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	<title>bioRxiv Channel: SeroNet</title>
	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
	<description>
	This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "SeroNet"
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	<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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	<title>bioRxiv</title>
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	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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	<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.28.317685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 D614G Variant Exhibits Enhanced Replication ex vivo and Earlier Transmission in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.28.317685v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The D614G substitution in the S protein is most prevalent SARS-CoV-2 strain circulating globally, but its effects in viral pathogenesis and transmission remain unclear. We engineered SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring the D614G substitution with or without nanoluciferase. The D614G variant replicates more efficiency in primary human proximal airway epithelial cells and is more fit than wildtype (WT) virus in competition studies. With similar morphology to the WT virion, the D614G virus is also more sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Infection of human ACE2 transgenic mice and Syrian hamsters with the WT or D614G viruses produced similar titers in respiratory tissue and pulmonary disease. However, the D614G variant exhibited significantly faster droplet transmission between hamsters than the WT virus, early after infection. Our study demonstrated the SARS-CoV2 D614G substitution enhances infectivity, replication fitness, and early transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halfmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuroda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinnon, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leist, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schäfer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakajima, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascenik, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randell, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.317685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 D614G Variant Exhibits Enhanced Replication ex vivo and Earlier Transmission in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.17.385500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Engineered Antibody with Broad Protective Efficacy in Murine Models of SARS and COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.17.385500v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recurrent zoonotic spillover of coronaviruses (CoVs) into the human population underscores the need for broadly active countermeasures. Here, we employed a directed evolution approach to engineer three SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for enhanced neutralization breadth and potency. One of the affinity-matured variants, ADG-2, displays strong binding activity to a large panel of sarbecovirus receptor binding domains (RBDs) and neutralizes representative epidemic sarbecoviruses with remarkable potency. Structural and biochemical studies demonstrate that ADG-2 employs a unique angle of approach to recognize a highly conserved epitope overlapping the receptor binding site. In murine models of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, passive transfer of ADG-2 provided complete protection against respiratory burden, viral replication in the lungs, and lung pathology. Altogether, ADG-2 represents a promising broad-spectrum therapeutic candidate for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging SARS-like CoVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rappazzo, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaku, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrapp, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakharkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveau, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yockachonis, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battles, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoghegan, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scobey, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.385500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Engineered Antibody with Broad Protective Efficacy in Murine Models of SARS and COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.15.383323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for greater than six months after infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.15.383323v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for improving diagnostics and vaccines, and for assessing the likely future course of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed multiple compartments of circulating immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 in 254 samples from 188 COVID-19 cases, including 43 samples at [&ge;] 6 months post-infection. IgG to the Spike protein was relatively stable over 6+ months. Spike-specific memory B cells were more abundant at 6 months than at 1 month post symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells declined with a half-life of 3-5 months. By studying antibody, memory B cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 in an integrated manner, we observed that each component of SARS-CoV-2 immune memory exhibited distinct kinetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faliti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for greater than six months after infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.24.427991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-directed therapies against early-lineage SARS-CoV-2 retain efficacy against B.1.1.7 variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.01.24.427991v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide and massive societal and economic burden. Recently, a new variant of SARS-CoV-2, known as B.1.1.7, was first detected in the United Kingdom and is spreading in several other countries, heightening public health concern and raising questions as to the resulting effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic interventions. We and others previously identified host-directed therapies with antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Less prone to the development of therapy resistance, host-directed drugs represent promising therapeutic options to combat emerging viral variants as host genes possess a lower propensity to mutate compared to viral genes. Here, in the first study of the full-length B.1.1.7 variant virus, we find two host-directed drugs, plitidepsin (aplidin; inhibits translation elongation factor eEF1A) and ralimetinib (inhibits p38 MAP kinase cascade), as well as remdesivir, to possess similar antiviral activity against both the early-lineage SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.1.7 variant, evaluated in both human gastrointestinal and lung epithelial cell lines. We find that plitidepsin is over an order of magnitude more potent than remdesivir against both viruses. These results highlight the importance of continued development of host-directed therapeutics to combat current and future coronavirus variant outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reuschl, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuliani Alvarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhaddou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obernier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucheray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabius, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviles, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnyk, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towers, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.427991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-directed therapies against early-lineage SARS-CoV-2 retain efficacy against B.1.1.7 variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.05.429759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collaboration between the Fab and Fc contribute to maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates following NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine with Matrix-M™ vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.05.429759v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently approved vaccines have already shown remarkable protection in limiting SARS-CoV-2 associated disease. However, immunologic mechanism(s) of protection, as well as how boosting alters immunity to wildtype and newly emerging strains, remain incompletely understood. Here we deeply profiled the humoral immune response in a cohort of non-human primates immunized with a stable recombinant full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein (NVX-CoV2373) at two dose levels, administered as a single or two-dose regimen with a saponin-based adjuvant Matrix-M. While antigen dose had some effect on Fc-effector profiles, both antigen dose and boosting significantly altered overall titers, neutralization and Fc-effector profiles, driving unique vaccine-induced antibody fingerprints. Combined differences in antibody effector functions and neutralization were strongly associated with distinct levels of protection in the upper and lower respiratory tract, pointing to the presence of combined, but distinct, compartment-specific neutralization and Fc-mechanisms as key determinants of protective immunity against infection. Moreover, NVX-CoV2373 elicited antibodies functionally target emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, collectively pointing to the critical collaborative role for Fab and Fc in driving maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2. Collectively, the data presented here suggest that a single dose may prevent disease, but that two doses may be essential to block further transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants.

