finding pharmacologic gene regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.13.708862v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most Mendelian disorders caused by a deficiency or excess of one gene product lack targeted therapies. Since these disorders can be modeled with a gene overexpression, knockout, or knockdown, drugs that oppose the transcriptomic effects of such perturbations may be promising therapeutic candidates. RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) studies can fuel this drug-prioritization, but their labels, written in plain language, must be annotated manually. Hence, we introduce Signature-based Networks from Automatically Curated Knockout, Knockdown, and Small-molecule Studies (SNACKKSS), which automatically curates gene-disruption and drug studies from the Gene Expression Omnibus and, in partnership with uniformly computed read count datasets, feeds the labels and RNA-Seq data directly into regulatory relationship predictions. Through cross-validation, we show that SNACKKSS predictions (specifically, from a variation called "SA4") make a unique contribution to finding protein-inhibiting compounds, even alongside existing predictors. We demonstrate the benefit of aggregating multiple predictive tools, and provide this powerful ensemble alongside SNACKKSS. Importantly, we advise researchers to test complex machine learning models on multiple devices. Even with code packages kept consistent, they can run deterministically within a machine, but inconsistently on different ones. Nonetheless, the downstream predictive ability was striking, and leveraging multiple sources of information, RNA-Seq data included, will vastly improve drug-repurposing screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazelton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.708862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic data and biomedical literature synergize in finding pharmacologic gene regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.13.711714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomics reveals extensive phosphoregulation of outer kinetochore protein KNL1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.13.711714v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules attach to kinetochores to facilitate chromosome movement to opposite spindle poles. Defective kinetochore-microtubule attachments lead to phosphorylation of the outer kinetochore protein KNL1 at conserved MELT motifs, which triggers spindle assembly checkpoint activation and recruitment of the fibrous corona. To identify additional phosphorylation sites that regulate kinetochores, we treated HEK 293T/17 cells with nocodazole, paclitaxel, or STLC to create defective kinetochore-microtubule attachment states. We then purified KNL1 and performed proteomics and identified 111 phosphorylation sites on KNL1, including several that may be attachment-state specific. These data demonstrate that KNL1 is extensively phosphoregulated in response to treatment with microtubule-disrupting compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jurasin, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomics reveals extensive phosphoregulation of outer kinetochore protein KNL1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image Analysis Tools for Electron Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711125v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electron Microscopy (EM) is widely used in many scientific fields, particularly in life sciences, offering high-resolution information on the ultrastructure of biological organisms. Accurate characterization of EM image quality is important for assessing the EM tool performance, in addition to sample preparation protocol, imaging conditions, etc.

This paper provides an overview of tools we developed as plugins for the popular image processing package Fiji (ImageJ) (1). These tools include signal-to-noise ratio analysis, contrast evaluation, and resolution analysis, as well as the capability to import images acquired on custom FIB-SEM instruments (2). We have also made these tools available in Python, with both versions available on GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shtengel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtengel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image Analysis Tools for Electron Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and Biosynthesis of Nitrilobacillins by Post-translational Introduction of C-Terminal Nitrile Groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711119v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrile-containing natural products are produced in all kingdoms of life. Despite the wide application of nitrile-containing peptide scaffolds in medicinal chemistry, the presence of the nitrile group is unprecedented in ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). In this work, we report the identification and characterization of a RiPP biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC), where an asparagine synthetase-like (AS-like) protein encoded in the BGC converts the C-terminal carboxylate of the precursor peptide to a nitrile. Furthermore, a multinuclear nonheme iron-dependent oxidative enzyme (MNIO) and an -ketoglutarate-dependent HExxH motif-containing enzyme (KG-HExxH) perform stereoselective {beta}-hydroxylation of aspartate and proline residues, respectively. The final product is a cysteine protease inhibitor and shows that Nature makes similar warheads as found in synthetic therapeutics such as the active ingredient of Paxlovid. These findings extend our understanding of the structural and functional diversity of RiPPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padhi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and Biosynthesis of Nitrilobacillins by Post-translational Introduction of C-Terminal Nitrile Groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.13.711678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A potential role for acyl-phosphate in the coordination of phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide synthesis in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.13.711678v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The envelope of Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli is multilayered with two membranes sandwiching a peptidoglycan cell wall. The inner membrane is a typical phospholipid bilayer whereas the outer membrane is asymmetric with phospholipids in the inner leaflet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet. We recently discovered that inactivation of the conserved peptidoglycan synthesis machinery responsible for cell elongation causes defects in both peptidoglycan and LPS synthesis in E. coli. This finding suggests that the isolation of suppressors that rescue the growth phenotype caused by an impaired cell elongation system is an attractive means of identifying factors involved in coordinating the biogenesis of different envelope layers. Here, we report the results of a global, transposon sequencing-based screen for such suppressors. The inactivation of a number of factors including the phospholipid synthesis enzyme PlsX was found to partially suppress the growth defects of a cell elongation mutant. Deletion of plsX also conferred increased resistance to CHIR-090, an inhibitor of the committed step of LPS synthesis catalyzed by LpxC, suggesting that loss of PlsX function stimulates LPS synthesis. Evidence is presented that increased CHIR-090 resistance is not mediated by changes in the activity of the proteolytic system (YejM-LapB-FtsH) controlling LpxC turnover. Rather, our results are consistent with a model in which the phospholipid precursor acyl-phosphate produced by PlsX serves as an inhibitor of LpxC to lower the rate of LPS synthesis when phospholipid synthesis capacity is reduced.

