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	<title>bioRxiv Channel: Chan Zuckerberg Biohub</title>
	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
	<description>
	This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Chan Zuckerberg Biohub"
	</description>

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	<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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	<title>bioRxiv</title>
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	<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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	<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/172494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T-cell receptor sequencing of early stage breast cancer tumors identifies altered clonal structure of the T-cell repertoire 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/172494v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor infiltrating T-cells play an important role in many cancers, and can improve prognosis and yield therapeutic targets. We characterized T-cells infiltrating both breast cancer tumors and the surrounding normal breast tissue to identify T-cells specific to each, as well as their abundance in peripheral blood. Using immune profiling of the T-cell beta chain repertoire in 16 patients with early stage breast cancer, we show that the clonal structure of the tumor is significantly different from adjacent breast tissue, with the tumor containing approximately 3-fold more T-cells, but with a lower fraction of unique sequences and higher clonality compared to normal breast. The clonal structure of T-cells in blood and normal breast is more similar than between blood and tumor and can be used to distinguish tumor from normal breast tissue in 14 of 16 patients. Many T-cells overlap between tissues from the same patient, including approximately 50% of T-cells between tumor and normal breast. Both solid tissues contain high-abundance "enriched" sequences that are absent or of low abundance in the other tissue. Many of these T-cells are either not detected or detected with very low frequency in the blood, suggesting the existence of separate compartments of T-cells in both tumor and normal breast. Enriched T-cell sequences are typically unique to each patient, but there is a subset of sequences that are shared between many different patients. We show that most of these are commonly generated sequences and thus unlikely to play an important role in the tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beausang, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanft, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirbas, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T-cell receptor sequencing of early stage breast cancer tumors identifies altered clonal structure of the T-cell repertoire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/144436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic Simulation Of Dopamine Neuromodulation For Implementation Of Fluorescent Neurochemical Probes In The Striatal Extracellular Space 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/144436v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging the dynamic behavior of neuromodulatory neurotransmitters in the extracelluar space arising from individual quantal releases would constitute a major advance in neurochemical imaging. Spatial and temporal resolution of these highly stochastic neuromodulatory events requires concurrent advances in the chemical development of optical nanosensors selective for neuromodulators in concert with advances in imaging methodologies to capture millisecond neurotransmitter release. Herein, we develop and implement a stochastic model to describe dopamine dynamics in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain dorsal striatum. Our model is developed from first principles and simulates release, diffusion, and reuptake of dopamine in a 3D simulation volume of striatal tissue. We find that in vivo imaging of neuromodulation requires simultaneous optimization of dopamine nanosensor reversibility and sensitivity: dopamine imaging in the striatum or nucleus accumbens requires nanosensors with an optimal dopamine dissociation constant (Kd) of 1 M, whereas Kd above 10 M are required for dopamine imaging in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, our model reveals that imaging frame rates of 20 Hz are optimal for imaging temporally-resolved dopamine release events based on the probabilistic nature of dopaminergic terminal activity in the striatum. Our work provides a modeling platform to probe how complex neuromodulatory processes can be studied with fluorescent nanosensors and enables direct evaluation of nanosensor chemistry and imaging hardware parameters. Our stochastic model is generic for evaluating fluorescent neurotransmission probes, and is broadly applicable to the design of other neurotransmitter fluorophores and their optimization for implementation in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic Simulation Of Dopamine Neuromodulation For Implementation Of Fluorescent Neurochemical Probes In The Striatal Extracellular Space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/120170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding directional genetic dependencies through orthogonal CRISPR/Cas screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/120170v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic interaction studies are a powerful approach to identify functional interactions between genes. This approach can reveal networks of regulatory hubs and connect uncharacterised genes to well-studied pathways. However, this approach has previously been limited to simple gene inactivation studies. Here, we present an orthogonal CRISPR/Cas-mediated genetic interaction approach that allows the systematic activation of one gene while simultaneously knocking out a second gene in the same cell. We have developed this concept into a quantitative and scalable combinatorial screening platform that allows the parallel interrogation of hundreds of thousands of genetic interactions. We demonstrate that the established platform works robustly to uncover genetic interactions in human cancer cells and to interpret the direction of the flow of genetic information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boettcher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markegard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding directional genetic dependencies through orthogonal CRISPR/Cas screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/196980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed evolution of TurboID for efficient proximity labeling in living cells and organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/196980v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein interaction networks and protein compartmentation underlie every signaling process and regulatory mechanism in cells. Recently, proximity labeling (PL) has emerged as a new approach to study the spatial and interaction characteristics of proteins in living cells. However, the two enzymes commonly used for PL come with tradeoffs - BioID is slow, requiring tagging times of 18-24 hours, while APEX peroxidase uses substrates that have limited cell permeability and high toxicity. To address these problems, we used yeast display-based directed evolution to engineer two mutants of biotin ligase, TurboID and miniTurbo, with much greater catalytic efficiency than BioID, and the ability to carry out PL in cells in much shorter time windows (as little as 10 minutes) with non-toxic and easily deliverable biotin. In addition to shortening PL time by 100-fold and increasing PL yield in cell culture, TurboID enabled biotin-based PL in new settings, including yeast, Drosophila, and C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Branon, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svinkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed evolution of TurboID for efficient proximity labeling in living cells and organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/173468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Open-Source, Programmable Pneumatic Setup for Operation and Automated Control of Single- and Multi-Layer Microfluidic Devices 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/173468v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microfluidic technologies have been used across diverse disciplines (e.g. high-throughput biological measurement, fluid physics, laboratory fluid manipulation) but widespread adoption has been limited due to the lack of openly disseminated resources that enable non-specialist labs to make and operate their own devices. Here, we report the open-source build of a pneumatic setup capable of operating both single and multilayer (Quake-style) microfluidic devices with programmable scripting automation. This setup can operate both simple and complex devices with 48 device valve control inputs and 18 sample inputs, with modular design for easy expansion, at a fraction of the cost of similar commercial solutions. We present a detailed step-by-step guide to building the pneumatic instrumentation, as well as instructions for custom device operation using our software, Geppetto, through an easy-to-use GUI for live on-chip valve actuation and a scripting system for experiment automation. We show robust valve actuation with near real-time software feedback and demonstrate use of the setup for high-throughput biochemical measurements on-chip. This open-source setup will enable specialists and novices alike to run microfluidic devices easily in their own laboratories.nnO_TBL View this table:norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d25ba2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7dfd9eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1959573org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@186dceaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@111af70_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL O_TABLECAPTIONSpecifications tablennC_TABLECAPTION C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brower, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puccinelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longwell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sjoberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Open-Source, Programmable Pneumatic Setup for Operation and Automated Control of Single- and Multi-Layer Microfluidic Devices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/179804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonivasive prenatal diagnosis of single-gene disorders using droplet digital PCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/179804v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrenatal diagnosis in pregnancies at risk of single-gene disorders is currently performed using invasive methods such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. This is in contrast with screening for common aneuploidies, for which noninvasive methods with a single maternal blood sample have become standard clinical practice.nnMethodsWe developed a protocol for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of inherited single gene disorders using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) from circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in maternal plasma. First, the amount of cfDNA and fetal fraction are determined using a panel of Taqman assays targeting high-variability SNPs. Second, the ratio of healthy and diseased alleles in maternal plasma are quantified using Taqman assays targeting the mutations carried by the parents. Two validation approaches of the mutation assay are presented.nnResultsWe collected blood samples from 9 pregnancies at risk for different single gene disorders including common conditions and rare metabolic disorders. We measured cases at risk of hemophilia, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, cystic fibrosis, {beta}-thalassemia, mevalonate kinase deficiency, acetylcholine receptor deficiency and DFNB1 nonsyndromic hearing loss. We correctly differentiated affected and unaffected pregnancies (2 affected, 7 unaffected), confirmed by neonatal testing. We successfully measured an affected pregnancy as early as week 11, and with a fetal fraction as low as 3.7{+/-}0.3%.nnConclusionOur method detects single nucleotide mutations of autosomal recessive diseases as early as the first trimester of pregnancy. This is of importance for metabolic disorders where early diagnosis can affect management of the disease and reduce complications and anxiety related to invasive testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camunas-Soler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudgins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hintz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Sayed, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonivasive prenatal diagnosis of single-gene disorders using droplet digital PCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/149385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic maintenance of DNA methylation after evolutionary loss of the de novo methyltransferase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/149385v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytosine methylation of DNA is a widespread modification of DNA that plays numerous critical roles, yet has been lost many times in diverse eukaryotic lineages. In the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, CG methylation occurs in transposon-rich repeats and requires the DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt5. We show that Dnmt5 displays exquisite maintenance-type specificity in vitro and in vivo and utilizes similar in vivo cofactors as the metazoan maintenance methylase Dnmt1. Remarkably, phylogenetic and functional analysis revealed that the ancestral species lost the gene for a de novo methylase, DnmtX, between 50-150 MYA. We examined how methylation has persisted since the ancient loss of DnmtX. Experimental and comparative studies reveal efficient replication of methylation patterns in C. neoformans, rare stochastic methylation loss and gain events, and the action of natural selection. We propose that an epigenome has been propagated for >50 MY through a process analogous to Darwinian evolution of the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catania, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumesic, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoddard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narlikar, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhani, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/149385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic maintenance of DNA methylation after evolutionary loss of the de novo methyltransferase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/200204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The centrosomin CM2 domain is a multi-functional binding domain with distinct cell cycle roles 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/200204v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The centrosome serves as the main microtubule-organizing center in metazoan cells, yet despite its functional importance, little is known mechanistically about the structure and organizational principles that dictate protein organization in the centrosome. In particular, the protein-protein interactions that allow for the massive structural transition between the tightly organized interphase centrosome and the highly expanded matrix-like arrangement of the mitotic centrosome have been largely uncharacterized. Among the proteins that undergo a major transition is the Drosophila melanogaster protein centrosomin that contains a conserved carboxyl terminus motif, CM2. Recent crystal structures have shown this motif to be dimeric and capable of forming an intramolecular interaction with a central region of centrosomin. Here we use a combination of in-cell microscopy and in vitro oligomer assessment to show that dimerization is not necessary for CM2 recruitment to the centrosome and that CM2 alone undergoes a significant cell cycle dependent rearrangement. We use NMR binding assays to confirm this intramolecular interaction and show that residues involved in solution interactions are consistent with the published crystal structure and identify L1137 as critical for binding. Additionally, we show for the first time an in vitro interaction of CM2 with the Drosophila pericentrin-like-protein that exploits the same set of residues as the intramolecular interaction. Furthermore, NMR experiments reveal a calcium sensitive interaction between CM2 and calmodulin. Although unexpected because of sequence divergence, this suggests that centrosomin-mediated assemblies, like the mammalian pericentrin, may be calcium regulated. From these results we suggest a model where during interphase CM2 interacts with pericentrin-like-protein to form a layer of centrosomin around the centriole wall and that at the onset of mitosis this population acts as a nucleation site of intramolecular centrosomin interactions that support the expansion into the metaphase matrix.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Citron, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagerstrom, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keszthelyi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusan, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The centrosomin CM2 domain is a multi-functional binding domain with distinct cell cycle roles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/147017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theoretical quantification of interference in the TASEP: Application to mRNA translation shows near-optimality of termination rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/147017v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Totally Asymmetric Exclusion Process (TASEP) is a classical stochastic model for describing the transport of interacting particles, such as ribosomes moving along the mRNA during translation. Although this model has been widely studied in the past, the extent of collision between particles and the average distance between a particle to its nearest neighbor have not been quantified explicitly. We provide here a theoretical analysis of such quantities via the distribution of isolated particles. In the classical form of the model in which each particle occupies only a single site, we obtain an exact analytic solution using the Matrix Ansatz. We then employ a refined mean field approach to extend the analysis to a generalized TASEP with particles of an arbitrary size. Our theoretical study has direct applications in mRNA translation and the interpretation of experimental ribosome profiling data. In particular, our analysis of data from S. cerevisiae suggests a potential bias against the detection of nearby ribosomes with gap distance less than ~ 3 codons, which leads to some ambiguity in estimating the initiation rate and protein production flux for a substantial fraction of genes. Despite such ambiguity, however, we demonstrate theoretically that the interference rate associated with collisions can be robustly estimated, and show that approximately 1% of the translating ribosomes get obstructed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theoretical quantification of interference in the TASEP: Application to mRNA translation shows near-optimality of termination rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/139758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics Of The Human Antibody Repertoire Following B-cell Depletion In Systemic Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/139758v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic sclerosis with pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH) is a debilitating and frequently lethal disease of unknown cause lacking effective treatment options. Lymphocyte anomalies and autoantibodies observed in systemic sclerosis have suggested an autoimmune character. Here we study the clonal structure of the B-cell repertoire in SSc-PAH using immunoglobulin heavy-chain sequencing before and after B-cell depletion. We found SSc-PAH to be associated with anomalies in B-cell development, namely altered VDJ rearrangement frequencies (reduced IGHV2-5 segment usage) and an increased somatic mutation-fixation probability in expanded B-cell lineages. SSc-PAH was also characterized by anomalies in B-cell homeostasis, namely an expanded IgD+ proportion with reduced mutation loads and an expanded proportion of highly antibody-secreting cells. Disease signatures pertaining to IGHV2-5 segment usage, IgD proportions and mutation loads were temporarily reversed after B-cell depletion. Analyzing the time course of B-cell depletion, we find that the kinetics of naive replenishment are predictable from baseline measurements alone, that release of plasma cells into the periphery can precede naive replenishment and that modes of B-cell receptor diversity are highly elastic. Our findings shed light on the humoral immune basis of SSc-PAH and provide insights into the effect of B-cell depletion on the antibody repertoire.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Bourcy, C. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolls, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics Of The Human Antibody Repertoire Following B-cell Depletion In Systemic Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/169672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhaMers identifies novel bacteriophage sequences from thermophilic hot springs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/169672v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic sequencing approaches have become popular for the purpose of dissecting environmental microbial diversity, leading to the characterization of novel microbial lineages. In addition of bacterial and fungal genomes, metagenomic analysis can also reveal genomes of viruses that infect microbial cells. Because of their small genome size and limited knowledge of phage diversity, discovering novel phage sequences from metagenomic data is often challenging. Here we describe PhaMers (Phage k-Mers). a phage identification tool that uses supervised learning to classify metagenomic contigs as phage or non-phage on the basis of tetranucleotide frequencies. a technique that does not depend on existing gene annotations. PhaMers compares the tetranucleotide frequencies of metagenomic contigs to phage and bacteria references from online databases. resulting in assignments of lower level phage taxonomy based on sequence similarity. Using PhaMers. we identified 103 novel phage sequences from hot spring samples of Yellowstone National Park based on data generated from a microfluidic-based minimetagenomic approach. We analyzed assembled contigs over 5 kbp in length using PhaMers and compared the results with those generated by VirSorter, a publicly available phage identification and annotation package. We analyzed the performance of phage genome prediction and taxonomic classification using PhaMers. and presented putative hosts and taxa for some of the novel phage sequences. Finally. mini-metagenomic occurrence profiles of phage and prokaryotic genomes were used to verify putative hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deaton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhaMers identifies novel bacteriophage sequences from thermophilic hot springs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/145912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Recognition of Dopamine with Dual Near Infrared Excitation-Emission Two-Photon Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/145912v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key limitation for achieving deep imaging in biological structures lies in photon absorption and scattering leading to attenuation of fluorescence. In particular, neurotransmitter imaging is challenging in the biologically-relevant context of the intact brain, for which photons must traverse the cranium, skin and bone. Thus, fluorescence imaging is limited to the surface cortical layers of the brain, only achievable with craniotomy. Herein, we describe optimal excitation and emission wavelengths for through-cranium imaging, and demonstrate that near-infrared emissive nanosensors can be photoexcited using a two-photon 1560 nm excitation source. Dopamine-sensitive nanosensors can undergo two-photon excitation, and provide chirality-dependent responses selective for dopamine with fluorescent turn-on responses varying between 20% and 350%. We further calculate the two-photon absorption cross-section and quantum yield of dopamine nanosensors, and confirm a two-photon power law relationship for the nanosensor excitation process. Finally, we show improved image quality of the nanosensors embedded 2 mm deep into a brain-mimetic tissue phantom, whereby one-photon excitation yields 42% scattering, in contrast to 4% scattering when the same object is imaged under two-photon excitation. Our approach overcomes traditional limitations in deep-tissue fluorescence microscopy, and can enable neurotransmitter imaging in the biologically-relevant milieu of the intact and living brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O'Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindall, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Recognition of Dopamine with Dual Near Infrared Excitation-Emission Two-Photon Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/179549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle-Guided Biomolecule Delivery for Transgene Expression and Gene Silencing in Mature Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/179549v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic engineering of plants is at the core of sustainability efforts, natural product synthesis, and agricultural crop engineering. The plant cell wall is a barrier that limits the ease and throughput with which exogenous biomolecules can be delivered to plants. Current delivery methods either suffer from host range limitations, low transformation efficiencies, tissue damage, or unavoidable DNA integration into the host genome. Here, we demonstrate efficient diffusion-based biomolecule delivery into tissues and organs of intact plants of several species with a suite of pristine and chemically-functionalized high aspect ratio nanomaterials. Efficient DNA delivery and strong protein expression without transgene integration is accomplished in Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb), Eruca sativa (arugula), Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) leaves and arugula protoplasts. We also demonstrate a second nanoparticle-based strategy in which small interfering RNA (siRNA) is delivered to Nb leaves and silence a gene with 95% efficiency. We find that nanomaterials not only facilitate biomolecule transport into plant cells but also protect polynucleotides from nuclease degradation. Our work provides a tool for species-independent and passive delivery of genetic material, without transgene integration, into plant cells for diverse biotechnology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle-Guided Biomolecule Delivery for Transgene Expression and Gene Silencing in Mature Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/109686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic DNA sequencing for the diagnosis of intraocular infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/109686v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo compare the performance of unbiased high-throughput sequencing with pathogen directed PCR using DNA isolated from archived ocular fluid, approaches that are compatible with the current sample handling practice of ophthalmologists.nnDesignRetrospective molecular study of banked vitreous samples.nnMethodsWe evaluated a metagenomic DNA sequencing-based approach (DNA-seq) using archived positive (n = 31) and negative (n=36) vitreous specimens as determined by reference pathogen-specific PCR assays (herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, and Toxoplasma gondii). Pathogens were identified using a rapid computational pipeline to analyze the non-host sequences obtained from DNA-seq. Clinical samples were de-identified and laboratory personnel handling the samples and interpreting the data were masked.nnResultsMetagenomic DNA sequencing detected 87% of positive reference samples. In the presumed negative reference samples, DNA-seq detected an additional 6 different pathogens in 8 samples (22% of negative samples) that were either not detected or not targeted with pathogen-specific PCR assays. Infectious agents identified only with DNA-seq were Candida dubliniensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Discordant samples were independently verified in CLIA-certified laboratories. CMV sequences were compared against the antiviral mutation database and 3 of the samples were found to have mutations conferring ganciclovir resistance.nnConclusionsMetagenomic DNA sequencing was highly concordant with pathogen-directed PCRs. The unbiased nature of metagenomics DNA sequencing allowed an expanded scope of pathogen detection, including bacteria, fungal species, and viruses, resolving 22% of cases that had previously escaped detection by routine pathogen-specific PCRs. The detection of drug resistance mutations highlights the potential for unbiased sequencing to provide clinically actionable information beyond pathogen species detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budvytiene, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cevallos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lietman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/109686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic DNA sequencing for the diagnosis of intraocular infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/108043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptome analysis of human pancreas reveals transcriptional signatures of aging and somatic mutation patterns. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/108043v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As organisms age, cells accumulate genetic and epigenetic changes that eventually lead to impaired organ function or catastrophic transformation such as cancer. Since aging appears to be a stochastic process of increasing disorder1 cells in an organ will be individually affected in different ways - thus rendering bulk analyses of postmitotic adult tissues difficult to characterize. Here we directly measure the effects of aging in primary human tissue by performing single-cell transcriptome analysis of 2544 human pancreas cells from eight donors spanning six decades of life. We find that islet cells from older donors have increased levels of molecular disorder as measured both by noise in the transcriptome and by the number of cells which display inappropriate hormone expression, revealing a transcriptional instability associated with aging. By further analyzing the spectrum of somatic mutations in single cells, we found a specific age-dependent mutational signature characterized by C to A and C to G transversions. These mutations are indicators of oxidative stress and the signature is absent in single cells from human brain tissue or in a tumor cell line. We have used the single cell measurements of transcriptional noise and mutation level to identify molecular pathways correlated with these changes that could influence human disease. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using single-cell RNA-seq data from primary cells to derive meaningful insights into the genetic processes that operate on aging human tissue and to determine molecular mechanisms coordinated with these processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arda, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignardi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beausang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell transcriptome analysis of human pancreas reveals transcriptional signatures of aging and somatic mutation patterns.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/137059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Split Fluorescent Proteins For Endogenous Protein Labeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/137059v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-complementing split fluorescent proteins (FPs) have been widely used for protein labeling, visualization of subcellular protein localization, and detection of cell-cell contact. To expand this toolset, we have developed a screening strategy for the direct engineering of self-complementing split FPs. Via this strategy, we have generated a yellow-green split-mNeonGreen21-10/11 that improves the ratio of complemented signal to the background of FP1-10-expressing cells compared to the commonly used split-GFP1-10/11, as well as a 10-fold brighter red-colored split-sfCherry21-10/11. Based on split-sfCherry2, we have engineered a photoactivatable variant that enables single-molecule localization-based super-resolution microscopy. We have demonstrated dual-color endogenous protein tagging with sfCherry211 and GFP11, revealing that endoplasmic reticulum translocon complex Sec61B has reduced abundance in certain peripheral tubules. These new split FPs not only offer multiple colors for imaging interaction networks of endogenous proteins, but also hold the potential to provide orthogonal handles for biochemical isolation of native protein complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Split Fluorescent Proteins For Endogenous Protein Labeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/179093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq reveals intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory heterogeneity in yeast responding to stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/179093v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From bacteria to humans, individual cells within isogenic populations can show significant variation in stress tolerance, but the nature of this heterogeneity is not clear. To investigate this, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to quantify transcript heterogeneity in single S. cerevisiae cells treated with and without salt stress, to explore population variation and identify cellular covariates that influence the stress-responsive transcriptome. Leveraging the extensive knowledge of yeast transcriptional regulation, we uncovered significant regulatory variation in individual yeast cells, both before and after stress. We also discovered that a subset of cells decouple expression of ribosomal protein genes from the environmental stress response, in a manner partly correlated with the cell cycle but unrelated to the yeast ultradian metabolic cycle. Live-cell imaging of cells expressing pairs of fluorescent regulators, including the transcription factor Msn2 with Dot6, Sfp1, or MAP kinase Hog1, revealed both coordinated and decoupled nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Together with transcriptomic analysis, our results reveal that cells maintain a cellular filter against decoupled bursts of transcription-factor activation but mount a stress response upon coordinated regulation, even in a subset of unstressed cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gasch, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalante, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Place, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanbar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciobanu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendziorski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClean, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-seq reveals intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory heterogeneity in yeast responding to stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/139873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The industrial anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum uses polyketides to regulate butanol production and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/139873v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyketides are an important class of bioactive small molecules valued not only for their diverse therapeutic applications, but also for their role in controlling interesting biological phenotypes in their producing organisms. While numerous examples of polyketides derived from aerobic organisms exist, only a single family of polyketides has been identified from anaerobic organisms. Here we uncover a novel family of polyketides native to the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, an organism well-known for its historical use as an industrial producer of the organic solvents acetone, butanol, and ethanol. Through mutational analysis and chemical complementation assays, we demonstrate that these polyketides influence butanol production and act as chemical triggers of sporulation and granulose accumulation in this strain. This study represents a significant addition to the body of work demonstrating the existence and importance of polyketides in anaerobes, and showcases a novel strategy of manipulating the secondary metabolism of an organism to improve traits significant for industrial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshino, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The industrial anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum uses polyketides to regulate butanol production and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/145052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of Selection in the Human Antibody Repertoire: Selective Sweeps, Competing Subclones, and Neutral Drift 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/145052v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are created and refined by somatic evolution in B cell populations, which endows the human immune system with the ability to recognize and eliminate diverse pathogens. However, the evolutionary processes that sculpt antibody repertoires remain poorly understood. Here, using an unbiased repertoire-scale approach, we show that the molecular signatures of evolution are evident in human B cell lineages and reveal how antibodies evolve somatically. We measured the dynamics and genetic diversity of B cell responses of five adults longitudinally before and after influenza vaccination using high-throughput antibody repertoire sequencing. We identified vaccine-responsive B cell lineages that carry signatures of selective sweeps driven by positive selection, and discovered that they often display evidence for selective sweeps favoring multiple subclones. We also found persistent B cell lineages that exhibit stable population dynamics and carry signatures of neutral drift. By exploiting the linkage between B cell fitness and antibody binding affinity, we demonstrated the potential for using signatures of selection to identify antibodies with high binding affinity. This quantitative characterization reveals that antibody repertoires are shaped by an unexpectedly broad spectrum of evolutionary processes and shows how signatures of evolutionary history can be harnessed for antibody discovery and engineering.nnOne Sentence SummaryMolecular signatures of somatic evolution reveal that diverse evolutionary processes ranging from strong positive selection to neutral drift sculpt human antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horns, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollmers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of Selection in the Human Antibody Repertoire: Selective Sweeps, Competing Subclones, and Neutral Drift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/164087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantius: Generic, high-fidelity human annotation of scientific images at 105-clicks-per-hour 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/164087v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe Quantius, a crowd-based image annotation platform that provides an accurate alternative to task-specific computational algorithms for difficult image analysis problems. We use Quantius to quantify a variety of computationally challenging medium-throughput tasks with ~50x and 30x savings in analysis time and cost respectively, relative to a single expert annotator. We show equivalent deep learning performance for Quantius- and expert-derived annotations, bridging towards scalable integration with tailored machine-learning algorithms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mornin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantius: Generic, high-fidelity human annotation of scientific images at 105-clicks-per-hour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/205500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Engineering Platform in Primary CD4+ T Cells for the Interrogation of HIV Host Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/205500v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing strategies have revolutionized our ability to engineer the human genome for robust functional interrogation of complex biological processes. We have recently adapted this technology to primary human T cells to generate a high-throughput platform for analyzing the role of host factors in pathogen infection and lifecycle. Here, we describe applications of this system to investigate HIV pathogenesis in CD4+ T cells. Briefly, CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (crRNPs) are synthesized in vitro and delivered to activated primary human CD4+ T cells by nucleofection. These edited cells are then validated and expanded for use in downstream cellular, genetic, or protein-based assays. Our platform supports the arrayed generation of several gene manipulations in only a few hours time and is widely adaptable across culture conditions, infection protocols, and downstream applications. We present detailed protocols for crRNP synthesis, primary T cell culture, 96-well nucleofection, molecular validation, and HIV infection with additional considerations for guide and screen design as well as crRNP multiplexing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Engineering Platform in Primary CD4+ T Cells for the Interrogation of HIV Host Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/172809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis of Mitochondrial Receptor Binding and GTP Driven Conformational Constriction by Dynamin-Related Protein 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/172809v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial inheritance, genome maintenance, and metabolic adaptation all depend on organelle fission by Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (DRP1) and its mitochondrial receptors. DRP1 receptors include the paralogs Mitochondrial Dynamics 49 and 51 (MID49/MID51) and Mitochondrial Fission Factor (MFF), but the mechanisms by which these proteins recruit DRP1 and regulate its activities are unknown. Here we present a cryoEM structure of human, full-length DRP1 bound to MID49 and an analysis of structure- and disease-based mutations. We report that GTP binding allosterically induces a remarkable elongation and rotation of the G-domain, Bundle-Signaling Element (BSE) and connecting hinge loops of DRP1. In this nucleotide-bound conformation, a distributed network of multivalent interactions promotes DRP1 copolymerization into a linear filament with MID49, MID51 or both. Subsequent GTP hydrolysis and exchange within the filament leads to receptor dissociation, shortening through disassembly, and concomitant curling of DRP1 oligomers into closed rings. The dimensions of the closed DRP1 rings are consistent with DRP1-constricted mitochondrial tubules observed in human cells. These structures are the first views of full-length, receptor- and nucleotide-bound dynamin-family GTPases and--in comparison with nucleotide-free crystal structures--teach us how these molecular machines perform mechanical work through nucleotide-driven allostery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. Y.- R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusuf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agard, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/172809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis of Mitochondrial Receptor Binding and GTP Driven Conformational Constriction by Dynamin-Related Protein 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/166462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-gated detection of protein-protein interactions with transcriptional readout 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/166462v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional assays such as yeast two hybrid, split ubiquitin, and Tango that convert transient protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in cells into stable expression of transgenes are powerful tools for PPI discovery, high-throughput screens, and analysis of large cell populations. However, these assays frequently suffer from high background and they lose all information about PPI dynamics. To address these limitations, we developed a light-gated transcriptional assay for PPI detection called PPI-FLARE (PPI-Fast Light- and Activity-Regulated Expression). PPI-FLARE requires both a PPI to deliver TEV protease proximal to its cleavage peptide, and externally-applied blue light to uncage the cleavage peptide, in order to release a membrane-tethered transcription factor (TF) for translocation to the nucleus. We used PPI-FLARE to detect the ligand-induced association of 12 different PPIs in living mammalian cells, with a temporal resolution of 5 minutes and a {+/-}ligand signal ratio up to 37. By systematically shifting the light irradiation window, we could reconstruct PPI time-courses, distinguishing between GPCRs that engage in transient versus sustained interactions with the cytosolic effector arrestin. When combined with FACS, PPI-FLARE enabled >100-fold enrichment of cells experiencing a specific GPCR-arrestin PPI during a short 10-minute light window over cells missing that PPI during the same time window. Due to its high specificity, sensitivity, and generality, PPI-FLARE should be a broadly useful tool for PPI analysis and discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coukos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Zastrow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-gated detection of protein-protein interactions with transcriptional readout]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/113746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humans are colonized by many uncharacterized and highly divergent microbes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/113746v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood circulates throughout the entire body and contains molecules drawn from virtually every tissue, including the microbes and viruses which colonize the body. Through massive shotgun sequencing of circulating cell-free DNA from the blood, we identified hundreds of new bacteria and viruses which represent previously unidentified members of the human microbiome. Analysing cumulative sequence data from 1,351 blood samples collected from 188 patients enabled us to assemble 7,190 contiguous regions (contigs) larger than 1 kbp, of which 3,761 are novel with little or no sequence homology in any existing databases. The vast majority of these novel contigs possess coding sequences, and we have validated their existence both by finding their presence in independent experiments and by performing direct PCR amplification. When their nearest neighbors are located in the tree of life, many of the organisms represent entirely novel taxa, showing that microbial diversity within the human body is substantially broader than previously appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kowarsky, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camunas-Soler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kertesz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vlaminck, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, L. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharbanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Sayed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humans are colonized by many uncharacterized and highly divergent microbes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/148528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain-Specific Human Natural Killer Cell Recognition of Influenza A Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/148528v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractInnate Natural killer (NK) cells employ an array of surface receptors to detect  altered self induced by infection or malignancy. Despite their decisive role in early antiviral immunity, the cellular mechanisms governing if or how they discriminate between viral infections remain unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that while human NK cells are capable of reducing infection levels of distinct influenza A strains, the A/California/07/2009 (pH1N1) strain induces a significantly more robust IFN-{gamma} response than A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2) and all other strains tested. This surprising degree of strain specificity results in part from the inability of the pH1N1 strain to downregulate the activating ligands CD112 (Nectin-2) and CD54 (ICAM-1) as efficiently as the H3N2 strain, leading to enhanced NK cell detection and IFN-{gamma} secretion. A network analysis of differentially expressed transcripts identifies the interferon /{beta} receptor (IFNAR) pathway as an additional, critical determinant of this strain-specific response. Strain-specific downregulation of NK cell activating ligands and modulation of type I IFN production represents a previously unrecognized influenza immunoevasion tactic and could present new opportunities to modulate the quality and quantity of the innate antiviral response for therapeutic benefit.nnOne Sentence SummaryHuman natural killer cells distinguish between Influenza A strains using a combinatorial cytokine priming and receptor-ligand signaling mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kronstad, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain-Specific Human Natural Killer Cell Recognition of Influenza A Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/102798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Detects Pulmonary Pathogens in Hematopoietic Cellular Transplant Patients with Acute Respiratory Illnesses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/102798v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALECurrent microbiologic diagnostics often fail to identify the etiology of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in hematopoietic cellular transplant recipients (HCT), which precludes the implementation of targeted therapies.nnOBJECTIVESTo address the need for improved LRTI diagnostics, we evaluated the utility of metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to detect microbial pathogens in HCT patients with acute respiratory illnesses.nnMETHODSWe enrolled 22 post-HCT adults ages 19-69 years with acute respiratory illnesses who underwent BAL at the University of Michigan between January 2012 and May 2013. mNGS was performed on BAL fluid to detect microbes and simultaneously assess the host transcriptional response. Results were compared against conventional microbiologic assays.nnMEASUREMENTS & MAIN RESULTSmNGS demonstrated 100% sensitivity for detecting respiratory microbes (human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, human herpesvirus 6 and cytomegalovirus) when compared to standard testing. Previously unrecognized LRTI pathogens were identified in six patients for whom standard testing was negative (human coronavirus 229E, human rhinovirus A, Corynebacterium propinquum and Streptococcus mitis); findings were confirmed by independent PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Relative to patients without infection, patients with infection had increased expression of immunity related genes (p=0.022) and significantly lower diversity of their respiratory microbiome (p=0.017).nnCONCLUSIONSCompared to conventional diagnostics, mNGS enhanced detection of pathogens in BAL fluid from HCT patients. Furthermore, our results suggest that combining unbiased microbial pathogen detection with assessment of host gene biomarkers of immune response may hold promise for enhancing the diagnosis of post-HCT respiratory infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yank, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odonovan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/102798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Detects Pulmonary Pathogens in Hematopoietic Cellular Transplant Patients with Acute Respiratory Illnesses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/193904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive, high-resolution binding energy landscapes reveal context dependencies of transcription factor binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/193904v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) are primary regulators of gene expression in cells, where they bind specific genomic target sites to control transcription. Quantitative measurements of TF-DNA binding energies can improve the accuracy of predictions of TF occupancy and downstream gene expression in vivo and further shed light on how transcriptional networks are rewired throughout evolution. Here, we present a novel sequencing-based TF binding assay and analysis pipeline capable of providing quantitative estimates of binding energies for more than one million DNA sequences in parallel at high energetic resolution. Using this platform, we measured the binding energies associated with all possible combinations of 10 nucleotides flanking the known consensus DNA target for two model yeast TFs, Pho4 and Cbf1. A large fraction of these flanking mutations change overall binding energies by an amount equal to or greater than consensus site mutations, suggesting that current definitions of TF binding sites may be too restrictive. By systematically comparing estimates of binding energies output by deep neural networks (NN) and biophysical models trained on these data, we establish that dinucleotide specificities are sufficient to explain essentially all variance in observed binding behavior, with Cbf1 binding exhibiting significantly more epistasis than Pho4. NN-derived binding energies agree with orthogonal biochemical measurements and reveal that dynamically occupied sites in vivo are both energetically and mutationally distant from the highest-affinity sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimko, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aditham, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive, high-resolution binding energy landscapes reveal context dependencies of transcription factor binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/178905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and specificity of long ssDNA donors for CRISPR-based knock-in 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/178905v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas technologies have transformed our ability to manipulate genomes for research and gene-based therapy. In particular, homology-directed repair after genomic cleavage allows for precise modification of genes using exogenous donor sequences as templates. While both single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) forms of donors have been used as repair templates, a systematic comparison of the performance and specificity of repair using ssDNA versus dsDNA donors is still lacking. Here, we describe an optimized method for the synthesis of long ssDNA templates and demonstrate that ssDNA donors can drive efficient integration of gene-sized reporters in human cell lines. We next define a set of rules to maximize the efficiency of ssDNA-mediated knock-in by optimizing donor design. Finally, by comparing ssDNA donors with equivalent dsDNA sequences (PCR products or plasmids), we demonstrate that ssDNA templates have a unique advantage in terms of repair specificity while dsDNA donors can lead to a high rate of off-target integration. Our results provide a framework for designing high-fidelity CRISPR-based knock-in experiments, in both research and therapeutic settings.

O_TEXTBOXUpdate: November 12th, 2019

Dear bioRxiv community,

The conclusions of this pre-print (originally posted in August 2017) are outdated. While the experiments we present here are accurate, a recent and more systematic analysis revealed that the integration outcomes driven by different forms of HDR donors are more complex than our methods could originally identify. We initially analyzed donor integration only in FACS-selected cells, which under-estimates alleles where the mis-integration of payload leads to non-functional selection markers, and we quantified integration by ddPCR, which is an indirect read-out of sequence properties. These approaches could not capture the full details of donor integration events in our experiments. To address this, we have now developed a new framework based on long-read amplicon sequencing and an integrated computational pipeline to precisely analyze knock-in repair outcomes across a wide range of experimental parameters. Our new data uncover a complex repair landscape in which both single-stranded and double-stranded donors can lead to high rates of imprecise integration in some cell types. Please read our new bioRxiv pre-print entitled "Deep profiling reveals substantial heterogeneity of integration outcomes in CRISPR knock-in experiments" for further information.

I hope that this example highlights one of the powers of pre-prints: the ability to update scientific discussions (and set records straight) as new results are obtained, often fueled by the availability of new technologies.

Please do not hesitate to contact me directly for any questions or comments.