HighlightsO_LINVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine elicits receptor blocking, virus neutralizing antibodies, and Fc-effector functional antibodies.
C_LIO_LIThe vaccine protects against respiratory tract infection and virus shedding in non-human primates (NHPs).
C_LIO_LIBoth neutralizing and Fc-effector functions contribute to protection, potentially through different mechanisms in the upper and lower respiratory tract.
C_LIO_LIBoth macaque and human vaccine-induced antibodies exhibit altered Fc-receptor binding to emerging mutants.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guebre-Xabier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atyeo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pullen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goez-Gazi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciejewski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schendel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauffenburger, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoff, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massare, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellingsworth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collaboration between the Fab and Fc contribute to maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates following NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine with Matrix-M™ vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.09.430269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated plasma proteomic and single-cell immune signaling network signatures demarcate mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.09.430269v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biological determinants of the wide spectrum of COVID-19 clinical manifestations are not fully understood. Here, over 1400 plasma proteins and 2600 single-cell immune features comprising cell phenotype, basal signaling activity, and signaling responses to inflammatory ligands were assessed in peripheral blood from patients with mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19, at the time of diagnosis. Using an integrated computational approach to analyze the combined plasma and single-cell proteomic data, we identified and independently validated a multivariate model classifying COVID-19 severity (multi-class AUCtraining = 0.799, p-value = 4.2e-6; multi-class AUCvalidation = 0.773, p-value = 7.7e-6). Features of this high-dimensional model recapitulated recent COVID-19 related observations of immune perturbations, and revealed novel biological signatures of severity, including the mobilization of elements of the renin-angiotensin system and primary hemostasis, as well as dysregulation of JAK/STAT, MAPK/mTOR, and NF-{kappa}B immune signaling networks. These results provide a set of early determinants of COVID-19 severity that may point to therapeutic targets for the prevention of COVID-19 progression.

SummaryFeyaerts et al. demonstrate that an integrated analysis of plasma and single-cell proteomics differentiates COVID-19 severity and reveals severity-specific biological signatures associated with the dysregulation of the JAK/STAT, MAPK/mTOR, and NF-{kappa}B immune signaling networks and the mobilization of the renin-angiotensin and hemostasis systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feyaerts, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manohar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhondalay, G. K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artandi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snow, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinthrajah, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerowitz, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganio, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdonk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudilliere, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumer, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdes-Ferrer, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghaeepour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angst, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadeau, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudilliere, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIlwain, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated plasma proteomic and single-cell immune signaling network signatures demarcate mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.27.433180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Negligible impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in COVID-19 exposed donors and vaccinees. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.02.27.433180v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants highlighted the need to better understand adaptive immune responses to this virus. It is important to address whether also CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are affected, because of the role they play in disease resolution and modulation of COVID-19 disease severity. Here we performed a comprehensive analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses from COVID-19 convalescent subjects recognizing the ancestral strain, compared to variant lineages B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and CAL.20C as well as recipients of the Moderna (mRNA-1273) or Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 vaccines. Similarly, we demonstrate that the sequences of the vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes are not affected by the mutations found in the variants analyzed. Overall, the results demonstrate that CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 subjects or COVID-19 mRNA vaccinees are not substantially affected by mutations found in the SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Methot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubiro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Antunes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraizer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.27.433180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Negligible impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in COVID-19 exposed donors and vaccinees.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.11.434872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chimeric spike mRNA vaccines protect against sarbecovirus challenge in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.03.11.434872v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of SARS-CoV in 2003 and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 highlights the need to develop universal vaccination strategies against the broader Sarbecovirus subgenus. Using chimeric spike designs, we demonstrate protection against challenge from SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351, bat CoV (Bt-CoV) RsSHC014, and a heterologous Bt-CoV WIV-1 in vulnerable aged mice. Chimeric spike mRNAs induced high levels of broadly protective neutralizing antibodies against high-risk Sarbecoviruses. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination not only showed a marked reduction in neutralizing titers against heterologous Sarbecoviruses, but SARS-CoV and WIV-1 challenge in mice resulted in breakthrough infection. Chimeric spike mRNA vaccines efficiently neutralized D614G, UK B.1.1.7., mink cluster five, and the South African B.1.351 variant of concern. Thus, multiplexed-chimeric spikes can prevent SARS-like zoonotic coronavirus infections with pandemic potential.

