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	<title>bioRxiv Channel: The Michael J. Fox Foundation </title>
	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
	<description>
	This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "The Michael J. Fox Foundation "
	</description>

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	<title>bioRxiv</title>
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	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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	<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.16.456440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for feedforward control in the PINK1/parkin pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.16.456440v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PINK1 and parkin constitute a mitochondrial quality control system mutated in Parkinsons disease. PINK1, a kinase, phosphorylates ubiquitin to recruit parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to mitochondria. PINK1 controls both parkin localization and activity through phosphorylation of both ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain of parkin. Here, we observe that phospho-ubiquitin can bind to two distinct sites on parkin, a high affinity site on RING1 that controls parkin localization, and a low affinity site on RING0 that releases parkin autoinhibition. Surprisingly, NMR titrations and ubiquitin vinyl sulfone assays show that the RING0 site has higher affinity for phospho-ubiquitin than the phosphorylated Ubl. Parkin could be activated by micromolar concentrations of tetra-phospho-ubiquitin chains that mimic a mitochondrion bearing multiple phosphorylated ubiquitins. A chimeric form of parkin with the Ubl domain replaced by ubiquitin was readily activated by PINK1 phosphorylation. In all cases, mutation of the binding site on RING0 abolished parkin activation. The feedforward mechanism of parkin activation confers robustness and rapidity to the PINK1-parkin pathway and likely represents an intermediate step in its evolutionary development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauve, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDougall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakih, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for feedforward control in the PINK1/parkin pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.09.455607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule fingerprinting reveals different amplification properties of α-synuclein oligomers and preformed fibrils in seeding assay. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.09.455607v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The quantification of -synuclein (-syn) aggregates has emerged as a promising biomarker for synucleinopathies. Assays that amplify and detect such aggregates have revealed the presence of seeding-competent species in biosamples of patients diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. However, multiple species such as oligomers and amyloid fibrils, are formed during the aggregation of -synuclein and these species are likely to co-exist in biological samples and thus it remains unclear which species(s) are contributing to the signal detected in seeding assays. To identify which species can be detected in seeding assays, recombinant oligomers and preformed fibrils were produced and purified to characterise their individual biochemical and seeding potential. Here, we used single molecule spectroscopy to track the formation and purification of oligomers and fibrils at the single particle level and compare their respective seeding potential in an amplification assay. Single molecule detection validates that size-exclusion chromatography efficiently separates oligomers from fibrils. Oligomers were found to be seeding-competent but our results reveal that their seeding behaviour is very different compared to preformed fibrils in our amplification assay. Overall, our data suggest that even a low number of preformed fibrils present in biosamples are likely to dominate the response in seeding assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule fingerprinting reveals different amplification properties of α-synuclein oligomers and preformed fibrils in seeding assay.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.05.455304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of PINK1 reveals autophosphorylation dimer and provides insights into binding to the TOM complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.05.455304v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in PINK1 causes autosomal-recessive Parkinsons disease. Mitochondrial damage results in PINK1 import arrest on the Translocase of the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane (TOM) complex, resulting in the activation of its ubiquitin kinase activity by autophosphorylation and initiation of Parkin-dependent mitochondrial clearance. Herein we report crystal structures of the entire cytosolic domain of insect PINK1. Our structures reveal a dimeric autophosphorylation complex targeting phosphorylation at the invariant Ser205 (human Ser228). The dimer interface requires insert 2, which is unique to PINK1. The structures also reveal how an N-terminal helix binds to the C-terminal extension and provide insights into stabilization of PINK1 on the core TOM complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rasool, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldeeb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukacs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trempe, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of PINK1 reveals autophosphorylation dimer and provides insights into binding to the TOM complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.22.453322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Novel Biomarker Candidates for Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.22.453322v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a growing burden worldwide, and despite ongoing efforts to find reliable biomarkers for early and differential diagnosis, prognosis and disease monitoring, there is no biofluid biomarker used in clinical routine to date. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected often and should closely reflect structural and functional alterations in PD patients brains. Here we describe a scalable and sensitive mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics workflow for CSF proteome profiling to find specific biomarkers and identify disease-related changes in CSF protein levels in PD. From two independent cohorts consisting of more than 200 individuals, our workflow reproducibly quantified over 1,700 proteins from minimal sample amounts. Combined with machine learning, this identified a group of several proteins, including OMD, CD44, VGF, PRL, and MAN2B1 that were altered in PD patients or significantly correlate with clinical scores, indicative of disease progression. Interestingly, we uncovered signatures of enhanced neuroinflammation in patients with familial PD (LRRK2 G2019S carriers) as indicated by increased levels of CTSS, PLD4, HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DPA1. A comparison with urinary proteome changes in PD patients revealed a large overlap in protein composition PD-associated changes in these body fluids, including lysosomal factors like CTSS. Our results validate MS-based proteomics of CSF as a valuable strategy for biomarker discovery and patient stratification in a neurodegenerative disease like PD. Consistent proteomic signatures across two independent CSF cohorts and previously acquired urinary proteome profiles open up new avenues to improve our understanding of PD pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karayel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virreira Winter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuras, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuncali, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wills, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherzer, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Novel Biomarker Candidates for Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.03.451006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopaminergic axon tracts within a hyaluronic acid hydrogel encasement for implantation to restore the nigrostriatal pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.07.03.451006v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) affects 10 million patients worldwide, making it the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Motor symptoms emerge from the loss of dopamine in the striatum after the death of dopaminergic neurons and the long-projecting axons of the nigrostriatal pathway. Current treatments, such as dopamine replacement, deep brain stimulation or cell therapies, disregard the loss of this pathway at the core of symptoms. We sought to address this by improving our tissue-engineered nigrostriatal pathway (TE-NSP) technology, which consists of a tubular hydrogel with a collagen/laminin core that encases an aggregate of dopaminergic neurons and their axons in a way that resembles the nigrostriatal pathway. These constructs can be implanted to replace the lost neurons and axons with fidelity to the pathway, and thus provide dopamine according to feedback from the host circuitry. While TE-NSPs have been traditionally fabricated with agarose, here we utilized a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel to expand the functionality of the encasement and our control over its properties. Using rat ventral midbrain neurons, we found that TE-NSPs exhibited longer and faster neurite growth with HA relative to agarose, with no differences observed in electrically-evoked dopamine release. When transplanted, HA hydrogels reduced host neuron loss and inflammation around the implant compared to agarose, and the cells and axons within TE-NSPs survived and maintained their cytoarchitecture for at least 2 weeks.

HighlightsO_LIWe fabricated engineered dopaminergic axons encased in a tubular hydrogel.
C_LIO_LIWe made hydrogels from methacrylated hyaluronic acid and compared them to agarose.
C_LIO_LIAxons in HA hydrogels had longer and faster axon growth and displayed evoked dopamine release.
C_LIO_LIHA hydrogels reduced the host inflammatory response and supported neuron and axon survival in vivo.
C_LIO_LIThis platform may be used to reconstruct the nigrostriatal pathway to treat Parkinsons disease.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordian-Velez, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galarraga, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espana, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.03.451006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopaminergic axon tracts within a hyaluronic acid hydrogel encasement for implantation to restore the nigrostriatal pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.07.447248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PALB2 maintains redox and mitochondrial homeostasis in the brain and cooperates with ATG7 to suppress p53 dependent neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.07.447248v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The PALB2 tumor suppressor plays key roles in DNA repair and has been implicated in redox homeostasis. Autophagy maintains mitochondrial quality, mitigates oxidative stress and suppresses neurodegeneration. Here we show that Palb2 deletion in the mouse brain leads to motor deficits and that co-deletion of Palb2 with the essential autophagy gene Atg7 accelerates and exacerbates neurodegeneration induced by ATG7 loss. Palb2 deletion leads to elevated DNA damage, oxidative stress and mitochondrial markers, especially in Purkinje cells, and co-deletion of Palb2 and Atg7 results in accelerated Purkinje cell loss. Further analyses suggest that the accelerated Purkinje cell loss and severe neurodegeneration in the double deletion mice are due to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than DNA damage, and partially dependent on p53 activity. Our studies uncover a role of PALB2 in mitochondrial regulation and a cooperation between PALB2 and ATG7/autophagy in maintaining redox and mitochondrial homeostasis essential for neuronal survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahdi, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreyfus, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouradian, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PALB2 maintains redox and mitochondrial homeostasis in the brain and cooperates with ATG7 to suppress p53 dependent neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.22.427681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FILER: large-scale, harmonized FunctIonaL gEnomics Repository 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.22.427681v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationQuerying massive collections of functional genomic and annotation data, linking and summarizing the query results across data sources and data types are important steps in high-throughput genomic and genetic analytical workflows. However, accomplishing these steps is difficult because of the heterogeneity and breadth of data sources, experimental assays, biological conditions (e.g., tissues, cell types), data types, and file formats.

ResultsFunctIonaL gEnomics Repository (FILER) is a large-scale, harmonized functional genomics data catalog uniquely providing: 1) streamlined access to >50,000 harmonized, annotated functional genomic and annotation datasets across >20 integrated data sources, >1,100 biological conditions/tissues/cell types, and >20 experimental assays; 2) a scalable, indexing-based genomic querying interface; 3) ability for users to analyze and annotate their own experimental data against reference datasets. This rich resource spans >17 Billion genomic records for both GRCh37/hg19 and GRCh38/hg38 genome builds. FILER scales well with the experimental (query) data size and the number of reference datasets and data sources. When evaluated on large-scale analysis tasks, FILER demonstrated great efficiency as the observed running time for querying 1000x more genomic intervals (106 vs. 103) against all 7x109 hg19 FILER records increased sub-linearly by only a factor of 15x. Together, these features facilitate reproducible research and streamline querying, integrating, and utilizing large-scale functional genomics and annotation data.

Availability and implementationFILER can be 1) freely accessed at https://lisanwanglab.org/FILER, 2) deployed on cloud or local servers (https://bitbucket.org/wanglab-upenn/FILER), and 3) integrated with other pipelines using provided scripts.

Contactlswang@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuksa, P. P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangadharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katanic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleidermacher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlie-Wolf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenfest-Allen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.427681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FILER: large-scale, harmonized FunctIonaL gEnomics Repository]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.03.446785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Foundational data initiative for Parkinsons disease (FOUNDIN-PD): enabling efficient translation from genetic maps to mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.03.446785v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The FOUNdational Data INitiative for Parkinsons Disease (FOUNDIN-PD) is an international collaboration producing fundamental resources for Parkinsons disease (PD). FOUNDIN-PD generated a multi-layered molecular dataset in a cohort of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines differentiated to dopaminergic (DA) neurons, a major affected cell type in PD. The lines were derived from the Parkinsons Progression Markers Initiative study including participants with PD carrying monogenic PD (SNCA) variants, variants with intermediate effects and variants identified by genome-wide association studies and unaffected individuals. We generated genetic, epigenetic, regulatory, transcriptomic, and longitudinal cellular imaging data from iPSC-derived DA neurons to understand molecular relationships between disease associated genetic variation and proximate molecular events. These data reveal that iPSC-derived DA neurons provide a valuable cellular context and foundational atlas for modelling PD genetic risk. We have integrated these data into a FOUNDIN-PD data browser (https://www.foundinpd.org) as a resource for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bressan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenn, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illarionova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savytska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broeer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beilina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billingsley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berghausen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazis, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meechoovet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtright-Lim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logemann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The American Genome Center,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hjelm, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keuren-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heutink, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Foundational data initiative for Parkinsons disease (FOUNDIN-PD): enabling efficient translation from genetic maps to mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.05.442776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoproteomic-enabled characterization of small GTPase Rab1a as a target of an N-arylbenzdiimidazole ligand's rescue of Parkinson's-associated cell toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.05.442776v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of phenotypic models of Parkinsons disease (PD) has enabled screening and identification of phenotypically active small molecules that restore complex biological pathways affected by PD toxicity. While these phenotypic screening platforms are powerful, they do not inherently enable direct identification of the cellular targets of promising lead compounds. To overcome this, chemoproteomic platforms like Thermal Proteome Profiling (TPP) and Stability of Proteins from Rates of Oxidation (SPROX) can be implemented to reveal protein targets of biologically active small molecules. Here we utilize both of these chemoproteomic strategies to identify targets of an N-arylbenzdiimidazole compound, NAB2, which was previously identified for its ability to restore viability in cellular models of PD-associated -synuclein toxicity. The combined results from our TPP and SPROX analyses of NAB2 and the proteins in a neuroblastoma-derived SHSY5Y cell lysate reveal a previously unrecognized protein target of NAB2. This newly recognized target, Rab1a, is a small GTPase that acts as a molecular switch to regulate ER-to-Golgi trafficking, a process that is disrupted by -synuclein toxicity and restored by NAB2 treatment. Further validation reveals that NAB2 binds to Rab1a with selectivity for its GDP-bound form and that NAB2 treatment phenocopies Rab1a overexpression in alleviation of -synuclein toxicity. Finally, we conduct a preliminary investigation into the relationship between Rab1a and the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Nedd4, a previously identified NAB2 target. Together, these efforts expand our understanding of the mechanism of NAB2 in the alleviation of -synuclein toxicity and reinforce the utility of chemoproteomic identification of the targets of phenotypically active small molecules that regulate complex biological pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatstat, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhart, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCafferty, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoproteomic-enabled characterization of small GTPase Rab1a as a target of an N-arylbenzdiimidazole ligand's rescue of Parkinson's-associated cell toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.08.439080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing gene regulatory networks from Parkinson's disease risk loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.08.439080v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The latest meta-analysis of genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified 90 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 78 genomic regions associated with Parkinsons disease (PD), yet the mechanisms by which these variants influence the development of the disease remains largely elusive. To establish the functional gene regulatory networks associated with PD-SNPs, we utilised an approach combining spatial (chromosomal conformation capture) and functional (expression quantitative trait loci; eQTL) data. We identified 518 genes subject to regulation by 76 PD-SNPs across 49 tissues, that encompass 36 peripheral and 13 CNS tissues. Notably, one third of these genes were regulated via trans-acting mechanisms (distal; risk locus-gene separated by > 1Mb, or on different chromosomes). Of particular interest is the identification of a novel trans-eQTL-gene connection between rs10847864 and SYNJ1 in the adult brain cortex, highlighting a convergence between familial studies and PD GWAS loci for SYNJ1 (PARK20) for the first time. Furthermore, we identified 16 neuro-development specific eQTL-gene regulatory connections within the foetal cortex, consistent with hypotheses suggesting a neurodevelopmental involvement in the pathogenesis of PD. Through utilising Louvain clustering we extracted nine significant and highly intra-connected clusters within the entire gene regulatory network. The nine clusters are enriched for specific biological processes and pathways, some of which have not previously been associated with PD. Together, our results not only contribute to an overall understanding of the mechanisms and impact of specific combinations of PD-SNPs, but also highlight the potential impact gene regulatory networks may have when elucidating aetiological subtypes of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farrow, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schierding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokuladhas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadason, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing gene regulatory networks from Parkinson's disease risk loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.01.438131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global ubiquitylation analysis of mitochondria in primary neurons identifies physiological Parkin targets following activation of PINK1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.01.438131v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autosomal recessive mutations in PINK1 and Parkin cause Parkinsons disease. How activation of PINK1 and Parkin leads to elimination of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy is largely based on cell culture studies with few molecular studies in neurons. Herein we have undertaken a global proteomic-analysis of mitochondria from mouse neurons to identify ubiquitylated substrates of endogenous Parkin activation. Comparative analysis with human iNeuron datasets revealed a subset of 49 PINK1-dependent diGLY sites upregulated upon mitochondrial depolarisation in 22 proteins conserved across mouse and human systems. These proteins were exclusively localised at the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) including, CISD1, CPT1, ACSL1, and FAM213A. We demonstrate that these proteins can be directly ubiquitylated by Parkin in vitro. We also provide evidence for a subset of cytoplasmic proteins recruited to mitochondria that undergo PINK1 and Parkin independent ubiquitylation including SNX3, CAMK2 and CAMK2{beta} indicating the presence of alternate ubiquitin E3 ligase pathways that are activated by mitochondrial depolarisation in neurons. Finally we have developed an online resource to visualise mitochondrial ubiquitin sites in neurons and search for ubiquitin components recruited to mitochondria upon mitochondrial depolarisation, MitoNUb. This analysis will aid in future studies to understand Parkin activation in neuronal subtypes. Our findings also suggest that monitoring ubiquitylation status of the 22 identified MOM proteins may represent robust biomarkers for PINK1 and Parkin activity in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antico, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordureau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gierlinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickwood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescott, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganley, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muqit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global ubiquitylation analysis of mitochondria in primary neurons identifies physiological Parkin targets following activation of PINK1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.31.017566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study of glycemic and anthropometric traits and Parkinsons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.31.017566v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImpaired glucose and obesity are frequently observed in patients with Parkinsons disease (PD), although it is unclear whether the impairment precedes or results from the neurodegeneration.

ObjectiveWe aimed to assess whether glycemic and anthropometric traits can influence the risk of PD in 33,674 cases and 449,056 healthy controls using the Mendelian randomization (MR) framework.

MethodsWe investigated causality with a two-sample MR approach in the European population to compute effect estimates with summary statistics from available discovery meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on glycemic and anthropometric traits.

ResultsWe considered a threshold of p-value=0.0038 as significant after accounting for multiple testing, and p-value<0.05 was considered to be a suggestive evidence for a potential association. We observed a protective effect of waist-hip ratio (WHR) on PD (Inverse variance-weighted (IVW): OR IVW=0.735; 95%CI= 0.622-0.868; p-value=0.0003; I2 index=22.0%; MR-Egger intercept p-value=0.1508; Cochran Q test p-value=0.0003). The association was further retained after the exclusion of overlapping UK biobank (UKB) samples between the WHR and PD datasets (ORIVW=0.791; 95%CI=0.659-0.950; p-value=0.012; I2 index=13.0%; MR-Egger intercept p-value=0.733; Cochran Q test p-value=0.035). The sensitivity analysis provided suggestive evidence of an increased risk of PD on fasting glucose (FG) ({beta} IVW=0.0188; 95%CI=0.0062-0.0313, p-value=0.0055; I2 index=0.0%; MR-Egger intercept p-value=0.0957; Cochran Q test p-value=0.4555) and protective effect of PD on T2D (Weighted median effect: ORWME=0.946; 95%CI=0.9290.983; p-value=0.0051; Weighted mode effect: ORMBE=0.943; 95%CI=0.904-0.983; p-value=0.0116).

ConclusionsOur results showed that central or abdominal obesity may be protective against PD development, independent of glucose levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grover, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Parkinsons Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.017566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study of glycemic and anthropometric traits and Parkinsons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.05.434104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Modality Machine Learning Predicting Parkinsons Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.05.434104v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPersonalized medicine promises individualized disease prediction and treatment. The convergence of machine learning (ML) and available multi-modal data is key moving forward. We build upon previous work to deliver multi-modal predictions of Parkinsons Disease (PD).

MethodsWe performed automated ML on multi-modal data from the Parkinsons Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). After selecting the best performing algorithm, all PPMI data was used to tune the selected model. The model was validated in the Parkinsons Disease Biomarker Program (PDBP) dataset. Finally, networks were built to identify gene communities specific to PD.

FindingsOur initial model showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 89.72% for the diagnosis of PD. The tuned model was then tested for validation on external data (PDBP, AUC 85.03%). Optimizing thresholds for classification, increased the diagnosis prediction accuracy (balanced accuracy) and other metrics. Combining data modalities outperforms the single biomarker paradigm. UPSIT was the largest contributing predictor for the classification of PD. The transcriptomic data was used to construct a network of disease-relevant transcripts.

InterpretationWe have built a model using an automated ML pipeline to make improved multi-omic predictions of PD. The model developed improves disease risk prediction, a critical step for better assessment of PD risk. We constructed gene expression networks for the next generation of genomics-derived interventions. Our automated ML approach allows complex predictive models to be reproducible and accessible to the community.

FundingNational Institute on Aging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the Global Parkinsons Genetics Program.

RESEARCH IN CONTEXTO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSPrior research into predictors of Parkinsons disease (PD) has either used basic statistical methods to make predictions across data modalities, or they have focused on a single data type or biomarker model. We have done this using an open-source automated machine learning (ML) framework on extensive multi-modal data, which we believe yields robust and reproducible results. We consider this the first true multi-modality ML study of PD risk classification.

Added value of this studyWe used a variety of linear, non-linear, kernel, neural networks, and ensemble ML algorithms to generate an accurate classification of both cases and controls in independent datasets using data that is not involved in PD diagnosis itself at study recruitment. The model built in this paper significantly improves upon our previous models that used the entire training dataset in previous work1. Building on this earlier work, we showed that the PD diagnosis can be refined using improved algorithmic classification tools that may yield potential biological insights. We have taken careful consideration to develop and validate this model using public controlled-access datasets and an open-source ML framework to allow for reproducible and transparent results.

Implications of all available evidenceTraining, validating, and tuning a diagnostic algorithm for PD will allow us to augment clinical diagnoses or risk assessments with less need for complex and expensive exams. Going forward, these models can be built on remote or asynchronously collected data which may be important in a growing telemedicine paradigm. More refined diagnostics will also increase clinical trial efficiency by potentially refining phenotyping and predicting onset, allowing providers to identify potential cases earlier. Early detection could lead to improved treatment response and higher efficacy. Finally, as part of our workflow, we built new networks representing communities of genes correlated in PD cases in a hypothesis-free manner, showing how new and existing genes may be connected and highlighting therapeutic opportunities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargent, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bookman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nojopranoto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashemi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maleknia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keuren-Jensen, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accelerating Medicines Program - Parkinsons Disease (AMP PD),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Global Parkinsons Genetics Program (GP2),</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Modality Machine Learning Predicting Parkinsons Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.05.434053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transparent exploration of machine learning for biomarker discovery from proteomics and omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.05.434053v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomarkers are of central importance for assessing the health state and to guide medical interventions and their efficacy, but they are lacking for most diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a powerful technology for biomarker discovery, but requires sophisticated bioinformatics to identify robust patterns. Machine learning (ML) has become indispensable for this purpose, however, it is sometimes applied in an opaque manner, generally requires expert knowledge and complex and expensive software. To enable easy access to ML for biomarker discovery without any programming or bioinformatic skills, we developed  OmicLearn (https://OmicLearn.com), an open-source web-based ML tool using the latest advances in the Python ML ecosystem. We host a web server for the exploration of the researchers results that can readily be cloned for internal use. Output tables from proteomics experiments are easily uploaded to the central or a local webserver. OmicLearn enables rapid exploration of the suitability of various ML algorithms for the experimental datasets. It fosters open science via transparent assessment of state-of-the-art algorithms in a standardized format for proteomics and other omics sciences.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/434053v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (32K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7b95corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11a5357org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15586c2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2357f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIOmicLearn is an open-source platform allows researchers to apply machine learning (ML) for biomarker discovery
C_LIO_LIThe ready-to-use structure of OmicLearn enables accessing state-of-the-art ML algorithms without requiring any prior bioinformatics knowledge
C_LIO_LIOmicLearns web-based interface provides an easy-to-follow platform for classification and gaining insights into the dataset
C_LIO_LISeveral algorithms and methods for preprocessing, feature selection, classification and cross-validation of omics datasets are integrated
C_LIO_LIAll results, settings and method text can be exported in publication-ready formats
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strauss, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torun, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virreira Winter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riese, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorobyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller-Reif, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transparent exploration of machine learning for biomarker discovery from proteomics and omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.02.433576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic LRRK2 control of primary cilia and Hedgehog signaling in neurons and astrocytes of mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.02.433576v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously, we showed that cholinergic interneurons of the dorsal striatum lose cilia in mice harboring the Parkinsons disease associated, kinase activating, R1441C LRRK2 mutation (Dhekne et al., 2018). Here we show that this phenotype is also seen in two mouse strains carrying the most common human G2019S LRRK2 mutation. Heterozygous loss of the PPM1H phosphatase that is specific for LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab GTPases (Berndsen et al., 2019) yields the same cilia loss phenotype, strongly supporting a connection between Rab GTPase phosphorylation and cilia loss. In addition, astrocytes throughout the striatum show a ciliation defect in LRRK2 and PPM1H-/+ mutant models. Hedgehog signaling requires cilia, and loss of cilia correlates here with a loss in induction of Hedgehog signaling as monitored by in situ hybridization of Gli1 transcripts. These data support a model in which LRRK2 and PPM1H mutant mice struggle to receive and respond to critical Hedgehog signals in the nigral-striatal pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhekne, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berndsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic LRRK2 control of primary cilia and Hedgehog signaling in neurons and astrocytes of mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.23.432545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding LRRK2 kinase activity in preclinical models and human subjects through quantitative analysis of LRRK2 and pRab10 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.23.432545v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with increased risk for familial and sporadic Parkinsons disease (PD). Pathogenic variants in LRRK2, including the common variant G2019S, result in increased LRRK2 kinase activity, supporting the therapeutic potential of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors for PD. To better understand the role of LRRK2 in disease and to support the clinical development of LRRK2 inhibitors, quantitative and high-throughput assays to measure LRRK2 levels and activity are needed. We developed and applied such assays to measure the levels of LRRK2 as well as the phosphorylation of LRRK2 itself or one of its substrates, Rab10 (pT73 Rab10). We observed increased LRRK2 activity in various cellular models of disease, including iPSC-derived microglia, as well as in human subjects carrying disease-linked variant in LRRK2 (G2019S). Capitalizing on the high-throughput and sensitive nature of these assays, we detected a significant reduction in LRRK2 activity in subjects carrying missense variants in LRRK2 associated with reduced disease risk. Finally, we optimized these assays to enable analysis of LRRK2 activity following inhibition in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and whole blood, demonstrating their potential utility as biomarkers to assess changes in LRRK2 expression and activity in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negrou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondar, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montalban, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llapashtica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciuca, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanoy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arguello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przybyla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerke, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntwork-Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding LRRK2 kinase activity in preclinical models and human subjects through quantitative analysis of LRRK2 and pRab10]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.02.429344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigation of USP30 inhibition to enhance Parkin-mediated mitophagy: tools and approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.02.429344v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in Parkinson disease (PD). Mutations in Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, can cause juvenile-onset Parkinsonism probably through impairment of mitophagy. Inhibition of the de-ubiquitinating enzyme USP30 may counter this effect to enhance mitophagy. Using different tools and cellular approaches, we wanted to independently confirm this claimed role for USP30. Pharmacological characterization of additional tool compounds that selectively inhibit USP30 are reported. The consequence of USP30 inhibition by these compounds, siRNA knockdown and overexpression of dominant-negative USP30 in the mitophagy pathway in different disease-relevant cellular models was explored. Knockdown and inhibition of USP30 showed increased p-Ser65-ubiquitin levels and mitophagy in neuronal cell models. Furthermore, patient-derived fibroblasts carrying pathogenic mutations in Parkin showed reduced p-Ser65-ubiquitin levels compared to wild-type cells, levels that could be restored using either USP30 inhibitor or dominant-negative USP30 expression. Our data provide additional support for USP30 inhibition as a regulator of the mitophagy pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ketteler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsefou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luft, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramazio, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staddon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briston, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigation of USP30 inhibition to enhance Parkin-mediated mitophagy: tools and approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.15.426824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of a common genetic variant with Parkinson's disease is propagated through microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.15.426824v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of the genetic basis of Parkinsons disease (PD) have identified many disease-associated genetic variants, but the mechanisms linking variants to pathogenicity are largely unknown. PD risk is attributed to both coding mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene and to common non-coding variation upstream of the LRRK2 locus. Here we show that the influence of genotype at non-coding variant rs76904798 on LRRK2 expression is propagated specifically through microglia, in contrast to evaluations based on general rather than genotype-dependent expression. We find evidence of microglia-specific regulatory regions that may modulate LRRK2 expression using single nuclei sequencing analyses of human frontal cortex and confirm these results in a human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia model. Our study demonstrates that cell type is an important consideration in interrogation of the role of non-coding variation in disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beilina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of a common genetic variant with Parkinson's disease is propagated through microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.06.425575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of water mobility in protein misfolding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.06.425575v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The propensity for intrinsically disordered proteins to aggregate is heavily influenced by their surrounding environment. Here, we show that the mobility of the surrounding water molecules directly influences the aggregation rate of -synuclein (aSyn), a protein associated with Parkinsons disease. We observe that the addition of NaCl reduces the mobility of water, while addition of CsI increases the mobility of water. In turn, this reduces and increases the mobility of aSyn, respectively, given the change in strength and lifetime of the intermolecular forces. The reduction of aSyn mobility in the presence of NaCl ions leads to increased aggregation rates, which may be due to aggregation-competent conformations being stable for longer, thereby increasing the likelihood of establishing interactions between two adjacent monomers. In contrast, aSyn is more mobile when CsI is dissolved in the aqueous phase which leads to a reduction of successful monomeric interactions. We thus highlight the importance of the surrounding environment and describe how ion content can influence water mobility and the misfolding rate of amyloidogenic proteins, such as aSyn. By modulating the cellular environment to increase water mobility or finding small molecules to increase protein dynamics, new therapeutic targets may be found.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolbel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moons, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggerio, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmool, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nietlispach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobott, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeitler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski Schierle, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of water mobility in protein misfolding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.25.397836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering the LRRK code: LRRK1 and LRRK2 phosphorylate distinct Rab proteins and are regulated by diverse mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.25.397836v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much attention has focused on LRRK2, as autosomal dominant missense mutations that enhance its kinase activity cause inherited Parkinsons disease. LRRK2 regulates biology by phosphorylating a subset of Rab GTPases including Rab8A and Rab10 within its effector binding motif. In this study we explore whether LRRK1, a less studied homologue of LRRK2 that regulates growth factor receptor trafficking and osteoclast biology might also phosphorylate Rab proteins. Using mass spectrometry, we found that the endogenous Rab7A protein, phosphorylated at Ser72 was most impacted by LRRK1 knock-out. This residue is not phosphorylated by LRRK2 but lies at the equivalent site targeted by LRRK2 on Rab8A and Rab10. Accordingly, recombinant LRRK1 efficiently phosphorylated Rab7A at Ser72, but not Rab8A or Rab10. Employing a novel phospho-specific antibody, we found that phorbol ester stimulation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts markedly enhanced phosphorylation of Rab7A at Ser72 via LRRK1. We identify two LRRK1 mutations (K746G and I1412T), equivalent to the LRRK2 R1441G and I2020T Parkinsons mutations, that enhance LRRK1 mediated phosphorylation of Rab7A. We demonstrate that two regulators of LRRK2 namely Rab29 and VPS35[D620N], do not influence LRRK1. Widely used LRRK2 inhibitors do not inhibit LRRK1, but we identify a promiscuous Type-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor termed GZD-824 that inhibits both LRRK1 and LRRK2. Finally, we show that interaction of Rab7A with its effector RILP is not affected by high stoichiometry LRRK1 phosphorylation. Altogether, these finding reinforce the idea that the LRRK enzymes have evolved as major regulators of Rab biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malik, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karapetsas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirujogi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purlyte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourlay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.397836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering the LRRK code: LRRK1 and LRRK2 phosphorylate distinct Rab proteins and are regulated by diverse mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.23.394486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a multiplexed targeted mass spectrometry assay for LRRK2 phosphorylated Rabs and Ser910/Ser935 biomarker sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.23.394486v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations that increase the protein kinase activity of LRRK2 are one of the most common causes of familial Parkinsons disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases within their Switch-II motif, impacting interaction with effectors. We describe and validate a new, multiplexed targeted mass spectrometry assay to quantify endogenous levels of LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab substrates (Rab1, Rab3, Rab8, Rab10, Rab35 and Rab43) as well as total levels of Rabs, LRRK2 and LRRK2-phosphorylated at the Ser910 and Ser935 biomarker sites. Exploiting this assay, we quantify for the first time the relative levels of each of the pRab proteins in different cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts, human neutrophils) and mouse tissues (brain, kidney, lung and spleen). We define how these components are impacted by Parkinsons pathogenic mutations (LRRK2[R1441C] and VPS35[D620N]) and LRRK2 inhibitors. We find that the VPS35[D620N], but not LRRK2[R1441C] mutation, enhances Rab1 phosphorylation in a manner blocked by administration of an LRRK2 inhibitor, providing the first evidence that endogenous Rab1 is a physiological substrate for LRRK2. We exploit this assay to demonstrate that in Parkinsons patients with VPS35[D620N] mutations, phosphorylation of multiple Rab proteins (Rab1, Rab3, Rab8, Rab10 and Rab43) is elevated. We highlight the benefits of this assay over immunoblotting approaches currently deployed to assess LRRK2 Rab signalling pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nirujogi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimprich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a multiplexed targeted mass spectrometry assay for LRRK2 phosphorylated Rabs and Ser910/Ser935 biomarker sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.20.392175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-Associated Insolubility of Parkin in Human Midbrain is Linked to Redox Balance and Sequestration of Reactive Dopamine Metabolites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.20.392175v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which parkin protects the adult human brain from Parkinson disease remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that parkin cysteines participate in redox reactions, which are reflected in its posttranslational modifications. We found that in human control brain, including the S. nigra, parkin is largely insoluble after age 40 years, which is linked to its oxidation, e.g., at Cys95 and Cys253. In mice, oxidative stress increases posttranslational modifications at parkin cysteines and reduces its solubility. Oxidation of recombinant parkin also promotes insolubility and aggregate formation, but in parallel, lowers hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This thiol-based redox activity is diminished by parkin point mutants, e.g., p.C431F and p.G328E. Intriguingly, in parkin-deficient human brain H2O2 concentrations are elevated. In prkn-null mice, H2O2 levels are dysregulated under oxidative stress conditions, such as acutely by MPTP-toxin exposure or chronically due to a second genetic hit. In dopamine toxicity studies, wild-type parkin, but not disease-linked mutants, protects human dopaminergic M17 cells, in part through lowering H2O2. Parkin also neutralizes reactive, electrophilic dopamine metabolites via adduct formation, which occurs foremost at primate-specific Cys95. Further, wild-type but not p.C95A-mutant parkin augments melanin formation. In sections of normal, adult human midbrain, parkin specifically co-localizes with neuromelanin pigment, frequently within LAMP-3/CD63+ lysosomes. We conclude that oxidative modifications of parkin cysteines are associated with protective outcomes, which include the reduction of H2O2, conjugation of reactive dopamine metabolites, sequestration of radicals within insoluble aggregates, and increased melanin formation. The loss of these redox effects may augment oxidative stress in dopamine producing neurons of mutant PRKN allele carriers, thereby contributing to neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tokarew, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Kodsi, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengacher, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shutinoski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Nuallain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherzer, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takanashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattori, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zecca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmgren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puente, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woulfe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlossmacher, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.392175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-Associated Insolubility of Parkin in Human Midbrain is Linked to Redox Balance and Sequestration of Reactive Dopamine Metabolites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.12.380584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioinformatic and computational analysis reveals the prevalence and nature of PY motif-mediated protein-protein interactions in the Nedd4 family of ubiquitin ligases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.12.380584v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Nedd4 family contains several structurally related but functionally distinct HECT-type ubiquitin ligases. The members of the Nedd4 family are known to recognize substrates through their multiple WW domains, which recognize PY motifs (PPxY, LPxY) or phospho-threonine or phospho-serine residues. To better understand substrate specificity across the Nedd4 family, we report the development and implementation of a python-based tool, PxYFinder, to identify PY motifs in the primary sequences of previously identified interactors of Nedd4 and related ligases. Using PxYFinder, we find that, on average, half of Nedd4 family interactions are PY-motif mediated. Further, we find that PPxY motifs are more prevalent than LPxY motifs and are more likely to occur in proline-rich regions. Further, PPxY regions are more disordered on average relative to LPxY-containing regions. Informed by consensus sequences for PY motifs across the Nedd4 interactome, we rationally designed a peptide library and employed a computational screen, revealing sequence- and biomolecular interaction-dependent determinants of WW-domain/PY-motif interactions. Cumulatively, our efforts provide a new bioinformatic tool and expand our understanding of sequence and structural factors that contribute to PY-motif mediated substrate recognition across the Nedd4 family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatstat, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCafferty, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.380584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioinformatic and computational analysis reveals the prevalence and nature of PY motif-mediated protein-protein interactions in the Nedd4 family of ubiquitin ligases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.02.365775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The industrial solvent trichloroethylene induces LRRK2 kinase activity and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.02.365775v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene-environment interaction is implicated in the majority of idiopathic Parkinsons disease (PD) risk, and some of the most widespread environmental contaminants are selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons. Pesticides have long been connected to PD incidence, however, it has become increasingly apparent that other industrial byproducts likely influence neurodegeneration. For example, organic solvents, which are used in chemical, machining, and dry-cleaning industries, are of growing concern, as decades of solvent use and their effluence into the environment has contaminated much of the worlds groundwater and soil. Like some pesticides, certain organic solvents, such as the chlorinated halocarbon trichloroethylene (TCE), are mitochondrial toxicants, which are collectively implicated in the pathogenesis of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Recently, we hypothesized a possible gene-environment interaction may occur between environmental mitochondrial toxicants and the protein kinase LRRK2, mutations of which are the most common genetic cause of familial and sporadic PD. In addition, emerging data suggests that elevated wildtype LRRK2 kinase activity also contributes to the pathogenesis of idiopathic PD. To this end, we investigated whether chronic, systemic TCE exposure (200 mg/kg) in aged rats produced wildtype LRRK2 activation and influenced predegenerative dopaminergic dysfunction. Interestingly, we found that TCE not only induced LRRK2 kinase activity in the brain, but produced a significant dopaminergic lesion in the nigrostriatal tract, elevated oxidative stress, and caused endolysosomal dysfunction and protein accumulation (-synuclein). Together, these data suggest that TCE-induced LRRK2 kinase activity contributed to the selective toxicity of dopaminergic neurons. We conclude that gene-environment interactions between certain industrial contaminants and LRRK2 likely influence PD risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castro, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodle, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenamyre, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Miranda, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.365775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The industrial solvent trichloroethylene induces LRRK2 kinase activity and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.22.351221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
echolocatoR: an automated end-to-end statistical and functional genomic fine-mapping pipeline 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.22.351221v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryecholocatoR integrates a diverse suite of statistical and functional fine-mapping tools in order to identify, test enrichment in, and visualize high-confidence causal consensus variants in any phenotype. It requires minimal input from users (a summary statistics file), can be run in a single R function, and provides extensive access to relevant datasets (e.g. reference linkage disequilibrium (LD) panels, quantitative trait loci (QTL) datasets, genome-wide annotations, cell type-specific epigenomics, thereby enabling rapid, robust and scalable end-to-end fine-mapping investigations.