IMPORTANCEOver the last several decades, most proteins essential for Gram-negative cell surface assembly have been characterized. However, relatively little is known about how the synthesis of different envelope layers is coordinated to promote uniform surface growth. Here, we report the results of a transposon sequencing-based genetic screen for mutants that suppress defects in the conserved peptidoglycan synthesis machinery responsible for cell elongation. Inactivation of the plsX gene encoding a phospholipid synthesis enzyme was found to both suppress the growth defect of a cell elongation mutant and to confer elevated resistance to an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Our results suggest the attractive possibility that the product of PlsX, acyl-phosphate, may play a regulatory role in coordinating the phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide synthesis pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeHart, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fivenson, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bakker, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakenova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A potential role for acyl-phosphate in the coordination of phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide synthesis in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypothesis: A modern human range expansion ~300,000 years ago explains Neandertal origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711219v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper demonstrates the feasibility of the hypothesis that Neandertals formed when a population using recently developed Levallois stone tool technology expanded between 400-250 thousand years ago (ka). In Europe, their range expansion into an area with Sima de los Huesos-like people led to massive introgression of local archaic genes producing a population with around 95% archaic ancestry (Neandertals); if this range expansion was sex-biased it would provide a simple explanation for why Neandertals retain modern human lineage Y chromosomes or mitochondrial DNA. In Africa, interbreeding with local archaic humans led to more modest archaic admixture and the deep substructure detected in all modern humans today. This proposal explains four previously perplexing similarities of modern humans and Neandertals--sharing of mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosomes, Levallois tools, and 300-200 ka date of formation by mixture--even while Neandertals and Denisovans cluster genome-wide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypothesis: A modern human range expansion ~300,000 years ago explains Neandertal origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GAP mimetic activity of pan-Ras TCI daraxonrasib synergizes with K-Ras Switch-II pocket inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711097v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tricomplex inhibitors (TCIs) are a novel class of direct Ras inhibitors that target the GTP-bound Ras(on) state trough recruitment of Cyclophilin A. Daraxonrasib (RMC-6236) is a pan-Ras TCI that was recently shown to restore GTPase activity of G12-mutant Ras proteins. Structural analysis of a pan-Ras TCI bound to K-Ras(GDP- AlF3) reveals a transition-state arrangement of Tyr32 and Gln61 that closely resembles endogenous GTPase- GAP complexes. This includes a closed Switch-I conformation engaging the cis-GTPase machinery in a manner analogous to non-arginine-finger GAPs such as RanGAP. These observations position pan-Ras TCIs as pharmacologic GAP mimetics. The GTPase-promoting activity of daraxonrasib suggests synergy with Switch-II pocket K-Ras inhibitors, including the approved GDP-state selective K-Ras G12C inhibitor adagrasib (MRTX-849), whose engagement of K-Ras(GTP) is kinetically constrained by slow endogenous hydrolysis of the mutant GTPase. We demonstrate that daraxonrasib sensitizes K-Ras(GTP) to adagrasib labeling in both recombinant protein and cellular context. In K-Ras G12C and G12D mutant cell lines, combinations of daraxonrasib with adagrasib or HRS-4642 (MRTX-1133 analog) yield more rapid K-Ras engagement, rapid p-ERK suppression, and significant Loewe synergy scores in viability assays. These findings establish GAP mimetics as rational and potent combination partners for SW-II inhibitors. The synergistic combination has potential to deepen and prolong pathway suppression while enabling dose reductions that may mitigate on-target toxicity and resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GAP mimetic activity of pan-Ras TCI daraxonrasib synergizes with K-Ras Switch-II pocket inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale mutational analysis uncovers molecular mechanisms governing dual RNA functions in transposons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711047v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposons are among the most abundant and diverse mobile genetic elements in nature. A unique class termed IStrons encodes a transposase for transposon mobility, an RNA-guided nuclease for maintenance, and a self-splicing group I intron for element removal from host mRNA. However, it is unclear how a single polynucleotide sequence balances these distinct biochemical functions. Here we employed pooled library mutagenesis coupled with high-throughput sequencing to systematically dissect the molecular determinants of IStron transposition, RNA-guided DNA cleavage, and self-splicing. We found that the terminal trinucleotide of the transposon right end is constrained by all three functions, identifying a molecular convergence point. Cross-assay comparisons revealed that most variants maintained or lost activity across multiple assays simultaneously. However, a subset selectively retained one activity while losing another, revealing antagonism between DNA cleavage and splicing governed by guide RNA structural stability. Increased GC content at the base of the guide RNA 3 terminal stem-loop abolished splicing while maintaining DNA cleavage, and the properly folded guide RNA sterically occluded alternative splice sites, ensuring splicing accuracy across variable flanking contexts. Thus, IStron transcripts overcome an inherent trade-off between guide RNA maturation and splicing, with RNA structural stability as the primary determinant of pathway choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mortman, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale mutational analysis uncovers molecular mechanisms governing dual RNA functions in transposons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interdependent RNA structural motifs at the 3'-terminus of the West Nile virus genome regulate viral growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.11.711107v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA genome of West Nile Virus (WNV) folds into an elaborate series of RNA structural elements that are crucial for viral function. Among these elements, four pseudoknots (PKs) at the viral 3-terminus, designated as SLII, SLIV, DBI, and DBII, are among the most crucial players in the overall flaviviral lifecycle. While many studies have focused on exploring the behavior of individual PKs, we investigated the collective role of all four PKs in viral growth and small flaviviral RNA (sfRNA) formation. Through mutational analyses and infectious models, we establish that the four PKs are interdependent and work synergistically to aid in the folding and compaction of the WNV 3-terminal region. A striking hierarchy is observed in PK contributions to global folding and sfRNA formation, whereby SLIV plays the largest role, followed by DBI, DBII, and SLII. We also discover highly conserved RNA tertiary motifs within the PK assembly that are shared across flaviviruses, suggesting a new type of druggable target that may be of value in the search for pan-flaviviral therapeutics.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=63 SRC="FIGDIR/small/711107v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsao, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackney, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interdependent RNA structural motifs at the 3'-terminus of the West Nile virus genome regulate viral growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.10.710713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SUMO mediates the coordinate regulation of meiotic chromosome length and crossover rate 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.10.710713v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic prophase-I chromosomes are organized into linear arrays of chromatin loops anchored to proteinaceous axes that define the interaction interfaces for the pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes. Chromatin loop size and axial chromosome length are inversely correlated and vary widely both between and within species, including between the sexes. The molecular basis of this variation remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that the small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO, regulates loop-axis organization in mouse meiosis. Our analysis shows that the longer axes of oocyte chromosomes contain more SUMO per unit length than the shorter axes of spermatocyte chromosomes. In mouse models, the loss of SUMO1 results in shorter axes and longer chromatin loops. Conversely, increased SUMO1 conjugation, caused by mutation of the SENP1 isopeptidase, produces longer axes with shorter loops. Axis length positively correlates with meiotic recombination. Accordingly, Sumo1 and Senp1 mutations respectively decrease and increase crossover frequency. These findings identify SUMO as a key regulator of meiotic chromosome architecture and suggest a molecular basis for the physiological variation in chromosome length and recombination rates seen among species, sexes, individuals, and individual meiocytes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=101 SRC="FIGDIR/small/710713v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasada Rao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SUMO mediates the coordinate regulation of meiotic chromosome length and crossover rate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.09.710667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Dimeric Rocaglate Promotes Multivalent eIF4A-RNA Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.09.710667v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ligand dimerization represents a powerful strategy to enhance avidity, potency, and selectivity. Leveraging the natural-product molecular glue Rocaglamide (RocA), we identified BisRoc, a dimeric rocaglate ligand that potently and durably suppresses translation and exhibits greater specificity across a cancer cell line panel than the monomeric RocA. CRISPRi screening revealed that BisRoc activity is influenced by cellular context, including IFITM-mediated uptake, ABC-type efflux transporters, and the translation initiation factor eIF4A2. Mechanistic studies showed that the paralogs eIF4A1 and eIF4A2 are differentially sensitive to BisRoc-induced dimerization. Owing to the presence of multiple binding sites on RNAs, BisRoc-bridged eIF4A-RNA motifs assemble into higher-order complexes that promote stress-granule formation more efficiently than monomeric RocA. Given the widespread multivalency of RNA-RBP interactions, this ligand dimerization strategy may be extended to modulate the higher-order assembly of other RNA-binding proteins.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=95 SRC="FIGDIR/small/710667v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassarman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakyriakou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koglin, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Dimeric Rocaglate Promotes Multivalent eIF4A-RNA Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.09.710614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the Utility of a Nanoscale Flow Cytometer for Detection of Surface Proteins on HIV and Extracellular Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.09.710614v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFlow virometry (FV) - the application of flow cytometry to viruses - has historically been hindered by the inability of cytometers to detect particles below [~]300 nm in size. However, advances in optics and fluidics have enabled cytometers primarily designed for cells to detect viruses and extracellular vesicles (EVs) through light scatter alone. In 2024, the CytoFLEX nano was released, marketed for the detection of particles as small as 40 nm; however, its performance has yet to be compared to a conventional instrument for FV.

MethodsFV was utilized to evaluate performance of the CytoFLEX nano and a conventional flow cytometer (CytoFLEX S). Instrument scatter sensitivity was assessed using NIST beads (40-400 nm), and virus stocks [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human coronaviruses (HCoV)-229E and HCoV-OC43]. For fluorescence analysis, HIV virions were stained with PE- and BV421-conjugated antibodies targeting virion incorporated proteins (CD38, CD44), individually and in combination. Finally, HIV stocks were labeled with antibodies against the envelope (Env) glycoprotein and tetraspanins (CD9, CD81) to assess EVs within virus preparations.

ResultsCompared to the CytoFLEX S, the CytoFLEX nano exhibited substantially greater scatter sensitivity, reflected by up to 50-fold higher signal-to-noise ratio across NIST-traceable beads and virus samples. This enabled clearer resolution of smaller populations, including bead populations < 70 nm that were undetectable on the CytoFLEX S, as well as improved resolution across all viruses. While both instruments reliably detected stained proteins on HIV virions, the CytoFLEX nano revealed a distinct population of tetraspanin-positive EVs within HIV stocks that was undetected on the CytoFLEX S. Using GFP-tagged HIV, we identified Env+ particles lacking GFP, indicating the presence of Env on EVs.

ConclusionsThe CytoFLEX nano exhibited markedly improved scatter sensitivity compared to the CytoFLEX S, improving detection of viruses and enabling detection of EV populations that were undetectable on the conventional instrument. While both platforms performed similarly for surface protein labeling, additional consideration of spectral overlap was needed with the CytoFLEX nano in multicolor experiments. These findings highlight that the complementary strengths of each platform can be utilized to more comprehensively characterize virus and EV populations, providing new opportunities to investigate nanoparticle heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burnie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castrosin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tigges, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett-Helaire, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the Utility of a Nanoscale Flow Cytometer for Detection of Surface Proteins on HIV and Extracellular Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.08.710399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial sensing of vitamin A shapes intestinal antimicrobial defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.08.710399v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vitamin A is a central regulator of intestinal adaptive immunity, but its role in innate immunity is less defined. Antimicrobial proteins form a chemical barrier that protects the intestinal epithelium from microbial invasion. Among these, REG3 family lectins are induced by the microbiota, yet how nutritional cues intersect with microbial signals to control their expression remains unclear. Here, we show that dietary vitamin A promotes expression of REG3 antimicrobial lectins, including REG3G, in intestinal epithelial cells from both mice and humans. This induction is mediated by retinoic acid and requires retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling. Mechanistically, RARs bind directly to the Reg3g promoter adjacent to a STAT3 binding site. As STAT3 mediates microbiota-induced IL-22 signaling in epithelial cells, this arrangement provides a molecular framework for integrating nutritional and microbial inputs at the level of REG3G transcription. Extending these findings, we demonstrate that vitamin A-retinoic acid signaling similarly promotes expression of -defensin antimicrobial proteins. Together, these findings define a transcriptional mechanism by which vitamin A enhances epithelial antimicrobial defenses and strengthens mucosal innate immunity.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=187 SRC="FIGDIR/small/710399v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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C_LIO_LIRetinoic acid receptors (RARs) directly activate mouse Reg3g and human REG3G transcription
C_LIO_LIRARs bind the Reg3g promoter adjacent to STAT3, integrating nutritional and microbial signals
C_LIO_LIVitamin A-RAR signaling broadly regulates epithelial antimicrobial programs, including -defensins
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Propheter, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrendt, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munshi, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.08.710399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial sensing of vitamin A shapes intestinal antimicrobial defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.08.710375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Luminal epithelium remodeling underlies endometrial regeneration during menstruation and pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.08.710375v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Menstruation and pregnancy disrupt substantial proportions of the uterine lining (endometrium). These breaches impose an immense regenerative burden on the luminal epithelium that lines the uterine cavity, which is proposed to be replenished by cells residing in adjoining epithelial glands. Here, we show that the luminal epithelium and glandular epithelium are maintained by separate progenitor populations during homeostasis, induced menstruation, pregnancy, and postpartum repair in mice. These data challenge the gland-centric model of regeneration during these physiological events, although we find that gland cells can resurface the tissue after chemical ablation. Our data indicate that during menstruation, the luminal epithelium bypasses the need for gland contributions by undergoing extensive expansion and morphogenesis to re-epithelialize stromal surfaces as the tissue breaks down. Analogous morphogenesis occurs during gestational remodeling, revealing luminal epithelial expansion as a unifying mechanism enabling simultaneous stromal disruption and re-epithelialization, which may underlie the endometriums remarkable resilience to fibrosis.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gable, J. J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miguel Whelan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cevrim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skokan, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennetts, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manetta, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaage, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mopure, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breznik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchis-Calleja, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.08.710375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Luminal epithelium remodeling underlies endometrial regeneration during menstruation and pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.17.676453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep-time landscape of plant cis-regulatory sequence evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.09.17.676453v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental gene function is often conserved over deep time, but cis-regulatory sequence conservation is difficult to identify. Rapid sequence turnover, paleopolyploidy, structural variation, and limited phylogenomic sampling have impeded conserved non-coding sequence (CNS) discovery. Using Conservatory, an algorithm that leverages microsynteny and iterative alignments to map CNS-gene associations over evolution, we uncovered [~]2.3 million CNSs, including over 3,000 predating angiosperms, from 284 plant species spanning 300 million years of diversification. Ancient CNSs were enriched near developmental regulators, and mutating CNSs near HOMEOBOX genes produced strong phenotypes. Tracing CNS evolution uncovered key principles: CNS spacing varies, but order is conserved; genomic rearrangements form new CNS-gene associations; and ancient CNSs are preferentially retained among paralogs, but are often lost as cohorts or evolve into lineage-specific CNSs.