SentenceChimerized RBD, NTD, and S2 spike mRNA-LNPs protect mice against epidemic, zoonotic, and pandemic SARS-like viruses
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leist, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De la Cruz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atochina-Vasserman, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yount, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chimeric spike mRNA vaccines protect against sarbecovirus challenge in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.27.441655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A broadly neutralizing antibody protects against SARS-CoV, pre-emergent bat CoVs, and SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.04.27.441655v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 in 2019, and SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) can cause deadly infections, underlining the importance of developing broadly effective countermeasures against Group 2B Sarbecoviruses, which could be key in the rapid prevention and mitigation of future zoonotic events. Here, we demonstrate the neutralization of SARS-CoV, bat CoVs WIV-1 and RsSHC014, and SARS-CoV-2 variants D614G, B.1.1.7, B.1.429, B1.351 by a receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific antibody DH1047. Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with DH1047 demonstrated protection against SARS-CoV, WIV-1, RsSHC014, and SARS-CoV-2 B1.351infection in mice. Binding and structural analysis showed high affinity binding of DH1047 to an epitope that is highly conserved among Sarbecoviruses. We conclude that DH1047 is a broadly neutralizing and protective antibody that can prevent infection and mitigate outbreaks caused by SARS-like strains and SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our results argue that the RBD conserved epitope bound by DH1047 is a rational target for pan Group 2B coronavirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobeil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De la Cruz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansouri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yount, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anasti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sempowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiehe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A broadly neutralizing antibody protects against SARS-CoV, pre-emergent bat CoVs, and SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.11.443609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early cross-coronavirus reactive signatures of protective humoral immunity against COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.05.11.443609v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The introduction of vaccines has inspired new hope in the battle against SARS-CoV-2. However, the emergence of viral variants, in the absence of potent antivirals, has left the world struggling with the uncertain nature of this disease. Antibodies currently represent the strongest correlate of immunity against COVID-19, thus we profiled the earliest humoral signatures in a large cohort of severe and asymptomatic COVID-19 individuals. While a SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response evolved rapidly in survivors of COVID-19, non-survivors exhibited blunted and delayed humoral immune evolution, particularly with respect to S2-specific antibody evolution. Given the conservation of S2 across {beta}-coronaviruses, we found the early development of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity occurred in tandem with pre-existing common {beta}-coronavirus OC43 humoral immunity in survivors, which was selectively also expanded in individuals that develop paucisymptomatic infection. These data point to the importance of cross-coronavirus immunity as a correlate of protection against COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaplonek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juelg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musk, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filbin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauffenburger, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early cross-coronavirus reactive signatures of protective humoral immunity against COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.01.446579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Spreads through Cell-to-Cell Transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.01.446579v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. Herein we provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-cell contact in cultures, mediated by the spike glycoprotein. SARS-CoV-2 spike is more efficient in facilitating cell-to-cell transmission than SARS-CoV spike, which reflects, in part, their differential cell-cell fusion activity. Interestingly, treatment of cocultured cells with endosomal entry inhibitors impairs cell-to-cell transmission, implicating endosomal membrane fusion as an underlying mechanism. Compared with cell-free infection, cell-to-cell transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is refractory to inhibition by neutralizing antibody or convalescent sera of COVID-19 patients. While ACE2 enhances cell-to-cell transmission, we find that it is not absolutely required. Notably, despite differences in cell-free infectivity, the variants of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 have similar cell-to-cell transmission capability. Moreover, B.1.351 is more resistant to neutralization by vaccinee sera in cell-free infection, whereas B.1.1.7 is more resistant to inhibition by vaccine sera in cell-to-cell transmission. Overall, our study reveals critical features of SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated cell-to-cell transmission, with important implications for a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 spread and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, S. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeples, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Spreads through Cell-to-Cell Transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.06.446826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 UK variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.06.446826v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the globally successful B.1.1.7 lineage, suggests viral adaptations to host selective pressures resulting in more efficient transmission. Although much effort has focused on Spike adaptation for viral entry and adaptive immune escape, B.1.1.7 mutations outside Spike likely contribute to enhance transmission. Here we used unbiased abundance proteomics, phosphoproteomics, mRNA sequencing and viral replication assays to show that B.1.1.7 isolates more effectively suppress host innate immune responses in airway epithelial cells. We found that B.1.1.7 isolates have dramatically increased subgenomic RNA and protein levels of Orf9b and Orf6, both known innate immune antagonists. Expression of Orf9b alone suppressed the innate immune response through interaction with TOM70, a mitochondrial protein required for RNA sensing adaptor MAVS activation, and Orf9b binding and activity was regulated via phosphorylation. We conclude that B.1.1.7 has evolved beyond the Spike coding region to more effectively antagonise host innate immune responses through upregulation of specific subgenomic RNA synthesis and increased protein expression of key innate immune antagonists. We propose that more effective innate immune antagonism increases the likelihood of successful B.1.1.7 transmission, and may increase in vivo replication and duration of infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thorne, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhaddou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuschl, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuliani-Alvarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polacco, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, M. V. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ummadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obernier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucheray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harjai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosmillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahun, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodfellow, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noursadeghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabius, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shokat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verba, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltrao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towers, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.06.446826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 UK variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.14.448461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective efficacy of rhesus adenovirus COVID-19 vaccines against mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.14.448461v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global COVID-19 pandemic has sparked intense interest in the rapid development of vaccines as well as animal models to evaluate vaccine candidates and to define immune correlates of protection. We recently reported a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus strain (MA10) with the potential to infect wild-type laboratory mice, driving high levels of viral replication in respiratory tract tissues as well as severe clinical and respiratory symptoms, aspects of COVID-19 disease in humans that are important to capture in model systems. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of novel rhesus adenovirus serotype 52 (RhAd52) vaccines against MA10 challenge in mice. Baseline seroprevalence is lower for rhesus adenovirus vectors than for human or chimpanzee adenovirus vectors, making these vectors attractive candidates for vaccine development. We observed that RhAd52 vaccines elicited robust binding and neutralizing antibody titers, which inversely correlated with viral replication after challenge. These data support the development of RhAd52 vaccines and the use of the MA10 challenge virus to screen novel vaccine candidates and to study the immunologic mechanisms that underscore protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in wild-type mice.

ImportanceWe have developed a series of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines using rhesus adenovirus serotype 52 (RhAd52) vectors, which exhibits a lower seroprevalence than human and chimpanzee vectors, supporting their development as novel vaccine vectors or as an alternative Ad vector for boosting. We sought to test these vaccines using a recently reported mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 (MA10) virus to i) evaluate the protective efficacy of RhAd52 vaccines and ii) further characterize this mouse-adapted challenge model and probe immune correlates of protection. We demonstrate RhAd52 vaccines elicit robust SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses and protect against clinical disease and viral replication in the lungs. Further, binding and neutralizing antibody titers correlated with protective efficacy. These data validate the MA10 mouse model as a useful tool to screen and study novel vaccine candidates, as well as the development of RhAd52 vaccines for COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tostanoski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahrokhian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nampanya, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinnon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leist, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barouch, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective efficacy of rhesus adenovirus COVID-19 vaccines against mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.15.448419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphatidylserine Receptors Enhance SARS-CoV-2 Infection: AXL as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.15.448419v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AUTHOR SUMMARYPhosphatidylserine (PS) receptors are PS binding proteins that mediate uptake of apoptotic bodies. Many enveloped viruses utilize this PS/PS receptor mechanism to adhere to and internalize into the endosomal compartment of cells and this is termed apoptotic mimicry. For viruses that have a mechanism(s) of endosomal escape, apoptotic mimicry is a productive route of virus entry. We evaluated if PS receptors serve as cell surface receptors for SARS-CoV-2 and found that the PS receptors, AXL, TIM-1 and TIM-4, facilitated virus infection when low concentrations of the SARS-CoV-2 cognate receptor, ACE2, was present. Consistent with the established mechanism of PS receptor utilization by other viruses, PS liposomes competed with SARS-CoV-2 for binding and entry. We demonstrated that this PS receptor enhances SARS-CoV-2 binding to and infection of an array of human lung cell lines and is an under-appreciated but potentially important host factor facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bohan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baddredine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briseno, J. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas Chavez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokowy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christakou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micklem, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gausdal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorens, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maury, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphatidylserine Receptors Enhance SARS-CoV-2 Infection: AXL as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.31.458247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subtle immunological differences in mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine induced Fc-functional profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.08.31.458247v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The successful development of several COVID-19 vaccines has substantially reduced morbidity and mortality in regions of the world where the vaccines have been deployed. However, in the wake of the emergence of viral variants, able to evade vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies, real world vaccine efficacy has begun to show differences across the mRNA platforms, suggesting that subtle variation in immune responses induced by the BNT162b2 and mRNA1273 vaccines may provide differential protection. Given our emerging appreciation for the importance of additional antibody functions, beyond neutralization, here we profiled the postboost binding and functional capacity of the humoral response induced by the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 in a cohort of hospital staff. Both vaccines induced robust humoral immune responses to WT SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs. However, differences emerged across epitopespecific responses, with higher RBD- and NTD-specific IgA, as well as functional antibodies (ADNP and ADNK) in mRNA-1273 vaccine recipients. Additionally, RBD-specific antibody depletion highlighted the different roles of non-RBD-specific antibody effector function induced across the mRNA vaccines, providing novel insights into potential differences in protective immunity generated across these vaccines in the setting of newly emerging VOCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaplonek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizmeci, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, A.-r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suscovich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linde, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de St. Aubin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilles, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musk, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollmann Saphire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauffenburger, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barouch, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subtle immunological differences in mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine induced Fc-functional profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.01.466863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA Vaccines Induce Rapid Antibody Responses in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.11.01.466863v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA vaccines can be developed and produced quickly, making them attractive for immediate outbreak responses. Furthermore, clinical trials have demonstrated rapid protection following mRNA vaccination. We sought to investigate how quickly mRNA vaccines elicit antibody responses compared to other vaccine modalities. We first examined immune kinetics of mRNA and DNA vaccines expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike in mice. We observed rapid induction of antigen-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies by day 5 following mRNA, but not DNA, immunization. The mRNA vaccine also induced increased levels of IL-5, IL-6 and MCP-1. We then evaluated immune kinetics of an HIV-1 mRNA vaccine in comparison to DNA, protein, and rhesus adenovirus 52 (RhAd52) vaccines with the same HIV-1 envelope antigen in mice. Induction of envelope-specific antibodies was observed by day 5 following mRNA vaccination, whereas antibodies were detected by day 7-14 following DNA, protein, and RhAd52 vaccination. Eliciting rapid humoral immunity may be an advantageous property of mRNA vaccines for controlling infectious disease outbreaks.

IMPORTANCEmRNA vaccines can be developed and produced in record time. Here we demonstrate induction of rapid antibody responses by mRNA vaccines encoding two different viral antigens by day 5 following immunization in mice. The rapid immune kinetics of mRNA vaccines can be an advantageous property that makes them well suited for rapid control of infectious disease outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gebre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gergen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petsch, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barouch, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA Vaccines Induce Rapid Antibody Responses in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.06.471455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Neutralizing Antibody Response to mRNA Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Differing Kinetics and Strong Boosting by Breakthrough Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.06.471455v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The waning efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines combined with the continued emergence of variants resistant to vaccine-induced immunity has reignited debate over the need for booster vaccines. To address this, we examined the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response against four major SARS-CoV-2 variants--D614G, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2)--in health care workers (HCWs) at pre-vaccination, post-first and post-second mRNA vaccine dose, and six months post-second mRNA vaccine dose. Neutralizing antibody titers against all variants, especially the Delta variant, declined dramatically from four weeks to six months post-second mRNA vaccine dose. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 infection enhanced vaccine durability, and mRNA-1273 vaccinated HCWs also exhibited ~2-fold higher nAb titers than BNT162b2 vaccinated HCWs. Together these results demonstrate possible waning of protection from infection against SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant based on decreased nAb titers, dependent on COVID-19 status and the mRNA vaccine received.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozanski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saif, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumina, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Neutralizing Antibody Response to mRNA Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Differing Kinetics and Strong Boosting by Breakthrough Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.06.479285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vaccine Protection Against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.06.479285v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, including in highly vaccinated populations, has raised important questions about the efficacy of current vaccines. Immune correlates of vaccine protection against Omicron are not known.