Availability and implementationecholocatoR is an open-source R package available through GitHub under the MIT license: https://github.com/RajLabMSSM/echolocatoR
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilder, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[echolocatoR: an automated end-to-end statistical and functional genomic fine-mapping pipeline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.22.340158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping of Parkinson's disease susceptibility loci identifies putative causal variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.22.340158v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent genome-wide association studies have identified 78 loci associated with Parkinsons Disease susceptibility but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. To identify variants likely causal for disease risk, we fine-mapped these Parkinsons-associated loci using four different statistical and functional fine-mapping methods. We then integrated multi-assay cell-type-specific epigenomic profiles to pinpoint the likely mechanism of action of each variant, allowing us to identify Consensus SNPs that disrupt LRRK2 and FCGR2A regulatory elements in microglia, MBNL2 enhancers in oligodendrocytes, and DYRK1A enhancers in neurons. Finally, we confirmed the functional relevance of fine-mapped SNPs using a suite of in silico validation approaches. Together, these results provide a robust list of likely causal variants underlying Parkinsons Disease risk for further mechanistic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilder, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.340158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping of Parkinson's disease susceptibility loci identifies putative causal variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.21.336578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E3 ligase TRIM1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 and controls its localization, degradation, and toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.21.336578v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Missense mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinsons Disease (PD); however, pathways regulating LRRK2 subcellular localization, function, and turnover are not fully defined. We performed quantitative mass spectrometry-based interactome studies to identify 48 novel LRRK2 interactors, including the microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM1 (Tripartite Motif Family 1). TRIM1 recruits LRRK2 to the microtubule cytoskeleton for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by binding LRRK2911-920, a nine amino acid segment within a flexible interdomain region (LRRK2853-981), which we designate the "Regulatory Loop" (RL). Phosphorylation of LRRK2 Ser910/Ser935 within LRRK2 RL serves as a molecular switch controlling LRRK2s association with cytoplasmic 14-3-3 versus microtubule-bound TRIM1. Association with TRIM1 modulates LRRK2s interaction with Rab29 and prevents upregulation of LRRK2 kinase activity by Rab29 in an E3-ligase-dependent manner. Finally, TRIM1 rescues neurite outgrowth deficits caused by PD-driving mutant LRRK2 G2019S. Our data suggest that TRIM1 is a critical regulator of LRRK2, controlling its degradation, localization, binding partners, kinase activity, and cytotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stormo, A. E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzGibbon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shavarebi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earley, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verschueren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skibinski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravisankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Haren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Dollen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirescu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iaccarino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauer, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiniker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.336578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E3 ligase TRIM1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 and controls its localization, degradation, and toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.13.337857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau pathology spreads between anatomically-connected regions of the brain and is modulated by a LRRK2 mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.13.337857v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tau pathology is a diagnostic feature of Alzheimers disease (AD) but is also a prominent feature of Parkinsons disease (PD), including genetic forms of PD with mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). In both diseases, tau pathology is progressive and correlates with cognitive decline. Neuropathological staging studies in humans and mouse models have suggested that tau spreads through the brain, but it is unclear how neuroanatomical connections, spatial proximity, and regional vulnerability contribute to pathology spread. Further, it is unknown how mutations in the LRRK2 gene may modulate susceptibility to tau pathologys initiation or spread. In this study, we used seed-based models of tauopathy to capture spatiotemporal patterns of pathology in mice. Following the injection of AD brain-derived tau into the brains of non-transgenic mice, tau pathology spreads progressively through the brain in a spatiotemporal pattern that is well-explained by anatomical connectivity. We validated and compared network models based on diffusion along anatomical connections to predict tau spread, estimate regional vulnerability to tau pathology, and investigate gene expression patterns related to regional vulnerability. We further investigated tau pathology spread in mice harboring a mutation in LRRK2 and found that while tau pathology spread is still constrained by anatomical connectivity, it spreads preferentially in a retrograde direction to regions that are otherwise resilient in wildtype mice. This study provides a quantitative demonstration that tau pathology spreads along anatomical connections, explores the kinetics of this spread, and provides a platform for investigating the effect of genetic risk factors and treatments on the progression of tauopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornblath, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changolkar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gathagan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olufemi, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, V. M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.337857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau pathology spreads between anatomically-connected regions of the brain and is modulated by a LRRK2 mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.08.873620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catechol-Containing Compounds are a Broad Class of Amyloid Inhibitors: I. Redox State is a Key Determinant of the Activities of the Inhibitory Activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.08.873620v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms of amyloid inhibition remains poorly understood, in part because most protein targets of amyloid assembly are partially unfolded or intrinsically disordered, which hinders detailed structural characterization of protein-inhibitor complexes and structural-based mechanistic elucidation. Herein we employed a small molecule screening approach to identify inhibitors against three prototype amyloidogenic proteins: amylin, A{beta} and tau. One remarkable class of inhibitors identified was catechol-containing compounds and redox-related quinones/anthraquinones. Further mechanistic studies determined that the redox state of the broad class of catechol-containing compounds is a key determinant of the amyloid inhibitor activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velander, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildreth, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelaar, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.873620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catechol-Containing Compounds are a Broad Class of Amyloid Inhibitors: I. Redox State is a Key Determinant of the Activities of the Inhibitory Activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.12.324152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of the first selective M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists with in vivo anti-parkinsonian and anti-dystonic efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.12.324152v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-selective antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that broadly inhibit all five mAChR subtypes provide an efficacious treatment for some movement disorders, including Parkinson disease and dystonia. Despite their efficacy in these and other central nervous system disorders, anti-muscarinic therapy has limited utility due to severe adverse effects that often limit their tolerability by patients. Recent advances in understanding the roles that each mAChR subtype plays in disease pathology suggest that highly selective ligands for individual subtypes may underlie the anti-parkinsonian and anti-dystonic efficacy observed with the use of non-selective anti-muscarinic therapeutics. Our recent work has indicated that the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor has several important roles in opposing aberrant neurotransmitter release, intracellular signaling pathways, and brain circuits associated with movement disorders. This raises the possibility that selective antagonists of M4 may recapitulate the efficacy of non-selective anti-muscarinic therapeutics and may decrease or eliminate the adverse effects associated with these drugs. However, this has not been directly tested due to lack of selective antagonists of M4. Here we utilize genetic mAChR knockout animals in combination with non-selective mAChR antagonists to confirm that the M4 receptor underlies the locomotor-stimulating and anti-parkinsonian efficacy in rodent models. We also report the synthesis, discovery, and characterization of the first-in-class selective M4 antagonists VU6013720, VU6021302, and VU6021625 and confirm that these optimized compounds have anti-parkinsonian and anti-dystonic efficacy in pharmacological and genetic models of movement disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moehle, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donsante, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryany, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niswender, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.324152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of the first selective M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists with in vivo anti-parkinsonian and anti-dystonic efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.08.139675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rab29 knock-out or transgenic overexpression does not impact basal LRRK2 activity in wildtype and pathogenic mouse and cell line models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.08.139675v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations that enhance LRRK2 protein kinase activity cause inherited Parkinsons disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a group of Rab GTPase proteins, including Rab10 and Rab12, within the effector-binding switch-II motif. Previous work has indicated that the PARK16 locus, which harbors the gene encoding for Rab29, is involved in Parkinsons, and that Rab29 operates in a common pathway with LRRK2. Co-expression of Rab29 and LRRK2 stimulates LRRK2 activity by recruiting LRRK2 to the surface of the trans Golgi network. Here we report that knock-out of Rab29 does not influence endogenous LRRK2 activity, based on assessment of Rab10 and Rab12 phosphorylation, in wildtype LRRK2, LRRK2[R1441C] or VPS35[D620N] knock-in mouse tissues and primary cell lines, including brain extracts and embryonic fibroblasts. We find that in brain extracts, Rab12 phosphorylation is more robustly impacted by LRRK2 inhibitors and pathogenic mutations than Rab10 phosphorylation. Transgenic overexpression of Rab29 in a mouse model was also insufficient to stimulate basal LRRK2 activity. We observed that monovalent cation ionophore antibiotics nigericin and monensin enhance LRRK2-mediated Rab10 and Rab12 phosphorylation 4 to 9-fold, in a manner that is independent from Rab29. Moderate stimulation of Rab10 and Rab12 induced by lysosome stressors chloroquine and LLOMe was also not regulated by Rab29. Our findings indicate that basal, pathogenic, as well as nigericin and monensin stimulated LRRK2 pathway activity is not controlled by Rab29. Further work is required to establish how LRRK2 activity is regulated, and whether other Rab proteins can control LRRK2 by targeting it to diverse membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalogeropulou, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polinski, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.139675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rab29 knock-out or transgenic overexpression does not impact basal LRRK2 activity in wildtype and pathogenic mouse and cell line models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.09.289009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of SPG11/spatacsin regulates binding with a subset of 14-3-3 proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.09.289009v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in SPG11, encoding spatacsin, constitute the major cause of autosomal recessive Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) with thinning of the corpus callosum. Previous studies showed that spatacsin orchestrates cellular traffic events through the formation of a coat-like complex and its loss of function results in lysosomal and axonal transport impairments. However, the upstream mechanisms that regulate spatacsin trafficking are unknown. Here, using proteomics and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated tagging of endogenous spatacsin, we identified a subset of 14-3-3 proteins as physiological interactors of spatacsin. The interaction is modulated by Protein Kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation of spatacsin at Ser1955, which initiates spatacsin trafficking from the plasma membrane to the intracellular space. Our study provides novel insight in understanding spatacsin physio-pathological roles with mechanistic dissection of its associated pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cogo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomkins, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavouraki, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forcellato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franchin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessari, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrigoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cendron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Civiero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.289009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PKA-mediated phosphorylation of SPG11/spatacsin regulates binding with a subset of 14-3-3 proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.19.257725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A robust and versatile nanobody platform for drug delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.19.257725v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic and diagnostic efficacies of numerous small biomolecules and chemical compounds are hampered by the short half-lives. Here we report the development of a repertoire of diverse, high-affinity albumin-nanobodies (NbHSA) to facilitate drug delivery. By integrating biophysics, and hybrid structural biology, we have systematically characterized the NbHSA for albumin binding, mapped the epitopes, and resolved the architecture of a tetrameric Nb-albumin complex. We employed quantitative proteomics for accurate, multiplex Nb pharmacokinetic analysis. Using a humanized albumin mouse model, we found that the NbHSA has outstanding pharmacokinetics; the most stable NbHSA has a 771-fold T1/2 improvement compared with a control Nb. Interestingly, the pharmacokinetics of NbHSA is related to their biophysical and structural properties. To demonstrate the utility of NbHSA, we developed a highly stable NbHSA-hIL-2 cytokine conjugate "Duraleukin" and confirmed its improved anticancer properties than hIL-2 alone. We envision that this high-quality Nb resource will advance research into novel biotherapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman-Duhovny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.257725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A robust and versatile nanobody platform for drug delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.09.243584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Urinary proteome profiling for stratifying patients with familial Parkinsons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.09.243584v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of Parkinsons disease (PD) is increasing but the development of novel treatment strategies and therapeutics altering the course of the disease would benefit from specific, sensitive and non-invasive biomarkers to detect PD early. Here, we describe a scalable and sensitive mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic workflow for urinary proteome profiling. Our workflow enabled the reproducible quantification of more than 2,000 proteins in more than 200 urine samples using minimal volumes from two independent patient cohorts. The urinary proteome was significantly different between PD patients and healthy controls, as well as between LRRK2 G2019S carriers and non-carriers in both cohorts. Interestingly, our data revealed lysosomal dysregulation in individuals with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. When combined with machine learning, the urinary proteome data alone was sufficient to classify mutation status and disease manifestation in mutation carriers remarkably well, identifying VGF, ENPEP and other PD-associated proteins as the most discriminating features. Taken together, our results validate urinary proteomics as a valuable strategy for biomarker discovery and patient stratification in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Virreira Winter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karayel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surface, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.09.243584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urinary proteome profiling for stratifying patients with familial Parkinsons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.11.986455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic LRRK2 R1441C mutation is associated with striatal alterations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.11.986455v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LRRK2 mutations are associated with both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinsons disease (PD). Convergent evidence suggests that LRRK2 plays critical roles in regulating striatal function. Here, by using knock-in mouse lines that express the two most common LRRK2 pathogenic mutations--G2019S and R1441C--we investigated how pathogenic LRRK2 mutations altered striatal physiology. We found that R1441C mice displayed a reduced nigrostriatal dopamine release and hypoexcitability in indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons. These alterations were associated with an impaired striatal-dependent motor learning. This deficit in motor learning was rescued following the subchronic administration of the LRRK2 kinase inhibitor Mli-2. In contrast, though a decreased release of dopamine was observed in the G2019S knock-in mice no concomitant cellular and behavioral alterations were found. In summary, our data argue that the impact of LRRK2 mutations cannot be simply generalized. Our findings offer mechanistic insights for devising treatment strategies for PD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xenias, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugasundaram, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Situ, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scesa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisiadou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.986455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic LRRK2 R1441C mutation is associated with striatal alterations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.22.207340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Alpha-Synuclein Pathology in a Human Brain-Chip to Assess Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.22.207340v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease and related synucleinopathies are characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and gliosis in the substantia nigra. Although clinical evidence and in vitro studies indicate disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Parkinsons disease, the mechanisms mediating the endothelial dysfunction remain elusive. Lack of relevant models able to recapitulate the order of events driving the development of the disease in humans has been a significant bottleneck in the identification of specific successful druggable targets. Here we leveraged the Organs-on-Chips technology to engineer a human Brain-Chip representative of the substantia nigra area of the brain containing dopaminergic neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and microvascular brain endothelial cells, cultured under fluid flow. Our Syn fibril-induced model was capable of reproducing several key aspects of Parkinsons disease, including accumulation of phosphorylated Syn (pSer129-Syn), mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, and compromised barrier function. This model is poised to enable research into the dynamics of cell-cell interactions in human synucleinopathies and to serve as testing platform for novel therapeutic interventions, including target identification and target validation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pediaditakis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodella, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manatakis, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinojosa, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolakos, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karalis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.207340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Alpha-Synuclein Pathology in a Human Brain-Chip to Assess Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.20.212407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discordant transcriptional signatures of mitochondrial genes in Parkinson's disease human myeloid cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.20.212407v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increasing number of identified Parkinsons disease (PD) risk loci contain genes highly expressed in innate immune cells, yet their potential role in pathological mechanisms is not obvious. We have generated transcriptomic profiles of CD14+ monocytes from 230 individuals with sporadic PD and age-matched healthy subjects. We identified dysregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial and proteasomal function. We also generated transcriptomic profiles of primary microglia from autopsied brains of 55 PD and control subjects and observed discordant transcriptomic signatures of mitochondrial genes in PD monocytes and microglia. We further identified PD susceptibility genes, whose expression, relative to each risk allele, is altered in monocytes. These findings reveal that transcriptomic mitochondrial alterations are detectable in PD monocytes and are distinct from brain microglia, and facilitates efforts to understand the roles of myeloid cells in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navarro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Paiva Lopes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riboldi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilder, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snijders, G. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vialle, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyrou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elango, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanker, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramdhani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahfeldt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bressman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crary, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Witte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frucht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders-Pullman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.212407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discordant transcriptional signatures of mitochondrial genes in Parkinson's disease human myeloid cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.10.196097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations of Mitochondrial Genomic Variation with Corticobasal Degeneration, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and Neuropathological Tau Measures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.10.196097v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial health is important in ageing and dysfunctional oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) accelerates ageing and influences neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) codes for vital OXPHOS subunits and mtDNA background has been associated with neurodegeneration; however, no study has characterised mtDNA variation in Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) risk or pathogenesis. In this case-control study, 916 (42.5% male) neurologically-healthy controls, 1051 (54.1% male) pathologically-confirmed PSP cases, and 173 (51.4% male) pathologically-confirmed CBD cases were assessed to determine how stable mtDNA polymorphisms, in the form of mtDNA haplogroups, were associated with risk of PSP, risk of CBD, age of PSP onset, PSP disease duration, and neuropathological tau pathology measures for neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), neuropil threads (NT), tufted astrocytes (TA), and oligodendroglial coiled bodies (CB). 767 PSP cases and 152 CBD cases had quantitative tau pathology scores. mtDNA was genotyped for 39 unique SNPs using Agena Bioscience iPlex technologies and mitochondrial haplogroups were defined to mitochondrial phylogeny. After adjustment for multiple testing, we observed a significant association with risk of CBD for mtDNA sub-haplogroup H4 (OR=4.49, P=0.001) and the HV/HV0a haplogroup was associated with a decreased severity of NT tau pathology in PSP cases (P=0.0023). Our study reports that mitochondrial genomic background may be associated with risk of CBD and may be influencing tau pathology measures in PSP. Replication of these findings will be important.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rebecca R Valentino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikoleta Tamvaka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael G Heckman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick W Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandra I Soto-Beasley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald L Walton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shunsuke Koga</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan J Uitti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zbigniew K Wszolek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis W Dickson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen A Ross</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.196097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations of Mitochondrial Genomic Variation with Corticobasal Degeneration, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and Neuropathological Tau Measures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/721266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2 G2019S kinase activity triggers neurotoxic NSF aggregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/721266v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of protein aggregates in surviving neurons. LRRK2 G2019S mutation is one the major determinant of familial PD cases and leads to late-onset PD with pleomorphic pathology, including alpha-synuclein accumulation and deposition of protein inclusions. LRRK2 binds and phosphorylates N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF). We observed aggregates containing NSF in basal ganglia specimens from G2019S carrier PD patients and in cellular and animal models expressing the LRRK2 G2019S variant. We found that LRRK2 G2019S kinase activity induces the accumulation of NSF in toxic aggregates. Noteworthy, the induction of autophagy cleared NSF aggregation and rescued motor and cognitive impairment observed in aged hG2019S BAC mice. We suggest that LRRK2 G2019S pathological phosphorylation hampers substrate catabolism, thus causing the formation of cytotoxic protein inclusions.

HighlightsO_LILRRK2 phosphorylates NSF in vivo
C_LIO_LINSF aggregates in complementary LRRK2 G2019S models
C_LIO_LILRRK2 G2019S kinase activity induces NSF accumulation in toxic aggregates
C_LIO_LIAutophagy induction rescues hG2019S BAC mice motor and cognitive impairment
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pischedda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirnaru, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponzoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandopadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccoli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/721266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2 G2019S kinase activity triggers neurotoxic NSF aggregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.06.185066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into the complex genetic architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.06.185066v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic basis of Lewy body dementia (LBD) is not well understood. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing in large cohorts of LBD cases and neurologically healthy controls to study the genetic architecture of this understudied form of dementia and to generate a resource for the scientific community. Genome-wide association analysis identified five independent risk loci, whereas genome-wide gene-aggregation tests implicated mutations in the gene GBA. Genetic risk scores demonstrate that LBD shares risk profiles and pathways with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, providing a deeper molecular understanding of the complex genetic architecture of this age-related neurodegenerative condition.Competing Interest StatementThomas G. Beach is a consultant for Prothena, Vivid Genomics and Avid Radiopharmaceuticals. He is a scientific advisory board member for Vivid Genomics. John A. Hardy, Huw R. Morris, Stuart Pickering-Brown, Andrew B. Singleton, and Bryan J. Traynor hold US, EU and Canadian patents on the clinical testing and therapeutic intervention for the hexanucleotide repeat expansion of C9orf72. Michael A. Nalls is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International and the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; as a possible conflict of interest Dr. Nalls also consults for Neuron23 Inc., Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation and Vivid Genomics among others. Jose A. Palma is an editorial board member of Movement Disorders, Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders, BMC Neurology, and Clinical Autonomic Research. Bradley F. Boeve, James Leverenz, and Sonja W. Scholz serve on the Scientific Advisory Council of the Lewy Body Dementia Association. Sonja W. Scholz is an editorial board member for the Journal of Parkinson's Disease. Bryan J. Traynor is an editorial board member for JAMA Neurology; Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry; Brain; and Neurobiology of Aging. Zbigniew K. Wszolek serves as a principal investigator or co-principal investigator on Abbvie, Inc. (M15-562 and M15-563), Biogen, Inc. (228PD201) grant, and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (BHV4157-206 and BHV3241-301). Zbigniew K. Wszolek serves as the principal investigator of the Mayo Clinic American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA) Information and Referral Center, and as co-principal investigator of the Mayo Clinic APDA Center for Advanced Research. All other authors report no competing interests.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Atienzar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viollet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez-Fairen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portley, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramzon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkkinen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaunmuktane, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myllykangas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deerlin, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.185066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into the complex genetic architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.26.174276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis for Parkinson Disease Motor Subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.26.174276v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVETo discover genetic determinants of Parkinson disease (PD) motor subtypes, including Tremor Dominant (TD) and Postural Instability/Gait Difficulty (PIGD) forms.

METHODSIn 3,212 PD cases of European ancestry, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) examining two complementary outcome traits derived from the Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), including dichotomous motor subtype (TD vs. PIGD) or a continuous tremor / PIGD score ratio. Logistic or linear regression models were adjusted for sex, age of onset, disease duration, and 5 ancestry principal components, followed by meta-analysis.

RESULTSAmong 71 established PD risk variants, we detected multiple suggestive associations with PD motor subtype, including GPNMB (rs199347, psubtype = 0.01, pratio = 0.03), SH3GL2 (rs10756907, psubtype = 0.02, pratio = 0.01), HIP1R (rs10847864, psubtype = 0.02), RIT2 (rs12456492, psubtype = 0.02), and FBRSL1 (rs11610045, psubtype = 0.02). A PD genetic risk score integrating all 71 PD risk variants was also associated with subtype ratio (p = 0.026, {beta} = -0.04, 95% CI = -0.07, 0). Based on top results of our GWAS, we identify a novel suggestive association at the STK32B locus (rs2301857, pratio = 6.6x10-7), which harbors an independent risk allele for essential tremor.

CONCLUSIONSMultiple PD risk alleles may also modify clinical manifestations to influence PD motor subtype. The discovery of a novel variant at STK32B suggests a possible overlap between genetic risk for essential tremor and tremor-dominant PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alfradique-Dunham, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Ouran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Coelln, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stillwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosset, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouleau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.174276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis for Parkinson Disease Motor Subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.20.163063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct roles for RAB10 and RAB29 in pathogenic LRRK2-mediated endolysosomal trafficking alterations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.20.163063v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause familial Parkinsons disease, and sequence variations are associated with the sporadic form of the disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of RAB proteins implicated in secretory and recycling trafficking pathways, including RAB8A and RAB10. Another RAB protein, RAB29, has been reported to recruit LRRK2 to the Golgi where it stimulates its kinase activity. Our previous studies revealed that G2019S LRRK2 expression or knockdown of RAB8A deregulate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) trafficking, with a concomitant accumulation of the receptor in a RAB4-positive recycling compartment. Here, we show that the G2019S LRRK2-mediated EGFR deficits are mimicked by knockdown of RAB10 and rescued by expression of active RAB10. By contrast, RAB29 knockdown is without effect, but expression of RAB29 also rescues the pathogenic LRRK2-mediated trafficking deficits independently of Golgi integrity. Our data suggest that G2019S LRRK2 deregulates endolysosomal trafficking by impairing the function of RAB8A and RAB10, whilst RAB29 positively modulates non-Golgi-related trafficking events impaired by pathogenic LRRK2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivero-Rios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romo-Lozano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fdez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.20.163063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct roles for RAB10 and RAB29 in pathogenic LRRK2-mediated endolysosomal trafficking alterations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.15.151514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization and validation of 15 α-synuclein conformation-specific antibodies using well-characterized preparations of α-synuclein monomers, fibrils and oligomers with distinct structures and morphology: How specific are the conformation-specific α-synuclein antibodies? 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.15.151514v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence suggests that alpha-synuclein (-syn) oligomers are obligate intermediates in the pathway involved in -syn fibrillization and Lewy body (LB) formation, and may also accumulate within LBs in Parkinsons disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. Therefore, the development of tools and methods to detect and quantify -syn oligomers has become increasingly crucial for mechanistic studies to understand the role of these oligomers in PD, and to develop new diagnostic methods and therapies for PD and other synucleinopathies. The majority of these tools and methods rely primarily on the use of aggregation state-specific or conformation-specific antibodies. Given the impact of the data and knowledge generated using these antibodies on shaping the foundation and directions of -syn and PD research, it is crucial that these antibodies are thoroughly characterized, and their specificity or ability to capture diverse -syn species is tested and validated. Herein, we describe an antibody characterization and validation pipeline that allows a systematic investigation of the specificity of -syn antibodies using well-defined and well-characterized preparations of various -syn species, including monomers, fibrils, and different oligomer preparations that are characterized by distinct morphological, chemical and secondary structure properties. This pipeline was used to characterize 18 -syn antibodies, 16 of which have been reported as conformation- or oligomer-specific antibodies, using an array of techniques, including immunoblot analysis (slot blot and Western blot), a digital ELISA assay using single molecule array technology and surface plasmon resonance. Our results show that i) none of the antibodies tested are specific for one particular type of -syn species, including monomers, oligomers or fibrils; ii) all antibodies that were reported to be oligomer-specific also recognized fibrillar -syn; and iii) a few antibodies showed high specificity for oligomers and fibrils but did not bind to monomers. These findings suggest that the great majority of -syn aggregate-specific antibodies do not differentiate between oligomers and fibrils, thus highlighting the importance of exercising caution when interpreting results obtained using these antibodies. Our results also underscore the critical importance of the characterization and validation of antibodies before their use in mechanistic studies and as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. This will not only improve the quality and reproducibility of research and reduce costs but will also reduce the number of therapeutic antibody failures in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagannath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderstichele, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoops, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashuel, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.151514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization and validation of 15 α-synuclein conformation-specific antibodies using well-characterized preparations of α-synuclein monomers, fibrils and oligomers with distinct structures and morphology: How specific are the conformation-specific α-synuclein antibodies?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.03.894410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathway-specific deregulation of striatal excitatory synapses in LRRK2 mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.03.894410v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LRRK2 is a kinase expressed in striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs), cells which lose dopaminergic input in Parkinsons disease (PD). R1441C and G2019S are the most common pathogenic mutations of LRRK2. How these mutations alter the structure and function of individual synapses on direct and indirect pathway SPNs is unknown and may reveal pre-clinical changes in dopamine-recipient neurons that predispose towards disease. Here, R1441C and G2019S knock-in mice enabled thorough evaluation of dendritic spines and synapses on pathway-identified SPNs. Biochemical synaptic preparations and super-resolution imaging revealed increased levels and altered organization of glutamatergic AMPA receptors in LRRK2 mutants. Relatedly, decreased frequency of excitatory post-synaptic currents accompanied changes in dendritic spine nano-architecture, and single-synapse currents, evaluated using 2-photon glutamate uncaging. Overall, LRRK2 mutations reshaped synaptic structure and function, an effect exaggerated in R1441C dSPNs. These data open the possibility of new neuroprotective therapies aimed at SPN synapse function, prior to disease onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozorovitskiy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisiadou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.03.894410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathway-specific deregulation of striatal excitatory synapses in LRRK2 mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.08.140798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Observation of an α-synuclein liquid droplet state and its maturation into Lewy body-like assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.08.140798v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolded -synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies, which are a hallmark of Parkinsons disease. A large body of evidence shows that -synuclein can self-assemble into amyloid fibrils, but the relationship between amyloid formation and Lewy body formation still remains unclear. Here we show, both in vitro and in a C. elegans model of Parkinsons disease, that -synuclein undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation by forming a liquid droplet state, which converts into an amyloid-rich hydrogel. This maturation process towards the amyloid state is delayed in the presence of model synaptic vesicles in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that the formation of Lewy bodies is linked to the arrested maturation of -synuclein condensates in the presence of lipids and other cellular components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardenberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnige, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuxreiter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski Schierle, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nollen, E. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendruscolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Observation of an α-synuclein liquid droplet state and its maturation into Lewy body-like assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.10.940999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of species and processing parameters on recovery and content of brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.10.940999v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes by shuttling material out of and between cells. Tissue EVs may thus lend insights into disease mechanisms and also betray disease when released into easily accessed biological fluids. Since brain-derived EVs (bdEVs) and their cargo may serve as biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, we evaluated modifications to a published, rigorous protocol for separation of EVs from brain tissue and studied effects of processing variables on quantitative and qualitative outcomes. To this end, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation were compared as final separation steps in protocols involving stepped ultracentrifugation. bdEVs were separated from brain tissues of human, macaque, and mouse. Effects of tissue perfusion and a model of post-mortem interval (PMI) before final bdEV separation were probed. MISEV2018-compliant EV characterization was performed, and both small RNA and protein profiling were done. We conclude that the modified, SEC-employing protocol achieves EV separation efficiency roughly similar to a protocol using gradient density ultracentrifugation, while decreasing operator time and, potentially, variability. The protocol appears to yield bdEVs of higher purity for human tissues compared with those of macaque and, especially, mouse, suggesting opportunities for optimization. Where possible, perfusion should be performed in animal models. The interval between death/tissue storage/processing and final bdEV separation can also affect bdEV populations and composition and should thus be recorded for rigorous reporting. Finally, different populations of EVs obtained through the modified method reported herein display characteristic RNA and protein content that hint at biomarker potential. To conclude, this study finds that the automatable and increasingly employed technique of SEC can be applied to tissue EV separation, and also reveals more about the importance of species-specific and technical considerations when working with tissue EVs. These results are expected to enhance the use of bdEVs in revealing and understanding brain disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchinovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahairaki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haughey, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vella, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.940999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of species and processing parameters on recovery and content of brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.01.128348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of small molecule induced changes in Parkinson's-related trafficking via the Nedd4 ubiquitin signaling cascade 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.01.128348v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The benzdiimidazole NAB2 rescues -synuclein-associated trafficking defects associated with early onset Parkinsons disease in a Nedd4-dependent manner. Despite identification of E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 as a putative target of NAB2, its molecular mechanism of action has not been elucidated. As such, the effect of NAB2 on Nedd4 activity and specificity was interrogated through biochemical, biophysical, and proteomic analyses. NAB2 was found to bind Nedd4 (KDapp = 42 nM), but this binding is side chain mediated and does not alter its conformation or ubiquitination kinetics in vitro. Nedd4 co-localizes with trafficking organelles, and NAB2 exposure did not alter its colocalization. Ubiquitin-enrichment coupled proteomics revealed that NAB2 stimulates ubiquitination of trafficking and transport associated proteins, most likely through modulating the substrate specificity of Nedd4, providing a putative protein network involved in the NAB2 mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatstat, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrendt, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englander, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCafferty, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.128348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of small molecule induced changes in Parkinson's-related trafficking via the Nedd4 ubiquitin signaling cascade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.01.127092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep sncRNA-seq of the PPMI cohort to study Parkinson's disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.01.127092v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coding and non-coding RNAs have diagnostic and prognostic importance in Parkinsons diseases (PD). We studied circulating small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in 7, 003 samples from two longitudinal PD cohorts (Parkinsons Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) and Luxembourg Parkinsons Study (NCER-PD)) and modelled their influence on the transcriptome. First, we sequenced sncRNAs in 5, 450 blood samples of 1, 614 individuals in PPMI. The majority of 323 billion reads (59 million reads per sample) mapped to miRNAs. Other covered RNA classes include piRNAs, rRNAs, snoRNAs, tRNAs, scaRNAs, and snRNAs. De-regulated miRNAs were associated with the disease and disease progression and occur in two distinct waves in the third and seventh decade of live. Originating mostly from a characteristic set of immune cells they resemble a systemic inflammation response and mitochondrial dysfunction, two hallmarks of PD. By profiling 1, 553 samples from 1, 024 individuals in the NCER-PD cohort using an independent technology, we validate relevant findings from the sequencing study. Finally, network analysis of sncRNAs and transcriptome sequencing of the original cohort identified regulatory modules emerging in progressing PD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kern, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehlmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahraman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grammes, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimaraes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poston, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balling, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geffers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollenhauer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keuren-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.127092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep sncRNA-seq of the PPMI cohort to study Parkinson's disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.13.093534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast purification of recombinant monomeric amyloid-β from E. coli and amyloid-β-mCherry aggregates from mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.13.093534v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Alzheimers disease related peptide, Amyloid-beta (A{beta})1-40 and 1-42, has proven difficult to be purified as a recombinant monomeric protein due its expression in E. coli leading to the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies and its tendency to quickly form insoluble aggregates. A vast array of methods have been used so far, yet many have pitfalls, such as the use of tags for ease of A{beta} isolation, the formation of A{beta} multimers within the time frame of extraction or the need to reconstitute A{beta} from a freeze dried state. Here, we present a rapid protocol to produce highly pure and monomeric recombinant A{beta} using a one-step ion exchange purification method and to label the peptide using a maleimide dye. The solublisation and purification steps take only three hours. We also present a protocol for the isolation of A{beta}-mCherry from mammalian cells.