- Manuel Leonetti (manuel.leonetti@czbiohub.org)


C_TEXTBOX
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/178905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and specificity of long ssDNA donors for CRISPR-based knock-in]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/145045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Classifying Drosophila Olfactory Projection Neuron Subtypes by Single-cell RNA Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/145045v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How a neuronal cell type is defined and how this relates to its transcriptome are still open questions. The Drosophila olfactory projection neurons (PNs) are among the best-characterized neuronal types: Different PN classes target dendrites to distinct olfactory glomeruli and PNs of the same class exhibit indistinguishable anatomical and physiological properties. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we comprehensively characterized the transcriptomes of 40 PN classes and unequivocally identified transcriptomes for 6 classes. We found a new lineage-specific transcription factor that instructs PN dendrite targeting. Transcriptomes of closely-related PN classes exhibit the largest difference during circuit assembly, but become indistinguishable in adults, suggesting that neuronal subtype diversity peaks during development. Genes encoding transcription factors and cell-surface molecules are the most differentially expressed, indicating their central roles in specifying neuronal identity. Finally, we show that PNs use highly redundant combinatorial molecular codes to distinguish subtypes, enabling robust specification of cell identity and circuit assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horns, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Classifying Drosophila Olfactory Projection Neuron Subtypes by Single-cell RNA Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/155440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Worldwide genetic variation of the IGHV and TRBV immune receptor gene families in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/155440v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) and T cell beta variable (TRBV) loci are among the most complex and variable regions in the human genome. Generated through a process of gene duplication/deletion and diversification, these loci can vary extensively between individuals in copy number and contain genes that are highly similar, making their analysis technically challenging. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the functional gene segments in the IGHV and TRBV loci, quantifying their copy number and single nucleotide variation in a globally diverse sample of 109 (IGHV) and 286 (TRBV) humans from over a hundred populations. We find that the IGHV and TRBV gene families exhibit starkly different patterns of variation. In particular, with hundreds of copy number haplotypes (instances that have differences in the number of functional gene segments), the IGHV locus has undergone more frequent gene duplication/deletion compared to the TRBV locus, which has only a few copy number haplotypes. In contrast, the TRBV locus has a greater or at least equal propensity to mutate, as evidenced by greater single nucleotide variation, compared to the IGHV locus. Thus, despite common molecular and functional characteristics, the genes that comprise the IGHV and TRBV loci have evolved in strikingly different ways. As well as providing insight into the different evolutionary paths the IGHV and TRBV loci have taken, our results are also important to the adaptive immune repertoire sequencing community, where the lack of frequencies of common alleles and copy number variants is hampering existing analytical pipelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Worldwide genetic variation of the IGHV and TRBV immune receptor gene families in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/139352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extending Chemical Perturbations Of The Ubiquitin Fitness Landscape In A Classroom Setting 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/139352v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the primary protein sequence of ubiquitin (Ub) is extremely stable over evolutionary time, it is highly tolerant to mutation during selection experiments performed in the laboratory. We have proposed that this discrepancy results from the difference between fitness under laboratory culture conditions and the selective pressures in changing environments over evolutionary time scales. Building on our previous work (Mavor et al 2016), we used deep mutational scanning to determine how twelve new chemicals (3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole, 5-fluorocytosine, Amphotericin B, CaCl2, Cerulenin, Cobalt Acetate, Menadione, Nickel Chloride, p-fluorophenylalanine, Rapamycin, Tamoxifen, and Tunicamycin) reveal novel mutational sensitivities of ubiquitin residues. We found sensitization of Lys63 in eight new conditions. In total, our experiments have uncovered a sensitizing condition for every position in Ub except Ser57 and Gln62. By determining the Ubiquitin fitness landscape under different chemical constraints, our work helps to resolve the inconsistencies between deep mutational scanning experiments and sequence conservation over evolutionary timescales.nnBuilds onMavor D, Barlow KA, Thompson S, Barad BA, Bonny AR, Cario CL, Gaskins G, Liu Z, Deming L, Axen SD, Caceres E, Chen W, Cuesta A, Gate R, Green EM, Hulce KR, Ji W, Kenner LR, Mensa B, Morinishi LS, Moss SM, Mravic M, Muir RK, Niekamp S, Nnadi CI, Palovcak E, Poss EM, Ross TD, Salcedo E, See S, Subramaniam M, Wong AW, Li J, Thorn KS, Conchuir SO, Roscoe BP, Chow ED, DeRisi JL, Kortemme T, Bolon DN, Fraser JS. Determination of Ubiquitin Fitness Landscapes Under Different Chemical Stresses in a Classroom Setting. eLife. 2016.nnImpact StatementWe organized a project-based course that used deep mutational scanning in multiple chemical conditions to resolve the inconsistencies between tolerance to mutations in laboratory conditions and sequence conservation over evolutionary timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mavor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asarnow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenner, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morinishi, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poss, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arhar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ary, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunetti, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chio, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendel, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helsell, C. V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoroshkin, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkemo, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McTigue, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers-Turnbull, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltion, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourmal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reder, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rettko, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohweder, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, D. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/139352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extending Chemical Perturbations Of The Ubiquitin Fitness Landscape In A Classroom Setting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/140418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberration-corrected high-NA open-top selective-plane illumination microscopy for biological imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/140418v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractSelective-plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) provides unparalleled advantages for volumetric imaging of living organisms over extended times. However, the spatial configuration of a SPIM system often limits its compatibility with many widely used biological sample holders such as multi-well chambers and plates. To solve this problem, we developed a high numerical aperture (NA) open-top configuration that places both the excitation and detection objectives on the opposite of the sample coverglass. We carried out a theoretical calculation to analyze the structure of the system-induced aberrations. We then experimentally compensated the system aberrations using adaptive optics combined with static optical components, demonstrating near-diffraction-limited performance in imaging fluorescently labeled cells.nn(C) 2017 Optical Society of AmericannOCIS codes: (080.080) Geometric Optics; (110.0110) Imaging systems; (110.0180) Microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGorty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberration-corrected high-NA open-top selective-plane illumination microscopy for biological imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/131870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topical Silver Diamine Fluoride For Dental Caries Arrest In Preschool Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/131870v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesThe Stopping Cavities Trial investigated effectiveness and safety of 38% silver diamine fluoride in arresting caries lesions.nnMaterials and MethodsDouble-blind randomized placebo-controlled superiority trial with 2 parallel groups. Oregon preschools. 66 preschool children with [&ge;]1 lesion. 38% silver diamine fluoride or placebo (blue-tinted water), applied topically to the lesion. The primary endpoint was caries arrest (lesion inactivity, Nyvad criteria) 14-21 days post intervention. Dental plaque was collected from all children, and microbial composition was assessed by RNA sequencing from 2 lesions and 1 unaffected surface before treatment and at follow-up for 3 children from each group.nnResults and ConclusionMean fraction of arrested caries lesions in the silver diamine fluoride group was higher (0.72; 95% CI; 0.55, 0.84) than in the placebo group (0.05; 95% CI; 0.00, 0.16). Confirmatory analysis using generalized estimating equation log-linear regression, accounting for the number of treated surfaces and length of follow-up, indicated the fraction of arrested caries was significantly higher in the treatment group (relative risk, 17.3; 95% CI: 4.3 to 69.4). No harms were observed. RNA sequencing analysis identified no consistent changes in relative abundance of caries-associated microbes, nor emergence of antibiotic or metal resistance gene expression. Topical 38% silver diamine fluoride was effective and safe in arresting cavities in preschool children. The treatment is applicable to primary care practice and may reduce the burden of untreated tooth decay in the population.nnTrial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02536040.nnClinical SignificanceIn this clinical trial, 72% of caries lesions were arrested by silver diamine fluoride, with no harms. Contrary to the presumed antibacterial mechanism, lesion bacterial composition changed negligibly. This simple topical treatment is applicable to primary care practice and may reduce the burden of untreated tooth decay in the population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milgrom, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horst, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffee, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyalina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancl, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topical Silver Diamine Fluoride For Dental Caries Arrest In Preschool Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/204693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-Activated Cell Identification and Sorting (LACIS): A New Method to Identify and Select Edited Clones on a Microfluidic Device 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/204693v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has revolutionized cell engineering and promises to open new doors in gene and cell therapies. Despite improvements in the CRISPR-editing molecular toolbox in cell lines and primary cells, identifying and purifying properly edited clones remains slow, laborious and low-yield. Here, we establish a new method that uses cell manipulation on a chip with Opto-Electronic Positioning (OEP) technology to enable clonal isolation and selection of edited cells. We focused on editing CXCR4 in primary human T cells, a gene that encodes a co-receptor for HIV entry. T cells hold significant potential for cell-based therapy, but the gene-editing efficiency and expansion potential of these cells is limited. We describe here a method to obviate these limitations. Briefly, after electroporation of cells with CXCR4-targeting Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), single T cells were isolated on a chip, where they proliferated over time into well-resolved colonies. Phenotypic consequences of genome editing could be rapidly assessed on-chip with cell-surface staining for CXCR4. Furthermore, independent of phenotype, individual colonies could be identified based on their specific genotype at the 5-10 cell stage. Each colony was split and sequentially exported for immediate on-target sequencing and validation, and further off-chip clonal expansion of the validated clones. We were able to assess single-clone editing efficiencies, including the rate of monoallelic and biallelic indels or precise nucleotide replacements. This new method will enable identification and selection of perfectly edited clones within 10 days from Cas9-RNP introduction in cells based on the phenotype and/or genotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mocciaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soumillon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavieu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/204693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-Activated Cell Identification and Sorting (LACIS): A New Method to Identify and Select Edited Clones on a Microfluidic Device]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/178269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer connectome in primary human cells reveals target genes of disease-associated DNA elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/178269v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The challenge of linking intergenic mutations to target genes has limited molecular understanding of diverse human diseases. Here, we show H3K27ac HiChIP generates high-resolution contact maps of active enhancers and target genes in rare primary human T cell subtypes and coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Differentiation of naive T cells to either T helper 17 cells or regulatory T cells create subtype-specific enhancer-promoter interactions, specifically at regions of shared DNA accessibility. These data provide a principled means of assigning molecular functions to autoimmune and cardiovascular disease risk variants, linking hundreds of noncoding variants to putative gene targets. Target genes identified with HiChIP are further supported by CRISPR interference and activation at linked enhancers, by the presence of expression quantitative trait loci, and by allele-specific enhancer loops in patient-derived primary cells. The majority of disease-associated enhancers contact genes beyond the nearest gene in the linear genome, leading to a four-fold increase of potential target genes for autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mumbach, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowen, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granja, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazane, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenside, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corces, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suliman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khavari, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quertermous, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/178269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer connectome in primary human cells reveals target genes of disease-associated DNA elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/119131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPulator: A Discrete Simulation Tool For Pooled Genetic Screens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/119131v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid adoption of CRISPR technology has enabled biomedical researchers to conduct CRISPR-based genetic screens in a pooled format. The quality of results from such screens is heavily dependent on optimal screen design, which also affects cost and scalability. We present CRISPulator, a computational tool that simulates the impact of screen parameters on the robustness of screen results, thereby enabling users to build intuition and insights that will inform their experimental strategy. We illustrate its power by deriving non-obvious rules for optimal screen design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/119131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPulator: A Discrete Simulation Tool For Pooled Genetic Screens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/125013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent Protein Labeling By SpyTag-SpyCatcher In Fixed Cells For Super-Resolution Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/125013v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Labeling proteins with high specificity and efficiency is a fundamental prerequisite for microscopic visualization of subcellular protein structures and interactions. While the comparatively small size of epitope tags makes them less perturbative to fusion proteins, they require the use of large antibodies that often limit probe accessibility and effective resolution. Here we use the covalent SpyTag-SpyCatcher system as an epitope-like tag for fluorescent labeling of intracellular proteins in fixed cells for both conventional and super-resolution microscopy. We have also applied this method to endogenous proteins via gene editing, demonstrating its high labeling efficiency and capability for isoform-specific labeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pessino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citron, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent Protein Labeling By SpyTag-SpyCatcher In Fixed Cells For Super-Resolution Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/167874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau Internalization is Regulated by 6-O Sulfation on Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/167874v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The misfolding and accumulation of tau protein into intracellular aggregates known as neurofibrillary tangles is a pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease. However, while tau propagation is a known marker for disease progression, exactly how tau propagates from one cell to another and what mechanisms govern this spread are still unclear. Here, we report that cellular internalization of tau is regulated by quaternary structure and have developed a cellular assay to screen for genetic modulators of tau uptake. Using CRISPRi technology we have tested 3200 genes for their ability to regulate tau entry and identified enzymes in the heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic pathway as key regulators. We show that 6-O-sulfation is critical for tauheparan sulfate interactions and that this modification regulates uptake in human central nervous system cell lines, iPS-derived neurons, and mouse organotypic brain slice culture. Together, these results suggest novel strategies to halt tau transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rauch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorum, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh-Wilson, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosik, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau Internalization is Regulated by 6-O Sulfation on Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/183418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correction of autoimmune IL2RA mutations in primary human T cells using non-viral genome targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/183418v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human T cells are central to physiological immune homeostasis, which protects us from pathogens without collateral autoimmune inflammation. They are also the main effectors in most current cancer immunotherapy strategies1. Several decades of work have aimed to genetically reprogram T cells for therapeutic purposes2-5, but as human T cells are resistant to most standard methods of large DNA insertion these approaches have relied on recombinant viral vectors, which do not target transgenes to specific genomic sites6, 7. In addition, the need for viral vectors has slowed down research and clinical use as their manufacturing and testing is lengthy and expensive. Genome editing brought the promise of specific and efficient insertion of large transgenes into target cells through homology-directed repair (HDR), but to date in human T cells this still requires viral transduction8, 9. Here, we developed a non-viral, CRISPR-Cas9 genome targeting system that permits the rapid and efficient insertion of individual or multiplexed large (>1 kilobase) DNA sequences at specific sites in the genomes of primary human T cells while preserving cell viability and function. We successfully tested the potential therapeutic use of this approach in two settings. First, we corrected a pathogenic IL2RA mutation in primary T cells from multiple family members with monogenic autoimmune disease and demonstrated enhanced signalling function. Second, we replaced the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR) locus with a new TCR redirecting T cells to a cancer antigen. The resulting TCR-engineered T cells specifically recognized the tumour antigen, with concomitant cytokine release and tumour cell killing. Taken together, these studies provide preclinical evidence that non-viral genome targeting will enable rapid and flexible experimental manipulation and therapeutic engineering of primary human immune cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schickel, J.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellerin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmody, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkorta-Aranburu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Gaudio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quadros, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurumurthy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haugwitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupfer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greeley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchetta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meffre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncarolo, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correction of autoimmune IL2RA mutations in primary human T cells using non-viral genome targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/125005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A correlation analysis framework for localization-based super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/125005v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Super-resolution images reconstructed from single-molecule localizations can reveal cellular structures close to the macromolecular scale and are now being used routinely in many biomedical research applications. However, because of their coordinate-based representation, a widely applicable and unified analysis platform that can extract a quantitative description and biophysical parameters from these images is yet to be established. Here, we propose a conceptual framework for correlation analysis of coordinate-based super-resolution images using distance histograms. We demonstrate the application of this concept in multiple scenarios including image alignment, tracking of diffusing molecules, as well as for quantification of colocalization.nnSignificance statementCorrelation analysis is one of the most widely used image processing method. In the quantitative analysis of localization-based super-resolution images, there still lacks a generalized coordinate-based correlation analysis framework to take fully advantage of the super-resolution information. We show a coordinate-based correlation analysis framework for localization-based super-resolution microscopy. This framework is highly general and flexible in that it can be easily extended to model the effect of localization uncertainty, to the time domain and other distance definitions, enabling it to be adapted for a wide range of applications. Our work will greatly benefit the quantitative interpretation of super-resolution images and thus the biological application of super-resolution microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schnitzbauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A correlation analysis framework for localization-based super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/152199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silver microwires from treating tooth decay with silver diamine fluoride 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/152199v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a brush-on treatment for tooth decay that stops 81% of cavitated caries lesions (dental cavities). Before this innovation, caries was treatable only with operative approaches (dental fillings). SDF-treated lesions harden and become resistant to further decay. We hypothesized that the hardening is due to reaction with silver, rather than classic fluoride-mediated remineralization, because infected dentin is not amenable to remineralization. Using synchrotron microCT with 1.3 m resolution, we observe filamentous densities up to 500 m in length and 0.25-7.0 m in diameter, formed in situ by applying SDF to caries lesions. We show that these "microwires" fill voids in the lesion caused by disease, and permeate through surrounding dentinal tubules. Using spectroscopy, we confirm that the chemical composition of the observed microwires is predominantly silver. To our knowledge, this represents the first structural microscale observations resulting from clinical SDF treatment. These novel observations hint at mechanistic explanations for the first clinical method to harden carious dentin besides remineralization. We hypothesize that SDF may not only achieve its antimicrobial functions by biochemical interactions, but also through its inherent ability to integrate into dentin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horst, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frachella, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silver microwires from treating tooth decay with silver diamine fluoride]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/142042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-Resolution Microscopy Reveals That Disruption Of Ciliary Transition Zone Architecture Is A Cause Of Joubert Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/142042v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse human ciliopathies, including nephronophthisis (NPHP), Meckel syndrome (MKS) and Joubert syndrome (JBTS), can be caused by mutations affecting components of the transition zone, a ciliary domain near its base. The transition zone controls the protein composition of the ciliary membrane, but how it does so is unclear. To better understand the transition zone and its connection to ciliopathies, we defined the arrangement of key proteins in the transition zone using two-color stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). This mapping revealed that NPHP and MKS complex components form nested rings comprised of nine-fold doublets. The NPHP complex component RPGRIP1L forms a smaller diameter transition zone ring within the MKS complex rings. JBTS-associated mutations in RPGRIP1L disrupt the architecture of the MKS and NPHP rings, revealing that vertebrate RPGRIP1L has a key role in organizing transition zone architecture. JBTS-associated mutations in TCTN2, encoding an MKS complex component, also displace proteins of the MKS and NPHP complexes from the transition zone, revealing that RPGRIP1L and TCTN2 have interdependent roles in organizing transition zone architecture. To understand how altered transition zone architecture affects developmental signaling, we examined the localization of the Hedgehog pathway component SMO in human fibroblasts derived from JBTS-affected individuals. We found that diverse ciliary proteins, including SMO, accumulate at the transition zone in wild type cells, suggesting that the transition zone is a way station for proteins entering and exiting the cilium. JBTS-associated mutations in RPGRIP1L disrupt SMO accumulation at the transition zone and the ciliary localization of SMO. We propose that the disruption of transition zone architecture in JBTS leads to a failure of SMO to accumulate at the transition zone, disrupting developmental signaling in JBTS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van De Weghe, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGorty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazour, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-Resolution Microscopy Reveals That Disruption Of Ciliary Transition Zone Architecture Is A Cause Of Joubert Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/162081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in cell-free DNA provide information about tumor types and stages 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/162081v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an important mammalian DNA epigenetic modification that has been linked to gene regulation and cancer pathogenesis. Here we explored the diagnostic potential of 5hmC in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) using a sensitive chemical labeling-based low-input shotgun sequencing approach. We sequenced cell-free 5hmC from 49 patients of seven different cancer types and found distinct features that could be used to predict cancer types and stages with high accuracy. Specifically, we discovered that lung cancer leads to a progressive global loss of 5hmC in cfDNA, whereas hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer lead to disease-specific changes in the cell-free hydroxymethylome. Our proof of principle results suggest that cell-free 5hmC signatures may potentially be used not only to identify cancer types but also to track tumor stage in some cancers.nnOne Sentence SummaryAnalyzing the epigenetic modification 5-hydroxymethylcysoine in circulating cell-free DNA reveals tumor tissue of origin and stages for cancer diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, C.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5-Hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in cell-free DNA provide information about tumor types and stages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/195578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atg8 is essential specifically for an autophagy-independent function in apicoplast biogenesis in blood-stage malaria parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/195578v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium parasites and related pathogens contain an essential non-photosynthetic plastid organelle, the apicoplast, derived from secondary endosymbiosis. Intriguingly, a highly conserved eukaryotic protein, autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8), has an autophagy-independent function in the apicoplast. Little is known about the novel apicoplast function of Atg8 and its importance in blood-stage P. falciparum. Using a P. falciparum strain in which Atg8 expression was conditionally regulated, we showed that PfAtg8 is essential for parasite replication. Significantly, growth inhibition caused by the loss of PfAtg8 was reversed by addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which was previously shown to rescue apicoplast defects in P. falciparum. Parasites deficient in PfAtg8, but growth rescued by IPP, had lost their apicoplast. We designed a suite of functional assays, including a new fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method for detection of the low-copy apicoplast genome, to interrogate specific steps in apicoplast biogenesis and detect apicoplast defects which preceded the block in parasite replication. Though protein import and membrane expansion of the apicoplast were unaffected, the apicoplast was not inherited by daughter parasites. Our findings demonstrate that, though multiple autophagy-dependent and independent functions have been proposed for PfAtg8, only its role in apicoplast biogenesis is essential. We propose that PfAtg8 is required for fission or segregation of the apicoplast during parasite replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walczak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niles, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atg8 is essential specifically for an autophagy-independent function in apicoplast biogenesis in blood-stage malaria parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/188615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controller for microfluidic large-scale integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/188615v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microfluidic devices with integrated valves provide precise, programmable fluid handling platforms for high-throughput biological or chemical assays. However, setting up the infrastructure to control such platforms often requires specific engineering expertise or expensive commercial solutions. To address these obstacles, we present a Kit for Arduino-based Transistor Array Actuation (KATARA), an open-source and low-cost Arduino-based controller that can drive 70 solenoid valves to pneumatically actuate integrated microfluidic valves. We include a python package with a GUI to control the KATARA from a personal computer. No programming experience is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controller for microfluidic large-scale integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/114496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microfluidic-based mini-metagenomics enables discovery of novel microbial lineages from complex environmental samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/114496v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomics and single-cell genomics have enabled the discovery of many new genomes from previously unknown branches of life. However, extracting novel genomes from complex mixtures of metagenomic data can still be challenging and in many respects represents an ill-posed problem which is generally approached with ad hoc methods. Here we present a microfluidic-based mini-metagenomic method which offers a statistically rigorous approach to extract novel microbial genomes from complex samples. In addition, by generating 96 sub-samples from each environmental sample, this method maintains high throughput, reduces sample complexity, and preserves single-cell resolution. We used this approach to analyze two hot spring samples from Yellowstone National Park and extracted 29 new genomes larger than 0.5 Mbps. These genomes represent novel lineages at different taxonomic levels, including three deeply branching lineages. Functional analysis revealed that these organisms utilize diverse pathways for energy metabolism. The resolution of this mini-metagenomic method enabled accurate quantification of genome abundance, even for genomes less than 1% in relative abundance. Our analyses also revealed a wide range of genome level single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distributions with nonsynonymous to synonymous ratio indicative of low to moderate environmental selection. The scale, resolution, and statistical power of microfluidic-based mini-metagenomic make it a powerful tool to dissect the genomic structure microbial communities while effectively preserving the fundamental unit of biology, the single cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blainey, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microfluidic-based mini-metagenomics enables discovery of novel microbial lineages from complex environmental samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/203331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptional dynamics of flavivirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/203331v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue and Zika viral infections affect millions of people annually and can be complicated by hemorrhage or neurological manifestations, respectively. However, a thorough understanding of the host response to these viruses is lacking, partly because conventional approaches ignore heterogeneity in virus abundance across cells. We present viscRNA-Seq (virus-inclusive single cell RNA-Seq), an approach to probe the host transcriptome together with intracellular viral RNA at the single cell level. We applied viscRNA-Seq to monitor dengue and Zika virus infection in cultured cells and discovered extreme heterogeneity in virus abundance. We exploited this variation to identify host factors that show complex dynamics and a high degree of specificity for either virus, including proteins involved in the endoplasmic reticulum translocon, signal peptide processing, and membrane trafficking. We validated the viscRNA-Seq hits and discovered novel proviral and antiviral factors. viscRNA-Seq is a powerful approach to assess the genome-wide virus-host dynamics at single cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekerman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/203331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptional dynamics of flavivirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/184135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Resolution Dissection of Conducive Reprogramming Trajectory to Ground State Pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/184135v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc (abbreviated as OSKM)1 has provoked interest to define the molecular characteristics of this process2-7. Despite important progress, the dynamics of epigenetic reprogramming at high resolution in correctly reprogrammed iPSCs and throughout the entire process remain largely undefined. This gap in understanding results from the inefficiency of conventional reprogramming methods coupled with the difficulty of prospectively isolating the rare cells that eventually correctly reprogram into iPSCs. Here we characterize cell fate conversion from fibroblast to iPSC using a highly efficient deterministic murine reprogramming system engineered through optimized inhibition of Gatad2a-Mbd3/NuRD repressive sub-complex. This comprehensive characterization provides single-day resolution of dynamic changes in levels of gene expression, chromatin modifications, TF binding, DNA accessibility and DNA methylation. The integrative analysis identified two transcriptional modules that dominate successful reprogramming. One consists of genes whose transcription is regulated by on/off epigenetic switching of modifications in their promoters (abbreviated as ESPGs), and the second consists of genes with promoters in a constitutively active chromatin state, but a dynamic expression pattern (abbreviated as CAPGs). ESPGs are mainly regulated by OSK, rather than Myc, and are enriched for cell fate determinants and pluripotency factors. CAPGs are predominantly regulated by Myc, and are enriched for cell biosynthetic regulatory functions. We used the ESPG module to study the identity and temporal occurrence of activating and repressing epigenetic switching during reprogramming. Removal of repressive chromatin modifications precedes chromatin opening and binding of RNA polymerase II at enhancers and promoters, and the opposite dynamics occur during repression of enhancers and promoters. Genome wide DNA methylation analysis demonstrated that de novo DNA methylation is not required for highly efficient conducive iPSC reprogramming, and identified a group of super-enhancers targeted by OSK, whose early demethylation marks commitment to a successful reprogramming trajectory also in inefficient conventional reprogramming systems. CAPGs are distinctively regulated by multiple synergystic ways: 1) Myc activity, delivered either endogenously or exogenously, dominates CAPG expression changes and is indispensable for induction of pluripotency in somatic cells; 2) A change in tRNA codon usage which is specific to CAPGs, but not ESPGs, and favors their translation. In summary, our unbiased high-resolution mapping of epigenetic changes on somatic cells that are committed to undergo successful reprogramming reveals interleaved epigenetic and biosynthetic reconfigurations that rapidly commission and propel conducive reprogramming toward naive pluripotency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zviran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rais, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenrostro, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupalnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hezroni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaitin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larastiaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheban, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayerl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massarwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Resolution Dissection of Conducive Reprogramming Trajectory to Ground State Pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/121202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Cell Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/121202v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to complete the 150-year-old effort to identify all cell types in the human body, by undertaking a Human Cell Atlas Project as an international collaborative effort. The aim would be to define all human cell types in terms of distinctive molecular profiles (e.g., gene expression) and connect this information with classical cellular descriptions (e.g., location and morphology). A comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues would propel the systematic study of physiological states, developmental trajectories, regulatory circuitry and interactions of cells, as well as provide a framework for understanding cellular dysregulation in human disease. Here we describe the idea, its potential utility, early proofs-of-concept, and some design considerations for the Human Cell Atlas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lander, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenmiller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carninci, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clatworthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clevers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deplancke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberwine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eils, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enard, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fugger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haniffa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klenerman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhlanga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponting, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reik, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumacher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/121202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Cell Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/202002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of massive parallel reporter assay enables functional regulatory elements prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/202002v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciphering the potential of non-coding loci to influence gene regulation has been the subject of intense research, with important implications in understanding genetic underpinnings of human diseases. Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) can measure regulatory activity of thousands of DNA-sequences and their variants in a single experiment. With increasing number of publically available MPRA datasets, one can now develop data-driven models which, given a DNA-sequence, predict its regulatory activity. Here, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of several MPRA datasets in a variety of cellular contexts. We first applied an ensemble of methods to predict MPRA output in each context and observed that the most predictive features are consistent across datasets. We then demonstrate that predictive models trained in one cellular context can be used to predict MPRA output in another, with loss of accuracy attributed to cell-type specific features. Finally, we show that our approach achieves top performance in the Fifth Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation "Regulation Saturation" Challenge for predicting effects of single nucleotide variants. Overall, our analysis provides insights into how MPRA data can be leveraged to highlight functional regulatory regions throughout the genome and can guide effective design of future experiments by better prioritizing regions of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of massive parallel reporter assay enables functional regulatory elements prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/212910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Noninvasive Molecular Clock for Fetal Development Predicts Gestational Age and Preterm Delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/212910v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We performed a high time-resolution, longitudinal study of normal pregnancy development by measuring cell-free RNA (cfRNA) in blood from women during each week of pregnancy. Analysis of tissue-specific transcripts in these samples enabled us to follow fetal and placental development with high resolution and sensitivity, and also to detect gene-specific responses of the maternal immune system to pregnancy. We established a "clock" for normal pregnancy development and enabled a direct molecular approach to determine expected delivery dates with comparable accuracy to ultrasound, creating the basis for a portable, inexpensive fetal dating method. We also identified a related gene set that accurately discriminated women at risk for spontaneous preterm delivery up to two months in advance of labor, forming the basis of a potential screening test for risk of preterm delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moufarrej, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, M.-L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camunas-Soler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibshirani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skotte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggio, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elovitz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melbye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Noninvasive Molecular Clock for Fetal Development Predicts Gestational Age and Preterm Delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/210955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics of bacteria in the gut microbiome within and across hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/210955v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbiota are shaped by a combination of ecological and evolutionary forces. While the ecological dynamics have been extensively studied, much less is known about how species of gut bacteria evolve over time. Here we introduce a model-based framework for quantifying evolutionary dynamics within and across hosts using a panel of metagenomic samples. We use this approach to study evolution in [~]30 prevalent species in the human gut. Although the patterns of between-host diversity are consistent with quasi-sexual evolution and purifying selection on long timescales, we identify new genealogical signatures that challenge standard population genetic models of these processes. Within hosts, we find that genetic differences that accumulate over [~]6 month timescales are only rarely attributable to replacement by distantly related strains. Instead, the resident strains more commonly acquire a smaller number of putative evolutionary changes, in which nucleotide variants or gene gains or losses rapidly sweep to high frequency. By comparing these mutations with the typical between-host differences, we find evidence that some sweeps are seeded by recombination, in addition to new mutations. However, comparisons of adult twins suggest that replacement eventually overwhelms evolution over multi-decade timescales, hinting at fundamental limits to the extent of local adaptation. Together, our results suggest that gut bacteria can evolve on human-relevant timescales, and they highlight the connections between these short-term evolutionary dynamics and longer-term evolution across hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garud, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallatschek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics of bacteria in the gut microbiome within and across hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/213561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomics for chronic meningitis: clarifying interpretation and diagnosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/213561v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceIdentifying infectious causes of subacute and chronic meningitis can be challenging. Enhanced, unbiased diagnostic approaches are needed.nnObjectiveTo present a case series of patients with diagnostically challenging subacute and chronic meningitis in whom metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), supported by a statistical framework generated from mNGS sequencing of non-infectious patients and environmental controls, identified a pathogen.nnDesignCase series. Using mNGS data from the CSF of 94 non-infectious neuroinflammatory cases and 24 water and reagent controls, we developed and implemented a weighted scoring metric based on z-scores at the species and genus level for both nucleotide and protein databases to prioritize and rank mNGS results. We performed mNGS on total RNA extracted from CSF of patients with subacute or chronic meningitis and highlight seven cases representing a diverse array of pathogens.nnSettingA multi-center study of mNGS pathogen discovery in patients with suspected neuroinflammatory conditions.nnParticipantsPatients with diagnostically challenging subacute or chronic meningitis enrolled in a research study of mNGS performed on CSF.nnInterventionmNGS was performed on total RNA extracted from CSF (0.25-0.5 mL). A weighted z-score was used to filter out environmental contaminants and facilitate efficient data triage and analysis.nnMain Outcomes1) Pathogens identified by mNGS and 2) ability of a statistical model to prioritize, rank, and simplify mNGS results.nnResultsmNGS identified parasitic worms, fungi and viruses in seven subjects: Taenia solium (n=2), Cryptococcus neoformans, human immunodeficiency virus-1, Aspergillus oryzae, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Candida dubliniensis. Evaluating mNGS data with a weighted z-score based scoring algorithm effectively separated bona fide pathogen sequences from spurious environmental sequences.nnConclusions and RelevancemNGS of CSF identified a diversity of microbial pathogens in patients with diagnostically challenging subacute or chronic meningitis, including a case of subarachnoid neurocysticercosis that defied diagnosis for one year, the first case of CNS vasculitis caused by Aspergillus oryzae, and the fourth reported case of Candida dubliniensis meningitis. Filtering metagenomic data with a scoring algorithm greatly clarified data interpretation and highlights the difficulties attributing biological significance to organisms that may be present in control samples used for metagenomic sequencing studies.nnKey PointsQuestion: How can metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid be leveraged to aid in the diagnosis of patients with subacute or chronic meningitis?nnFindings: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing identified parasitic worms, fungi and viruses in a case series of seven subjects. A database of water-only and healthy patient controls enabled application of a z-score based scoring algorithm to effectively separate bona fide pathogen sequences from spurious environmental sequences.nnMeaning: Our scoring algorithm greatly simplified data interpretation in a series of patients with a wide range of challenging infectious causes of subacute or chronic meningitis identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfand, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sample, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betjemann, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richie, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajj-Ali, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson-Cahn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanbhag, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brew, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldatos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strnad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doernberg, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josephson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/213561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomics for chronic meningitis: clarifying interpretation and diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/218164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-phage islands force their target phage to directly mediate island excision and spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/218164v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To defend against their adversaries, bacteria and phage engage in cycles of adaptation and counter-adaptation that shape their mutual evolution1-3. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, is antagonized by phages in the environment as well as in human hosts4,5. The lytic phage ICP1 has been recovered from cholera patient stool and water samples over at least 12 years in Bangladesh6-8 and is consequently considered a persistent predator of epidemic V. cholerae in this region. In previous work, we demonstrated that mobile genetic elements called phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements (PLEs) protect V. cholerae from ICP1 infection7,9. PLEs initiate their anti-phage response by excising from the chromosome, however, the mechanism and molecular specificity underlying this response are not known. Here, we show that PLE 1 encodes a large serine recombinase, Int, that exploits an ICP1-specific protein, PexA, as a recombination directionality factor (RDF) to sense and excise in response to ICP1 infection. We validate the functionality and specificity of this unique recombination system, in which the recombinase and RDF are encoded in separate genomes. Additionally, we show that PexA is also hijacked to trigger excision in PLEs found in V. cholerae isolates recovered decades ago. Our results uncover an aspect of the molecular specificity underlying the longstanding conflict between a single predatory phage and V. cholerae PLE and contribute to our understanding of the molecular arms race that drives long-term evolution between combatting phage and their bacterial hosts in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/218164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-phage islands force their target phage to directly mediate island excision and spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/221689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flex ddG: Rosetta ensemble-based estimation of changes in protein-protein binding affinity upon mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/221689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computationally modeling changes in binding free energies upon mutation (interface {Delta}{Delta}G) allows large-scale prediction and perturbation of protein-protein interactions. Additionally, methods that consider and sample relevant conformational plasticity should be able to achieve higher prediction accuracy over methods that do not. To test this hypothesis, we developed a method within the Rosetta macromolecular modeling suite (flex ddG) that samples conformational diversity using "backrub" to generate an ensemble of models, then applying torsion minimization, side chain repacking and averaging across this ensemble to estimate interface {Delta}{Delta}G values. We tested our method on a curated benchmark set of 1240 mutants, and found the method outperformed existing methods that sampled conformational space to a lesser degree. We observed considerable improvements with flex ddG over existing methods on the subset of small side chain to large side chain mutations, as well as for multiple simultaneous non-alanine mutations, stabilizing mutations, and mutations in antibody-antigen interfaces. Finally, we applied a generalized additive model (GAM) approach to the Rosetta energy function; the resulting non-linear reweighting model improved agreement with experimentally determined interface DDG values, but also highlights the necessity of future energy function improvements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barlow, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Conchuir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flex ddG: Rosetta ensemble-based estimation of changes in protein-protein binding affinity upon mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/220954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide-field dynamic monitoring of immune cell trafficking in murine models of glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/220954v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leukocyte populations, especially tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), are capable of mediating both anti- and pro-tumor processes and play significant roles in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, TAMs have been shown to exert substantial influence on the efficacy of various cancer immunotherapy treatment strategies. Laboratory investigation into the behavior of TAMs has been limited by a lack of methods capable of resolving the in vivo distribution and dynamics of this cell population across wide fields of view. Recent studies have employed magnetic resonance imaging and intravital microscopy in conjunction with nanoparticle labeling methods to detect TAMs and observe their responses to therapeutic agents. Here we describe a novel method to enable high-resolution, wide-field, longitudinal imaging of leukocytes based on contrast-enhanced Speckle-Modulating Optical Coherence Tomography (SM-OCT), which substantially reduces imaging noise. We were able to specifically label TAMs and activated microglia in vivo with large gold nanorod contrast agents (LGNRs) in an orthotopic murine glioblastoma model. After labeling, we demonstrated near real-time tracking of leukocyte migration and distribution within the tumors. The intrinsic resolution, imaging depth, and sensitivity of this method may facilitate detailed studies of the fundamental behaviors of TAMs in vivo, including their intratumoral distribution heterogeneity and the roles they play in modulating cancer proliferation. In future studies, the method described herein may also provide the necessary means to characterize TAM responses to immunotherapeutic regimens in a range of solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SoRelle, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yecies, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liba, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graef, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheshier, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Zerda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide-field dynamic monitoring of immune cell trafficking in murine models of glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/217968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymerase pausing induced by sequence-specific RNA binding protein drives heterochromatin assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/217968v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Packaging of pericentromeric DNA into heterochromatin is crucial for genome stability, development and health, yet its endogenous triggers remain poorly understood1. A defining feature of pericentromeric heterochromatin is histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me)2-4. In S. pombe, transcripts derived from the pericentromeric dg and dh repeat during S phase5-7 promote heterochromatin formation through two pathways: an RNAi-dependent mechanism involving recruitment of the Clr4 H3K9 methyltransferase complex (CLR-C) via the RITS complex8-13, and RNAi-independent mechanism involving an RNAPII-associated RNA-binding protein Seb1, the repressor complex SHREC, and RNA processing activities14-19. We show here that Seb1 promotes long-lived RNAPII pausing. Pause sites associated with sequence-specific Seb1 RNA binding events are significantly enriched in pericentromeric repeat regions and their presence correlates with the heterochromatin-triggering activities of the corresponding dg and dh DNA fragments. Remarkably, globally increasing RNAPII stalling by other means induces the formation of novel large ectopic heterochromatin domains. Such ectopic heterochromatin occurs even in cells lacking functional RITS, demonstrating that RNAPII pausing can be sufficient to trigger de novo heterochromatin independently of RNAi. These results uncover Seb1-mediated polymerase stalling as a new signal for nucleating heterochromatin assembly in repetitive DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parsa, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudoukha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/217968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymerase pausing induced by sequence-specific RNA binding protein drives heterochromatin assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/222257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B reveals mechanism of memory-enhancing molecule 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/222257v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation by the integrated stress response (ISR) converges on the phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2 in response to a variety of stresses. Phosphorylation converts eIF2 from substrate to competitive inhibitor of its dedicated guanine nucleotide exchange factor, eIF2B, inhibiting translation. ISRIB, a drug-like eIF2B activator, reverses the effects of eIF2 phosphorylation and, remarkably, in rodents enhances cognition and corrects cognitive deficits after brain injury. To determine its mechanism of action, we solved an atomic-resolution structure of ISRIB bound in a deep cleft within decameric human eIF2B by electron cryo-microscopy. Structural and biochemical analyses revealed that formation of fully active, decameric eIF2B holoenzyme depended on the assembly of two identical tetrameric subcomplexes, and that ISRIB promoted this step by cross-bridging a central symmetry interface. Regulation of eIF2B assembly emerges as a rheostat for eIF2B activity that tunes translation during the ISR and that can be further modulated by ISRIB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsai, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Vedam, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaishankar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renslo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B reveals mechanism of memory-enhancing molecule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/224170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spliceosome profiling visualizes the operations of a dynamic RNP in vivo at nucleotide resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/224170v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tools to understand how the spliceosome functions in vivo have lagged behind advances in its structural biology. We describe methods to globally profile spliceosome-bound precursor, intermediates and products at nucleotide resolution. We apply these tools to three divergent yeast species that span 600 million years of evolution. The sensitivity of the approach enables detection of novel cases of non-canonical catalysis including interrupted, recursive and nested splicing. Employing statistical modeling to understand the quantitative relationships between RNA features and the data, we uncover independent roles for intron size, position and number in substrate progression through the two catalytic stages. These include species-specific inputs suggestive of spliceosome-transcriptome coevolution. Further investigations reveal ATP-dependent discard of numerous endogenous substrates at both the precursor and lariat-intermediate stages and connect discard to intron retention, a form of splicing regulation. Spliceosome profiling is a quantitative, generalizable global technology to investigate an RNP central to eukaryotic gene expression.nnHighlightsO_LIMeasurement of spliceosome-bound precursor and intermediate in three speciesnC_LIO_LINon-canonical splicing events revealednC_LIO_LIStatistical modeling uncovers substrate features that predict catalytic efficiencynC_LIO_LIDiscard of suboptimal substrates occurs in vivo and predicts intron-retained mRNAsnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longhurst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkurjev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales-Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moresco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhani, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/224170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spliceosome profiling visualizes the operations of a dynamic RNP in vivo at nucleotide resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/227660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based detection and analysis of introgressed Neanderthal ancestry in modern humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/227660v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic evidence has revealed that the ancestors of modern human populations outside of Africa and their hominin sister groups, notably the Neanderthals, exchanged genetic material in the past. The distribution of these introgressed sequence-tracts along modern-day human genomes provides insight into the ancient structure and migration patterns of these archaic populations. Furthermore, it facilitates studying the selective processes that lead to the accumulation or depletion of introgressed genetic variation. Recent studies have developed methods to localize these introgressed regions, reporting long regions that are depleted of Neanderthal introgression and enriched in genes, suggesting negative selection against the Neanderthal variants. On the other hand, enriched Neanderthal ancestry in hair- and skin-related genes suggests that some introgressed variants facilitated adaptation to new environments. Here, we present a model-based method called diCal-admix and apply it to detect tracts of Neanderthal introgression in modern humans. We demonstrate its efficiency and accuracy through extensive simulations. We use our method to detect introgressed regions in modern human individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project, using a high coverage genome from a Neanderthal individual from the Altai mountains as reference. Our introgression detection results and findings concerning their functional implications are largely concordant with previous studies, and are consistent with weak selection against Neanderthal ancestry. We find some evidence that selection against Neanderthal ancestry was due to higher genetic load in Neanderthals, resulting from small effective population size, rather than Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities. Finally, we investigate the role of the X-chromosome in the divergence between Neanderthals and modern humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinrücken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieczorek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based detection and analysis of introgressed Neanderthal ancestry in modern humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/222307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic architecture drives seasonal onset of hibernation in the 13-lined ground squirrel 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/222307v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hibernation is a highly dynamic phenotype whose timing, for many mammals, is controlled by a circannual clock and accompanied by rhythms in body mass and food intake. When housed in an animal facility, 13-lined ground squirrels exhibit individual variation in the seasonal onset of hibernation, which is not explained by environmental or biological factors, such as body mass and sex. We hypothesized that underlying genetic architecture instead drives variation in this timing. After first increasing the contiguity of the genome assembly, we therefore employed a genotype-by-sequencing approach to characterize genetic variation in 153 13-lined ground squirrels. Combining this with datalogger records, we estimated high heritability (61-100%) for the seasonal onset of hibernation. After applying a genome-wide scan with 46,996 variants, we also identified 21 loci significantly associated with hibernation immergence, which alone accounted for 54% of the variance in the phenotype. The most significant marker (SNP 15, p=3.81x10-6) was located near prolactin-releasing hormone receptor (PRLHR), a gene that regulates food intake and energy homeostasis. Other significant loci were located near genes functionally related to hibernation physiology, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2), involved in the control of heart rate, exocyst complex component 4 (EXOC4) and prohormone convertase 2 (PCSK2), both of which are involved in insulin signaling and processing. Finally, we applied an expression quantitative loci (eQTL) analysis using existing transcriptome datasets, and we identified significant (q<0.1) associations for 9/21 variants. Our results highlight the power of applying a genetic mapping strategy to hibernation and present new insight into the genetics driving its seasonal onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grabek, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epperson, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spees, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merriman, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic architecture drives seasonal onset of hibernation in the 13-lined ground squirrel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/228122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial organization and dynamics of RNase E and ribosomes in Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/228122v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the dynamic spatial organization of Caulobacter crescentus RNase E (RNA degradosome) and ribosomal protein L1 (ribosome) using 3D single particle tracking and super-resolution microscopy. RNase E formed clusters along the central axis of the cell, while weak clusters of ribosomal protein L1 were deployed throughout the cytoplasm. These results contrast with RNase E and ribosome distribution in E. coli, where RNase E co-localizes with the cytoplasmic membrane and ribosomes accumulate in polar nucleoid-free zones. For both RNase E and ribosomes in Caulobacter, we observed a decrease in confinement and clustering upon transcription inhibition and subsequent depletion of nascent RNA, suggesting that RNA substrate availability for processing, degradation, and translation facilitates confinement and clustering. Moreover, RNase E cluster positions correlate with the subcellular location of chromosomal loci of two highly transcribed ribosomal RNA genes, suggesting that RNase Es function in ribosomal RNA processing occurs at the site of rRNA synthesis. Thus, components of the RNA degradosome and ribosome assembly are spatiotemporally organized in Caulobacter, with chromosomal readout serving as the template for this organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrader, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/228122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial organization and dynamics of RNase E and ribosomes in Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/228338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined aptamer and transcriptome sequencing of single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/228338v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transcriptome and proteome encode distinct information that is important for characterizing heterogeneous biological systems. We demonstrate a method to simultaneously characterize the transcriptomes and proteomes of single cells at high throughput using aptamer probes and droplet-based single cell sequencing. With our method, we differentiate distinct cell types based on aptamer surface binding and gene expression patterns. Aptamers provide advantages over antibodies for single cell protein characterization, including rapid, in vitro, and high-purity generation via SELEX, and the ability to amplify and detect them with PCR and sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delley, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarhan, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/228338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined aptamer and transcriptome sequencing of single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/231266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix-corrected mass spectrometry enables sensitive detection of food allergens and reveals widespread soy contamination of processed foods 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/231266v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The frequent use of precautionary food allergen labeling statements such as "may contain" poses challenges to allergic individuals who rely on such labeling to determine whether a food is safe to consume. We developed a multiplexed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay targeting 14 common allergens in order to survey how frequently these precautionary statements indicate allergen contamination and to assess whether variations in precautionary phrasing affect the likelihood of allergen contamination. A survey of 84 foods revealed how scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transition interference derived from complex and heterogeneous sample matrices hinders sensitive analyte detection. As a solution, we developed MAtrix-Dependent Interference Correction (MADIC), an approach to sensitively detect trace peptide quantities through interference identification and stringent peptide quality control criteria. Applying this method, we find frequent contamination of soy in breads and corn flour, and observe additional instances of food contamination with tree nuts, wheat, milk, and egg. In some of these cases, the food had no precautionary labeling for the offending allergen. We also find that only 10% of warning labels are indicative of contamination, and that products with "same facility" precautionary labeling are not necessarily less likely to contain trace amounts of allergens than products labeled "may contain."