Methods30 cynomolgus macaques were immunized with homologous and heterologous prime-boost regimens with the mRNA-based BNT162b2 vaccine and the adenovirus vector-based Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. Following vaccination, animals were challenged with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by the intranasal and intratracheal routes.

ResultsOmicron neutralizing antibodies were observed following the boost immunization and were higher in animals that received BNT162b2, whereas Omicron CD8+ T cell responses were higher in animals that received Ad26.COV2.S. Following Omicron challenge, sham controls showed more prolonged virus in nasal swabs than in bronchoalveolar lavage. Vaccinated macaques demonstrated rapid control of virus in bronchoalveolar lavage, and most vaccinated animals also controlled virus in nasal swabs, showing that current vaccines provide substantial protection against Omicron in this model. However, vaccinated animals that had moderate levels of Omicron neutralizing antibodies but negligible Omicron CD8+ T cell responses failed to control virus in the upper respiratory tract. Virologic control correlated with both antibody and T cell responses.

ConclusionsBNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S provided robust protection against high-dose challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in macaques. Protection against this highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 variant correlated with both humoral and cellular immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob-Dolan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anioke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hachmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciacca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siamatu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surve, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanWyk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessaint, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muench, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boursiquot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suthar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinot, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barouch, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.06.479285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vaccine Protection Against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.15.484542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 neutralizing activity elicited by a comprehensive panel of human vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.15.484542v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern comprises three sublineages designated BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3, with BA.2 steadily replacing the globally dominant BA.1. We show that the large number of BA.1 and BA.2 spike mutations severely dampen plasma neutralizing activity elicited by infection or seven clinical vaccines, with cross-neutralization of BA.2 being consistently more potent than that of BA.1, independent of the vaccine platform and number of doses. Although mRNA vaccines induced the greatest magnitude of Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 plasma neutralizing activity, administration of a booster based on the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike sequence markedly increased neutralizing antibody titers and breadth against BA.1 and BA.2 across all vaccines evaluated. Our data suggest that although BA.1 and BA.2 evade polyclonal neutralizing antibody responses, current vaccine boosting regimens may provide sufficient protection against Omicron-induced disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprouse, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walls, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzitelli, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franko, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shariq, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameroni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posavad, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talat Iqbal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geffner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifantini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 neutralizing activity elicited by a comprehensive panel of human vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.07.463592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive antibody profiling of mRNA vaccination in children 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.10.07.463592v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While children have been largely spared from COVID-19 disease, the emergence of viral variants of concern (VOC) with increased transmissibility, combined with fluctuating mask mandates and school re-openings have led to increased infections and disease among children. Thus, there is an urgent need to roll out COVID-19 vaccines to children of all ages. However, whether children respond equivalently to adults to mRNA vaccines and whether dosing will elicit optimal immunity remains unclear. Given the recent announcement of incomplete immunity induced by the pediatric dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in young children, here we aimed to deeply profile and compare the vaccine-induced humoral immune response in 6-11 year old children receiving the pediatric (50g) or adult (100g) dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine compared to adults and naturally infected children or children that experienced multi inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) for the first time. Children elicited an IgG dominant vaccine induced immune response, surpassing adults at a matched 100g dose, but more variable immunity at a 50g dose. Irrespective of titer, children generated antibodies with enhanced Fc-receptor binding capacity. Moreover, like adults, children generated cross-VOC humoral immunity, marked by a decline of omicron receptor binding domain-binding, but robustly preserved omicron Spike-receptor binding, with robustly preserved Fc-receptor binding capabilities, in a dose dependent manner. These data indicate that while both 50g and 100g of mRNA vaccination in children elicits robust cross-VOC antibody responses, 100ug of mRNA in children results in highly preserved omicron-specific functional humoral immunity.