HighlightsO_LIPurification of untagged, monomeric recombinant A{beta} from E. coli.
C_LIO_LIA fast protocol; 6 hours for E. coli growth and A{beta} expression, 2 hours to clean inclusion bodies, 45 mins to solublise and purify the peptide.
C_LIO_LINo freeze drying step that can lead to oligomer formation.
C_LIO_LIPurification of fluorescent A{beta}-mCherry from mammalian cells.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski Schierle, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast purification of recombinant monomeric amyloid-β from E. coli and amyloid-β-mCherry aggregates from mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.13.093286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purification of recombinant α-Synuclein: a comparison of commonly used protocols 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.13.093286v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The insoluble aggregated form of the protein alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is associated with synucleinopathies, such as Parkinsons Disease, therefore great effort is put into understanding why and how this initially soluble protein misfolds. The initial state of aSyn, e.g. presence of contaminants, adducts, oligomers or degradation products, can greatly influence the outcome of an assay, such as determining its aggregation kinetics. Here, we compare four commonly used protocols for the isolation of recombinant aSyn from E. coli by boiling, acid precipitation, ammonium sulphate precipitation and periplasmic lysis followed by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. We identified, using non-denaturing electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry of the differently extracted aSyn samples, that aSyn isolated by acid precipitation and periplasmic lysis yielded the highest percentage of monomer, 100% and 96.5% respectively. aSyn purity was again highest in samples isolated by acid precipitation and periplasmic lysis, yet aggregation assays displayed differences in the aggregation rate of aSyn isolated by all four methods.

HighlightsO_LIA rapid protocol; expression day one, two step purification day two.
C_LIO_LIThe periplasmic lysis-based protocol yielded 95% pure aSyn.
C_LIO_LIAcid precipitation and periplasmic lysis-based protocols yielded the highest proportion of monomeric aSyn at 100% and 96.5%, respectively.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matak-Vinkovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski Schierle, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purification of recombinant α-Synuclein: a comparison of commonly used protocols]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.11.089078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protection from α-synuclein-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration by overexpression of the mitochondrial import receptor TOM20 in the rat midbrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.11.089078v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra are selectively vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is hypothesized to be an early and fundamental pathogenic mechanism in Parkinsons disease (PD). Mitochondrial function depends on the successful import of nuclear-encoded proteins, many of which are transported through the TOM20-TOM22 outer mitochondrial membrane import receptor machinery. Recent data suggests that post-translational modifications of -synuclein promote its interaction with TOM20 at the outer mitochondrial membrane and thereby inhibit normal protein import, which leads to dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons. As such, preservation of mitochondrial import in the face of -synuclein accumulation might be a strategy to prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration, however, this is difficult to assess using current in vivo models of PD. To this end, we established an exogenous co-expression system, utilizing AAV2 vectors to overexpress human -synuclein and TOM20, individually or together, in the adult Lewis rat substantia nigra in order to assess whether TOM20 overexpression attenuates -synuclein-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Twelve weeks after viral injection, we observed that AAV2-TOM20 expression was sufficient to prevent loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by AAV2-Syn overexpression. The observed TOM20-mediated dopaminergic neuron preservation appeared to be due, in part, to the rescued import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins that were inhibited by -synuclein overexpression. In addition, TOM20 overexpression rescued the import of the chaperone protein GRP75/mtHSP70/mortalin, a stress-response protein involved in -synuclein-induced injury. Collectively, these data indicate that TOM20 expression prevents -synuclein-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, which is sufficient to rescue dopaminergic neurons in the adult rat brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Miranda, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenamyre, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.089078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protection from α-synuclein-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration by overexpression of the mitochondrial import receptor TOM20 in the rat midbrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.05.079228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale pathway-specific polygenic risk, transcriptomic community networks and functional inferences in Parkinson disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.05.079228v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic inheritance plays a central role in Parkinson disease (PD). A priority in elucidating PD etiology lies in defining the biological basis of genetic risk. Unraveling how risk leads to disruption will yield disease-modifying therapeutic targets that may be effective. Here, we utilized a high-throughput and hypothesis-free approach to determine biological pathways underlying PD using the largest currently available cohorts of genetic data and gene expression data from International Parkinsons Disease Genetics Consortium (IPDGC) and the Accelerating Medicines Partnership - Parkinsons disease initiative (AMP-PD), among other sources. We placed these insights into a cellular context. We applied large-scale pathway-specific polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses to assess the role of common variation on PD risk in a cohort of 457,110 individuals by focusing on a compilation of 2,199 publicly annotated gene sets representative of curated pathways, of which we nominate 46 pathways associated with PD risk. We assessed the impact of rare variation on PD risk in an independent cohort of whole-genome sequencing data, including 4,331 individuals. We explored enrichment linked to expression cell specificity patterns using single-cell gene expression data and demonstrated a significant risk pattern for adult dopaminergic neurons, serotonergic neurons, and radial glia. Subsequently, we created a novel way of building de novo pathways by constructing a network expression community map using transcriptomic data derived from the blood of 1,612 PD patients, which revealed 54 connecting networks associated with PD. Our analyses highlight several promising pathways and genes for functional prioritization and provide a cellular context in which such work should be done.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Atienzar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez-Fairen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkamani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherzer, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bookman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale pathway-specific polygenic risk, transcriptomic community networks and functional inferences in Parkinson disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.27.053694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein synthesis is suppressed in sporadic and familial Parkinson's Disease by LRRK2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.27.053694v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gain of function LRRK2-G2019S is the most common mutation associated with both familial and sporadic Parkinsons disease. It is expected therefore that understanding the cellular function of LRRK2 will provide much needed insight on the pathological mechanism of sporadic Parkinsons, which is the most common form. Here we show that constitutive LRRK2 activity represses nascent protein synthesis in rodent neurons. Specifically, enzymatic inhibition of LRRK2, gene silencing or gene knockout of Lrrk2 increase translation. In the rotenone model of Parkinsons, LRRK2 activity increases, leading to repression of translation and dopaminergic neuron atrophy both of which are prevented by LRRK2 inhibition. This is accompanied by altered phosphorylation of eIF2-S52({uparrow}), eIF2s2-S2({downarrow}) and eEF2-T57({uparrow}) in striatum/substantia nigra in a direction that signifies inhibition of protein synthesis. Significantly, LRRK2 is activated and translation is 40% reduced in Parkinsons patient fibroblasts (G2019S and sporadic) and LRRK2 inhibition restores normal translation. In contrast, translation is unchanged in cells from multiple system atrophy patients, implying disease specificity. These findings suggest that LRRK2-dependent repression of translation may be a proximal function of LRRK2 in Parkinsons pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinkman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltseva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltonen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaasinen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.053694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein synthesis is suppressed in sporadic and familial Parkinson's Disease by LRRK2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.28.065664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab10 sequesters Myosin Va with RILPL2 during ciliogenesis blockade 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.28.065664v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activating mutations in LRRK2 kinase cause Parkinsons disease. Pathogenic LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases and blocks ciliogenesis. Thus, defining novel phospho-Rab interacting partners is critical to our understanding of the molecular basis of LRRK2 pathogenesis. RILPL2 binds with strong preference to LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab8A and Rab10. RILPL2 is a binding partner of the motor protein and Rab effector, Myosin Va. We show here that the globular tail domain of Myosin Va also contains a high affinity binding site for LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab10, and certain tissue-specific Myosin Va isoforms strongly prefer to bind phosphorylated Rab10. In the presence of pathogenic LRRK2, RILPL2 relocalizes to the peri-centriolar region in a phosphoRab10- and Myosin Va-dependent manner. In the absence of phosphoRab10, expression of RILPL2 or depletion of Myosin Va increase centriolar RILPL2 levels, and either condition is sufficient to block ciliogenesis in RPE cells. These experiments show that LRRK2 generated phosphoRab10 dramatically redistributes Myosin Va-RILPL2 complexes to the mother centriole, which may sequester Myosin Va and RILPL2 in a manner that blocks their normal roles in ciliogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanatori, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhekne, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vides, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.065664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab10 sequesters Myosin Va with RILPL2 during ciliogenesis blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.26.062380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinson Disease-Linked Parkin Mediates Redox Reactions That Lower Oxidative Stress In Mammalian Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.26.062380v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently hypothesized that parkin plays a role in redox homeostasis and provided evidence that it directly reduces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro. Here, we examined this anti-oxidant activity in vivo. Informed by findings in human brain, we demonstrate that elevated oxidative stress promotes parkin insolubility in mice. In normal mouse brain parkin was partially oxidized, e.g., at cysteines 195 and 252, which was augmented by oxidative stress. Although under basal conditions H2O2 levels were unchanged in adult prkn-/- brain, a parkin-dependent reduction of cytosolic H2O2 was observed when mitochondria were impaired, either due to neurotoxicant exposure (MPTP) or Sod2 haploinsufficiency. In accordance, markers of oxidative stress, e.g., protein carbonylation and nitrotyrosination, were elevated in the cytosol but not in mitochondria from prkn-/- mice. Nevertheless, this rise in oxidative stress led to changes in mitochondrial enzyme activities and the metabolism of glutathione in cells and mammalian brain. In parkins absence reduced glutathione concentrations were increased including in human cortex. This compensation was not due to new glutathione synthesis but attributed to elevated oxidized glutathione (GSSG)-reductase activity. Moreover, we discovered that parkin also recycled GSSG to its reduced form. With this reaction, parkin became S-glutathionylated, e.g., at cysteines 59 and human-specific 95. This oxidative modification was reversed by glutaredoxin. Our results demonstrate that cytosolic parkin mediates anti-oxidant reactions including H2O2 reduction and glutathione regeneration. These reducing activities lead to a range of oxidative modifications in parkin itself. In parkin-deficient brain oxidative stress rises despite changes to maintain redox balance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El Kodsi, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarew, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengacher, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boston, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pileggi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shutinoski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaVoie, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takanashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattori, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratan, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zecca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puente, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmgren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlossmacher, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.062380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinson Disease-Linked Parkin Mediates Redox Reactions That Lower Oxidative Stress In Mammalian Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.16.044206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel USP30 inhibitor recapitulates genetic loss of USP30 and sets the trigger for PINK1-PARKIN amplification of mitochondrial ubiquitylation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.16.044206v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial deubiquitylase USP30 negatively regulates the selective autophagy of damaged mitochondria. It has been proposed as an actionable target to alleviate the loss of function of the mitophagy pathway governed by the Parkinsons Disease associated genes PINK1 and PRKN. We present the characterisation of a N-cyano pyrrolidine derived compound, FT3967385, with high selectivity for USP30. The compound is well tolerated with no loss of total mitochondrial mass. We demonstrate that ubiquitylation of TOM20, a component of the outer mitochondrial membrane import machinery that directly interacts with USP30, represents a robust biomarker for both USP30 loss and inhibition. We have conducted proteomics analyses on a SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cell line model to directly compare the effects of genetic loss of USP30 with selective inhibition in an unbiased fashion. We have thereby identified a subset of ubiquitylation events consequent to mitochondrial depolarisation that are USP30 sensitive. Within responsive elements of the ubiquitylome, several components of the outer mitochondrial membrane transport (TOM) complex are most prominent. Thus, our data support a model whereby USP30 can regulate the availability of ubiquitin at the specific site of mitochondrial PINK1 accumulation following membrane depolarisation. In this model, USP30 deubiquitylation of TOM complex components dampens the trigger for the Parkin-dependent amplification of mitochondrial ubiquitylation leading to mitophagy. Accordingly, PINK1 generation of phospho-Ser65 Ubiquitin proceeds more rapidly and to a greater extent in cells either lacking USP30 or subject to USP30 inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rusilowicz-Jones, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallinos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giurrandino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcassa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckmelter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser-Bricker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamoliatte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajbhiye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortiboys, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komander, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlijanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clague, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel USP30 inhibitor recapitulates genetic loss of USP30 and sets the trigger for PINK1-PARKIN amplification of mitochondrial ubiquitylation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.13.039172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of mammalian brain aging by the unfolded protein response (UPR) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.13.039172v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is the major risk factor for the development of dementia and neurodegenerative disorders, and the aging brain manifests severe deficits in buffering capacity by the proteostasis network. Accordingly, we investigated the significance of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a major signaling pathway that copes with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, to normal mammalian brain aging. Genetic disruption of ER stress sensor IRE1 accelerated cognitive and motor dysfunction during aging. Exogenous bolstering of the UPR by overexpressing an active form of the transcription factor XBP1 restored synaptic and cognitive function in addition to reducing cell senescence. Remarkably, proteomic profiling of hippocampal tissue indicated that XBP1s expression corrected age-related alterations in synaptic function. Collectively, our data demonstrate that strategies to manipulate the UPR sustain healthy brain aging.

One Sentence SummaryThe IRE1/XBP1 pathway dictates when and how brain function declines during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cabral Miranda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamburini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medinas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerakis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miedema, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran-Aniotz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardilles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibaceta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabusap, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermedo-Garcia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitangcol, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huerta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriquez, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.039172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of mammalian brain aging by the unfolded protein response (UPR)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.08.032250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poly(ADP-ribose) induces α-synuclein aggregation in neuronal-like cells andinteracts with phosphorylated α-synuclein in post mortem PD samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.08.032250v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPoly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a negatively charged polymer that is biosynthesized by Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and regulates various cellular processes. Alpha-synuclein (Syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) that has been directly implicated with driving the onset and progression of Parkinsons disease (PD). The mechanisms by which Syn elicits its neurotoxic effects remain unclear. Recent findings indicate that one of the key processes driving PD pathology are oligomeric species of Syn. Furthermore, it is well established that the main components of Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) in PD patients are aggregated hyperphosphorylated (S129) forms of Syn (pSyn).

MethodsWe used biochemical and immunofluorescence-based assays to explore if PARP-1 enzymatic product (PAR) drives the conversion of monomeric Syn into aggregated assemblies. We performed quantitative measurements using in situ proximity ligation assays (PLA) on a transgenic murine model of -synucleinopathy (M83-SNCA*A53T) and post-mortem PD/PDD patient samples to characterize PAR-pSyn interactions. Additionally, we used bioinformatic approaches and site-directed mutagenesis to identify PAR-binding regions on fibrillar Syn.

ResultsOur studies show that elevated intracellular levels of PAR promote the transition of Syn into higher molecular weight forms. We report that PAR-pSyn interactions are predominant in pathological states. Moreover, we confirm that the interactions between PAR and Syn involve electrostatic forces between negatively charged PAR and lysine residues on the N-terminal region of Syn.

ConclusionsPAR plays a critical role in the early stages of monomeric Syn aggregation, thereby attributing to PD pathogenesis. Based on our results, we report that PAR seeds monomeric Syn aggregation and directly interacts with phosphorylated Syn in conditions that are pathologically relevant to PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puentes, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel-Zhand, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, V. M.- Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mach, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.032250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poly(ADP-ribose) induces α-synuclein aggregation in neuronal-like cells andinteracts with phosphorylated α-synuclein in post mortem PD samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.07.029983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic LRRK2 regulates ciliation probability upstream of Tau Tubulin kinase 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.07.029983v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations that activate LRRK2 protein kinase cause Parkinsons disease. We have shown previously that Rab10 phosphorylation by LRRK2 enhances its binding to RILPL1 and together, these proteins block cilia formation in a variety of cell types including patient derived iPS cells. We have used live cell fluorescence microscopy to identify, more precisely, the effect of LRRK2 kinase activity on both the formation of cilia triggered by serum starvation and loss of cilia seen upon serum re-addition. LRRK2 activity decreases the overall probability of ciliation without changing the rates of cilia formation in R1441C LRRK2 MEF cells. Cilia loss in these cells is accompanied by ciliary decapitation. Kinase activity does not change the timing or frequency of decapitation or the rate of cilia loss, but increases the percent of cilia that are lost upon serum addition. LRRK2 activity, or overexpression of RILPL1 protein, blocks release of CP110 from the mother centriole, a step normally required for early ciliogenesis. In both cases, failure of CP110 uncapping was due to failure to recruit TTBK2, a kinase needed for CP110 release. In contrast, recruitment of EHD1, another step important for ciliogenesis, appears unaltered. These experiments provide critical detail to our understanding of the cellular consequences of pathogenic LRRK2 mutation, and indicate that LRRK2 blocks ciliogenesis upstream of TTBK2 and enhances the deciliation process in response to serum addition.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMutations that activate LRRK2 protein kinase cause Parkinsons disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases, in particular Rab8 and Rab10. Phosphorylated Rabs bind preferentially to a distinct set of effectors and block in primary ciliation in multiple cell types. We show here that the cilia blockade is upstream of the recruitment of TTBK2 kinase to the mother centriole, a step required for the release of CP110 and subsequent cilia formation. This study provides fundamental information related to how pathogenic LRRK2 interferes with normal cell physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sobu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wawro, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhekne, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.029983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic LRRK2 regulates ciliation probability upstream of Tau Tubulin kinase 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.25.008185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Method for Calculating Beta Band Burst Durations in Parkinson's Disease Using a Physiological Baseline 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.25.008185v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPathological bursts of neural activity in Parkinsons disease present as exaggerated subthalamic neuronal oscillations in the 8-30 Hz frequency range and are related to motor impairment.

New MethodThis study introduces a novel method for determining burst dynamics using a baseline that matches physiological 1/f spectrum activity. We used resting state local field potentials from people with Parkinsons disease and a simulated 1/f signal to measure beta burst durations, to demonstrate how tuning parameters (i.e., bandwidth and center frequency) affect burst durations, to compare this with high power threshold methods, and to study the effect of increasing neurostimulation intensities on burst duration.

ResultsBurst durations calculated using the Anderson method captured the longest and broadest distribution of burst durations in a pathological beta band compared to previous methods. Mean beta band burst durations were significantly shorter on compared to off neurostimulation (p = 0.011), and their distribution was shifted towards that of the physiological 1/f spectrum during increasing intensities of stimulation.

Comparison with Existing MethodExisting methods of measuring local field potential power either lack temporal specificity to detect bursts (power spectral density diagrams and spectrograms) or include only higher power bursts and portions of the neural signal.

ConclusionsWe suggest that this novel method is well suited to quantify the full range of fluctuations in beta band neural activity in the Parkinsonian brain. This method may reveal more relevant feedback biomarkers than averaged beta band power for future closed loop algorithms.

HighlightsA novel method for measuring variability in subthalamic local field potential oscillations in Parkinsons disease using a physiological baseline of power.

Modeling normal brain activity using a physiological 1/f spectrum.

Burst durations depend on choice of bandwidth and center frequency.

Defining an inert frequency band whose mean burst duration overlap the physiological 1/f spectrum, from which the baseline was determined.

Burst durations progressively shortened during increasing intensities of deep brain stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuville, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehnemouyi, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anidi, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrucci, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velisar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronte-Stewart, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.008185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Method for Calculating Beta Band Burst Durations in Parkinson's Disease Using a Physiological Baseline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.24.006148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PathoFact: A pipeline for the prediction of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes in metagenomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.24.006148v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPathogenic microorganisms cause disease by invading, colonizing and damaging their host. Virulence factors including bacterial toxins contribute to their pathogenicity. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance genes allow pathogens to evade otherwise curative treatments. To understand causal relationships between microbiome compositions, functioning, and disease, it is therefore essential to identify virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes in metagenomic datasets. At present, there is a clear lack of computational approaches to simultaneously identifying these factors. Here we present PathoFact, a tool for the contextualized prediction of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes in metagenomic data.

ResultsPathoFact predicts virulence factors, bacterial toxins and antimicrobial resistance genes with high accuracy (0.92, 0.83 and 0.99) and specificity (0.96, 0.99 and 0.98), respectively. The performance of PathoFact was furthermore demonstrated on three publicly available case-control metagenomic datasets representing an actual infection as well as chronic diseases in which either pathogenic potential or bacterial toxins were predicted to play a role. With PathoFact, we identified virulence factors (including toxins) and antimicrobial resistance genes, and identified signature genes which differentiated between the disease and control groups.

ConclusionPathoFact is an easy-to-use, modular, and reproducible pipeline for the identification of virulence factors, toxins and antimicrobial resistance genes in metagenomic data. Additionally, PathoFact combines the prediction of these pathogenicity factors with the identification of mobile genetic elements. This provides further depth to the analysis by considering the genomic context of the pertinent genes. Furthermore, each module (virulence factors, toxin and antimicrobial resistance genes) of PathoFact is also a standalone component, making it a flexible and versatile tool. PathoFact is freely available online at https://git-r3lab.uni.lu/laura.denies/PathoFact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Nies, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintz-Buschart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laczny, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilmes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PathoFact: A pipeline for the prediction of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes in metagenomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.19.953034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidative Modifications of Parkin Underlie its Selective Neuroprotection in Adult Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.19.953034v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which Parkinson disease-linked parkin confers neuroprotection of human dopamine cells remain elusive. We hypothesized that its cysteines mediate multiple anti-oxidant effects in the midbrain. By studying >60 control specimens, we found that in adult human brain - but not in skeletal muscle- parkin is mostly aggregated and insoluble due to oxidative modifications, such as at C253. In vitro, parkins oxidation directly reduces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water. In parkin-deficient human brain, H2O2 concentrations are elevated. In dopamine toxicity studies, wild-type parkin -but not disease-associated mutants-prevents neural death by lowering H2O2 and sequestering radicals within insoluble aggregates. Parkin conjugates dopamine metabolites at the human-specific residue C95 and augments melanin formation in vitro. Using epitope-mapped antibodies, we found that in adult Substantia nigra neurons parkin localizes to neuromelanin within LAMP-3/CD63-positive lysosomes. We conclude that parkins own oxidation, previously considered a loss-of-function event, underlies three neuroprotective effects in adult midbrain: its cysteines participate in H2O2 reduction, dopamine radical conjugation and the formation of neuromelanin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tokarew, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Kodsi, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengacher, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehr, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Nuallain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherzer, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takanashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattori, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmgren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puente, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woulfe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlossmacher, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.953034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidative Modifications of Parkin Underlie its Selective Neuroprotection in Adult Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.19.956359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Sigma-2 Receptor/TMEM97, PGRMC1, and LDL Receptor complex are responsible for the cellular uptake of Aβ42 and its protein aggregates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.19.956359v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOur lab has recently shown that the Sigma-2 Receptor/Transmembrane Protein 97 (TMEM97) and Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1) form a complex with the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR), and this intact complex is required for efficient uptake of lipoproteins such as LDL and apolipoprotein E (apoE). These receptors are expressed in the nervous system where they have implications in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers Disease (AD), where apoE is involved in neuronal uptake and accumulation of A{beta}42, eventually cascading into neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and ultimately, dementia.

HypothesisWe hypothesize that the intact Sigma-2 receptor complex -TMEM97, PGRMC1, and LDLR-- is necessary for internalization of apoE and A{beta}42 monomers (mA{beta}42) and oligomers (oA{beta}42), and the disruption of the receptor complex inhibits uptake.

ResultsThe results of this study suggest that the intact Sigma-2 receptor complex is a binding site for mA{beta}42 and oA{beta}42, in the presence or absence of apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4. The loss or pharmacological inhibition of one or both of these proteins results in the disruption of the complex leading to decreased uptake of mA{beta}42 and oA{beta}42 and apoE in primary neurons.

ConclusionThe TMEM97, PGRMC1, and LDLR complex is a pathway for the cellular uptake of A{beta}42 via apoE dependent and independent mechanisms. This study suggests that the complex may potentially be a novel pharmacological target to decrease neuronal A{beta}42 internalization and accumulation, which may represent a new strategy for inhibiting the rate of neurotoxicity, neurodegeneration, and progression of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel-Zhand, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, V. M.- Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trojanowski, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mach, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.956359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Sigma-2 Receptor/TMEM97, PGRMC1, and LDL Receptor complex are responsible for the cellular uptake of Aβ42 and its protein aggregates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.13.904722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crowdsourcing digital health measures to predict Parkinson's disease severity: the Parkinson's Disease Digital Biomarker DREAM Challenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.13.904722v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mobile health, the collection of data using wearables and sensors, is a rapidly growing field in health research with many applications. Deriving validated measures of disease and severity that can be used clinically or as outcome measures in clinical trials, referred to as digital biomarkers, has proven difficult. In part due to the complicated analytical approaches necessary to develop these metrics. Here we describe the use of crowdsourcing to specifically evaluate and benchmark features derived from accelerometer and gyroscope data in two different datasets to predict the presence of Parkinsons Disease (PD) and severity of three PD symptoms: tremor, dyskinesia and bradykinesia. Forty teams from around the world submitted features, and achieved drastically improved predictive performance for PD status (best AUROC=0.87), as well as tremor (best AUPR=0.75), dyskinesia (best AUPR=0.48) and bradykinesia (best AUPR=0.95) severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pataki, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneault, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costante, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chae, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neto, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydın, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elo, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaab, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golabchi, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Görmez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaakkola, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonnagaddala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KLEn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rad, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainaldi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapienza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwab, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokhirev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venäläinen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara-Diaz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson's Disease Digital Biomarker Challenge Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangravite, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omberg</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.904722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crowdsourcing digital health measures to predict Parkinson's disease severity: the Parkinson's Disease Digital Biomarker DREAM Challenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.30.925883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic responses to MPTP found in microglia, inflammation and gut microbiota in a progressive monkey model of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.30.925883v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation has been linked to the development of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinsons disease (PD), which greatly impact patients quality of life and can often precede motor symptoms. Suitable animal models are critical for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease and the associated prodromal disturbances. The neurotoxin 1- methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkey model is commonly seen as a "gold standard" model that closely mimics the clinical motor symptoms and the nigrostriatal dopaminergic loss of PD, however MPTP toxicity extends to other nondopaminergic regions. Yet, there are limited reports monitoring the MPTP-induced progressive central and peripheral inflammation as well as other nonmotor symptoms such as gastrointestinal function and microbiota. The main objective of this study is to gain a broader understanding of central and peripheral inflammatory dysfunction triggered by exposure to a neurotoxicant known to degenerate nigral dopaminergic neurons in order to understand the potential role of inflammation in prodromal/pre-motor features of PD-like degeneration in a progressive non-human primate model of the disease. We measured inflammatory proteins in plasma and CSF and performed [18F]FEPPA PET scans to evaluate translocator proteins (TSPO) or microglial activation in a small cohort of rhesus monkeys (n=5) given weekly low doses of MPTP (0.2-0.8 mg/kg, im). Additionally, monkeys were evaluated for working memory and executive function using various behavior tasks and for gastrointestinal hyperpermeability and microbiota composition. Monkeys were also treated with novel TNF inhibitor XPro1595 (10mg/kg, n=3) or vehicle (n=2) every three days starting 11 weeks after the initiation of MPTP to determine whether nonmotor symptoms are tied to TNF signaling and whether XPro1595 would alter inflammation and microglial behavior in a progressive model of PD. Our analyses revealed sex-dependent sensitivity to MPTP that resulted in early microglial activation by PET, acute plasma IL-6 and CSF TNF, and earlier parkinsonism as measured by motor deficits in males compared to female monkeys. Sex differences were also identified in microbiota and their metabolites and targeted short chain fatty acids at both basal levels and in response to MPTP. Both sexes displayed cognitive impairment prior to a significant motor phenotype. Importantly, XPro1595 shifted peripheral and central inflammation, and significantly reduced CD68-immunoreactivity in the colon. As such, our findings revealed a sexually dimorphic inflammatory response to chronic MPTP treatment and suggest that males may have higher vulnerability than females to inflammation-induced degeneration. If these findings reflect potential differences in humans, these sex differences have significant implications for therapeutic development of inflammatory targets in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joers, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masilamoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempf, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotterman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcin-Cakmakli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voll, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachevalier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnum, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nye, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tansey, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.925883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic responses to MPTP found in microglia, inflammation and gut microbiota in a progressive monkey model of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.31.876946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Tau Isoform Aggregation and Selective Detection of Misfolded Tau from Post-Mortem Alzheimer's Disease Brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.31.876946v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tau aggregates are present in a large number of neurodegenerative diseases known as "tauopathies", including Alzheimers disease (AD). As there are six human tau isoforms in brain tissues and both 3R and 4R isoforms have been observed in the neuronal inclusions, we tested whether tau isoforms behave differently in aggregation. We discovered that all six tau isoforms are capable of forming PHF-tau like filaments and the 3R tau isoforms aggregate significantly faster than their 4R counterparts. We further mapped key segments of tau isoforms that contribute to their aggregation kinetics, where it was determined that microtubule binding domains R2 and R3 were the major contributors to tau aggregation. To evaluate the feasibility of using the six recombinant tau isoforms as substrates to amplify misfolded tau, we demonstrated that full-length human tau isoforms can seed and detect misfolded tau from the post-mortem AD brain tissues with high specificity by an ultrasensitive technology termed real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Mass spectrometric analysis of PHF-tau samples extracted from AD brains identified peptides corresponding to all major forms of human brain tau isoforms along with a consensus hyperphosphorylated peptide near the C-terminus. Together, our findings not only reveal new aggregation kinetic properties of human tau isoforms, support the development of methods to quantitatively measure misfolded human tau isoforms in AD brains, but also uncover the capability of full-length human tau isoforms as substrates for "prion-like" tau seeding by RT-QuIC assays that may be used for new biomarker development for AD and other tauopathy diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougharty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siedlak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.876946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Tau Isoform Aggregation and Selective Detection of Misfolded Tau from Post-Mortem Alzheimer's Disease Brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.17.879759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration Induced by Parkinson's Disease-Linked G2019S LRRK2 is Dependent on Kinase and GTPase Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.17.879759v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant familial Parkinsons disease (PD) and represent the most common known cause of PD. LRRK2 can function as both a protein kinase and GTPase and PD-linked mutations are known to influence both of these enzymatic activities. While PD-linked LRRK2 mutations can commonly induce neuronal damage and toxicity in cellular models, the mechanisms underlying these pathogenic effects remain uncertain. Rodent models based upon familial LRRK2 mutations often lack the hallmark features of PD and robust neurodegenerative phenotypes in general. Here, we develop a robust pre-clinical model of PD in adult rats induced by the brain delivery of recombinant adenoviral vectors with neuronal-specific expression of full-length human LRRK2 harboring the most common G2019S mutation. In this model, G2019S LRRK2 induces the robust degeneration of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, a pathological hallmark of PD. Introduction of a stable kinase-inactive mutation or in-diet dosing with the selective kinase inhibitor, PF-360, attenuates neurodegeneration induced by G2019S LRRK2. Neuroprotection provided by pharmacological kinase inhibition is mediated by an unusual mechanism involving the selective and robust destabilization of human LRRK2 protein in the rat brain relative to endogenous LRRK2. Our study further demonstrates that dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by G2019S LRRK2 critically requires normal GTPase activity. The introduction of hypothesis-testing mutations that increase GTP hydrolysis or impair GTP binding activity provide neuroprotection against G2019S LRRK2 via distinct mechanisms. Taken together, our data demonstrate that G2019S LRRK2 induces neurodegeneration in vivo via a mechanism that is dependent on kinase and GTPase activity. Our study provides a robust rodent model of LRRK2-linked PD and nominates kinase inhibition and modulation of GTPase activity as promising disease-modifying therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsika, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boularand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barneoud, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.879759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration Induced by Parkinson's Disease-Linked G2019S LRRK2 is Dependent on Kinase and GTPase Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/762237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Validation of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) as a Biomarker of Parkinson’s Disease Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/762237v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo assess neurofilament light chain (NfL), as a biomarker for Parkinsons disease (PD).

MethodsWe quantified NfL in (1) longitudinal CSF samples from PD, other cognate/neurodegenerative disorders (OND), and healthy controls (HC); (2) a cross-sectional cohort with paired CSF and serum samples from participants with PD, OND, and HC, and (3) a large longitudinal validation cohort with serum samples from PD, OND, HC, prodromal conditions, and mutation carriers.

ResultsIn the longitudinal discovery cohort (1) NfL in CSF was highest in OND and higher in PD vs. HC across all visits (p<0.05) but did not change longitudinally. In the cross-sectional cohort (2) paired CSF and serum NfL samples were highly correlated (Spearmans rank [Formula]; p<10^-6). In the large validation cohort (3) mean baseline serum NfL was higher in PD (13{+/-}7.2pg/ml) vs. HC (12{+/-}6.7pg/ml; p=0.0336) and was highest in OND (18{+/-}7pg/ml; p=0.0351). Serum NfL increased longitudinally in PD vs. HC (p<0.01). Longitudinal motor scores were positively longitudinally associated with NfL, whereas some cognitive scores showed a negative longitudinal association with NfL.

ConclusionsNfL levels in serum samples are increased in PD vs. HC, increase significantly over time, and correlate with clinical measures of PD severity. Although the specificity of NfL in PD is low and more specific biomarkers are needed, serum NfL is the first blood-based biomarker candidate that could support disease stratification (PD vs. OND), track clinical progression, and possibly assess responsiveness to neuroprotective treatments. NfL as a biomarker of response to neuroprotective interventions remains to be determined.

Funding sources for studyPPMI is sponsored by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinsons Research (MJFF) and is co-funded by MJFF, Abbvie, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Biogen Idec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Covance, Eli Lilly & Co., F. Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd., GE Healthcare, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Merck, MesoScale, Piramal, Pfizer and UCB. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data, in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Financial Disclosure/Conflict of Interest concerning the research related to the manuscriptBrit Mollenhauer, Douglas Galasko, Tatiana Foroud, Lana M. Chahine, Christopher S. Coffey, Andrew B. Singleton, Tanya Simuni, Daniel Weintraub, John Seibyl, Arthur W. Toga, and Caroline M. Tanner received funding from The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinsons Research.