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Croote, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braslavsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/231266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix-corrected mass spectrometry enables sensitive detection of food allergens and reveals widespread soy contamination of processed foods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/090837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and quantitative analysis of the major determinants of translation elongation rate variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/090837v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies have shown that translation elongation is regulated by multiple factors, but the observed heterogeneity remains only partially explained. To dissect quantitatively the different determinants of elongation speed, we use probabilistic modeling to estimate initiation and local elongation rates from ribosome profiling data. This model-based approach allows us to quantify the extent of interference between ribosomes on the same transcript. We show that neither interference nor the distribution of slow codons is sufficient to explain the observed heterogeneity. Instead, we find that electrostatic interactions between the ribosomal exit tunnel and specific parts of the nascent polypeptide govern the elongation rate variation as the polypeptide makes its initial pass through the tunnel. Once the N-terminus has escaped the tunnel, the hydropathy of the nascent polypeptide within the ribosome plays a major role in modulating the speed. We show that our results are consistent with the biophysical properties of the tunnel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and quantitative analysis of the major determinants of translation elongation rate variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/229245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-way clustering of multi-tissue multi-individual gene expression data using constrained tensor decomposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/229245v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of next generation sequencing methods has led to an increasing availability of large, multi-tissue datasets which contain gene expression measurements across different tissues and individuals. In this setting, variation in expression levels arises due to contributions specific to genes, tissues, individuals, and interactions thereof. Classical clustering methods are illsuited to explore these three-way interactions, and struggle to fully extract the insights into transcriptome complexity and regulation contained in the data. Thus, to exploit the multi-mode structure of the data, new methods are required. To this end, we propose a new method, called MultiCluster, based on constrained tensor decomposition which permits the investigation of transcriptome variation across individuals and tissues simultaneously. Through simulation and application to the GTEx RNA-seq data, we show that our tensor decomposition identifies three-way clusters with higher accuracy, while being 11x faster, than the competing Bayesian method. For several age-, race-, or gender-related genes, the tensor projection approach achieves increased significance over single-tissue analysis by two orders of magnitude. Our analysis finds gene modules consistent with existing knowledge while further detecting novel candidate genes exhibiting either tissue-, individual-, or tissue-by-individual specificity. These identified genes and gene modules offer bases for future study, and the uncovered multi-way specificities provide a finer, more nuanced snapshot of transcriptome variation than previously possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-way clustering of multi-tissue multi-individual gene expression data using constrained tensor decomposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/233908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry of the sample frequency spectrum and the perils of demographic inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/233908v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sample frequency spectrum (SFS), which describes the distribution of mutant alleles in a sample of DNA sequences, is a widely used summary statistic in population genetics. The expected SFS has a strong dependence on the historical population demography and this property is exploited by popular statistical methods to infer complex demographic histories from DNA sequence data. Most, if not all, of these inference methods exhibit pathological behavior, however. Specifically, they often display runaway behavior in optimization, where the inferred population sizes and epoch durations can degenerate to 0 or diverge to infinity, and show undesirable sensitivity of the inferred demography to perturbations in the data. The goal of this paper is to provide theoretical insights into why such problems arise. To this end, we characterize the geometry of the expected SFS for piecewise-constant demographic histories and use our results to show that the aforementioned pathological behavior of popular inference methods is intrinsic to the geometry of the expected SFS. We provide explicit descriptions and visualizations for a toy model with sample size 4, and generalize our intuition to arbitrary sample sizes n using tools from convex and algebraic geometry. We also develop a universal characterization result which shows that the expected SFS of a sample of size n under an arbitrary population history can be recapitulated by a piecewise-constant demography with only{kappa} n epochs, where{kappa} n is between n/2 and 2n - 1. The set of expected SFS for piecewise-constant demographies with fewer than{kappa} n epochs is open and non-convex, which causes the above phenomena for inference from data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry of the sample frequency spectrum and the perils of demographic inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/237446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic characterization of 20 organs and tissues from mouse at single cell resolution creates a Tabula Muris 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/237446v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Tabula Muris ConsortiumWe have created a compendium of single cell transcriptome data from the model organism Mus musculus comprising more than 100,000 cells from 20 organs and tissues. These data represent a new resource for cell biology, revealing gene expression in poorly characterized cell populations and allowing for direct and controlled comparison of gene expression in cell types shared between tissues, such as T-lymphocytes and endothelial cells from distinct anatomical locations. Two distinct technical approaches were used for most tissues: one approach, microfluidic droplet-based 3-end counting, enabled the survey of thousands of cells at relatively low coverage, while the other, FACS-based full length transcript analysis, enabled characterization of cell types with high sensitivity and coverage. The cumulative data provide the foundation for an atlas of transcriptomic cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The Tabula Muris Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/237446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic characterization of 20 organs and tissues from mouse at single cell resolution creates a Tabula Muris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/220293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phospho-signal flow from a pole-localized microdomain spatially patterns transcription factor activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/220293v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective recruitment and concentration of signaling proteins within membrane-less compartments is a ubiquitous mechanism for subcellular organization. However, little is known about how such dynamic recruitment patterns intracellular signaling and cellular development. Here, we combined transcriptional profiling, reaction-diffusion modeling, and single-molecule tracking to study signal exchange in and out of a microdomain at the cell pole of the asymmetrically dividing bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Our study revealed that the microdomain is selectively permeable, and that each protein in the signaling pathway that activates the cell fate transcription factor CtrA is sequestered and uniformly concentrated within the microdomain or its proximal membrane. Restricted rates of entry into and escape from the microdomain enhance phospho-signaling, leading to a sublinear gradient of CtrA~P along the long axis of the cell. The spatial patterning of CtrA~P creates a gradient of transcriptional activation that serves to prime asymmetric development of the two daughter cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lasker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Diezmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/220293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phospho-signal flow from a pole-localized microdomain spatially patterns transcription factor activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/239350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upper Limit for Angular Compounding Speckle Reduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/239350v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies of angular compounding for speckle reduction in optical coherence tomography may not have fully accounted for optical aberrations, which produce unintended spatial averaging and concomitant loss of spatial resolution. We accounted for such aberrations by aligning our system and measuring distortions in the images, and found that speckle reduction by angular compounding was limited. Our theoretical analysis using Monte Carlo simulations indicates that "pure" angular compounding over 13{degrees} (our full numerical aperture) can improve the signal-to-noise ratio by no more than a factor of 1.5, significantly lower than values reported in literature. Analysis suggests that illuminating only part of the lens to further reduce speckle also involves a trade-off with resolution roughly equivalent to spatial averaging. We conclude that angular compounding provides substantially less benefit than previously expected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winetraub, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Zerda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/239350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upper Limit for Angular Compounding Speckle Reduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/243345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Pre-Existing Adaptive Immunity to Cas9 Proteins in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/243345v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CRISPR-Cas9 system has proven to be a powerful tool for genome editing, allowing for the precise modification of specific DNA sequences within a cell. Many efforts are currently underway to use the CRISPR-Cas9 system for the therapeutic correction of human genetic diseases. The most widely used homologs of the Cas9 protein are derived from the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes). Based on the fact that these two bacterial species cause infections in the human population at high frequencies, we looked for the presence of pre-existing adaptive immune responses to their respective Cas9 homologs, SaCas9 (S. aureus homolog of Cas9) and SpCas9 (S. pyogenes homolog of Cas9). To determine the presence of anti-Cas9 antibodies, we probed for the two homologs using human serum and were able to detect antibodies against both, with 79% of donors staining against SaCas9 and 65% of donors staining against SpCas9. Upon investigating the presence of antigen-specific T-cells against the two homologs in human peripheral blood, we found anti-SaCas9 T-cells in 46% of donors. Upon isolating, expanding, and conducting antigen re-stimulation experiments on several of these donors anti-SaCas9 T-cells, we observed an SaCas9-specific response confirming that these T-cells were antigen-specific. We were unable to detect antigen-specific T-cells against SpCas9, although the sensitivity of the assay precludes us from concluding that such T-cells do not exist. Together, this data demonstrates that there are pre-existing humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immune responses to Cas9 in humans, a factor which must be taken into account as the CRISPR-Cas9 system moves forward into clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charlesworth, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dever, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejene, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Ospina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavel-Dinu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteus, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/243345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Pre-Existing Adaptive Immunity to Cas9 Proteins in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/244020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real time genetic compensation operationally defines the dynamic demands of feedback control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/244020v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological signaling networks use feedback control to dynamically adjust their operation in real time. Traditional static genetic methods such as gene knockouts or rescue experiments often can identify the existence of feedback interactions, yet are unable to determine what feedback dynamics are required. Here, we implement a new strategy, closed loop optogenetic compensation (CLOC), to address this problem. Using a custom-built hardware and software infrastructure, CLOC monitors in real time the output of a pathway deleted for a feedback regulator. A minimal model uses these measurements to calculate and deliver--on the fly--an optogenetically-enabled transcriptional input designed to compensate for the effects of the feedback deletion. Application of CLOC to the yeast pheromone response pathway revealed surprisingly distinct dynamic requirements for three well-studied feedback regulators. CLOC, a marriage of control theory and traditional genetics, presents a broadly applicable methodology for defining the dynamic function of biological feedback regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrigan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/244020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real time genetic compensation operationally defines the dynamic demands of feedback control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/250373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Size-dependent segregation controls macrophage phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/250373v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages protect the body from damage and disease by targeting antibody-opsonized cells for phagocytosis. Though antibodies can be raised against antigens with diverse structures, shapes, and sizes, it is unclear why some are more effective at triggering antibody-dependent phagocytosis than others. Here we quantitatively define an antigen height threshold that regulates phagocytosis of both engineered and cancer-specific antigens by macrophages. Using a reconstituted model of antibody-opsonized target cells, we find that phagocytosis is dramatically impaired for antigens that position antibodies >10 nm from the target surface. Increasing antigen height allows for co-localization of Fc receptors and the inhibitory phosphatase CD45 at the cell-cell interface, which reduces Fc receptor phosphorylation, and inhibits phagocytosis. Our work shows that close contact between macrophage and target cell is a requirement for efficient phagocytosis, suggesting that therapeutic antibodies should target short antigens in order to trigger Fc receptor activation through size-dependent physical segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakalar, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podolski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/250373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Size-dependent segregation controls macrophage phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/252080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution wide-field human brain tumor margin detection and in vivo murine neuroimaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/252080v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current in vivo neuroimaging techniques provide limited field of view or spatial resolution and often require exogenous contrast. These limitations prohibit detailed structural imaging across wide fields of view and hinder intraoperative tumor margin detection. Here we present a novel neuroimaging technique, speckle-modulating optical coherence tomography (SM-OCT), which allows us to image the brains of live mice and ex vivo human samples with unprecedented resolution and wide field of view using only endogenous contrast. The increased effective resolution provided by speckle elimination reveals white matter fascicles and cortical layer architecture in the brains of live mice. To our knowledge, the data reported herein represents the highest resolution imaging of murine white matter structure achieved in vivo across a wide field of view of several millimeters. When applied to an orthotopic murine glioblastoma xenograft model, SM-OCT readily identifies brain tumor margins with near single-cell resolution. SM-OCT of ex vivo human temporal lobe tissue reveals fine structures including cortical layers and myelinated axons. Finally, when applied to an ex vivo sample of a low-grade glioma resection margin, SM-OCT is able to resolve the brain tumor margin. Based on these findings, SM-OCT represents a novel approach for intraoperative tumor margin detection and in vivo neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yecies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liba, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SoRelle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Zerda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/252080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution wide-field human brain tumor margin detection and in vivo murine neuroimaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/248419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complexity-Aware Simple Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/248419v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical models continue to be essential for deepening our understanding of biology. On one extreme, simple or small-scale models help delineate general biological principles. However, the parsimony of detail in these models as well as their assumption of modularity and insulation make them inaccurate for describing quantitative features. On the other extreme, large-scale and detailed models can quantitatively recapitulate a phenotype of interest, but have to rely on many unknown parameters, making them often difficult to parse mechanistically and to use for extracting general principles. We discuss some examples of a new approach -- complexity-aware simple modeling -- that can bridge the gap between the small- and large-scale approaches.nnHighlightsO_LISimple or small-scale models allow deduction of fundamental principles of biological systemsnC_LIO_LIDetailed or large-scale models can be quantitatively accurate but difficult to analyzenC_LIO_LIComplexity-aware simple models can extract principles that are robust to the presence of unknown complex interactionsnC_LInnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/248419_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (28K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cc6c8borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ea1eb3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@185a0b4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f9c6b9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical abstractnnC_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Schiavon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/248419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complexity-Aware Simple Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/258814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling polypharmacy side effects with graph convolutional networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/258814v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivation: The use of drug combinations, termed polypharmacy, is common to treat patients with complex diseases or co-existing conditions. However, a major consequence of polypharmacy is a much higher risk of adverse side effects for the patient. Polypharmacy side effects emerge because of drug-drug interactions, in which activity of one drug may change, favorably or unfavorably, if taken with another drug. The knowledge of drug interactions is often limited because these complex relationships are rare, and are usually not observed in relatively small clinical testing. Discovering polypharmacy side effects thus remains an important challenge with significant implications for patient mortality and morbidity.nnResults: Here, we present Decagon, an approach for modeling polypharmacy side effects. The approach constructs a multimodal graph of protein-protein interactions, drug-protein target interactions, and the polypharmacy side effects, which are represented as drug-drug interactions, where each side effect is an edge of a different type. Decagon is developed specifically to handle such multimodal graphs with a large number of edge types. Our approach develops a new graph convolutional neural network for multirelational link prediction in multimodal networks. Unlike approaches limited to predicting simple drug-drug interaction values, Decagon can predict the exact side effect, if any, through which a given drug combination manifests clinically. Decagon accurately predicts polypharmacy side effects, outperforming baselines by up to 69%. We find that it automatically learns representations of side effects indicative of co-occurrence of polypharmacy in patients. Furthermore, Decagon models particularly well polypharmacy side effects that have a strong molecular basis, while on predominantly non-molecular side effects, it achieves good performance because of effective sharing of model parameters across edge types. Decagon opens up opportunities to use large pharmacogenomic and patient population data to flag and prioritize polypharmacy side effects for follow-up analysis via formal pharmacological studies.nnAvailability: Source code and preprocessed datasets are at: http://snap.stanford.edu/decagon.nnContact: jure@cs.stanford.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zitnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling polypharmacy side effects with graph convolutional networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/258863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides Decreases with Increased Cell Membrane Crossing Free Energy Cost 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/258863v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising alternative to mitigating bacterial infections in light of increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. However, predicting, understanding, and controlling the antibacterial activity of AMPs remains a significant challenge. While peptide intramolecular interactions are known to modulate AMP antimi-crobial activity, peptide intermolecular interactions remain elusive in their impact on peptide bioactivity. Herein, we test the relationship between AMP intermolecular interactions and antibacterial efficacy by controlling AMP intermolecular hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations and Gibbs free energy calculations in concert with experimental assays show that increasing intermolecular interactions via inter-peptide aggregation increases the energy cost for the peptide to cross the bacterial cell membrane, which in turn decreases the AMP antibacterial activity. Our findings provide a route for predicting and controlling the antibacterial activity of AMPs against Gramnegative bacteria via reductions of intermolecular AMP interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides Decreases with Increased Cell Membrane Crossing Free Energy Cost]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/256313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel dissection of human accelerated regions in human and chimpanzee neural progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/256313v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using machine learning (ML), we interrogated the function of all human-chimpanzee variants in 2,645 Human Accelerated Regions (HARs), some of the fastest evolving regions of the human genome. We predicted that 43% of HARs have variants with large opposing effects on chromatin state and 14% on neurodevelopmental enhancer activity. This pattern, consistent with compensatory evolution, was confirmed using massively parallel reporter assays in human and chimpanzee neural progenitor cells. The species-specific enhancer activity of assayed HARs was accurately predicted from the presence and absence of transcription factor footprints in each species. Despite these striking cis effects, activity of a given HAR sequence was nearly identical in human and chimpanzee cells. These findings suggest that HARs did not evolve to compensate for changes in the trans environment but instead altered their ability to bind factors present in both species. Thus, ML prioritized variants with functional effects on human neurodevelopment and revealed an unexpected reason why HARs may have evolved so rapidly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kircher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samee, M. A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keough, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/256313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel dissection of human accelerated regions in human and chimpanzee neural progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/253450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiome transition across a lifestyle gradient in Himalaya 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/253450v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The composition of the gut microbiome in industrialized populations differs from those living traditional lifestyles. However, it has been difficult to separate the contributions of human genetic and geographic factors from lifestyle/modernization. Here, we characterize the stool bacterial composition of four Himalayan populations to investigate how the gut community changes in response to shifts in human lifestyles. These groups led seminomadic hunting-gathering lifestyles until transitioning to varying dependence upon farming. The Tharu began farming 250-300 years ago, the Raute and Raji transitioned 30-40 years ago, and the Chepang retain many aspects of a foraging lifestyle. We assess the contributions of dietary and environmental factors on their gut microbiota and find that the gut microbiome composition is significantly associated with lifestyle. The Chepang foragers harbor elevated abundance of taxa associated with foragers around the world. Conversely, the gut microbiomes of populations that have transitioned to farming are more similar to those of Americans, with agricultural dependence and several associated lifestyle and environmental factors correlating with the extent of microbiome divergence from the foraging population. For example, our results show that drinking water source and solid cooking fuel are significantly associated with the gut microbiome. Despite the pronounced differences in gut bacterial composition across populations, we found little differences in alpha diversity across populations. These findings in genetically similar populations living in the same geographical region establish the key role of lifestyle in determining human gut microbiome composition and point to the next challenging steps of isolating dietary effects from other factors that change during modernization.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=193 SRC="FIGDIR/small/253450_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (108K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@68f595org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d33792org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e56314org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cbbba2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jha, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandukar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherchand, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/253450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiome transition across a lifestyle gradient in Himalaya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/260208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation of conformational dynamics across prokaryotic actins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/260208v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin family of cytoskeletal proteins is essential to the physiology of virtually all archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. While X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy have revealed structural homologies among actin-family proteins, these techniques cannot probe molecular-scale conformational dynamics. Here, we use all-atom molecular dynamic simulations to reveal conserved dynamical behaviors in four prokaryotic actin homologs: MreB, FtsA, ParM, and crenactin. We demonstrate that the majority of the conformational dynamics of prokaryotic actins can be explained by treating the four subdomains as rigid bodies. MreB, ParM, and FtsA monomers exhibited nucleotide-dependent dihedral and opening angles, while crenactin monomer dynamics were nucleotide-independent. We further determine that the opening angle of ParM is sensitive to a specific interaction between subdomains. Steered molecular dynamics simulations of MreB, FtsA, and crenactin dimers revealed that changes in subunit dihedral angle lead to intersubunit bending or twist, suggesting a conserved mechanism for regulating filament structure. Taken together, our results provide molecular-scale insights into the nucleotide and polymerization dependencies of the structure of prokaryotic actins, suggesting mechanisms for how these structural features are linked to their diverse functions.nnSignificance StatementSimulations are a critical tool for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying biological form and function. Here, we use molecular-dynamics simulations to identify common and specific dynamical behaviors in four prokaryotic homologs of actin, a cytoskeletal protein that plays important roles in cellular structure and division in eukaryotes. Dihedral angles and opening angles in monomers of bacterial MreB, FtsA, and ParM were all sensitive to whether the subunit was bound to ATP or ADP, unlike in the archaeal homolog crenactin. In simulations of MreB, FtsA, and crenactin dimers, changes in subunit dihedral angle led to bending or twisting in filaments of these proteins, suggesting a mechanism for regulating the properties of large filaments. Taken together, our simulations set the stage for understanding and exploiting structure- function relationships of bacterial cytoskeletons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colavin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/260208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation of conformational dynamics across prokaryotic actins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/252163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection-free, high frequency genome editing by homologous recombination of human pluripotent stem cells using Cas9 RNP and AAV6 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/252163v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combination of genome editing and human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offers a platform for in vitro disease modeling, drug discovery and personalized stem cell therapeutics. However, incorporation of large modifications using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in hPSCs typically requires the use of selection markers due to low editing efficiencies. Here we report a novel editing technology in hPSCs using Cas9 protein complexed with chemically modified single guide RNA (sgRNA) and recombinant AAV6 (rAAV6) vectors for donor delivery without marker selection. With these components, we demonstrate targeted integration of a 2.2 kb DNA expression cassette in hPSCs at frequencies up to 94% and 67% at the HBB and MYD88 loci, respectively. We used this protocol to correct the homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD) mutation in an iPSC line derived from a SCD patient with a frequency of 63%. This Cas9/AAV6 system allows for both the integration of large gene cassettes and the creation of single nucleotide changes in hPSCs at high frequencies, eliminating the need for multiple editing steps and marker selection, thus increasing the potential of editing human pluripotent cells for both research and translational applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cromer, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dever, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lausten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobsen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiebking, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastiano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakauchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteus, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/252163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection-free, high frequency genome editing by homologous recombination of human pluripotent stem cells using Cas9 RNP and AAV6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/108910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A first-in-class inhibitor of parasite FtsH disrupts plastid biogenesis in human pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/108910v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and related apicomplexan pathogens contain an essential plastid organelle, the apicoplast, which is a key anti-parasitic target. Derived from secondary endosymbiosis, the apicoplast depends on novel, but largely cryptic, mechanisms for protein/lipid import and organelle inheritance during parasite replication. These critical biogenesis pathways present untapped opportunities to discover new parasite-specific drug targets. We used an innovative screen to identify actinonin as having a novel mechanism-of-action inhibiting apicoplast biogenesis. Resistant mutation, chemical-genetic interaction, and biochemical inhibition demonstrate that the unexpected target of actinonin in P. falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii is FtsH1, a homolog of a bacterial membrane AAA+ metalloprotease. Pf FtsH1 is the first novel factor required for apicoplast biogenesis identified in a phenotypic screen. Our findings demonstrate that FtsH1 is a novel and, importantly, druggable antimalarial target. Development of FtsH1 inhibitors will have significant advantages with improved drug kinetics and multistage efficacy against multiple human parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amberg-Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niles, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A first-in-class inhibitor of parasite FtsH disrupts plastid biogenesis in human pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/134338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Specific Non-Bisphosphonate Inhibitor Of The Bifunctional Farnesyl/Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase In Malaria Parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/134338v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential for Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) parasites and contains multiple validated antimalarial drug targets, including a bifunctional farnesyl and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS). We identified MMV019313 as an inhibitor of PfFPPS/GGPPS. Though PfFPPS/GGPPS is also inhibited by a class of bisphosphonate drugs, MMV019313 has significant advantages for antimalarial drug development. MMV019313 has superior physicochemical properties compared to charged bisphosphonates that have poor bioavailability and strong bone affinity. We also show that it is highly selective for PfFPPS/GGPPS and showed no activity against human FPPS or GGPPS. Inhibition of PfFPPS/GGPPS by MMV019313, but not bisphosphonates, was disrupted in an S228T variant, demonstrating that MMV019313 and bisphosphonates have distinct modes-of-inhibition against PfFPPS/GGPPS. Altogether MMV019313 is the first specific, non-bisphosphonate inhibitor of PfFPPS/GGPPS. Our findings uncover a new small molecule binding site in this important antimalarial drug target and provide a promising starting point for development of Plasmodium-specific FPPS/GGPPS inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gisselberg, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Specific Non-Bisphosphonate Inhibitor Of The Bifunctional Farnesyl/Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase In Malaria Parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/229286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell size regulation through tunable geometric localization of the bacterial actin cytoskeleton 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/229286v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the rod-shaped bacterium Escherichia coli, the actin-like protein MreB localizes in a curvature-dependent manner and spatially coordinates cell-wall insertion to maintain cell shape across changing environments, although the molecular mechanism by which cell width is regulated remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the bitopic membrane protein RodZ regulates the biophysical properties of MreB and alters the spatial organization of E. coli cell-wall growth. The relative expression levels of MreB and RodZ changed in a manner commensurate with variations in growth rate and cell width. We carried out single-cell analyses to determine that RodZ systematically alters the curvature-based localization of MreB and cell width in a manner dependent on the concentration of RodZ. Finally, we identified MreB mutants that we predict using molecular dynamics simulations to alter the bending properties of MreB filaments at the molecular scale similar to RodZ binding, and showed that these mutants rescued rod-like shape in the absence of RodZ alone or in combination with wild-type MreB. Together, our results show that E. coli controls its shape and dimensions by differentially regulating RodZ and MreB to alter the patterning of cell-wall insertion, highlighting the rich regulatory landscape of cytoskeletal molecular biophysics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colavin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell size regulation through tunable geometric localization of the bacterial actin cytoskeleton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/148692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NuMA Targets Dynein to Microtubule Minus-Ends at Mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/148692v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To build the spindle at mitosis, motors exert spatially regulated forces on microtubules. We know that dynein pulls on mammalian spindle microtubule minus-ends, and this localized activity at ends is predicted to allow dynein to cluster microtubules into poles. How dynein becomes enriched at minus-ends is not known. Here, we use quantitative imaging and laser ablation to show that NuMA targets dynactin to minus-ends, localizing dynein activity there. NuMA is recruited to new minus-ends independently of dynein and more quickly than dynactin, and both NuMA and dynactin display specific, steady-state binding at minus-ends. NuMA localization to minus-ends requires a C-terminal region outside NuMAs canonical microtubule binding domain, and it is independent of direct minus-end binders {gamma}-TuRC, CAMSAP1, and KANSL1/3. Both NuMAs minus-end-binding and dynein-dynactin-binding modules are required to rescue focused, bipolar spindle organization. Thus, NuMA may serve as a mitosis-specific minus-end cargo adaptor, targeting dynein activity to minus-ends to cluster spindle microtubules into poles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hueschen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NuMA Targets Dynein to Microtubule Minus-Ends at Mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/168518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remodeling of ER-exit sites initiates a membrane supply pathway forautophagosome biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/168518v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles generated during autophagy. Biogenesis of the autophagosome requires membrane acquisition from intracellular compartments, the mechanisms of which are unclear. We previously found that a relocation of COPII machinery to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) generates ERGIC-derived COPII vesicles which serve as a membrane precursor for the lipidation of LC3, a key membrane component of the autophagosome. Here we employed super-resolution microscopy to show that starvation induces the enlargement of ER-exit sites (ERES) positive for the COPII activator, SEC12, and the remodeled ERES patches along the ERGIC. A SEC12 binding protein, CTAGE5, is required for the enlargement of ERES, SEC12 relocation to the ERGIC, and modulates autophagosome biogenesis. Moreover, FIP200, a subunit of the ULK protein kinase complex, facilitates the starvation-induced enlargement of ERES independent of the other subunits of this complex and associates via its C-terminal domain with SEC12. Our data indicate a pathway wherein FIP200 and CTAGE5 facilitate starvation-induced remodeling of the ERES, a prerequisite for the production of COPII vesicles budded from the ERGIC that contribute to autophagosome formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marthur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remodeling of ER-exit sites initiates a membrane supply pathway forautophagosome biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/280495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Tag: an Efficient DNA Tagging System in Living Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/280495v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Main textA lack of efficient tools to image non-repetitive genes in living cells has limited our ability to explore the functional impact of spatiotemporal dynamics of genes. Here, we addressed this issue by developing the CRISPR-Tag system as a new DNA tagging strategy to label protein-coding genes with high signal-to-noise ratio under wild-field fluorescence microscopy by using 1 to 4 highly active sgRNAs. The CRISPR-Tag, with minimal size of [~] 250 bp, represents an easily and broadly applicable technique to study spatiotemporal organization of genomic elements in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/280495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Tag: an Efficient DNA Tagging System in Living Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/265967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proteome of the malaria plastid organelle, a key anti-parasitic target 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/265967v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) and related apicomplexan pathogens contain a non-photosynthetic plastid called the apicoplast. Derived from an unusual secondary eukaryote-eukaryote endosymbiosis, the apicoplast is a fascinating organelle whose function and biogenesis rely on a complex amalgamation of bacterial and algal pathways. Because these pathways are distinct from the human host, the apicoplast is an excellent source of novel antimalarial targets. Despite its biomedical importance and evolutionary significance, the absence of a reliable apicoplast proteome has limited most studies to the handful of pathways identified by homology to bacteria or primary chloroplasts, precluding our ability to study the most novel apicoplast pathways. Here we combine proximity biotinylation-based proteomics (BioID) and a new machine learning algorithm to generate a high-confidence apicoplast proteome consisting of 346 proteins. Critically, the high accuracy of this proteome significantly outperforms previous prediction-based methods and extends beyond other BioID studies of unique parasite compartments. Half of identified proteins have unknown function, and 77% are predicted to be important for normal blood-stage growth. We validate the apicoplast localization of a subset of novel proteins and show that an ATP-binding cassette protein ABCF1 is essential for blood-stage survival and plays a previously unknown role in apicoplast biogenesis. These findings indicate critical organellar functions for newly discovered apicoplast proteins. The apicoplast proteome will be an important resource for elucidating unique pathways derived from secondary endosymbiosis and prioritizing antimalarial drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boucher, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/265967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proteome of the malaria plastid organelle, a key anti-parasitic target]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/258103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-fast cellular contractions in the epithelium of T. adhaerens and the "active cohesion" hypothesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/258103v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By definition of multi-cellularity, all animals need to keep their cells attached and intact, despite internal and external forces. Cohesion between epithelial cells provides this key feature. In order to better understand fundamental limits of this cohesion, we study the epithelium mechanics of an ultra-thin (~25 um) primitive marine animal Trichoplax adhaerens, composed essentially of two flat epithelial layers. With no known extra-cellular-matrix and no nerves or muscles, T. adhaerens was claimed the "simplest known living animal", yet is still capable of coordinated locomotion and behavior. Here we report the discovery of the fastest epithelial cellular contractions to date to be found in T. adhaerens dorsal epithelium (50% shrinkage of apical cell area within one second, at least an order of magnitude faster than known examples). Live imaging reveals emergent contractile patterns that are mostly sporadic single-cell events, but also include propagating contraction waves across the tissue. We show that cell contraction speed can be explained by current models of non-muscle actin-myosin bundles without load, while the tissue architecture and unique mechanical properties are softening the tissue, minimizing the load on a contracting cell. We propose a hypothesis, in which the physiological role of the contraction dynamics is to avoid tissue rupture ("active cohesion"), a novel concept that can be further applied to engineering of active materials.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe report the fastest epithelial cell contractions known to date, show they fit the kinematics arising from current cytoskeletal models, and suggest the extreme tissue dynamics is a means to actively avoid rupture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Diaz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-fast cellular contractions in the epithelium of T. adhaerens and the "active cohesion" hypothesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/267211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Likelihood-Free Inference Framework for Population Genetic Data using Exchangeable Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/267211v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An explosion of high-throughput DNA sequencing in the past decade has led to a surge of interest in population-scale inference with whole-genome data. Recent work in population genetics has centered on designing inference methods for relatively simple model classes, and few scalable general-purpose inference techniques exist for more realistic, complex models. To achieve this, two inferential challenges need to be addressed: (1) population data are exchangeable, calling for methods that efficiently exploit the symmetries of the data, and (2) computing likelihoods is intractable as it requires integrating over a set of correlated, extremely high-dimensional latent variables. These challenges are traditionally tackled by likelihood-free methods that use scientific simulators to generate datasets and reduce them to hand-designed, permutation-invariant summary statistics, often leading to inaccurate inference. In this work, we develop an exchangeable neural network that performs summary statistic-free, likelihood-free inference. Our frame-work can be applied in a black-box fashion across a variety of simulation-based tasks, both within and outside biology. We demonstrate the power of our approach on the recombination hotspot testing problem, outperforming the state-of-the-art.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/267211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Likelihood-Free Inference Framework for Population Genetic Data using Exchangeable Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/272245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Most regulatory interactions are not in linkage disequilibrium 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/272245v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and genomic proximity are commonly used to map non-coding variants to genes, despite increasing examples of causal variants outside the LD block of the gene they regulate. We compared chromatin contacts in 22 cell types to LD across billions of pairs of loci in the human genome and found no concordance, even at genomic distances below 25 kilobases where both tend to be high. Gene expression and ontology data suggest that chromatin contacts identify regulatory variants more reliably than do LD and genomic proximity. We conclude that the genomic architectures of genetic and physical interactions are independent, with important implications for gene regulatory evolution and precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whalen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/272245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Most regulatory interactions are not in linkage disequilibrium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/273359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Numerical Aperture Epi-illumination Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/273359v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective-plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) provides unparalleled advantages for long-term volumetric imaging of living organisms. In order to achieve high-resolution imaging in common biological sample holders, we designed a high numerical aperture (NA) epi-illumination SPIM (eSPIM) system, which utilizes a single objective and has an identical sample interface as an inverted fluorescence microscope with no additional reflection elements. This system has an effective detection NA of > 1.06. We demonstrated multicolor and fast volumetric imaging of live cells and single-molecule super-resolution microscopy using our system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuurman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/273359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Numerical Aperture Epi-illumination Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/278556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robotic automation of droplet microfluidics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/278556v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Droplet microfluidics enables new reactions, assays, and analytic capabilities, but often requires complex workflows involving numerous steps of macro- and micro-fluidic processing. We demonstrate robotically-automated droplet microfluidics, an approach to automate workflows with commercial fluid-handling robots. These workflows can be performed without human intervention, increasing reliability and convenience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/278556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robotic automation of droplet microfluidics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/301341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vms1p is a release factor for the Ribosome-associated Quality control Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/301341v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells employ the Ribosome-associated Quality control Complex (RQC) to maintain homeostasis despite defects that cause ribosomes to stall. The RQC comprises the E3 ubiquitin ligase Ltn1p, the ATPase Cdc48p, and the novel proteins Rqc1p and Rqc2p1-3. Following recognition and subunit splitting of stalled ribosomes, the RQC detects and assembles on 60S subunits that hold incomplete polypeptides linked to a tRNA (60S:peptidyl-tRNA)4-8. Ltn1p cooperates with Rqc1p to facilitate ubiquitination of the incomplete nascent chain, marking it for degradation7,9,10. Rqc2p stabilizes Ltn1p on the 60S3-5,8 and recruits charged tRNAs to the 60S to catalyze elongation of the nascent protein with Carboxy-terminal Alanine and Threonine extensions, or CAT tails, via a mechanism that is distinct from canonical translation4,10. CAT-tailing mobilizes and exposes lysine residues in the nascent chain, especially those stalled within the exit tunnel, thereby supporting efficient ubiquitination10,11. If the ubiquitin-proteasome system is overwhelmed or unavailable, CAT-tailed nascent chains aggregate in the cytosol or within organelles like the mitochondria12-14. Here we identify Vms1p as the tRNA hydrolase that releases nascent polypeptides for extraction and degradation in the RQC pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rendon, O. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredrickson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vranken, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolley, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuna, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vms1p is a release factor for the Ribosome-associated Quality control Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/299446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taking sharper pictures of malaria with CAMERAs: Combined Antibodies to Measure Exposure Recency Assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/299446v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies directed against malaria parasites are easy and inexpensive to measure but remain an underutilized surveillance tool due to a lack of consensus on what to measure and how to interpret results. High throughput screening of antibodies from well-characterized cohorts offers a means to substantially improve existing assays by rationally choosing the most informative sets of responses and analytical methods. Recent data suggest that high-resolution data on malaria exposure can be obtained from a small number of samples by measuring a handful of properly chosen antibody responses. In this review, we will discuss how standardized multi-antibody assays can be developed and efficiently integrated into existing surveillance activities, with great potential to greatly augment the breadth and quality of information available to direct and monitor malaria control and elimination efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Barraquer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drakeley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/299446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taking sharper pictures of malaria with CAMERAs: Combined Antibodies to Measure Exposure Recency Assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/293738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell cycle-controlled clearance of the CcrM DNA methyltransferase by Lon is dependent on DNA-facilitated proteolysis and substrate polar sequestration 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/293738v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-adenine methylation catalyzed by the DNA methyltransferase CcrM is an essential epigenetic event of the Caulobacter cell cycle. Limiting CcrM to a specific time period during the cell cycle relies on temporal control of ccrM transcription and CcrM proteolysis. We investigated how Lon, a protease from AAA+ superfamily conserved from bacteria to humans, temporally degrades CcrM to maintain differential chromosomal methylation state, thereby regulating transcription factor synthesis and enabling cell cycle progression. We demonstrate that CcrM degradation by Lon requires DNA as an adaptor for robust proteolysis. Lon, a DNA-bound protein, is constitutively active throughout the cell cycle, but allows CcrM mediated DNA methylation only when CcrM is transcribed and translated upon completion of DNA replication. An additional mechanism to limit CcrM activity to a narrow window of the cell cycle is its sequestration to the pole of the progeny stalked cell, which prevents physical contact with DNA-bound Lon. Thus, we have provided evidence for a novel mechanism for substrate selection by the Lon protease, providing robust cell cycle control mediated by DNA methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/293738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell cycle-controlled clearance of the CcrM DNA methyltransferase by Lon is dependent on DNA-facilitated proteolysis and substrate polar sequestration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/292037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Inference for a Generative Model of Transcriptome Profiles from Single-cell RNA Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/292037v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome profiles of individual cells reflect true and often unexplored biological diversity, but are also affected by noise of biological and technical nature. This raises the need to explicitly model the resulting uncertainty and take it into account in any downstream analysis, such as dimensionality reduction, clustering, and differential expression. Here, we introduce Single-cell Variational Inference (scVI), a scalable framework for probabilistic representation and analysis of gene expression in single cells. Our model uses variational inference, stochastic optimization and deep neural networks to approximate the parameters that govern the distribution of expression values of each gene in every cell, using a non-linear mapping between the observations and a low-dimensional latent space.nnBy doing so, scVI pools information between similar cells or genes while taking nuisance factors of variation such as batch effects and limited sensitivity into account. To evaluate scVI, we conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis to existing methods for distributional modeling and dimensionality reduction, all of which rely on generalized linear models. We first show that scVI scales to over one million cells, whereas competing algorithms can process at most tens of thousands of cells. Next, we show that scVI fits unseen data more closely and can impute missing data more accurately, both indicative of a better generalization capacity. We then utilize scVI to conduct a set of fundamental analysis tasks - including batch correction, visualization, clustering and differential expression - and demonstrate its accuracy in comparison to the state-of-the-art tools in each task. scVI is publicly available, and can be readily used as a principled and inclusive solution for multiple tasks of single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Inference for a Generative Model of Transcriptome Profiles from Single-cell RNA Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/291864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pulmonary Metagenomic Sequencing Suggests Missed Infections in Immunocompromised Children 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/291864v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALEDespite improved diagnostics, pulmonary pathogens in immunocompromised children frequently evade detection, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.nnOBJECTIVESTo develop a highly sensitive metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) assay capable of evaluating the pulmonary microbiome and identifying diverse pathogens in the lungs of immunocompromised children.nnMETHODSWe collected 41 lower respiratory specimens from 34 immunocompromised children undergoing evaluation for pulmonary disease at 3 childrens hospitals from 2014-2016. Samples underwent mechanical homogenization, paired RNA/DNA extraction, and metagenomic sequencing. Sequencing reads were aligned to the NCBI nucleotide reference database to determine taxonomic identities. Statistical outliers were determined based on abundance within each sample and relative to other samples in the cohort.nnMEASUREMENTS & MAIN RESULTSWe identified a rich cross-domain pulmonary microbiome containing bacteria, fungi, RNA viruses, and DNA viruses in each patient. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were ubiquitous among samples but could be distinguished as possible causes of disease by parsing for outlier organisms. Samples with bacterial outliers had significantly depressed alpha-diversity (median 0.58, IQR 0.33-0.62 vs. median 0.94, IQR 0.93-0.95, p<0.001). Potential pathogens were detected in half of samples previously negative by clinical diagnostics, demonstrating increased sensitivity for missed pulmonary pathogens (p<0.001).nnCONCLUSIONSAn optimized mNGS assay for pulmonary microbes demonstrates significant inoculation of the lower airways of immunocompromised children with diverse bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Potential pathogens can be identified based on absolute and relative abundance. Ongoing investigation is needed to determine the pathogenic significance of outlier microbes in the lungs of immunocompromised children with pulmonary disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zinter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayday, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwanaga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarry, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faricy, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hume, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanik, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pulmonary Metagenomic Sequencing Suggests Missed Infections in Immunocompromised Children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/291195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing the Acyl Carrier Protein-Enzyme Interactions within Terminal Alkyne Biosynthetic Machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/291195v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The alkyne functionality has attracted much interest due to its diverse chemical and biological applications. We recently elucidated an acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent alkyne biosynthetic pathway, however, little is known about ACP interactions with the alkyne biosynthetic enzymes, an acyl-ACP ligase (JamA) and a membrane-bound bi-functional desaturase/acetylenase (JamB). Here, we showed that JamB has a more stringent interaction with ACP than JamA. In addition, site directed mutagenesis of a non-cognate ACP significantly improved its compatibility with JamB, suggesting a possible electrostatic interaction at the ACP-JamB interface. Finally, error-prone PCR and screening of a second non-cognate ACP identified hot spots on the ACP that are important for interacting with JamB and yielded mutants which were better recognized by JamB. Our data thus not only provide insights into the ACP interactions in alkyne biosynthesis, but it also potentially aids in future combinatorial biosynthesis of alkyne-tagged metabolites for chemical and biological applications.nnTopical HeadingBiomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, Biochemicals, Biofuels, and Food