One Sentence SummaryConservatory maps ancient cis-regulatory elements and uncovers regulatory evolution dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amundson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciren, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Neve, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulema, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlett, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippman, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efroni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep-time landscape of plant cis-regulatory sequence evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.20.713160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-individual variation of cellular and gene-expression properties of the human striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.20.713160v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain varies from person to person in ways that shape behaviors and vulnerabilities, yet the cellular and molecular bases for inter-individual variation are largely unknown. Here we describe an analysis of cellular and gene-expression variation in four key structures of the striatum complex - the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and internal capsule - as well as the prefrontal cortex, from single-nucleus RNA-seq analysis of 3.9 million nuclei from 178 adult brain donors. We found that people with more astrocytes in any one brain region tended to have this property in all brain regions sampled; the same was true of striatal interneurons, microglia, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). OPCs showed attrition with age, declining in numbers by approximately 40% between age 30 and age 80 in both gray matter and white matter regions. We identified thousands of age-associated (but few sex-associated) variations in gene expression; the vast majority of these effects of age were cell-type-specific. Aging most strongly affected gene expression in projection neurons - especially striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs/SPNs) - and had a much smaller effect on gene expression in interneurons. Individuals ages could be predicted to within about five years based on RNA-expression patterns from any of the striatal cell types. Common genetic variants detectably affected the expression levels of some ten thousand genes; the great majority of these effects were cell-type-specific. These data will provide a foundation for exploring natural inter-individual variation, aging, and tissue-based studies of human brain vulnerabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemesh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratoglu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderburg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milidantri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drouin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budnik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalini, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockweiler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysoker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macaisa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flowers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunaratne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamitaki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.20.713160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-individual variation of cellular and gene-expression properties of the human striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.696110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid and repeated evolution of myosin copy number in threespine stickleback 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.696110v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copy number variants at genomic loci evolve at a high rate, are linked to many different diseases, and play a role in adaptive evolution in humans and other organisms. Here we show that stickleback fish from freshwater environments have rapidly and repeatedly evolved an expanded number of copies of a gene family involved in muscle development, Myosin Heavy Chain 3 Cluster C (MYH3C), compared to marine populations. Differences in copy number between marine and freshwater fish are maintained even in the presence of gene flow, suggesting that MYH3C changes represent adaptive divergence between ecotypes. Copy number expansion occurs by tandem duplication of MYH3C coding and regulatory regions on the stickleback sex chromosome. We identify a muscle regulatory enhancer within the expanded MYH3C region and show that elevated copy number is associated with developmental and tissue-specific increases in corresponding mRNA expression levels in skeletal muscle. Common MYH3C clusters include 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-copy variants that likely evolved through a combination of microhomology-mediated break repair and non-allelic homologous recombination. Our results provide a new example of copy number changes in a wild species and identify CNVs as potential "hotspots" of repeated adaptive evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoxsimer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hare, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts Kingman, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offenberg, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howes, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schluter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heins, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimchen, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.696110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid and repeated evolution of myosin copy number in threespine stickleback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.24.714092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topographic CA1 input shapes subicular spatial coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.24.714092v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topographic organization characterizes hippocampal circuits, yet its functional significance remains unclear. By selectively disrupting CA1-to-subiculum topographic projections in latrophilin-2 conditional knockout mice, we show that precise topography shapes the anatomical distribution of subicular spatial coding while preserving single-cell tuning. Disrupted topography also selectively impairs boundary vector coding and long-term network stability. Thus, CA1 inputs provide an indispensable scaffold for organizing subicular spatial maps and dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederick, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.24.714092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topographic CA1 input shapes subicular spatial coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subsistence transition preceded population turnover in the eastern Colombian Andes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713713v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Northwest South America was a pivotal region for human dispersals and cultural exchange during the Holocene. The Altiplano Cundiboyacense, a high-altitude plateau in the Eastern Cordillera of the Northern Andes of Colombia, preserves one of the most continuous archaeological sequences in the Americas, spanning from late Pleistocene hunter-gatherer groups to final late Holocene Muisca chiefdoms. Increasing the regional ancient DNA sample size 11-fold, we report genome-wide data from 209 individuals who lived over a period of more than 7000 years. This includes hunter-gatherers from the early-middle (10,000-7000 BP) and middle (7000-4000 BP) Holocene, initial late Holocene people (4000-2500 BP) who have the first isotopic evidence of C-enriched diets (attributed to maize), and populations associated with increasing sedentism and food production in the Herrera (2200-1300 BP) and Muisca (1200-500 BP) Periods. Previous work identified a major population turnover distinguishing earlier groups from Herrera-Muisca Period populations, but the absence of individuals dating 6000-2000 BP in that study left unresolved whether this ancestry shift was gradual or abrupt and whether it accompanied the earliest isotopic evidence of dietary input from maize or coincided with the later emergence of Herrera culture. We show that individuals predating the Herrera Period form a lineage that persisted for over five millennia, with population structure driven by drift in small groups and no detectable external gene flow. Two individuals who lived [~]2800 years ago - one directly dated to 983-835 calBCE - exhibit genetic profiles entirely consistent with hunter-gatherer ancestry yet have isotopic values consistent with the incorporation of maize into their diets, indicating subsistence change without population replacement. The emergence of Herrera culture [~]2200 BP coincided with a sharp genetic break, reflecting the migration of people carrying ancestry diverged by up to ten millennia into the Sabana de Bogota and displacing previously established peoples. By co-analyzing ancient data with modern Native Americans, we show these later populations derived from a mixture [~]4000 years ago of groups related to Chibchan language speakers of lower Central America and ones related to present-day people at the Amazonian-Andean interface who may have lived along the Chibchan expansion route. In the Herrera and Muisca Periods, genetic substructure distinguishes people from the southern and northern Altiplano, consistent with the cultural differentiation of these regions in the archaeological record.

IN BRIEFAncient DNA data from the eastern Colombian Andes reveal five millennia of population continuity during which C plants were incorporated into subsistence systems without population replacement, followed later by a major ancestry turnover involving a population with ancestry admixed between that found in Chibchan-related groups and at the Amazonian-Andean interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sirak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argüello, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boada, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Sandoval, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langebaek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ospina, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archila, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres Orjuela, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejia Cano, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Saza, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iliev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellogg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Workman, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherkinsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadden, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prufer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehren-Schmitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subsistence transition preceded population turnover in the eastern Colombian Andes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.21.713420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FoTO1 orchestrates Taxol biosynthesis through catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.21.713420v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Taxol is a blockbuster chemotherapeutic derived from the Pacific Yew tree. Recent work in our group has identified a complete pathway to baccatin III, a key intermediate, that hinges on a novel accessory protein, Facilitator of Taxane Oxidation (FoTO1). This protein dramatically improves yield and alters enzyme product profiles when reconstituting the Taxol pathway in N. benthamiana. FoTO1 has been shown to act early in the biosynthetic pathway improving the yields of product generated by the combination of a plastidial diterpene synthase (taxadiene synthase) and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized cytochrome P450 (T5-alpha-hydroxylase). Here, we show that FoTO1 is an enzyme capable of converting taxadiene-(4),5-epoxide, the likely product of T5H oxidation, into taxadien-5-ol. FoTO1 is also functional in yeast, resolving a key bottleneck for development of a bioproduction route to Taxol in this host. Targeted mutagenesis of key catalytic residues in FoTO1 abrogates function in vitro but not in planta, suggesting non-catalytic contributions of FoTO1 to the taxane pathway. A combination of proximity labelling, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, and co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that FoTO1 interacts with and organizes various P450s in the Taxol pathway. These approaches highlight the importance of both FoTO1s catalytic and non-catalytic functions in improving yields in the early Taxol pathway. Beyond Taxol biosynthesis, FoTO1 boosts yields for diverse diterpene pathways from across phylogeny, suggesting a general role of this protein class in mediating metabolism across the plastid and ER in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunadasa, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClune, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.21.713420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FoTO1 orchestrates Taxol biosynthesis through catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialization of independently acquired flagellar FliC proteins in plant-associated Sphingomonas balances swimming and immunogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707200v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants monitor their environment for microbial invaders using pattern-recognition receptors that detect microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Flagellin, the main component of bacterial flagellum, contains the flg22 epitope recognized by the plant immune receptor FLS2. Immune recognition can create an evolutionary conflict, requiring bacteria to balance flagellar function and immune evasion. Here, we show that plant-associated Sphingomonads resolve this constraint by partitioning two flagellar functions, motility and colonization, across two divergent and independently acquired flagellin genes. Comparative genomics revealed widespread coexistence of FliC proteins expressing either an immunogenic variant (FliC-H) or a non-immunogenic variant (FliC-L). The non-immunogenic FliC-L is necessary and sufficient for full directional swimming, whereas FliC-H is dispensable for swimming, but sufficient for full attachment and colonization. Flagellin expression patterns mirror these functions. Thus, FLS2 recognizes the flagellar variant required for colonization rather than motility, potentially restricting colonizing bacteria from entering internal leaf and root tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anguita-Maeso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangl, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialization of independently acquired flagellar FliC proteins in plant-associated Sphingomonas balances swimming and immunogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.26.714552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-specific Na+ accumulation is linked to symplastic transport in tomato leaves 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.26.714552v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil salinization is a growing global threat that limits crop productivity. To cope with sodium (Na) stress, plants have evolved tolerance mechanisms, including excluding Na from shoot tissues and tolerating elevated Na within shoots through tissue- and cellular-level mechanisms. Most current knowledge of Na accumulation comes from organ- or whole-plant measurements that lack the spatial resolution needed to resolve cellular tolerance mechanisms. Here, we used histological approaches to map leaf Na distribution in tomato (Solanum) species with contrasting salt-tolerance strategies. In the Na-excluding domesticated tomato (cv. M82), Na was largely confined to the bundle sheath, whereas Na-including wild relatives accumulated Na throughout the blade mesophyll. Consistent with these cell population-specific Na patterns, M82, but not S. pennellii, exhibited reduced symplastic transport and plasmodesmal permeability under salt stress. A genetic screen combined with transcriptome profiling implicated Plasmodesmata-Located Protein 1 (PDLP1), a regulator of callose-mediated plasmodesmal closure, in establishing symplastic domains in M82 that restrict Na movement into the mesophyll. Moreover, PDLP1 expression negatively correlated with mesophyll Na+ levels across wild and domesticated tomatoes. Collectively, these results link cellular Na enrichment patterns to symplastic connectivity and suggest that PDLP1-mediated regulation of plasmodesmata contributes to leaf-level salt-tolerance strategies.