Mohammed Dakna, Tzu-Ying Liu, Henrik Zetterberg, Sebastian Schade, Roland G. Gera, Wenting Wang, Feng Gao, Niels Kruse, Mark Frasier, Jesse M. Cedarbaum, Samantha J. Hutten, Claudia Trenkwalder, and Danielle Graham report no disclosures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mollenhauer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dakna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetterberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frasier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simuni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seibyl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieburtz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siderowf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedarbaum, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutten, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trenkwalder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/762237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Validation of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL) as a Biomarker of Parkinson’s Disease Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/860668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
17q21.31 sub-haplotypes underlying H1-associated risk for Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy converge on altered glial regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/860668v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is genetically associated with the H1 haplotype of the MAPT 17q.21.31 locus, although the causal gene and variants underlying this association have not been identified. To better understand the genetic contribution of this region to PD, we fine-mapped the 17q21.31 locus in order to identify novel mechanisms conferring risk for the disease. We identified three novel H1 sub-haplotype blocks across the 17q21.31 locus associated with PD risk. Protective sub-haplotypes were associated with increased LRRC37A/2 copy number and expression in human brain tissue. We found that LRRC37A/2 is a membrane-associated protein that plays a role in cellular migration, chemotaxis and astroglial inflammation. In human substantia nigra, LRRC37A/2 was primarily expressed in astrocytes, interacted directly with soluble -synuclein, and co-localized with Lewy bodies in PD brain tissue. These data indicate that a novel candidate gene, LRRC37A/2, contributes to the association between the 17q21.31 locus and PD via its interaction with -synuclein and its effects on astrocytic function and inflammatory response. These data are the first to associate the genetic association at the 17q21.31 locus with PD pathology, and highlight the importance of variation at the 17q21.31 locus in the regulation of multiple genes other than MAPT and KANSL1, as well as its relevance to non-neuronal cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowles, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TCW, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renton, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iida, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heutink, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siitonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frucht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopell, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauwe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehme, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoglinger, G. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PART working group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IPDGC,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PSP genetics consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charney, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crary, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/860668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[17q21.31 sub-haplotypes underlying H1-associated risk for Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy converge on altered glial regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/859256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepSleep: Fast and Accurate Delineation of Sleep Arousals at Millisecond Resolution by Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/859256v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep arousals are transient periods of wakefulness punctuated into sleep. Excessive sleep arousals are associated with many negative effects including daytime sleepiness and sleep disorders. High-quality annotation of polysomnographic recordings is crucial for the diagnosis of sleep arousal disorders. Currently, sleep arousals are mainly annotated by human experts through looking at millions of data points manually, which requires considerable time and effort. Here we present a deep learning approach, DeepSleep, which ranked first in the 2018 PhysioNet Challenge for automatically segmenting sleep arousal regions based on polysomnographic recordings. DeepSleep features accurate (area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93), high-resolution (5-millisecond resolution), and fast (10 seconds per sleep record) delineation of sleep arousals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/859256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepSleep: Fast and Accurate Delineation of Sleep Arousals at Millisecond Resolution by Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/856823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leopard: fast decoding cell type-specific transcription factor binding landscape at single-nucleotide resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/856823v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decoding the cell type-specific transcription factor (TF) binding landscape at single-nucleotide resolution is crucial for understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying many fundamental biological processes and human diseases. However, limits on time and resources restrict the high-resolution experimental measurements of TF binding profiles of all possible TF-cell type combinations. Previous computational approaches either can not distinguish the cell-context-dependent TF binding profiles across diverse cell types, or only provide a relatively low-resolution prediction. Here we present a novel deep learning approach, Leopard, for predicting TF-binding sites at single-nucleotide resolution, achieving the median area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.994. Our method substantially outperformed state-of-the-art methods Anchor and FactorNet, improving the performance by 19% and 27% respectively despite evaluated at a lower resolution. Meanwhile, by leveraging a many-to-many neural network architecture, Leopard features hundred-fold to thousand-fold speedup compared to current many-to-one machine learning methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/856823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leopard: fast decoding cell type-specific transcription factor binding landscape at single-nucleotide resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/806752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Proteomics Reveals Brain-Based Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Alzheimer’s Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/806752v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) features a complex web of pathological processes beyond amyloid accumulation and tau-mediated neuronal death. To meaningfully advance AD therapeutics, there is an urgent need for novel biomarkers that comprehensively reflect these disease mechanisms. Here we applied an integrative proteomics approach to identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers linked to a diverse set of pathophysiological processes in the diseased brain. Using multiplex proteomics, we identified >3,500 proteins across 40 CSF samples from control and AD patients and >12,000 proteins across 48 postmortem brain tissues from control, asymptomatic AD (AsymAD), AD, and other neurodegenerative cases. Co-expression network analysis of the brain tissues resolved 44 protein modules, nearly half of which significantly correlated with AD neuropathology. Fifteen modules robustly overlapped with proteins quantified in the CSF, including 271 CSF markers highly altered in AD. These 15 overlapping modules were collapsed into five panels of brain-linked fluid markers representing a variety of cortical functions. Neuron-enriched synaptic and metabolic panels demonstrated decreased levels in the AD brain but increased levels in diseased CSF. Conversely, glial-enriched myelination and immunity panels were highly increased in both the brain and CSF. Using high-throughput proteomic analysis, proteins from these panels were validated in an independent CSF cohort of control, AsymAD, and AD samples. Remarkably, several validated markers were significantly altered in AsymAD CSF and appeared to stratify subpopulations within this cohort. Overall, these brain-linked CSF biomarker panels represent a promising step toward a physiologically comprehensive tool that could meaningfully enhance the prognostic and therapeutic management of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higginbotham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gearing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajjar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/806752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Proteomics Reveals Brain-Based Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Alzheimer’s Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/837203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The in situ structure of Parkinson’s disease-linked LRRK2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/837203v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most frequent cause of familial Parkinsons disease. LRRK2 is a multi-domain protein containing a kinase and GTPase. Using in situ cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we reveal a 14-[A] structure of LRRK2 bearing a pathogenic mutation that oligomerizes as a right-handed double-helix around microtubules, which are left-handed. Using integrative modeling, we determine the architecture of LRRK2, showing that the GTPase points towards the microtubule, while the kinase is exposed to the cytoplasm. We identify two oligomerization interfaces mediated by non-catalytic domains. Mutation of one of these abolishes LRRK2 microtubule-association. Our work demonstrates the power of cryo-electron tomography to obtain structures of previously unsolved proteins in their cellular environment and provides insights into LRRK2 function and pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehning, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audagnotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The in situ structure of Parkinson’s disease-linked LRRK2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/817106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine buffering capacity imaging: A pharmacodynamic fMRI method for staging Parkinson disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/817106v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We propose a novel brain imaging method for objectively quantifying disease severity in Parkinson disease (PD). Levodopa pharmacological fMRI (phMRI) hysteresis mapping is based on the clinical observation that the benefit from a dose of levodopa wears off more quickly as PD progresses. Biologically this has been thought to represent decreased buffering capacity for dopamine as nigrostriatal cells die. Buffering capacity has been modeled previously based on clinical effects, but clinical measurements are influenced by confounding factors such as patient fatigue. The new method proposes to measure the effect directly and objectively based on the timing of the known metabolic and blood flow response of several brain regions to exogenous levodopa. Such responses are robust and can be quantified without ionizing radiation using perfusion MRI.nnHere we present simulation studies based on published clinical dose-response data and an intravenous levodopa infusion. Standard pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic methods were used to model the response. Then the effect site rate constant ke was estimated from simulated response data plus Gaussian noise.nnPredicted time:effect curves sampled at times consistent with phMRI differ substantially based on clinical severity. Estimated ke from noisy input data was recovered with good accuracy.nnThese simulation results support the feasibility of levodopa phMRI hysteresis mapping to measure the severity of dopamine denervation objectively and simultaneously in several brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Black, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koller, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/817106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine buffering capacity imaging: A pharmacodynamic fMRI method for staging Parkinson disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/825216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of distinct pathological signatures induced by patient-derived α-synuclein structures in non-human primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/825216v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDopaminergic neuronal cell death, associated with intracellular -synuclein (-syn)-rich protein aggregates (termed  Lewy bodies), is a well-established characteristic of Parkinsons disease. Much evidence, accumulated from multiple experimental models has suggested that -syn plays a role in PD pathogenesis, not only as a trigger of pathology but also as a mediator of disease progression through pathological spreading. Here we have used a machine learning-based approach to identify unique signatures of neurodegeneration in monkeys induced by distinct -syn pathogenic structures derived from PD patients. Unexpectedly, our results show that, in non-human primates, a small amount of singular -syn aggregates is as toxic as larger amyloid fibrils present in the LBs, thus reinforcing the need for preclinical research in this species. Furthermore, our results provide evidence supporting the true multifactorial nature of PD as multiple causes can induce similar outcome regarding dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bourdenx, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nioche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dovero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arotcarena, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porras, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiolat, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rougier, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prigent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laferriere, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudnikoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollenhauer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novello, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leste-Lasserre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigo Damas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goillandeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Carrillo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recasens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikath, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Agnaf, O. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero Ezquerro, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derkinderen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila Bover, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeso, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of distinct pathological signatures induced by patient-derived α-synuclein structures in non-human primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/819607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate MS-based Rab10 phosphorylation stoichiometry determination as readout for LRRK2 activity in Parkinson’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/819607v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the predominant genetic cause of Parkinsons disease (PD). They increase its activity, resulting in augmented Rab10-Thr73 phosphorylation and conversely, LRRK2 inhibition decreases pRab10 levels. However, there is no assay to quantify pRab10 levels for drug target engagement or patient stratification. We developed an ultra-sensitive targeted mass spectrometry (MS)-based assay for determining Rab10-Thr73 phosphorylation stoichiometry in human samples. It uses synthetic stable isotope-labeled (SIL) analogues for both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated tryptic peptides surrounding Rab10-Thr73 to directly derive the percentage of Rab10 phosphorylation from attomole amounts of the endogenous phosphopeptide. We test the reproducibility of our assay by determining Rab10-Thr73 phosphorylation stoichiometry in human neutrophils before and after LRRK2 inhibition. Compared to healthy controls, neutrophils of LRRK2 G2019S and VPS35 D620N carriers robustly display 1.4-fold and 3.7-fold increased pRab10 levels, respectively. Our generic MS-based assay further establishes the relevance of pRab10 as a prognostic PD marker and is a powerful tool for determining LRRK2 inhibitor efficacy and for stratifying PD patients for LRRK2 inhibitor treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karayel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virreira Winter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammler, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/819607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate MS-based Rab10 phosphorylation stoichiometry determination as readout for LRRK2 activity in Parkinson’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/784405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No genetic evidence for involvement of alcohol dehydrogenase genes in risk for Parkinson’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/784405v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple genes have been implicated in Parkinsons disease (PD), including causal gene variants and risk variants typically identified using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Variants in the alcohol dehydrogenase genes ADH1C and ADH1B are among the genes that have been associated with PD, suggesting that this family of genes may be important in PD. As part of the International Parkinsons Disease Genomics Consortiums (IPDGC) efforts to scrutinize previously reported risk factors for PD, we explored genetic variation in the alcohol dehydrogenase genes ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C, ADH4, ADH5, ADH6, and ADH7 using imputed GWAS data from 15,097 cases and 17,337 healthy controls. Rare-variant association tests and single-variant score tests did not show any statistically significant association of alcohol dehydrogenase genetic variation with the risk for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/784405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No genetic evidence for involvement of alcohol dehydrogenase genes in risk for Parkinson’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/768374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal Nurr1 Facilitates the Dyskinetic State and Exacerbates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in a Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/768374v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe transcription factor Nurr1 has been identified to be ectopically induced in the striatum of dyskinetic rodents expressing L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). In the present study, we sought to characterize Nurr1 as a causative factor in LID expression.nnMethodsWe used rAAV2/5 to overexpress Nurr1 or GFP in the parkinsonian striatum of LID-resistant Lewis or LID-prone Fischer-344 (F344) rats. In a second cohort, rats received the Nurr1 agonist amodiaquine (AQ) together with L-DOPA or ropinirole. All rats received a chronic DA agonist and were evaluated for LID severity. Finally, we performed single unit recordings and dendritic spine analyses in drug-naive rAAV-injected parkinsonian rats.nnResultsrAAV-GFP injected LID-resistant Lewis rats displayed mild LID and no induction of striatal Nurr1. However, Lewis rats transduced to overexpress Nurr1 developed severe LID. Nurr11 agonism with AQ exacerbated LID in F344 rats. We additionally determined that in L-DOPA-naive rats striatal rAAV-Nurr1 overexpression 1) increased firing activity in dopamine-depleted striatal direct pathway neurons, and 2) decreased spine density and thin-spine morphology on striatal medium spiny neurons, mimicking changes seen in dyskinetic rats. Finally, we provide post-mortem evidence of Nurr1 expression in the striatum of L-DOPA treated PD patients.nnConclusionsOur data demonstrate that ectopic induction of striatal Nurr1 is capable of inducing LID behavior and associated neuropathology, even in resistant subjects. These data support a direct role of Nurr1 in aberrant neuronal plasticity and LID induction, providing a potential novel target for therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sellnow, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steece-Collier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altwal, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordower, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sortwell, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfredsson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal Nurr1 Facilitates the Dyskinetic State and Exacerbates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in a Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/705533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of common and rare VPS13C variants in late onset Parkinson disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/705533v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe aimed to study the role of coding VPS13C variants in a large cohort of late-onset PD (LOPD) patients.nnMethodsVPS13C and its untranslated regions were sequenced using targeted next-generation sequencing in 1,567 PD patients and 1,667 controls from 3 cohorts. Association tests of rare potential homozygous and compound heterozygous variants and burden tests for rare heterozygous variants were performed. Common variants were analyzed using logistic regression adjusted for age and sex in each of the cohorts, followed by a meta-analysis.nnResultsNo bi-allelic carriers of rare VPS13C variants were found among patients and two carriers of compound heterozygous variants were found in two controls. There was no statistically significant burden of rare (MAF<1%) or very rare (MAF<0.1%) coding VPS13C variants in PD. A VPS13C haplotype including the p.R153H-p.I398I-p.I1132V-p.Q2376Q variants was nominally associated with a reduced risk for PD (meta-analysis of the tagging SNP p.I1132V (OR=0.48, 95%CI=0.28-0.82, p=0.0052). This haplotype was not in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the known genome-wide association study (GWAS) top hit.nnConclusionsOur results do not support a role for rare heterozygous or bi-allelic VPS13C variants in LOPD. Additional genetic replication and functional studies are needed to examine the role of the haplotype identified here associated with reduced risk for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudakou, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalom, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desautels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montplaisir, J. Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehoe, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauvilliers, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouleau, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of common and rare VPS13C variants in late onset Parkinson disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/772160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple, versatile and robust centrifugation-based filtration protocol for the isolation and quantification of α-synuclein monomers, oligomers and fibrils: towards improving experimental reproducibility in α-synuclein research 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/772160v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence suggests that the process of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation from monomers into amyloid fibrils via oligomeric intermediates plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of different synucleinopathies, including Parkinsons disease (PD), multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies. However, the nature of the toxic species and the mechanisms by which they contribute to neurotoxicity and disease progression remain elusive. Over the past two decades, significant efforts and resources have been invested in studies aimed at identifying the putative toxic species along the pathway of aSyn fibrillization, and to develop small molecule drugs or antibodies that target toxic aSyn oligomeric intermediates. Although this approach has helped to advance the field and provide insights into the biological properties and toxicity of different aSyn species, many of the fundamental questions regarding the role of aSyn aggregation in PD remain unanswered, and no therapeutic compounds targeting aSyn oligomers have passed clinical trials. Several factors have contributed to this slow progress, including the complexity of the aggregation pathways and the heterogeneity and dynamic nature of aSyn aggregates. In the majority of experiment, the aSyn samples used contain mixtures of aSyn species that exist in an equilibrium and their ratio changes upon modifying experimental conditions. The failure to quantitatively account for the distribution of different aSyn species in different studies has contributed not only to experimental irreproducibility but also to misinterpretation of results and misdirection of valuable resources. Towards addressing these challenges and improving experimental reproducibility in Parkinsons research, we describe here a simple centrifugation-based filtration protocol for the isolation, quantification and assessment of the distribution of of aSyn monomers, oligomers and fibrils, in heterogeneous aSyn samples of increasing complexity. The protocol is simple, does not require any special instrumentation and can be performed rapidly on multiple samples using small volumes. Here, we present and discuss several examples that illustrate the applications of this protocol and how it could contribute to improving the reproducibility of experiments aimed at elucidating the structural basis of aSyn aggregation, seeding activity, toxicity and pathology spreading. This protocol is applicable, with slight modifications, to other amyloid-forming proteins.nnTable of Content FigurennO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=84 SRC="FIGDIR/small/772160v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (33K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13fb942org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9bc3adorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4b9c66org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9054f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donzelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, M. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashuel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple, versatile and robust centrifugation-based filtration protocol for the isolation and quantification of α-synuclein monomers, oligomers and fibrils: towards improving experimental reproducibility in α-synuclein research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/561472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human loss-of-function variants suggest that partial LRRK2 inhibition is a safe therapeutic strategy for Parkinsons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/561472v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human genetic variants causing loss-of-function (LoF) of protein-coding genes provide natural in vivo models of gene inactivation, which are powerful indicators of gene function and the potential toxicity of therapeutic inhibitors targeting these genes1,2. Gain-of-kinase-function variants in LRRK2 are known to significantly increase the risk of Parkinsons disease3,4, suggesting that inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity is a promising therapeutic strategy. Whilst preclinical studies in model organisms have raised some on-target toxicity concerns5-8, the biological consequences of LRRK2 inhibition have not been well characterized in humans. Here we systematically analyse LoF variants in LRRK2 observed across 141,456 individuals sequenced in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD)9 and over 4 million participants in the 23andMe genotyped dataset, to assess their impact at a molecular and phenotypic level. After thorough variant curation, we identify 1,358 individuals with high-confidence predicted LoF variants in LRRK2, several with experimental validation. We show that heterozygous LoF of LRRK2 reduces LRRK2 protein level by ~50% but is not associated with reduced life expectancy, or with any specific phenotype or disease state. These data suggest that therapeutics that downregulate LRRK2 levels or kinase activity by up to 50% are unlikely to have major on-target safety liabilities. Our results demonstrate the value of large scale genomic databases and phenotyping of human LoF carriers for target validation in drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whiffin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armean, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minikel, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karczewski, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francioli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laricchia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alipanahi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptista, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genome Aggregation Database Production Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genome Aggregation Database Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havulinna, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iliadou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleheen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alföldi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human loss-of-function variants suggest that partial LRRK2 inhibition is a safe therapeutic strategy for Parkinsons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/764019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PINK1-dependent phosphorylation of Serine111 within the SF3 motif of Rab GTPases impairs effector interactions and LRRK2 mediated phosphorylation at Threonine72 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/764019v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of function mutations in the PINK1 kinase are causal for autosomal recessive Parkinson disease (PD) whilst gain of function mutations in the LRRK2 kinase cause autosomal dominant PD. PINK1 indirectly regulates the phosphorylation of a subset of Rab GTPases at a conserved Serine111 (Ser111) residue within the SF3 motif. Using genetic code expansion technologies we have produced stoichiometric Ser111-phosphorylated Rab8A revealing impaired interactions with its cognate guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and GTPase activating protein (GAP). In a screen for Rab8A kinases we identify TAK1 and MST3 kinases that can efficiently phosphorylate the Switch II residue Threonine72 (Thr72) in a similar manner as LRRK2. Strikingly we demonstrate that Ser111 phosphorylation negatively regulates the ability of LRRK2 but not MST3 or TAK1 to phosphorylate Thr72 in vitro and demonstrate an interplay of PINK1- and LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Rab8A in cells. Finally, we present the crystal structure of Ser111-phosphorylated Rab8A and NMR structure of Ser111-phosphorylated Rab1B that does not demonstrate any major changes suggesting that the phosphorylated SF3 motif may disrupt effector-Switch II interactions. Overall, we demonstrate antagonistic regulation between PINK1-dependent Ser111 phosphorylation and LRRK2-mediated Thr72 phosphorylation of Rab8A suggesting that small molecule activators of PINK1 may have therapeutic potential in patients harbouring LRRK2 mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vieweg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulholland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braeuning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachariya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groll, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muqit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/764019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PINK1-dependent phosphorylation of Serine111 within the SF3 motif of Rab GTPases impairs effector interactions and LRRK2 mediated phosphorylation at Threonine72]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/756528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping of SNCA in REM sleep behavior disorder and overt synucleinopathies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/756528v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveREM-sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a prodromal synucleinopathy, as >80% will eventually convert to overt synucleinopathy. We performed an in-depth analysis of the SNCA locus to identify RBD-specific risk variants.nnMethodsFull sequencing and genotyping of SNCA was performed in isolated/idiopathic RBD (iRBD, n=1,076), Parkinsons disease (PD, n=1,013), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n=415), and in control subjects (n=6,155). A replication cohort from 23andMe of PD patients with probable RBD (pRBD) was also analyzed (cases n=1,782, controls n=131,250). Adjusted logistic regression models and meta-analyses were performed. Effects on conversion rate were analyzed in 432 RBD patients with available data using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.nnResultsA 5-region SNCA variant (rs10005233) was associated with iRBD (OR=1.43, p=1.1E-08), which was replicated in pRBD. This variant is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with other 5 risk variants across the different synucleinopathies. An independent iRBD-specific suggestive association (rs11732740) was detected at the 3 of SNCA (OR=1.32, p=4.7E-04, not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction). Homozygous carriers of both iRBD-specific SNPs were at highly increased risk for iRBD (OR=5.74, p=2E-06). The known top PD-associated variant (3 variant rs356182) had an opposite direction of effect in iRBD compared to PD.nnInterpretationThere is a distinct pattern of association at the SNCA locus in RBD as compared to PD, with an opposite direction of effect at the 3 of SNCA. Several 5 SNCA variants are associated with iRBD and with pRBD in overt synucleinopathies, and may suggest a cognitive component to this region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krohn, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilbron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnulf, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauvilliers, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Högl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornara, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzknecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaca, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatriz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plazzi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antelmi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferini-Strambi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heidbreder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochen De Cock, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollenhauer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sixel-Döring, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trenkwalder, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemlink, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figorilli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puligheddu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijkstra, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viaene, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oertel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toffoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigli, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desautels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/756528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping of SNCA in REM sleep behavior disorder and overt synucleinopathies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/751354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide genetic pleiotropy approach identified shared loci between multiple system atrophy and inflammatory bowel disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/751354v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We aimed to identify shared genetic background between multiple system atrophy (MSA) and autoimmune diseases by using the conjFDR approach. Our study showed significant genetic overlap between MSA and inflammatory bowel disease and identified DENND1B, C7, and RSP04 loci, which are linked to significant changes in methylation or expression levels of adjacent genes. We obtained evidence of enriched heritability involving immune/digestive categories. Finally, an MSA mouse model showed dysregulation of the C7 gene in the degenerating midbrain compared to wildtype mice. The results identify novel molecular mechanisms and implicate immune and gut dysfunction in MSA pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shadrin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinghaus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreelatha, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heras-Garvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foubert-Samier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meissner, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rascol, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavy-Le Traon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahrami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller-Nuraysid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homuth, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nöthen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>European Multiple System Atrophy Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenning, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/751354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide genetic pleiotropy approach identified shared loci between multiple system atrophy and inflammatory bowel disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/749226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An assessment of LRRK2 serine 935 phosphorylation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and G2019S LRRK2 cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/749226v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phosphorylated form of LRRK2, pS935 LRRK2, has been proposed as a target modulation biomarker for LRRK2 inhibitors. To qualify the biomarker for therapeutic trials, we assessed pS935 LRRK2 levels in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Analyses of PBMCs from healthy controls, idiopathic Parkinsons disease (iPD), and G2019S carriers with and without PD showed significant reductions in pS935 LRRK2 levels normalized to total LRRK2 levels in G2019S carriers with PD compared to those without PD or iPD. Neither analyte correlated with age, gender, or disease severity. Thus, pS935 LRRK2 in PBMCs may reflect a state marker for G2019S LRRK2-driven PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanz, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levers, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutten, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptista, M. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An assessment of LRRK2 serine 935 phosphorylation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and G2019S LRRK2 cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/739813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for Rab8a GTPase recruitment of RILPL2 via LRRK2 phosphorylation of switch 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/739813v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rab8a GTPase is associated with the dynamic regulation of membrane protrusions in polarized cells. Rab8a is one of several Rab-family GTPases that are substrates of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a serine/threonine kinase that is linked to inherited Parkinsons disease. Rab8a is phosphorylated at T72 (pT72) in its switch 2 helix and the post-translational modification facilitates phospho-Rab8a (pRab8a) interactions with RILPL2, which subsequently regulates ciliogenesis. Here we report the crystal structure of pRab8a in complex with the phospho-Rab binding domain of RILPL2. The complex is a heterotetramer with RILPL2 forming a central -helical dimer that bridges two pRab8a molecules. The N-termini of the -helices cross over to form an X-shaped cap (X-cap) that enables electrostatic interactions between Arg residues from RILPL2 and the phosphate moiety from pT72. RILPL2 residues in the X-cap that are critical for pRab8a binding are conserved in the RILP family of effector proteins. We find that JIP3 and JIP4 also interact specifically with LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab10, suggesting a general mode of recognition for phosphorylated Rab GTPases by phospho-specific effectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waschbusch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purlyte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/739813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for Rab8a GTPase recruitment of RILPL2 via LRRK2 phosphorylation of switch 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/738351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic modifiers of risk and age at onset in GBA associated Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/738351v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a genetically complex disorder. Multiple genes have been shown to contribute to the risk of PD, and currently 90 independent risk variants have been identified by genome-wide association studies. Thus far, a number of genes (including SNCA, LRRK2, and GBA) have been shown to contain variability across a spectrum of frequency and effect, from rare, highly penetrant variants to common risk alleles with small effect sizes. Variants in GBA, encoding the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, are associated with Lewy body diseases such as PD and Lewy body dementia (LBD). These variants, which reduce or abolish enzymatic activity, confer a spectrum of disease risk, from 1.4- to >10-fold. An outstanding question in the field is what other genetic factors that influence GBA-associated risk for disease, and whether these overlap with known PD risk variants.nnUsing multiple, large case-control datasets, totalling 217,165 individuals (22,757 PD cases, 13,431 PD proxy cases, 622 LBD cases and 180,355 controls), we identified 1,772 PD cases, 711 proxy cases and 7,624 controls with a GBA variant (p.E326K, p.T369M or p.N370S). We performed a genome-wide association study and analysed the most recent PD-associated genetic risk score to detect genetic influences on GBA risk and age at onset. We attempted to replicate our findings in two independent datasets, including the personal genetics company 23andMe, Inc. and whole-genome sequencing data. Our analysis showed that the overall PD genetic risk score modifies risk for disease and decreases age at onset in carriers of GBA variants. Notably, this effect was consistent across all tested GBA risk variants. Dissecting this signal demonstrated that variants in close proximity to SNCA and CTSB (encoding cathepsin B) are the most significant contributors. Risk variants in the CTSB locus were identified to decrease mRNA expression of CTSB. Additional analyses suggest a possible genetic interaction between GBA and CTSB and GBA p.N370S neurons were shown to have decreased Cathepsin B expression compared to controls. These data provide a genetic basis for modification of GBA-associated PD risk and age at onset and demonstrate that variability at genes implicated in lysosomal function exerts the largest effect on GBA associated risk for disease. Further, these results have important implications for selection of GBA carriers for therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilbron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonet Ponce, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenn, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hilten, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siitonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majamaa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eerola-Rautio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelyat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis-Trupe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ple</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/738351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic modifiers of risk and age at onset in GBA associated Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/738260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Penetrance of Parkinson’s disease in LRRK2 p.G2019S carriers is modified by a polygenic risk score 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/738260v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhile the LRRK2 p.G2019S mutation has been demonstrated to be a strong risk factor for Parkinsons Disease (PD), factors that contribute to penetrance among carriers, other than aging, have not been well identified.nnObjectivesTo evaluate whether a cumulative genetic risk identified in the recent genome-wide study is associated with penetrance of PD among p.G2019S mutation carriers.nnMethodsWe included p.G2019S heterozygote carriers with European ancestry in three genetic cohorts in which the mutation carriers with and without PD were selectively recruited. We also included the carriers from two datasets: one from a case-control setting without selection of mutation carriers, and the other from a population sampling. The associations between PRS constructed from 89 variants reported in Nalls et al. and PD were tested and meta-analyzed. We also explored the interaction of age and PRS.nnResultsAfter excluding 8 homozygotes, 833 p.G2019S heterozygote carriers (439 PD and 394 unaffected) were analyzed. PRS was associated with a higher penetrance of PD (OR 1.34, 95% C.I. [1.09, 1.64] per +1 SD, P = 0.005). In addition, associations with PRS and penetrance were stronger in the younger participants (main effect: OR 1.28 [1.04, 1.58] per +1 SD, P = 0.022; interaction effect: OR 0.78 [0.64, 0.94] per +1 SD and +10 years of age, P = 0.008).nnConclusionsOur results suggest that there is a genetic contribution for penetrance of PD among p.G2019S carriers. These results have important etiologic consequences and potential impact on the selection of subjects for clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/738260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Penetrance of Parkinson’s disease in LRRK2 p.G2019S carriers is modified by a polygenic risk score]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/699066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2 regulates innate immune responses and neuroinflammation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/699066v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite many connections between mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection, we know little about its function outside of the brain, where it is studied in the context of Parkinsons Disease (PD). Here, we report that LRRK2 controls peripheral macrophages and brain-resident glial cells ability to respond to and express inflammatory molecules. LRRK2 KO macrophages express elevated basal levels of type I interferons, resulting from defective purine metabolism, mitochondrial damage, and engagement of mitochondrial DNA with the cGAS DNA sensing pathway. While LRRK2 KO mice can control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, they exhibit exacerbated lung inflammation and altered activation of glial cells in PD-relevant regions of the brain. These results directly implicate LRRK2 in peripheral immunity and support the "multiple-hit hypothesis" of neurodegenerative disease, whereby infection coupled with genetic defects in LRRK2 create an immune milieu that alters activation of glial cells and may trigger PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weindel, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntington, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vail, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2 regulates innate immune responses and neuroinflammation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/713594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ThX - A next-generation probe for the early detection of amyloid aggregates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/713594v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons are associated with protein misfolding and aggregation. Recent studies suggest that the small, rare and heterogeneous oligomeric species, formed early on in the aggregation process, may be a source of cytotoxicity. Thioflavin T (ThT) is currently the gold-standard fluorescent probe for the study of amyloid proteins and aggregation processes. However, the poor photophysical and binding properties of ThT impairs the study of oligomers. To overcome this challenge, we have designed Thioflavin X, (ThX), a next-generation fluorescent probe which displays superior properties; including a 5-fold increase in brightness and 7-fold increase in binding affinity to amyloidogenic proteins. As an extrinsic dye, this can be used to study unique structural amyloid features both in bulk and on a single-aggregate level. Furthermore, ThX can be used as a super-resolution imaging probe in single-molecule localisation microscopy. Finally, we demonstrate that ThX can be used to detect a distinct oligomeric species, not observed via traditional ThT imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Needham, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varela, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fyfe, J. W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenlyside, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cliffe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klenerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohndiek, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snaddon, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/713594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ThX - A next-generation probe for the early detection of amyloid aggregates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/711176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PPM1H phosphatase counteracts LRRK2 signaling by selectively dephosphorylating Rab proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/711176v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations that activate LRRK2 protein kinase cause Parkinsons disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases within their Switch-II motif controlling interaction with effectors. An siRNA screen of all protein phosphatases revealed that a poorly studied protein phosphatase, PPM1H, counteracts LRRK2 signaling by specifically dephosphorylating Rab proteins. PPM1H knock out increased endogenous Rab phosphorylation and inhibited Rab dephosphorylation. Overexpression of PPM1H suppressed LRRK2-mediated Rab phosphorylation. PPM1H also efficiently and directly dephosphorylated Rab8A in biochemical studies. A "substrate-trapping" PPM1H mutant (Asp288Ala) binds with high affinity to endogenous, LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab proteins, thereby blocking dephosphorylation seen upon addition of LRRK2 inhibitors. PPM1H is localized to the Golgi and its knockdown suppresses primary cilia formation, similar to pathogenic LRRK2. Thus, PPM1H acts as a key modulator of LRRK2 signaling by controlling dephosphorylation of Rab proteins. PPM1H activity enhancers could offer a new therapeutic approach to prevent or treat Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berndsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshaw, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wawro, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirujogi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wightman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macartney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knebel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/711176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PPM1H phosphatase counteracts LRRK2 signaling by selectively dephosphorylating Rab proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/687590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bach2 is a potent repressor of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression in dopaminergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/687590v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcriptional activator of antioxidant response elements (ARE), which function to increase expression of antioxidant enzymes. Recent works suggests Nrf2 activation is a promising protective mechanism against the progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinsons disease (PD). While Nrf2 inducers show some promising results in animal models of PD, the response is limit in dopaminergic neurons with the protection mostly conferred by surrounding glia. The present study characterizes ARE transcriptional repressors Bach1 and Bach 2 (Broad complex- Tramtrack-Bric-a-brac and Cap n Collar homology, basic leucine zipper transcription factors 1 and 2) as a potential explanation for limited Nrf2 activity in these neurons. The current work identified Bach1 and Bach2 in dopaminergic neurons of the human substantia nigra by immunocytochemical analyses. We further identified Bach2 as a more robust inhibitor of Nrf2 responses. The effects of both Bach1 and Bach2 were dependent on their DNA-binding domains, but the DNA-binding domains did not entirely explain the differences in their relative repressor activities. Using IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells, we found differentiation into a dopaminergic neuronal phenotype resulted in increased Bach2 expression, decreased full-length Bach1 expression, increased truncated Bach1, and blunted Nrf2-mediated responses. Bach inhibitors cobalt protoporphyrin or cadmium chloride, which were more effective against Bach1 than Bach2, did not rescue Nrf2 responses. These results provide a novel mechanism for the lack of antioxidant responses and sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to oxidative damage, in addition to proposing Bach2 as a novel drug target for the treatment of PD.nnSignificanceOxidative stress and damage are unifying contributors to explain the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinsons disease (PD). Although increased transcription of antioxidant enzymes by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) shows potential in combating oxidative damage, Nrf2 protection is mostly conferred by surrounding glia with a relative inability of neurons to mount a protective response. This work characterizes transcriptional repressors Bach1 and Bach2 that inhibit Nrf2 responses and prevent antioxidant enzyme production. This study supports Bach2 as a major factor in preventing antioxidant production in neurons and as a novel drug target to protect against PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waxman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/687590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bach2 is a potent repressor of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression in dopaminergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/687269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CSF sTREM2 correlates with CSF tau in advancing Parkinson’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/687269v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimers disease (AD) and affects 1% of the population above 60 years old. Although PD commonly manifests with motor symptoms, a majority of patients with PD subsequently develop cognitive impairment which often progresses to dementia, a major cause of morbidity and disability. PD is characterized by -synuclein accumulation that frequently associates with amyloid beta (A{beta}) and tau fibrils, the hallmarks of AD neuropathologic changes; this co-occurrence suggests that onset of cognitive decline in PD may be associated with appearance of pathologic A{beta} and/or tau. Recent studies have highlighted the appearance of the soluble form of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) receptor in CSF during development of AD. Given the known association of microglial activation with advancing PD, we investigated whether CSF and/or plasma sTREM2 increased with progression to PD dementia. We examined 165 participants consisting of 17 cognitively normal elderly, 45 PD patients with no cognitive impairment, 86 with mild cognitive impairment, and 17 with dementia. Stratification of subjects by CSF A{beta} and tau levels revealed that CSF sTREM2 concentrations were elevated in PD subgroups with abnormal tau, but not A{beta}, CSF concentration. These findings indicate that CSF sTREM2 could serve as a surrogate immune biomarker of neuronal injury in PD that is associated with cognitive decline.nnOne sentence summaryCSF sTREM2 correlates with CSF tau in PD
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarovski, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linortner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Channappa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minhas, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhatre, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plowey, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabetian, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cholerton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montine, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poston, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/687269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CSF sTREM2 correlates with CSF tau in advancing Parkinson’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/681064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organotypic slice culture model demonstrates interneuronal spreading of alpha-synuclein aggregates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/681064v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we describe the use of an organotypic hippocampal slice model for studying -synuclein aggregation and inter-neuronal spreading initiated by injection of preformed -synuclein filaments (PFFs). PFF injection at dentate gyrus templates the endogenous -synuclein to form aggregates in axons and cell bodies that spread to CA3 and CA1 regions. Aggregates were insoluble and phosphorylated at serine 129, recapitulating Lewy pathology features found in Parkinsons disease and other synucleinopathies. The spreading of the aggregates were favoring the anterograde direction in the slice model. The model allowed development of slices expressing only serine-129 phosphorylation-deficient human -synuclein (S129G) using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector in -synuclein knockout slices. Processes of aggregation and spreading of -synuclein were thereby shown to be independent of phosphorylation at serine 129. We provide methods and highlight crucial steps for PFF microinjection and characterization of aggregate formation and spreading. Slices derived from genetically engineered mice or manipulated by using viral vectors allow testing of hypotheses on mechanisms involved in formation of -synuclein aggregates and their prion-like spreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elfarrash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thevathasan, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omar, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boraie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ries, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/681064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organotypic slice culture model demonstrates interneuronal spreading of alpha-synuclein aggregates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/676627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A revised 1.6 Å structure of the GTPase domain of the Parkinson’s disease-associated protein LRRK2 provides insights into mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/676627v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large 286 kDa multi-domain protein whose mutation is a common cause of Parkinsons disease (PD). One of the common sites of familial PD-associated mutations occurs at residue Arg-1441 in the GTPase domain of LRRK2. Previously, we reported that the PD-associated mutation R1441H impairs the catalytic activity of the GTPase domain thereby traps it in a persistently "on" state. More recently, we reported that the GTPase domain of LRRK2 exists in a dynamic dimer-monomer equilibrium where GTP binding shifts it to the monomeric conformation while GDP binding shifts it back to the dimeric state. We also reported that all of the PD-associated mutations at Arg-1441, including R1441H, R1441C, and R1441G, impair the nucleotide-dependent dimer-monomer conformational dynamics of the GTPase domain. However, the mechanism of this nucleotide-dependent conformational dynamics and how it is impaired by the mutations at residue Arg-1441 remained unclear. Here, we report a 1.6 [A] crystal structure of the GTPase domain of LRRK2. Our structure has revealed a dynamic switch region that can be differentially regulated by GTP and GDP binding. This nucleotide-dependent regulation is impaired when residue Arg-1441 is substituted with the PD-associated mutations due to the loss of its exquisite interactions consisting of two hydrogen bonds and a {pi}-stacking interaction at the dimer interface.nnSignificance StatementMutations in LRRK2 are associated with familial Parkinsons disease, so understanding its mechanism of actions and how they are changed by the disease-associated mutations is important for developing therapeutic strategies. This paper describes an atomic structure of the G-domain of LRRK2 revealing that the conformational dynamics of the switch regions are potentially important for its normal function. It further shows that a disease-associated mutation could lock the G domain in a persistently active-like conformation, thus perturbing its normal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanishvili, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federici, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, Q. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/676627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A revised 1.6 Å structure of the GTPase domain of the Parkinson’s disease-associated protein LRRK2 provides insights into mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/670729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of Ser111 in Rab8a modulates Rabin8 dependent activation by perturbation of side chain interaction networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/670729v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GTPases are key-players in cellular signaling processes. Phosphorylation of Rab proteins, which belong to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases regulating intracellular transport, has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson Disease (PD). For Rab8a, it was shown that serine 111 phosphorylation (pS111) is dependent on the protein kinase PINK1, and that mimicking the phosphorylation at S111 by a serine/glutamate substitution (S111E) impaired Rab8a activation by its cognate nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Rabin8. Here, we performed comparative Molecular Dynamics and free energy simulations on Rab8a and Rab8a:Rabin8 complexes to elucidate the molecular details on how pS111 and S111E may influence the interaction with Rabin8. The simulations indicate that S111E and pS111 establish an intramolecular interaction with arginine 79 (R79). In the complex, this interaction persists, and therefore perturbs a favorable intermolecular salt-bridge contact between R79 in Rab8a and the acidic aspartate 187 (D187) in Rabin8. Binding free analysis reveals that S111E and pS111, as well as the mutation R79A, in Rab8a drastically reduce the binding affinity to Rabin8. Combining the R79A mutation with S111E or pS111, respectively, nearly diminishes Rab8a-Rabin8 binding. In vitro experiments confirm our computational results showing that the nucleotide exchange rates of the respective Rab8a mutants are decreased by >80% in the presence of Rabin8 compared to wild type. In addition to specific insights into how S111 phosphorylation of Rab8a can influence GEF-mediated activation, the simulations demonstrate how side chain modifications in general can allosterically influence the network of surface side chain interactions between binding partners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pourjafar-Dehkordi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieweg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/670729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of Ser111 in Rab8a modulates Rabin8 dependent activation by perturbation of side chain interaction networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/632638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Emerging Gait Dysfunction Phenotype in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/632638v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSeverity of motor symptoms in Parkinsons disease (PD), and rate of change of these symptoms, suggests the existence of disease subgroups. One important PD subgroup is defined by postural instability and gait dysfunction (PIGD), which is associated with disability, lower quality of life, and cognitive deterioration. In this study, we evaluate what clinical factors at baseline are associated with early development of postural instability in PD.nnMethodsData was downloaded from the Parkinsons Progressive Markers Initiative (PPMI). Several clinical features predict development of postural instability. We provisionally term the associated phenotype the emerging gait disorder (eGD) phenotype. We evaluate validity of the phenotype in two held-out populations.nnResultsIndividuals with the proposed eGD phenotype have a significantly higher risk of developing postural instability in both validation sets (p < 0.00001 in both sets). The proposed eGD phenotype occurred before development of postural instability (HY stage [&ge;] 3) in 289 of 301 paired comparisons (Fischer Exact Test, p < 0.000001), with a median progression time from development of eGD phenotype to postural instability of 972 days. Individuals with the proposed eGD phenotype at baseline had more rapid cognitive decline as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (p = 0.002) and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (Total Recall, p = 0.008).nnInterpretationWe describe a clinical phenotype, detectable at baseline in a subset of individuals with PD, that is associated with accelerated development of postural instability. Within the sample, development of the eGD phenotype reliably precedes development of disability, and is a harbinger of more rapid cognitive progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skidmore, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstenecker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jololian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standaert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disbrow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Emerging Gait Dysfunction Phenotype in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/627216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of eQTL and Parkinson’s disease GWAS data implicates 11 disease genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/627216v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Substantial genome-wide association study (GWAS) work in Parkinsons disease (PD) has led to an increasing number of loci shown reliably and robustly to be associated with the increased risk of the disease. Prioritising causative genes and pathways from these studies has proven problematic. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of PD GWAS data with expression and methylation quantitative trait loci (eQTL/mQTL) using Colocalisation analysis (Coloc) and transcriptome-wide association analysis (TWAS) to uncover putative gene expression and splicing mechanisms driving PD GWAS signals. Candidate genes were further characterised by determining cell-type specificity, weighted gene co-expression (WGNCA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks.nnGene-level analysis of expression revealed 5 genes (WDR6, CD38, GPNMB, RAB29, TMEM163) that replicated using both Coloc and TWAS analyses in both GTEx and Braineac expression datasets. A further 6 genes (ZRANB3, PCGF3, NEK1, NUPL2, GALC, CTSB) showed evidence of disease-associated splicing effects. Cell-type specificity analysis revealed that gene expression was overall more prevalent in glial cell-types compared to neurons. The WGNCA analysis showed that NUPL2 is a key gene in 3 modules implicated in catabolic processes related with protein ubiquitination (protein ubiquitination (p=7.47e-10) and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (p = 2.57e-17) in nucleus accumbens, caudate and putamen, while TMEM163 and ZRANB3 were both important in modules indicating regulation of signalling (p=1.33e-65] and cell communication (p=7.55e-35) in the frontal cortex and caudate respectively. PPI analysis and simulations using random networks demonstrated that the candidate genes interact significantly more with known Mendelian PD and parkinsonism proteins than would be expected by chance. The proteins core proteins this network were enriched for regulation of the ERBB receptor tyrosine protein kinase signalling pathways.nnTogether, these results point to a number of candidate genes and pathways that are driving the associations observed in PD GWAS studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kia, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guelfi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>United Kingdom Brain Expression Consortium (UKBEC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International PD Genomics Consortium (IPDGC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trabzuni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/627216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of eQTL and Parkinson’s disease GWAS data implicates 11 disease genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/505164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental colitis drives enteric alpha-synuclein accumulation and Parkinson-like brain pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/505164v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraneuronal accumulation of -synuclein (Syn) is key in the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease (PD). Published studies suggest that this process begins in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and propagates into the brain decades before clinical diagnosis of PD. The triggers and mechanisms underlying the accumulation of Syn remain unknown but evidence is growing, that immune pathways and in particular colitis may play a critical role. Here we demonstrate that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) exhibit Syn accumulation in their colon. We then confirmed in an experimental model of IBD that intestinal inflammation can trigger Syn accumulation in the ENS of wildtype and Syn transgenic mice. We discovered that the type and degree of inflammation modulates the extent of Syn accumulation in the colon and that macrophage-related signaling limits this process. Remarkably, experimental colitis at three months of age exacerbated the accumulation of aggregated phospho-Serine 129 Syn in the midbrain, including the substantia nigra, in 21-month but not 9-month-old Syn transgenic mice. This was accompanied by loss of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons, another neuropathological hallmark of PD. Together, our data suggest a critical role for intestinal inflammation in the initiation and progression of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grathwhohl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quansah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maroof, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spycher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benmansour, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran-Pacheco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siebourg-Polster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oroszlan-Szovik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haenggi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stawiski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehlhausen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maliver, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emrich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madaj, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar Galvis, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrnann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brundin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britschgi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental colitis drives enteric alpha-synuclein accumulation and Parkinson-like brain pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/620401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased Dynamics of α-Synuclein Fibrils by β-Synuclein Leads to Reduced Seeding and Cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/620401v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein (S) fibrils are toxic to cells and contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinsons disease and other synucleinopathies. {beta}-Synuclein ({beta}S), which co-localizes with S, has been shown to provide a neuroprotective effect, but the molecular mechanism by which this occurs remains elusive. Here we show that S fibrils formed in the presence of {beta}S are less cytotoxic, exhibit reduced cell seeding capacity and are more resistant to fibril shedding compared to S fibrils alone. Using solid-state NMR, we found that the overall structure of the core of S fibrils when co-incubated with {beta}S is minimally perturbed, however, the dynamics of Lys and Thr residues, located primarily in the imperfect KTKEGV repeats of the S N-terminus, are increased. Our results suggest that amyloid fibril dynamics may play a key role in modulating toxicity and seeding. Thus, enhancing the dynamics of amyloid fibrils may be a strategy for future therapeutic targeting of neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouradian, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased Dynamics of α-Synuclein Fibrils by β-Synuclein Leads to Reduced Seeding and Cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/609016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of Parkinson disease in Spain: characterizing population-specific risk, differential haplotype structures, and providing etiologic insight 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/609016v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Iberian Peninsula stands out as having variable levels of population admixture and isolation, making Spain an interesting setting for studying the genetic architecture of neurodegenerative diseases.nnObjectivesTo perform the largest Parkinson disease (PD) genome-wide association study (GWAS) restricted to a single country.nnMethodsWe performed a GWAS for both risk of PD and age-at-onset (AAO) in 7,849 Spanish individuals. Further analyses included population-specific risk haplotype assessments, polygenic risk scoring through machine learning, Mendelian randomization of expression and methylation data to gain insight into disease-associated loci, heritability estimates, genetic correlations and burden analyses.nnResultsWe identified a novel population-specific GWAS signal at PARK2 associated with AAO. We replicated four genome-wide independent signals associated with PD risk, including SNCA, LRRK2, KANSL1/MAPT and HLA-DQB1. A significant trend for smaller risk haplotypes at known loci was found compared to similar studies of non-Spanish origin. Seventeen PD-related genes showed functional consequence via two-sample Mendelian randomization in expression and methylation datasets. Long runs of homozygosity at 28 known genes/loci were found to be enriched in cases versus controls.nnConclusionsOur data demonstrate the utility of the Spanish risk haplotype substructure for future fine-mapping efforts, showing how leveraging unique and diverse population histories can benefit genetic studies of complex diseases. The present study points to PARK2 as a major hallmark of PD etiology in Spain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandres Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adarmes-Gomez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernal-Bernal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla-Toribio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buiza-Rueda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion-Claro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Garre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jesus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labrador-Espinosa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macias, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-del-Barrio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perinan-Tocino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejera-Parrado, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Gonzalez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez-Fairen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tartari, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buongiorno, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorostidi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergareche, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondragon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dols-Icardo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulisevsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin-Lahoz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagonabarraga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual-Sedano, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezquerra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/609016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic architecture of Parkinson disease in Spain: characterizing population-specific risk, differential haplotype structures, and providing etiologic insight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/585836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of Parkinson's disease progression biomarkers in 12 longitudinal patients' cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/585836v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSeveral reports have identified different patterns of Parkinsons disease progression in individuals carrying missense variants in the GBA or LRRK2 genes. The overall contribution of genetic factors to the severity and progression of Parkinsons disease, however, has not been well studied.