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing the Acyl Carrier Protein-Enzyme Interactions within Terminal Alkyne Biosynthetic Machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/290122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetrically Positioned Flagellar Control Units Regulate Human Sperm Rotation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/290122v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of sperm to fertilize an egg is controlled by ion channels, one of which is the pH-dependent calcium channel of sperm CatSper. For CatSper to be fully activated, the cytoplasmic pH must be alkaline, which is accomplished by either proton transporters, or a faster mechanism, such as the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1. To ensure effective regulation, these channels and regulatory proteins must be tightly compartmentalized. Here, we characterize human sperm nanodomains that are comprised of Hv1, CatSper and regulatory protein ABHD2. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that Hv1 forms asymmetrically positioned bilaterally distributed longitudinal lines that span the entire length of the sperm tail. Such a distribution provides a direct structural basis for the selective activation of CatSper, and subsequent flagellar rotation along the long axis that, together with hyperactivated motility, enhances sperm fertility. Indeed, Hv1 inhibition leads to a decrease in sperm rotation. Thus, sperm ion channels are organized in distinct regulatory nanodomains that control hyperactivated motility and rotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannowetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lishko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetrically Positioned Flagellar Control Units Regulate Human Sperm Rotation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/288290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-Cost Touchscreen Driven Programmable Dual Syringe Pump for Life Science Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/288290v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Syringe pumps are powerful tools able to automate routine laboratory practices that otherwise consume large amounts of manual labor time. Commercially available syringe pumps are expensive, difficult to customize, and often preset for a narrow range of operations. Here, we show how to build a programmable dual syringe pump (PDSP) that overcomes these limitations. The PDSP is driven by a Raspberry Pi paired with a stepper motor controller to allow maximal customization via Python scripting. The entire setup can be controlled by a touchscreen for use without a keyboard or mouse. Furthermore, the PDSP is structured around 3D printed parts, enabling users to change any component for their specific application. We demonstrate one application of the PDSP by using it to generate whole cell lysates using a cell homogenizer in an automated fashion.nnSpecifications tablennO_TBL View this table:norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17fdadorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10f7536org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d854c6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a5d4bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@31ad8b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/288290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-Cost Touchscreen Driven Programmable Dual Syringe Pump for Life Science Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/287268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficiently inferring the demographic history of many populations with allele count data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/287268v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sample frequency spectrum (SFS), or histogram of allele counts, is an important summary statistic in evolutionary biology, and is often used to infer the history of population size changes, migrations, and other demographic events affecting a set of populations. The expected multipopulation SFS under a given demographic model can be efficiently computed when the populations in the model are related by a tree, scaling to hundreds of populations. Admixture, back-migration, and introgression are common natural processes that violate the assumption of a tree-like population history, however, and until now the expected SFS could be computed for only a handful of populations when the demographic history is not a tree. In this article, we present a new method for efficiently computing the expected SFS and linear functionals of it, for demographies described by general directed acyclic graphs. This method can scale to more populations than previously possible for complex demographic histories including admixture. We apply our method to an 8-population SFS to estimate the timing and strength of a proposed "basal Eurasian" admixture event in human history. We implement and release our method in a new open-source software package momi2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamm, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terhorst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/287268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficiently inferring the demographic history of many populations with allele count data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/285205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin features constrain structural variation across evolutionary timescales 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/285205v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The potential impact of structural variants includes not only the duplication or deletion of coding sequences, but also the perturbation of non-coding DNA regulatory elements and structural chromatin features, including topological domains (TADs). Structural variants disrupting TAD boundaries have been implicated both in cancer and developmental disease; this likely occurs via  enhancer hijacking, whereby removal of the TAD boundary exposes enhancers to new target transcription start sites (TSSs). With this functional role, we hypothesized that boundaries would display evidence for negative selection. Here we demonstrate that the chromatin landscape constrains structural variation both within healthy humans and across primate evolution. In contrast, in patients with developmental delay, variants occur remarkably uniformly across genomic features, suggesting a potentially broad role for enhancer hijacking in human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fudenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin features constrain structural variation across evolutionary timescales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/284992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Avian keratin disorder of Alaska black-capped chickadees is associated with Poecivirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/284992v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAvian keratin disorder (AKD) is an epizootic of debilitating beak deformities, first documented in black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in Alaska during the late 1990s. Similar deformities have now been recorded in dozens of species of birds across multiple continents. Despite this, the etiology of AKD has remained elusive, making it difficult to assess the impacts of this disease on wild populations. We previously identified an association between infection with a novel picornavirus, Poecivirus, and AKD in a small cohort of black-capped chickadees.nnMethodsTo test if the association between Poecivirus and AKD holds in a lager study population, we used targeted PCR followed by Sanger sequencing to screen 124 symptomatic and asymptomatic black-capped chickadees for Poecivirus infection. We further compared the efficacy of multiple non-terminal field sampling methods (buccal swabs, cloacal swabs, fecal samples, and blood samples) for Poecivirus screening. Finally, we used both in situ hybridization and a strand-specific expression assay to localize Poecivirus to beak tissue of AKD-positive individuals and to determine if virus is actively replicating in beak tissue.nnResultsPoecivirus was detected in 29/29 (100%) individuals with AKD, but only 9/95 (9.5%) asymptomatic individuals with apparently normal beaks (p < 0.0001). We found that cloacal swabs are the most sensitive of these sample types for detecting Poecivirus in birds with AKD, but that buccal swabs should be combined with cloacal swabs in evaluating the infection status of asymptomatic birds. Finally, we used both in situ hybridization and a strand-specific expression assay to localize Poecivirus to beak tissue of AKD-positive individuals and to provide evidence of active viral replication.nnConclusionThe data presented here show a strong, statistically significant relationship between Poecivirus infection and AKD, and provide evidence that Poecivirus is indeed an avian virus, infecting and actively replicating in beak tissue of AKD-affected BCCH. Taken together, these data corroborate and extend the evidence for a potential causal association between Poecivirus and AKD in the black-capped chickadee. Poecivirus continues to warrant further investigation as a candidate agent of AKD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hemert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/284992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Avian keratin disorder of Alaska black-capped chickadees is associated with Poecivirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/289686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oblique plane single-molecule localization microscopy for thick samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/289686v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce single-molecule oblique plane microscopy (obSTORM) to directly image oblique sections of thick samples into depth without lengthy axial stack acquisition. Using oblique light-sheet illumination and oblique fluorescence detection, obSTORM offers uniform super-resolution throughout imaging depth in diverse biological specimens from cells to tissues. In particular, we demonstrate an isotropic resolution of [~]51 nm over a depth of 32 m for a tissue sample, and comparable resolution over a depth of 100 m using fluorescent beads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/289686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oblique plane single-molecule localization microscopy for thick samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/306779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering novel calcineurin inhibitors through quantitative mapping of protein-peptide affinity landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/306779v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient, regulated binding of globular protein domains to Short Linear Motifs (SLiMs) in disordered regions of other proteins drives cellular signaling. Mapping the energy landscapes of these interactions is essential for deciphering and therapeutically perturbing signaling networks, but is challenging due to their weak affinities. We present a powerful technology, MRBLE-pep, that simultaneously quantifies protein binding to a library of peptides directly synthesized on beads containing unique spectral codes. Using computational modeling and MRBLE-pep, we systematically probe binding of calcineurin (CN), a conserved protein phosphatase essential for the immune response and target of immunosuppressants, to the PxIxIT SLiM. We establish that flanking residues and post- translational modifications critically contribute to PxIxIT-CN affinity, and discover CN-inhibitory peptides with unprecedented affinity and therapeutic potential. The quantitative measurements provided by this approach will improve computational modeling efforts, elucidate a broad range of weak protein-SLiM interactions, and revolutionize our understanding of signaling networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harink, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brower, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/306779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering novel calcineurin inhibitors through quantitative mapping of protein-peptide affinity landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/304923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Particle-templated emulsification for microfluidics-free digital biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/304923v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The compartmentalization of reactions in monodispersed droplets is valuable for applications across biology. However, the requirement of microfluidics to partition the sample into monodispersed droplets is a significant barrier that impedes implementation. Here, we introduce particle-templated emulsification, a method to encapsulate samples in monodispersed emulsions without microfluidics. By vortexing a mixture of hydrogel particles and sample solution, we encapsulate the sample in monodispersed emulsions that are useful for most droplet applications. We illustrate the method with ddPCR and single cell culture. The ability to encapsulate samples in monodispersed droplets without microfluidics should facilitate the implementation of compartmentalized reactions in biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatori, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/304923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Particle-templated emulsification for microfluidics-free digital biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/303545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and analysis of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller with biological molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/303545v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of cells to regulate their function through feedback control is a fundamental underpinning of life. The capability to engineer de novo feedback control with biological molecules is ushering in an era of robust functionality for many applications in biotechnology and medicine. To fulfill their potential, feedback control strategies implemented with biological molecules need to be generalizable, modular and operationally predictable. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control fulfills this role for technological systems and is a commonly used strategy in engineering. Integral feedback control allows a system to return to an invariant steady-state value after step disturbances, hence enabling its robust operation. Proportional and derivative feedback control used with integral control help sculpt the dynamics of the return to steady-state following perturbation. Recently, a biomolecular implementation of integral control was proposed based on an antithetic motif in which two molecules interact stoichiometrically to annihilate each others function. In this work, we report how proportional and derivative implementations can be layered on top of this integral architecture to achieve a biochemical PID control design. We illustrate through computational and analytical treatments that the addition of proportional and derivative control improves performance, and discuss practical biomolecular implementations of these control strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Schiavon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/303545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and analysis of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller with biological molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/301556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing reveals Miamiensis avidus (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida) in the 2017 epizootic of leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) in San Francisco Bay, California 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/301556v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During March to August of 2017, hundreds of leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) stranded and died on the shores of San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Similar mass stranding events occurred in 1967 and 2011, yet analysis of these epizootics was incomplete and no etiology was confirmed. Our investigation of the most recent epizootic revealed severe meningoencephalitis in stranded sharks, raising suspicion for infection. On this basis, we pursued a strategy for unbiased pathogen detection using metagenomic next-generation sequencing followed by orthogonal validation and further screening. We show that the ciliated protozoan pathogen, Miamiensis avidus, was present in the central nervous system of leopard (n=12) and other shark species (n=2) that stranded in San Francisco Bay, but absent in leopard sharks caught elsewhere. Whereas this protozoan has previously been implicated in devastating outbreaks in teleost marine fish, our findings represent the first report of a ciliated protozoan infection in wild elasmobranchs. This discovery highlights the benefits of adopting unbiased metagenomic sequencing in the study of wildlife health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Retallack, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okihiro, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Sommeran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic next-generation sequencing reveals Miamiensis avidus (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida) in the 2017 epizootic of leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) in San Francisco Bay, California]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/309856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Claudin-4 Reconstituted in Unilamellar Vesicles is Sufficient to Form Tight Interfaces that Partition Membrane Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/309856v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tight junctions have been hypothesized to act as molecular fences in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, helping to form differentiated apical and basolateral domains. While this fence function is believed to arise from the interaction of four-pass transmembrane claudins, the complexity of tight junctions has made direct evidence of their role as a putative diffusion barrier difficult to obtain. Here we address this challenge by reconstituting claudin-4 into giant unilamellar vesicles using microfluidic jetting. We find that reconstituted claudin-4 is sufficient to form adhesive interfaces between unilamellar vesicles without accessory proteins present in vivo. By controlling the molecular composition of the inner and outer leaflets of jetted membranes, we show that claudin-4-mediated interfaces can drive partitioning of extracellular membrane proteins but not of inner or outer leaflet lipids. Our findings indicate that homotypic interactions of claudins and their small size can contribute to the polarization of epithelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahey, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/309856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Claudin-4 Reconstituted in Unilamellar Vesicles is Sufficient to Form Tight Interfaces that Partition Membrane Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/308460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isonitrile Formation by a Non-heme Iron(II)-dependent Oxidase/Decarboxylase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/308460v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electron-rich isonitrile is an important functionality in bioactive natural products, but its biosynthesis has been restricted to the IsnA family of isonitrile synthases. We here provide the first structural and biochemical evidence of an alternative mechanism for isonitrile formation. ScoE, a putative non-heme iron(II)-dependent enzyme from Streptomyces coeruleorubidus, was shown to catalyze the conversion of (R)-3-((carboxymethyl)amino)butanoic acid to (R)-3-isocyanobutanoic acid through an oxidative decarboxylation mechanism. This work further provides a revised scheme for the biosynthesis of a unique class of isonitrile lipopeptides, members of which are critical for the virulence of pathogenic mycobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Born, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drennan, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isonitrile Formation by a Non-heme Iron(II)-dependent Oxidase/Decarboxylase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/310284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput chromatin accessibility profiling at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/310284v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed a high-throughput single-cell ATAC-seq (assay for transposition of accessible chromatin) method to measure physical access to DNA in whole cells. Our approach integrates fluorescence imaging and addressable reagent deposition across a massively parallel (5184) nano-well array, yielding a nearly 20-fold improvement in throughput (up to ~1800 cells/chip, 4-5 hour on-chip processing time) and cost (~98{cents} per cell) compared to prior microfluidic implementations. We applied this method to measure regulatory variation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) and show robust, de-novo clustering of single cells by hematopoietic cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mezger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brower, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput chromatin accessibility profiling at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/313346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of 19 Highly Conserved Vibrio cholerae Bacteriophages Isolated from Environmental and Patient Sources Over a Twelve-Year Period 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/313346v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Vibrio cholerae biotype  El Tor is responsible for all current epidemic and endemic cholera outbreaks worldwide. These outbreaks are clonal and are hypothesized to originate from the coastal areas near the Bay of Bengal where the lytic bacteriophage ICP1 specifically preys upon these pathogenic outbreak strains. ICP1 has also been the dominant bacteriophage found in cholera patient stool since 2001. However, little is known about its genomic differences between ICP1 strains collected over time. Here we elucidate the pan-genome and phylogeny of ICP1 strains by aligning, annotating and analyzing the genomes of 19 distinct isolates collected between 2001 and 2012. Our results reveal that ICP1 isolates are highly conserved and possess a large core-genome as well as a smaller, somewhat flexible accessory-genome. Despite its overall conservation, ICP1 strains have managed to acquire a number of unknown genes as well as a CRISPR-Cas system, which is known to be critical for its ongoing struggle for co-evolutionary dominance over its host. This study describes a foundation on which to construct future molecular and bioinformatic studies of this V. cholerae-associated bacteriophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/313346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of 19 Highly Conserved Vibrio cholerae Bacteriophages Isolated from Environmental and Patient Sources Over a Twelve-Year Period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/315903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prioritizing network communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/315903v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uncovering modular structure in networks is fundamental for systems in biology, physics, and engineering. Community detection identifies candidate modules as hypotheses, which then need to be validated through experiments, such as mutagenesis in a biological laboratory. Only a few communities can typically be validated, and it is thus important to prioritize which communities to select for downstream experimentation. Here we develop CRO_SCPCAPANKC_SCPCAP, a mathematically principled approach for prioritizing network communities. CRO_SCPCAPANKC_SCPCAP efficiently evaluates robustness and magnitude of structural features of each community and then combines these features into the community prioritization. CRO_SCPCAPANKC_SCPCAP can be used with any community detection method. It needs only information provided by the network structure and does not require any additional metadata or labels. However, when available, CRO_SCPCAPANKC_SCPCAP can incorporate domain-specific information to further boost performance. Experiments on many large networks show that CRO_SCPCAPANKC_SCPCAP effectively prioritizes communities, yielding a nearly 50-fold improvement in community prioritization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zitnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosic, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prioritizing network communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/317941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Enhancement: a general method to denoise weighted biological networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/317941v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Networks are ubiquitous in biology where they encode connectivity patterns at all scales of organization, from molecular to the biome. However, biological networks are noisy due to the limitations of technology used to generate them as well as inherent variation within samples. The presence of high levels of noise can hamper discovery of patterns and dynamics encapsulated by these networks. Here we propose Network Enhancement (NE), a novel method for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of undirected, weighted networks, and thereby improving the performance of downstream analysis. NE applies a novel operator that induces sparsity and leverages higher-order network structures to remove weak edges and enhance real connections. This iterative approach has a closed-form solution at convergence with desirable performance properties. We demonstrate the effectiveness of NE in denoising biological networks for several challenging yet important problems. Our experiments show that NE improves gene function prediction by denoising interaction networks from 22 human tissues. Further, we use NE to interpret noisy Hi-C contact maps from the human genome and demonstrate its utility across varying degrees of data quality. Finally, when applied to fine-grained species identification, NE outperforms alternative approaches by a significant margin. Taken together, our results indicate that NE is widely applicable for denoising weighted biological networks, especially when they contain high levels of noise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourshafeie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zitnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batzoglou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Enhancement: a general method to denoise weighted biological networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/317776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDK19 is a Regulator of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/317776v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a poor prognosis disease with no clinically approved targeted therapies. Here, using in vitro and in vivo RNA interference (RNAi) screens in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDX), we identify cyclin dependent kinase 19 (CDK19) as a potential therapeutic target. Using in vitro and in vivo TNBC PDX models, we validated the inhibitory effect of CDK19 knockdown on tumor initiation, proliferation and metastases. Despite this, CDK19 knockdown did not affect the growth of non-transformed mammary epithelial cells. Using CD10 and EpCAM as novel tumor initiating cell (TIC) markers, we found the EpCAMmed/high/CD10-/low TIC sub-population to be enriched in CDK19 and a putative cellular target of CDK19 inhibition. Comparative gene expression analysis of CDK19 and CDK8 knockdowns revealed that CDK19 regulates a number of cancer-relevant pathways, uniquely through its own action and others in common with CDK8. Furthermore, although it is known that CDK19 can act at enhancers, our CHIP-Seq studies showed that CDK19 can also epigenetically modulate specific H3K27Ac enhancer signals which correlate with gene expression changes. Finally, to assess the potential therapeutic utility of CDK19, we showed that both CDK19 knockdown and chemical inhibition of CDK19 kinase activity impaired the growth of pre-established PDX tumors in vivo. Current strategies inhibiting transcriptional co-factors and targeting TICs have been limited by toxicity to normal cells. Because of CDK19s limited tissue distribution and the viability of CDK19 knockout mice, CDK19 represents a promising therapeutic target for TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheeren, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarnegar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikandar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitink, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyakoil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalisky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somlo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dirbas, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDK19 is a Regulator of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/315499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mobile-CRISPRi: Enabling Genetic Analysis of Diverse Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/315499v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introductory paragraphThe vast majority of bacteria, including human pathogens and microbiome species, lack genetic tools needed to systematically associate genes with phenotypes. This is the major impediment to understanding the fundamental contributions of genes and gene networks to bacterial physiology and human health. CRISPRi, a versatile method of blocking gene expression using a catalytically inactive Cas9 protein (dCas9) and programmable single guide RNAs (sgRNAs), has emerged as a powerful genetic tool to dissect the functions of essential and non-essential genes in species ranging from bacteria to human. However, the difficulty of establishing effective CRISPRi systems in non-model bacteria is a major barrier to its widespread use to dissect bacterial gene function. Here, we establish "Mobile-CRISPRi", a suite of CRISPRi systems that combine modularity, stable genomic integration and ease of transfer to diverse bacteria by conjugation. Focusing predominantly on human pathogens associated with antibiotic resistance, we demonstrate the efficacy of Mobile-CRISPRi in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at the individual gene scale by examining drug-gene synergies and at the library scale by systematically phenotyping conditionally essential genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis. Mobile-CRISPRi enables genetic dissection of non-model bacteria, facilitating analyses of microbiome function, antibiotic resistances and sensitivities, and comprehensive screens for host-microbe interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heussler, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hearne, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inclan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C. H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osadnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mobile-CRISPRi: Enabling Genetic Analysis of Diverse Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/168104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secretion of redox-active metabolites as a general strategy for iron acquisition in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/168104v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron is an essential but often poorly bioavailable nutrient due to its low solubility, especially in alkaline soils. Plants have evolved at least two distinct strategies to extract iron from soil: solubilization of ferric iron by phytosiderophores, and reduction to the ferrous form at the root surface followed by direct import. Here, we describe the discovery of a novel redox-active catecholic metabolite, termed sideretin, which derives from the coumarin fraxetin, and is the primary molecule exuded by Arabidopsis thaliana roots in response to iron deficiency. Using a combination of metabolomics, heterologous expression, and coexpression analysis we have identified two enzymes that complete the biosynthetic pathway of sideretin. Chemical characterization of synthetic sideretin and biological assays with pathway mutants suggest that sideretin is critical for iron nutrition and support a role for small molecule-mediated iron reduction in A. thaliana under iron-limiting growth conditions. Further, we show that sideretin production is evolutionarily ancient and occurs in eudicot species only distantly related to A. thaliana. In addition to sideretin, untargeted metabolomics of the root exudates of various eudicots revealed the production of structurally diverse redox-active molecules in response to iron deficiency. Our results indicate that secretion of small molecule reductants by roots may be a widespread and previously underappreciated component of the reduction-based iron uptake strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajniak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giehl, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murgia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Wiren, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secretion of redox-active metabolites as a general strategy for iron acquisition in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/288449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid is a mobile signal that induces systemic disease resistance in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/288449v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a global response in plants induced at the site of infection that leads to long-lasting and broad-spectrum disease resistance at distal, uninfected tissues. Despite the importance of this priming mechanism, the identity of the mobile defense signal that moves systemically throughout plants to initiate SAR has remained elusive. In this paper, we describe a new metabolite, N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (N-OH-Pip), and provide evidence that this molecule is a mobile signal that plays a central role in initiating SAR signal transduction in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1), a key regulator of SAR-associated defense priming, can synthesize N-OH-Pip from pipecolic acid in planta, and exogenously applied N-OH-PIP moves systemically in Arabidopsis and can rescue the SAR-deficiency of fmo1 mutants. We also demonstrate that N-OH-Pip treatment causes systemic changes in the expression of pathogenesis-related genes and metabolic pathways throughout the plant, and enhances resistance to a bacterial pathogen. This work provides new insight into the chemical nature of a mobile signal for SAR and also suggests that the N-OH-Pip pathway is a promising target for metabolic engineering to enhance disease resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajniak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudgett, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattely, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/288449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid is a mobile signal that induces systemic disease resistance in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/128843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slingshot: Cell lineage and pseudotime inference for single-cell transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/128843v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics allows researchers to investigate complex communities of heterogeneous cells. These methods can be applied to stem cells and their descendants in order to chart the progression from multipotent progenitors to fully differentiated cells. While a number of statistical and computational methods have been proposed for analyzing cell lineages, the problem of accurately characterizing multiple branching lineages remains difficult to solve. Here, we introduce a novel method, Slingshot, for inferring multiple developmental lineages from single-cell gene expression data. Slingshot is a uniquely robust and flexible tool for inferring developmental lineages and ordering cells to reflect continuous, branching processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Street, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slingshot: Cell lineage and pseudotime inference for single-cell transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/235382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performance Assessment and Selection of Normalization Procedures for Single-Cell RNA-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/235382v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systematic measurement biases make data normalization an essential preprocessing step in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. There may be multiple, competing considerations behind the assessment of normalization performance, some of them study-specific. Because normalization can have a large impact on downstream results (e.g., clustering and differential expression), it is critically important that practitioners assess the performance of competing methods.nnWe have developed scone -- a flexible framework for assessing normalization performance based on a comprehensive panel of data-driven metrics. Through graphical summaries and quantitative reports, scone summarizes performance trade-offs and ranks large numbers of normalization methods by aggregate panel performance. The method is implemented in the open-source Bioconductor R software package scone. We demonstrate the effectiveness of scone on a collection of scRNA-seq datasets, generated with different protocols, including Fluidigm C1 and 10x platforms. We show that top-performing normalization methods lead to better agreement with independent validation data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudoit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/235382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performance Assessment and Selection of Normalization Procedures for Single-Cell RNA-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/300012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectivity Problems on Heterogeneous Graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/300012v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNetwork connectivity problems are abundant in computational biology research, where graphs are used to represent a range of phenomena: from physical interactions between molecules to more abstract relationships such as gene co-expression. One common challenge in studying biological networks is the need to extract meaningful, small subgraphs out of large databases of potential interactions. A useful abstraction for this task turned out to be the Steiner network problems: given a reference "database" graph, find a parsimonious subgraph that satisfies a given set of connectivity demands. While this formulation proved useful in a number of instances, the next challenge is to account for the fact that the reference graph may not be static. This can happen for instance, when studying protein measurements in single cells or at different time points, whereby different subsets of conditions can have different protein milieu.nnResults and DiscussionWe introduce the condition Steiner network problem in which we concomitantly consider a set of distinct biological conditions. Each condition is associated with a set of connectivity demands, as well as a set of edges that are assumed to be present in that condition. The goal of this problem is to find a minimal subgraph that satisfies all the demands through paths that are present in the respective condition. We show that introducing multiple conditions as an additional factor makes this problem much harder to approximate. Specifically, we prove that for C conditions, this new problem is NP-hard to approximate to a factor of C -{epsilon} , for every C [&ge;] 2 and{epsilon} > 0, and that this bound is tight. Moving beyond the worst case, we explore a special set of instances where the reference graph grows monotonically between conditions, and show that this problem admits substantially improved approximation algorithms. We also developed an integer linear programming solver for the general problem and demonstrate its ability to reach optimality with instances from the human protein interaction network.nnConclusionOur results demonstrate that in contrast to most connectivity problems studied in computational biology, accounting for multiplicity of biological conditions adds considerable complexity, which we propose to address with a new solver. Importantly, our results extend to several network connectivity problems that are commonly used in computational biology, such as Prize-Collecting Steiner Tree, and provide insight into the theoretical guarantees for their applications in a multiple condition setting.nnAvailabilityOur solver for the general condition Steiner network problem is available at https://github.com/YosefLab/condition_connectivity_problems
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodaverdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/300012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectivity Problems on Heterogeneous Graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/112599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution microscopy reveals the three-dimensional organization of meiotic chromosome axes in intact C. elegans tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/112599v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When cells enter meiosis, their chromosomes reorganize as linear arrays of chromatin loops anchored to a central axis. Meiotic chromosome axes form a platform for the assembly of the synaptonemal complex (SC), and play central roles in other meiotic processes, including homologous pairing, recombination, and chromosome segregation. However, little is known about the three-dimensional organization of components within the axes, which consist of cohesin complexes and additional meiosis-specific proteins. Here we investigate the molecular organization of meiotic chromosome axes in C. elegans through STORM and PALM superresolution imaging of intact germline tissue. By tagging one axis protein (HIM-3) with a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, we established a spatial reference for other components, which were localized using antibodies against epitope tags inserted by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Using three-dimensional averaging, we determined the 3D-organization of all known components within synapsed chromosome axes to a precision of 2-5 nanometers. We find that meiosis-specific HORMA-domain proteins span a gap between cohesin complexes and the central region of the SC, consistent with their essential roles in SC assembly. Our data further suggest that the two different meiotic cohesin complexes are distinctly arranged within the axes: Cohesin complexes containing COH-3 or -4 kleisins form a central core in the central plane of the axes, whereas complexes containing REC-8 kleisin protrude above and below the plane defined by the SC. This splayed organization may help to explain the role of the chromosome axes in promoting inter-homolog repair of meiotic double strand breaks by inhibiting inter-sister repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution microscopy reveals the three-dimensional organization of meiotic chromosome axes in intact C. elegans tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/208462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hsp90 dictates viral sequence space by balancing the evolutionary tradeoffs between protein stability, aggregation and translation rate 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/208462v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquisition of mutations is central to evolution but the detrimental effects of most mutations on protein folding and stability limit protein evolvability. Molecular chaperones, which suppress aggregation and facilitate polypeptide folding, are proposed to promote sequence diversification by buffering destabilizing mutations. However, whether and how chaperones directly control protein evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the effect of reducing the activity of the key eukaryotic chaperone Hsp90 on poliovirus evolution. Contrary to predictions of a buffering model, inhibiting Hsp90 increases population sequence diversity and promotes accumulation of mutations reducing protein stability. Explaining this counterintuitive observation, we find that Hsp90 offsets the evolutionary tradeoff between protein stability and aggregation. Lower chaperone levels favor sequence variants of reduced hydrophobicity, thus decreasing protein aggregation propensity but at a cost to protein stability. Notably, reducing Hsp90 activity also promotes clusters of codon-deoptimized synonymous mutations at inter-domain boundaries, likely to promote local ribosomal slowdown to facilitate cotranslational domain folding. Our results reveal how a chaperone can shape the sequence landscape at both the protein and RNA levels to harmonize the competing constraints posed by protein stability, aggregation propensity and translation rate on successful protein biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frydman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/208462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hsp90 dictates viral sequence space by balancing the evolutionary tradeoffs between protein stability, aggregation and translation rate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/198721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic importance of timely immunophenotyping of breast cancer in a resource-constrained setting: a retrospective hospital-based cohort study 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/198721v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOrganizations that issue guidance on breast cancer recommend the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for providing appropriate and precise care. However, little focus has been directed to the identification of maximum allowable turnaround times for IHC, which is necessary given the diversity of hospital settings in the world. Much less effort has been committed to the development of digital tools that allow hospital administrators to monitor service utilization histories of their patients.nnMethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed electronic and paper medical records of all suspected breast cancer patients treated at one secondary-care hospital of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), located in western Mexico. We then followed three years of medical history of those patients with IHC testing.nnResultsIn 2014, there were 402 breast cancer patients, of which 30 were tested for some IHC biomarker (ER, PR, HER2). The subtyping allowed doctors to adjust (56.7 %) or confirm (43.3 %) the initial therapeutic regimen. The average turnaround time was 56 days. Opportune IHC testing was found to be beneficial when it was available before or during the first rounds of chemotherapy.nnConclusionsThe use of data mining tools applied to health record data revealed that there is an association between timely immunohistochemistry and improved outcomes in breast cancer patients. Based on this finding, inclusion of turnaround time in clinical guidelines is recommended. As much of the health data in the country becomes digitized, our visualization tools allow a digital dashboard of the hospital service utilization histories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez Pineda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Moran, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Aguilar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes Valle, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta Rosales, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic importance of timely immunophenotyping of breast cancer in a resource-constrained setting: a retrospective hospital-based cohort study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/191569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neolithization of North Africa involved the migration of people from both the Levant and Europe 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/191569v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extent to which prehistoric migrations of farmers influenced the genetic pool of western North Africans remains unclear. Archaeological evidence suggests the Neolithization process may have happened through the adoption of innovations by local Epipaleolithic communities, or by demic diffusion from the Eastern Mediterranean shores or Iberia. Here, we present the first analysis of individuals genome sequences from early and late Neolithic sites in Morocco, as well as Early Neolithic individuals from southern Iberia. We show that Early Neolithic Moroccans are distinct from any other reported ancient individuals and possess an endemic element retained in present-day Maghrebi populations, confirming a long-term genetic continuity in the region. Among ancient populations, Early Neolithic Moroccans are distantly related to Levantine Natufian hunter-gatherers ([~]9,000 BCE) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic farmers ([~]6,500 BCE). Although an expansion in Early Neolithic times is also plausible, the high divergence observed in Early Neolithic Moroccans suggests a long-term isolation and an early arrival in North Africa for this population. This scenario is consistent with early Neolithic traditions in North Africa deriving from Epipaleolithic communities who adopted certain innovations from neighbouring populations. Late Neolithic ([~]3,000 BCE) Moroccans, in contrast, share an Iberian component, supporting theories of trans-Gibraltar gene flow. Finally, the southern Iberian Early Neolithic samples share the same genetic composition as the Cardial Mediterranean Neolithic culture that reached Iberia [~]5,500 BCE. The cultural and genetic similarities of the Iberian Neolithic cultures with that of North African Neolithic sites further reinforce the model of an Iberian migration into the Maghreb.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe acquisition of agricultural techniques during the so-called Neolithic revolution has been one of the major steps forward in human history. Using next-generation sequencing and ancient DNA techniques, we directly test if Neolithization in North Africa occurred through the transmission of ideas or by demic diffusion. We show that Early Neolithic Moroccans are composed of an endemic Maghrebi element still retained in present-day North African populations and distantly related to Epipaleolithic communities from the Levant. However, late Neolithic individuals from North Africa are admixed, with a North African and a European component. Our results support the idea that the Neolithization of North Africa might have involved both the development of Epipaleolithic communities and the migration of people from Europe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fregel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokbot, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Socas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camalich-Massieu, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Arcos, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underhill, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, A. E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sockell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Santos, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikdad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo-Mederos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neolithization of North Africa involved the migration of people from both the Levant and Europe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/223438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic insights into the domestication of the chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao L. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/223438v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Domestication has had a strong impact on the development of modern societies. We sequenced 200 genomes of the chocolate plant Theobroma cacao L. to show for the first time that a single population underwent strong domestication approximately 3,600 years (95% CI: 2481 - 10,903 years ago) ago, the Criollo population. We also show that during the process of domestication, there was strong selection for genes involved in the metabolism of the colored protectants anthocyanins and the stimulant theobromine, as well as disease resistance genes. Our analyses show that domesticated populations of T. cacao (Criollo) maintain a higher proportion of high frequency deleterious mutations. We also show for the first time the negative consequences the increase accumulation of deleterious mutations during domestication on the fitness of individuals (significant negative correlation between Criollo ancestry and Kg of beans per hectare per year, P = 0.000425).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cornejo, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sockell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strandberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingstone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stack, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umaharan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royaert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawari, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauline, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mockaitis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motamayor, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/223438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic insights into the domestication of the chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao L.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/320937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-density carbon fiber neural recording array technology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/320937v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract.Objective: Microwire and Utah-style neural recording arrays are the predominant devices used for cortical neural recording, but the implanted electrodes cause a significant adverse biological response and suffer from well-studied performance degradation. Recent work has demonstrated that carbon fiber electrodes do not elicit this same adverse response, but these existing designs are not practically scalable to hundreds or thousands of recording sites. We present technology that overcomes these issues while additionally providing fine electrode pitch for spatial oversampling.nnApproach: We present a 32-channel carbon fiber monofilament-based intracortical neural recording array fabricated through a combination of bulk silicon microfabrication processing and microassembly. This device represents the first truly two-dimensional carbon fiber neural recording array. The density, channel count, and size scale of this array are enabled by an out-of-plane microassembly technique in which individual fibers are inserted through metallized and isotropically conductive adhesive-filled holes in an oxide-passivated microfabricated silicon substrate.nnMain results: Five-micron diameter fibers are spaced at a pitch of 38 microns, four times denser than state of the art one-dimensional arrays. The fine diameter of the carbon fibers affords both minimal cross-section and nearly three orders of magnitude greater lateral compliance than standard tungsten microwires. Typical 1 kHz impedances are on the order of hundreds of kiloohms, and successful in vivo recording is demonstrated in the motor cortex of a rat. 22 total units are recorded on 20 channels, with unit SNR ranging from 0.85 to 4.2.nnSignificance: This is the highest density microwire-style electrode array to date, and this fabrication technique is scalable to a larger number of electrodes and allows for the potential future integration of microelectronics. Large-scale carbon fiber neural recording arrays are a promising technology for reducing the inflammatory response and increasing the information density, particularly in neural recording applications where microwire arrays are already used.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santacruz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pister, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmena, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-density carbon fiber neural recording array technology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/319673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Links between environment, diet, and the hunter-gatherer microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/319673v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of traditional populations provides a view of human-associated microbes unperturbed by industrialization, as well as a window into the microbiota that co-evolved with humans. Here we discuss our recent work characterizing the microbiota from the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania. We found seasonal shifts in bacterial taxa, diversity, and carbohydrate utilization by the microbiota. When compared to the microbiota composition from other populations around the world, the Hadza microbiota shares bacterial families with other traditional societies that are rare or absent from microbiotas of industrialized nations. We present additional observations from the Hadza microbiota and their lifestyle and environment, including microbes detected on hands, water, and animal sources, how the microbiota varies with sex and age, and the shortterm effects of introducing agricultural products into the diet. In the context of our previously published findings and of these additional observations, we discuss a path forward for future work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fragiadakis, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smits, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Treuren, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manjurano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changalucha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Bello, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Links between environment, diet, and the hunter-gatherer microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/322511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral Taxonomy Derived From Evolutionary Genome Relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/322511v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a new genome alignment-based model for classification of viruses based on evolutionary genetic relationships. This approach uses information theory and a physical model to determine the information shared by the genes in two genomes. Pairwise comparisons of genes from the viruses are created from alignments using NCBI BLAST, and their match scores are combined to produce a metric between genomes, which is in turn used to determine a global classification using the 5,817 viruses on RefSeq. In cases where there is no measurable alignment between any genes, the method falls back to a coarser measure of genome relationship: the mutual information of k-mer frequency. This results in a principled model which depends only on the genome sequence, which captures many interesting relationships between viral families, and which creates clusters which correlate well with both the Baltimore and ICTV classifications. The incremental computational cost of classifying a novel virus is low and therefore newly discovered viruses can be quickly identified and classified.