HighlightsO_LICell type-specific Na accumulation differs between domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82) and its wild relative S. pennellii.
C_LIO_LIAdditional salt-tolerant wild tomato relatives exhibit leaf Na enrichment patterns similar to S. pennellii.
C_LIO_LISalt stress reduces symplastic transport and plasmodesmal permeability in M82 leaves but not in S. pennellii.
C_LIO_LIAn introgression line (IL6-4) between the two tomato species, which carries S. pennellii Plasmodesmata-Located Protein 1 (SpPDLP1), shows S. pennellii-like Na enrichment patterns.
C_LIO_LIPDLP1 expression shows a negative correlation with mesophyll Na+ levels across tomato species.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaar-Moshe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runcie, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-specific Na+ accumulation is linked to symplastic transport in tomato leaves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.714536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome editing of human hematopoietic stem cells enables sustained and reversible thrombosis prevention 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.714536v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thrombosis remains a major cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, driven in large part by platelet activation and aggregation. Because platelets are continuously produced from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), durable reprogramming of HSC output offers a unique opportunity for a one-time antithrombotic intervention. Here, we show that DNA methylation-based epigenome editors delivered transiently as RNA result in stable, heritable gene silencing in primary human HSCs that persists through long-term self-renewal and megakaryocytic differentiation, while remaining reversible through targeted demethylation. Targeting the platelet integrin {beta}3 (ITGB3), this approach achieves robust, sustained repression and yields platelets with impaired aggregation. Extending this framework to additional genetically-nominated platelet targets establishes HSC epigenome editing as a durable and reversible strategy to modulate thrombotic risk and highlights broader opportunities to engineer hematopoiesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrachina, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>della Volpe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theardy, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlster, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caulier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poeschla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmaier, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machlus, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome editing of human hematopoietic stem cells enables sustained and reversible thrombosis prevention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.712717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapidly evolving aphid gall effector proteins exhibit saposin-like folds 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.712717v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many insects manipulate plants by injecting effector proteins. In one extreme example of this molecular "hijacking", Hormaphis cornu aphids inject bicycle proteins into Hamamelis virginiana (Witch Hazel), contributing to the development of novel organs called galls. Bicycle proteins share no amino acid sequence similarity with proteins of known function. Here, we report the crystal structures of two divergent bicycle proteins. Both proteins contain saposin-like folds: one with multiple disulfide bonds exhibits a helix swap; the other has no disulfide bonds and possesses two tandem domains. To explore the structural evolution of bicycle proteins, we predicted bicycle protein structures with Alphafold2 (AF2). While AF2 did not recover the two experimental structures using existing databases, it succeeded after we provided multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) containing protein sequences encoded in new genome sequences from closely related aphid species. Using this customized approach at scale, we generated 2400 high-confidence predictions for bicycle proteins from seven aphid species. This dataset revealed that bicycle proteins without cysteines are outliers in fold space and appear to have evolved from ancestral proteins with disulfide-bonded saposin-like folds. While all bicycle proteins contain predicted saposin-like folds, they display a vast diversity of structural and physicochemical properties. While this diversity thwarts prediction of conserved functions encoded in structure, it suggests that bicycle proteins have evolved to target diverse plant processes and/or to evade plant immune surveillance.

Significance statementParasites introduce specialized "effector" proteins into hosts, both to suppress host immunity and to release nutrients. The molecular functions and structures of most effector proteins are unknown. Effector proteins often evolve rapidly and share no similarity with proteins of known function. Here, we demonstrate that machine learning algorithms can accurately predict the structures of aphid "bicycle" effector proteins when supplemented with data from closely related species. We exploit this finding to generate predictions of 2400 bicycle protein structures. These proteins exploit a common motif, yet exhibit diverse structures that form distinct structural clusters. Despite the clustering of these proteins in structure space, they occupy a nearly uniformly physicochemical space, suggesting that they encode a large diversity of molecular functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhoinderwala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathers, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigenobu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazan, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogenhout, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gronenborn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.712717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapidly evolving aphid gall effector proteins exhibit saposin-like folds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.25.714319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An interdependent Cbf1-CCAN interaction stabilizes the budding yeast kinetochore 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.25.714319v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome segregation requires the proper assembly of kinetochores on centromeric DNA. The kinetochore is a complex multi-protein machine comprising more than 40 distinct proteins, but the functional roles of many components remain unclear. One such protein is the yeast transcription factor Cbf1, which directly binds to budding yeast centromeric DNA. Loss of Cbf1 significantly increases the rate of chromosome missegregation, however its precise molecular mechanism of action is unknown. It was recently found that Cbf1 inhibits transcription through the centromere by preventing the untimely pericentromeric transcriptional readthrough via a roadblock mechanism. Intriguingly, restoring the transcriptional roadblock in the absence of Cbf1 binding only partially rescued chromosome missegregation, indicating that Cbf1 performs additional centromeric activities. Here, we show that Cbf1 promotes inner kinetochore assembly both in vitro and in vivo. This assembly function depends on the direct interaction between Cbf1 and Okp1. Moreover, we found that Cbf1s stable association with the centromere requires its interaction with the inner kinetochore, revealing an interdependent interaction essential for the assembly and stability of the kinetochore. Thus, Cbf1 functions as a centromere-anchored hub that couples transcriptional roadblocking to CCAN assembly and kinetochore stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hedouin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An interdependent Cbf1-CCAN interaction stabilizes the budding yeast kinetochore]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.25.714350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apical Localization of RNA Polymerases Modulate Transcription Dynamics and Supercoiling Domains Revealed by Cryo-ET 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.25.714350v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary

The canonical B-form DNA helix and its protein interactions are well-characterized, yet the behavior of torsionally constrained DNA, ubiquitous in cells, remains underexplored. Using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), we 3D-reconstructed entire negatively supercoiled DNA substrates with bound RNA polymerase (RNAP), revealing DNA supercoiling conformational diversity and its interplay with molecular motors. RNAP and DNA-binding proteins like dCas9 preferentially localize at plectoneme apices during transcription, acting as torsional blocks. Together, dCas9 and RNAP on opposing plasmid apices can segregate "twin-supercoiling domains" without the need for external DNA end-tethering. The generation of twin domains reveals as regions of reduced supercoiling and the presence of multiple transcribing RNAP complexes. Negative supercoiling and apex localization of RNAP favor initiation but disfavor elongation, leading to slow-moving RNAP clusters. Topoisomerase I relieves RNAP pauses by removing them from apical constraints; the resulting RNAP load-and-release process from the apex provides a molecular mechanism for the "transcriptional bursting" phenomenon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canari-Chumpitaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onoa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Cleir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Requejo, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apical Localization of RNA Polymerases Modulate Transcription Dynamics and Supercoiling Domains Revealed by Cryo-ET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural dynamics between Argonaute-2 and CK1α promote target RNA release in microRNA-mediated silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713669v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute (Ago) proteins associate with 20-22 nucleotide (nt) long microRNAs (miRNAs) to constitute the functional RISC core and downregulate mRNAs containing complementarity to the seed sequence1-3. Target RNA engagement in RISC stimulates CK1-mediated phosphorylation of the conserved eukaryotic insertion (EI) in Ago, releasing the target and enabling the RISC complex to suppress additional target sites for efficient miRNA-mediated silencing4-6. Here, we provide a complete structural view of miRNA guide and target binding to human Ago2, showing Ago2 holding the double-stranded guide-target RNA in an untwisted conformation at its center. We visualize the dynamic changes that RISC undergoes as the guide supplementary region progressively base pairs with the target, enabling CK1 binding. Following seed-helix assembly, initial supplementary pairing restricts RISC to a "closed" form, while with half-supplementary pairing, the PAZ domain moves to open RISC to become receptive to CK1, exhibiting an initial increase in Ago2 phosphorylation. Complete supplementary pairing supports a full PAZ-CK1 interface, allowing for hierarchical phosphorylation of the EI. The combination of target repulsion by EI phosphorylation with an unwound guide-target enables efficient RISC turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braviner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axhemi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua-Tor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural dynamics between Argonaute-2 and CK1α promote target RNA release in microRNA-mediated silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.22.713512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mucin-binding protein shuttles enable delivery of brain-targeted therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.22.713512v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a major obstacle to the delivery of therapeutics into the central nervous system (CNS) due to its highly restrictive permeability. Here, we introduce glycan-targeted delivery vehicles, or GlycoShuttles, that traverse the BBB by harnessing the cerebrovascular glycocalyx, a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the BBB lumen. We discover that mucin-domain glycoproteins within this structure serve as novel entry portals for brain delivery and engineer mucin-binding protein shuttles that enable efficient transport of diverse molecular cargo across the BBB into multiple key brain cell types. This modular platform facilitates enhanced brain delivery of a variety of payloads, including antibodies and lysosomal proteins, and demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of dementia. Our findings establish mucin-targeted GlycoShuttles as a versatile platform for noninvasive brain delivery of therapeutics, opening new avenues for the treatment of CNS diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tender, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buff, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendiola, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Remaileh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.713512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mucin-binding protein shuttles enable delivery of brain-targeted therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.25.714017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor Cortical Computations Underlying Natural Dexterous Movement in Freely Flying Bats 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.25.714017v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating the neural computations underlying natural, complex movement remains a fundamental challenge in neuroscience. Bat flight presents a formidable motor control challenge, requiring the use of hand-like wings whose many degrees of freedom must be precisely coordinated to enable rapid three-dimensional maneuvers. Here we performed large-scale wireless recordings of neuronal ensembles from the wing motor cortex of freely flying bats using Neuropixels probes, alongside detailed 3D pose tracking of wing kinematics. Despite the complexity of flight control, bats repeatedly executed highly accurate flights through precise adjustments of individual wingbeats. Surprisingly, motor cortical activity was not dominated by the global wingbeat cycle. Instead, individual neurons were sparsely active, exhibiting mixed selectivity for specific flight kinematics combined with variable entrainment to the wingbeat phase reaching millisecond-scale precision. This yielded a high-dimensional population regime driven by low shared variance across wingbeats, with successive wingbeats occupying distinct neural population states. Our findings reveal that during complex natural behavior the mammalian motor cortex operates in a high-dimensional computational regime that challenges prevailing views of motor cortical computation and underscores the importance of studying ethologically relevant behaviors to uncover neural principles governing brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Styr, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberti, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartsev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor Cortical Computations Underlying Natural Dexterous Movement in Freely Flying Bats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 infection does not confer intrinsic resistance to cell death induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713717v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To eliminate the persistent reservoir of cells harboring intact HIV-1 proviruses in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), cure strategies like the Shock-and-Kill approach rely on effector functions of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). CTL are involved in the initial control of HIV-1 viremia and target productively infected cells throughout the course of infection. However, selective killing of susceptible cells could generate a reservoir dominated by cells with dysregulated cell death pathways or other features conferring resistance to killing. Here, we use CTL-engaging single-chain diabodies to assess the rate of lysis of uninfected and HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells under identical CTL pressure in the settings of both latent and active infection. Our findings indicate that with this mode of CTL triggering, infected and uninfected CD4+ T cells from PLWH on ART are generally lysed at identical rates, and that an apparent survival advantage for actively infected CD4+ T cells primarily reflects the reduced surface antigen availability through previously described Nef-dependent downregulation of MHC class I molecules. No survival advantage is observed when the CTL response is directed through diabodies to the stably expressed non-classical MHC class I molecule HLA-E, indicating equal susceptibility to cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetti, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeks, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siliciano, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 infection does not confer intrinsic resistance to cell death induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homozygosity for rare or common hypomorphic IL23R variants confers a predisposition to tuberculosis in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713554v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homozygosity for rare loss-of-function IL23R variants abolishes IL-23-dependent IFN-{gamma} production by lymphocytes, including NK and innate-like T cells, thereby underlying clinical disease due to weakly virulent mycobacterial species. We report selective enrichment in homozygosity for four hypomorphic IL23R variants in our cohort of patients with tuberculosis. Three of these IL23R alleles are rare (G300V, G149R and L372F), with a minor allele frequency (MAF) under 1%, but the fourth (R381Q) is surprisingly common, with a MAF as high as 10.2% in certain populations. The other 15 missense alleles found in the homozygous state in public databases are isomorphic. The four hypomorphic IL-23R variants identified dimerize with IL-12R{beta}1 and bind IL-23. However, their function is impaired by low levels of cell-surface expression (R381Q, G300V) and/or as a consequence of conformational changes altering agonist efficacy. IFN-{gamma} production in response to IL-23 is impaired in innate-like T cells and NK cells. These data suggest that recessive partial IL-23R deficiency, whether due to rare or common variants, confers a predisposition to tuberculosis while preserving immunity to less virulent mycobacteria.

One sentence summaryHomozygous hypomorphic IL23R variants impair IL-23-dependent IFN-{gamma} production and underlie tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olguin Calderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpatrick, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippot, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellutini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eun Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feredj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momenilandi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeleuthner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>soudee, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leloup, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debuisson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanternier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitoun, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariette, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skhoun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EL Ouazzani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abderahmani-Ghorfi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EL Baghdadi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejada-Giraldo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrabba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emiroglu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezrodnik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EL Zein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammoud, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homozygosity for rare or common hypomorphic IL23R variants confers a predisposition to tuberculosis in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.02.655683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of liver de-targeting and neuronal tropism of CNS-targeted AAV capsids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.06.02.655683v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crossing the blood-brain barrier while minimizing liver transduction is a key challenge in developing safe adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for treating brain disorders. In mice, the engineered capsid PHP.eB shows enhanced brain transduction, while the further engineered CAP-B10 is also de-targeted from astrocytes and liver. Here, we solve cryo-EM structures of CAP-B10 and its complex with AAV receptor (AAVR) domain PKD2, at 2.22 and 2.20 [A] resolutions, respectively. These structures reveal a structural motif that hinders AAVR binding, which we confirm by measuring affinities. We show that this motif is transferable to other capsids by solving cryo-EM structures of AAV9-X1 and AAV9-X1.1, without and with PKD2, at 3.09, 2.51, and 2.18 [A], respectively. Using this structural information, we designed and validated novel AAV variants with reduced liver and altered brain cell tropism in vivo. Overall, our findings demonstrate that rationally modulating AAVR affinity can alter liver targeting and cellular tropism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brittain, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcelona, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giriat, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ristic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appling, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chossis, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradinaru, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.655683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of liver de-targeting and neuronal tropism of CNS-targeted AAV capsids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.714625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic encoding of climate-responsive stomatal developmental plasticity in tomato 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.714625v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible developmental programs enable plants to customize their organ size and cellular composition. In leaves of eudicots, the stomatal lineage produces two essential cell types, stomata and pavement cells, and plants can adjust the total numbers and ratios of these cell types in response to external cues. Central to this flexibility is the stomatal lineage-initiating transcription factor, SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Here we explore the mechanisms underlying SPCHs involvement in environmental response. Using multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 editing of SlSPCH cis-regulatory sequences in tomato, we identified variants with altered stomatal development responses to drought, light and temperature cues. By creating and live-cell tracking translational reporters of SlSPCH and its paralogues SlMUTE and SlFAMA, we revealed the corresponding cellular events that lead to the environmental change-driven responses in stomatal production and leaf form. Plants bearing the novel reporters and SlSPCH variants are powerful resources for fundamental and applied studies of tomato resilience in response to climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budrys, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suraev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PRODJINOTO, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erberich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirnover, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafrir, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutcher, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoot, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic encoding of climate-responsive stomatal developmental plasticity in tomato]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.29.715150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic methylome landscape of promoters in vertebrate genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.29.715150v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic promoters are crucial gene regulatory elements1,2. Yet, comparative analyses of promoter architecture have been constrained by the limited resolution of GC-rich regions in short-read-based genome resources3-6. The Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) provides more complete long-read-based assemblies7, which further detect 5-methylcytosine signals directly from PacBio HiFi circular consensus reads8,9. Here, we developed a scalable computational framework to characterize DNA methylomes from HiFi data on high-quality Phase I VGP assemblies with RefSeq gene annotations for 82 vertebrate species spanning seven major taxonomic classes: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, lobe-finned fishes, ray-finned fishes, and cartilaginous fishes. We observed a conserved, transcription start site-centered hypomethylation signature in promoters across all vertebrates, and an unexpected hypermethylation signature near gene boundaries that is discordant with transcripts. In addition to this conserved pattern, there were lineage-specific differences in promoter methylation profiles, with birds showing the most diverse patterns. These epigenetic landscapes track phylogenetic relationships more closely than tissue-type methylation differences and infer lineage-dependent widths of core promoters and broader promoters across major vertebrate classes. Our findings establish a comparative epigenomic framework for profiling promoter methylomes from long-read sequencing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.715150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic methylome landscape of promoters in vertebrate genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nextstrain automates real-time phylodynamic analysis of open data for endemic and emerging pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.23.713807v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGenome sequencing provides an exceptional window into the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of endemic and emerging pathogens, and thus allows for better, more targeted, public health interventions. Online genomic surveillance platforms can provide near real-time insight into these dynamics.

ResultsNextstrain provides continually updated real-time genomic surveillance for 21 viruses and the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with most analyses relying solely on open sequence data. Each pathogen includes steps to fetch and curate open data, classify sequences using established nomenclature systems, perform phylodynamic analyses, and share the results publicly. These analyses are automated, with most running daily to provide continually updated snapshots of pathogen evolution.