ObjectivesTo test the association between genetic variants and the clinical features and progression of Parkinsons disease on a genome-wide scale.

MethodsWe accumulated individual data from 12 longitudinal cohorts in a total of 4,093 patients with 25,254 observations over a median of 3.81 years. Genome-wide associations were evaluated for 25 cross-sectional and longitudinal phenotypes. Specific variants of interest, including 90 recently-identified disease risk variants, were also investigated for the associations with these phenotypes.

ResultsTwo variants were genome-wide significant. Rs382940(T>A), within the intron of SLC44A1, was associated with reaching Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 or higher faster (HR 2.04 [1.58, 2.62], P-value = 3.46E-8). Rs61863020(G>A), an intergenic variant and eQTL for ADRA2A, was associated with a lower prevalence of insomnia at baseline (OR 0.63 [0,52, 0.75], P-value = 4.74E-8). In the targeted analysis, we found nine associations between known Parkinsons risk variants and more severe motor/cognitive symptoms. Also, we replicated previous reports of GBA coding variants (rs2230288: p.E365K, rs75548401: p.T408M) being associated with greater motor and cognitive decline over time, and APOE E4 tagging variant (rs429358) being associated with greater cognitive deficits in patients.

ConclusionsWe identified novel genetic factors associated with heterogeneity of progression in Parkinsons disease. The results provide new insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease as well as patient stratification for clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maple-Grodem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvol, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Nimwegen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutten, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.-D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auinger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijeyekoon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deerlin, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitrala, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day-Williams, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyce, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tysnes, O.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegel, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danjou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heutink, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloem, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams-Gray, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Warrenburg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/585836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of Parkinson's disease progression biomarkers in 12 longitudinal patients' cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/530915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of one Engrailed1 allele enhances induced α-synucleinopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/530915v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundParkinsons disease (PD) is a synucleinopathy that has multiple neuropathological characteristics, with nigrostriatal dopamine system degeneration being a core feature. Current models of PD pathology typically fail to recapitulate several attributes of the pathogenic process and neuropathology. We aimed to define the effects of combining a mouse model exhibiting multiple PD-like changes with intrastriatal injections of -synuclein (-syn) pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) aggregates. We employed the heterozygous Engrailed 1 (En1+/-) mouse that features several pathophysiological hallmarks of clinical PD. Objective: To test the hypothesis that the neuropathological changes in the En1+/- mice will promote formation of -syn aggregates following intrastriatal injections of pathogenic human -syn PFFs. Methods: We unilaterally injected PFFs into the striata of 1 month-old En1+/- and control wild-type mice and euthanized animals at 3 months for post-mortem analysis. Results: Using immunohistochemistry and unbiased stereology, we established that PFF-injected En1+/- mice exhibited a near-threefold increase in pS129--syn-positive neurons in the substantia nigra compared to PFF-injected wild-type mice. The PFF-injected En1+/- mice also displayed significant increases in pS129--syn-positive neurons in the amygdala and ventral tegmental area; regions of known PD pathology with projections to the striatum. Additionally, we observed amplified pS129--syn-positive aggregation in En1+/- mice in multiple cortical regions. Conclusions: Following intrastriatal injection of PFFs, absence of an En1 allele leads to additional aggregation of pathological -syn, potentially due to En1-loss mediated nigrostriatal impairment. We propose that further development of this double-hit model could be predictive of pre-clinical therapeutic potential and success for PD than existing mouse models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saiz Sanchez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quansah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madaj, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar Galvis, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordower, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brundin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of one Engrailed1 allele enhances induced α-synucleinopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/388165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinson’s disease genetics: identifying novel risk loci, providing causal insights and improving estimates of heritable risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/388165v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We performed the largest genome-wide association study of PD to date, involving the analysis of 7.8M SNPs in 37.7K cases, 18.6K UK Biobank proxy-cases, and 1.4M controls. We identified 90 independent genome-wide significant signals across 78 loci, including 38 independent risk signals in 37 novel loci. These variants explained 26-36% of the heritable risk of PD. Tests of causality within a Mendelian randomization framework identified putatively causal genes for 70 risk signals. Tissue expression enrichment analysis suggested that signatures of PD loci were heavily brain-enriched, consistent with specific neuronal cell types being implicated from single cell expression data. We found significant genetic correlations with brain volumes, smoking status, and educational attainment. In sum, these data provide the most comprehensive understanding of the genetic architecture of PD to date by revealing many additional PD risk loci, providing a biological context for these risk factors, and demonstrating that a considerable genetic component of this disease remains unidentified.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallerga, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilbron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kia, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyce, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bras, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Coelln, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Sanchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siitonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvol, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>System Genomics of Parkinson's Disease (SGPD) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majamaa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Orr, Z</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinson’s disease genetics: identifying novel risk loci, providing causal insights and improving estimates of heritable risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/551507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The value of non-motor features and genetic variants of Parkinson's disease for clustering Lewy body diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/551507v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe use of non-motor Parkinsons disease (PD) features and genetic PD variants for clustering analyses may refine the phenotypic classification of idiopathic Lewy body (LB) diseases.

MethodsOne-hundred participants [n=7 E46K-SNCA (n=5 symptomatic and n=2 asymptomatic), n=4 PARK2, n=3 LRRK2, n=8 dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), n=48 idiopathic PD (iPD), n=30 healthy controls (HC)] underwent a comprehensive evaluation of non-motor and motor PD features. Non-motor features were used to perform a hierarchical clustering analysis with patients and HC using a Scikit-learn toolkit.

ResultsClustering analysis suggested three clusters of subjects including Cluster 1 or "Normal-to-mild": young iPD (< 60 years) classified together with most HC and the variable LB burden genetic PD variants (PARK2 and LRRK2) characterized by having normal-to-mild cognitive disabilities and mild-to-moderate motor disability with few axial symptoms; Cluster 2 or "Mild-to-moderate": old iPD patients (>60 years) classified together with the lowest symptomatic E46K-SNCA, PARK2 carriers and HCs, characterizing by having mild-to-moderate cognitive and motor disabilities with few axial symptoms; and Cluster 3 or "Severe": old iPD (>60 years) classified together with all DLB and the most symptomatic E46K-SNCA carriers, characterized by having severe pattern-specific cognitive disabilities (visual attention, perception, processing speed, memory and executive functions) and severe motor PD manifestations with marked axial symptoms.

ConclusionsOur study supports the potential value of incorporating genetic PD variants in data-driven iPD classification algorithms and the usefulness of non-motor PD features, especially visual cognition abnormalities, to facilitate the identification of aggressive LB diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucas-Jimenez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojeda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibarretxe-Bilbao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tijero, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galdos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murueta-Goyena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Pino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Esteban, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabilondo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The value of non-motor features and genetic variants of Parkinson's disease for clustering Lewy body diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/549691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of visual contextual interactions is altered in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/549691v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last decades, psychophysical and electrophysiological studies in patients and animal models of Parkinsons disease (PD), have consistently revealed a number of visual abnormalities. In particular, specific alterations of contrast sensitivity curves, electroretinogram (ERG), and visual evoked potentials (VEP), have been attributed to dopaminergic retinal depletion. However, fundamental mechanisms of cortical visual processing, such as normalization or "gain-control" computations, have not yet been examined in PD patients. Here we measured electrophysiological indices of gain control in both space (surround suppression) and time (sensory adaptation) in PD patients based on steady-state VEP (ssVEP). Compared to controls, patients exhibited a significantly higher initial ssVEP amplitude that quickly decayed over time, and greater relative suppression of ssVEP amplitude as a function of surrounding stimulus contrast. Meanwhile, EEG frequency spectra were broadly elevated in patients relative to controls. Thus, contrary to what might be expected given the reduced contrast sensitivity often reported in PD, visual neural responses are not weaker; rather, they are initially larger but undergo an exaggerated degree of spatial and temporal gain control and are embedded within a greater background noise level. We conclude that compensatory cortical mechanisms may play a role in determining dysfunctional center-surround interactions at the retinal level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanegas, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Rocco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quartarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghilardi, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/549691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of visual contextual interactions is altered in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/539700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The necroptosis machinery mediates axonal degeneration in a model of Parkinson disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/539700v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition, characterized by motor impairment due to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and depletion of dopamine release in the striatum. Accumulating evidence suggest that degeneration of axons is an early event in the disease, involving destruction programs that are independent of the survival of the cell soma. Necroptosis, a programmed cell death process, is emerging as a mediator of neuronal loss in models of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we demonstrate activation of necroptosis in postmortem brain tissue from PD patients and in a toxin-based mouse model of the disease. Inhibition of key components of the necroptotic pathway resulted in a significant delay of 6-hydroxydopamine dependent axonal degeneration of dopaminergic and cortical neurons in vitro. Genetic ablation of necroptosis mediators MLKL and RIPK3, as well as pharmacological inhibition of RIPK1 in vivo, decreased dopaminergic neuron degeneration, improving motor performance. Together, these findings suggest that axonal degeneration in PD is mediated by the necroptosis machinery, a process here referred to as necroaxoptosis, a druggable pathway to target dopaminergic neuronal loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Onate, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catenaccio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvadores, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saquel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Court, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/539700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The necroptosis machinery mediates axonal degeneration in a model of Parkinson disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/526988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale proteomic analysis of human prefrontal cortex identifies proteins associated with cognitive trajectory in advanced age 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/526988v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In advanced age, some individuals maintain a stable cognitive trajectory while others experience a rapid decline. Such variation in cognitive trajectory is only partially explained by traditional neurodegenerative pathologies. Hence, to identify new processes underlying variation in cognitive trajectory, we perform an unbiased proteome-wide association study of cognitive trajectory in a discovery (n=104) and replication cohort (n=39) of initially cognitively unimpaired, longitudinally assessed older-adult brain donors. We find 579 proteins associated with cognitive trajectory after meta-analysis. Notably, we present novel evidence for increased neuronal mitochondrial activities in cognitive stability regardless of the burden of traditional neuropathologies. Furthermore, we provide additional evidence for increased synaptic activities and decreased inflammation and apoptosis in cognitive stability. Importantly, we nominate proteins associated with cognitive trajectory, particularly the 38 proteins that act independently of neuropathologies and are also hub proteins of protein co-expression networks, as promising targets for future mechanistic studies of cognitive trajectory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wingo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammer, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncosco, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thambisetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caselli, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lah, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingo, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/526988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale proteomic analysis of human prefrontal cortex identifies proteins associated with cognitive trajectory in advanced age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/528810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An MRI Atrophy Biomarker Predicts Global Prognosis in Early De Novo Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/528810v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCommonly used neuroimaging biomarkers in Parkinsons disease (PD) are useful for diagnosis but poor at predicting outcomes. We explored whether an atrophy pattern from whole-brain structural MRI, measured in the drug-naive early stage, could predict PD prognosis.

Methods362 de novo PD patients with T1-weighted MRI (n=222 for the main analysis, 140 for the validation analysis) were recruited from the Parkinsons Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). We investigated a previously identified PD-specific network atrophy pattern as a potential biomarker of disease severity and prognosis. Progression trajectories of motor function (MDS-UPDRS-part III), cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)), and a global composite outcome measure were compared between atrophy tertiles using mixed effect models. The prognostic value of the MRI atrophy measure was compared with 123I ioflupane single photon emission computed tomography, the postural-instability-gait-disturbance score, and cerebrospinal fluid markers.

FindingsAfter 4.5 years follow-up, PD-specific atrophy network score at baseline significantly predicted change in UPDRS-part III (r=-0.197, p=0.003), MoCA (r=0.253, p=0.0002) and global composite outcome (r=-0.249, p=0.0002). Compared with the 3rd tertile (i.e. least atrophy), the tertile with the highest baseline atrophy (i.e. the 1st tertile) had a 3-point annual faster progression in UPDRS-part III (p=0.012), faster worsening of posture-instability gait scores (+0.21 further annual increase, p<0.0001), faster decline in MoCA (-0.74 further annual decline in MoCA, p=0.0372) and a +0.38 (p=0.0029) faster annual increase in the global composite z-score. All findings were replicated in a validation analysis using 1.5T MRI. By comparison, the other biomarkers were limited in their ability to predict prognosis either in the main or validation analysis.