One-Sentence SummarymRNA vaccination elicits robust humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children 6-11 years of age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St Denis, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplonek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farkas, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boribong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shreffler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balazs, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonker, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive antibody profiling of mRNA vaccination in children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.01.482548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunological memory to Common Cold Coronaviruses assessed longitudinally over a three-year period 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.01.482548v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding immune memory to Common Cold Coronaviruses (CCCs) is relevant for assessing its potential impact on the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and for the prospects of pan-corona vaccines development. We performed a longitudinal analysis, of pre-pandemic samples collected from 2016-2019. CD4+ T cells and antibody responses specific for CCC and to other respiratory viruses, and chronic or ubiquitous pathogens were assessed. CCC-specific memory CD4+ T cells were detected in most subjects, and their frequencies were comparable to those for other common antigens. Notably, responses to CCC and other antigens such as influenza and Tetanus Toxoid (TT) were sustained over time. CCC-specific CD4+ T cell responses were also associated with low numbers of HLA-DR+CD38+ cells and their magnitude did not correlate with yearly changes in the prevalence of CCC infections. Similarly, spike RBD-specific IgG responses for CCC were stable throughout the sampling period. Finally, high CD4+ T cell reactivity to CCC, but not antibody responses, was associated with high pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Overall, these results suggest that the steady and sustained CCC responses observed in the study cohort are likely due to a relatively stable pool of CCC-specific memory CD4+ T cells instead of fast decaying responses and frequent reinfections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dawen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narowski, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrigan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Premkumar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Antunes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunological memory to Common Cold Coronaviruses assessed longitudinally over a three-year period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.04.479488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing anti-S2 antibodies protect against all three human betacoronaviruses that cause severe disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.04.479488v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pan-betacoronavirus neutralizing antibodies may hold the key to developing broadly protective vaccines against coronaviruses that cause severe disease, for anticipating novel pandemic-causing viruses, and to respond more effectively to SARS-CoV-2 variants. The emergence of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has illustrated the limitations of solely targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the envelope Spike (S)-protein. Here, we isolated a large panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from SARS-CoV-2 recovered-vaccinated donors that target a conserved S2 region in the fusion machinery on betacoronavirus spikes. Select bnAbs show broad in vivo protection against all three pathogenic betacoronaviruses, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, that have spilled over into humans in the past 20 years to cause severe disease. The bnAbs provide new opportunities for antibody-based interventions and key insights for developing pan-betacoronavirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anzanello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharrafieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capozzola, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limbo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardine, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.479488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly neutralizing anti-S2 antibodies protect against all three human betacoronaviruses that cause severe disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.15.484018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic single-cell RNA sequencing reveals BCG vaccination curtails SARS-CoV-2 induced disease severity and lung inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.03.15.484018v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 continues to exact a toll on human health despite the availability of several vaccines. Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) has been shown to confer heterologous immune protection against viral infections including COVID-19 and has been proposed as vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 (SCV2). Here we tested intravenous BCG vaccination against COVID-19 using the golden Syrian hamster model together with immune profiling and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). We observed that BCG reduced both lung SCV2 viral load and bronchopneumonia. This was accompanied by an increase in lung alveolar macrophages, a reversal of SCV2-mediated T cell lymphopenia, and reduced lung granulocytes. Single cell transcriptome profiling showed that BCG uniquely recruits immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells to the lung suggesting accelerated antibody production. BCG vaccination also recruited elevated levels of Th1, Th17, Treg, CTLs, and Tmem cells, and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed a transcriptional shift away from exhaustion markers and towards antigen presentation and repair. Similarly, BCG enhanced lung recruitment of alveolar macrophages and reduced key interstitial macrophage subsets, with both cell-types also showing reduced IFN-associated gene expression. Our observations indicate that BCG vaccination protects against SCV2 immunopathology by promoting early lung immunoglobulin production and immunotolerizing transcriptional patterns among key myeloid and lymphoid populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praharaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Um, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illei, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psoter, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivalacqua, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegnasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic single-cell RNA sequencing reveals BCG vaccination curtails SARS-CoV-2 induced disease severity and lung inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.15.480515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A model of persistent post SARS-CoV-2 induced lung disease for target identification and testing of therapeutic strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.02.15.480515v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 survivors develop post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), but the mechanistic basis of PASC-associated lung abnormalities suffers from a lack of longitudinal samples. Mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 MA10 produces an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in mice similar to humans. To investigate PASC pathogenesis, studies of MA10-infected mice were extended from acute disease through clinical recovery. At 15-120 days post-virus clearance, histologic evaluation identified subpleural lesions containing collagen, proliferative fibroblasts, and chronic inflammation with tertiary lymphoid structures. Longitudinal spatial transcriptional profiling identified global reparative and fibrotic pathways dysregulated in diseased regions, similar to human COVID-19. Populations of alveolar intermediate cells, coupled with focal upregulation of pro-fibrotic markers, were identified in persistently