Availability and ImplementationAll source code is available at https://github.com/nextstrain. Phylodynamic results can be visualized and downloaded at https://nextstrain.org/pathogens, and open sequence data and curated metadata are available at https://nextstrain.org/pathogens/files.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrews, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daodu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joia, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moncla, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhnert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voitl, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksamentov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodcroft, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCrone, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibley, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neher, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nextstrain automates real-time phylodynamic analysis of open data for endemic and emerging pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.12.711465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical trade-offs in antibody evolution are resolved by conformation-mediated epistasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.12.711465v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein evolution is constrained by multidimensional biophysical factors, in which mutations that enhance one property often compromise another. Antibodies represent an extreme case: they evolve rapidly to bind diverse antigens, yet mutations that improve affinity can disrupt folding, reduce cell-surface trafficking, or promote self-reactivity, and are typically selected against during affinity maturation. Though biophysical characterization of individual antibodies suggests that such trade-offs are pervasive, their impact on antibody evolutionary trajectories remains unclear, in part because existing high-throughput biophysical methods rely on heterologous systems that are often poorly suited for human proteins. Here, we develop a high-throughput platform to quantify multiple biophysical parameters of large libraries of full-length proteins that are natively synthesized, processed, and displayed on human cells. We apply this approach to a human antibody lineage that matures to recognize divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants by measuring the surface expression, antigen affinity, and self-reactivity for all 213 possible evolutionary intermediates between the unmutated and mature sequences. These measurements reveal that mutations differentially affect these biophysical properties - in some cases, improving one property at the expense of another. We leverage these data to compute the likelihood of all possible evolutionary paths, finding that very few paths can navigate these multidimensional requirements. The few accessible paths acquire mutations in a specific order that either circumvent trade-offs between biophysical properties or offset deleterious effects on one property with beneficial effects on another. By determining the structures of the ancestral and evolved antibodies, we find that these coordinated mutational effects arise from a conformational rearrangement that alleviates steric clashes and reshapes the biophysical landscape, enabling otherwise inaccessible mutational paths. Together, this work defines the multidimensional biophysical constraints and structural mechanisms that govern antibody evolution and establishes a general framework for mapping and predicting the biophysical effects of mutations in human proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tharp, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalifeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffari-Kashani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scapin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical trade-offs in antibody evolution are resolved by conformation-mediated epistasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.10.710760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Origin Sequence and Recognition for Licensing of Eukaryotic DNA Replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.10.710760v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The large size of eukaryotic chromosomes necessitates that the initiation of DNA replication occurs at numerous origins of DNA replication. In S. cerevisiae, origins are highly DNA sequence-specific and are recognized by the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC). In contrast, most eukaryotes have lost features in ORC subunits that contribute to DNA sequence-specific recognition, raising the question of how origins are identified. An analysis of origins in the genome of the distantly related budding yeast Yarrowia lipolytica identified considerable variability in origin sequence and structure. High-resolution structures demonstrate that Y. lipolytica origins are recognized by a combination of ORC and Cdc6 in a manner different from S. cerevisiae. The structure of Yarrowia ORC-Cdc6 bound to different origins shows considerable plasticity in protein-DNA interactions. We compare these yeast structures to the structure of human ORC-CDC6 bound to DNA. These studies reveal information on the evolution of origins and origin recognition.

Nomenclature noteThere is a different nomenclature for proteins in yeast and human cells. For example, Cdc6 in yeasts is CDC6 in human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouhan, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demerdash, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinney, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua-Tor, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stillman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.10.710760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Origin Sequence and Recognition for Licensing of Eukaryotic DNA Replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain-specific differences in the response to egg-derived versus recombinant protein influenza vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.23.707528v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2023/2024 influenza vaccine included an updated H1N1 component designed to better match a new clade of H1N1 that had multiple mutations in antigenic epitopes of hemagglutinin. Despite this update, the vaccine trended towards being less effective against the vaccine-matched H1N1 clade than the parental H1N1 clade lacking the new antigenic mutations. Here we measure neutralization titers of serum antibodies from individuals who had received either a recombinant protein or an egg-derived vaccine against a set of viruses with hemagglutinins from 58 H1N1 strains representative of the diversity during the 2023/2024 season. We find that egg-derived vaccine recipients, but not recombinant protein vaccine recipients, had a relatively lower boost in neutralizing titers to the new clade that the updated vaccine was designed to target. We suggest that the difference in the extent that the egg-derived versus recombinant protein vaccines boost neutralizing titers to the new H1N1 clade is because the seed strain for the egg-derived vaccine strain had acquired a reversion of a key antigenic mutation (K142R) present in that clade. Our results show how egg-derived versus recombinant protein vaccines can elicit different relative titer boosts against different subsets of viral strains, a phenomenon that could impact vaccine effectiveness.

ImportanceInfluenza vaccines can be produced from virus grown in eggs, or grown in cells or made with recombinant protein. Egg-derived influenza vaccines often contain egg-adaptive mutations in the viral antigen hemagglutinin (HA) which can impact the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the HA. In this study, we compare neutralization titers from egg-derived and recombinant protein vaccine recipients against recently circulating influenza A(H1N1) strains. We find that the egg-derived vaccine induces less of a boost in titers than the recombinant protein vaccine to the new clade of viral strains that the vaccine was designed to target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarabi, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikawa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffths, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapeau, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowling, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain-specific differences in the response to egg-derived versus recombinant protein influenza vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.19.706824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The promoter-poised Rpd3 HDAC complex orchestrates global chromatin reprogramming upon nutrient transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.19.706824v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive transcriptional rewiring underlies the metabolic flexibility of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate that the histone deacetylase Rpd3 mediates nutrient-dependent chromatin reprogramming that coordinates transcriptional shutdown and global acetylation balance during metabolic transitions. Genome-wide analyses reveal that Rpd3 complexes drive rapid, reversible histone deacetylation across promoters and gene bodies, fine-tuning transcriptional output. Rpd3, primarily through the large complex (Rpd3L), localizes at promoters of active genes enriched in H3K9ac and the acetyltransferase Gcn5. Upon nutrient shift, Gcn5 disengages while Rpd3-mediated H3K9 deacetylation enforces repression. Loss of Rpd3 or its Rpd3L-specific subunit, Pho23, disrupts this balance, resulting in the aberrant persistence of growth programs upon starvation and defective activation of respiratory genes in the presence of glucose. HDACs thus can act as metabolic gatekeepers, coupling nutrient cues to chromatin reprogramming and ensuring transcriptional fidelity during metabolic transitions, thereby resolving the long-standing paradox of HDAC enrichment at active promoters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutter, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The promoter-poised Rpd3 HDAC complex orchestrates global chromatin reprogramming upon nutrient transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.12.705660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling mitochondrial inheritance enables high-precision single-cell lineage tracing in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.12.705660v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provide natural barcodes that enable engineering-free lineage tracing in human tissues, but the complex dynamics of mtDNA inheritance across cell divisions and incomplete sampling of mtDNA introduce uncertainty in reconstructed lineages. Here, we present MitoDrift, a probabilistic framework that integrates Wright-Fisher drift dynamics with sparse single-cell measurements to produce confidence-refined lineage trees enriched for accurate clonal relationships. Validation with gold-standard lentiviral barcoding and whole-genome sequencing demonstrates that MitoDrift outperforms existing tree reconstruction methods in precision while maintaining high clonal recovery, enabling robust analyses linking lineage to cell state. Applying MitoDrift to human hematopoiesis reveals an age-associated decline in clonal diversity with differential impact across cell types and identifies heritable regulatory programs in hematopoietic stem cells in vivo, linking AP-1/stress-associated programs to clonal expansions. In multiple myeloma, MitoDrift captures therapy-associated clonal remodeling undetectable by copy number analysis, revealing phenotypic transitions and linking gene regulatory programs to differential drug sensitivity. Collectively, MitoDrift enables high-precision lineage tracing at scale and establishes quantitative lineage-state analysis in primary human tissues, linking clonal history to transcriptional and epigenetic programs in tissue homeostasis, aging, and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poeschla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyag, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zon, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.705660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling mitochondrial inheritance enables high-precision single-cell lineage tracing in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.12.705519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete definition of how mutations affect antibodies used to prevent RSV 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.02.12.705519v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New antibodies targeting the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have substantially reduced infant hospitalizations. However, viral resistance is a concern: one antibody failed clinical trials due to emergence of a resistant strain, and sporadic resistance mutations to the most widely used antibody (nirsevimab) have been identified in breakthrough infections. Here we define how RSV F mutations affect antibody neutralization. We first provide a biophysical model of how the buffering effect of bivalent IgG binding combines with differences in monovalent Fab potency to explain why nirsevimab resistance mutations are more common in subtype B than subtype A RSV strains. We then perform pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to safely measure how nearly all mutations to F affect its cell entry function and neutralization by the IgG and Fab forms of nirsevimab, clesrovimab, and several other key antibodies. We use these measurements to enable real-time surveillance of RSV sequences for antibody resistance, and identify rare strains with sporadic resistance mutations. Overall, our work improves understanding of the mechanisms by which viral mutations impact antibody neutralization, enables monitoring for natural RSV strains resistant to antibodies of public-health importance, and can help guide development of future antibodies with resilience to viral escape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simonich, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.705519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete definition of how mutations affect antibodies used to prevent RSV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.702062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Working Memory of Multi-Object Scenes in Primate Frontal Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.27.702062v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory allows primates to reason about complex scenes, yet how the brain maintains multiple objects in memory simultaneously remains unclear. Competing theories propose that objects are stored in discrete slots1,2, represented dynamically through switching3-6, or encoded by weighted combinations of single-object representations7-11. We formalized these hypotheses in terms of their quantitative predictions at the level of single neurons and tested them against densely recorded neural data from the dorsomedial frontal cortex and frontal eye field of monkeys trained to perform a novel multi-object working-memory task. Across cross-validated neural data, a Gain model, where population activity reflects weighted compositions of individual object responses, consistently outperformed Slot and Switching models. Trial-specific gain estimates predicted behavioral errors and reaction times, indicating that these latent weights capture meaningful fluctuations in memory fidelity. All results replicated in an independent dataset with different spatial configurations. Together, our work provides a rigorous framework to adjudicate a longstanding debate about how the frontal cortex retains multiple objects, identifying a weighted-sum representation as the format that best explains the neural data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watters, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenenbaum, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Working Memory of Multi-Object Scenes in Primate Frontal Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.26.701897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule dissection of CFTR folding defects and pharmacological rescue 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.01.26.701897v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis is a lethal genetic disorder caused by misfolding of the CFTR protein, most commonly due to the {Delta}F508 mutation. Despite extensive study, CFTRs folding process has remained inaccessible to direct observation. Here, we apply single-molecule magnetic tweezers to resolve the complete folding trajectories of wild-type and {Delta}F508 CFTR with near-amino acid resolution. We find that CFTR follows a hierarchical, template-guided folding pathway in which N-terminal domains scaffold downstream folding. This mechanism tightly couples the free energy states of intermediates, allowing {Delta}F508-induced instability to propagate across the folding pathway. Pharmacological correctors, in synergy with ATP, reshape the entire folding energy landscape by catalyzing transitions rather than simply stabilizing end states. These long-range, allosteric effects reveal a folding-embedded regulatory network. Our work provides a quantitative framework for mapping multidomain protein folding and therapeutic rescue, offering a broadly applicable strategy for interrogating rare mutations and accelerating structure-based drug discovery.