InterpretationA PD-specific network atrophy pattern predicts progression of motor, cognitive, and global outcome in PD, and is a stronger predictor of prognosis than any of the other tested biomarkers. Therefore, it has considerable potential as a prognostic biomarker for clinical trials of early PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeighami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fereshtehnejad, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postuma, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An MRI Atrophy Biomarker Predicts Global Prognosis in Early De Novo Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/499509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tensor Decomposition of Stimulated Monocyte and Macrophage Gene Expression Profiles Identifies Neurodegenerative Disease-specific Trans-eQTLs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/499509v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent human genetic studies suggest that cells of the innate immune system have a primary role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the results from these studies often do not elucidate how the genetic variants affect the biology of these cells to modulate disease risk. Here, we applied a tensor decomposition method to uncover disease-associated gene networks linked to distal genetic variation in stimulated human monocytes and macrophages gene expression profiles. We report robust evidence that some disease-associated genetic variants affect the expression of multiple genes in trans. These include a Parkinsons disease locus influencing the expression of genes mediated by a protease that controls lysosomal function, and Alzheimers disease loci influencing the expression of genes involved in type 1 interferon signaling, myeloid phagocytosis, and complement cascade pathways. Overall, we uncover gene networks in induced innate immune cells linked to disease-associated genetic variants, which may help elucidate the underlying biology of disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramdhani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilder, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/499509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tensor Decomposition of Stimulated Monocyte and Macrophage Gene Expression Profiles Identifies Neurodegenerative Disease-specific Trans-eQTLs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/407247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-Synuclein binds extracellular complex N-linked glycans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/407247v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-to-cell transmission of toxic forms of -Synuclein (S) is thought to underlie disease progression in Parkinsons disease. S in humans is constitutively N-terminally acetylated (Sacetyl), although the impact of this modification is relatively unexplored. Here we report that Sacetyl is more effective at inducing intracellular aggregation in primary neurons than unmodified S (Sun). We identify complex N-linked glycans as binding partners for Sacetyl, and demonstrate that cellular internalization of Sacetyl is reduced significantly upon cleavage of extracellular N-linked glycans, but not other carbohydrates. We verify binding of Sacetyl to N-linked glycans in vitro, using both isolated glycans and cell-derived proteoliposomes. Finally, we identify neurexin l{beta}, a neuronal glycoprotein, as capable of driving glycan-dependent uptake of Sacetyl. Importantly, our results are specific to Sacetyl as Sun does not demonstrate sensitivity for N-linked glycans. Our study identifies extracellular N-linked glycans, and neurexin l{beta} specifically, as key modulators of neuronal uptake of physiological Sacetyl drawing attention to the potential therapeutic value of Sacetyl-glycan interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranker, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-Synuclein binds extracellular complex N-linked glycans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/469726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of volatile biomarkers of Parkinsons disease from sebum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/469726v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that presents with significant motor symptoms, for which there is no diagnostic test (1-3). We have serendipitously identified a hyperosmic individual, a  Super Smeller that can detect PD by odor alone, and our early pilot studies have indicated that the odor was present in the sebum from the skin of PD subjects(4). Here, we have employed an unbiased approach to investigate the volatile metabolites of sebum samples obtained non-invasively from the upper back of 64 participants in total (21 controls and 43 PD subjects). Our results, validated by an independent cohort, identified a distinct volatiles-associated signature of PD, including altered levels of perillic aldehyde and eicosane, the smell of which was then described as being highly similar to the scent of PD by our  Super Smeller.nn1 sentence summaryMetabolomics identifies volatile odorous compounds from patient sebum that associate with the smell of Parkinsons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liscio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverdale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodacre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/469726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of volatile biomarkers of Parkinsons disease from sebum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/454249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability and genetic variance of dementia with Lewy bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/454249v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent large-scale genetic studies have allowed for the first glimpse of the effects of common genetic variability in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), identifying risk variants with appreciable effect sizes. However, it is currently well established that a substantial portion of the genetic heritable component of complex traits is not captured by genome-wide significant SNPs. To overcome this issue, we have estimated the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetic variability (SNP heritability) in DLB using a method that is unbiased by allele frequency or linkage disequilibrium properties of the underlying variants. This shows that the heritability of DLB is nearly twice as high as previous estimates based on common variants only (31% vs 59.9%). We also determine the amount of phenotypic variance in DLB that can be explained by recent polygenic risk scores from either Parkinsons disease (PD) or Alzheimers disease (AD), and show that, despite being highly significant, they explain a low amount of variance. Additionally, to identify pleiotropic events that might improve our understanding of the disease, we performed genetic correlation analyses of DLB with over 200 diseases and biomedically relevant traits. Our data shows that DLB has a positive correlation with education phenotypes, which is opposite to what occurs in AD. Overall, our data suggests that novel genetic risk factors for DLB should be identified by larger GWAS and these are likely to be independent from known AD and PD risk variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerreiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escott-Price, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kun-Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neto, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkkinen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwent, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pletnikova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarimon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lleo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morenas-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogaeva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetterberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braae, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troakes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sarraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deerlin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesage,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability and genetic variance of dementia with Lewy bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/424010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinson disease age of onset GWAS: defining heritability, genetic loci and a-synuclein mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/424010v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence supports an extensive and complex genetic contribution to Parkinsons disease (PD). Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shed light on the genetic basis of risk for this disease. However, the genetic determinants of PD age of onset are largely unknown. Here we performed an age of onset GWAS based on 28,568 PD cases. We estimated that the heritability of PD age of onset due to common genetic variation was ~0.11, lower than the overall heritability of risk for PD (~0.27) likely in part because of the subjective nature of this measure. We found two genome-wide significant association signals, one at SNCA and the other a protein-coding variant in TMEM175, both of which are known PD risk loci and a Bonferroni corrected significant effect at other known PD risk loci, INPP5F/BAG3, FAM47E/SCARB2, and MCCC1. In addition, we identified that GBA coding variant carriers had an earlier age of onset compared to non-carriers. Notably, SNCA, TMEM175, SCARB2, BAG3 and GBA have all been shown to either directly influence alpha-synuclein aggregation or are implicated in alpha-synuclein aggregation pathways. Remarkably, other well-established PD risk loci such as GCH1, MAPT and RAB7L1/NUCKS1 (PARK16) did not show a significant effect on age of onset of PD. While for some loci, this may be a measure of power, this is clearly not the case for the MAPT locus; thus genetic variability at this locus influences whether but not when an individual develops disease. We believe this is an important mechanistic and therapeutic distinction. Furthermore, these data support a model in which alpha-synuclein and lysosomal mechanisms impact not only PD risk but also age of disease onset and highlights that therapies that target alpha-synuclein aggregation are more likely to be disease-modifying than therapies targeting other pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilbron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallerga, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Coelln, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon-Sanchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siitonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyce, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvol, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hilten, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majamaa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosset, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heutink, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visscher, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinson disease age of onset GWAS: defining heritability, genetic loci and a-synuclein mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/226522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid, noninvasive, and unsupervised detection of sleep/wake using piezoelectric monitoring for pharmacological studies in narcoleptic mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/226522v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAssessment of sleep/wake by electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) is invasive, resource intensive, and not amenable to rapid screening at scale for drug discovery. In the preclinical development of therapeutics for narcolepsy, efficacy tests are hindered by the lack of a non-EEG/EMG based translational test of symptom severity. The current methods study offers proof-of-principle that PiezoSleep (noninvasive, unsupervised piezoelectric monitoring of gross body movement, together with respiration patterns during behavioral quiescence), can be used to determine sleep/wake as applicable to the development of wake-promoting therapeutics. First, the translational wake-maintenance score (WMS, the ratio of time during the first half of the dark period spent in long wake bouts to short sleep bouts) of the PiezoSleep narcolepsy screen was introduced as a means by which to rank narcoleptic orexin/ataxin-3 mice and wild type mice by sleep/wake fragmentation severity. Accuracy of the WMS to detect narcoleptic phenotypes were determined in genotype-confirmed orexin/ataxin-3 mice and wild type colony mates. The WMS was used to identify the most highly symptomatic mice for resource-intensive EEG/EMG studies for further analysis of specific arousal states. Second, PiezoSleep was demonstrated for use in high-throughput screening of wake-promoting compounds using modafinil in orexin/ataxin-3 and wild type mice.nnResultsThe WMS detected a narcoleptic phenotype with 89% sensitivity, 92% specificity and 98% positive predictive value. A 15-fold difference in WMS differentiated wild type littermates from the most severely affected orexin/ataxin-3 mice. Follow-up EEG/EMG study indicated 82% of the orexin/ataxin-3 mice with the lowest wake-maintenance scores met or exceeded the cataplexy-occurrence threshold ([&ge;] 3 bouts) for inclusion in therapeutic efficacy studies. In the PiezoSleep dose-response study, the ED50 for wake-promotion by modafinil was approximately 50 mg/kg in both genotypes. Using unsupervised piezoelectric monitoring, the efficacy of wake-promoting compounds can be determined in a 5-arm study with 60 mice in less than one week--a fraction of the time compared to EEG/EMG studies.nnConclusionsThe WMS on the PiezoSleep narcolepsy screen quantifies the inability to sustain wakefulness and provides an accurate measure of the narcoleptic phenotype in mice. PiezoSleep offers rapid, scalable assessment of sleep/wake for high-throughput screening in drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Black, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laihsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid, noninvasive, and unsupervised detection of sleep/wake using piezoelectric monitoring for pharmacological studies in narcoleptic mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/390815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2 kinase inhibitors induce a reversible effect in the lungs of non-human primates with no measurable pulmonary deficits 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/390815v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Putative gain-of-function mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), resulting in increased kinase activity and cellular toxicity, are a leading genetic cause of Parkinsons disease (PD). Hence, there is strong interest in developing LRRK2 kinase inhibitors as a disease-modifying therapy. Published reports that repeat dosing with two LRRK2 kinase inhibitors (GNE-7915 and GNE-0877) induce histopathological changes in the lung of non-human primates Fuji et al. 2015 (1) raised concerns about potential safety liability of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. In the present study, we sought to determine whether previously observed effects in the lung: (a) represent on-target pharmacology, but with the potential for margin of safety, (b) are reversible upon drug withdrawal, and (c) are associated with pulmonary function deficits. To this end, we evaluated the histopathological effects, toxicokinetics and target inhibition of three structurally diverse LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, GNE-7915 (30 mg/kg, BID, as a positive control), MLi-2 (15 and 50 mg/kg, QD) and PFE-360 (3 and 6 mg/kg, QD) following 2 weeks of dosing in non-human primates. Subsets of animals dosed with GNE-7915 or MLi-2 were evaluated after 2-week dose-free periods. All three LRRK2 kinase inhibitors induced mild cytoplasmic vacuolation of type II pneumocytes, as reported previously, confirming an on-target effect of these compounds. Interestingly, despite lower doses of both PFE-360 and MLi-2 producing nearly complete inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity in the brain as assessed by levels of pS935-LRRK2, histopathological changes in lung were absent in animals treated with low-dose PFE-360 and observed only sporadically in the low-dose MLi-2 group. The lung effect was fully reversible at 2 weeks post-dosing of GNE-7915. In a second study of identical dosing with MLi-2 and GNE-7915, no deficits were observed in a battery of translational pulmonary functional tests. In aggregate, these results do not preclude the development of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors for clinical investigation in Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baptista, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiske, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuji, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galatsis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirst, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markgraf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trost, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/390815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2 kinase inhibitors induce a reversible effect in the lungs of non-human primates with no measurable pulmonary deficits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/364257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinson-associated SNCA enhancer variants revealed by open chromatin in mouse dopamine neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/364257v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The progressive loss of midbrain (MB) dopaminergic (DA) neurons defines the motor features of Parkinson disease (PD) and modulation of risk by common variation in PD has been well established through GWAS. Anticipating that a fraction of PD-associated genetic variation mediates their effects within this neuronal population, we acquired open chromatin signatures of purified embryonic mouse MB DA neurons. Correlation with >2,300 putative enhancers assayed in mice reveals enrichment for MB cis-regulatory elements (CRE), data reinforced by transgenic analyses of six additional sequences in zebrafish and mice. One CRE, within intron 4 of the familial PD gene SNCA, directs reporter expression in catecholaminergic neurons of transgenic mice and zebrafish. Sequencing of this CRE in 986 PD patients and 992 controls reveals two common variants associated with elevated PD risk. To assess potential mechanisms of action, we screened >20,000 DNA interacting proteins and identify a subset whose binding is impacted by these enhancer variants. Additional genotyping across the SNCA locus identifies a single PD-associated haplotype, containing the minor alleles of both of the aforementioned PD-risk variants. Our work posits a model for how common variation at SNCA may modulate PD risk and highlights the value of cell context-dependent guided searches for functional non-coding variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McClymont, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerans, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briceno, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thole, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wszolek, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallion, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinson-associated SNCA enhancer variants revealed by open chromatin in mouse dopamine neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/338913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting onset, progression, and clinical subtypes of Parkinson disease using machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/338913v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease are characterized by heterogeneity in age at onset, disease duration, rate of progression, and constellation of motor versus nonmotor features. Due to these variable presentations, counseling of patients about their individual risks and prognosis is limited. There is an unmet need for predictive tests that facilitate early detection and characterization of distinct disease subtypes as well as improved, individualized predictions of the disease course. The emergence of machine learning to detect hidden patterns in complex, multi-dimensional datasets provides unparalleled opportunities to address this critical need.nnMethods and FindingsWe used unsupervised and supervised machine learning approaches for subtype identification and prediction. We used machine learning methods on comprehensive, longitudinal clinical data from the Parkinson Disease Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) (n=328 cases) to identify patient subtypes and to predict disease progression. The resulting models were validated in an independent, clinically well-characterized cohort from the Parkinson Disease Biomarker Program (PDBP) (n=112 cases). Our analysis distinguished three distinct disease subtypes with highly predictable progression rates, corresponding to slow, moderate and fast disease progressors. We achieved highly accurate projections of disease progression four years after initial diagnosis with an average Area Under the Curve of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.96 {+/-} 0.01 for PDvec1, 0.87 {+/-} 0.03 for PDvec2, and 0.96 {+/-} 0.02 for PDvec3). We have demonstrated robust replication of these findings in the independent validation cohort.nnConclusionsThese data-driven results enable clinicians to deconstruct the heterogeneity within their patient cohorts. This knowledge could have immediate implications for clinical trials by improving the detection of significant clinical outcomes that might have been masked by cohort heterogeneity. We anticipate that machine learning models will improve patient counseling, clinical trial design, allocation of healthcare resources and ultimately individualized clinical care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faghri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashemi, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/338913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting onset, progression, and clinical subtypes of Parkinson disease using machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/306266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Levodopa and dopamine dynamics in Parkinson’s disease metabolomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/306266v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Metabolomics is a powerful tool that can be used to screen for potential biomarkers, exogenous toxicants, and metabolic network changes associated with disease states. Here, we used high-resolution metabolomics to compare over 10,000 plasma metabolic features from older adults with and without PD in an untargeted approach. We performed a network analysis that demonstrates that the presence of the PD drug levodopa influences variation observed between PD and control patients. Metabolome wide association studies and discrimination analysis identified significant differentiation in the metabolomics profile of older adults with and without PD. Notably, 15 metabolic features (ten of which we putatively identified) differed between PD and control adults with p < 0.05 and a corrected false discovery rate less than 20%. Furthermore, 13 metabolic networks were identified to be functionally different between PD and non-PD patients. Lastly, the dopaminergic toxic intermediate DOPAL differed between PD and non-PD populations, which supports the dopaminergic sequestration model of PD. These individual metabolites and metabolic networks have been implicated in past PD pathogenesis models, including the beta-carboline harmalol and the glycosphingolipid metabolism pathway including the ganglioside GM2. We recommend that future studies take into account the confounding effects of levodopa in metabolomic analyses of disease versus control patients, and encourage validation of several promising metabolic markers of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Branco, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellsworth, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niezwiecki, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butkovich, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/306266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Levodopa and dopamine dynamics in Parkinson’s disease metabolomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/234765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partial ablation of the orexin field induces a subnarcoleptic phenotype in a conditional mouse model of orexin neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/234765v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Narcolepsy type 1 (Na-1) and 2 (Na-2) are characterized by an inability to sustain wakefulness and are likely caused by degeneration of orexin neurons. Near complete orexin neurodegeneration depletes orexin-A from the cerebrospinal fluid and produces Na-1. The pathophysiology of Na-2 is less understood, but has been hypothesized to be due to less extensive loss of orexin neurotransmission. The orexin-tTA; TetO diphtheria toxin A mouse allows conditional control over the extent and timing of orexin neurodegeneration. To evaluate partial ablation of the orexin field as a model of Na-2, orexin-A positive cell counts and sleep/wake phenotypes (determined by piezoelectric monitoring) were correlated within individual mice after different protocols of diet-controlled neurodegeneration. Partial ablations that began during the first 8 days of study were 14% larger than partial ablations induced during the last 8 days of study, six weeks later and prior to sacrifice of all mice, suggesting orexin-A positive cell death continued despite the resumption of conditions intended to keep orexin neurons intact. Sleep/wake of mice with 71.0% orexin-A positive cell loss, initiated at the beginning of study, resembled that of orexin-intact controls more than mice with near complete neurodegeneration. Conversely, mice with 56.6% orexin-A positive cell loss, created at the end of study, had sleep/wake phenotypes that were similar to those of mice with near complete orexin-A positive cell loss. Collectively, these results suggest that compensatory wake-promotion develops in mice that have some critical portion of their orexinergic system remaining after partial ablation.nnStatement of significanceThe pathophysiology of narcolepsy type 2 is poorly understood but has been hypothesized to be due, at least in part, to degeneration of a smaller proportion of the orexin neuronal field than occurs in narcolepsy type 1. To evaluate a transgenic mouse model of narcolepsy type 2, we correlated the sleep/wake phenotypes of individual, male and female adult mice that received diet-induced conditional ablations of orexin neurons with their orexin cell counts. Using a translatable measure of narcolepsy sleepiness severity, we demonstrated that compensatory wake-promoting responses developed in mice concurrent with progressive orexin neurodegeneration. These results provide important details necessary for preclinical drug discovery for therapeutic areas characterized by orexin insufficiency, such as narcolepsy, Parkinsons disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Black, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laihsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanaka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partial ablation of the orexin field induces a subnarcoleptic phenotype in a conditional mouse model of orexin neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/288068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of GBA missense mutations and other variants using the Oxford Nanopore MinION 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/288068v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeMutations in GBA cause Gaucher disease when biallelic, and are strong risk factors for Parkinsons disease when heterozygous. GBA analysis is complicated by the nearby pseudogene. We aimed to design and validate a method for sequencing GBA on the Oxford Nanopore MinION.nnMethodsWe sequenced an 8.9 kb amplicon from DNA samples of 17 individuals, including patients with Parkinsons and Gaucher disease, on older and current (R9.4) flow cells. These included samples with known mutations, assessed in a blinded fashion on the R9.4 data. We used NanoOK for quality metrics, two different aligners (Graphmap and NGMLR), Nanopolish and Sniffles to call variants, and Whatshap for phasing.nnResultsWe detected all known mutations, including the common p.N409S (N370S) and p.L483P (L444P), and three rarer ones, at the correct zygosity, as well as intronic SNPs. In a sample with the complex RecNciI allele, we detected an additional coding mutation, and a 55-base pair deletion. We confirmed compound heterozygosity where relevant. False positives were easily identified.nnConclusionThe Oxford Nanopore MinION can detect missense mutations and an exonic deletion in this difficult gene, with the added advantage of phasing and intronic analysis. It can be used as an efficient diagnostic tool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leija-Salazar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokretar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toffoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasopoulou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schapira, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proukakis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/288068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of GBA missense mutations and other variants using the Oxford Nanopore MinION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/200543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Algorithmic complexity of EEG as a prognosis biomarker of neurodegeneration in idiopathic rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/200543v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveIdiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a serious risk factor for neurodegenerative processes such as Parkinsons disease (PD). We investigate the use of EEG algorithmic complexity derived metrics for its prognosis.nnMethodsWe analyzed resting state EEG data collected from 114 idiopathic RBD patients and 83 healthy controls in a longitudinal study forming a cohort in which several RBD patients developed PD or dementia with Lewy bodies. Multichannel data from[~] 5 minute recordings was converted to spectrograms and their algorithmic complexity estimated using Lempel-Ziv-Welch compression (LZW).nnResultsComplexity measures and entropy rate displayed statistically significant differences between groups. Results are compared to those using the ratio of slow to fast frequency power, which they are seen to complement by displaying increased sensitivity even when using a few EEG channels.nnConclusionsPoor prognosis in RBD appears to be associated with decreased complexity of EEG spectrograms stemming in part from frequency power imbalances and cross-frequency amplitude coupling.nnSignificanceAlgorithmic complexity metrics provide a robust, powerful and complementary way to quantify the dynamics of EEG signals in RBD with links to emerging theories of brain function stemming from algorithmic information theory.nnIndex TermsBiomarkers, EEG, LZW, PD, LBD
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruffini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroupi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montplaisir, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postuma, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soria-Frisch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Algorithmic complexity of EEG as a prognosis biomarker of neurodegeneration in idiopathic rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/270934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Parkinson’s Phenome: Traits Associated with Parkinson’s Disease in a Large and Deeply Phenotyped Cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/270934v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundObservational studies have begun to characterize the wide spectrum of phenotypes associated with Parkinsons disease (PD), but recruiting large numbers of PD cases and assaying a diversity of phenotypes has often been difficult. Here, we set out to systematically describe the PD phenome using a cross-sectional case-control design in a large database.nnMethodsWe analyzed the association between PD and 840 phenotypes derived from online surveys. For each phenotype, we ran a logistic regression using an average of 5,141 PD cases and 65,459 age- and sex-matched controls. We selected uncorrelated phenotypes, determined statistical significance after correcting for multiple testing, and systematically assessed the novelty of each significant association. We tested whether significant phenotypes were also associated with disease duration in PD cases.nnFindingsPD diagnosis was associated with 149 independent phenotypes. We replicated 32 known associations and discovered 49 associations that have not previously been reported. We found that migraine, obsessive-compulsive disorder, seasonal allergies, and anemia were associated with PD, but were not significantly associated with PD duration, and tend to occur decades before the average age of diagnosis for PD. Further work is needed to determine whether these phenotypes are PD risk factors or whether they share common disease mechanisms.nnInterpretationWe used a systematic approach in a single large dataset to assess the spectrum of traits that were associated with PD. Some of these traits may be risk factors for PD, features of the pre-diagnostic phase of disease, or manifestations of PD pathology. The model outputs from all 840 logistic regressions are available to the research community and may be used to generate hypotheses regarding PD etiology.nnFundingThe Michael J. Fox Foundation, Parkinsons UK, Barts Charity, National Institute on Aging, and 23andMe, Inc.nnResearch in ContextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSWe used PubMed to perform a MEDLINE database search for review articles published up to January 21st, 2018 that contained the keywords "Parkinson" and "epidemiology" in the title or abstract. We performed additional MEDLINE searches for each phenotype that was significantly associated with PD. Although dozens of phenotypes have been tested for an association with PD, only a few associations have been consistently repeatable (e.g. pesticide exposure, coffee consumption).nnAdded value of this studyWe systematically tested for an association between PD and 840 phenotypes using up to 13,546 cases and 1{middle dot}3 million controls, making this one of the largest PD epidemiology studies ever conducted. We discovered 49 novel associations that will need to be replicated or validated. We found 44 associations for phenotypes that have previously been studied in relation to PD, but for which an association has not been consistently demonstrated.nnImplications of all the available evidenceTaken together with results from previous studies, this series of case-control analyses adds evidence for associations between PD and many phenotypes that are not currently thought to be part of the canonical PD phenome. This work paves the way for future studies to assess whether any of these phenotypes represent PD risk factors and whether any of these risk factors are modifiable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heilbron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noyce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alipanahi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/270934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Parkinson’s Phenome: Traits Associated with Parkinson’s Disease in a Large and Deeply Phenotyped Cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/259655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystallizing the Parkinson’s Disease Protein LRRK2 Under Microgravity Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/259655v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the gene coding for leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a considerable cause for Parkinsons disease (PD). However, the high- resolution 3D structure of the protein is still lacking. This structure will not only help to understand PD etiology but will also enable rational drug design. We have established a reliable method to produce LRRK2 crystals for the first time. However, the limited resolution of the diffraction data prevented structure determination using crystallographic methods. Herein we describe our efforts to improve the crystal quality by crystallizing under microgravity conditions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Our method features diffusive sample mixing in capillaries and controlled crystal formation by transporting the samples in a frozen state. The crystallisation was successfully repeated under microgravity conditions. However, comparison of earth-grown and microgravity-grown LRRK2 crystals did not reveal any differences in diffraction quality. Here we present the established protocol and our experience adapting crystallization condition to the requirements necessary for successful crystallization of large and sensitive biomolecules under microgravity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mattea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptista, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiske, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/259655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystallizing the Parkinson’s Disease Protein LRRK2 Under Microgravity Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/253369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional human axon tracts derived from cerebral organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/253369v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reestablishing cerebral connectivity is a critical part of restoring neuronal network integrity and brain function after trauma, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Creating transplantable axon tracts in the laboratory is a novel strategy for overcoming the common barriers limiting axon regeneration in vivo, including growth-inhibiting factors and the limited outgrowth capacity of mature neurons in the brain. We describe the generation and phenotype of three-dimensional human axon tracts derived from cerebral organoid tissue. These centimeter-long constructs are encased in an agarose shell that permits physical manipulation and are composed of discrete cellular regions spanned by axon tracts and dendrites, mirroring the separation of grey and white matter in the brain. Features of cerebral cortex also are emulated, as evidenced by the presence of neurons with different cortical layer phenotypes. This engineered neural tissue has the translational potential to reconstruct brain circuits by physically replacing discrete cortical neuron populations as well as long-range axon tracts in the brain.nneTOC BlurbRestoring axonal connectivity after brain damage is crucial for improving neurological and cognitive function. Cullen, et al. have generated anatomically inspired, three-dimensional human axon tracts projecting from cerebral organoids in a transplantable format that may facilitate the reconstruction of large-scale brain circuits.nnHighlightsO_LIA neural tissue engineering approach is applied to human cerebral organoids.nC_LIO_LIThree-dimensional axon tracts are generated in a transplantable format.nC_LIO_LIThe growth characteristics of the engineered axons are examined.nC_LIO_LIThe cellular phenotypes of the organoid tissue and axons are characterized.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cullen, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struzyna, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jgamadze, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordian-Velez, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wofford, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/253369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional human axon tracts derived from cerebral organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/238154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active site alanine substitutions can convert deubiquitinating enzymes into avid ubiquitin-binding domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/238154v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common strategy for studying the biological role of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in different pathways is to study the effects of replacing the wild type DUB with a catalytically inactive mutant in cells. We report here that a commonly studied DUB mutation, in which the catalytic cysteine is replaced with alanine, can dramatically increase the affinity of some DUBs for ubiquitin. Overexpression of these tight-binding mutants thus has the potential to sequester cellular pools of monoubiquitin and ubiquitin chains. As a result, cells expressing these mutants may display unpredictable dominant negative physiological effects that are not related to loss of DUB activity. The structure of the SAGA DUB module bound to free ubiquitin reveals the structural basis for the 30-fold higher affinity of Ubp8C146A for ubiquitin. We show that an alternative option, substituting the active site cysteine with arginine, can inactivate DUBs while also decreasing the affinity for ubiquitin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clerici, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Growkova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komander, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simicek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sixma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/238154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active site alanine substitutions can convert deubiquitinating enzymes into avid ubiquitin-binding domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/236604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the heterogeneity and temporal complexity of neurodegenerative diseases with Subtype and Stage Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/236604v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterogeneity of neurodegenerative diseases is a key confound to disease understanding and treatment development, as study cohorts typically include multiple phenotypes on distinct disease trajectories. Here we present a new machine learning technique - Subtype and Stage Inference (SuStaIn) - able to uncover data-driven disease phenotypes with distinct temporal progression patterns, from widely available crosssectional patient studies. Results from imaging studies in two neurodegenerative diseases reveal new subgroups and their distinct trajectories of regional neurodegeneration. In genetic frontotemporal dementia, SuStaIn identifies genotypes from imaging alone, validating its ability to identify subtypes, and characterises within-group heterogeneity for the first time. In Alzheimers disease, SuStaIn uncovers three subtypes, uniquely revealing their temporal complexity. SuStaIn provides fine-grained patient stratification, which substantially enhances the ability to predict conversion between diagnostic categories over standard models that ignore subtype (p=7.18x10--4) or temporal stage (p=3.96x10-5). SuStaIn thus offers new promise for enabling disease subtype discovery and precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinescu, R.-V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oxtoby, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocchetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Swieten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borroni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galimberti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmela Tartaglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagliavini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frisoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laforce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medonca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorbi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crutch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ourselin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schott, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohrer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genetic FTD Initiative GENFI,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/236604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the heterogeneity and temporal complexity of neurodegenerative diseases with Subtype and Stage Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/168989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A clinical-anatomical signature of Parkinson’s Disease identified with partial least squares and magnetic resonance imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/168989v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a wide array of motor and non-motor symptoms. It remains unclear whether neurodegeneration in discrete loci gives rise to discrete symptoms, or whether network-wide atrophy gives rise to the unique behavioural and clinical profile associated with PD. Here we apply a data-driven strategy to isolate large-scale, multivariate associations between distributed atrophy patterns and clinical phenotypes in PD. In a sample of N = 229 de novo PD patients, we estimate disease-related atrophy using deformation based morphometry (DBM) of T1 weighted MR images. Using partial least squares (PLS), we identify a network of subcortical and cortical regions whose collective atrophy is associated with a clinical phenotype encompassing motor and non-motor features. Despite the relatively early stage of the disease in the sample, the atrophy pattern encompassed lower brainstem, substantia nigra, basal ganglia and cortical areas, consistent with the Braak hypothesis. In addition, individual variation in this putative atrophy network predicted longitudinal clinical progression in both motor and non-motor symptoms. Altogether, these results demonstrate a pleiotropic mapping between neurodegeneration and the clinical manifestations of PD, and that this mapping can be detected even in de novo patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeighami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fereshtehnejad, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postuma, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A clinical-anatomical signature of Parkinson’s Disease identified with partial least squares and magnetic resonance imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/230896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White Matter Hyperintensities and Cognitive Decline in de Novo Parkinson’s Disease Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/230896v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWhite Matter Hyperintensities (WMHs) are associated with cognitive decline in normative aging and Alzheimers disease. However, the pathogenesis of cognitive decline in Parkinsons disease (PD) is not directly related to vascular causes, and therefore the role of WMHs in PD remains unclear. If WMH has a higher impact on cognitive decline in PD, vascular pathology should be assessed and treated with a higher priority in this population. Here we investigate whether WMH leads to increased cognitive decline in PD, and if these effects relate to cortical thinningnnMethodsTo investigate the role of WMHs in PD, it is essential to study recently-diagnosed/non-treated patients. De novo PD patients and age-matched controls (NPD=365,NControl=174) with FLAIR/T2-weighted scans at baseline were selected from Parkinsons Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). WMHs and cortical thickness were measured to analyse the relationship between baseline WMHs and future cognitive decline (follow-up:4.09{+/-}1.14 years) and cortical thinning (follow-up:1.05{+/-}0.10 years).nnResultsHigh WMH load (WMHL) at baseline in PD was associated with increased cognitive decline, significantly more than i) PDs with low WMHL and ii) controls with high WMHL. Furthermore, PD patients with higher baseline WMHL showed more cortical thinning in right frontal lobe than subjects with low WMHL. Cortical thinning of this region also predicted decline in performance on a cognitive test.nnInterpretationPresence of WMHs in de novo PD patients predicts greater future cognitive decline and cortical thinning than in normal aging. Recognizing WMHs as a potential predictor of cognitive deficit in PD provides an opportunity for timely interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeighami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yau, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fereshtehnejad, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maranzano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postuma, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White Matter Hyperintensities and Cognitive Decline in de Novo Parkinson’s Disease Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/147611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Connectivity Predicts Cortical Thinning and Cognitive Decline in Early Parkinson’s Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/147611v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and cognitive deficits. The neurodegenerative process is thought to move stereotypically from the brainstem up to the cerebral cortex, possibly reflecting the spread of toxic alpha-synuclein molecules. Using a large, longitudinal, multi-center database of de novo PD patients, we tested whether focal reductions in cortical thickness could be explained by disease spread from a subcortical "disease reservoir" along the brains connectome. PD patients (n=105) and matched controls (n=57) underwent T1-MRI at entry and one year later. Over this period, PD patients demonstrated significantly greater loss of cortical thickness than healthy controls in parts of the left occipital and bilateral frontal lobes and right somatomotor-sensory cortex. Cortical regions with greater connectivity (measured functionally or structurally) to a "disease reservoir" evaluated via MRI at baseline demonstrated greater atrophy one year later. The atrophy pattern in the ventral frontal lobes resembled one described in certain cases of Alzheimers disease. Moreover, a multiple linear regression model suggested that cortical thinning was associated with impaired cognitive function at follow-up. Our findings suggest that disease propagation to the cortex in PD follows neural connectivity, and that disease spread to the cortex may herald the onset of cognitive impairment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yau, Y. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeighami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larcher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vainik, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Connectivity Predicts Cortical Thinning and Cognitive Decline in Early Parkinson’s Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/168302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Movement, Mood, Motivation, and Mentation in the Subthalamic Nucleus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/168302v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anatomical connections of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) have driven hypotheses about its functional anatomy, including the hypothesis that the precise anatomical location of STN deep brain stimulation (DBS) determines the variability of motor and non-motor responses across Parkinson disease (PD) patients. We previously tested that hypothesis using a three-dimensional (3D) statistical method to interpret the acute effects of unilateral DBS at each patients clinically optimized DBS settings and active contact. Here we report a similar analysis from a new study in which DBS parameters were standardized and DBS locations were chosen blind to clinical response. In 74 individuals with PD and STN DBS, STN contacts were selected near the dorsal and ventral border of the STN contralateral to the more affected side of the body. Participants were tested off PD medications in each of 3 conditions (ventral STN DBS, dorsal STN DBS and DBS off) for acute effects on mood, apathy, working memory, response inhibition and motor function. Voltage, frequency, and pulse width were standardized, and participants and raters were blind to condition. In a categorical analysis, both dorsal and ventral STN DBS improved mean motor function without affecting cognitive measures. Dorsal STN DBS induced greater improvement in rigidity than ventral STN DBS, whereas ventral STN DBS was more effective for improving anxiety and mood. In the 3D analysis, contact location was significant only for bradykinesia and resting tremor, with the greatest improvement occurring with DBS in dorsal STN and zona incerta. These results provide new, direct functional evidence for the anatomically-derived model of STN using the novel 3D analysis, in which motor function is most represented in dorsal STN. However, our data suggest that functional segregation between motor and non-motor areas of the STN is limited, since locations that induced improvements in motor function and mood overlapped substantially.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gourisankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapp, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koller, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlmutter, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Movement, Mood, Motivation, and Mentation in the Subthalamic Nucleus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/158220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of β-synuclein on secretory granules in chromaffin cells and the effects of α- and β-synuclein on BDNF discharge following fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/158220v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synuclein is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases. However, its normal function in cells is not understood. The N-termini of -, {beta}-, and {gamma}-synuclein are comprised of seven 11-amino acid repeats that are predicted to form amphipathic helices. -Synuclein binds to negatively charged lipids, especially small vesicles and tubulates and vesiculates lipids. The membrane-binding and membrane-curving abilities raise the possibility that synuclein could alter cellular processes that involve highly curved structures. In the present study we examined the localization of endogenous synuclein in bovine chromaffin cells by immunocytochemistry and its possible function to control protein discharge upon fusion of the granule with the plasma membrane by regulating the fusion pore. We found with quantitative immunocytochemistry that endogenous {beta}-synuclein associates with secretory granules. Endogenous -synuclein only rarely is found on secretory granules. Overexpression of -synuclein but not {beta}-synuclein quickened the median duration of the post-fusion discharge of BDNF-pHluorin by 30%, consistent with -synuclein speeding fusion pore expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bittner, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohannon, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelrod, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holz, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/158220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of β-synuclein on secretory granules in chromaffin cells and the effects of α- and β-synuclein on BDNF discharge following fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/081174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal order of Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive marker changes in BLSA and WRAP longitudinal studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/081174v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigation of the temporal trajectories of currently used neuropsychological tests is critical to identifying earliest changing measures on the path to dementia due to Alzheimers disease (AD). We used the Progression Score (PS) method to characterize the temporal trajectories of measures of verbal memory, executive function, attention, processing speed, language, and mental state using data spanning normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD from 1661 participants with a total of 7839 visits (age at last visit 77.6 SD 9.2) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and 1542 participants with a total of 4467 visits (age at last visit 59.9 SD 7.3) in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimers Prevention. This method aligns individuals in time based on the similarity of their longitudinal measurements to reveal temporal trajectories. As a validation of our methodology, we explored the associations between the individualized cognitive progression scores (Cog-PS) computed by our method and clinical diagnosis. Digit span tests were the first to show declines in both data sets, and were detected mainly among cognitively normal individuals. These were followed by tests of verbal memory, which were in turn followed by Trail Making Tests, Boston Naming Test, and Mini-Mental State Examination. Differences in Cog-PS across the clinical diagnosis groups were statistically significant, highlighting the potential use of Cog-PS as individualized indicators of disease progression. Identifying cognitive measures that are changing in preclinical AD can lead to the development of novel cognitive tests that are finely tuned to detecting earliest changes.nnABBREVIATIONS
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bilgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koscik, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedynak, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal order of Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive marker changes in BLSA and WRAP longitudinal studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/049304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonsinusoidal oscillations underlie pathological phase-amplitude coupling in the motor cortex in Parkinson’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/049304v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is associated with abnormal beta oscillations (13-30 Hz) in the basal ganglia and motor cortex (M1). Recent reports show that M1 beta-high gamma (50-200 Hz) phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) is exaggerated in PD and is reduced following acute deep brain stimulation (DBS). Here we analyze invasive M1 electrocorticography recordings in PD patients on and off DBS, and in isolated cervical dystonia patients, and show that M1 beta oscillations are nonsinusoidal, having sharp and asymmetric features. These sharp oscillatory beta features underlie the previously reported PAC, providing an alternative to the standard interpretation of PAC as an interaction between two distinct frequency components. Specifically, the ratio between peak and trough sharpness is nearly perfectly correlated with beta-high gamma PAC (r = 0.96) and predicts PD-related motor deficit. Using a simulation of the local field potential, we demonstrate that sharp oscillatory waves can arise from synchronous synaptic activity. We propose that exaggerated beta-high gamma PAC may actually reflect such synchronous synaptic activity, manifesting as sharp beta oscillations that are "smoothed out" with DBS. These results support the "desynchronization" hypothesis of DBS wherein DBS counteracts pathological synchronization throughout the basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop. We argue that PAC can be influenced by more than one mechanism. In this case synaptic synchrony, rather than the often assumed spike-field coherence, may underlie exaggerated PAC. These often overlooked temporal features of the oscillatory waveform carry critical physiological information about neural processes and dynamics that may lead to better understanding of underlying neuropathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott R Cole</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik J Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemer van der Meij</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coralie de Hemptinne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip A Starr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley Voytek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonsinusoidal oscillations underlie pathological phase-amplitude coupling in the motor cortex in Parkinson’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/015065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel bioinformatics approach to investigate quantitative phenotype-genotype associations in neuroimaging studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/015065v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging genetics is an emerging field in which the association between genes and neuroimaging-based quantitative phenotypes are used to explore the functional role of genes in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology in the context of healthy function and neuropsychiatric disorders. The main obstacle for researchers in the field is the high dimensionality of the data in both the imaging phenotypes and the genetic variants commonly typed. In this article, we develop a novel method that utilizes Gene Ontology, an online database, to select and prioritize certain genes, employing a stratified false discovery rate (sFDR) approach to investigate their associations with imaging phenotypes. sFDR has the potential to increase power in genome wide association studies (GWAS), and is quickly gaining traction as a method for multiple testing correction. Our novel approach addresses both the pressing need in genetic research to move beyond candidate gene studies, while not being overburdened with a loss of power due to multiple testing. As an example of our methodology, we perform a GWAS of hippocampal volume using the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sejal Patel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min Tae M Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallar M Chakravarty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo Knight</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/015065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel bioinformatics approach to investigate quantitative phenotype-genotype associations in neuroimaging studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.03.455003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Llamanade: an open-source computational pipeline for robust nanobody humanization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.03.455003v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanobodies (Nbs) have recently emerged as a promising class of antibody fragments for biomedical and therapeutic applications. Despite having marked physicochemical properties, Nbs are derived from camelids and may require "humanization" to improve translational potentials for clinical trials. Here we have systematically analyzed the sequence and structural properties of Nbs based on NGS (next-generation sequencing) databases and high-resolution structures. Our analysis reveals substantial framework diversities and underscores the key differences between Nbs and human Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. We identified conserved residues that may contribute to enhanced solubility, structural stability, and antigen-binding, providing insights into Nb humanization. Based on big data analysis, we developed "Llamanade, a user-friendly, open-source to facilitate rational humanization of Nbs. Using Nb sequence as input, Llamanade provides information on the sequence features, model structures, and optimizes solutions to humanize Nbs. The full analysis for a given Nb takes less than a minute on a local computer. To demonstrate the robustness of this tool, we applied it to successfully humanize a cohort of structurally diverse and highly potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing Nbs. Llamanade is freely available and will be easily accessible on a web server to support the development of a rapidly expanding repertoire of therapeutic Nbs into safe and effective trials.

Author SummaryCamelid Nbs are characterized by small size, excellent pharmacological properties and high flexibility in bioengineering for therapeutic development. However, Nbs are "xeno" antibodies, which require "humanization" to improve their translational potential. Currently, there is a lack of systematic investigation of Nbs to rationally guide humanization. No dedicated software has been developed for this purpose. Here, we report the development of Llamanade, an open-source computational pipeline and the first dedicated software to facilitate rational humanization of Nbs.

To subjectively evaluate Llamanade, we used it to humanize a cohort of structurally diverse and ultrapotent antiviral Nbs against SARS-CoV-2. Robust humanization by Llamanade significantly improved the humanness level of Nbs to closely resemble fully human IgGs. Importantly, these highly humanized antiviral Nbs remained excellent solubility and comparably high bioactivities to the non-humanized Nb precursors. We envision that Llamanade will help advance Nb research into therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.455003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Llamanade: an open-source computational pipeline for robust nanobody humanization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.04.455053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trafficking of the glutamate transporter is impaired in LRRK2-related Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.04.455053v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 (EAAT2) accounts for 80 % of brain glutamate clearance and is mainly expressed in astrocytic perisynaptic processes. EAAT2 function is finely regulated by endocytic events, recycling to the plasma membrane and degradation. Noteworthy, deficits in EAAT2 have been associated with neuronal excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. In this study, we show that EAAT2 trafficking is impaired by the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) pathogenic variant G2019S, a common cause of late-onset familial Parkinsons disease (PD). In LRRK2 G2019S human brains and experimental animal models, EAAT2 protein levels are significantly decreased, which is associated with elevated gliosis. The decreased expression of the transporter correlates with its reduced functionality in mouse LRRK2 G2019S purified astrocytic terminals and in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human LRRK2 G2019S. In LRRK2 G2019S knockin mouse brain, the correct surface localization of the endogenous transporter is impaired, resulting in its interaction with a plethora of endo-vesicular proteins. Mechanistically, we report that pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity delays the recycling of the transporter to the plasma membrane via Rabs inactivation, causing its intracellular relocalization and degradation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that pathogenic LRRK2 interferes with the physiology of EAAT2, pointing to extracellular glutamate overload as a possible contributor to neurodegeneration in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iovino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pischedda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotegher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battisti, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Iacovo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marku, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccoli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandopadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perego, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifacino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanno, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roseti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrigoni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubacco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Civiero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trafficking of the glutamate transporter is impaired in LRRK2-related Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.21.914317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Absence of Sac2/INPP5F enhances the phenotype of a Parkinson's disease mutation of synaptojanin 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.21.914317v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genes whose mutations cause, or increase the risk of, Parkinsons disease (PD) have been identified. An inactivating mutation (R258Q) in the Sac inositol phosphatase domain of synaptojanin 1 (SJ1/PARK20), a phosphoinositide phosphatase implicated in synaptic vesicle recycling, results in PD. The gene encoding Sac2/INPP5F, another Sac domain containing protein, was identified as a PD risk locus by GWAS. Knock-In mice carrying the SJ1 patient mutation (SJ1RQKI) exhibit PD features, while Sac2 knockout mice (Sac2KO) do not have obvious neurological defects. We report a "synthetic" effect of the SJ1 mutation and the KO of Sac2 in mice. Most mice with both mutations died perinatally. The occasional survivors had stunted growth, died within 3 weeks, and showed abnormalities of striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals at an earlier stage than SJ1RQKI mice. The abnormal accumulation of endocytic factors observed at synapses of cultured SJ1RQKI neurons was more severe in double mutant. Our results suggest that SJ1 and Sac2 have partially overlapping functions and are consistent with a potential role of Sac2 as a PD risk gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.914317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Absence of Sac2/INPP5F enhances the phenotype of a Parkinson's disease mutation of synaptojanin 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.07.897579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SparkINFERNO: A scalable high-throughput pipeline for inferring molecular mechanisms of non-coding genetic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.07.897579v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryWe report SparkINFERNO (Spark-based INFERence of the molecular mechanisms of NOn-coding genetic variants), a scalable bioinformatics pipeline characterizing noncoding GWAS association findings. SparkINFERNO prioritizes causal variants underlying GWAS association signals and reports relevant regulatory elements, tissue contexts, and plausible target genes they affect. To achieve this, the SparkINFERNO algorithm integrates GWAS summary statistics with large-scale collection of functional genomics datasets spanning enhancer activity, transcription factor binding, expression quantitative trait loci, and other functional datasets across more than 400 tissues and cell types. Scalability is achieved by an underlying API implemented using Apache Spark and Giggle-based genomic indexing. We evaluated SparkINFERNO on large GWAS studies and show that SparkINFERNO is more than 60-times efficient and scales with data size and amount of computational resources.

AvailabilitySparkINFERNO runs on clusters or a single server with Apache Spark environment, and is available at https://bitbucket.org/wanglab-upenn/SparkINFERNO or https://hub.docker.com/r/wanglab/spark-inferno.