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dougan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/322511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral Taxonomy Derived From Evolutionary Genome Relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/323105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling CRISPR-Cas9 with ligand-activated and ligand-deactivated sgRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/323105v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CRISPR-Cas9 system provides the ability to edit, repress, activate, or mark any gene (or DNA element) by pairing of a programmable single guide RNA (sgRNA) with a complementary sequence on the DNA target. Here we present a new method for small-molecule control of CRISPR-Cas9 function through insertion of RNA aptamers into the sgRNA. We show that CRISPR-Cas9-based gene repression (CRISPRi) can be either activated or deactivated in a dose-dependent fashion over a >10-fold dynamic range in response to two different small-molecule ligands. Since our system acts directly on each target-specific sgRNA, it enables new applications that require differential and opposing temporal control of multiple genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kundert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heineike, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzsimmons, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/323105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling CRISPR-Cas9 with ligand-activated and ligand-deactivated sgRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/323444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of cell cycle signals by multi-PAS domain kinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/323444v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial control of intracellular signaling relies on signaling proteins sensing their subcellular environment. In many cases, a large number of upstream signals are funneled to a master regulator of cellular behavior, but it remains unclear how individual proteins can rapidly integrate a complex array of signals within the appropriate spatial niche within the cell. As a model for how subcellular spatial information can control signaling activity, we have reconstituted the cell pole-specific control of the master regulator kinase/phosphatase CckA from the asymmetrically dividing bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. CckA is active as a kinase only when it accumulates within a microdomain at the new cell pole, where it co-localizes with the pseudokinase DivL. Both proteins contain multiple PAS domains, a multifunctional class of sensory domains present across the kingdoms of life. Here, we show that CckA uses its PAS domains to integrate information from DivL and on its own oligomerization state to control the balance of its kinase and phosphatase activities. We reconstituted the DivL-CckA complex on liposomes in vitro and found that DivL directly controls the CckA kinase-phosphatase switch, and that stimulation of either CckA catalytic activity depends on the second of its two PAS domains. We further show that CckA oligomerizes through a multi-domain interaction that is critical for stimulation of kinase activity by DivL, while DivL stimulation of CckA phosphatase activity is independent of CckA homo-oligomerization. Our results broadly demonstrate how signaling factors can leverage information from their subcellular niche to drive spatiotemporal control of cell signaling.nnSignificanceCells must constantly make decisions involving many pieces of information at a molecular level. Kinases containing multiple PAS sensory domains detect multiple signals to determine their signaling outputs. In the asymmetrically dividing bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, the multi-sensor proteins DivL and CckA promote different cell types depending upon their subcellular location. We reconstituted the DivL-CckA interaction in vitro and showed that specific PAS domains of each protein function to switch CckA between kinase and phosphatase activities, which reflects their functions in vivo. Within the context of the cell, our reconstitution illustrates how multi-sensor proteins can use their subcellular location to regulate their signaling functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mann, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/323444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of cell cycle signals by multi-PAS domain kinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/322545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gold Nanoprisms as Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast Agents in the Second Near Infrared Window for Enhanced Angiography in Live Animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/322545v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is an important tool for investigating vascular networks and microcirculation in living tissue. Traditional OCTA detects blood vessels via intravascular dynamic scattering signals derived from the movements of red blood cells (RBCs). However, the low hematocrit and long latency between RBCs in capillaries makes these OCTA signals discontinuous, leading to incomplete mapping of the vascular networks. OCTA imaging of microvascular circulation is particularly challenging in tumors due to the abnormally slow blood flow in angiogenic tumor vessels and strong attenuation of light by tumor tissue. Here we demonstrate in vivo that gold nanoprisms (GNPRs) can be used as OCT contrast agents working in the second near infrared window, significantly enhancing the dynamic scattering signals in microvessels and improving the sensitivity of OCTA in skin tissue and melanoma tumors in live mice. This is the first demonstration that nanoparticle-based OCT contrast agent work in vivo in the second near infrared window, which allows deeper imaging depth by OCT. With GNPRs as contrast agents, the post-injection OCT angiograms showed 41% and 59% more microvasculature than pre-injection angiograms in healthy mouse skin and melanoma tumors, respectively. By enabling better characterization of microvascular circulation in vivo, GNPR-enhanced OCTA could lead to better understanding of vascular functions during pathological conditions, more accurate measurements of therapeutic response, and improved patient prognoses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Si, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liba, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winetraub, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousefi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SoRelle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yecies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Zerda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/322545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gold Nanoprisms as Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast Agents in the Second Near Infrared Window for Enhanced Angiography in Live Animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/324566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain-level overlap between infant and hospital fungal microbiomes revealed through de novo assembly of eukaryotic genomes from metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/324566v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotes are a leading cause of nosocomial infections in neonates, but their diversity and population heterogeneity are rarely investigated. This has led to an incomplete understanding of eukaryotic strains that colonize infants and of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) as a possible source of these strains. Analysis of 1,174 time-series metagenomes from 161 premature infants revealed fungal colonization of 13 infants, primarily in the first two weeks of life. Nearly all 24 NICU samples contained eukaryotes, and the most diverse communities were in NICU sinks. Five of fourteen newly-assembled eukaryotic genomes derived from genomically undescribed species. Purpureocillium lilacinum genomes from infant and NICU samples shared 99.999% average nucleotide identity, highlighting the potential of hospital-associated fungi to colonize hospitalized infants. We quantified zygosity and within-population variation associated with the diploid eukaryotes, and thus defined the genetic reservoirs of eukaryotes in room environments and infants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain-level overlap between infant and hospital fungal microbiomes revealed through de novo assembly of eukaryotic genomes from metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/327866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human IgE producing B cells have a unique transcriptional program and generate high affinity, allergen-specific antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/327866v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IgE antibodies provide defense against helminth infections, but can also cause life-threatening allergic reactions. Despite their importance to human health, these antibodies and the cells that produce them remain enigmatic due to their scarcity in humans; much of our knowledge of their properties is derived from model organisms. Here we describe the isolation of IgE producing B cells from the blood of individuals with food allergies, followed by a detailed study of their properties by single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We discovered that IgE B cells are deficient in membrane immunoglobulin expression and that the IgE plasmablast state is more immature than that of other antibody producing cells. Through recombinant expression of monoclonal antibodies derived from single cells, we identified IgE antibodies which had unexpected cross-reactive specificity for major peanut allergens Ara h 2 and Ara h 3; not only are these among the highest affinity native human antibodies discovered to date, they represent a surprising example of convergent evolution in unrelated individuals who independently evolved nearly identical antibodies. Finally, we discovered that splicing within B cells of all isotypes reveals polarized germline transcription of the IgE, but not IgG4, isotype as well as several examples of biallelic expression of germline transcripts. Our results offer insights into IgE B cell transcriptomics, clonality and regulation, provide a striking example of adaptive immune convergence, and offer an approach for accelerating mechanistic disease understanding by characterizing a rare B cell population underlying IgE-mediated disease at single cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Croote, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadeau, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/327866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human IgE producing B cells have a unique transcriptional program and generate high affinity, allergen-specific antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/329862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for Alternative Complement Cascade Activation in Primary CNS Vasculitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/329862v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central nervous system (CNS) has a dedicated network of blood vessels to support the physiological activity of the brain, spinal cord and meninges. Consequently, inflammation of CNS vasculature can have devastating effects on neurological function. A lack of understanding regarding the molecular pathology of CNS vasculitis impedes the development of better diagnostics and effective therapies. Here, we analyze the proteome of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with biopsy-confirmed Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS) relative to non-inflammatory control patients and patients with Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstrictive Syndrome (RCVS), a syndrome that clinically mimics PACNS in several aspects. In PACNS, we find significant elevation of apolipoproteins, immunoglobulins and complement cascade components. Notably, we find a bias towards activation of the alternative complement pathway with elevated levels of the terminal cascade component, complement C5. Given the recent treatment successes of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) vasculitis with the C5 receptor inhibitor, CCX168 (Avacopan), our results suggest that complement C5 inhibitors may also prove useful as therapeutic interventions for PACNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandel-Brehm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Retallack, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajj-Ali, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tihan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sample, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madan Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreih, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josephson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfand, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/329862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for Alternative Complement Cascade Activation in Primary CNS Vasculitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/328856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrogen-based metabolism - An ancestral trait in lineages sibling to the Cyanobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/328856v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic machinery from which microbial aerobic respiration evolved is tightly linked to the origins of oxygenic Cyanobacteria (Oxyphotobacteria). Even though the majority of Oxyphotobacteria are photoautotrophs and can use carbohydrates with oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor, all are fermenters under dark anoxic conditions. Studies suggest that the ancestor of Oxyphotobacteria may have used hydrogen (H2) as an electron donor and that two types of NiFe hydrogenases are essential for its oxidation. Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia, close phylogenetic neighbors to Oxyphotobacteria comprise fermentative and aerobic representatives, or organisms capable of both. Margulisbacteria (candidate divisions RBX-1 and ZB3) and Saganbacteria (candidate division WOR-1), a novel cluster of bacteria phylogenetically related to Melainabacteria, Sericytochromatia and Oxyphotobacteria may further constrain the metabolic platform in which oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic respiration arose. Here, we predict the metabolisms of Margulisbacteria and Saganbacteria from new and published metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and single amplified genomes (SAGs), and compare them to their phylogenetic neighbors. Sediment-associated Margulisbacteria are predicted to have a fermentation-based metabolism featuring a variety of hydrogenases, a nitrogenase for nitrogen (N2) fixation, and electron bifurcating complexes involved in cycling of ferredoxin and NAD(P)H. Overall, the genomic features suggest the capacity for metabolic fine-tuning under strictly anoxic conditions. In contrast, the genomes of Margulisbacteria from the ocean ecosystem encode an electron transport chain that supports aerobic growth. Similarly, some Saganbacteria genomes encode various hydrogenases, and others may have the ability to use O2 under certain conditions via a putative novel type of heme copper O2 reductase. Like Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia, Margulisbacteria and Saganbacteria have diverse energy metabolisms capable of fermentation, and aerobic or anaerobic respiration. In summary, our findings support the hypothesis that the ancestor of these groups was an anaerobe in which fermentation and H2 metabolism were central metabolic features. Our genomic data also suggests that contemporary lineages sibling to the Oxyphotobacteria may have acquired the ability to use O2 as a terminal electron acceptor under certain environmental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becraft, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepanauskas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrogen-based metabolism - An ancestral trait in lineages sibling to the Cyanobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/332650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low fidelity assembly of influenza A virus promotes escape from host cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/332650v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza viruses inhabit a wide range of host environments using a limited repertoire of protein components. Unlike viruses with stereotyped shapes, influenza produces virions with significant morphological variability even within clonal populations. Whether this tendency to form pleiomorphic virions is coupled to compositional heterogeneity and whether it affects replicative fitness remains unclear. Here we address these questions by developing live strains of influenza A virus amenable to rapid compositional characterization through quantitative, site-specific labeling of viral proteins. Using these strains, we find that influenza A produces virions with broad variations in size and composition from even single infected cells. The virus leverages this phenotypic variability to survive environmental challenges including temperature changes and anti-virals. Complimenting genetic adaptations that act over larger populations and longer times, this  low fidelity assembly of influenza A virus allows small populations to survive environments that fluctuate over individual replication cycles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vahey, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/332650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low fidelity assembly of influenza A virus promotes escape from host cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/342923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging genetic variants for personalized and allele-specific sgRNA design 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/342923v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CRISPR/Cas system is a highly specific genome editing tool capable of distinguishing alleles differing by even a single base pair. However, current tools only design sgRNAs for a reference genome, not taking into account individual variants which may generate, remove, or modify CRISPR/Cas sgRNA sites. This may cause mismatches between designed sgRNAs and the individual genome they are intended to target, leading to decreased experimental performance. Here we describe AlleleAnalyzer, a tool for designing personalized and allele-specific sgRNAs for genome editing. We leverage >2,500 human genomes to identify optimized pairs of sgRNAs that can be used for human therapeutic editing in large populations in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keough, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyalina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olvera, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/342923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging genetic variants for personalized and allele-specific sgRNA design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/381962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between mobile genetic elements drives optimization of a phage-encoded CRISPR-Cas system: Insights from a natural arms-race 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/381962v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas systems function as adaptive immune systems by acquiring nucleotide sequences called spacers that mediate sequence-specific defense against competitors. Uniquely, the phage ICP1 encodes a Type I-F CRISPR-Cas system that is deployed to target and overcome PLE, a mobile genetic element with anti-phage activity in Vibrio cholerae. Here, we exploit the arms race between ICP1 and PLE to examine spacer acquisition and interference under laboratory conditions to reconcile findings from wild populations. Natural ICP1 isolates encode multiple spacers directed against PLE, but we find that single spacers do not equally interfere with PLE mobilization. High-throughput sequencing to assay spacer acquisition reveals that ICP1 can also acquire spacers that target the V. cholerae chromosome. We find that targeting the V. cholerae chromosome proximal to PLE is sufficient to block PLE and propose a model in which indirect chromosomal spacers are able to circumvent PLE by Cas2-3-mediated processive degradation of the V. cholerae chromosome before PLE mobilization. Generally, laboratory acquired spacers are much more diverse than the subset of spacers maintained by ICP1 in nature, showing how evolutionary pressures can constrain CRISPR-Cas targeting in ways that are often not appreciated through in vitro analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/381962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between mobile genetic elements drives optimization of a phage-encoded CRISPR-Cas system: Insights from a natural arms-race]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/335083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological capacities clearly define a major subdivision in Domain Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/335083v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ResumePhylogenetic analyses separate candidate phyla radiation (CPR) bacteria from other bacteria, but the degree to which their proteomes are distinct remains unclear. Here, we leveraged a proteome database that includes sequences from thousands of uncultivated organisms to identify protein families and examine their organismal distributions. We focused on widely distributed protein families that co-occur in genomes, as they likely foundational for metabolism. Clustering of genomes using the protein family presence/absence patterns broadly recapitulates the phylogenetic structure of the tree, suggesting persistence of core sets of protein families after lineage divergence. CPR bacteria group together and away from all other bacteria and archaea, in part due to novel proteins, some of which may be involved in cell-cell interactions. The diversity of combinations of protein families in CPR may exceed that of all other bacteria. Overall, the results extend the phylogeny-based suggestion that the CPR represent a major subdivision within Bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/335083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological capacities clearly define a major subdivision in Domain Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/341107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA tertiary structure energetics predicted by an ensemble model of the RNA double helix 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/341107v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 50% of residues within functional structured RNAs are base-paired in Watson-Crick helices, but it is not fully understood how these helices geometric preferences and flexibility might influence RNA tertiary structure. Here, we show experimentally and computationally that the ensemble fluctuations of RNA helices substantially impact RNA tertiary structure stability. We updated a model for the conformational ensemble of the RNA helix using crystallographic structures of Watson-Crick base pair steps. To test this model, we made blind predictions of the thermodynamic stability of >1500 tertiary assemblies with differing helical sequences and compared calculations to independent measurements from a high-throughput experimental platform. The blind predictions accounted for thermodynamic effects from changing helix sequence and length with unexpectedly tight accuracies (RMSD of 0.34 and 0.77 kcal/mol, respectively). These comparisons lead to a detailed picture of how RNA base pair steps fluctuate within complex assemblies and suggest a new route toward predicting RNA tertiary structure formation and energetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yesselman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisaria, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschlag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/341107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA tertiary structure energetics predicted by an ensemble model of the RNA double helix]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/331785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repurposing the quinoline antibiotic nitroxoline to treat infections caused by the brain-eating amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/331785v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Balamuthia mandrillaris is a pathogenic free-living amoeba that causes a rare but almost always fatal infection of the central nervous system called granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Two distinct forms of B. mandrillaris - a proliferative trophozoite form and a non-proliferative cyst form, which is highly resistant to harsh physical and chemical conditions - have been isolated from environmental samples worldwide and are both observed in infected tissue. Patients suffering from GAE are typically treated with aggressive and prolonged multi-drug regimens often including the antimicrobial agents miltefosine and pentamidine isethionate. However, survival rates remain low and studies evaluating the susceptibility of B. mandrillaris to these compounds and other potential therapeutics are limited. To address the need for more effective treatments, we screened 2,177 clinically-approved compounds for in vitro activity against B. mandrillaris. The quinoline antibiotic nitroxoline, which has safely been used in humans to treat urinary tract infections, was identified as a lead compound. We show that nitroxoline inhibits both trophozoites and cysts at low micromolar concentrations, which are within a physiologically relevant range. We compare the in vitro efficacy of nitroxoline to drugs currently used in the standard of care for GAE and find that nitroxoline is the most potent and selective inhibitor of B. mandrillaris tested. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nitroxoline prevents B. mandrillaris-mediated destruction of host cells in cultured fibroblast and primary brain explant models also at physiologically relevant concentrations. Together, our findings indicate that nitroxoline is a promising candidate for repurposing as a novel treatment of B. mandrillaris infections.nnImportanceBalamuthia mandrillaris is responsible for hundreds of reported cases of amoebic encephalitis, the majority of which have been fatal. Despite being an exceptionally deadly pathogen, B. mandrillaris is understudied, leaving many open questions regarding epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Due to the lack of effective drugs to fight B. mandrillaris infections, mortality rates remain high even for patients receiving intensive care. This study addresses the need for new anti-amoebic drugs using a high-throughput screening approach to identify novel B. mandrillaris inhibitors. The most promising candidate identified was the quinoline antibiotic nitroxoline, which has a long history of safe use in humans. We show that nitroxoline kills B. mandrillaris at physiologically relevant concentrations and exhibits greater potency and selectivity than drugs commonly used in the current standard of care. The findings we present demonstrate the potential of nitroxoline to be an important new tool in the treatment of life threatening B. mandrillaris infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laurie, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Retallack, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakanari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/331785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repurposing the quinoline antibiotic nitroxoline to treat infections caused by the brain-eating amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/326272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Usp16 modulates Wnt signaling in primary tissues through Cdkn2a regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/326272v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of the Wnt pathway in stem cells and primary tissues is still poorly understood. Here we report that Usp16, a negative regulator of Bmi1/PRC1 function, modulates the Wnt pathway in mammary epithelia, primary human fibroblasts and MEFs, affecting their expansion and self-renewal potential. In mammary glands, reduced levels of Usp16 increase tissue responsiveness to Wnt, resulting in upregulation of the downstream Wnt target Axin2, expansion of the basal compartment and increased in vitro and in vivo epithelial regeneration. Usp16 regulation of the Wnt pathway in mouse and human tissues is at least in part mediated by activation of Cdkn2a, a regulator of senescence. At the molecular level, Usp16 affects Rspo-mediated phosphorylation of LRP6. In Downs Syndrome (DS), triplication of Usp16 dampens the activation of the Wnt pathway. Usp16 copy number normalization restores normal Wnt activation in Ts65Dn mice models. Genetic upregulation of the Wnt pathway in Ts65Dn mice rescues the proliferation defect observed in mammary epithelial cells. All together, these findings link important stem cell regulators like Bmi1/Usp16 and Cdkn2a to Wnt signaling, and have implications for designing therapies for conditions, like DS, aging or degenerative diseases, where the Wnt pathway is hampered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adorno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolis di Robilant, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikandar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haro Acosta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/326272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Usp16 modulates Wnt signaling in primary tissues through Cdkn2a regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/341149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Host Response and Unbiased Microbe Detection for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis in Critically Ill Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/341149v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) lead to more deaths each year than any other infectious disease category(1). Despite this, etiologic LRTI pathogens are infrequently identified due to limitations of existing microbiologic tests(2). In critically ill patients, non-infectious inflammatory syndromes resembling LRTI further complicate diagnosis. To address the need for improved LRTI diagnostics, we performed metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) on tracheal aspirates from 92 adults with acute respiratory failure and simultaneously assessed pathogens, the lung microbiome and the host transcriptome. To differentiate pathogens from respiratory commensals, we developed rules-based and logistic regression models (RBM, LRM) in a derivation cohort of 20 patients with LRTI or non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in an independent validation cohort of 24 patients, both models achieved accuracies of 95.5%. We next developed pathogen, microbiome diversity, and host gene expression metrics to identify LRTI-positive patients and differentiate them from critically ill controls with non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in the validation cohort, the pathogen metric performed with an AUC of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.86 - 1.00), the diversity metric with an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.63 - 0.98), and the host transcriptional classifier with an AUC of 0.91 (95% CI = 0.80 - 1.00). Combining all three achieved an AUC of 0.99 (95% CI = 0.97 - 1.00) and negative predictive value of 100%. This study suggests that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome may hold promise as a novel tool for LRTI diagnosis.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the leading cause of infectious disease-related death worldwide yet remain challenging to diagnose because of limitations in existing microbiologic tests. In critically ill patients, non-infectious respiratory syndromes that resemble LRTI further complicate diagnosis and confound targeted treatment. To address this, we developed a novel metagenomic sequencing-based approach that simultaneously interrogates three core elements of acute airway infections: the pathogen, lung microbiome and host response. We studied this approach in a prospective cohort of critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure and found that combining pathogen, microbiome and host gene expression metrics achieved accurate LRTI diagnosis and identified etiologic pathogens in patients with clinically identified infections but otherwise negative testing.nnFundingNHLBI K12HL119997 (Langelier C), NHLBI K23HL123778 (Christensen S), NIAID P01AI091575 and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub (DeRisi JL), NHLBI K23 HL136844 (Moazed F), NHLBI R01HL110969, K24HL133390, R35HL140026 (Calfee C), Gladstone Institutes (Pollard KS).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolourchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jauregui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcolm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthay, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calfee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/341149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Host Response and Unbiased Microbe Detection for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis in Critically Ill Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/349084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD38 is a key regulator of enhanced NK cell immune responses during pregnancy through its role in immune synapse formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/349084v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells use a diverse array of activating and inhibitory surface receptors to detect threats and provide an early line of defense against viral infections and cancer. Here, we demonstrate that the cell surface protein CD38 is a key human NK cell functional receptor through a role in immune synapse formation. CD38 expression marks a mature subset of human NK cells with a high functional capacity. NK cells expressing high levels of CD38 display enhanced killing and IFN-{gamma} secretion in response to influenza virus-infected and tumor cells. Inhibition of CD38 enzymatic activity does not influence NK cell function, but blockade of CD38 and its ligand CD31 abrogates killing and IFN-{gamma} expression in response to influenza-infected cells. Blockade of CD38 on NK cells similarly inhibits killing of tumor cells. CD38 localizes and accumulates at the immune synapse between NK cells and their targets, and blocking CD38 severely abrogates the ability of NK cells to form conjugates and immune synapses with target cells. Thus, CD38 plays a critical role in NK cell immune synapse formation. These findings open new avenues in immunotherapeutic development for cancer and infection by revealing a critical role for CD38 in NK cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Gars, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayless, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starosvetsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen-Orr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/349084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD38 is a key regulator of enhanced NK cell immune responses during pregnancy through its role in immune synapse formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/350538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell RNAseq provides a molecular and cellular cartography of changes to the human endometrium through the menstrual cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/350538v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a human menstrual cycle, the endometrium undergoes remodeling, shedding, and regeneration, all of which are driven by substantial gene expression changes in the underlying cellular hierarchy. Despite its importance in human fertility and regenerative biology, mechanistic understanding of this unique type of tissue homeostasis remains rudimentary. We characterized the transcriptomic transformation of human endometrium at single cell resolution, dissecting the multidimensional cellular heterogeneity of this tissue across the entire natural menstrual cycle. We profiled the behavior of 6 endometrial cell types, including a previously uncharacterized ciliated epithelial cell type, during four major phases of endometrial transformation, and found characteristic signatures for each cell type and phase. We discovered that human window of implantation opens with an abrupt and discontinuous transcriptomic activation in the epithelia, accompanied with widespread decidualized feature in the stromal fibroblasts. These data reveal signatures in the luminal and glandular epithelia during epithelial gland reconstruction, and suggest a mechanism for adult gland formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilella, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell RNAseq provides a molecular and cellular cartography of changes to the human endometrium through the menstrual cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/351627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultralarge Modulation of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Fluorescence Mediated by Neuromodulators Adsorbed on Arrays of Oligonucleotide Rings 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/351627v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-covalent interactions between single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotides and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have provided a unique class of tunable chemistries for a variety of applications. However, mechanistic insight into both the photophysical and intermolecular phenomena underlying their utility is lacking, resulting in obligate heuristic approaches for producing ssDNA-SWNT based technologies. In this work, we present an ultrasensitive "turn-on" nanosensor for neuromodulators dopamine and norepinephrine with strong {Delta}F/F0 of up to 3500%, a signal appropriate for in vivo imaging, and uncover the photophysical principles and intermolecular interactions that govern the molecular recognition and fluorescence modulation of this nanosensor synthesized from the non-covalent conjugation of (GT)6 ssDNA strands on SWNTs. The fluorescence modulation of the ssDNA-SWNT conjugate is shown to exhibit remarkable sensitivity to the ssDNA sequence chemistry, length, and surface density, providing a wealth of parameters with which to tune nanosensor dynamic range and strength of fluorescence turn-on. We employ classical and quantum mechanical molecular dynamics simulations to rationalize our experimental findings. Calculations show that (GT)6 ssDNA form ordered loops around SWNT, inducing periodic surface potentials that modulate exciton recombination lifetimes. Further evidence is presented to elucidate how analyte binding modulates SWNT fluorescence. We discuss the implications of our findings for SWNT-based molecular sensing applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alizadehmojarad, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorlhiac, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/351627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultralarge Modulation of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Fluorescence Mediated by Neuromodulators Adsorbed on Arrays of Oligonucleotide Rings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/356790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Megaphage infect Prevotella and variants are widespread in gut microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/356790v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophage (phage) dramatically shape microbial community composition, redistribute nutrients via host lysis, and drive evolution through horizontal gene transfer. Despite their importance, much remains to be learned about phage in the human microbiome. We investigated gut microbiomes of humans from Bangladesh and Tanzania, two African baboon social groups, and Danish pigs, and report that many contain phage belonging to a clade with genomes >540 kb in length, the largest yet reported in the human microbiome and close to the maximum size ever reported for phage. We refer to these as Lak phage. CRISPR spacer targeting indicates that the Lak phage infect bacteria of the genus Prevotella. We manually curated to completion 15 distinct Lak phage genomes recovered from metagenomes. The genomes display several interesting features, including use of an alternative genetic code, large intergenic regions that are highly expressed, and up to 35 putative tRNAs, some of which contain enigmatic introns. Different individuals have distinct phage genotypes, and shifts in variant frequencies over consecutive sampling days reflect changes in relative abundance of phage sub-populations. Recent homologous recombination has resulted in extensive genome admixture of nine baboon Lak phage populations. We infer that Lak phage are widespread in gut communities that contain Prevotella species, especially in individuals in the developing world, and conclude that megaphage, with fascinating and underexplored biology, may be common but largely overlooked components of human and animal gut microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devoto, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarestrup, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/356790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Megaphage infect Prevotella and variants are widespread in gut microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/357970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in the path to exit the ribosome across the three domains of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/357970v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in biological imaging have led to a surge of fine-resolution structures of the ribosome from diverse organisms. Comparing these structures, especially the exit tunnel, to characterize the key similarities and differences across species is essential for various important applications, such as designing antibiotic drugs and understanding the intricate details of translation dynamics. Here, we compile and compare 20 fine-resolution cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography structures of the ribosome recently obtained from all three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and eukarya). We first show that a hierarchical clustering of tunnel shapes closely reflects the species phylogeny. Then, by analyzing the ribosomal RNAs and proteins localized near the tunnel, we explain the observed geometric variations and show direct association between the conservations of the geometry, structure, and sequence. We find that the tunnel is more conserved in its upper part, from the polypeptide transferase center to the constriction site. In the lower part, tunnels are significantly narrower in eukaryotes than in bacteria, and we provide evidence for the existence of a second constriction site in eukaryotic tunnels. We also show that ribosomal RNA and protein sequences are more likely to be conserved closer to the tunnel, as is the presence of positively charged amino acids. Overall, our comparative analysis shows how the geometric and biophysical properties of the exit tunnel play an important role in ensuring proper transit of the nascent polypeptide chain, and may explain the differences observed in several co-translational processes across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in the path to exit the ribosome across the three domains of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/356543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging Striatal Dopamine Release Using a Non-Genetically Encoded Near-Infrared Fluorescent Catecholamine Nanosensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/356543v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromodulation plays a critical role in brain function in both health and disease. New optical tools, and their validation in biological tissues, are needed that can image neuromodulation with high spatial and temporal resolution, which will add an important new dimension of information to neuroscience research. Here, we demonstrate the use of a catecholamine nanosensor with fluorescent emission in the 1000-1300 nm near-infrared window to measure dopamine transmission in ex vivo brain slices. These near-infrared catecholamine nanosensors (nIRCats) represent a broader class of nanosensors that can be synthesized from non-covalent conjugation of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) with single strand oligonucleotides. We show that nIRCats can be used to detect catecholamine efflux in brain tissue driven by both electrical stimulation or optogenetic stimulation. Spatial analysis of electrically-evoked signals revealed dynamic regions of interest approximately 2 microns in size in which transients scaled with simulation intensity. Optogenetic stimulation of dopaminergic terminals produced similar transients, whereas optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic terminals showed no effect on nIRCat signal. Bath application of nomifensine prolonged nIRCat fluorescence signal, consistent with reuptake blockade of dopamine. We further show that the chemically synthetic molecular recognition elements of nIRCats permit measurement of dopamine dynamics in the presence of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists. These nIRCat nanosensors may be advantageous for future use because i) they do not require virus delivery, gene delivery, or protein expression, ii) their near-infrared fluorescence facilitates imaging in optically scattering brain tissue and is compatible for use in conjunction with other optical neuroscience tool sets, iii) the broad availability of unique near-infrared colors have the potential for simultaneous detection of multiple neurochemical signals, and iv) they are compatible with pharmacology. Together, these data suggest nIRCats and other nanosensors of this class can serve as versatile new optical tools to report dynamics of extracellular neuromodulation in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis ODonnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piekarski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrecht, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/356543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging Striatal Dopamine Release Using a Non-Genetically Encoded Near-Infrared Fluorescent Catecholamine Nanosensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/314377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early transcriptional responses after dengue vaccination mirror the response to natural infection and predict neutralizing antibody titers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/314377v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSeveral promising live attenuated virus (LAV) dengue vaccines are in development, but information about innate immune responses and early correlates of protection are lacking.nnMethodsWe characterized human genome-wide transcripts in whole blood from 10 volunteers at 11 time-points after immunization with the dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) component of the NIH dengue vaccine candidate TV003 and from 30 hospitalized children with acute primary DENV-3 infection. We compared day-specific gene expression patterns with subsequent neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers.nnResultsThe transcriptional response to vaccination was largely confined to days 5-20 and was dominated by an interferon-associated signature and a cell cycle signature that peaked on days 8 and 14, respectively. Changes in transcript abundance were much greater in magnitude and scope in symptomatic natural infection than following vaccination (maximum fold-change >200 versus 21 post-vaccination; 3,210 versus 286 transcripts with significant fold-change), but shared gene modules were induced in the same sequence. The abundance of 131 transcripts on days 8 and 9 post-vaccination was strongly correlated with NAb titers measured 6 weeks post-vaccination.nnConclusionsLAV dengue vaccination elicits early transcriptional responses that mirror those found in symptomatic natural infection and provide candidate early markers of protection against DENV infection.nnClinical Trial Registration Number: NCT00831012 (available at clinicaltrials.gov)nnSummary: Interferon- and cell cycle-associated gene transcript abundance levels in the peripheral blood of dengue vaccine recipients on days 8 and 9 post-vaccination were associated with dengue neutralizing antibody titers on day 42, and mirrored responses in primary dengue infection, suggesting the possibility of predicting protective immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popper, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strouts, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindow, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitehead, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/314377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early transcriptional responses after dengue vaccination mirror the response to natural infection and predict neutralizing antibody titers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/364265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A smartphone-based tool for rapid, portable, and automated wide-field retinal imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/364265v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeHigh-quality, wide-field retinal imaging is a valuable method to screen preventable, vision-threatening diseases of the retina. Smartphone-based retinal cameras hold promise for increasing access to retinal imaging, but variable image quality and restricted field of view can limit their utility. We developed and clinically tested a smartphone-based system that addresses these challenges with automation-assisted imaging.nnMethodsThe system was designed to improve smartphone retinal imaging by combining automated fixation guidance, photomontage, and multi-colored illumination with optimized optics, user-tested ergonomics, and touch-screen interface. System performance was evaluated from images of ophthalmic patients taken by non-ophthalmic personnel. Two masked ophthalmologists evaluated images for abnormalities and disease severity.nnResultsThe system automatically generated 100-degree retinal photomontages from five overlapping images in under 1 minute at full resolution (52.3 pixels per retinal degree) fully on-phone, revealing numerous retinal abnormalities. Feasibility of the system for DR screening using the retinal photomontages was performed in 71 diabetics by masked graders. DR grade matched perfectly with dilated clinical examination in 55.1% of eyes and within 1 severity level for 85.2% of eyes. For referral-warranted DR, average sensitivity was 93.3% and specificity 56.8%.nnConclusionsAutomation-assisted imaging produced high-quality, wide-field retinal images that demonstrate the potential of smartphone-based retinal cameras to be used for retinal disease screening.nnTranslational RelevanceEnhancement of smartphone-based retinal imaging through automation and software intelligence holds great promise for increasing the accessibility of retinal screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loury, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loumou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echanique, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maamari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Switz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulus, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A smartphone-based tool for rapid, portable, and automated wide-field retinal imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/364166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-assembling Manifolds in Single-cell RNA Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/364166v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing has spurred the development of computational methods that enable researchers to classify cell types, delineate developmental trajectories, and measure molecular responses to external perturbations. Many of these technologies rely on their ability to detect genes whose cell-to-cell variations arise from the biological processes of interest rather than transcriptional or technical noise. However, for datasets in which the biologically relevant differences between cells are subtle, identifying these genes is a challenging task. We present the self-assembling manifold (SAM) algorithm, an iterative soft feature selection strategy to quantify gene relevance and improve dimensionality reduction. We demonstrate its advantages over other state-of-the-art methods with experimental validation in identifying novel stem cell populations of Schistosoma, a prevalent parasite that infects hundreds of millions of people. Extending our analysis to a total of 56 datasets, we show that SAM is generalizable and consistently outperforms other methods in a variety of biological and quantitative benchmarks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarashansky, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-assembling Manifolds in Single-cell RNA Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/366039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smart bone plates can monitor fracture healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/366039v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One Sentence SummaryElectrical impedance measurements using microscale sensors implanted in two mouse fracture models tracked longitudinal differences between individual mice with proper healing and mice experiencing poor healing, laying the groundwork for translation to the clinic through integration into fracture fixation implants (i.e. instrumented bone plates).nnAbstractThere are currently no standardized methods for monitoring fracture healing. While histological studies can clearly identify the tissues found in the four stages of repair, in practice surgeons rely on X-ray, which is only useful at later stages of healing after mineralization has occurred. As electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has previously been used to distinguish tissue types during healing, we hypothesized that microscale sensors embedded in the fracture callus could track the changing tissue with high sensitivity. Using in vivo mouse fracture models, we present the first evidence that microscale instrumented implants provide a route for post-operative fracture monitoring. In this study, we implanted sensors in mouse long bone fractures fixed with either external fixators or bone plates. EIS measurements taken across two electrodes implanted in the fracture gap were able to track longitudinal differences between individual mice with proper healing and mice experiencing poor healing. We additionally present an equivalent circuit model that combines the EIS data in order to classify healing states of fractures. Lastly, we show that EIS measures are strongly correlated with standard {micro}CT measures of healing and that these correlations validate clinically-relevant operating frequencies for implementation of this technique. The data from these two models demonstrate that this technique can be translated to the clinic through integration into current fracture management strategies such as bone plating, providing physicians with quantitative information about the state of a fracture to guide clinical decision-making for patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herfat, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahney, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smart bone plates can monitor fracture healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/266700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic analysis with strain-level resolution reveals fine-scale variation in the human pregnancy microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/266700v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies suggest that the microbiome has an impact on gestational health and outcome. However, characterization of the pregnancy-associated microbiome has largely relied on 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based surveys. Here, we describe an assembly-driven, metagenomics-based, longitudinal study of the vaginal, gut, and oral microbiomes in 292 samples from ten subjects sampled every three weeks throughout pregnancy. 1.53 Gb of non-human sequence was assembled into scaffolds, and functional genes were predicted for gene-and pathway-based analyses. Vaginal assemblies were binned into 97 draft quality genomes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of microbial community composition at all three body sites revealed gestational age to be a significant source of variation in patterns of gene abundance. In addition, health complications were associated with variation in community functional gene composition in the mouth and gut. The diversity of Lactobacillus iners-dominated communities in the vagina, unlike most other vaginal community types, significantly increased with gestational age. The genomes of co-occurring Gardnerella vaginalis strains with predicted distinct functions were recovered in samples from two subjects. In seven subjects, gut samples contained strains of the same Lactobacillus species that dominated the vaginal community of that same subject, and not other Lactobacillus species; however, these within-host strains were divergent. CRISPR spacer analysis suggested shared phage and plasmid populations across body sites and individuals. This work underscores the dynamic behavior of the microbiome during pregnancy and suggests the potential importance of understanding the sources of this behavior for fetal development and gestational outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goltsman, D. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proctor, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiGiulio, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robaczewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic analysis with strain-level resolution reveals fine-scale variation in the human pregnancy microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/369322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics analysis of AML cells treated with azacitidine reveals highly variable cell surface proteome remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/369322v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are diseases of abnormal hematopoietic differentiation with aberrant epigenetic alterations. Azacitidine (AZA) is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) widely used to treat MDS and AML, yet the impact of AZA on the cell surface proteome has not been defined. To identify potential therapeutic targets for use in combination with AZA in AML patients, we investigated the effects of AZA treatment on four AML cell lines (KG1a, HL60, HNT34, and AML193), representing different stages of differentiation. The effect of AZA treatment on these cell lines was characterized at three levels: the DNA methylome (methylation array), the transcriptome (gene expression array), and the cell surface proteome (glycoprotein capture with SILAC labeling). Untreated AML cell lines showed substantial overlap in their methylomes, transcriptomes, and cell surface proteomes. AZA treatment globally reduced DNA methylation in all cell lines, but changes in the transcriptome and surface proteome were subtle and differed among the cell lines. Transcriptome analysis identified five commonly up-regulated coding genes upon AZA treatment in all four cell lines, TRPM4 being the only gene encoding a surface protein, and surface proteomics analysis found no commonly regulated proteins. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of differentially-regulated RNA and surface proteins showed a decrease in metabolism pathways and an increase in immune defense response pathways. As such, AZA treatment in four AML cell lines had diverse effects at the individual gene and protein level, but converged to regulation of metabolism and immune response at the pathway level. Given the heterogeneous response of AZA in the four cell lines at the gene and protein level, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for combinations with AZA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escoubet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacBeth, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMartino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/369322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics analysis of AML cells treated with azacitidine reveals highly variable cell surface proteome remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/369751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution mapping of cancer cell networks using co-functional interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/369751v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Powerful new technologies for perturbing genetic elements have expanded the study of genetic interactions in model systems ranging from yeast to human cell lines. However, technical artifacts can confound signal across genetic screens and limit the immense potential of parallel screening approaches. To address this problem, we devised a novel PCA-based method for eliminating these artifacts and bolstering sensitivity and specificity for detection of genetic interactions. Applying this strategy to a set of >300 whole genome CRISPR screens, we report ~1 million pairs of correlated "co-functional" genes that provide finer-scale information about cell compartments, biological pathways, and protein complexes than traditional gene sets. Lastly, we employed a gene community detection approach to implicate core genes for cancer growth and compress signal from functionally related genes in the same community into a single score. This work establishes new algorithms for probing cancer cell networks and motivates the acquisition of further CRISPR screen data across diverse genotypes and cell types to further resolve the complexity of cell signaling processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/369751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution mapping of cancer cell networks using co-functional interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/370452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel characterization of regulatory dynamics during neural induction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/370452v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular components governing neural induction remain largely unknown. Here, we applied a suite of genomic and computational tools to comprehensively identify these components. We performed RNA-seq, ChIP-seq (H3K27ac, H3K27me3) and ATAC-seq on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) at seven early neural differentiation time points (0-72 hours) and identified thousands of induced genes and regulatory regions. We analyzed the function of ~2,500 selected regions using massively parallel reporter assays at all time points. We found numerous temporal enhancers that correlated with similarly timed epigenetic marks and gene expression. Development of a prioritization method that incorporated all genomic data identified key transcription factors (TFs) involved in neural induction. Individual overexpression of eleven TFs and several combinations in hESCs found novel neural induction regulators. Combined, our results provide a comprehensive map of genes and functional regulatory elements involved in neural induction and identify master regulator TFs that are instrumental for this process.nnOne Sentence SummaryUsing numerous genomic assays and computational tools we characterized the dynamic changes that take place during neural induction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel characterization of regulatory dynamics during neural induction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/357640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genetic Basis for the Cooperative Bioactivation of Plant Lignans by a Human Gut Bacterial Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/357640v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant-derived lignans, consumed daily by most individuals, are inversely associated with breast cancer; however, their bioactivity is only exerted following gut bacterial conversion to enterolignans. Here, we dissect a four-species bacterial consortium sufficient for all four chemical reactions in this pathway. Comparative genomics and heterologous expression experiments identified the first enzyme in the pathway. Transcriptional profiling (RNAseq) independently identified the same gene and linked a single genomic locus to each of the remaining biotransformations. Remarkably, we detected the complete bacterial lignan metabolism pathway in the majority of human gut microbiomes. Together, these results are an important step towards a molecular genetic understanding of the gut bacterial bioactivation of lignans and other plant secondary metabolites to downstream metabolites relevant to human disease.nnOne Sentence SummaryBess et al. provide a first step towards elucidating the molecular genetic basis for the cooperative gut bacterial bioactivation of plant lignans, consumed daily by most individuals, to phytoestrogenic enterolignans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bess, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisanz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spanogiannopoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, Q. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustion, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alba, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolan, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koliwad, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genetic Basis for the Cooperative Bioactivation of Plant Lignans by a Human Gut Bacterial Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/370478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live imaging of Aiptasia larvae, a model system for studying coral bleaching, using a simple microfluidic device 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/370478v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coral reefs, and their associated diverse ecosystems, are of enormous ecological importance. In recent years, coral health has been severely impacted by environmental stressors brought on by human activity and climate change, threatening the extinction of several major reef ecosystems. Reef damage is mediated by a process called  coral bleaching where corals, sea anemones, and other cnidarians lose their photosynthetic algal symbionts (genus Symbiodinium) upon stress induction, resulting in drastically decreased host energy harvest and, ultimately, coral death. The mechanism by which this critical cnidarian-algal symbiosis is lost remains poorly understood. Here, we report  Traptasia, a simple microfluidic device with multiple traps designed to isolate and image individual live larvae of Aiptasia, a sea anemone model organism, and their algal symbionts over extended time courses. Aiptasia larvae are ~100 m in length, deformable, and highly motile, posing particular challenges for long-term imaging. Using a trap design optimized via fluid flow simulations and polymer bead loading tests, we trapped Aiptasia larvae containing algal symbionts and demonstrated stable imaging for >10 hours. We visualized algal migration within Aiptasia larvae and observed algal expulsion under an environmental stressor. To our knowledge, this device is the first to enable live imaging of cnidarian larvae and their algal symbionts and, in further implementation, could provide important insights into the cellular mechanisms of coral bleaching under different environmental stressors. The device is simple to use, requires minimal external equipment and no specialized training to operate, and can easily be adapted to study a variety of large, motile organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Treuren, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brower, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labanieh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lensch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live imaging of Aiptasia larvae, a model system for studying coral bleaching, using a simple microfluidic device]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/352484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DoubletFinder: Doublet detection in single-cell RNA sequencing data using artificial nearest neighbors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/352484v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) using droplet microfluidics occasionally produces transcriptome data representing more than one cell. These technical artifacts are caused by cell doublets formed during cell capture and occur at a frequency proportional to the total number of sequenced cells. The presence of doublets can lead to spurious biological conclusions, which justifies the practice of sequencing fewer cells to limit doublet formation rates. Here, we present a computational doublet detection tool - DoubletFinder - that identifies doublets based solely on gene expression features. DoubletFinder infers the putative gene expression profile of real doublets by generating artificial doublets from existing scRNA-seq data. Neighborhood detection in gene expression space then identifies sequenced cells with increased probability of being doublets based on their proximity to artificial doublets. DoubletFinder robustly identifies doublets across scRNA-seq datasets with variable numbers of cells and sequencing depth, and predicts false-negative and false-positive doublets defined using conventional barcoding approaches. We anticipate that DoubletFinder will aid in scRNA-seq data analysis and will increase the throughput and accuracy of scRNA-seq experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrow, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/352484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DoubletFinder: Doublet detection in single-cell RNA sequencing data using artificial nearest neighbors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/373878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Information-rich localization microscopy through machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/373878v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While current single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) methods often rely on the target-specific alteration of the point spread function (PSF) to encode the multidimensional contents of single fluorophores, we argue that the details of the PSF in an unmodified microscope already contain rich, multidimensional information. We introduce a data-driven approach in which artificial neural networks (ANNs) are trained to make a direct link between an experimental PSF image and its underlying parameters. To demonstrate this concept in real systems, we decipher in fixed cells both the colors and the axial positions of single molecules in regular SMLM data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Information-rich localization microscopy through machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/375360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Metagenomic Comparison of Tracheal Aspirate and Mini-Bronchial Alveolar Lavage for Assessment of Respiratory Microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/375360v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) lead to more deaths each year than any other infectious disease category. Despite this, etiologic LRTI pathogens are infrequently identified due to limitations of existing microbiologic tests. In critically ill patients, non-infectious inflammatory syndromes resembling LRTI further complicate diagnosis. To address the need for improved LRTI diagnostics, we performed metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) on tracheal aspirates from 92 adults with acute respiratory failure and simultaneously assessed pathogens, the airway microbiome and the host transcriptome. To differentiate pathogens from respiratory commensals, we developed rules-based and logistic regression models (RBM, LRM) in a derivation cohort of 20 patients with LRTI or non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in an independent validation cohort of 24 patients, both models achieved accuracies of 95.5%. We next developed pathogen, microbiome diversity, and host gene expression metrics to identify LRTI-positive patients and differentiate them from critically ill controls with non-infectious acute respiratory illnesses. When tested in the validation cohort, the pathogen metric performed with an AUC of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.86 - 1.00), the diversity metric with an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.63 - 0.98), and the host transcriptional classifier with an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI = 0.75 - 1.00). Combining these achieved a negative predictive value of 100%. This study suggests that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome may hold promise as a novel tool for LRTI diagnosis.