Significance StatementMisfolding of CFTR underlies cystic fibrosis, and its complex, multidomain architecture makes it an ideal model for understanding how membrane proteins fold and how small molecules can restore native structure. Using single-molecule magnetic tweezers, we reveal how local instabilities propagate through CFTRs folding pathway and show that pharmacological correctors act by catalyzing specific folding transitions in addition to stabilizing the native fold. These insights establish CFTR as a paradigm for dissecting folding mechanisms in large membrane proteins and for developing general strategies to correct misfolding across diverse human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule dissection of CFTR folding defects and pharmacological rescue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.696028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically engineered ESC-derived embryos reveal Vinculin-dependent force responses required for mammalian neural tube closure 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.696028v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial sheets build complex structures by converting mechanical forces into changes in cell and tissue organization. During neural tube closure, the neural plate dynamically remodels to produce a closed tube that provides the structural foundation for the developing brain and spinal cord. How cells maintain epithelial integrity despite the forces required for tissue morphogenesis during neural tube closure is not understood. We show that mechanical forces are upregulated during cranial neural tube closure in the mouse embryo and recruit the force-sensitive protein Vinculin to adherens junctions. Leveraging a genetically engineered embryonic stem cell-based pipeline to efficiently generate mutant embryos, we show that Vinculin mutants produce mechanical forces correctly but fail to maintain cell adhesion under tension, resulting in a failure of cranial neural fold elevation. Live imaging of cell behavior in the developing midbrain reveals that apical constriction, cell rearrangement, and cell division initiate correctly in Vinculin mutants, but their progression is impeded by disruption of adherens junctions at sites of increased tension. These results demonstrate that Vinculin is required to reinforce cell adhesion in response to increasing physiological forces during cranial neural tube closure, and that this activity is necessary to translate these forces into changes in tissue structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prudhomme, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFleche, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furuta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zallen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.696028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically engineered ESC-derived embryos reveal Vinculin-dependent force responses required for mammalian neural tube closure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.695965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HAMMER: Hairpin-based APOBEC3A-mediated mRNA editing reporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.22.695965v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
APOBEC3A catalyzes cytosine-to-uracil deamination in single-stranded DNA and RNA. Physiologically, APOBEC3A functions in innate immunity and aberrant deamination is associated with cytosine mutations in enzymatically preferred YTCW substrate motifs in multiple cancers. Much less is known about the potential contribution of APOBEC3A-catalyzed RNA editing to virus and cancer evolution. Here, we present HAMMER (hairpin-based APOBEC3A-mediated mRNA editing reporter), a rapid luminescence-based cellular assay for measuring RNA editing by APOBEC3A. HAMMER reports APOBEC3A activity as a reduction in the ratio of firefly to renilla luciferase activity. Briefly, tandem renilla and firefly luciferase open reading frames are separated by an optimal APOBEC3A hairpin substrate, in which C-to-U editing of a CGA motif yields a UGA stop codon thus preventing translation of the downstream firefly luciferase reporter, without impacting the upstream renilla reporter. HAMMER activation is dose-responsive, catalytic activity-dependent, and specific to human APOBEC3A. A panel of herpesviral ribonucleotide reductase constructs was used to show that direct inhibition of APOBEC3A results in a dose-responsive recovery of firefly luciferase expression. HAMMER is therefore a scalable and easy-to-use method for quantifying cellular APOBEC3A RNA editing activity and characterizing inhibitors.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=59 SRC="FIGDIR/small/695965v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullally, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HAMMER: Hairpin-based APOBEC3A-mediated mRNA editing reporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.23.696259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of HSV-1 helicase-primase inhibition and replication fork complex assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.23.696259v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herpesviruses are widespread double-stranded DNA viruses that establish lifelong latency and cause various diseases. Although DNA polymerase-targeting antivirals are effective, increasing drug resistance underscores the need for alternatives. Helicase-primase inhibitors (HPIs) are promising antivirals, but their mechanisms of action are poorly defined. Furthermore, how the helicase-primase (H/P) complex and DNA polymerase coordinate genome replication is not well understood for herpesviruses. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) H/P complex bound to HPIs, showing that these lock the helicase-primase complex in an inactive conformation. Single-molecule assays reveal that HPIs cause helicase-primase complexes to pause in unwinding activity on DNA. The structure of an HPI-bound replication fork complex, comprising the H/P complex (UL5, UL52, and UL8) and polymerase holoenzyme (UL30 and UL42), reveals a previously uncharacterized interface bridging these complexes. These findings provide a structural framework for understanding herpesvirus replisome assembly and advancing inhibitor development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathyanarayana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coen, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loparo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of HSV-1 helicase-primase inhibition and replication fork complex assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.21.695825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendrite-targeting OLM interneurons regulate the formation of learning-related CA1 place cell representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.21.695825v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial learning depends on hippocampal CA1 place cell representations, which form rapidly through behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity (BTSP). BTSP is driven by dendritic plateau potentials proposed to arise from the interaction of an excitatory target signal from entorhinal cortex layer 3 (EC3) and inhibitory feedback reflecting the current CA1 population state. However, the cellular source of this feedback has remained unknown. Using two-photon Ca2+ imaging in mice during spatial learning, we found that dendrite-targeting oriens-lacunosum moleculare (OLM) interneurons increased their activity at behaviorally salient locations in a manner consistent with previously described environment-specific CA1 representations and EC3 target signals. Causal manipulations revealed that silencing a genetically defined subset of OLM interneurons late in learning enhanced BTSP and place field formation, whereas activating them early suppressed place field formation. These findings identify OLM interneurons as a key inhibitory feedback element regulating BTSP and the formation of hippocampal representations during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grienberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.21.695825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendrite-targeting OLM interneurons regulate the formation of learning-related CA1 place cell representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.693507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tolerance toward foreigners in ants requires chronic exposure for establishment but only sporadic exposure for maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.10.693507v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social insects discriminate between foreigners and members of their own colony via complex olfactory cues. How plastic this discriminatory behavior is, and whether and under what circumstances ants can learn to accept genetically distinct individuals as nestmates, is poorly understood. Here, we study this question in the clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi, which provides unparalleled experimental control over the genotype of individuals and the genotypic composition of colonies. Using a cross-fostering design with mixed-genotype colonies of wild-type and transgenically labelled individuals, we show that ants become non-aggressive specifically toward their foster genotype. This tolerance is transient, and aggression resumes after two weeks of being isolated from the foster colony. However, even sporadic re-exposure to individuals from the foster colony is sufficient to maintain tolerance for over a month, while the same paradigm fails to establish tolerance in the first place. This shows that non-nestmate discrimination is remarkably plastic and that, once established, tolerance toward foreigners can be maintained by only intermittent contact. These dynamics echo general principles of social learning and contact-dependent tolerance described in other social species, including humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bailly, T. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes-Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronauer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tolerance toward foreigners in ants requires chronic exposure for establishment but only sporadic exposure for maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.04.691871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute in vivo proximity labeling for membrane targeted proteomics in neuronal circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.04.691871v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major goal within molecular systems neuroscience is to bridge the study of neuronal circuit function with changes in protein expression and localization in awake behaving animals. However, there are limited tools for capturing changes in subcellularly-defined proteomes within neuronal circuits during activity-gated timescales in vivo. Here, we engineered targeted versions of the proximity labeling enzyme TurboID, to tag proteins at the neuronal membrane during a user-delivered biotin injection. We optimized a labeling strategy that enables a one-to-two-hour labeling window and tagged proteins in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) cell bodies and corresponding axons in two downstream projections. We performed proteomics to identify proteins enriched in the distinct mPFC axonal projections, and discovered proteins enriched following an acute cocaine injection in mPFC cell bodies. These advancements enable the detection of proteins at the subcellular level within short labeling windows, allowing identification of stimulus-specific proteomes in behaving mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anguiano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salemi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phinney, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whistler, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nord, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.691871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute in vivo proximity labeling for membrane targeted proteomics in neuronal circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.06.692499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering Glycosylation-Dependent Protein Function by Thermal Proteome Profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2025.12.06.692499v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein glycosylation regulates essential cellular processes including protein folding, stability, and cell-cell interactions; however, how aberrant glycosylation impacts protein function and interaction networks remains poorly understood. Here we combine mass spectrometry-based proteomics, chemical glycobiology, and molecular dynamics simulations to systematically investigate glycosylation dependent protein stability and function. By perturbing the secretory pathway at defined steps, we generated proteins with distinct glycan structures and analyzed their functional consequences using thermal proteome profiling. This approach revealed that cells mount convergent stress responses to diverse glycosylation perturbations, characterized by coordinated trafficking reorganization. This reorganization effectively redirects protein flux from secretion toward degradation. We further identified that perturbing terminal glycan modifications, particularly sialylation and fucosylation, exerts the most profound effects on cell surface protein function. We studied in detail how loss of fucosylation restricts the conformational dynamics of key domains in integrin alpha 4, reducing VCAM-1 binding affinity and suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for multiple sclerosis. Overall, our systematic approach uncovered extensive complexity in how glycosylation regulates protein function beyond simple glycoform identification and provides a resource for dissecting essential glycan-protein relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hevler, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sojitra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caval, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoof, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering Glycosylation-Dependent Protein Function by Thermal Proteome Profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.26.714376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Conserved Metabolic Oxidative Axis Underlies Immune Cell Cryo-vulnerability 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.26.714376v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach for treating cancer and other diseases, yet its widespread deployment requires effective cryopreservation strategies to enable scalable global distribution. However, many immune cell types remain acutely vulnerable to freeze-thaw stress, and the underlying mechanisms of this cryo-vulnerability are not well defined. In this study, we combined metabolic flux analysis, ROS quantification, lipidomics, and preclinical xenograft models to investigate how metabolic state influences cryopreservation outcomes. We found that immune cell activation induces a metabolic shift characterized by elevated glucose utilization and excessive ROS production, leading to profound post-thaw loss of viability and function, as demonstrated by a [~]25% survival rate in natural killer (NK) cells. Targeted pretreatments--including inhibitors of glucose metabolism, antioxidants, and suppression of lipid peroxidation--restored post-thaw recovery to nearly 90% while preserving effector activity and antitumor efficacy. Similar protective effects were observed across {beta} T cells, {gamma}{delta} T cells, and macrophages, defining a conserved metabolic-oxidative pathway of cryo-vulnerability and offering applicable strategies to enhance immune cell preservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Conserved Metabolic Oxidative Axis Underlies Immune Cell Cryo-vulnerability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.714832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Molecule Methods to Investigate Mechanisms of Transcription by RNA Polymerase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.714832v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single molecule methods have become prevalent tools in elucidating molecular processes across various life science fields over the past three decades, driving breakthroughs in understanding their underlying molecular mechanisms. In our study, we employed two single-molecule methods, Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) and high-resolution optical tweezers, to investigate the transcription of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase (MtbRNAP) from initiation through to termination. We aim to provide a set of comprehensive biophysical tools to deepen our current understanding of MtbRNAP and its transcription factors. These experimental assays represent an important step towards unraveling the molecular dynamics and interactions that support transcription in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Asmat, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Molecule Methods to Investigate Mechanisms of Transcription by RNA Polymerase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.17.710314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstituting Mouse Embryogenesis Ex Utero from Gastrulation to Fetal Development Reveals Maternally Independent Metabolic Programs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.17.710314v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian development takes place inside the maternal uterus, creating technological constraints that make difficult the study of embryogenesis in live developing embryos. A central challenge for understanding the role of metabolism in mammalian development is discriminating placental and uterine-regulated signals from embryo-intrinsic processes independent of maternal influence, a process that until now has remained inseparable during gastrulation and organogenesis1-3. Ex utero culture systems allowing continuous growth of embryos during pre-gastrulation to organogenesis4,5 offer a promising solution to this challenge. Here, we present optimized ex utero culture platforms that support faithful development of mouse embryos from gastrulation (embryonic day 6.5/7.5) through the fetal period (embryonic day [~]12.5) and harnessed these platforms for dissecting metabolic transitions in vivo during embryogenesis independently of uterus and placenta. We characterized the metabolome of in utero and ex utero whole embryos, fetal organs and culture medium between embryonic days E6.5 and E12.5 by liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics, isotope tracing, and single cell transcriptomics. These datasets present a comprehensive overview of the dynamic embryonic metabolism during gastrulation and organogenesis in utero and ex utero. This analysis revealed that the midgestational metabolic switch occurring at E10.5-E11.5 is faithfully recapitulated ex utero, indicating that this transition is intrinsically programmed in embryonic tissues and does not require direct maternal or placental cues. Notably, oxygen availability modulated the extent of this transition, but elevated oxygen was insufficient to induce it prematurely, demonstrating that the switch is developmentally timed and only partially environmental-responsive. We further harnessed the ex utero platform for identifying and perturbing a mitochondrial redox shift at E7.5-E8.5 that is critical for developmental progress after gastrulation. These findings uncover the remarkable metabolic plasticity of the mammalian embryo, demonstrating its capacity to sustain growth independently of maternal inputs from the establishment of the body plan through the onset of the fetal period. Moreover, they highlight the use of long-term ex utero culture as a unique framework for dissecting the mechanisms that shape embryogenesis under physiological and experimentally perturbed conditions, while functionally uncoupling embryonic programs from maternal and placental influences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lokshtanov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woehler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delventhal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valente, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Cesar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlomo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golenchenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurhan-Sevinc, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comar, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakun, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Medina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florian-Rodriguez, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaManno, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivatsan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solmonson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguile</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.710314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstituting Mouse Embryogenesis Ex Utero from Gastrulation to Fetal Development Reveals Maternally Independent Metabolic Programs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.31.715686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DHHC7 palmitoylates KRAS4A and promotes mutant KRAS-driven pancreatic cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.31.715686v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
KRAS mutations underlie many human cancers. While inhibitors such as Sotorasib and Adagrasib targeting KRAS mutants have shown promise, additional strategies are required to address the broader spectrum of KRAS-driven cancers, particularly those displaying drug resistance. Thus, there is a need to better understand KRAS signaling and develop new therapeutic strategies. Here we show that KRAS4A is palmitoylated on Cys180 by a palmitoyl transferase, DHHC7 (gene name ZDHHC7). Palmitoylation promotes KRAS4A plasma membrane localization, and more importantly, nanoclustering. This in turn promotes the activation of ARAF and RAF1, but not BRAF. DHHC7 and KRAS4A Cys180 palmitoylation are important for the normal and anchorage independent growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Depletion of ZDHHC7 dramatically inhibits pancreatic tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. These studies provide new understandings about how palmitoylation regulates KRAS4A activity and suggest DHHC7 as a promising new target for KRAS mutant cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziolkowski, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DHHC7 palmitoylates KRAS4A and promotes mutant KRAS-driven pancreatic cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.30.715445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual Control of LDL-cholesterol Levels by ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.30.715445v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDInactivation of ANGPTL3 (angiopoietin-like protein 3, A3) is a proven therapeutic strategy for lowering plasma lipid levels independently of the LDL receptor (LDLR), yet the optimal approach to inactivate A3 remains unclear. A3 is proteolytically cleaved and circulates as full-length (A3-FL), N-terminal (A3-Nter) and C-terminal (A3-Cter) fragments. The specific contribution of each form of A3, and of its paralog, ANGPTL8 (A8), in modulating circulating levels of ApoB-Containing Lipoproteins (ABCLs) remain poorly defined. Clarifying these relationships will inform next-generation A3-directed therapies.