Contactlswang@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuksa, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlie-Wolf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangadharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlynarski, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenfest-Allen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SparkINFERNO: A scalable high-throughput pipeline for inferring molecular mechanisms of non-coding genetic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.23.457380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2 causes centrosomal deficits via phosphorylated Rab10 and RILPL1 at centriolar subdistal appendages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.23.457380v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Parkinsons disease-associated LRRK2 kinase phosphorylates multiple Rab GTPases including Rab8 and Rab10, which enhances their binding to RILPL1 and RILPL2. The nascent interaction between phospho-Rab10 and RILPL1 blocks ciliogenesis in vitro and in the intact brain, and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes in dividing cells. We show here that various LRRK2 risk variants and all currently described regulators of the LRRK2 signaling pathway converge upon causing centrosomal cohesion deficits. The cohesion deficits do not require the presence of RILPL2 or of other LRRK2 kinase substrates including Rab12, Rab35 and Rab43. Rather, they depend on the RILPL1-mediated centrosomal accumulation of phosphorylated Rab10. RILPL1 localizes to the subdistal appendages of the mother centriole, followed by recruitment of the LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab protein to cause the centrosomal defects. These data reveal a common molecular pathway by which alterations in the LRRK2 kinase activity impact upon centrosome-related events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasiczka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaldijk, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fdez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanca Ramirez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2 causes centrosomal deficits via phosphorylated Rab10 and RILPL1 at centriolar subdistal appendages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.30.458082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanobodies as allosteric modulators of Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.30.458082v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the gene coding for Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a leading cause of the inherited form of Parkinsons disease (PD), while LRRK2 overactivation is also associated with the more common idiopathic form of PD. LRRK2 is a large multi-domain protein, including a GTPase as well as a Ser/Thr protein kinase domain. Common disease-causing mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activity, presenting LRRK2 as an attractive target for inhibitory drug design. Currently, drug development has mainly focused on ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a variety of Nanobodies that bind to different LRRK2 domains and inhibit or activate LRRK2 activity in cells and in vitro. Importantly, diverse groups of Nanobodies were identified that inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity through a mechanism that does not involve binding to the ATP pocket or even to the kinase domain. Moreover, while certain Nanobodies completely inhibit the LRRK2 kinase activity, we also identified Nanobodies that specifically inhibit the phosphorylation of Rab protein substrates. Finally, in contrast to current type-I kinase inhibitors, the studied kinase-inhibitory Nanobodies did not induce LRRK2 microtubule association. These comprehensively characterized Nanobodies represent versatile tools to study the LRRK2 function and mechanism, and can pave the way toward novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guaitoli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Störmer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Zweydorf, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Maso, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Rillaer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyaert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herberg, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortholt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloeckner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versees, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanobodies as allosteric modulators of Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.03.458142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid dynamic naturalistic monitoring of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease using a wrist-worn accelerometer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.03.458142v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionMotor fluctuations in Parkinsons disease are characterized by unpredictability in the timing and duration of dopaminergic therapeutic benefit on symptoms including bradykinesia and rigidity. These fluctuations significantly impair the quality of life of many Parkinsons patients. However, current clinical evaluation tools are not designed for the continuous, naturalistic (real-world) symptom monitoring needed to optimize clinical therapy to treat fluctuations. Although commercially available wearable motor monitoring, used over multiple days, can augment neurological decision making, the feasibility of rapid and dynamic detection of motor fluctuations is unclear. So far, applied wearable monitoring algorithms are trained on group data. Here, we investigate the influence of individual model training on short timescale classification of naturalistic bradykinesia fluctuations in Parkinsons patients using a single wrist-accelerometer.

MethodsAs part of the Parkinson@Home study protocol, 20 Parkinson patients were recorded with bilateral wrist-accelerometers for a one hour OFF medication session and a one hour ON medication session during unconstrained activities in their own homes. Kinematic metrics were extracted from the accelerometer data from the bodyside with the largest unilateral bradykinesia fluctuations across medication states. The kinematic accelerometer features were compared over the whole one-hour recordings, and medication-state classification analyses were performed on one-minute segments of data. The influence of individual versus group model training, data window length, and total amount of training patients included in group model training on classification was analyzed.

ResultsStatistically significant areas under the curves (AUCs) for medication induced bradykinesia fluctuation classification were seen in 85% of the Parkinson patients at the single minute timescale using the group models. Individually trained models performed at the same level as the group trained models (mean AUC both 0.70, +/- respectively 0.18 and 0.10) despite the small individual training dataset. AUCs of the group models improved as the length of the feature windows was increased to 300 seconds, and with additional training patient datasets.

ConclusionMedication induced fluctuations in bradykinesia can be classified using wrist worn accelerometery at the time scale of a single minute. Rapid, naturalistic Parkinson motor monitoring has important clinical potential to evaluate dynamic symptomatic and therapeutic fluctuations and help tailor treatments on a fast timescale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habets, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubben, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuijf, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evers, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloem, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid dynamic naturalistic monitoring of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease using a wrist-worn accelerometer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.06.459138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping of a N-terminal α-helix domain required for human PINK1 stabilisation, Serine228 autophosphorylation and activation in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.06.459138v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human autosomal recessive mutations in the PINK1 gene are causal for Parkinsons disease (PD). PINK1 encodes a mitochondrial localised protein kinase that is a master-regulator of mitochondrial quality control pathways. Structural studies to date have elaborated the mechanism of how mutations located within the kinase domain disrupt PINK1 function, however, the molecular mechanism of PINK1 mutations located upstream and downstream of the kinase domain are unknown. We have employed mutagenesis studies of human PINK1 in cells to define the minimal region of PINK1, required for optimal ubiquitin phosphorylation, beginning at residue Ile111. Bioinformatic analysis of the region spanning Ile111 to the kinase domain and inspection of the AlphaFold human PINK1 structure model predicts a conserved N-terminal -helical domain extension (NTE domain) within this region corroborated by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) of recombinant insect PINK1 protein. The AlphaFold structure also predicts the NTE domain forms an intramolecular interaction with the C-terminal extension (CTE). Cell-based analysis of human PINK1 reveals that PD-associated mutations (e.g. Q126P), located within the NTE:CTE interface, markedly inhibit stabilization of PINK1; autophosphorylation at Serine228 (Ser228); and Ubiquitin Serine65 (Ser65) phosphorylation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that NTE domain mutants do not affect intrinsic catalytic kinase activity but do disrupt PINK1 stabilisation at the mitochondrial Translocase of outer membrane (TOM) complex. The clinical relevance of our findings is supported by the demonstration of defective stabilization and activation of endogenous PINK1 in human fibroblasts of a patient with early-onset PD due to homozygous PINK1 Q126P mutations. Overall, we define a functional role of the NTE:CTE interface towards PINK1 stabilisation and activation and show that loss of NTE:CTE interactions is a major mechanism of PINK1-associated mutations linked to PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kakade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raimi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ault, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahanger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysztofinska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macartney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayliss, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muqit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping of a N-terminal α-helix domain required for human PINK1 stabilisation, Serine228 autophosphorylation and activation in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.14.460225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhosPiR: An automated phospho-proteomic pipeline in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.14.460225v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale phospho-proteome profiling using mass spectrometry (MS) provides functional insight that is crucial for disease biology and drug discovery. However, extracting biological understanding from this data is an arduous task requiring multiple analysis platforms that are not adapted for automated high-dimensional data analysis. Here, we introduce an integrated pipeline that combines several R packages to extract high-level biological understanding from largescale phosphoproteomic data by seamless integration with existing databases and knowledge resources. In a single run, PhosPiR provides data clean-up, fast data overview, multiple statistical testing, differential expression analysis, phospho-site annotation and translation across species, multi-level enrichment analyses, proteome-wide kinase activity and substrate mapping and network hub analysis. Data output includes graphical formats such as heatmap, box-, volcano- and circos-plots. This resource is designed to assist proteome-wide data mining of pathophysiological mechanism without a need for programming knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinkman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suomi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietila, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elo, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhosPiR: An automated phospho-proteomic pipeline in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.27.461935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The activities of LRRK2 and GCase are positively correlated in clinical biospecimens and experimental models of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.27.461935v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LRRK2 is a kinase involved in different cellular functions, including autophagy, endolysosomal pathways and vesicle trafficking. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal dominant forms of Parkinsons disease (PD). Heterozygous mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the most common genetic risk factors for PD. Moreover, GCase function is altered in idiopathic PD and in other genetic forms of the disease. Recent work suggests that LRRK2 kinase activity can regulate GCase function. However, both a positive and a negative correlation have been described. To gain insights into the impact of LRRK2 on GCase, we investigated GCase levels and activity in LRRK2 G2019S knockin mice, in clinical biospecimens from PD patients carrying this mutation and in patient-derived cellular models. In these models we found a positive correlation between the activities of LRRK2 and GCase, which was further confirmed in cell lines with genetic and pharmacological manipulation of LRRK2 kinase activity. Overall, our study indicates that LRRK2 kinase activity affects both the levels and the catalytic activity of GCase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kedariti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frattini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Civiero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziviani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aureli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaganovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanis, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surface, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deleidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Fonzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rideout, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotegher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.461935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The activities of LRRK2 and GCase are positively correlated in clinical biospecimens and experimental models of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.28.461511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific Detection of Endogenous S129 Phosphorylated α-Synuclein in Tissue Using Proximity Ligation Assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.28.461511v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSynucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that are pathologically characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates called Lewy Bodies. Lewy bodies are primarily composed of -synuclein (asyn) protein, which is phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129) when aggregated. Currently available commercial antibodies used to stain for pS129 asyn can cross react with other proteins, thus making it difficult to specifically detect endogenous pS129 asyn and to interpret pS129 asyn staining.

OBJECTIVETo develop a staining procedure that detects pS129 asyn with high specificity and low background.

METHODSWe use the fluorescent and brightfield in situ Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) to specifically detect pS129 asyn in cell culture, mouse and human brain sections.

RESULTSThe pS129 asyn PLA specifically stained for endogenous, soluble pS129 asyn in cell culture, mouse brain sections, and human brain tissue without significant cross-reactivity or background signal.

CONCLUSIONSThis PLA method can be used to specifically detect pS129 asyn in order to further explore and understand its role in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arlinghaus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masliah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cookson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landeck, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.461511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific Detection of Endogenous S129 Phosphorylated α-Synuclein in Tissue Using Proximity Ligation Assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.29.462278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two helices control the dynamic crosstalk between the catalytic domains of LRRK2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.09.29.462278v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The two major molecular switches in biology, kinases and GTPases, are both contained in the Parkinsons Disease-related Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, we generated a comprehensive dynamic allosteric portrait of the C-terminal domains of LRRK2 (LRRK2RCKW). We identified two helices that shield the kinase domain and regulate LRRK2 conformation and function. One docking helix in COR-B (Dk-Helix) tethers the COR-B domain to the C helix of the kinase domain and faces its Activation Loop, while the C-terminal helix (Ct-Helix) extends from the WD40 domain and interacts with both kinase lobes. The Ct-Helix and the N-terminus of the Dk-Helix create a "cap" that regulates the N-Lobe of the kinase domain. Our analyses reveal allosteric sites for pharmacological intervention and confirm the kinase domain as the central hub for conformational control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weng, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoto, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manschwetus, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaila-Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herberg, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two helices control the dynamic crosstalk between the catalytic domains of LRRK2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.01.462758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Functional-Selectivity Relationship Studies on A-86929 Analogs and Small Fragments toward Discovery of D1 agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.01.462758v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine regulates normal functions such as movement, reinforcement learning, and cognition, and its dysfunction has been implicated in multiple psychiatric and neurological disorders. Dopamine acts through the D1- (D1R and D5R) and D2-class (D2R, D3R and D4R) of seven transmembrane receptors, and activates both G-protein- and {beta}-arrestin-dependent signaling pathways, to mediate its physiological effects. Current dopamine receptor-based therapies are used to ameliorate motor deficits in Parkinsons disease, or as antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia. These drugs show efficacy for ameliorating only some symptoms caused by dopamine dysfunction and are plagued by debilitating side-effects. Studies in primates and rodents have shown that shifting the balance of dopamine receptor signaling towards the arrestin pathway can be beneficial for inducing normal movement, while reducing motor side-effects such as dyskinesias, and can be efficacious at enhancing cognitive function compared to balanced agonists. Several structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies have embarked on discovering {beta}-arrestin-biased dopamine agonists, focused on D2 partial agonists, non-catechol D1 agonists, and mixed D1/D2R dopamine receptor agonists. Here, we describe an SAR study to identify novel D1R {beta}-arrestin biased ligands using A-86929, a high-affinity D1R catechol agonist, as a core scaffold. Previously described and novel analogs of A-86929 were synthesized and screened in vitro for structure-functional-selectivity relationships (SFSR) studies to identify chemical motifs responsible for {beta}-arrestin biased activity at both D1 and D2Rs. Most of the A-86929 analogs screened were G protein biased but none of them were exclusively arrestin-biased. Additionally, various catechol aryl fragments were designed and synthesized. Other compounds surveyed included hydroxyl and chloro analogs of dopamine to test for hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions. Some of these small molecular probes displayed weak bias towards the {beta}-arrestin pathway. Continued in-depth SFSR studies informed by structure determination, molecular modeling, and mutagenesis studies will facilitate discovery of potent and efficacious arrestin-biased dopamine receptor ligands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirabel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiviriga, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phidd, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horenstein, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urs, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Functional-Selectivity Relationship Studies on A-86929 Analogs and Small Fragments toward Discovery of D1 agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.30.538317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The LRRK2 kinase substrates Rab8a and Rab10 contribute complementary but distinct disease-relevant phenotypes in human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.30.538317v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause familial Parkinsons disease presenting with pleomorphic neuropathology that can involve -synuclein or tau accumulation. LRRK2 mutations are thought to converge toward a pathogenic increase in LRRK2 kinase activity. A subset of small Rab GTPases have been identified as LRRK2 substrates, with LRRK2-dependent phosphorylation resulting in Rab inactivation. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate a novel series of isogenic iPSC lines deficient in the two most well validated LRRK2 substrates, Rab8a and Rab10, from two independent, deeply phenotyped healthy control lines. Thorough characterization of NGN2-induced neurons revealed divergent effects of Rab8a and Rab10 deficiency on lysosomal pH, LAMP1 association with Golgi, -synuclein insolubility and tau phosphorylation, while parallel effects on lysosomal numbers and Golgi clustering were observed. Our data demonstrate largely antagonistic effects of genetic Rab8a or Rab10 inactivation which provide discrete insight into the pathologic features of their biochemical inactivation by pathogenic LRRK2 mutation.

HighlightsO_LIRab8a and Rab10 deficiency induce lysosomal and Golgi defects
C_LIO_LIRab8a and Rab10 deficiency induce opposing effects on lysosomal pH
C_LIO_LIRab8a KO and Rab10 KO neurons show divergent effects on synuclein and tau proteostasis
C_LIO_LIInactivation of different Rab GTPases can induce distinct disease-relevant phenotypes
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mamais, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajfer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zykoski, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley-DiPaolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subrahmanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaVoie, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.30.538317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The LRRK2 kinase substrates Rab8a and Rab10 contribute complementary but distinct disease-relevant phenotypes in human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.14.528378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological PINK1 activation ameliorates Pathology in Parkinson's Disease models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.14.528378v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PINK1 loss-of-function mutations and exposure to mitochondrial toxins are causative for Parkinsons disease (PD) and Parkinsonism, respectively. We demonstrate that pathological -synuclein deposition, the hallmark pathology of idiopathic PD, induces mitochondrial dysfunction and impairs mitophagy, driving accumulation of the PINK1 substrate pS65-Ubiquitin (pUb) in primary neurons and in vivo. We synthesized MTK458, a brain penetrant small molecule that binds to PINK1 and stabilizes an active heterocomplex, thereby increasing mitophagy. MTK458 mediates clearance of -synuclein pathology in PFF seeding models in vitro and in vivo and reduces pUb. We developed an ultrasensitive assay to quantify pUb levels in plasma and observed an increase in pUb in PD subjects that correlates with disease progression, paralleling our observations in PD models. Our combined findings from preclinical PD models and patient biofluids suggest that pharmacological activation of PINK1 is worthy of further study as a therapeutic strategy for disease modification in PD.

HighlightsO_LIDiscovery of a plasma Parkinsons Disease biomarker candidate, pS65-Ubiquitin (pUb)
C_LIO_LIPlasma pUb levels correlate with disease status and progression in PD patients.
C_LIO_LIIdentification of a potent, brain penetrant PINK1 activator, MTK458
C_LIO_LIMTK458 selectively activates PINK1 by stimulating dimerization and stabilization of the PINK1/TOM complex
C_LIO_LIMTK458 drives clearance of -synuclein pathology and normalizes pUb in in vivo Parkinsons models
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chin, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakhit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ditsworth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartholomeus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mody, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laihsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansberry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khasnavis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafalski, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heerendeen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Roulet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordureau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnstone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoehr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological PINK1 activation ameliorates Pathology in Parkinson's Disease models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.10.527867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel Neurodegenerative Phenotypes in Sporadic Parkinsons Disease Fibroblasts and Midbrain Dopamine Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.10.527867v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms causing Parkinsons disease (PD) is vital to the development of much needed early diagnostics and therapeutics for this debilitating condition. Here, we report cellular and molecular alterations in skin fibroblasts of late-onset sporadic PD subjects, that were recapitulated in matched induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, reprogrammed from the same fibroblasts. Specific changes in growth, morphology, reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial function, and autophagy, were seen in both the PD fibroblasts and DA neurons, as compared to their respective controls. Additionally, significant alterations in alpha synuclein expression and electrical activity were also noted in the PD DA neurons. Interestingly, although the fibroblast and neuronal phenotypes were similar to each other, they also differed in their nature and scale. Furthermore, statistical analysis revealed novel associations between various clinical measures of the PD subjects and the different fibroblast and neuronal data. In essence, these findings encapsulate spontaneous, in-tandem, disease-related phenotypes in both sporadic PD fibroblasts and iPSC-based DA neurons, from the same patient, and generates an innovative model to investigate PD mechanisms with a view towards rational disease stratification and precision treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corenblum, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRobbie-Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carruth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandarino, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billheimer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhavan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.527867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel Neurodegenerative Phenotypes in Sporadic Parkinsons Disease Fibroblasts and Midbrain Dopamine Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.15.537033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable, flexible carbon fiber electrode thread arrays for three-dimensional spatial profiling of neurochemical activity in deep brain structures of rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.15.537033v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed a flexible "electrode-thread" array for recording dopamine neurochemical activity from a lateral distribution of subcortical targets (up to 16) transverse to the axis of insertion. Ultrathin ([~] 10 {micro}m diameter) carbon fiber (CF) electrode-threads (CFETs) are clustered into a tight bundle to introduce them into the brain from a single entry point. The individual CFETs splay laterally in deep brain tissue during insertion due to their innate flexibility. This spatial redistribution allows navigation of the CFETs towards deep brain targets spreading horizontally from the axis of insertion. Commercial "linear" arrays provide single entry insertion but only allow measurements along the axis of insertion. Horizontally configured neurochemical recording arrays inflict separate penetrations for each individual channel (i.e., electrode). We tested functional performance of our CFET arrays in vivo for recording dopamine neurochemical dynamics and for providing lateral spread to multiple distributed sites in the striatum of rats. Spatial spread was further characterized using agar brain phantoms to measure electrode deflection as a function of insertion depth. We also developed protocols to slice the embedded CFETs within fixed brain tissue using standard histology techniques. This method allowed extraction of the precise spatial coordinates of the implanted CFETs and their recording sites as integrated with immunohistochemical staining for surrounding anatomical, cytological, and protein expression labels. Neurochemical recording operations tested here can be integrated with already widely established capabilities of CF-based electrodes to record single neuron activity and local field potentials, to enable multi-modal recording functions. Our CFET array has the potential to unlock a wide range of applications, from uncovering the role of neuromodulators in synaptic plasticity, to addressing critical safety barriers in clinical translation towards diagnostic and adaptive treatment in Parkinsons disease and major mood disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agca, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amjad, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zukerman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cima, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graybiel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwerdt, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.537033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable, flexible carbon fiber electrode thread arrays for three-dimensional spatial profiling of neurochemical activity in deep brain structures of rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.29.534370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Splicing accuracy varies across human introns, tissues and age 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.29.534370v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing impacts most multi-exonic human genes. Inaccuracies during this process may have an important role in ageing and disease. Here, we investigated mis-splicing using RNA-sequencing data from ~14K control samples and 42 human body sites, focusing on split reads partially mapping to known transcripts in annotation. We show that mis-splicing occurs at different rates across introns and tissues and that these splicing inaccuracies are primarily affected by the abundance of core components of the spliceosome assembly and its regulators. Using publicly available data on short-hairpin RNA-knockdowns of numerous spliceosomal components and related regulators, we found support for the importance of RNA-binding proteins in mis-splicing. We also demonstrated that age is positively correlated with mis-splicing, and it affects genes implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. This in-depth characterisation of mis-splicing can have important implications for our understanding of the role of splicing inaccuracies in human disease and the interpretation of long-read RNA-sequencing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocamora-Perez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant-Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbrother-Browne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Martinez, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rio, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guelfi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collado-Torres, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Splicing accuracy varies across human introns, tissues and age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.14.532535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lifespan Neurodegeneration Of The Human Brain In Multiple Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.14.532535v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAtrophy related to Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been found at the early stages of the disease. However, the archetype dynamic trajectories of the neurodegenerative process, even prior to clinical diagnosis, remain unknown.

MethodsWe modeled the volumetric trajectories of brain structures across the entire lifespan using 40944 subjects (38295 healthy controls and 2649 MS patients). Then, we estimated the chronological progression of MS by assessing the divergence of lifespan trajectories between normal brain charts and MS brain charts.

ResultsChronologically, the first affected structure was the thalamus, then the putamen and the pallidum (3 years later), followed by the ventral diencephalon (7 years after thalamus) and finally the brainstem (9 years after thalamus). To a lesser extent, the anterior cingulate gyrus, insular cortex, occipital pole, caudate and hippocampus were impacted. Finally, the precuneus and accumbens nuclei exhibited a limited atrophy pattern.

ConclusionSubcortical atrophy was more pronounced than cortical atrophy. The thalamus was the most impacted structure with a very early divergence in life. It paves the way toward utilization of these lifespan models for future preclinical/prodromal prognosis and monitoring of MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coupe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planche, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansencal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamraoui, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koubiyr, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manjon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourdias, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lifespan Neurodegeneration Of The Human Brain In Multiple Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
hipFG: High-throughput harmonization and integration pipeline for functional genomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537695v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPreparing functional genomic (FG) data with diverse assay types and file formats for integration into analysis workflows that interpret genome-wide association and other studies is a significant and time-consuming challenge. Here we introduce hipFG, an automatically customized pipeline for efficient and scalable normalization of heterogenous FG data collections into standardized, indexed, rapidly searchable analysis-ready datasets while accounting for FG datatypes (e.g., chromatin interactions, genomic intervals, quantitative trait loci).

Availability and ImplementationhipFG is freely available at https://bitbucket.org/wanglab-upenn/hipFG. Docker container is available at https://hub.docker.com/r/wanglab/hipfg.

Contactlswang@pennmedicine.upenn.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available as BioRxiv supplemental files.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cifello, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuksa, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[hipFG: High-throughput harmonization and integration pipeline for functional genomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.09.523303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of alpha-synuclein fibrils derived from human Lewy body dementia tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.09.523303v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The defining feature of Parkinson disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) is the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (Asyn) fibrils in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. We developed and validated a novel method to amplify Asyn fibrils extracted from LBD postmortem tissue samples and used solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) studies to determine atomic resolution structure. Amplified LBD Asyn fibrils comprise two protofilaments with pseudo-21 helical screw symmetry, very low twist and an interface formed by antiparallel beta strands of residues 85-93. The fold is highly similar to the fold determined by a recent cryo-electron microscopy study for a minority population of twisted single protofilament fibrils extracted from LBD tissue. These results expand the structural landscape of LBD Asyn fibrils and inform further studies of disease mechanisms, imaging agents and therapeutics targeting Asyn.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhavale, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barclay, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcik, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milchberg, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rau, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warmuth, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, J. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwieters, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rienstra, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotzbauer, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of alpha-synuclein fibrils derived from human Lewy body dementia tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.24.525105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclease-dead S. aureus Cas9 downregulates alpha-synuclein and reduces mtDNA damage and oxidative stress levels in patient-derived stem cell model of Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.24.525105v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, but no disease modifying therapies have been successful in clinical translation presenting a major unmet medical need. A promising target is alpha-synuclein or its aggregated form, which accumulates in the brain of PD patients as Lewy bodies. While it is not entirely clear which alpha-synuclein protein species is disease relevant, mere overexpression of alpha-synuclein in hereditary forms leads to neurodegeneration.

To specifically address gene regulation of alpha-synuclein, we developed a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system based on the nuclease dead S. aureus Cas9 (SadCas9) fused with the transcriptional repressor domain Krueppel-associated box to controllably repress alpha-synuclein expression at the transcriptional level. We screened single guide (sg)RNAs across the SNCA promoter and identified several sgRNAs that mediate downregulation of alpha-synuclein at varying levels. CRISPRi downregulation of alpha-synuclein in iPSC-derived neuronal cultures from a patient with an SNCA genomic triplication showed functional recovery by reduction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA damage.

Our results are proof-of-concept in vitro for precision medicine by targeting the SNCA gene promoter. The SNCA CRISPRi approach presents a new model to understand safe levels of alpha-synuclein downregulation and a novel therapeutic strategy for PD and related alpha-synucleinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sastre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, C. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuele, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclease-dead S. aureus Cas9 downregulates alpha-synuclein and reduces mtDNA damage and oxidative stress levels in patient-derived stem cell model of Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.01.535194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circular RNAs in the human brain are tailored to neuron identity and neuropsychiatric disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.01.535194v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about circular RNAs (circRNAs) in specific brain cells and human neuropsychiatric disease. Here, we systematically identified over 11,039 circRNAs expressed in vulnerable dopamine and pyramidal neurons laser-captured from 190 human brains and non-neuronal cells using ultra-deep, total RNA sequencing. 1,526 and 3,308 circRNAs were custom-tailored to the cell identity of dopamine and pyramidal neurons and enriched in synapse pathways. 88% of Parkinsons and 80% of Alzheimers disease-associated genes produced circRNAs. circDNAJC6, produced from a juvenile-onset Parkinsons gene, was already dysregulated during prodromal, onset stages of common Parkinsons disease neuropathology. Globally, addiction-associated genes preferentially produced circRNAs in dopamine neurons, autism-associated genes in pyramidal neurons, and cancers in non-neuronal cells. This study shows that circular RNAs in the human brain are tailored to neuron identity and implicate circRNA- regulated synaptic specialization in neuropsychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gritsch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges-Monroy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feany, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherzer, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.01.535194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circular RNAs in the human brain are tailored to neuron identity and neuropsychiatric disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
O-GlcNAc modification forces the formation of an α-Synuclein amyloid-strain with notably diminished seeding activity and pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531573v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of amyloid fibril formation remains one of the primary targets for developing diagnostics and treatments for several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Amyloid-forming proteins such -Synuclein and Tau, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease, can form different types of fibril structure, or strains, that exhibit distinct structures, toxic properties, seeding activities, and pathology spreading patterns in the brain. Therefore, understanding the molecular and structural determinants contributing to the formation of different amyloid strains or their distinct features could open new avenues for developing disease-specific diagnostics and therapies. In this work, we report that O-GlcNAc modification of -Synuclein monomers results in the formation of amyloid fibril with distinct core structure, as revealed by Cryo-EM, and diminished seeding activity in seeding-based neuronal and rodent models of Parkinsons disease. Although the mechanisms underpinning the seeding neutralization activity of the O-GlcNAc modified fibrils remain unclear, our in vitro mechanistic studies indicate that heat shock proteins interactions with O-GlcNAc fibril inhibit their seeding activity, suggesting that the O-GlcNAc modification may alter the interactome of the -Synuclein fibrils in ways that lead to reduce seeding activity in vivo. Our results show that post-translational modifications, such as O-GlcNAc modification, of -Synuclein are key determinants of -Synuclein amyloid strains and pathogenicity. These findings have significant implications for how we investigate and target amyloids in the brain and could possibly explain the lack of correlation between amyloid burden and neurodegeneration or cognitive decline in some subtypes of NDDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balana, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahul-Mellier, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hard, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasiqi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedretti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, V. M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashuel, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[O-GlcNAc modification forces the formation of an α-Synuclein amyloid-strain with notably diminished seeding activity and pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.27.534444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteostasis and lysosomal quality control deficits in Alzheimer's disease neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.27.534444v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimers disease (AD). However, the cellular mechanisms linking neuronal proteostasis decline to the characteristic aberrant protein deposits in AD brains remain elusive. Here, we develop transdifferentiated neurons (tNeurons) from human dermal fibroblasts as a neuronal model that retains aging hallmarks and exhibits AD-linked vulnerabilities. Remarkably, AD tNeurons accumulate proteotoxic deposits, including phospho-Tau and A{beta}, resembling those in AD patient and APP mouse brains. Quantitative tNeuron proteomics identify aging and AD-linked deficits in proteostasis and organelle homeostasis, most notably in endosome-lysosomal components. Lysosomal deficits in aged tNeurons, including constitutive lysosomal damage and ESCRT-mediated lysosomal repair defects, are exacerbated in AD tNeurons and linked to inflammatory cytokine secretion and cell death. Supporting lysosomal deficits centrality in AD, compounds ameliorating lysosomal function reduce A{beta} deposits and cytokine secretion. Thus, the tNeuron model system reveals impaired lysosomal homeostasis as an early event of aging and AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vest, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson-Grady, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibuya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran-Losada, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wernig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frydman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteostasis and lysosomal quality control deficits in Alzheimer's disease neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.12.523790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable Nanopore sequencing of human genomes provides a comprehensive view of haplotype-resolved variation and methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.12.523790v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing technologies substantially overcome the limitations of short-reads but to date have not been considered as feasible replacement at scale due to a combination of being too expensive, not scalable enough, or too error-prone. Here, we develop an efficient and scalable wet lab and computational protocol for Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read sequencing that seeks to provide a genuine alternative to short-reads for large-scale genomics projects. We applied our protocol to cell lines and brain tissue samples as part of a pilot project for the NIH Center for Alzheimers and Related Dementias (CARD). Using a single PromethION flow cell, we can detect SNPs with F1-score better than Illumina short-read sequencing. Small indel calling remains difficult within homopolymers and tandem repeats, but is comparable to Illumina calls elsewhere. Further, we can discover structural variants with F1-score comparable to state-of-the-art methods involving Pacific Biosciences HiFi sequencing and trio information (but at a lower cost and greater throughput). Using ONT-based phasing, we can then combine and phase small and structural variants at megabase scales. Our protocol also produces highly accurate, haplotype-specific methylation calls. Overall, this makes large-scale long-read sequencing projects feasible; the protocol is currently being used to sequence thousands of brain-based genomes as a part of the NIH CARD initiative. We provide the protocol and software as open-source integrated pipelines for generating phased variant calls and assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billingsley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastoras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monlong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorig-Roach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Jerez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesout, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabakaran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North American Brain Expression Consortium (NABEC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traynor, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable Nanopore sequencing of human genomes provides a comprehensive view of haplotype-resolved variation and methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.23.525101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurophysiological signatures of cortical micro-architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.23.525101v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systematic spatial variation in micro-architecture is observed across the cortex. These micro-architectural gradients are reflected in neural activity, which can be captured by neurophysiological time-series. How spontaneous neurophysiological dynamics are organized across the cortex and how they arise from heterogeneous cortical micro-architecture remains unknown. Here we extensively profile regional neurophysiological dynamics across the human brain by estimating over 6 800 timeseries features from the resting state magnetoencephalography (MEG) signal. We then map regional time-series profiles to a comprehensive multi-modal, multi-scale atlas of cortical micro-architecture, including microstructure, metabolism, neurotransmitter receptors, cell types and laminar differentiation. We find that the dominant axis of neurophysiological dynamics reflects characteristics of power spectrum density and linear correlation structure of the signal, emphasizing the importance of conventional features of electromagnetic dynamics while identifying additional informative features that have traditionally received less attention. Moreover, spatial variation in neurophysiological dynamics is colocalized with multiple micro-architectural features, including genomic gradients, intracortical myelin, neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, and oxygen and glucose metabolism. Collectively, this work opens new avenues for studying the anatomical basis of neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafiei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulcher, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baillet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurophysiological signatures of cortical micro-architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.29.534819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TNF-NFkB-p53 axis restricts in vivo survival of hPSC-derived dopamine neuron 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.29.534819v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ongoing, first-in-human clinical trials illustrate the feasibility and translational potential of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based cell therapies in Parkinsons disease (PD). However, a major unresolved challenge in the field is the extensive cell death following transplantation with <10% of grafted dopamine neurons surviving. Here, we performed a pooled CRISPR/Cas9 screen to enhance survival of postmitotic dopamine neurons in vivo. We identified p53-mediated apoptotic cell death as major contributor to dopamine neuron loss and uncovered a causal link of TNFa-NF{kappa}B signaling in limiting cell survival. As a translationally applicable strategy to purify postmitotic dopamine neurons, we performed a cell surface marker screen that enabled purification without the need for genetic reporters. Combining cell sorting with adalimumab pretreatment, a clinically approved and widely used TNFa inhibitor, enabled efficient engraftment of postmitotic dopamine neurons leading to extensive re-innervation and functional recovery in a preclinical PD mouse model. Thus, transient TNFa inhibition presents a clinically relevant strategy to enhance survival and enable engraftment of postmitotic human PSC-derived dopamine neurons in PD.

HighlightsO_LIIn vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies p53 limiting survival of grafted human dopamine neurons.
C_LIO_LITNF-NF{kappa}B pathway mediates p53-dependent human dopamine neuron death
C_LIO_LICell surface marker screen to enrich human dopamine neurons for translational use.
C_LIO_LIFDA approved TNF-alpha inhibitor rescues in vivo dopamine neuron survival with in vivo function.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riessland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhry, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolisnyk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saurat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garippa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Studer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TNF-NFkB-p53 axis restricts in vivo survival of hPSC-derived dopamine neuron]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.16.532981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transitions between cognitive topographies: contributions of network structure, neuromodulation, and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.16.532981v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterns of neural activity underlie human cognition. Transitions between these patterns are orchestrated by the brains network architecture. What are the mechanisms linking network structure to cognitively relevant activation patterns? Here we implement principles of network control to investigate how the architecture of the human connectome shapes transitions between 123 experimentally defined cognitive activation maps (cognitive topographies) from the NeuroSynth meta-analytic engine. We also systematically incorporate neurotransmitter receptor density maps (18 receptors and transporters) and disease-related cortical abnormality maps (11 neurodegenerative, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases; N = 17 000 patients, N = 22 000 controls). Integrating large-scale multimodal neuroimaging data from functional MRI, diffusion tractography, cortical morphometry, and positron emission tomography, we simulate how anatomically-guided transitions between cognitive states can be reshaped by pharmacological or pathological perturbation. Our results provide a comprehensive look-up table charting how brain network organisation and chemoarchitecture interact to manifest different cognitive topographies. This computational framework establishes a principled foundation for systematically identifying novel ways to promote selective transitions between desired cognitive topographies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luppi, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, S. P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuceyeski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transitions between cognitive topographies: contributions of network structure, neuromodulation, and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.28.538525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prospective role of PAK6 and 14-3-3 gamma as biomarkers for Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.28.538525v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2.BackgroundParkinsons disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder mainly distinguished by sporadic aetiology, although a genetic component is also well established. Variants in the LRRK2 gene are associated with both familiar and sporadic disease. We have previously shown that PAK6 and 14-3-3{gamma} protein interact with and regulate the activity of LRRK2.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to quantify PAK6 and 14-3-3{gamma} in plasma as a reliable biomarker strategy for the diagnosis of both sporadic and LRRK2-linked Parkinsons disease.