diseased regions. Early intervention with antiviral EIDD-2801 reduced chronic disease, and early anti-fibrotic agent (nintedanib) intervention modified early disease severity. This murine model provides opportunities to identify pathways associated with persistent SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary disease and test countermeasures to ameliorate PASC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinnon, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leist, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritch, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gully, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelista, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilmore, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schäfer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajuthi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweigart, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hines, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groshong, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanSchoiack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hether, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumwalt, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duval, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borczuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakthivel, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagood, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seibold, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neal, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montg</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A model of persistent post SARS-CoV-2 induced lung disease for target identification and testing of therapeutic strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.28.450181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.06.28.450181v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several vaccines have been introduced to combat the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines include mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles or adenoviral vectors that encode the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, inactivated virus, or protein subunits. Despite growing success in worldwide vaccination efforts, additional capabilities may be needed in the future to address issues such as stability and storage requirements, need for vaccine boosters, desirability of different routes of administration, and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Delta variant. Here, we present a novel, well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Salmonella typhimurium that are decorated with the mammalian cell culture-derived Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). RBD-conjugated outer membrane vesicles (RBD-OMVs) were used to immunize the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) model of COVID-19. Intranasal immunization resulted in high titers of blood anti-RBD IgG as well as detectable mucosal responses. Neutralizing antibody activity against wild-type and Delta variants was evident in all vaccinated subjects. Upon challenge with live virus, hamsters immunized with RBD-OMV, but not animals immunized with unconjugated OMVs or a vehicle control, avoided body mass loss, had lower virus titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and experienced less severe lung pathology. Our results emphasize the value and versatility of OMV-based vaccine approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driedonks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jong, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg van Saparoea, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlefield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitaris, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gololobova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekosz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brayton, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luirink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villano, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witwer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.16.472934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralization and Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2021.12.16.472934v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529/Omicron variant was first characterized in South Africa and was swiftly designated a variant of concern1. Of great concern is its high number of mutations, including 30-40 mutations in the virus spike (S) protein compared to 7-10 for other variants. Some of these mutations have been shown to enhance escape from vaccine-induced immunity, while others remain uncharacterized. Additionally, reports of increasing frequencies of the Omicron variant may indicate a higher rate of transmission compared to other variants. However, the transmissibility of Omicron and its degree of resistance to vaccine-induced immunity remain unclear. Here we show that Omicron exhibits significant immune evasion compared to other variants, but antibody neutralization is largely restored by mRNA vaccine booster doses. Additionally, the Omicron spike exhibits reduced receptor binding, cell-cell fusion, S1 subunit shedding, but increased cell-to-cell transmission, and homology modeling indicates a more stable closed S structure. These findings suggest dual immune evasion strategies for Omicron, due to altered epitopes and reduced exposure of the S receptor binding domain, coupled with enhanced transmissibility due to enhanced S protein stability. These results highlight the importance of booster vaccine doses for maintaining protection against the Omicron variant, and provide mechanistic insight into the altered functionality of the Omicron spike protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bednash, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozanski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallampalli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saif, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumina, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralization and Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.21.501010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Durability of the Neutralizing Antibody Response to mRNA Booster Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.07.21.501010v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.4/5 and BA.2.12.1 variants has led to rising COVID-19 case numbers and concerns over the continued efficacy of mRNA booster vaccination. Here we examine the durability of neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses against these SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants in a cohort of health care workers 1-40 weeks after mRNA booster dose administration. Neutralizing antibody titers fell by [~]1.5-fold 4-6 months and by [~]2.5-fold 7-9 months after booster dose, with average nAb titers falling by 11-15% every 30 days, far more stable than two dose induced immunity. Notably, nAb titers from booster recipients against SARS-CoV-2 BA.1, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/5 variants were [~]4.7-, 7.6-, and 13.4-fold lower than against the ancestral D614G spike. However, the rate of waning of booster dose immunity was comparable across variants. Importantly, individuals reporting prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited significantly higher nAb titers compared to those without breakthrough infection. Collectively, these results highlight the broad and stable neutralizing antibody response induced by mRNA booster dose administration, implicating a significant role of virus evolution to evade nAb specificity, versus waning humoral immunity, in increasing rates of breakthrough infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>QU, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozanski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saif, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumina, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.501010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Durability of the Neutralizing Antibody Response to mRNA Booster Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