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are the leading cause of infectious disease-related death worldwide yet remain challenging to diagnose because of limitations in existing microbiologic tests. In critically ill patients, non-infectious respiratory syndromes that resemble LRTI further complicate diagnosis and confound targeted treatment. To address this, we developed a novel metagenomic sequencing-based approach that simultaneously interrogates three core elements of acute airway infections: the pathogen, airway microbiome and host response. We studied this approach in a prospective cohort of critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure and found that combining pathogen, microbiome and host gene expression metrics achieved accurate LRTI diagnosis and identified etiologic pathogens in patients with clinically identified infections but otherwise negative testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jauregui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulourchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calfee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Metagenomic Comparison of Tracheal Aspirate and Mini-Bronchial Alveolar Lavage for Assessment of Respiratory Microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/378646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SymSim: simulating multi-faceted variability in single cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/378646v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The abundance of new computational methods for processing and interpreting transcriptomes at a single cell level raises the need for in-silico platforms for evaluation and validation. Simulated datasets which resemble the properties of real datasets can aid in method development and prioritization as well as in questions in experimental design by providing an objective ground truth. Here, we present SymSim, a simulator software that explicitly models the processes that give rise to data observed in single cell RNA-Seq experiments. The components of the SymSim pipeline pertain to the three primary sources of variation in single cell RNA-Seq data: noise intrinsic to the process of transcription, extrinsic variation that is indicative of different cell states (both discrete and continuous), and technical variation due to low sensitivity and measurement noise and bias. Unlike other simulators, the parameters that govern the simulation process directly represent meaningful properties such as mRNA capture rate, the number of PCR cycles, sequencing depth, or the use of unique molecular identifiers. We demonstrate how SymSim can be used for benchmarking methods for clustering and differential expression and for examining the effects of various parameters on their performance. We also show how SymSim can be used to evaluate the number of cells required to detect a rare population and how this number deviates from the theoretical lower bound as the quality of the data decreases. SymSim is publicly available as an R package and allows users to simulate datasets with desired properties or matched with experimental data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/378646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SymSim: simulating multi-faceted variability in single cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/380006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An actuated neural probe architecture for reducing gliosis-induced recording degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/380006v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glial encapsulation of chronically implanted neural probes inhibits recording and stimulation, and this signal loss is a significant factor limiting the clinical viability of most neural implant topologies for decades-long implantation. We demonstrate a mechanical proof of concept for silicon shank-style neural probes intended to minimize gliosis near the recording sites. Compliant whiskers on the edges of the probe fold inward to minimize tissue damage during insertion. Once implanted to the target depth and retracted slightly, these whiskers splay outward. The splayed tips, on which recording sites could be patterned, extend beyond the typical 50-100 micron radius of a glial scar. The whiskers are micron-scale to minimize or avoid glial scarring. Electrically inactive devices with whiskers of varying widths and curvature were designed and monolithically fabricated from a five-micron silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, and their mechanical functionality was demonstrated in a 0.6% agar brain phantom. Deflection was plotted versus deflection speed, and those that were most compliant actuated successfully. This probe requires no preparation for use beyond what is typical for a shank-style silicon probe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massey, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/380006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An actuated neural probe architecture for reducing gliosis-induced recording degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/384123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host cell metabolism contributes to delayed-death kinetics of apicoplast inhibitors in Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/384123v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii and related human parasites contain an essential plastid organelle called the apicoplast. Clinically-used antibiotics and other inhibitors that disrupt apicoplast biogenesis cause a mysterious "delayed-death" phenotype, in which parasite growth is unaffected during the first lytic cycle of inhibitor treatment but is severely inhibited in the second lytic cycle even after drug removal. Critical to understanding the complex downstream cellular effects of these drug classes is the timing of apicoplast loss during inhibitor treatment and how it relates to this peculiar growth phenotype. Here we show that, upon treatment with diverse classes of apicoplast inhibitors, newly-replicated T. gondii parasites in the first lytic cycle initially form apicoplasts with defects in protein import or genome replication and eventually fail to inherit the apicoplast altogether. Despite the accumulation of parasites with defective or missing apicoplasts, growth is unaffected during the first lytic cycle, as previously observed. Strikingly, concomitant inhibition of host cell isoprenoid biosynthesis results in growth inhibition in the first lytic cycle and unmasks the apicoplast defects. These results suggest that defects in and even complete loss of the apicoplast in T. gondii are partially rescued by scavenging of host cell metabolites leading to death that is delayed. Our findings uncover host cell interactions that can alleviate apicoplast inhibition and highlight key differences in "delayed-death" inhibitors between T. gondii and Plasmodium falciparum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amberg-Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host cell metabolism contributes to delayed-death kinetics of apicoplast inhibitors in Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/384776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR Screens in Primary Human T Cells Reveal Key Regulators of Immune Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/384776v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human T cells are central effectors of immunity and cancer immunotherapy. CRISPR-based functional studies in T cells could prioritize novel targets for drug development and improve the design of genetically reprogrammed cell-based therapies. However, large-scale CRISPR screens have been challenging in primary human cells. We developed a new method, sgRNA lentiviral infection with Cas9 protein electroporation (SLICE), to identify regulators of stimulation responses in primary human T cells. Genome-wide loss-of-function screens identified essential T cell receptor signaling components and genes that negatively tune proliferation following stimulation. Targeted ablation of individual candidate genes validated hits and identified perturbations that enhanced cancer cell killing. SLICE coupled with single-cell RNA-Seq revealed signature stimulation-response gene programs altered by key genetic perturbations. SLICE genome-wide screening was also adaptable to identify mediators of immunosuppression, revealing genes controlling response to adenosine signaling. The SLICE platform enables unbiased discovery and characterization of functional gene targets in primary cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diolaiti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashworth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/384776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR Screens in Primary Human T Cells Reveal Key Regulators of Immune Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/385005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Etiology of fever in Ugandan children: identification of microbial pathogens using metagenomic next-generation sequencing and IDseq, a platform for unbiased metagenomic analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/385005v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFebrile illness is a major burden in African children, and non-malarial causes of fever are uncertain. We built and employed IDseq, a cloud-based, open access, bioinformatics platform and service to identify microbes from metagenomic next-generation sequencing of tissue samples. In this pilot study, we evaluated blood, nasopharyngeal, and stool specimens from 94 children (aged 2-54 months) with febrile illness admitted to Tororo District Hospital, Uganda.nnResultsThe most common pathogens identified were Plasmodium falciparum (51.1% of samples) and parvovirus B19 (4.4%) from blood; human rhinoviruses A and C (40%), respiratory syncytial virus (10%), and human herpesvirus 5 (10%) from nasopharyngeal swabs; and rotavirus A (50% of those with diarrhea) from stool. Among other potential pathogens, we identified one novel orthobunyavirus, tentatively named Nyangole virus, from the blood of a child diagnosed with malaria and pneumonia, and Bwamba orthobunyavirus in the nasopharynx of a child with rash and sepsis. We also identified two novel human rhinovirus C species.nnConclusionsThis exploratory pilot study demonstrates the utility of mNGS and the IDseq platform for defining the molecular landscape of febrile infectious diseases in resource limited areas. These methods, supported by a robust data analysis and sharing platform, offer a new tool for the surveillance, diagnosis, and ultimately treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakielny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyohere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byaruhanga, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bourcy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mpimbaza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/385005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Etiology of fever in Ugandan children: identification of microbial pathogens using metagenomic next-generation sequencing and IDseq, a platform for unbiased metagenomic analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/386532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ESCRT-III proteins IST1 and CHMP1B assemble around nucleic acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/386532v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ESCRT-III proteins can promote inside-out or outside-in membrane tubulation and fission. In addition, several observations suggest that ESCRT factors may also associate with nucleic acids during development, different stages of the cell cycle, and during retro-transposition of parasitic nucleic acids like LINE1 elements. Two ESCRT-III subunits, IST1 (aka CHMP8) and CHMP1B, can coassemble as an external protein coat around liposomes in vitro and around recycling endosomal tubules in living cells. Here we show that recombinant IST1 and CHMP1B can also copolymerize into double stranded filaments that surround nucleic acids. Electron cryo-microscopy reconstructions of nucleic acid-bound IST1-CHMP1B copolymers revealed that the polynucleotides track along a binding groove formed between filaments of the inner CHMP1B strand. The well-ordered structures also reveal that the C-terminal tails of CHMP1B subunits extrude through the outer IST1 layer to the tube exterior. As a result, the MIT domain binding motifs of both CHMP1B and IST1 are arrayed on the outer surface of the copolymer, where they could bind and recruit MIT domain-containing co-factors, such as the SPASTIN ATPase or the USP8 ubiquitin protease. Our structure raises the possibility that ESCRT-III proteins may form nucleic acid complexes in mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talledge, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalonde, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajorek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalicky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundquist, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ESCRT-III proteins IST1 and CHMP1B assemble around nucleic acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/387241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MULTI-seq: Scalable sample multiplexing for single-cell RNA sequencing using lipid-tagged indices 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/387241v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe MULTI-seq: A rapid, modular, and universal scRNA-seq sample multiplexing strategy using lipid-tagged indices. MULTI-seq reagents can barcode any cell type from any species with an accessible plasma membrane. The method is compatible with enzymatic tissue dissociation, and also preserves viability and endogenous gene expression patterns. We leverage these features to multiplex the analysis of multiple solid tissues comprising human and mouse cells isolated from patient-derived xenograft mouse models. We also utilize MULTI-seqs modular design to perform a 96-plex perturbation experiment with human mammary epithelial cells. MULTI-seq also enables robust doublet identification, which improves data quality and increases scRNA-seq cell throughput by minimizing the negative effects of Poisson loading. We anticipate that the sample throughput and reagent savings enabled by MULTI-seq will expand the purview of scRNA-seq and democratize the application of these technologies within the scientific community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrow, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MULTI-seq: Scalable sample multiplexing for single-cell RNA sequencing using lipid-tagged indices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/388181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virus-inclusive single cell RNA sequencing reveals molecular signature predictive of progression to severe dengue infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/388181v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue virus (DENV) infection can result in severe complications. Yet, the understanding of the molecular correlates of severity is limited, partly due to difficulties in defining the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that are associated with DENV in vivo. Additionally, there are currently no biomarkers predictive of progression to severe dengue (SD). Bulk transcriptomics data are difficult to interpret because blood consists of multiple cell types that may react differently to infection. Here we applied virus-inclusive single cell RNA-seq approach (viscRNA-Seq) to profile transcriptomes of thousands of single PBMCs derived early in the course of disease from six dengue patients and four healthy controls, and to characterize distinct DENV-associated leukocytes. Multiple genes, particularly interferon response genes, were upregulated in a cell-specific manner prior to progression to SD. Expression of MX2 in naive B cells and CD163 in CD14+ CD16+ monocytes was predictive of SD. The majority of DENV-associated cells in the blood of two patients who progressed to SD were naive IgM B cells expressing the CD69 and CXCR4 receptors and antiviral genes, followed by monocytes. Bystander uninfected B cells also demonstrated immune activation, and plasmablasts from two patients exhibited antibody lineages with convergently hypermutated heavy chain sequences. Lastly, assembly of the DENV genome revealed diversity at unexpected genomic sites. This study presents a multi-faceted molecular elucidation of natural dengue infection in humans and proposes biomarkers for prediction of SD, with implications for profiling any tissue and viral infection, and for the development of a dengue prognostic assay.nnSignificanceA fraction of the 400 million people infected with dengue annually progresses to severe dengue (SD). Yet, there are currently no biomarkers to effectively predict disease progression. We profiled the landscape of host transcripts and viral RNA in thousands of single blood cells from dengue patients prior to progressing to SD. We discovered cell-type specific immune activation and candidate predictive biomarkers. We also revealed preferential virus association with specific cell populations, particularly naive B cells and monocytes. We then explored immune activation of bystander cells, clonality and somatic evolution of adaptive immune repertoires, and viral genomics. This multi-faceted approach could advance understanding of pathogenesis of any viral infection, map an atlas of infected cells and promote the development of prognostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croote, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Lasso, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albornoz, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virus-inclusive single cell RNA sequencing reveals molecular signature predictive of progression to severe dengue infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/386292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral gene transfer shapes the distribution of RuBisCO among Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria and DPANN archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/386292v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is considered to be the most abundant enzyme on Earth. Despite this, its full diversity and distribution across the domains of life remain to be determined. Here, we leverage a large set of bacterial, archaeal, and viral genomes recovered from the environment to expand our understanding of existing RuBisCO diversity and the evolutionary processes responsible for its distribution. Specifically, we report a new type of RuBisCO present in Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria that is related to the archaeal Form III enzyme and contains the amino acid residues necessary for catalytic activity. Genome-level metabolic analyses supported the inference that these RuBisCO function in a nucleotide-based, CO2-incorporating pathway. Importantly, some Gottesmanbacteria (CPR) also encode a phosphoribulokinase that may augment carbon metabolism through a partial Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle. Based on the scattered distribution of RuBisCO and its discordant evolutionary history, we conclude that this enzyme has been extensively laterally transferred across the CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea. We also report RuBisCO-like proteins in phage genomes from diverse environments. These sequences cluster with proteins in the Beckwithbacteria (CPR), implicating phage as a possible mechanism of RuBisCO transfer. Finally, we synthesize our metabolic and evolutionary analyses to suggest that lateral gene transfer of RuBisCO may have facilitated major shifts in carbon metabolism in several important bacterial and archaeal lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral gene transfer shapes the distribution of RuBisCO among Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria and DPANN archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/389999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing B cell receptor sequences from short-read single cell RNA-sequencing with BRAPeS 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/389999v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-sequencing of single B cells provides simultaneous measurements of the cell state and its binding specificity. However, in order to uncover the latter further reconstruction of the B cell receptor (BCR) sequence is needed. We present BRAPeS, an algorithm for reconstructing BCRs from short-read paired-end single cell RNA-sequencing. BRAPeS is accurate and achieves a high success rate even at very short (25bp) read length, which can decrease the cost and increase the number of cells that can be analyzed compared to long reads. BRAPeS is publicly available in the following link: https://github.com/YosefLab/BRAPeS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing B cell receptor sequences from short-read single cell RNA-sequencing with BRAPeS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/391417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in archaeal phylum Verstraetearchaeota reveals the shared ancestry of all methanogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/391417v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methanogenic archaea are major contributors to the global carbon cycle and were long thought to belong exclusively to the euryarchaeotal phylum. Discovery of the methanogenesis gene cluster methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr) in the Bathyarchaeota and thereafter the Verstraetearchaeota led to a paradigm shift, pushing back the evolutionary origin of methanogenesis to pre-date that of the Euryarchaeota. The methylotrophic methanogenesis found in the non-Euryarchaota distinguished itself from the predominantly hydrogenotrophic methanogens found in euryarchaeal orders as the former do not couple methanogenesis to carbon fixation through the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Wood-Ljungdahl) pathway, which was interpreted as evidence for independent evolution of the two methanogenesis pathways. Here, we report the discovery of a complete and divergent hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway in a novel, thermophilic order of the Verstraetearchaeota which we have named Candidatus Methanohydrogenales, as well as the presence of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway in the crenarchaeal order Desulfurococcales. Our findings support the ancient origin of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, suggest that methylotrophic methanogenesis might be a later adaptation of specific orders, and provide insight into how transition from hydrogenotrophic to methylotrophic methanogenesis might occur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berghuis, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blainey, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woyke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/391417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in archaeal phylum Verstraetearchaeota reveals the shared ancestry of all methanogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/391433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Spatial Correlation of Transcripts With Application to Developing Pancreas 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/391433v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently high-throughput image-based transcriptomic methods were developed and enabled researchers to spatially resolve gene expression variation at the molecular level for the first time. In this work, we develop a general analysis tool to quantitatively study the spatial correlations of gene expression in fixed tissue sections. As an illustration, we analyze the spatial distribution of single mRNA molecules measured by in situ sequencing on human fetal pancreas at three developmental time points 80, 87 and 117 days post-fertilization. We develop a density profile-based method to capture the spatial relationship between gene expression and other morphological features of the tissue sample such as position of nuclei and endocrine cells of the pancreas. In addition, we build a statistical model to characterize correlations in the spatial distribution of the expression level among different genes. This model enables us to infer the inhibitory and clustering effects throughout different time points. Our analysis framework is applicable to a wide variety of spatially-resolved transcriptomic data to derive biological insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignardi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/391433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Spatial Correlation of Transcripts With Application to Developing Pancreas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/404947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic characterization of genome editing in primary T cells reveals proximal genomic insertions and enables machine learning prediction of CRISPR-Cas9 DNA repair outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/404947v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) nuclease has become a ubiquitous genome editing tool due to its ability to target almost any location in DNA and create a double-stranded break1,2. After DNA cleavage, the break is fixed with endogenous DNA repair machinery, either by non-templated mechanisms (e.g. non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ)), or homology directed repair (HDR) using a complementary template sequence3,4. Previous work has shown that the distribution of repair outcomes within a cell population is non-random and dependent on the targeted sequence, and only recent efforts have begun to investigate this further5-11. However, no systematic work to date has been validated in primary human cells5,7. Here, we report DNA repair outcomes from 1,521 unique genomic locations edited with SpCas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) in primary human CD4+ T cells isolated from multiple healthy blood donors. We used targeted deep sequencing to measure the frequency distribution of repair outcomes for each guide RNA and discovered distinct features that drive individual repair outcomes after SpCas9 cleavage. Predictive features were combined into a new machine learning model, CRISPR Repair OUTcome (SPROUT), that predicts the length and probability of nucleotide insertions and deletions with R2 greater than 0.5. Surprisingly, we also observed large insertions at more than 90% of targeted loci, albeit at a low frequency. The inserted sequences aligned to diverse regions in the genome, and are enriched for sequences that are physically proximal to the break site due to chromatin interactions. This suggests a new mechanism where sequences from three-dimensionally neighboring regions of the genome can be inserted during DNA repair after Cas9-induced DNA breaks. Together, these findings provide powerful new predictive tools for Cas9-dependent genome editing and reveal new outcomes that can result from genome editing in primary T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leenay, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghazadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulquist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/404947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic characterization of genome editing in primary T cells reveals proximal genomic insertions and enables machine learning prediction of CRISPR-Cas9 DNA repair outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/400408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local membrane charge regulates β2 adrenergic receptor coupling to Gi 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/400408v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane receptors that signal through heterotrimeric G proteins. Lipid modifications anchor G proteins to the plasma membrane; however, little is known about the effect of phospholipid composition on GPCR-G protein coupling. The {beta}2 adrenergic receptor ({beta}2AR) signals through both Gs and Gi in cardiac myocytes where studies suggest that Gi signaling may be cardioprotective. However, Gi coupling is much less efficient than Gs coupling in most cell-based and biochemical assays, making it difficult to study {beta}2AR-Gi interactions. To investigate the role of phospholipid composition on Gs and Gi coupling, we reconstituted {beta}2AR in detergent/lipid mixed micelles and found that negatively charged phospholipids (PS and PG) inhibit {beta}2AR-Gi3 coupling. Replacing negatively charged lipids with neutral lipids (PC or PE) facilitated the formation of a functional {beta}2AR-Gi3 interaction that activated Gi3. Ca2+, known to interact with negatively charged PS, facilitated {beta}2AR-Gi3 interaction in PS. Mutational analysis suggested that Ca2+ interacts with the negatively charged EDGE motif on the carboxyl-terminal end of the N helix of Gi3 and coordinates an EDGE-PS interaction. These results were confirmed in {beta}2AR reconstituted into nanodisc phospholipid bilayers. {beta}2AR-Gi3 interaction was favored in neutral lipids (PE and PC) over negatively charged lipids (PG and PS). In contrast, basal {beta}2AR-Gs interaction was favored in negatively charged lipids over neutral lipids. In negatively-charged lipids, Ca2+ and Mg2+ facilitated {beta}2AR-Gi3 interaction. Taken together, our observations suggest that local membrane charge modulates the interaction between {beta}2AR and competing G protein subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strohman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masureel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobilka, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local membrane charge regulates β2 adrenergic receptor coupling to Gi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/401489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depletion of microbiome-derived molecules in the host using Clostridium genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/401489v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota produce hundreds of molecules that are present at high concentrations in circulation and whose levels vary widely among humans. In most cases, molecule production has not been linked to specific bacterial strains or metabolic pathways, and unraveling the contribution of each molecule to host biology remains difficult. A general system to  toggle molecules in this pool on/off in the host would enable interrogation of the mechanisms by which they modulate host biology and disease processes. Such a system has been elusive due to limitations in the genetic manipulability of Clostridium and its relatives, the source of many molecules in this pool. Here, we describe a method for reliably constructing clean deletions in a model commensal Clostridium, C. sporogenes (Cs), including multiply mutated strains. We demonstrate the utility of this method by using it to  toggle off the production of ten Cs-derived molecules that accumulate in host tissues. By comparing mice colonized by wild-type Cs versus a mutant deficient in the production of branched short-chain fatty acids, we discover a previously unknown IgA-modulatory activity of these abundant microbiome-derived molecules. Our method opens the door to interrogating and sculpting a highly concentrated pool of chemicals from the microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Treuren, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbottom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/401489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depletion of microbiome-derived molecules in the host using Clostridium genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/401570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mutagenesis screen for essential plastid biogenesis genes in human malaria parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/401570v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosymbiosis has driven major molecular and cellular innovations. Plasmodium spp. parasites that cause malaria contain an essential, non-photosynthetic plastid, the apicoplast, which originated from a secondary (eukaryote-eukaryote) endosymbiosis. To discover organellar pathways with evolutionary and biomedical significance, we performed a mutagenesis screen for essential genes required for apicoplast biogenesis in P. falciparum. Apicoplast-minus mutants were isolated using a chemical rescue that permits conditional disruption of the apicoplast and a new fluorescent reporter for organelle loss. Five candidate genes were validated (out of 12 identified), including a TIM-barrel protein that likely derived from a core metabolic enzyme but evolved a new activity. Our results demonstrate the first forward genetic screen to assign essential cellular functions to unannotated P. falciparum genes. A putative TIM-barrel enzyme and other newly-identified apicoplast biogenesis proteins open opportunities to discover new mechanisms of organelle biogenesis, molecular evolution underlying eukaryotic diversity, and drug targets against multiple parasitic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meister, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulkoski-Gross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hari, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amberg-Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/401570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mutagenesis screen for essential plastid biogenesis genes in human malaria parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/402560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open-source software analysis package for Microspheres with Ratiometric Barcode Lanthanide Encoding (MRBLEs) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/402560v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed bioassays, in which multiple analytes of interest are probed in parallel within a single small volume, have greatly accelerated the pace of biological discovery. Bead-based multiplexed bioassays have many technical advantages, including near solution-phase kinetics, small sample volume requirements, many within-assay replicates to reduce measurement error, and, for some bead materials, the ability to synthesize analytes directly on beads via solid-phase synthesis. To allow bead-based multiplexing, analytes can be synthesized on spectrally encoded beads with a 1:1 linkage between analyte identity and embedded codes. Bead-bound analyte libraries can then be pooled and incubated with a fluorescently-labeled macromolecule of interest, allowing downstream quantification of interactions between the macromolecule and all analytes simultaneously via imaging alone. Extracting quantitative binding data from these images poses several computational image processing challenges, requiring the ability to identify all beads in each image, quantify bound fluorescent material associated with each bead, and determine their embedded spectral code to reveal analyte identities. Here, we present a novel open-source Python software package (the mrbles analysis package) that provides the necessary tools to: (1) find encoded beads in a bright-field microscopy image; (2) quantify bound fluorescent material associated with bead perimeters; (3) identify embedded ratiometric spectral codes within beads; and (4) return data aggregated by embedded code and for each individual bead. We demonstrate the utility of this package by applying it towards analyzing data generated via multiplexed measurement of calcineurin protein binding to MRBLEs (Microspheres with Ratiometric Barcode Lanthanide Encoding) containing known and mutant binding peptide motifs. We anticipate that this flexible package should be applicable to a wide variety of assays, including simple bead or droplet finding analysis, quantification of binding to non-encoded beads, and analysis of multiplexed assays that use ratiometric, spectrally encoded beads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harink, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/402560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open-source software analysis package for Microspheres with Ratiometric Barcode Lanthanide Encoding (MRBLEs)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/403527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics identifies drivers of local inflammation in multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/403527v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protects the central nervous system (CNS) and analyzing CSF aids the diagnosis of CNS diseases, but our understanding of CSF leukocytes remains superficial. Here, we firstly provide a transcriptional map of single leukocytes in CSF compared to blood. Leukocyte composition and transcriptome were compartment-specific with CSF-enrichment of myeloid dendritic cells and a border-associated phenotype of monocytes.nnWe secondly tested how multiple sclerosis (MS) - an autoimmune disease of the CNS - affected both compartments. MS increased transcriptional diversity in blood, while it preferentially increased cell type diversity in CSF. In addition to the known expansion of B lineage cells, we identified an increase of cytotoxic-phenotype and follicular T helper (TFH) cells in the CSF. In mice, TFH cells accordingly promoted B cell infiltration into the CNS and severity of MS animal models. Immune mechanisms in MS are thus highly compartmentalized and indicate local T/B cell interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schafflick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartlehnert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lautwein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buscher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolbert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meuth, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stettner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinschnitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiendl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer zu Horste, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomics identifies drivers of local inflammation in multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/403055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Interpretation of Single-Cell Similarity Maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/403055v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present VISION, a tool for annotating the sources of variation in single cell RNA-seq data in an automated, unbiased and scalable manner. VISION operates directly on the manifold of cell-cell similarity and employs a flexible annotation approach that can operate either with or without preconceived stratification of the cells into groups or along a continuum. We demonstrate the utility of VISION using a relatively homogeneous set of B cells from a cohort of lupus patients and healthy controls and show that it can derive important sources of cellular variation and link them to clinical phenotypes in a stratification free manner. VISION produces an interactive, low latency and feature rich web-based report that can be easily shared amongst researchers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Interpretation of Single-Cell Similarity Maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/426338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLASH: A next-generation CRISPR diagnostic for multiplexed detection of antimicrobial resistance sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/426338v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growing prevalence of deadly microbes with resistance to previously life-saving drug therapies is a dire threat to human health. Detection of low abundance pathogen sequences remains a challenge for metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). We introduce FLASH (Finding Low Abundance Sequences by Hybridization), a next-generation CRISPR/Cas9 diagnostic method that takes advantage of the efficiency, specificity and flexibility of Cas9 to enrich for a programmed set of sequences. FLASH-NGS achieves up to 5 orders of magnitude of enrichment and sub-attomolar gene detection with minimal background. We provide an open-source software tool (FLASHit) for guide RNA design. Here we applied it to detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in respiratory fluid and dried blood spots, but FLASH-NGS is applicable to all areas that rely on multiplex PCR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teyssier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeever, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilheim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesce Ares, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travisano, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amato, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumbengegwi, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosling, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourani, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calfee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/426338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLASH: A next-generation CRISPR diagnostic for multiplexed detection of antimicrobial resistance sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/167163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Printed Droplet Microfluidics for on demand dispensing of picoliter droplets and cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/167163v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the elementary unit of biology is the cell, high throughput methods for the microscale manipulation of cells and reagents are limited. The existing options are either slow, lack single cell specificity, or utilize fluid volumes out of scale with those of cells. Here, we present Printed Droplet Microfluidics, a technology to dispense picoliter droplets and cells with deterministic control. The core technology is a fluorescence-activated droplet sorter coupled to a specialized substrate that together act as a picoliter droplet and single cell printer, enabling high throughput generation of intricate arrays of droplets, cells, and microparticles. Printed Droplet Microfluidics provides a programmable and robust technology to construct arrays of defined cell and reagent combinations and to integrate multiple measurement modalities together in a single assay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siltanen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poust, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Printed Droplet Microfluidics for on demand dispensing of picoliter droplets and cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/416966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High throughput gene expression profiling of yeast colonies with microgel-culture Drop-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/416966v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yeasts can be engineered into "living foundries" for non-natural chemical production by reprogramming their genome using a synthetic biology "design-build-test" cycle. While methods for "design" and "build" are scalable and efficient, "test" remains a labor-intensive bottleneck, limiting the effectiveness of the genetic reprogramming results. Here we describe Isogenic Colony Sequencing (ICO-seq), a massively-parallel strategy to assess the gene expression, and thus engineered pathway efficacy, of large numbers of genetically distinct yeast colonies. We use the approach to characterize opaque-white switching in 658 C. albicans colonies. By profiling transcriptomes of 1642 engineered S. cerevisiae strains, we use it to assess gene expression heterogeneity in a protein mutagenesis library. Our approach will accelerate synthetic biology by allowing facile and cost-effective transcriptional profiling of large numbers of genetically distinct yeast strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heineike, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/416966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High throughput gene expression profiling of yeast colonies with microgel-culture Drop-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/406595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupled active systems encode emergent behavioral dynamics of the unicellular predator Lacrymaria olor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/406595v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple active systems in a cell work together to produce sophisticated cellular behaviors such as motility and search. However, it is often unclear how this coupling specifies the complex emergent dynamics that define such behaviors. As a model system, we analyzed the hunting strategy of Lacrymaria olor, a unicellular predatory ciliate that uses extreme morphological changes to extend, contract and whip an apparent "cell neck" over many body lengths to capture prey. Tracking millions of unique subcellular morphologies over time revealed that these fast dynamics encode a comprehensive local search behavior apparent only at longer timescales. This hunting behavior emerges as a tug-of-war between active sub-cellular structures that use surface cilia and cortex contractility to deform the structure of the neck. The resulting search space can be described mathematically using a small number of normal shape modes that change amplitude rapidly during hunts. The distribution of these shape modes in space and time reveals a transition point between tense and compressed neck morphologies at the mean neck length, such that new shapes are readily sampled by repeatedly extending and retracting across this critical length. Molecular perturbations to the cell-signaling controller show that coupling between ciliary and contractile programs is needed to maintain this length/shape relationship; neither system alone provides the dynamic repertoire of shapes necessary for comprehensive search. Our results highlight the utility of coupling antagonistic active systems as a strategy for encoding or engineering complex behaviors in molecular machines.nnOne Sentence Summary: Analysis of millions of unique cellular morphologies of the highly dynamic single-celled predator Lacrymaria olor reveals that it programs a comprehensive search space and emergent hunting behavior through coupling surface based active cilia and cortex based contractile molecular systems together.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coyle, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupled active systems encode emergent behavioral dynamics of the unicellular predator Lacrymaria olor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/407650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CHEMOMETRIC APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPING INFRARED NANOSENSORS TO IMAGE ANTHRACYCLINES 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/407650v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generation, identification, and validation of optical probes to image molecular targets in a biological milieu remains a challenge. Synthetic molecular recognition approaches leveraging the intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes is a promising approach for chronic biochemical imaging in tissues. However, generation of nanosensors for selective imaging of molecular targets requires a heuristic approach. Here, we present a chemometric platform for rapidly screening libraries of candidate single-walled carbon nanotube nanosensors against biochemical analytes to quantify fluorescence response to small molecules including vitamins, neurotransmitters, and chemotherapeutics. We further show this approach can be leveraged to identify biochemical analytes that selectively modulate the intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence of candidate nanosensors. Chemometric analysis thus enables identification of nanosensor-analyte  hits and also nanosensor fluorescence signaling modalities such as wavelength-shifts that are optimal for translation to biological imaging. Through this approach, we identify and characterize a nanosensor for the chemotherapeutic anthracycline doxorubicin, which provides an up to 17 nm fluorescence red-shift and exhibits an 8 {micro}M limit of detection, compatible with peak circulatory concentrations of doxorubicin common in therapeutic administration. We demonstrate selectivity of this nanosensor over dacarbazine, a chemotherapeutic commonly co-injected with DOX. Lastly, we demonstrate nanosensor tissue compatibility for imaging of doxorubicin in muscle tissue by incorporating nanosensors into the mouse hindlimb and measuring nanosensor response to exogenous DOX administration. Our results motivate chemometric approaches to nanosensor discovery for chronic imaging of drug partitioning into tissues and towards real-time monitoring of drug accumulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Del Bonis-O Donnell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfinger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/407650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CHEMOMETRIC APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPING INFRARED NANOSENSORS TO IMAGE ANTHRACYCLINES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/412890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treatment-Specific Composition of Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Disease Remission in a Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/412890v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe beneficial effects of antibiotics in Crohns disease (CD) depend in part on the gut microbiota but are inadequately understood. We investigated the impact of metronidazole (MET) and metronidazole plus azithromycin (MET+AZ) on the microbiota in pediatric CD, and the use of microbiota features as classifiers or predictors of disease remission.nnMethods16S rRNA-based microbiota profiling was performed on stool samples from 67 patients in a multinational, randomized, controlled, longitudinal, 12-week trial of MET vs. MET+AZ in children with mild to moderate CD. Profiles were analyzed together with disease activity, and then used to construct Random Forest models to classify remission or predict treatment response.nnResultsBoth MET and MET+AZ significantly decreased diversity of the microbiota and caused large treatment-specific shifts in microbiota structure at week 4. Disease remission was associated with a treatment-specific microbiota configuration. Random Forest models constructed from microbiota profiles pre- and during antibiotic treatment with metronidazole accurately classified disease remission in this treatment group (AUC of 0.879, 95% CI 0.683, 0.9877; sensitivity 0.7778; specificity 1.000, P < 0.001). A Random Forest model trained on preantibiotic microbiota profiles predicted disease remission at week 4 with modest accuracy (AUC of 0.8, P = 0.24).nnConclusionsMET and MET+AZ antibiotic regimens in pediatric CD lead to distinct gut microbiota structures at remission. It may be possible to classify and predict remission based in part on microbiota profiles, but larger cohorts will be needed to realize this goal.nnSummaryWe investigated the impact of metronidazole and metronidazole plus azithromycin on the gut microbiota in pediatric Crohns disease. Disease remission was associated with a treatment-specific microbiota configuration, and could be predicted based on pre-antibiotic microbiota profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprockett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boneh, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kierkus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sladek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerushalmi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaoul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bousvaros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treatment-Specific Composition of Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Disease Remission in a Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/415513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Plasmodium falciparum cytoplasmic translation apparatus: a promising therapeutic target not yet exploited by clinically approved antimalarials. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/415513v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The continued specter of resistance to existing antimalarials necessitates the pursuit of novel targets and mechanisms of action for drug development. One class of promising targets consists of the 80S ribosome and its associated components comprising the parasite translational apparatus. Development of translation-targeting therapeutics requires a greater understanding of protein synthesis and its regulation in the malaria parasite. Research in this area has been limited by the lack of appropriate experimental methods, particularly a direct measure of parasite translation. We have recently developed and optimized the PfIVT assay, an in vitro method directly measuring translation in whole-cell extracts from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.Here, we present an extensive pharmacologic assessment of the PfIVT assay using a wide range of known inhibitors, demonstrating its utility for studying activity of both ribosomal and non-ribosomal elements directly involved in translation. We further demonstrate the superiority of this assay over a historically utilized indirect measure of translation, S35-radiolabel incorporation. Additionally, we utilize the PfIVT assay to investigate a panel of clinically approved antimalarial drugs, many with unknown or unclear mechanisms of action, and show that none inhibit translation, reaffirming Plasmodium translation to be a viable alternative drug target. Within this set, we unambiguously find that mefloquine lacks translation inhibition activity, despite having been recently mischaracterized as a ribosomal inhibitor. This work exploits a direct and reproducible assay for measuring P. falciparum translation, demonstrating its value in the continued study of protein synthesis in malaria and its inhibition as a drug target.nnAuthor summaryNovel antimalarial drugs are required to combat rising resistance to current therapies. The protein synthesis machinery of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is a promising unexploited target for antimalarial development, but its study has been hindered by use of indirect experimental methods which often produce misleading and inaccurate results. We have recently developed a direct method to investigate malaria protein synthesis utilizing whole-parasite extracts. In this work, we present an extensive characterization of the assay, using a panel of pharmacologic inhibitors with known mechanisms of action. We demonstrate the specificity of the assay in various stages of protein synthesis, as well as its improved accuracy and sensitivity in comparison to an indirect measure that has been the previous standard for the field. We further demonstrate that no current clinically available antimalarial drugs inhibit protein synthesis, emphasizing its potential as a target for drugs that will overcome existing resistance. Importantly, among the antimalarials tested was mefloquine, a widely used antimalarial that has recently been mischaracterized as an inhibitor protein synthesis. Our finding that mefloquine does not inhibit protein synthesis emphasizes the importance of using direct functional measurements when determining drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheridan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/415513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Plasmodium falciparum cytoplasmic translation apparatus: a promising therapeutic target not yet exploited by clinically approved antimalarials.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/422618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence that disruption of apicoplast protein import in malaria parasites evades delayed-death growth inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/422618v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) contain a nonphotosynthetic plastid organelle called the apicoplast, which houses essential metabolic pathways and is required throughout the parasite life cycle. Hundreds of proteins are imported across 4 membranes into the apicoplast to support its function and biogenesis. The machinery that mediates this import process is distinct from proteins in the human host and may serve as ideal drug targets. However, a significant concern is whether inhibition of apicoplast protein import will result in a "delayed-death" phenotype that limits clinical use, as observed for inhibitors of apicoplast housekeeping pathways. To assess the growth inhibition kinetics of disrupting apicoplast protein import, we targeted a murine dihydrofolate reductase (mDHFR) domain, which is stabilized by the compound WR99210, to the apicoplast to enable inducible blocking of apicoplast-localized protein translocons. We show that stabilization of this apicoplast-targeted mDHFR disrupts parasite growth within a single lytic cycle in an apicoplast-specific manner. Consistent with inhibition of apicoplast protein import, stabilization of this fusion protein disrupted transit peptide processing of endogenous apicoplast proteins and caused defects in apicoplast biogenesis. These results indicate that disruption of apicoplast protein import avoids delayed-death growth inhibition and that target-based approaches to develop inhibitors of import machinery may yield viable next-generation antimalarials.nnImportanceMalaria is a major cause of global childhood mortality. To sustain progress in disease control made in the last decade, new antimalarial therapies are needed to combat emerging drug resistance. Malaria parasites contain a relict chloroplast called the apicoplast, which harbors new targets for drug discovery, including import machinery that transports hundreds of critical proteins into the apicoplast. Unfortunately, some drugs targeting apicoplast pathways show delayed growth inhibition, which results in a slow onset-of-action that precludes their use as fast-acting, frontline therapies. We used a chemical biology approach to disrupt apicoplast protein import and showed that chemical disruption of this pathway avoids delayed growth inhibition. Our finding indicates that prioritization of proteins involved in apicoplast protein import for target-based drug discovery efforts may aid in the development of novel fast-acting antimalarials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boucher, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/422618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence that disruption of apicoplast protein import in malaria parasites evades delayed-death growth inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/425231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
phylogenize: a web tool to identify microbial genes underlying environment associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/425231v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPhylogenetic comparative methods are powerful but presently under-utilized ways to identify microbial genes underlying differences in community composition. These methods help to identify functionally important genes because they test for associations beyond those expected when related microbes occupy similar environments. We present phylogenize, a pipeline with web, QIIME2, and R interfaces that allows researchers to perform phylogenetic regression on 16S amplicon and shotgun sequencing data and to visualize results. phylogenize applies broadly to both host-associated and environmental microbiomes. Using Human Microbiome Project and Earth Microbiome Project data, we show that phylogenize draws similar conclusions from 16S versus shotgun sequencing and reveals both known and candidate pathways associated with host colonization.nnAvailabilityphylogenize is available at https://phylogenize.org and https://bitbucket.org/pbradz/phylogenize.nnContactkpollard@gladstone.ucsf.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bradley, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[phylogenize: a web tool to identify microbial genes underlying environment associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/428573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective intercellular communication through ultra-fast hydrodynamic trigger waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/428573v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biophysical relationships between sensors and actuators [1-5] have been fundamental to the development of complex life forms; Abundant flows are generated and persist in aquatic environments by swimming organisms [6-13], while responding promptly to external stimuli is key to survival [14-19]. Here, akin to a chain reaction [20-22], we present the discovery of hydrodynamic trigger waves in cellular communities of the protist Spirostomum ambiguum, propagating hundreds of times faster than the swimming speed. Coiling its cytoskeleton, Spirostomum can contract its long body by 50% within milliseconds [23], with accelerations reaching 14g-forces. Surprisingly, a single cellular contraction (transmitter) is shown to generate long-ranged vortex flows at intermediate Reynolds numbers, which can trigger neighbouring cells, in turn. To measure the sensitivity to hydrodynamic signals (receiver), we further present a high-throughput suction-flow device to probe mechanosensitive ion channel gating [24] by back-calculating the microscopic forces on the cell membrane. These ultra-fast hydrodynamic trigger waves are analysed and modelled quantitatively in a universal framework of antenna and percolation theory [25, 26]. A phase transition is revealed, requiring a critical colony density to sustain collective communication. Our results suggest that this signalling could help organise cohabiting communities over large distances, influencing long-term behaviour through gene expression, comparable to quorum sensing [16]. More immediately, as contractions release toxins [27], synchronised discharges could also facilitate the repulsion of large predators, or conversely immobilise large prey. We postulate that beyond protists numerous other freshwater and marine organisms could coordinate with variations of hydrodynamic trigger waves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mathijssen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culver, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/428573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective intercellular communication through ultra-fast hydrodynamic trigger waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/430561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mouse tissue atlas of small non-coding RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/430561v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a vital role in a broad range of biological processes both in health and disease. A comprehensive quantitative reference of small ncRNA expression would significantly advance our understanding of ncRNA roles in shaping tissue functions. Here, we systematically profiled the levels of five ncRNA classes (miRNA, snoRNA, snRNA, scaRNA and tRNA fragments) across eleven mouse tissues by deep sequencing. Using fourteen biological replicates spanning both sexes, we identified that ~ 30% of small ncRNAs are distributed across the body in a tissue-specific manner with some are also being sexually dimorphic. We found that miRNAs are subject to "arm switching" between healthy tissues and that tRNA fragments are retained within tissues in both a gene- and a tissue-specific manner. Out of eleven profiled tissues we confirmed that brain contains the largest number of unique small ncRNA transcripts, some of which were previously annotated while others are identified for the first time in this study. Furthermore, by combining these findings with single-cell ATAC-seq data, we were able to connect identified brain-specific ncRNA with their cell types of origin. These results yield the most comprehensive characterization of specific and ubiquitous small RNAs in individual murine tissues to date, and we expect that this data will be a resource for the further identification of ncRNAs involved in tissue-function in health and dysfunction in disease.