MethodsAfter an initial quantification of PAK6 and 14-3-3{gamma} expression by means of Western blot in post-mortem human brains, we verified the presence of the two proteins in plasma by using quantitative ELISA tests. We analysed samples obtained from 39 healthy subjects, 40 patients with sporadic Parkinsons disease, 50 LRRK2-G2019S non-manifesting carriers and 31 patients with LRRK2-G2019S Parkinsons disease.

ResultsThe amount of PAK6 and 14-3-3{gamma} is significantly different in patients with Parkinsons disease compared to healthy subjects. Moreover, the amount of PAK6 also varies with the presence of the G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 gene. Although the generalized linear models show a low association between the presence of PD and PAK6, the kinase can be added in a broader panel of biomarkers for the diagnosis of Parkinsons disease.

ConclusionsChanges of PAK6 and 14-3-3{gamma} amount in plasma represent a shared readout for patients affected by sporadic and LRRK2-linked Parkinsons disease. Overall, they can contribute to the establishment of an extended panel of biomarkers for the diagnosis of Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giusto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maistrello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannotta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iovino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandopadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bubacco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barresi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotegher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greggio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Civiero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prospective role of PAK6 and 14-3-3 gamma as biomarkers for Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Policy to Practice: Tracking an Open Science Funding Initiative 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530238v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This is a critical moment in the open science landscape. Over the past few years there has been growing momentum to improve open research policies and require grantees to share all research outputs, from datasets to code to protocols, in FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable [FAIR]) repositories with persistent identifiers attached. The Aligning Science Across Parkinsons (ASAP) initiative has made substantial investments in improving open science compliance monitoring for its grantees, requiring grantees to update their manuscripts if not all research outputs have been linked in the initial manuscript version. Here, we evaluate ASAPs effectiveness in improving research output sharing for all articles processed through the ASAP compliance workflow between March 1, 2022, and October 1, 2022. Our ultimate goal in sharing our findings is to assist other funders and institutions as they consider open science implementation. By normalizing the open science and compliance process across funding bodies, we hope to simplify and streamline researcher, institutional, and funder workflows, allowing researchers to focus on science by easily leveraging resources and building upon the work of others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumanis, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vines, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, E. A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Policy to Practice: Tracking an Open Science Funding Initiative]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.27.524249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein network analysis links the NSL complex to Parkinson's disease and mitochondrial biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.27.524249v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whilst the majority of PD cases are sporadic, much of our understanding of the pathophysiological basis of disease can be traced back to the study of rare, monogenic forms of disease. In the past decade, the availability of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) has facilitated a shift in focus, toward identifying common risk variants conferring increased risk of developing PD across the population. A recent mitophagy screening assay of GWAS candidates has functionally implicated the non-specific lethal (NSL) complex in the regulation of PINK1-mitophagy. Here, a bioinformatics approach has been taken to investigate the proteome of the NSL complex, to unpick its relevance to PD progression. The mitochondrial NSL interactome has been built, mining 3 separate repositories: PINOT, HIPPIE and MIST, for curated, literature-derived protein-protein interaction (PPI) data. We built; i) the  mitochondrial interactome, applying gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to explore the relevance of the NSL mitochondrial interactome to PD and, ii) the PD-oriented interactome to uncover biological pathways underpinning the NSL /PD association. In this study, we find the mitochondrial NSL interactome to be significantly enriched for the protein products of PD associated genes, including the Mendelian PD genes LRRK2 and VPS35. Additionally, the PD associated interactome is enriched for mitochondrial processes; "mitochondrial cell death", "mitochondrial protein localisation", "membrane protein localisation" and "mitochondrial transport". Our data points to NSL complex members OGT and WDR5 as key drivers of this increased PD association. These findings strengthen a role for mitochondrial quality control in both familial and sporadic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plun-Favreau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.524249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein network analysis links the NSL complex to Parkinson's disease and mitochondrial biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.09.523202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous Determination of Size and Shape of Single alpha-Synuclein Oligomers in Solution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.09.523202v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soluble oligomers of amyloid-forming proteins are implicated as toxic species in the context of several neurodegenerative diseases. Since the size and shape of these oligomers influences their toxicity, their biophysical characterization is essential for a better understanding of the structure-toxicity relationship. Amyloid oligomers are difficult to characterize by conventional approaches due to their heterogeneity in size and shape, their dynamic aggregation process, and their low abundance. This paper demonstrates that resistive-pulse measurements using polymer-coated solid-state nanopores enable single-particle level characterization of the size and shape of individual Syn oligomers in solution within minutes. A comparison of the resulting size distribution with single-particle analysis by transmission electron microscopy and mass photometry reveals that nanopore-based characterization agrees well with both methods, while providing better size resolution and elucidating that Syn samples are composed of stable oligomer sub-populations that contain multiples of approximately 12 monomers (i.e., 12-, 24-, 48-, 60-, 84-mers). Applying the unique capability of nanopores to approximate particle size and shape to picomolar concentrations of Syn oligomers in the putatively toxic size range, revealed shapes that agree well with previous estimates by cryo-EM with the added advantage that nanopore-based analysis occurs rapidly, in solution, and has the potential to become a widely accessible technique.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Awasthi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous Determination of Size and Shape of Single alpha-Synuclein Oligomers in Solution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.11.536367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A potential patient stratification biomarker for Parkinson's disease based on LRRK2 kinase-mediated centrosomal alterations in peripheral blood-derived cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.11.536367v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsos disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative movement disorder and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a promising therapeutic target for disease intervention. However, the ability to stratify patients who will benefit from such treatment modalities based on shared etiology is critical for the success of disease-modifying therapies. Ciliary and centrosomal alterations are commonly associated with pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity and can be detected in many cell types. We previously found centrosomal deficits in immortalized lymphocytes from G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients. Here, to investigate whether such deficits may serve as a potential blood biomarker for PD which is susceptible to LRKK2 inhibitor treatment, we characterized patient-derived cells from distinct PD cohorts. We report centrosomal alterations in peripheral cells from a subset of early-stage idiopathic PD patients which is mitigated by LRRK2 kinase inhibition, supporting a role for aberrant LRRK2 activity in idiopathic PD. Centrosomal defects are detected in R1441G-LRRK2 and G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients and in non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers, indicating that they acumulate prior to a clinical PD diagnosis. They are present in immortalized cells as well as in primary lymphocytes from peripheral blood. These findings indicate that analysis of centrosomal defects as a blood-based patient stratification biomarker may help nominate PD patients who will benefit from LRRK2-related therapeutics.

One-sentence summaryPeripheral blood-derived cells can be employed to stratify Parkinsos disease patients most likely to respond to LRRK2-related therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naaldijk, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasiczka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fdez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leghay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croitoru, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulesnane, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizeneux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Destee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taymans, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinagre Aragon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergareche Yarza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterton, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzamko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chartier-Harlin, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilfiker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A potential patient stratification biomarker for Parkinson's disease based on LRRK2 kinase-mediated centrosomal alterations in peripheral blood-derived cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.31.534916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Human PINK1 ubiquitin kinase by Serine167, Serine228 and Cysteine412 phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.31.534916v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss-of-function mutations in the human PINK1 kinase (hPINK1) are causative of early-onset Parkinsons disease (PD). Activation of hPINK1 induces phosphorylated ubiquitin to initiate removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy. Previously we solved the structure of the insect PINK1 orthologue, Tribolium castaneum PINK1, and showed that autophosphorylation of Ser205 was critical for ubiquitin interaction and phosphorylation (Kumar, Tamjar, Waddell et al., 2017). In this advance, we report new findings on the regulation of hPINK1 by phosphorylation. We reconstitute E. coli expressed hPINK1 activity in vitro by direct incorporation of phosphoserine at the equivalent site Serine 228 (pSer228), providing direct evidence for a role for Ser228 phosphorylation in hPINK1 activation. Furthermore, using mass spectrometry, we identify six novel Ser/Thr autophosphorylation sites including regulatory Serine167 phosphorylation (pSer167), which in addition to pSer228 is required for ubiquitin recognition and phosphorylation. Strikingly, we also detect phosphorylation of a conserved Cysteine412 (pCys412) residue in the hPINK1 activation segment. Structural modelling suggests that pCys412 inhibits ubiquitin recognition and we demonstrate that mutation of Cys412 to Ala renders hPINK1 more active towards ubiquitin when expressed in human cells. These results outline new insights into hPINK1 activation by pSer167 and pSer228 and a novel inhibitory mechanism mediated by pCys412. These findings will aid in the development of small molecule activators of hPINK1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waddell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terriente-Felix, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knebel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourlay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macartney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrice, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayliss, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitworth, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muqit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.31.534916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Human PINK1 ubiquitin kinase by Serine167, Serine228 and Cysteine412 phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.01.530578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigation of Volatile Metabolites in Sebum as Prodromal Indicators of Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.01.530578v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons Disease (PD) has been associated with a distinct odour, which emanates from the skin and is strongest in sebum-rich areas. In this study, sebum was sampled from participants using cotton gauze and the volatile components emanating from these swabs were analysed directly with thermal desorption gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TD GC-MS). We analysed subjects with clinically established PD (n=46) along with healthy controls (n=28) sampled from two sites. The volatilome profiles obtained for PD and control cohorts were compared with the profile of participants (n=9) with isolated REM sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD) to investigate metabolite changes in probable prodromal PD. We also compared PD participants sampled at yearly intervals for a total of three years. Volatile compounds from TD GC-MS analysis were found in different quantities between PD, control and iRBD subjects. We found 55 significant features where abundance in samples from individuals with iRBD was intermediate between that found for PD and control samples. Significant features were found to be alkanes and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), with other metabolites identified as an aldehyde, purine and tropinone. In olfactory analysis of the iRBD samples three out of nine were classified PD, and on clinical follow up two of these showed PD symptoms. Further, when analysing the volatilome from longitudinal PD sampling, almost two-thirds of the significant features showed differential regulation over the three visits. Our findings support the use of sebum as an accessible biofluid rich with measurable volatile compounds which alter in abundance in individuals with PD and iRBD, as the disease progresses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walton-Doyle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollywood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzknecht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seppi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverdale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poewe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigation of Volatile Metabolites in Sebum as Prodromal Indicators of Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.20.533516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic screening identifies integrated stress response kinase HRI (EIF2AK1) as a negative regulator of PINK1 and mitophagy signalling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.20.533516v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss-of-function mutations of the PINK1 kinase cause familial early-onset Parkinsons disease (PD). PINK1 is activated upon mitochondrial damage to phosphorylate Ubiquitin and Parkin to trigger removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy (mitophagy). PINK1 also indirectly phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases including Rab8A. We have performed an siRNA screen targeting all human Ser/Thr kinases in HeLa cells and discovered that knockdown of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 (EIF2AK1), also known as heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) kinase, a branch of the integrated stress response (ISR), selectively enhances mitochondrial depolarization-induced stabilization of PINK1 and increased phosphorylation of ubiquitin and Rab8A. We confirm our findings in multiple human cell lines, including SK-OV-3, U2OS and ARPE-19 cells. Knockdown of the upstream mitochondrial-cytosol relay component, DELE1, enhanced PINK1 stabilisation and activation similar to EIF2AK1 knockdown. Strikingly, we demonstrate that the small molecule ISR inhibitor, ISRIB, also enhances PINK1 activation and signaling under conditions of mitochondrial damage. Using the mito-QC mitophagy reporter in human cells, we observe that EIF2AK1 knockdown or ISRIB treatment significantly enhances PINK1-dependent mitophagy but does not alter deferiprone-induced mitophagy. Our findings indicate that the DELE1-EIF2AK1 ISR signaling relay is a negative regulator of PINK1-dependent mitophagy and suggest that inhibitors of DELE1-EIF2AK1 and/or ISRIB analogues could have therapeutic benefits in PD and related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becchi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macartney, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousseau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganley, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muqit, M. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic screening identifies integrated stress response kinase HRI (EIF2AK1) as a negative regulator of PINK1 and mitophagy signalling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.02.535274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-synuclein expression in response to bacterial ligands and metabolites in gut enteroendocrine cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.02.535274v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCaudo-rostral migration of pathological forms of -synuclein from the gut to the brain is proposed as an early feature in Parkinson disease (PD) pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Intestinal enteroendocrine cells sense and respond to numerous luminal signals, including bacterial factors, and transmit this information to the brain via the enteric nervous system and vagus nerve. There is evidence that gut bacteria composition and their metabolites change in PD patients and these alterations can trigger -synuclein pathology in animal models.

ObjectiveHere we investigated the effect of toll-like receptor (TLR) and free fatty acid receptor (FFA2/3) agonists on -synuclein levels in mouse STC-1 enteroendocrine cells.

MethodsSTC-1 cells were treated with TLR and FFA2/3 agonists alone and in combination with selective antagonists. The level of -synuclein protein was measured in cell lysates and cell culture media by western blot and ELISA. And the level of -synuclein and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA was measured by quantitative RT-PCR.

ResultsTLR and FFA receptor agonists significantly increased intracellular and extracellular -synuclein levels and antagonists significantly reduced these effects. TLR and FFA receptor agonists also significantly increased TNF transcription and this was inhibited by corresponding antagonists.

ConclusionsElevated intracellular -synuclein increases the likelihood of aggregation and conversion to toxic forms. Factors derived from bacteria induce -synuclein accumulation in STC-1 cells. Here we provide support for a mechanism by which exposure of enteroendocrine cells to specific bacterial factors found in PD gut dysbiosis might facilitate accumulation and transmission of -synuclein pathology from the gut to the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hurley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menozzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koletsi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gegg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blottiere, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macnaughtan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schapira, A. H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-synuclein expression in response to bacterial ligands and metabolites in gut enteroendocrine cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.28.538743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal brain structure changes in Parkinson's disease: a replication study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.28.538743v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ContextAn existing major challenge in Parkinsons disease (PD) research is the identification of biomarkers of disease progression. While Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a potential source of PD biomarkers, none of the MRI measures of PD are robust enough to warrant their adoption in clinical research. This study is part of a project that aims to replicate 11 PD studies reviewed in a recent survey (JAMA neurology, 78(10) 2021) to investigate the robustness of PD neuroimaging findings to data and analytical variations.

ObjectiveThis study attempts to replicate the results in Hanganu et al. (Brain, 137(4) 2014) using data from the Parkinsons Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI).

MethodsUsing 25 PD subjects and 18 healthy controls, we analyzed the rate of change of cortical thickness and of the volume of subcortical structures, and we measured the relationship between MRI structural changes and cognitive decline. We compared our findings to the results in the original study.

ResultsSimilarly to the original study, PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) exhibited increased cortical thinning over time compared to patients without MCI in the right middle temporal gyrus, insula, and precuneus. (2) The rate of cortical thinning in the left inferior temporal and precentral gyri in PD patients correlated with the change in cognitive performance. (3) There were no group differences in the change of subcortical volumes. (4) We did not find a relationship between the change in subcortical volumes and the change in cognitive performance.

ConclusionDespite important differences in the dataset used in this replication study, and despite differences in sample size, we were able to partially replicate the original results. We produced a publicly available reproducible notebook allowing researchers to further investigate the reproducibility of the results in Hanganu et al. (2014) when more data becomes available in PPMI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokolowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagwat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatelain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanganu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monchi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poline, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal brain structure changes in Parkinson's disease: a replication study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.09.536178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocytic LRRK2 Controls Synaptic Connectivity through ERM Phosphorylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.09.536178v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes are highly complex cells that mediate critical roles in synapse formation and maintenance by establishing thousands of direct contacts with synapses through their perisynaptic processes. Here, we found that the most common Parkinsonism gene mutation, LRRK2 G2019S, enhances the phosphorylation of the ERM proteins (Ezrin, Radixin, and Moesin), components of the perisynaptic astrocyte processes in a subset of cortical astrocytes. The ERM hyperphosphorylation was accompanied by decreased astrocyte morphological complexity and reduced excitatory synapse density and function. Dampening ERM phosphorylation levels in LRRK2 G2019S mouse astrocytes restored both their morphology and the excitatory synapse density in the anterior cingulate cortex. To determine how LRRK2 mutation impacts Ezrin interactome, we used an in vivo BioID proteomic approach, and we found that astrocytic Ezrin interacts with Atg7, a master regulator of autophagy. The Ezrin/Atg7 interaction is inhibited by Ezrin phosphorylation, thus diminished in LRRK2 G2019S astrocytes. Importantly, the Atg7 function is required to maintain proper astrocyte morphology. Our data provide a molecular pathway through which the LRRK2 G2019S mutation alters astrocyte morphology and synaptic density in a brain-region-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivadasan Bindu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Salazar, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimond, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Spada, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.09.536178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocytic LRRK2 Controls Synaptic Connectivity through ERM Phosphorylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.06.521264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverging Parkinson's Disease Pathology between GBAN370S ,LRRK2G2019S and engineered SNCAA53T iPSC-derived Dopaminergic Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.06.521264v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinsons disease (PD) and Alzheimers disease-associated dementia (ADAD), are linked with dopaminergic (DA) neuron death and a resulting reduction in dopamine levels in the brain. DA neuron degeneration and the risk of developing PD is connected to genetic mutations affiliated with lysosomal function and protein degradation. Accessible human cellular models for PD-relevant genetic mutations are needed to investigate mechanisms of DA cell death and define points of therapeutic intervention. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived midbrain DA neurons offer a developmentally and physiologically relevant in vitro model for investigating PD pathogenic mechanisms across genetic backgrounds. In this study, we generated DA neurons using iPSCs from two clinically diagnosed PD patients, one harboring an inherited GBAN370S mutation and the other a mutation in LRRK2G2019S and compared pathophysiology against DA neurons from genetically engineered SNCAA53T iPSCs and its isogenic apparently healthy normal (AHN) iPSCs. Our results present a novel phenotype for GBAN370S and LRRK2G2019S derived DA neurons, showing that they produced and released significantly more dopamine compared to the AHN and SNCAA53T mutant DA neurons. All mutant DA neurons developed deficient glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity, increased mitochondrial stress, aberrant neuronal activity patterns, and increased -synuclein accumulation. Together these data suggest potentially divergent origins of PD pathogenesis in GBAN370S and LRRK2G2019S DA neurons. In addition, compound screening confirmed that GCase modulators can rescue enzyme activity and impact neural activity across all DA mutant neurons, to varying degrees. These data demonstrate unique in vitro phenotypes associated with PD and suggest a diversity of underlying mechanisms across different genetic backgrounds. Together, the cell lines used in this study present a valuable tool for new therapeutic discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zieghami, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiene, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schachtele, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.521264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverging Parkinson's Disease Pathology between GBAN370S ,LRRK2G2019S and engineered SNCAA53T iPSC-derived Dopaminergic Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.04.531108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MerTK mediates the immunologically silent uptake of alpha-synuclein fibrils by human microglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.04.531108v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MerTK is a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates the immunologically silent phagocytic uptake of diverse types of cellular debris. Highly expressed on the surface of microglial cell, MerTK is of importance in brain development, homeostasis, plasticity, and disease. Yet, involvement of this receptor in the clearance of protein aggregates that accumulate with aging and in neurodegenerative diseases has yet to be defined. The current study explored the function of MerTK in the microglial uptake of alpha-synuclein fibrils which play a causative role in the pathobiology of synucleinopathies.

Using human primary and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, the MerTK- dependence of alpha-synuclein fibril internalization was investigated in vitro. Relevance of this pathway to synucleinopathies was assessed by analyzing MerTK expression in patient-derived cells and tissues.

Pharmacological inhibition of MerTK and siRNA-mediated MERTK knockdown both caused a decreased rate of alpha-synuclein fibril internalization by human microglia. Consistent with the immunologically silent nature of MerTK-mediated phagocytosis, alpha-synuclein fibril internalization did not induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from microglia. In addition, burden analysis in two independent patient cohorts revealed a significant association between rare functionally deleterious MERTK variants and Parkinsons disease in one of the cohorts (p = 0.002). Accordingly, MERTK expression was significantly upregulated in nigral microglia from Parkinsons disease/Lewy body dementia patients compared to those from non-neurological control donors in a single-nuclei RNA-sequencing dataset (p = 5.08x10-21), and MerTK protein expression positively correlated with alpha-synuclein level in human cortex lysates (p = 0.0029).

Taken together, our findings define a novel role for MerTK in mediating the uptake of alpha-synuclein aggregates by human microglia, with possible involvement in limiting alpha-synuclein spread in synucleinopathies such as Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorion, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senkevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaqubi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieran, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. X.- Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlaifer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, R. W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birth Defects Research Laboratory,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durcan, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.04.531108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MerTK mediates the immunologically silent uptake of alpha-synuclein fibrils by human microglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulatory Effect of Levodopa on the Basal Ganglia-Cerebellum Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.524229v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Levodopa has remained the mainstay of medical therapy for Parkinsons disease since its development in the 1980s. However, long-term medication use is associated with declining clinical efficacy and the emergence of motor complications. Unveiling the effects of levodopa on brain functional reorganisation at a relatively early treatment phase is therefore imperative to inform the optimisation of Parkinsons therapeutics. In this study, we comprehensively investigated levodopas modulation on the resting-state functional connectivity in the cortico- basal ganglia-cerebellum system at regional and network levels, with dual cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. The data was extracted from the Parkinsons Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) dataset. The cross-sectional patient groups comprised 17 Parkinsons patients on stable levodopa medication and 15 drug-naive patients, while the longitudinal set included 14 Parkinsons patients measured at both drug-naive and levodopa-medicated conditions. With nodes defined across cortical, basal ganglia, and cerebellar networks, we conducted univariate comparisons of the internodal connectivity strength between the medication conditions using nonparametric permutation. At the network level, we computed multivariate combinations of individual connections within and between the networks, followed by an assessment of their discriminative capabilities on patients medication classes using supervised machine learning. The univariate seed-based approach showed no statistically significant effect of levodopa in either dataset. However, the network connectivity pattern between basal ganglia and the cerebellum displayed a robust classification power in the longitudinal dataset and a similar trend was observed in the cross-sectional. The role of the cerebellum is often overlooked in previous functional integration investigations of Parkinsons disease and levodopa effects. Considering the recent evidence suggesting the bidirectional communications between the cerebellum and basal ganglia networks, our study provides further insight into the importance of inter-network functional connectivity in Parkinsons, as well as in the functional and plastic processes following levodopa medication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abulikemu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulatory Effect of Levodopa on the Basal Ganglia-Cerebellum Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.20.537553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell spatial transcriptomic and translatomic profiling of dopaminergic neurons in health, ageing and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.20.537553v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is spatially organized and contains unique cell types, each performing diverse functions, and exhibiting differential susceptibility to neurodegeneration. This is exemplified in Parkinsons disease with the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Using a Parkinsons transgenic model, we conducted a single-cell spatial transcriptomic and dopaminergic neuron translatomic analysis of young and old mouse brains. Through the high resolving capacity of single-cell spatial transcriptomics, we provide a deep characterization of the expression features of dopaminergic neurons and 27 other cell types within their spatial context, identifying markers of healthy and aging cells, spanning Parkinsons-relevant pathways. We integrate gene enrichment and GWAS data to prioritize putative causative genes for disease investigation, identifying CASR as a novel regulator of dopaminergic calcium handling. These datasets (see: spatialbrain.org) represent the largest public resource for the investigation of spatial gene expression in brain cells in health, aging and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilfeather, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caiazza, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor-Robson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade-Martins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell spatial transcriptomic and translatomic profiling of dopaminergic neurons in health, ageing and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.01.530566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early striatal hyperexcitability in an in vitro human striatal microcircuit model carrying the Parkinson's GBA-N370S mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.01.530566v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding medium spiny neuron (MSN) physiology is essential to understand motor impairments in Parkinsons disease (PD) given the architecture of the basal ganglia. Here, we developed a custom three-chamber microfluidic platform and established a cortico-striato-nigral microcircuit recapitulating the striatal presynaptic triad in vitro using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. We found that, although cortical glutamatergic projections facilitated MSN synaptic activity, dopaminergic transmission was essential for excitability maturation of MSNs in vitro. Replacement of wild-type iPSC-dopamine neurons (iPSC-DaNs) in the striatal microcircuit with those carrying the PD-related GBA-N370S mutation induced early hyperexcitability in iPSC-MSNs through reduction of voltage-gated sodium and potassium intrinsic currents. Such deficits were resolved in aged cultures or with antagonism of protein kinase A activity in nigrostriatal iPSC-DaNs. Hence, our results highlight the unique utility of modelling striatal neurons in a modular and highly physiological circuit which is essential to reveal mechanistic insights of the loss of electrical functional integrity in the striata of GBA1 PD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Do, Q. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez-Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccano-Kelly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibarra-Aizpurua, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caiazza, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baleriola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bengoa-Vergniory, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade-Martins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early striatal hyperexcitability in an in vitro human striatal microcircuit model carrying the Parkinson's GBA-N370S mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.31.535090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated Wnt and NFAT signaling in a Parkinson's disease LRRK2 G2019S knock-in model 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.31.535090v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundParkinsons disease (PD) is a progressive late-onset neurodegenerative disease leading to physical and cognitive decline. Mutations of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic cause of PD. LRRK2 is a complex scaffolding protein with known regulatory roles in multiple molecular pathways. Two prominent examples of LRRK2-modulated pathways are Wingless/Int (Wnt) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling. Both are well described key regulators of immune and nervous system development as well as maturation. The aim of this study was to establish the physiological and pathogenic role of LRRK2 in Wnt and NFAT signaling in the brain, as well as the potential contribution of the non-canonical Wnt/Calcium pathway.

MethodsIn vivo cerebral Wnt and NFATc1 signaling activity was quantified in LRRK2 G2019S mutant knock-in (KI) and LRRK2 knockout (KO) male and female mice with repeated measures over 28 weeks, employing lentiviral luciferase biosensors, and analyzed using a mixed-effect model. To establish spatial resolution, we investigated tissues, and primary neuronal cell cultures from different brain regions combining luciferase signaling activity, immunohistochemistry, qPCR and western blot assays. Results were analyzed by unpaired t-test with Welchs correction or 2-way ANOVA with post hoc corrections.

ResultsIn vivo Wnt signaling activity in LRRK2 KO and LRRK2 G2019S KI mice was increased significantly [~]3-fold, with a more pronounced effect in males ([~]4-fold) than females ([~]2-fold). NFATc1 signaling was reduced [~]0.5-fold in LRRK2 G2019S KI mice. Brain tissue analysis showed region-specific expression changes in Wnt and NFAT signaling components. These effects were predominantly observed at the protein level in the striatum and cerebral cortex of LRRK2 KI mice. Primary neuronal cell culture analysis showed significant genotype-dependent alterations in Wnt and NFATc1 signaling under basal and stimulated conditions. Wnt and NFATc1 signaling was primarily dysregulated in cortical and hippocampal neurons respectively.

ConclusionsOur study further built on knowledge of LRRK2 as a Wnt and NFAT signaling protein. We identified complex changes in neuronal models of LRRK2 PD, suggesting a role for mutant LRRK2 in the dysregulation of NFAT, and canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddington, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granno, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahim, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.31.535090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated Wnt and NFAT signaling in a Parkinson's disease LRRK2 G2019S knock-in model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.17.529028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide screen reveals Rab12 GTPase as a critical activator of pathogenic LRRK2 kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.17.529028v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activating mutations in the Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinsons disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases, particularly Rab10 and Rab8A, and we showed previously that phosphoRabs play an important role in LRRK2 membrane recruitment and activation (Vides et al., 2022). To learn more about LRRK2 pathway regulation, we carried out an unbiased, CRISPR-based genome-wide screen to identify modifiers of cellular phosphoRab10 levels. A flow cytometry assay was developed to detect changes in phosphoRab10 levels in pools of mouse NIH-3T3 cells harboring unique CRISPR guide sequences. Multiple negative and positive regulators were identified; surprisingly, knockout of the Rab12 gene was especially effective in decreasing phosphoRab10 levels in multiple cell types and knockout mouse tissues. Rab-driven increases in phosphoRab10 were specific for Rab12, LRRK2 dependent and PPM1H phosphatase reversible; they were seen with wild type and pathogenic G2019S and R1441C LRRK2. AlphaFold modeling revealed a novel Rab12 binding site in the LRRK2 Armadillo domain and we show that residues predicted to be essential for Rab12 interaction at this site influence overall phosphoRab levels in a manner distinct from Rab29 activation of LRRK2. Our data support a model in which Rab12 binding to a new site in the LRRK2 Armadillo domain activates LRRK2 kinase for Rab phosphorylation and could serve as a new therapeutic target for a novel class of LRRK2 inhibitors that do not target the kinase domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhekne, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshaw, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaimon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purlyte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.529028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide screen reveals Rab12 GTPase as a critical activator of pathogenic LRRK2 kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.04.531072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
L1 retrotransposons drive human neuronal transcriptome complexity and functional diversification 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.04.531072v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic mechanisms underlying the expansion in size and complexity of the human brain remains poorly understood. L1 retrotransposons are a source of divergent genetic information in hominoid genomes, but their importance in physiological functions and their contribution to human brain evolution is largely unknown. Using multi-omic profiling we here demonstrate that L1-promoters are dynamically active in the developing and adult human brain. L1s generate hundreds of developmentally regulated and cell-type specific transcripts, many which are co-opted as chimeric transcripts or regulatory RNAs. One L1-derived lncRNA, LINC01876, is a human-specific transcript expressed exclusively during brain development. CRISPRi-silencing of LINC01876 results in reduced size of cerebral organoids and premature differentiation of neural progenitors, implicating L1s in human-specific developmental processes. In summary, our results demonstrate that L1-derived transcripts provide a previously undescribed layer of primate- and human-specific transcriptome complexity that contributes to the functional diversification of the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atacho, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerdes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinod, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandiloski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaegebeur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englund, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale Hammell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokaia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douse, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.04.531072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[L1 retrotransposons drive human neuronal transcriptome complexity and functional diversification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.04.531078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau protein aggregation associated with SARS-CoV-2 main protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.04.531078v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary function of virus proteases is the proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein. These enzymes can also cleave host cell proteins, which is important for viral pathogenicity, modulation of cellular processes, viral replication, the defeat of antiviral responses and modulation of the immune response. It is known that COVID-19 can influence multiple tissues or organs and that infection can damage the functionality of the brain in multiple ways. After COVID-19 infections, amyloid-{beta}, neurogranin, tau and phosphorylated tau were detected extracellularly, implicating possible neurodegenerative processes.

The present study describes the possible induction of protein aggregation by the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease (3CLpro) possibly relevant in neuropathology, such as aggregation of tau, alpha-synuclein and TPD-43. Further investigations demonstrated that tau was proteolytically cleaved by the viral protease 3CL and, consequently, generated aggregates. However, more evidence is needed to confirm that COVID-19 is able to trigger neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eberle, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronado, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gering, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korostov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuehler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer-Schulien, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloemeke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bannach, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willbold, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.04.531078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau protein aggregation associated with SARS-CoV-2 main protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.21.525025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult-specific Reelin expression alters striatal neuronal organization. Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.21.525025v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to neuronal migration, brain development and adult plasticity, the extracellular matrix protein Reelin has been extensively implicated in human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autistic spectrum disorder. Moreover, heterozygous reeler mice exhibit features reminiscent of these disorders, while overexpression of Reelin protects against its manifestation. However, how Reelin influences the structure and circuits of the striatal complex, a key region for the above-mentioned disorders, is far from being understood, especially when altered Reelin expression levels are found at adult stages. In the present study, we took advantage of complementary conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to investigate how Reelin levels may modify adult brains striatal structure and neuronal composition. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we determined that Reelin does not seem to influence the striatal patch and matrix organization (studied by -opioid receptor immunohistochemistry) nor the density of medium spiny neurons (MSNs, studied with DARPP-32). We show that overexpression of Reelin leads to increased numbers of striatal Parvalbumin- and Cholinergic-interneurons, and to a slight increase in the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive projections. We conclude that increased Reelin levels might modulate the numbers of striatal interneurons and the density of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections, suggesting that these changes may be involved in the protection of Reelin against neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pardo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregorio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montalban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujadas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias-Tersa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masachs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilchez-Acosta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auladell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girault, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.21.525025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult-specific Reelin expression alters striatal neuronal organization. Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.523926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The chromatin modulating NSL complex regulates genes and pathways genetically linked to Parkinsons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.16.523926v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants conferring risk for Parkinsons disease have been highlighted through genome-wide association studies, yet exploration of their specific disease mechanisms is lacking. Two Parkinsons disease candidate genes, KAT8 and KANSL1, identified through genome-wide studies and a PINK1-mitophagy screen, encode part of the histone acetylating non-specific lethal complex. This complex localises to the nucleus, where it has a role in transcriptional activation, and to mitochondria, where it has been suggested to have a role in mitochondrial transcription. In this study, we sought to identify whether the non-specific lethal complex has potential regulatory relationships with other genes associated with Parkinsons disease in human brain.

Correlation in the expression of non-specific lethal genes and Parkinsons disease-associated genes was investigated in primary gene co-expression networks utilising publicly available transcriptomic data from multiple brain regions (provided by the Genotype-Tissue Expression Consortium and UK Brain Expression Consortium), whilst secondary networks were used to examine cell-type specificity. Reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks generated regulons of the complex, which were tested for heritability using stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression and then validated in vitro using the QuantiGene multiplex assay.

Significant clustering of non-specific lethal genes was revealed alongside Parkinsons disease-associated genes in frontal cortex primary co-expression modules. Both primary and secondary co-expression modules containing these genes were enriched for mainly neuronal cell types. Regulons of the complex contained Parkinsons disease-associated genes and were enriched for biological pathways genetically linked to disease. When examined in a neuroblastoma cell line, 41% of prioritised gene targets showed significant changes in mRNA expression following KANSL1 or KAT8 perturbation.

In conclusion, genes encoding the non-specific lethal complex are highly correlated with and regulate genes associated with Parkinsons disease. Overall, these findings reveal a potentially wider role for this protein complex in regulating genes and pathways implicated in Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Callaghan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil Martinez, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plun-Favreau, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.523926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The chromatin modulating NSL complex regulates genes and pathways genetically linked to Parkinsons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.24.534149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-fibrillization nitration of alpha-synuclein abolishes its seeding activity and pathology formation in primary neurons and in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.24.534149v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence points to post-translational modifications (PTMs) as key regulators of alpha-synuclein (-Syn) function in health and disease. However, whether these PTMs occur before or after -Syn pathology formation and their role in regulating -Syn toxicity remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that post-fibrillization nitration of -Syn fibrils induced their fragmentation, modified their surface and dynamic properties but not their structure, and nearly abolished their seeding activity in primary neurons and in vivo. Furthermore, we show that the dynamic and surface properties of the fibrils, rather than simply their length, are important determinants of -Syn fibril seeding activity. Altogether, our work demonstrates that post-aggregation modifications of -Syn may provide novel approaches to target a central process that contributes to pathology formation and disease progression. Finally, our results suggest that the pattern of PTMs on pathological aggregates, rather than simply their presence, could be a key determinant of their toxicity and neurodegeneration. This calls for reconsidering current approaches relying solely on quantifying and correlating the level of pathology to assess the efficacy of novel therapies, as not all -Syn aggregates in the brain are pathogenic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donzelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OSullivan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahul-Mellier, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulusoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burtscher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussouf, M. L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostami, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Simone, A. D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Monte, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashuel, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-fibrillization nitration of alpha-synuclein abolishes its seeding activity and pathology formation in primary neurons and in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