METHODSWe performed liver perfusion studies to directly compare the number and composition of VLDL particles secreted from mice with and without A3. To amplify effects on cholesterol metabolism, we generated Ldlr-/- mice expressing wildtype A3 (A3-WT), A3-FL or A3-Nter, with or without co-expression of A8, and analyzed plasma lipids, circulating A3 and A8 complexes, and intravascular lipase activities. Complementary in vitro assays and structural modeling were used to assess relative endothelial lipase (EL) inhibition by A3 alone or in complex with A8.

RESULTSLiver perfusion studies revealed that A3 inactivation does not alter the rates of hepatic secretion of VLDL in wildtype or Ldlr-/- mice. Inactivation of A8 alone lowered plasma LDL-cholesterol (C) levels by [~]20%, an effect dependent upon the expression of both EL and A3. Maximal inhibition of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) required co-expression of A8 plus both A3-FL and A3-Nter, indicating that A3 cleavage, in addition to A8 expression, is essential for maximal LPL inhibition. In contrast, A8 expression, but not A3 cleavage, was required for optimal EL inhibition.

CONCLUSIONSA8 acts in concert with A3 to differentially modulate LPL- and EL-mediated lipolysis, which antagonizes hepatic clearance of newly-secreted atherogenic ABCLs. This mechanistic framework refines our understanding of A3-targeted lipid lowering and highlights the therapeutic potential of dual A3- plus A8-directed strategies to treat dyslipidemia and prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Clinical perspectiveO_ST_ABSWhat is new?C_ST_ABSO_LIInactivation of A3 lowers circulating ABCL levels without altering hepatic secretion rates of VLDL-ApoB or -TG.
C_LIO_LIProteolytic cleavage of A3 is required for maximal inhibition of LPL.
C_LIO_LIInactivation of A8 lowers LDL-C levels through an A3- and EL-dependent, but LDLR-independent, mechanism.
C_LI

What are the clinical implications?O_LICombining A8 inhibition with A3-inactivating therapies offers a strategy to achieve greater reduction in LDL-C levels and atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inigo, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinch, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual Control of LDL-cholesterol Levels by ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.714269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fc receptor dependent and independent mechanisms of antibody-mediatedenhancement of immune responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2026.03.27.714269v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune memory responses are rapid and qualitatively distinct from primary responses. They typically develop in the presence of antigen-experienced memory T and B cells and pre-existing antibodies. Although the contribution of T and B cells to recall responses is well defined, the contribution of antibody "memory" and the mechanisms by which pre-existing antibodies modulate the development of germinal center and plasma cell responses is not precisely understood. Here we report on mechanisms that mediate antibody enhancement of germinal center (GC) and plasmablast (PB) compartments, and the parallel process by which they change the affinity threshold for B cell recruitment into immune responses. The data indicate that antibody-mediated enhancement of GC and PB responses is Fc gamma receptor (Fc{gamma}R) dependent and largely complement receptor 1 and 2 (CR1/2) independent. In contrast, the reduction in the affinity threshold for GC entry is independent of both Fc{gamma}Rs and CR1/2.

SummaryCipolla et al. show that antibody can modulate immune responses via both Fc gamma receptor dependent and independent mechanisms. These mechanisms influence both the magnitude and composition of the germinal center response.
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<dc:creator>Cipolla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Santos, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatatos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazumyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartweger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkenschlager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bournazos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravetch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fc receptor dependent and independent mechanisms of antibody-mediatedenhancement of immune responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
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