HIGHLIGHTS- An atlas of tissue levels of multiple small ncRNA classes generated from 14 biological replicates of both sexes across 11 tissues
- Distinct distribution patterns of miRNA arms and tRNA fragments across tissues suggest the existence of tissue-specific mechanisms of ncRNA cleavage and retention
- miRNA expression is sex specific in healthy tissues
- Small RNA-seq and scATAC-seq data integration produce a detailed map of cell-type specific ncRNA profiles in the mouse brain
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/430561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mouse tissue atlas of small non-coding RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/430611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the complex paracrine response to hormones in the human breast at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/430611v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human breast undergoes lifelong remodeling in response to estrogen and progesterone, but hormone exposure also increases breast cancer risk. Here, we use single-cell analysis to identify distinct mechanisms through which breast composition and cell state affect hormone signaling. We show that prior pregnancy reduces the transcriptional response of hormone-responsive (HR+) epithelial cells, whereas high body mass index (BMI) reduces overall HR+ cell proportions. These distinct changes both impact neighboring cells by effectively reducing the magnitude of paracrine signals originating from HR+ cells. Because pregnancy and high BMI are known to protect against hormone-dependent breast cancer in premenopausal women, our findings directly link breast cancer risk with person-to-person heterogeneity in hormone responsiveness. More broadly, our findings illustrate how cell proportions and cell state can collectively impact cell communities through the action of cell-to-cell signaling networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murrow, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caruso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tlsty, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/430611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the complex paracrine response to hormones in the human breast at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/440156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Miniaturization and optimization of 384-well compatible metagenomic sequencing library preparation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/440156v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preparation of high-quality sequencing libraries is a costly and time-consuming component of metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS). While the overall cost of sequencing has dropped significantly over recent years, the reagents needed to prepare sequencing samples are likely to become the dominant expense in the process. Furthermore, libraries prepared by hand are subject to human variability and needless waste due to limitations of manual pipetting volumes. Reduction of reaction volumes, combined with sub-microliter automated dispensing of reagents without consumable pipette tips, has the potential to provide significant advantages. Here, we describe the integration of several instruments, including the Labcyte Echo 525 acoustic liquid handler and the iSeq and NovaSeq Illumina sequencing platforms, to miniaturize and automate mNGS library preparation, significantly reducing the cost and the time required to prepare samples. Through the use of External RNA Controls Consortium (ERCC) spike-in RNAs, we demonstrated the fidelity of the miniaturized preparation to be equivalent to full volume reactions. Furthermore, detection of viral and microbial species from cell culture and patient samples was also maintained in the miniaturized libraries. For 384-well mNGS library preparations, we achieved a savings of over 80% in materials and reagents alone, and reduced preparation time by 90% compared to manual approaches, without compromising quality or representation within the library.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayday, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Miniaturization and optimization of 384-well compatible metagenomic sequencing library preparation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/440693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The key parameters that govern translation efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/440693v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation of mRNA into protein is a fundamental yet complex biological process with multiple factors that can potentially affect its efficiency. In particular, different genes can have quite different initiation rates, while site-specific elongation rates can vary substantially along a given transcript. Here, we analyze a stochastic model of translation dynamics to identify the key parameters that govern the overall rate of protein synthesis and the efficiency of ribosome usage. The mathematical model we study is an interacting particle system that generalizes the Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (TASEP), where particles correspond to ribosomes. While the TASEP and its variants have been studied for the past several decades through simulations and mean field approximations, a general analytic solution has remained challenging to obtain. By analyzing the so-called hydrodynamic limit, we here obtain exact closed-form expressions for stationary currents and particle densities that agree well with Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, we provide a complete characterization of phase transitions in the system. Surprisingly, phase boundaries depend on only four parameters: the particle size, and the first, last and minimum particle jump rates. Relating these theoretical results to translation, we formulate four design principles that detail how to tune these parameters to optimize translation efficiency in terms of protein production rate and resource usage. We then analyze ribosome profiling data of S. cerevisiae and demonstrate that its translation system is generally efficient, consistent with the design principles we found. We discuss implications of our findings on evolutionary constraints and codon usage bias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erdmann-Pham, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao Duc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The key parameters that govern translation efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/450544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On-ratio PDMS bonding for multilayer microfluidic device fabrication 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/450544v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrated elastomeric valves, also referred to as Quake valves, enable precise control and manipulation of fluid within microfluidic devices. Fabrication of such valves requires bonding of multiple layers of the silicone polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The conventional method for PDMS-PDMS bonding is to use varied base to crosslinking agent ratios between layers, typically 20:1 and 5:1. This bonding technique, known as "off-ratio bonding," provides strong, effective PDMS-PDMS bonding for multi-layer soft-lithography, but it can yield adverse PDMS material properties and can be wasteful of PDMS. Here we demonstrate the effectiveness of on-ratio PDMS bonding for multilayer soft lithography. We show the efficacy of this technique among common variants of PDMS: Sylgard 184, RTV 615, and Sylgard 182.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On-ratio PDMS bonding for multilayer microfluidic device fabrication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/454041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bright split red fluorescent proteins with enhanced complementation efficiency for the tagging of endogenous proteins and visualization of synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/454041v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-associating split fluorescent proteins (FPs) have been widely used for labeling proteins, scaffolding protein assembly and detecting cell-cell contacts. Newly developed self-associating split FPs, however, have suffered from suboptimal fluorescence signal. Here, by investigating the complementation process, we have demonstrated two approaches to improve split FPs: assistance through SpyTag/SpyCatcher interaction and directed evolution. The latter has yielded two split sfCherry3 variants with substantially enhanced overall brightness, facilitating the tagging of endogenous proteins by gene editing. Based on sfCherry3, we have further developed a new red-colored trans-synaptic marker called Neuroligin-1 sfCherry3 Linker Across Synaptic Partners (NLG-1 CLASP) for multiplexed visualization of neuronal synapses in living animals, demonstrating its broad applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coto Villa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modavi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanHoven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bright split red fluorescent proteins with enhanced complementation efficiency for the tagging of endogenous proteins and visualization of synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/454033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of resilience in protein interactomes across the tree of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/454033v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotype robustness to environmental fluctuations is a common biological phenomenon. Although most phenotypes involve multiple proteins that interact with each other, the basic principles of how such interactome networks respond to environmental unpredictability and change during evolution are largely unknown. Here we study interactomes of 1,840 species across the tree of life involving a total of 8,762,166 protein-protein interactions. Our study focuses on the resilience of interactomes to network failures and finds that interactomes become more resilient during evolution, indicating that a species position in the tree of life is predictive of how robust its interactome is to network failures. In bacteria, we find that a more resilient interactome is in turn associated with the greater ability of the organism to survive in a more complex, variable and competitive environment. We find that at the protein family level, proteins exhibit a coordinated rewiring of interactions over time and that a resilient interactome arises through gradual change of the network topology. Our findings have implications for understanding molecular network structure both in the context of evolution and environment.nnSignificance StatementThe interactome network of protein-protein interactions captures the structure of molecular machinery that underlies organismal complexity. The resilience to network failures is a critical property of the interactome as the breakdown of interactions may lead to cell death or disease. By studying interactomes from 1,840 species across the tree of life, we find that evolution leads to more resilient interactomes, providing evidence for a longstanding hypothesis that interactomes evolve favoring robustness against network failures. We find that a highly resilient interactome has a beneficial impact on the organisms survival in complex, variable, and competitive habitats. Our findings reveal how interactomes change through evolution and how these changes affect their response to environmental unpredictability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zitnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosic, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of resilience in protein interactomes across the tree of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/454470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atlas of Subcellular RNA Localization Revealed by APEX-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/454470v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce APEX-seq, a method for RNA sequencing based on spatial proximity to the peroxidase enzyme APEX2. APEX-seq in nine distinct subcellular locales produced a nanometer-resolution spatial map of the human transcriptome, revealing extensive and exquisite patterns of localization for diverse RNA classes and transcript isoforms. We uncover a radial organization of the nuclear transcriptome, which is gated at the inner surface of the nuclear pore for cytoplasmic export of processed transcripts. We identify two distinct pathways of messenger RNA localization to mitochondria, each associated with specific sets of transcripts for building complementary macromolecular machines within the organelle. APEX-seq should be widely applicable to many systems, enabling comprehensive investigations of the spatial transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fazal, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaewsapsak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atlas of Subcellular RNA Localization Revealed by APEX-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/452888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed evolution of split APEX peroxidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/452888v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
APEX is an engineered peroxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of a wide range of substrates, facilitating its use in a variety of applications, from subcellular staining for electron microscopy to proximity biotinylation for spatial proteomics and transcriptomics. To further advance the capabilities of APEX, we used directed evolution to engineer a split APEX tool (sAPEX). Twenty rounds of FACS-based selections from yeast-displayed fragment libraries, using three different yeast display configurations, produced a 200-amino acid N-terminal fragment (with 9 mutations relative to APEX2) called "AP" and a 50-amino acid C-terminal fragment called "EX". AP and EX fragments were each inactive on their own but reconstituted to give peroxidase activity when driven together by a molecular interaction. We demonstrate sAPEX reconstitution in the mammalian cytosol, on engineered RNA motifs within telomerase noncoding RNA, and at mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boassa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shechner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed evolution of split APEX peroxidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/460063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A direct selection strategy for isolating aptamers with pH-sensitive binding activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/460063v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An aptamer reagent that can switch its binding affinity in a pH-responsive manner would be highly valuable for many biomedical applications including imaging and drug delivery. Unfortunately, the discovery of such aptamers is difficult and only a few have been reported to date. Here we report the first experimental strategy for generating pH-responsive aptamers through direct selection. As an exemplar, we report streptavidin-binding aptamers that retain nanomolar affinity at pH 7.4 but exhibit a ~100-fold decrease in affinity at pH 5.2. These aptamers were generated by incorporating a known streptavidin-binding DNA motif into an aptamer library and performing FACS-based screening at multiple pH conditions. Upon structural analysis, we found that one aptamers affinity-switching behavior is driven by a non-canonical G-A base-pair that controls its folding in a highly pH-dependent manner. We believe our strategy could be readily extended to other aptamer-target systems because it does not require a priori structural knowledge of the aptamer or the target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, C. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A direct selection strategy for isolating aptamers with pH-sensitive binding activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/459974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chiral twisting in cytoskeletal polymers regulates filament size and orientation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/459974v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While cytoskeletal proteins in the actin family are structurally similar, as filaments they act as critical components of diverse cellular processes across all kingdoms of life. In many rod-shaped bacteria, the actin homolog MreB directs cell-wall insertion and maintains cell shape, but it remains unclear how structural changes to MreB affect its physiological function. To bridge this gap, we performed molecular dynamics simulations for Caulobacter crescentus MreB and then utilized a coarse-grained biophysical model to successfully predict MreB filament properties in vivo. We discovered that MreB double protofilaments exhibit left-handed twisting that is dependent on the bound nucleotide and membrane binding; the degree of twisting determines the limit length and orientation of MreB filaments in vivo. Membrane binding of MreB also induces a stable membrane curvature that is physiologically relevant. Together, our data empower the prediction of cytoskeletal filament size from molecular dynamics simulations, providing a paradigm for connecting protein filament structure and mechanics to cellular functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quint, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/459974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chiral twisting in cytoskeletal polymers regulates filament size and orientation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/458869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multicolor fluorescent imaging by space-constrained computational hyperspectral imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/458869v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperspectral imaging is a powerful technique to simultaneously study multiple fluorophore labels with overlapping emissions. Here we present a computational hyperspectral imaging method, which uses the sample spatial fluorescence information as a reconstruction constraint. Our method addresses both the under-sampling issue of compressive hyperspectral imaging and the low throughput issue of scanning hyperspectral imaging. With simulated and experimental data, we have demonstrated the superior reconstruction precision of our method in two and three-color imaging. We have experimentally validated this method in differentiating cellular structures labeled with two red-colored fluorescent proteins, tdTomato and mCherry, which have highly overlapping emission spectra. Our method has the advantage of totally free wavelength choice and can also be combined with conventional filter-based sequential multi-color imaging to further expand the choices of probes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/458869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multicolor fluorescent imaging by space-constrained computational hyperspectral imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/461913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deformed Alignment of Super-Resolution Images for Semi-flexible Structures in 3D 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/461913v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to low labeling efficiency and structural heterogeneity in fluorescence-based single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), image alignment and quantitative analysis is often required to make accurate conclusions on the spatial relationships between proteins. Cryo-electron microscopy (EM) image alignment procedures have been applied to average structures taken with super-resolution microscopy. However, unlike cryo-EM, the much larger cellular structures analyzed by super-resolution microscopy are often heterogeneous, resulting in misalignment. And the light-microscopy image library is much smaller, which makes classification not realistic. To overcome these two challenges, we developed a method to deform semi-flexible ring-shaped structures and then align the 3D structures without classification. These algorithms can register semi-flexible structures with an accuracy of several nanometers in short computation time and with greatly reduced memory requirements. We demonstrated our methods by aligning experimental Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) images of ciliary distal appendages and simulated structures. Symmetries, dimensions, and locations of protein complexes in 3D are revealed by the alignment and averaging for heterogeneous, tilted, and under-labeled structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deformed Alignment of Super-Resolution Images for Semi-flexible Structures in 3D]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/154831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectrin is a mechanoresponsive protein shaping the architecture of intercellular invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/154831v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spectrin is a membrane skeletal protein best known for its structural role in maintaining cell shape and protecting cells from mechanical damage1-3. Here, we report that spectrin dynamically accumulates and dissolves at the fusogenic synapse, where an attacking fusion partner mechanically invades its receiving partner with actin-propelled protrusions to promote cell-cell fusion4-7. Using genetics, cell biology, biophysics and mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that unlike myosin II that responds to dilation deformation, spectrin exhibits a mechanosensitive accumulation in response to shear deformation, which is highly elevated at the fusogenic synapse. The accumulated spectrin forms an uneven network, which functions as a "sieve" to constrict the invasive fingerlike protrusions, thus putting the fusogenic synapse under high mechanical tension to promote cell membrane fusion. Taken together, our study has revealed a previously unrecognized function of spectrin as a dynamic mechanoresponsive protein that shapes the architecture of intercellular invasion. These findings have general implications for understanding spectrin function in other dynamic cellular processes beyond cell-cell fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilagardi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffhauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectrin is a mechanoresponsive protein shaping the architecture of intercellular invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/164020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Folding by Mechanical Compaction of the Mesenchyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/164020v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many tissues fold during development into complex shapes. Engineering this process in vitro would represent an important advance for tissue engineering. We use embryonic tissue explants, finite element modeling, and 3D cell patterning techniques to show that a mechanical compaction of the ECM during mesenchymal condensation can drive tissue folding along programmed trajectories. The process requires cell contractility, generates strains at nearby tissue interfaces, and causes specific patterns of collagen alignment around and between condensates. Aligned collagen fibers support elevated tensions that promote the folding of interfaces along paths that can be predicted by finite element modeling. We demonstrate the robustness and versatility of this strategy for sculpting tissue interfaces by directing the morphogenesis of a variety of folded tissue forms from engineered patterns of mesenchymal condensates. These studies provide insight into the active mechanical properties of the embryonic mesenchyme and establish entirely new strategies for more robustly directing tissue morphogenesis ex vivo, without genetic engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyazaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavrusova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Folding by Mechanical Compaction of the Mesenchyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/191197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of anti-parasite and anti-disease immunity to malaria as a function of age and exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/191197v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria immunity is complex and multi-faceted, and fundamental gaps remain in our understanding of how it develops. Here, we use detailed clinical and entomological data from three parallel cohort studies conducted across the malaria transmission spectrum in Uganda to quantify the development of immunity against symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum as a function of age and transmission intensity. We focus on: anti-parasite immunity (i.e; ability to control parasite densities) and anti-disease immunity (i.e; ability to tolerate higher parasite densities without fever). Our findings suggest a strong effect of age on both types of immunity, that remains significant after adjusting for cumulative exposure. They also show a non-linear effect of transmission intensity, where children experiencing the lowest transmission appear to develop immunity faster than those experiencing higher transmission. These findings illustrate how anti-parasite and anti-disease immunity develop in parallel, reducing the probability of experiencing symptomatic malaria upon each subsequent P. falciparum infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Barraquer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arinaitwe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagannathan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nankabirwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staedke, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drakeley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ssewanyan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of anti-parasite and anti-disease immunity to malaria as a function of age and exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/342808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale, quantitative protein assays on a high-throughput DNA sequencing chip 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/342808v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput DNA sequencing techniques have enabled diverse approaches for linking DNA sequence to biochemical function. In contrast, assays of protein function have substantial limitations in terms of throughput, automation, and widespread availability. We have adapted an Illumina high-throughput sequencing chip to display an immense diversity of ribosomally-translated proteins and peptides, and then carried out fluorescence-based functional assays directly on this flow cell, demonstrating that a single, widely-available high-throughput platform can perform both sequencing-by-synthesis and protein assays. We quantified the binding of the M2 anti-FLAG antibody to a library of 1.3x104 variant FLAG peptides, exploring non-additive effects of combinations of mutations and discovering a "superFLAG" epitope variant. We also measured the enzymatic activity of 1.56x105 molecular variants of full-length of human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (SNAP-tag). This comprehensive corpus of catalytic rates linked to amino acid sequence perturbations revealed amino acid interaction networks and cooperativity, linked positive cooperativity to structural proximity, and revealed ubiquitous positively-cooperative interactions with histidine residues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Layton, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/342808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale, quantitative protein assays on a high-throughput DNA sequencing chip]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/314112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonparametric analysis of contributions to variance in genomics and epigenomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/314112v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional genomics studies, despite increasingly varied assay types and complex experimental designs, are typically analyzed by methods that are unable to identify confounding effects and that incorporate parametric assumptions particular to gene expression data. We present MAVRIC, a nonparametric method to quantify variance explained by experimental covariates and perform differential analysis on arbitrary data types. We demonstrate that MAVRIC can accurately associate covariates with underlying data variance, deliver sensitive and specific identification of genomic loci with differential counts, and provide effective noise reduction of large-scale consortium data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/314112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonparametric analysis of contributions to variance in genomics and epigenomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/357731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-embryo and single-blastomere immunoblotting reports protein expression heterogeneity in early-stage preimplantation embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/357731v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how a zygote develops from a single cell into a multicellular organism has benefitted from single-cell tools, including RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and immunofluorescence (IF). However, scrutinizing inter- and intra-embryonic phenotypic variation is hindered by two fundamental limitations; the loose correlation between transcription and translation and the cross-reactivity of immunoreagents. To address these challenges, we describe a high-specificity microfluidic immunoblot optimized to quantify protein expression from all stages of mouse preimplantation development. Despite limited availability of isoform-specific immunoreagents, the immunoblot resolves inter-embryonic heterogeneity of embryo-specific isoforms (i.e., DICER-1). We observed significantly higher DICER-1 isoform expression in oocytes when compared to two-cell embryos, and further find that protein expression levels follow the same trend as mRNA for both the full-length and truncated DICER-1 isoforms. At the morula stage, we assayed both whole and disaggregated embryos for loading controls ({beta}-tubulin, GAPDH) and markers that regulate cell fate decisions (CDX-2, SOX-2). In disaggregated morula, we found that cell volume showed positive, linear correlation with expression of {beta}-tubulin and SOX-2. In dissociated two-cell and four-cell blastomeres, we detect significant inter-blastomeric variation in GADD45a expression, corroborating suspected cellular heterogeneity even in the earliest multicellular stage of preimplantation embryos. As RNA-Seq and other transcript-centric approaches continue to further probe preimplantation development, the demand for companion protein-based techniques rises. The reported microfluidic immunoblot serves as an essential tool for understanding mammalian development by providing high-specificity and direct measurements of protein targets at single-embryo and single-blastomere resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modzelewski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-embryo and single-blastomere immunoblotting reports protein expression heterogeneity in early-stage preimplantation embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/461293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. albicans white and opaque cells exhibit distinct spectra of organ colonization in standard mouse models of infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/461293v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans, a species of fungi, can thrive in diverse niches of its mammalian hosts; it is a normal resident of the GI tract and mucosal surfaces but it can also enter the bloodstream and colonize internal organs causing serious disease. The ability of C. albicans to thrive in these different host environments has been attributed, at least in part, to its ability to assume different morphological forms. In this work, we examine one such morphological change known as white-opaque switching. White cells are the default state of C. albicans, and most animal studies have been carried out exclusively with white cells. Here, we compared the proliferation of white and opaque cells in two murine models of infection and also monitored, using specially constructed strains, switching between the two states in the host. We found that white cells outcompeted opaque cells in many niches; however, we show for the first time that in some organs (specifically, the heart and spleen), opaque cells competed favorably with white cells and, when injected on their own, could colonize these organs. In environments where the introduced white cells outcompeted the introduced opaque cells, we observed high rates of opaque-to-white switching. We did not observe white-to-opaque switching in any of the niches we examined.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takagi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh-Babak, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohse, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. albicans white and opaque cells exhibit distinct spectra of organ colonization in standard mouse models of infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/301234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic cooperativity potentiates parallel cis-regulatory evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/301234v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Convergent evolutionary events in independent lineages provide an opportunity to understand why evolution favors certain outcomes over others. We studied such a case, where a large set of genes--those coding for the ribosomal proteins--gained cis-regulatory sequences for a particular transcription regulator (Mcm1) in independent fungal lineages. We present evidence that these gains occurred because Mcm1 shares a mechanism of transcriptional activation with an ancestral regulator of the ribosomal protein genes, Rap1. Specifically, we show that Mcm1 and Rap1 have the inherent ability to cooperatively activate transcription through contacts with the general transcription factor TFIID. Because the two regulatory proteins share a common interaction partner, the presence of one ancestral cis-regulatory sequence can "channel" random mutations into functional sites for the second regulator. At a genomic scale, this type of intrinsic cooperativity can account for a pattern of parallel evolution involving the fixation of hundreds of substitutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorrells, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feigerle, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic cooperativity potentiates parallel cis-regulatory evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/409672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live-Cell Imaging Reveals Enhancer-dependent Sox2 Transcription in the Absence of Enhancer Proximity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/409672v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancers are important regulatory elements that can control gene activity across vast genetic distances. However, the underlying nature of this regulation remains obscured because it has been difficult to observe in living cells. Here, we visualize the spatial organization and transcriptional output of the key pluripotency regulator Sox2 and its essential enhancer Sox2 Control Region (SCR) in living embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We find that Sox2 and SCR show no evidence of enhanced spatial proximity and that spatial dynamics of this pair is limited over tens of minutes. Sox2 transcription occurs in short, intermittent bursts in ESCs and, intriguingly, we find this activity demonstrates no association with enhancer proximity, suggesting that direct enhancer-promoter contacts do not drive contemporaneous Sox2 transcription. Our study establishes a framework for interrogation of enhancer function in living cells and supports an unexpected mechanism for enhancer control of Sox2 expression that uncouples transcription from enhancer proximity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live-Cell Imaging Reveals Enhancer-dependent Sox2 Transcription in the Absence of Enhancer Proximity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/241083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-translational protein targeting facilitates centrosomal recruitment of PCNT during centrosome maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/241083v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As microtubule-organizing centers of animal cells, centrosomes guide the formation of the bipolar spindle that segregates chromosomes during mitosis. At mitosis onset, centrosomes maximize microtubule-organizing activity by rapidly expanding the pericentriolar material (PCM). This process is in part driven by the large PCM protein pericentrin (PCNT), as its level increases at the PCM and helps recruit additional PCM components. However, the mechanism underlying the timely centrosomal enrichment of PCNT remains unclear. Here we show that PCNT is delivered co-translationally to centrosomes during early mitosis by cytoplasmic dynein, as evidenced by centrosomal enrichment of PCNT mRNA, its translation near the centrosome, and requirement of intact polysomes for PCNT mRNA localization. Additionally, the microtubule minus-end regulator, ASPM, is also targeted co-translationally to mitotic spindle poles. Together, these findings suggest that co-translational targeting of cytoplasmic proteins to specific subcellular destinations may be a generalized protein targeting mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antkowiak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brust-Mascher, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jao, L.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/241083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-translational protein targeting facilitates centrosomal recruitment of PCNT during centrosome maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/101444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking multiple genomic elements using correlative CRISPR imaging and sequential DNA FISH 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/101444v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Live imaging of genome has offered important insights into the dynamics of the genome organization and gene expression. The demand to image simultaneously multiple genomic loci has prompted a flurry of exciting advances in multi-color CRISPR imaging, although color-based multiplexing is limited by the need for spectrally distinct fluorophores. Here we introduce an approach to achieve highly multiplexed live recording via correlative CRISPR imaging and sequential DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). This approach first performs one-color live imaging of multiple genomic loci and then uses sequential rounds of DNA FISH to determine the loci identity. We have optimized the FISH protocol so that each round is complete in 1 min, demonstrating the identification of 7 genomic elements and the capability to sustain reversible staining and washing for up to 20 rounds. We have also developed a correlation-based algorithm to faithfully register live and FISH images. Our approach keeps the rest of the color palette open to image other cellular phenomena of interest, as demonstrated by our simultaneous live imaging of genomic loci together with a cell cycle reporter. Furthermore, the algorithm to register faithfully between live and fixed imaging is directly transferrable to other systems such as multiplex RNA imaging with RNA-FISH and multiplex protein imaging with antibody-staining.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/101444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking multiple genomic elements using correlative CRISPR imaging and sequential DNA FISH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/408757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human genome-edited hematopoietic stem cells phenotypically correct Mucopolysaccharidosis type I 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/408757v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal enzyme deficiencies comprise a large group of genetic disorders that generally lack effective treatments. A potential treatment approach is to engineer the patients own hematopoietic system to express high levels of the deficient enzyme, thereby correcting the biochemical defect and halting disease progression. Here, we present an efficient ex vivo genome editing approach using CRISPR/Cas9 that targets the lysosomal enzyme iduronidase to the CCR5 safe harbor locus in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The modified cells secrete supra-endogenous enzyme levels, maintain long-term repopulation and multi-lineage differentiation potential, and can correct biochemical and phenotypic abnormalities in an immunocompromised mouse model of Mucopolysaccharidosis type I. Our studies provide support for the development of human, genome-edited CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for the treatment of a multi-systemic lysosomal storage disorder. Our safe harbor approach constitutes a flexible platform for the expression of lysosomal enzymes, exemplifying a potential new paradigm for the treatment of these diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Ospina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharenberg, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostrel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quadros, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurumurthy, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aurelian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human genome-edited hematopoietic stem cells phenotypically correct Mucopolysaccharidosis type I]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/397463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene Correction for SCID-X1 in Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/397463v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene correction in human long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) could be an effective therapy for monogenic diseases of the blood and immune system. High frequencies of reproducible targeted integration of a wild-type cDNA into the endogenous start codon of a gene in LT-HSCs could provide a robust genome editing approach to cure genetic diseases in which patients have different mutations throughout the gene. We describe a clinically relevant method for correcting X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1). By using a highly specific and active CRISPR/Cas9-AAV6 based strategy and selection-free approach, we achieve up to 20% genome integration frequencies in LT-HSCs of a full-length IL2RG cDNA at the endogenous start site as demonstrated by serial transplantation and analysis of genome edited human cells eight months following initial transplantation. In addition to high frequencies of functional gene correction in LT-HSCs we observed no evidence of abnormal hematopoiesis following transplantation, a functional measure of the lack of genotoxicity. Deep analysis of potential off-target activity detected two sites with low frequency (<0.3%) of off-target mutations. The level of off-target mutations was reduced to below the limit of detection using a high fidelity Cas9. Moreover, karyotype evaluation identified no genomic instability events. We achieved high levels of genome targeting frequencies (median 45%) in CD34+ HSPCs from six SCID-X1 patients and demonstrate rescue of lymphopoietic defect of patient derived cells both in vitro and in vivo. In sum, our study provides specificity, toxicity and efficacy data supportive of clinical development of genome editing to treat SCID-Xl.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavel-Dinu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiebking, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejene, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srifa, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kildebeck, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punjya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inlay, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRavin, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malech, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncarolo, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/397463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene Correction for SCID-X1 in Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/460055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-cost, sub-micron resolution, wide-field computational microscopy using opensource hardware 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/460055v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The revolution in low-cost consumer photography and computation provides fertile opportunity for a disruptive reduction in the cost of biomedical imaging. Conventional approaches to low-cost microscopy are fundamentally restricted, however, to modest field of view (FOV) and/or resolution. We report a low-cost microscopy technique, implemented with a Raspberry Pi single-board computer and color camera combined with Fourier ptychography (FP), to computationally construct 25-megapixel images with sub-micron resolution. New image-construction techniques were developed to enable the use of the low-cost Bayer color sensor, to compensate for the highly aberrated re-used camera lens and to compensate for misalignments associated with the 3D-printed microscope structure. This high ratio of performance to cost is of particular interest to high-throughput microscopy applications, ranging from drug discovery and digital pathology to health screening in low-income countries. 3D models and assembly instructions of our microscope are made available for open source use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aidukas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konda, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-cost, sub-micron resolution, wide-field computational microscopy using opensource hardware]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/543231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dissection of the cell cycle regulated human proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/543231v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular division is a fundamental source of cell-to-cell variability, and studies of transcript and protein abundances have revealed several hundred genes that are regulated by the cell cycle1-8. However, none of these studies provide single-cell resolution of protein expression, leaving an incomplete understanding of cell-to-cell heterogeneity and the roles of cycling transcripts and proteins. Here, we present the first comprehensive map of spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the human proteome by integrating proteomics at subcellular resolution, single-cell transcriptomics, and pseudotime measurements of individual cells within the cell cycle. We identify that 17% of the human proteome displays cell-to-cell variability, of which 26% is correlated to cell cycle progression, and we present the first evidence of cell cycle association for 235 proteins. Only 15% of proteomic cell cycle regulation is due to transcriptomic cycling, which points to other means of regulation such as post-translational modifications. For proteins regulated at the transcript level, we observe a 7.7 hour delay between peak expression of transcript and protein on average. This spatially resolved proteomic map of the cell cycle has been integrated into the Human Protein Atlas and serves as a valuable resource for accelerating molecular studies of the human cell cycle and cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahdessian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielsson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akesson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoglu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mardinoglu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponten, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindskog, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/543231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dissection of the cell cycle regulated human proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/607416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypotonic stress induces fast, reversible degradation of the vimentin cytoskeleton via intracellular calcium release 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/607416v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic response of the cell to osmotic changes is critical to its physiology and has been widely exploited for cell manipulation. Using 3D-STORM super-resolution microscopy, here we examine the hypotonic stress-induced ultrastructural changes of the cytoskeleton of a common fibroblast cell type. Unexpectedly, we observe a fast, yet reversible dissolution of the vimentin intermediate filament system that precedes ultrastructural changes of the supposedly more dynamic actin and tubulin cytoskeletal systems, as well as changes in cell morphology. In combination with calcium imaging and biochemical analysis, we next show that the vimentin-specific fast cytoskeletal degradation under hypotonic stress is due to proteolysis by the calcium-dependent protease calpain. We find the process to be activated by the hypotonic stress-induced calcium release from intracellular stores, and so is efficiently suppressed by inhibiting any part of the IP3-Ca2+-calpain pathway we establish. Together, our findings highlight an unexpected, fast degradation mechanism for the vimentin cytoskeleton in response to the external stimuli, and point to the significant, yet previously overlooked physiological impacts of hypotonic stress-induced intracellular calcium release on cell ultrastructure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/607416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypotonic stress induces fast, reversible degradation of the vimentin cytoskeleton via intracellular calcium release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/604561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid discovery of synthetic DNA sequences to rewrite endogenous T cell circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/604561v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically-engineered immune cell therapies have been in development for decades1-3 and recently have proven effective to treat some types of cancer4. CRISPR-based genome editing methods, enabling more flexible and targeted sequence integrations than viral transduction, have the potential to extend the clinical utility of cell therapies5,6. Realization of this potential depends on improved knowledge of how coding and non-coding sites throughout the genome can be modified efficiently and on improved methods to discover novel synthetic DNA sequences that can be introduced at targeted sites to enhance critical immune cell functions. Here, we developed improved guidelines for non-viral genome targeting in human T cells and a pooled discovery platform to identify synthetic genome modifications that enhance therapeutically-relevant cell functions. We demonstrated the breadth of targetable genomic loci by performing large knock-ins at 91 different genomic sites in primary human T cells, and established the power of flexible genome targeting by generating cells with Genetically Engineered Endogenous Proteins (GEEPs) that seamlessly integrate synthetic and endogenous genetic elements to alter signaling input, output, or regulatory control of genes encoding key immune receptors. Motivated by success in introducing synthetic circuits into endogenous sites, we then developed a platform to facilitate discovery of novel multi-gene sequences that reprogram both T cell specificity and function. We knocked in barcoded pools of large DNA sequences encoding polycistronic gene programs. High-throughput pooled screening of targeted knock-ins to the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR) locus revealed a transcriptional regulator and novel protein chimeras that combined with a new TCR specificity to enhance T cell responses in the presence of suppressive conditions in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these pre-clinical studies provide flexible tools to discover complex synthetic gene programs that can be written into targeted genome sites to generate more effective therapeutic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apathy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bluestone, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roybal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid discovery of synthetic DNA sequences to rewrite endogenous T cell circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/466524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolutionary advantage of cultural memory on heterogeneous contact networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/466524v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cultural processes, as well as the selection pressures experienced by individuals in a population over time and space, are fundamentally stochastic. Phenotypic variability, together with imperfect phenotypic transmission between parents and offspring, has been previously shown to play an important role in evolutionary rescue and (epi)genetic adaptation of populations to fluctuating temporal environmental pressures. This type of evolutionary bet-hedging does not confer a direct benefit to a single individual, but instead increases the adaptability of the whole lineage.nnHere we develop a population-genetic model to explore cultural response strategies to temporally changing selection, as well as the role of local population structure, as exemplified by heterogeneity in the contact network between individuals, in shaping evolutionary dynamics. We use this model to study the evolutionary advantage of cultural bet-hedging, modeling the evolution of a variable cultural trait starting from one copy in a population of individuals with a fixed cultural strategy. We find that the probability of fixation of a cultural bet-hedger is a non-monotonic function of the probability of cultural memory between generations. Moreover, this probability increases for networks of higher mean degree but decreases with increasing heterogeneity of the contact network, tilting the balance of forces towards drift and against selection.nnThese results shed light on the interplay of temporal and spatial stochasticity in shaping cultural evolutionary dynamics and suggest that partly-heritable cultural phenotypic variability may constitute an important evolutionary bet-hedging strategy in response to changing selection pressures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/466524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolutionary advantage of cultural memory on heterogeneous contact networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/481093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-free DNA Reveals Potential Zoonotic Reservoirs in Non-Human Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/481093v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe microbiome of non-human primates is relatively neglected compared with humans, and yet it is a source of many zoonotic diseases. We used high throughput sequencing of circulating cell-free DNA to identify the bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic parasites and viruses from over 200 individual non-human primates across 17 species from Africa. Many of the assembled sequences have low or no homology to previously sequenced microorganisms, while those that do have homology support prior observations of specific taxa present in primate microbiomes. The structure of the total microbiome is correlated with geographic location, even between distinct primate species which are co-located. However, we find that viruses have a particularly notable association with host taxa independent of geography. Numerous potentially zoonotic taxa were discovered in an unbiased manner, thereby expanding knowledge of host species diversity and strengthening the case for monitoring wildlife reservoirs.nnOne Sentence SummaryBlood from non-human primates provides insight into potential pathogens which might eventually infect humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kowarsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vlaminck, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBreton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwobegabay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamoufe, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledoux, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tafon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saylors, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-free DNA Reveals Potential Zoonotic Reservoirs in Non-Human Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/504654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of eIF2B-catalyzed GDP exchange and phosphoregulation by the integrated stress response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/504654v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integrated stress response (ISR) tunes the rate of protein synthesis. Control is exerted by phosphorylation of the general translation initiation factor eIF2. eIF2 is a GTPase, that becomes activated by eIF2B, a two-fold symmetric and heterodecameric complex that functions as eIF2s dedicated nucleotide exchange factor. Phosphorylation converts eIF2 from a substrate into an inhibitor of eIF2B. We report cryoEM structures of eIF2 bound to eIF2B in the dephosphorylated state. The structures reveal that the eIF2B decamer is a static platform upon which one or two flexible eIF2 trimers bind and align with eIF2Bs bipartite catalytic centers to catalyze guanine nucleotide exchange. Phosphorylation refolds eIF2, allowing it to contact eIF2B at a different interface and, we surmise, thereby sequesters it into a non-productive complex.nnOne Sentence SummaryStructures of translation factors eIF2 and eIF2B reveal the mechanism of nucleotide exchange and its phosphoregulation during stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anand, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenner, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myasnikov, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klose, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeever, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Vedam, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of eIF2B-catalyzed GDP exchange and phosphoregulation by the integrated stress response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/506188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Toolkit for Rapid Modular Construction of Biological Circuits in Mammalian Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/506188v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to rapidly assemble and prototype cellular circuits is vital for biological research and its applications in biotechnology and medicine. Current methods that permit the assembly of DNA circuits in mammalian cells are laborious, slow, expensive and mostly not permissive of rapid prototyping of constructs. Here we present the Mammalian ToolKit (MTK), a Golden Gate-based cloning toolkit for fast, reproducible and versatile assembly of large DNA vectors and their implementation in mammalian models. The MTK consists of a curated library of characterized, modular parts that can be easily mixed and matched to combinatorially assemble one transcriptional unit with different characteristics, or a hierarchy of transcriptional units weaved into complex circuits. MTK renders many cell engineering operations facile, as showcased by our ability to use the toolkit to generate single-integration landing pads, to create and deliver libraries of protein variants and sgRNAs, and to iterate through Cas9-based prototype circuits. As a biological proof of concept, we used the MTK to successfully design and rapidly construct in mammalian cells a challenging multicistronic circuit encoding the Ebola virus (EBOV) replication complex. This construct provides a non-infectious biosafety level 2 (BSL2) cellular assay for exploring the transcription and replication steps of the EBOV viral life cycle in its host. Its construction also demonstrates how the MTK can enable important and time sensitive applications such as the rapid testing of pharmacological inhibitors of emerging BSL4 viruses that pose a major threat to human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonny, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Town, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslankoohi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrigan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osimiri, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Toolkit for Rapid Modular Construction of Biological Circuits in Mammalian Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/527887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MPRAnalyze - A statistical framework for Massively Parallel Reporter Assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/527887v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) are a technique that enables testing thousands of regulatory DNA sequences and their variants in a single, quantitative experiment. Despite growing popularity, there is lack of statistical methods that account for the different sources of uncertainty inherent to these assays, thus effectively leveraging their promise. Development of such methods could help enhance our ability to identify regulatory sequences in the genome, understand their function under various setting, and ultimately gain a better understanding of how the regulatory code and its alteration lead to phenotypic consequence.

Here we present MPRAnalyze: a statistical framework dedicated to analyzing MPRA count data. MPRAnalyze addresses the major questions that are posed in the context of MPRA experiments: estimating the magnitude of the effect of a regulatory sequence in a single condition setting, and comparing differential activity of regulatory sequences across multiple conditions. The framework uses a nested construction of generalized linear models to account for uncertainty in both DNA and RNA observations, controls for various sources of unwanted variation, and incorporates negative controls for robust hypothesis testing, thereby providing clear quantitative answers in complex experimental settings.

We demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and applicability of MPR-Analyze on simulated data and published data sets and compare it against the existing analysis methodologies. MPRAnalyze is implemented as an R package and is publicly available through Bioconductor [1].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/527887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MPRAnalyze - A statistical framework for Massively Parallel Reporter Assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/530204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrocyclic colibactin induces DNA double-strand breaks via copper-mediated oxidative cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/530204v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colibactin is an as-yet-uncharacterized human gut bacterial genotoxin, whose biosynthesis is linked to clb genomic island that distributes widespread in pathogenic and commensal human enterobacteria. Colibactin-producing gut microbes promote colon tumor formation and enhance progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) via DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)-induced cellular senescence and death; however, the chemical basis contributing to the pathogenesis at the molecular level remains elusive. Here we report the discovery and the mechanism of action of colibactin-645 as the highly sought final colibactin metabolite with a novel molecular scaffold. Colibactin-645 recapitulates its previously assumed genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, exhibiting a strong DNA DSBs activity in vitro and in human cell cultures via a unique copper-mediated oxidative mechanism. We also present a complete model for colibactin biosynthesis, revealing an unprecedented dual function of the aminomalonate-utilizing polyketide synthases. This work thus provides the first molecular basis for colibactins genotoxic activity and facilitates further mechanistic study of colibactin-related CRC incidence and prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrocyclic colibactin induces DNA double-strand breaks via copper-mediated oxidative cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/532168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference and analysis of population-specific fine-scale recombination maps across 26 diverse human populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/532168v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fine-scale rates of meiotic recombination vary by several orders of magnitude across the genome, and are known to differ between species and even between populations. Studying the differences in recombination maps across populations has been stymied by the confounding effect of differences in demographic history. To address this problem, we developed a method that infers fine-scale recombination rates while taking demography into account and applied our method to infer population-specific recombination maps for each of 26 diverse human populations. These maps recapitulate many aspects of the history of these populations including signatures of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the Iberian colonization of the Americas. We also investigated modulators of the local recombination rate, finding an unexpected role for Polycomb-group proteins and the tri-methylation of H3K27 in elevating recombination rates. Further differences in the recombination landscape across the genome and between populations are driven by variation in the gene that encodes the DNA-binding protein PRDM9, and we quantify the weak effect of meiotic drive acting to remove its binding sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference and analysis of population-specific fine-scale recombination maps across 26 diverse human populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/532895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonization and Annotation of Single-cell Transcriptomics data with Deep Generative Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/532895v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As single-cell transcriptomics becomes a mainstream technology, the natural next step is to integrate the accumulating data in order to achieve a common ontology of cell types and states. However, owing to various nuisance factors of variation, it is not straightforward how to compare gene expression levels across data sets and how to automatically assign cell type labels in a new data set based on existing annotations. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that our previously developed method, scVI, provides an effective and fully probabilistic approach for joint representation and analysis of cohorts of single-cell RNA-seq data sets, while accounting for uncertainty caused by biological and measurement noise. We also introduce single-cell ANnotation using Variational Inference (scANVI), a semi-supervised variant of scVI designed to leverage any available cell state annotations -- for instance when only one data set in a cohort is annotated, or when only a few cells in a single data set can be labeled using marker genes. We demonstrate that scVI and scANVI compare favorably to the existing methods for data integration and cell state annotation in terms of accuracy, scalability, and adaptability to challenging settings such as a hierarchical structure of cell state labels. We further show that different from existing methods, scVI and scANVI represent the integrated datasets with a single generative model that can be directly used for any probabilistic decision making task, using differential expression as our case study. scVI and scANVI are available as open source software and can be readily used to facilitate cell state annotation and help ensure consistency and reproducibility across studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/532895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonization and Annotation of Single-cell Transcriptomics data with Deep Generative Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/534586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tunable microfluidic device enables cargo encapsulation by cell- or organelle-sized lipid vesicles comprising asymmetric lipid monolayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/534586v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular membranes play host to a wide variety of morphologically and chemically complex processes. Although model membranes, like liposomes, are already widely used to reconstitute and study these processes, better tools are needed for making model bilayers that faithfully mimic cellular membranes. Existing methods for fabricating cell-sized (m) or organelle-sized (tens to hundreds of nm) lipid vesicles have distinctly different requirements. Of particular note for biology, it remains challenging for any technique to efficiently encapsulate fragile cargo molecules or to generate liposomes with stable, asymmetric lipid-leaflets within the bilayer. Here we describe a tunable microfluidic device and protocol for fabricating liposomes with desired diameters ranging from ~10 m to ~100 nm. Lipid vesicle size is templated by the simple inclusion of a polycarbonate filter within the microfluidic system and tuned with flow rate. We show that the vesicles made with our device are stable, unilamellar, lipid asymmetric, and capable of supporting transmembrane protein assembly, peripheral membrane protein binding, as well as soluble cargo encapsulation (including designer nanocages for biotechnology applications). These fabricated vesicles provide a new platform for studying the biophysically rich processes found within lipid-lipid and lipid-protein systems typically associated with cellular membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romanov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vershinin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tunable microfluidic device enables cargo encapsulation by cell- or organelle-sized lipid vesicles comprising asymmetric lipid monolayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/538132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial interspecies interactions modulate pH-mediated antibiotic tolerance in a model gut microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/538132v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of investigation into how antibiotics affect isolated bacteria, it remains highly challenging to predict consequences for communities in complex environments such as the human intestine. Interspecies interactions can impact antibiotic activity through alterations to the extracellular environment that change bacterial physiology. By measuring key metabolites and environmental pH, we determined that metabolic cross-feeding among members of the fruit fly gut microbiota drives changes in antibiotic sensitivity in vitro. Co-culturing of Lactobacillus plantarum with Acetobacter species induced tolerance to rifampin. Mechanistically, we found that acetobacters counter the acidification driven by L. plantarum production of lactate, and that pH shifts during stationary phase were sufficient to drive rifampin tolerance in L. plantarum monocultures. The key Lactobacillus physiological parameter related to tolerance was a reduction in lag time exiting stationary phase, opposite to a previously identified mode of tolerance to ampicillin in E. coli. Lactobacillus tolerance to erythromycin also depended on growth status and pH, suggesting that our findings generalize to other antibiotics. Finally, tolerance of L. plantarum to rifampin varied spatially across the fruit fly gut. This mechanistic understanding of the coupling among interspecies interactions, environmental pH, and antibiotic tolerance enables future predictions of growth and the effects of antibiotics in more complex communities and within hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obadia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallberg, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guvener, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial interspecies interactions modulate pH-mediated antibiotic tolerance in a model gut microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/538397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous, Topologically Guided Protein Crystallization Controls Bacterial Surface Layer Self-Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/538397v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria assemble the cell envelope using localized enzymes to account for growth and division of a topologically complicated surface1-3. However, a regulatory pathway has not been identified for assembly and maintenance of the surface layer (S-layer), a 2D crystalline protein coat surrounding the curved 3D surface of a variety of bacteria4,5. By specifically labeling, imaging, and tracking native and purified RsaA, the S-layer protein (SLP) from C. crescentus, we show that protein self-assembly alone is sufficient to assemble and maintain the S-layer in vivo. By monitoring the location of newly produced S-layer on the surface of living bacteria, we find that S-layer assembly occurs independently of the site of RsaA secretion and that localized production of new cell wall surface area alone is insufficient to explain S-layer assembly patterns. When the cell surface is devoid of a pre-existing S-layer, the location of S-layer assembly depends on the nucleation characteristics of SLP crystals, which grow by capturing RsaA molecules freely diffusing on the outer bacterial surface. Based on these observations, we propose a model of S-layer assembly whereby RsaA monomers are secreted randomly and diffuse on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane until incorporated into growing 2D S-layer crystals. The complicated topology of the cell surface enables formation of defects, gaps, and grain boundaries within the S-layer lattice, thereby guiding the location of S-layer assembly without enzymatic assistance. This unsupervised mechanism poses unique challenges and advantages for designing treatments targeting cell surface structures or utilizing S-layers as self-assembling macromolecular nanomaterials. As an evolutionary driver, 2D protein self-assembly rationalizes the exceptional S-layer subunit sequence and species diversity6.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Comerci, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbarpour, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomellini, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakatsuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moerner, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous, Topologically Guided Protein Crystallization Controls Bacterial Surface Layer Self-Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/538678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Nanostructures Coordinate Gene Silencing in Mature Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/538678v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant bioengineering may generate high yielding and stress-resistant crops amidst a changing climate and a growing global population (1-3). However, delivery of biomolecules to plants relies on Agrobacterium infection (4) or biolistic particle delivery (5), the former of which is only amenable to DNA delivery. The difficulty in delivering functional biomolecules such as RNA to plant cells is due to the plant cell wall which is absent in mammalian cells and poses the dominant physical barrier to exogenous biomolecule delivery in plants. DNA nanostructure-mediated biomolecule delivery is an effective strategy to deliver cargoes across the lipid bilayer of mammalian cells, however, nanoparticle-mediated delivery remains unexplored for passive biomolecule delivery across the cell wall in plants. Herein, we report a systematic assessment of different DNA nanostructures for their ability to internalize into cells of mature plants, deliver small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and effectively silence a constitutively-expressed gene in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. We show that nanostructure internalization into plant cells and the corresponding gene silencing efficiency depends on the DNA nanostructure size, shape, compactness, stiffness, and location of the siRNA attachment locus on the nanostructure. We further confirm that the internalization efficiency of DNA nanostructures correlates with their respective gene silencing efficiencies, but that the endogenous gene silencing pathway depends on the siRNA attachment locus. Our work establishes the feasibility of biomolecule delivery to plants with DNA nanostructures, and details both the design parameters of importance for plant cell internalization, and also assesses the impact of DNA nanostructure geometry for gene silencing mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aditham, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Nanostructures Coordinate Gene Silencing in Mature Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/541052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial biogeography and ecology of the mouth and implications for periodontal diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/541052v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human-associated microbial communities differ in composition among body sites and between habitats within a site. Patterns of variation in the distribution of organisms across time and space is referred to as  biogeography. The human oral cavity is a critical observatory for exploring microbial biogeography because it is spatially structured, easily accessible, and its microbiota has been linked to the promotion of both health and disease. The biogeographic features of microbial communities residing in spatially distinct but ecologically similar environments on the human body, including the subgingival crevice, have not yet been adequately explored. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we seek to provide the dental community with a primer on biogeographic theory, highlighting its relevance to the study of the human oral cavity. For this reason, we summarize what is known about the biogeographic variation of dental caries and periodontitis and postulate as to how this may be driven by spatial patterning in oral microbial community composition and structure. Second, we present a number of methods that investigators can use to test specific hypotheses using biogeographic theory.

To anchor our discussion, we apply each method to a case study and examine the spatial variation of the human subgingival microbiota of 2 individuals. Our case study suggests that subgingival communities in the aggregate may conform to an anterior-to-posterior gradient in community composition. The gradient appears to be structured both by deterministic and non-deterministic processes, though additional work is needed to test and confirm specific hypotheses. A better understanding of biogeographic patterns and processes will advance our understanding of ways to optimize the efficacy of dental interventions targeting the oral microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Proctor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelef, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dethlefsen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loomer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armitage, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/541052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial biogeography and ecology of the mouth and implications for periodontal diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/541797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet induces reproducible alterations in the mouse and human gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/541797v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The degree to which diet reproducibly alters the human and mouse gut microbiota remains unclear. Here, we focus on the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD), one of the most frequently studied dietary interventions in mice. We employed a subject-level meta-analysis framework for unbiased collection and analysis of publicly available 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing data from studies examining HFD in rodent models. In total, we re-analyzed 27 studies, 1101 samples, and 106 million reads mapping to 16S rRNA gene sequences. We report reproducible changes in gut microbial community structure both within and between studies, including a significant increase in the Firmicutes phylum and decrease in the Bacteroidetes phylum; however, reduced alpha diversity is not a consistent feature of HFD. Finer taxonomic analysis revealed that the strongest signal of HFD on microbiota species composition is Lactococcus spp., which we demonstrate is a common dietary contaminant through the molecular testing of dietary ingredients, culturing, microscopy, and germ-free mouse experiments. After in silico removal of Lactococcus spp., we employed machine learning to define a unique operational taxonomic unit (OTU)-based signature capable of predicting the dietary intake of mice and demonstrate that phylogenetic and gene-family transformations of this model are capable of accurately predicting human samples in controlled feeding settings (area under the receiver operator curve = 0.75 and 0.88 respectively). Together, these results demonstrate the utility of microbiome meta-analyses in identifying robust bacterial signals for mechanistic studies and creates a framework for the routine meta-analysis of microbiome studies in preclinical models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bisanz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/541797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet induces reproducible alterations in the mouse and human gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/548255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic control reveals differential promoter interpretation of transcription factor nuclear translocation dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/548255v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic translocation of transcription factors (TFs) in and out of the nucleus is thought to encode information, such as the identity of a stimulus. A corollary is the idea that gene promoters can decode different dynamic TF translocation patterns. Testing this TF encoding/promoter decoding hypothesis requires tools that allow direct control of TF dynamics without the pleiotropic effects associated with general perturbations. In this work, we present CLASP (Controllable Light Activated Shuttling and Plasma membrane sequestration), a tool that enables precise, modular, and reversible control of TF localization using a combination of two optimized LOV2 optogenetic constructs. The first sequesters the cargo in the dark at the plasma membrane and releases it upon exposure to blue light, while light exposure of the second reveals a nuclear localization sequence that shuttles the released cargo to the nucleus. CLASP achieves minute-level resolution, reversible translocation of many TF cargos, large dynamic range, and tunable target gene expression. Using CLASP, we investigate the relationship between Crz1, a naturally pulsatile TF, and its cognate promoters. We establish that some Crz1 target genes respond more efficiently to pulsatile TF inputs than to continuous inputs, while others exhibit the opposite behavior. We show using computational modeling that efficient gene expression in response to short pulsing requires fast promoter activation and slow inactivation and that the opposite phenotype can ensue from a multi-stage promoter activation, where a transition in the first stage is thresholded. These data directly demonstrate differential interpretation of TF pulsing dynamics by different genes, and provide plausible models that can achieve these phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osimiri, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugaj, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart-Ornstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neves, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/548255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic control reveals differential promoter interpretation of transcription factor nuclear translocation dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/551978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-resolution, chromosome-assigned Komodo dragon genome reveals adaptations in the cardiovascular, muscular, and chemosensory systems of monitor lizards 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/551978v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitor lizards are unique among ectothermic reptiles in that they have a high aerobic capacity and distinctive cardiovascular physiology which resembles that of endothermic mammals. We have sequenced the genome of the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), the largest extant monitor lizard, and present a high resolution de novo chromosome-assigned genome assembly for V. komodoensis, generated with a hybrid approach of long-range sequencing and single molecule physical mapping. Comparing the genome of V. komodoensis with those of related species showed evidence of positive selection in pathways related to muscle energy metabolism, cardiovascular homeostasis, and thrombosis. We also found species-specific expansions of a chemoreceptor gene family related to pheromone and kairomone sensing in V. komodoensis and several other lizard lineages. Together, these evolutionary signatures of adaptation reveal genetic underpinnings of the unique Komodo sensory, cardiovascular, and muscular systems, and suggest that selective pressure altered thrombosis genes to help Komodo dragons evade the anticoagulant effects of their own saliva. As the only sequenced monitor lizard genome, the Komodo dragon genome is an important resource for understanding the biology of this lineage and of reptiles worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lind, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y. Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostovoy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holloway, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fondi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlandini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckalbar, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovatsos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kichigin, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makunin, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trifonov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schijlen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratochvil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessop, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patarnello, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciofi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, P.-Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-resolution, chromosome-assigned Komodo dragon genome reveals adaptations in the cardiovascular, muscular, and chemosensory systems of monitor lizards]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/552224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Fidelity Nanopore Sequencing of Ultra-Short DNA Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/552224v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing offers a portable and affordable alternative to sequencing-by-synthesis methods but suffers from lower accuracy and cannot sequence ultra-short DNA. This puts applications such as molecular diagnostics based on the analysis of cell-free DNA or single-nucleotide variants (SNV) out of reach. To overcome these limitations, we report a nanopore-based sequencing strategy in which short target sequences are first circularized and then amplified via rolling-circle amplification to produce long stretches of concatemeric repeats. These can be sequenced on the Oxford Nanopore Technologys (ONT) MinION platform, and the resulting repeat sequences aligned to produce a highly-accurate consensus that reduces the high error-rate present in the individual repeats. Using this approach, we demonstrate for the first time the ability to obtain unbiased and accurate nanopore data for target DNA sequences of < 100 bp. Critically, this approach is sensitive enough to achieve SNV discrimination in mixtures of sequences and even enables quantitative detection of specific variants present at ratios of < 10%. Our method is simple, cost-effective, and only requires well-established processes. It therefore expands the utility of nanopore sequencing for molecular diagnostics and other applications, especially in resource-limited settings.

One Sentence SummaryWe introduce a simple method of accurately sequencing ultra-short (<100bp) target DNA on a nanopore sequencing platform.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Fidelity Nanopore Sequencing of Ultra-Short DNA Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/555110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreas patch-seq links physiologic dysfunction in diabetes to single-cell transcriptomic phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/555110v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic islet cells regulate glucose homeostasis through insulin and glucagon secretion; dysfunction of these cells leads to severe diseases like diabetes. Prior single-cell transcriptome studies have shown heterogeneous gene expression in major islet cell-types; however it remains challenging to reconcile this transcriptomic heterogeneity with observed islet cell functional variation. Here we achieved electrophysiological profiling and single-cell RNA sequencing in the same islet cell (pancreas patch-seq) thereby linking transcriptomic phenotypes to physiologic properties. We collected 1,369 cells from the pancreas of donors with or without diabetes and assessed function-gene expression networks. We identified a set of genes and pathways that drive functional heterogeneity in {beta}-cells and used these to predict {beta}-cell electrophysiology. We also report specific transcriptional programs that correlate with dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and extend this approach to cryopreserved cells from donors with type 1 diabetes (T1D), generating a valuable resource for understanding islet cell heterogeneity in health and disease.

Key findingsO_LIPancreas patch-seq provides a single-cell survey of function-transcriptome pairing in 1,369 islet cells from donors with and without diabetes
C_LIO_LIExpression of a specific subset of genes predicts {beta}-cell electrophysiology in transcriptome-function networks.
C_LIO_LICompromised {beta}-cell function in T2D correlates with altered ETV1 expression and inflammatory pathways
C_LIO_LIFunctional heterogeneity in -cells maps to ER stress and islet lineage markers
C_LIO_LIApplication of patch-seq to cells from rare cryopreserved islets from donors with T1D
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camunas-Soler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreas patch-seq links physiologic dysfunction in diabetes to single-cell transcriptomic phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/555169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleic Acid Cleavage with a Hyperthermophilic Cas9 from an Unculturable Ignavibacterium 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/555169v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 systems have been effectively harnessed to engineer the genomes of organisms from across the tree of life. Nearly all currently characterized Cas9 proteins are derived from mesophilic bacteria, and canonical Cas9 systems are challenged by applications requiring enhanced stability or elevated temperatures. We discovered IgnaviCas9, a Cas9 protein from a hyperthermophilic Ignavibacterium identified through mini-metagenomic sequencing of samples from a hot spring. IgnaviCas9 is active at temperatures up to 100 {degrees}C in vitro, which enables DNA cleavage beyond the 44 {degrees}C limit of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9) and the 70 {degrees}C limit of both Geobacillus stearothermophilus Cas9 (GeoCas9) and Geobacillus thermodenitrificans T12 Cas9 (ThermoCas9). As a potential application of this enzyme, we demonstrated that IgnaviCas9 can be used in bacterial RNA-seq library preparation to remove unwanted cDNA from 16s ribosomal rRNA (rRNA) without increasing the number of steps, thus underscoring the benefits provided by its exceptional thermostability in improving molecular biology and genomic workflows. Taken together, IgnaviCas9 is an exciting addition to the CRISPR-Cas9 toolbox and expands its temperature range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blainey, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleic Acid Cleavage with a Hyperthermophilic Cas9 from an Unculturable Ignavibacterium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/557769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Enrichment and Analysis of Antigen-Specific Memory B Cell Antibody Repertoires in PBMCs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/557769v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic screening of antigen-specific antibodies in human blood is a common diagnostic test for infectious agents and a correlate of protection after vaccination. In addition to long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells residing in the bone marrow, memory B cells are a latent source of antigen-experienced, long-term immunity that can be found at low frequencies in circulating PBMCs. Assessing the genotype, clonal frequency, quality, and function of antibodies resulting from an individuals persistent memory B cell repertoire can help inform the success or failure of immune protection. We have applied ELISPOT cell culture methods to functionally expand the memory repertoire from PBMCs and clonally map monoclonal antibodies from this population. We show that combining deep sequencing of stimulated memory B cell repertoires with retrieving single antigen-specific cells is a promising approach in evaluating the latent, functional B cell memory in PBMCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waltari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeever, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/557769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Enrichment and Analysis of Antigen-Specific Memory B Cell Antibody Repertoires in PBMCs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/558676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Necrotizing enterocolitis is preceded by increased gut bacterial replication, Klebsiella, and fimbriae-encoding bacteria that may stimulate TLR4 receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/558676v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease that occurs primarily in premature infants. We performed genome-resolved metagenomic analysis of 1,163 fecal samples from premature infants to identify microbial features predictive of NEC. Features considered include genes, bacterial strain types, eukaryotes, bacteriophages, plasmids and growth rates. A machine learning classifier found that samples collected prior to NEC diagnosis harbored significantly more Klebsiella, bacteria encoding fimbriae, and bacteria encoding secondary metabolite gene clusters related to quorum sensing and bacteriocin production. Notably, replication rates of all bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae, were significantly higher two days before NEC diagnosis. The findings uncover biomarkers that could lead to early detection of NEC and targets for microbiome-based therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/558676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Necrotizing enterocolitis is preceded by increased gut bacterial replication, Klebsiella, and fimbriae-encoding bacteria that may stimulate TLR4 receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/559484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution displacement mapping of unbound single molecules reveals nanoscale heterogeneities in intracellular diffusivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/559484v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular diffusion underlies vital processes of the cell. However, it remains difficult to elucidate how an average-sized protein diffuses in the cell with good spatial resolution and sensitivity. Here we report single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM), a super-resolution strategy that enables the nanoscale mapping of intracellular diffusivity through the local statistics of instantaneous displacements of freely diffusing single molecules. We thus show that diffusion in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus to both be spatially heterogeneous at the nanoscale, and such variations in local diffusivity correlate strongly with the ultrastructure of the actin cytoskeleton and the chromosome, respectively. Moreover, we identify the net charge of the diffuser as a key determinant of diffusion rate: intriguingly, the possession of positive, but not negative, net charges significantly impedes diffusion, and the exact degree of slowdown is determined by the specific subcellular environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/559484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution displacement mapping of unbound single molecules reveals nanoscale heterogeneities in intracellular diffusivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/564427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanotubes effectively deliver siRNA to intact plant cells and protect siRNA against nuclease degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/564427v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a powerful tool to understand and control plant metabolic pathways, which is central to plant biotechnology. PTGS is commonly accomplished through delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into cells. While siRNA delivery has been optimized for mammalian systems, it remains a significant challenge for plants due to the plant cell wall. Standard plant siRNA delivery methods (Agrobacterium and viruses) involve coding siRNA into DNA vectors, and are only tractable for certain plant species. Herein, we develop a nanotube-based platform for direct delivery of siRNA, and show high silencing efficiency in intact plant cells. We demonstrate that nanotubes successfully deliver siRNA and silence endogenous genes owing to effective intracellular delivery and nanotube-induced protection of siRNA from nuclease degradation. This study establishes that nanotubes, which are below the size exclusion limit of the plant cell wall, could enable a myriad of plant biotechnology applications that rely on RNA delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demirer, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/564427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanotubes effectively deliver siRNA to intact plant cells and protect siRNA against nuclease degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/565259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Afucosylated maternal anti-dengue IgGs are a biomarker for susceptibility to dengue disease in their infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/565259v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infant mortality from dengue disease is a devastating global health burden that could be minimized with the ability to identify susceptibility for severe disease prior to infection. While most primary infant dengue infections are asymptomatic, maternally derived anti-dengue IgGs present during infection can trigger progression to severe disease through antibody-dependent enhancement mechanisms. Importantly, specific characteristics of maternal IgGs that herald progression to severe infant dengue are unknown. Here, we define [&ge;]10% afucosylation of maternal anti-dengue IgGs as a biomarker for susceptibility of infants to symptomatic dengue infections. Mechanistic experiments show that anti-dengue afucosylation, a modification that enhances Fc affinity for the activating receptor Fc{gamma}RIIIa, promotes infection of Fc{gamma}RIIIa+ monocytes. Fc{gamma}RIIIa signaling, in turn, enhances a post-entry step of dengue virus replication. These studies identify a biomarker that can be applied to reduce mortality associated with dengue viruses and define a mechanism by which afucosylated antibodies and Fc{gamma}RIIIa enhance dengue infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thulin, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bournazos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadoss, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taubenberger, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagannathan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libraty, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/565259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Afucosylated maternal anti-dengue IgGs are a biomarker for susceptibility to dengue disease in their infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/571588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative high-throughput tests of ubiquitous RNA secondary structure prediction algorithms via RNA/protein binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/571588v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearest-neighbor (NN) rules provide a simple and powerful quantitative framework for RNA structure prediction that is strongly supported for canonical Watson-Crick duplexes from a plethora of thermodynamic measurements. Predictions of RNA secondary structure based on nearest-neighbor (NN) rules are routinely used to understand biological function and to engineer and control new functions in biotechnology. However, NN applications to RNA structural features such as internal and terminal loops rely on approximations and assumptions, with sparse experimental coverage of the vast number of possible sequence and structural features. To test to what extent NN rules accurately predict thermodynamic stabilities across RNAs with non-WC features, we tested their predictions using a quantitative high-throughput assay platform, RNA-MaP. Using a thermodynamic assay with coupled protein binding, we carried out equilibrium measurements for over 1000 RNAs with a range of predicted secondary structure stabilities. Our results revealed substantial scatter and systematic deviations between NN predictions and observed stabilities. Solution salt effects and incorrect or omitted loop parameters contribute to these observed deviations. Our results demonstrate the need to independently and quantitatively test NN computational algorithms to identify their capabilities and limitations. RNA-MaP and related approaches can be used to test computational predictions and can be adapted to obtain experimental data to improve RNA secondary structure and other prediction algorithms.nnSignificance statementRNA secondary structure prediction algorithms are routinely used to understand, predict and design functional RNA structures in biology and biotechnology. Given the vast number of RNA sequence and structural features, these predictions rely on a series of approximations, and independent tests are needed to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of predicted RNA structural stabilities. Here we measure the stabilities of over 1000 RNA constructs by using a coupled protein binding assay. Our results reveal substantial deviations from the RNA stabilities predicted by popular algorithms, and identify factors contributing to the observed deviations. We demonstrate the importance of quantitative, experimental tests of computational RNA structure predictions and present an approach that can be used to routinely test and improve the prediction accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarmoskaite, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaidyanathan, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herschlag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/571588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative high-throughput tests of ubiquitous RNA secondary structure prediction algorithms via RNA/protein binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/572362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clades of huge phage from across Earth’s ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/572362v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage typically have small genomes and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication. DNA sequenced from many diverse ecosystems revealed hundreds of huge phage genomes, between 200 kbp and 716 kbp in length. Thirty-four genomes were manually curated to completion, including the largest phage genomes yet reported. Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and new CRISPR-Cas systems, tRNAs, tRNA synthetases, tRNA modification enzymes, translation initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. Phage CRISPR-Cas systems have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phage may repurpose bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems to eliminate competing phage. We phylogenetically define major clades of huge phage from human and other animal microbiomes, oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that their large gene inventories reflect a conserved biological strategy, observed over a broad bacterial host range and across Earths ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus-Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltsman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finstad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amundson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrighton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehours, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clades of huge phage from across Earth’s ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/572602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ER membrane protein complex is important for the biogenesis of flavivirus polyproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/572602v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flaviviruses translate their genomes as multi-pass transmembrane proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Here, we show that the ER membrane protein complex (EMC) is indispensable for the expression of viral polyproteins. We demonstrated that EMC was essential for accurate folding and post-translational stability rather than translation efficiency. Specifically, we revealed degradation of NS4A-NS4B, a region rich in transmembrane domains, in absence of EMC. Orthogonally, by serial passaging of virus on EMC-deficient cells, we identified two non-synonymous point mutations in NS4A and NS4B, which rescued viral replication. Finally, we showed a physical interaction between EMC and viral NS4B and that the NS4A-4B region adopts an aberrant topology in the absence of the EMC leading to degradation. Together, our data highlight how flaviviruses hijack the EMC for transmembrane protein biogenesis to achieve optimal expression of their polyproteins, which reinforces a role for the EMC in stabilizing challenging transmembrane proteins during synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shurtleff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popova, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulsuptrakul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puschnik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/572602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ER membrane protein complex is important for the biogenesis of flavivirus polyproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/577460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for liquid-liquid phase separation in ESCRT-mediated nuclear envelope reformation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/577460v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At mitotic exit, microtubule arrays are dismantled in concert with the reformation of the nuclear envelope. We show how the inner nuclear membrane protein, LEM2, exploits liquid-liquid phase separation to direct microtubule remodeling and nuclear envelope sealing via the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) pathway. LEM2 tethers membrane to chromatin disks through direct binding between its LEM motif and the chromatin-associated barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF). Concurrently, a low-complexity domain within LEM2 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation to coat spindle microtubule bundles. Spatially restricted, LEM2s winged helix (WH) domain activates the ESCRT-II/ESCRT-III hybrid protein, CHMP7. Together LEM2 and CHMP7 copolymerize around microtubule bundles to form a molecular "O-ring" that promotes nuclear compartmentalization and initiates downstream ESCRT factor recruitment. These results demonstrate how multivalent interactions of a transmembrane protein, including those that mediate phase separation, coordinate localized ESCRT polymerization, mitotic spindle disassembly, and membrane fusion. Defects in this pathway compromise spindle disassembly, nuclear integrity, and genome stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>von Appen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trnka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullman, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for liquid-liquid phase separation in ESCRT-mediated nuclear envelope reformation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/577924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-Dicer RNase III and four other novel factors required for RNAi-mediated transposon suppression in the human pathogenic yeast C. neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/577924v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans silences transposable elements using endo-siRNAs and an Argonaute, Ago1. Endo-siRNAs production requires the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Rdp1, and two partially redundant Dicer enzymes, Dcr1 and Dcr2, but is independent of histone H3 lysine 9 methylation. We describe here an insertional mutagenesis screen for factors required to suppress the mobilization of the C. neoformans HARBINGER family DNA transposon HAR1. Validation experiments uncovered five novel genes (RDE1-5) required for HAR1 suppression and global production of suppressive endo-siRNAs. Loss of the RDE genes does not impact transcript levels, suggesting the endo-siRNAs do not act by impacting target transcript synthesis or turnover. RDE3 encodes a non-Dicer RNase III related to S. cerevisiae Rnt1, RDE4 encodes a predicted terminal nucleotidyltransferase, while RDE5 has no strongly predicted encoded domains. Affinity purification-mass spectrometry studies reveal that Rde3 and Rde5 are physically associated. RDE1 encodes a G-patch protein homologous to the S. cerevisiae Sqs1/Pfa1, a nucleolar protein that directly activates the essential helicase Prp43 during rRNA biogenesis. Rde1 copurifies Rde2, another novel protein obtained in the screen, as well as Ago1, a homolog of Prp43, and numerous predicted nucleolar proteins. We also describe the isolation of conditional alleles of PRP43, which are defective in RNAi. This work reveals unanticipated requirements for a non-Dicer RNase III and presumptive nucleolar factors for endo-siRNA biogenesis and transposon mobilization suppression in C. neoformans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burke, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longhurst, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales-Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moresco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrich, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhani, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-Dicer RNase III and four other novel factors required for RNAi-mediated transposon suppression in the human pathogenic yeast C. neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/578542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The \"sewing machine\" for minimally invasive neural recording 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/578542v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a system for scalable and customizable recording and stimulation of neural activity. In large animals and humans, the current benchmark for high spatial and temporal resolution neural interfaces are fixed arrays of wire or silicon electrodes inserted into the parenchyma of the brain. However, probes that are large and stiff enough to penetrate the brain have been shown to cause acute and chronic damage and inflammation, which limits their longevity, stability, and yield. One approach to this problem is to separate the requirements of the insertion device, which should to be as stiff as possible, with the implanted device, which should be as small and flexible as possible. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of this approach with a system incorporating fine and flexible thin-film polymer probes, a fine and stiff insertion needle, and a robotic insertion machine. Together the system permits rapid and precise implantation of probes, each individually targeted to avoid observable vasculature and to attain diverse anatomical targets. As an initial demonstration of this system, we implanted arrays of electrodes in rat somatosensory cortex, recorded extracellular action potentials from them, and obtained histological images of the tissue response. This approach points the way toward a new generation of scaleable, stable, and safe neural interfaces, both for the basic scientific study of brain function and for clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanson, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Botia, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharazia, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabes, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/578542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The \"sewing machine\" for minimally invasive neural recording]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/579532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased metagenomic sequencing for pediatric meningitis in Bangladesh reveals neuroinvasive Chikungunya virus outbreak and other unrealized pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/579532v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The disease burden due to meningitis in low and middle-income countries remains significant and failure to determine an etiology impedes appropriate treatment for patients and evidence-based policy decisions for populations. Broad-range pathogen surveillance using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of RNA isolated from cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) provides an unbiased assessment for possible infectious etiologies. In this study, our objective was to use mNGS to identify etiologies of pediatric meningitis in Bangladesh.nnWe conducted a retrospective case-control mNGS study on CSF from patients with known neurologic infections (n=36), idiopathic meningitis (n=25), without infection (n=30) and six environmental samples collected between 2012-2018. Using an open-access, cloud-based bioinformatics pipeline (IDseq) and machine learning, we identified potential pathogens which were confirmed through qPCR and Sanger sequencing. These cases were followed-up through phone/home-visits. The CSF samples were collected from children with WHO-defined meningeal signs during prospective meningitis surveillance at the largest pediatric referral hospital in Bangladesh.nnThe 91 participants (42% female) ranged in age from 0-160 months (median: 9 months). In samples with known infectious causes of meningitis and without infections (n=66), there was 83% concordance between mNGS and conventional testing. In idiopathic cases (n=25), mNGS identified a potential etiology in 40% (n=10), including bacterial and viral pathogens. There were three instances of neuroinvasive Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The CHIKV genomes were >99% identical to each other and to a Bangladeshi strain only previously recognized to cause systemic illness in 2017. CHIKV qPCR of all remaining stored CSF samples from children who presented with idiopathic meningitis in 2017 at the same hospital (n=472) revealed 17 additional CHIKV meningitis cases. Orthogonal molecular confirmation of each mNGS-identified infection, case-based clinical data, and follow-up of patients substantiated the key findings.nnUsing mNGS, we obtained a microbiological diagnosis for 40% of idiopathic meningitis cases and identified a previous unappreciated pediatric CHIKV meningitis outbreak. Case-control CSF mNGS surveys can complement conventional diagnostic methods to identify etiologies of meningitis and facilitate informed policy decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasanuzzaman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayday, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajib, M. S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourcy, C. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, T. R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/579532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased metagenomic sequencing for pediatric meningitis in Bangladesh reveals neuroinvasive Chikungunya virus outbreak and other unrealized pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/580233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separations-Encoded Microparticles For Single-Cell Western Blotting 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/580233v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct measurement of proteins from single cells has been realized at the microscale using microfluidic channels, capillaries, and semi-enclosed microwell arrays. Although powerful, these formats are constrained, with the enclosed geometries proving cumbersome for multistage assays, including electrophoresis followed by immunoprobing. We introduce a hybrid microfluidic format that toggles between a planar microwell array and a suspension of microparticles. The planar array is stippled in a thin sheet of polyacrylamide gel, for efficient single-cell isolation and protein electrophoresis of hundreds-to-thousands of cells. Upon mechanical release, array elements become a suspension of separations-encoded microparticles for more efficient immunoprobing due to enhanced mass transfer. Dehydrating microparticles offer improved analytical sensitivity owing to in-gel concentration of fluorescence signal for high-throughput single-cell targeted proteomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gumuscu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separations-Encoded Microparticles For Single-Cell Western Blotting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/580845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Luciferase-LOV BRET enables versatile and specific transcriptional readout of cellular protein-protein interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/580845v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technologies that convert transient protein-protein interactions (PPIs) into stable expression of a reporter gene are useful for genetic selections, high-throughput screening, and multiplexing with omics technologies. We previously reported SPARK (Kim et al., 2017), a transcription factor that is activated by the coincidence of blue light and a PPI. Here, we report an improved, second-generation SPARK2 that incorporates a luciferase moiety to control the light-sensitive LOV domain. SPARK2 can be temporally gated by either external light or addition of a small-molecule luciferin, which causes luciferase to open LOV via proximity-dependent BRET. Furthermore, the nested "AND" gate design of SPARK2--in which both protease recruitment to the membrane-anchored transcription factor and LOV domain opening are regulated by the PPI of interest--yields a lower-background system and improved PPI specificity. We apply SPARK2 to high-throughput screening for GPCR agonists and for the detection of trans-cellular contacts, all with versatile transcriptional readout.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Luciferase-LOV BRET enables versatile and specific transcriptional readout of cellular protein-protein interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/581447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two accessory proteins govern MmpL3 mycolic acid transport in mycobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/581447v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycolic acids are the signature lipid of mycobacteria and constitute an important physical component of the cell wall, a target of mycobacterial specific antibiotics, and a mediator of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. Mycolic acids are synthesized in the cytoplasm and are thought to be transported to the cell wall as a trehalose ester by the MmpL3 transporter, an antibiotic target for M. tuberculosis. However, the mechanism by which mycolate synthesis is coupled to transport, and the full MmpL3 transport machinery, is unknown. Here we identify two new components of the MmpL3 transport machinery in mycobacteria. The protein encoded by MSMEG_0736/Rv0383c is essential for growth of M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis, is anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane, physically interacts with and colocalizes with MmpL3 in growing cells, and is required for trehalose monomycolate transport to the cell wall. In light of these findings we propose Msmeg_0736/Rv0383c be named "TMM transport factor A", TtfA. The protein encoded by MSMEG_5308 also interacts with the MmpL3 complex, but is nonessential for growth or TMM transport. However, MSMEG_5308 accumulates with inhibition of MmpL3 mediated TMM transport and stabilizes the MmpL3/TtfA complex, indicating that it stabilizes the transport system during stress. These studies identify two new components of the mycobacterial mycolate transport machinery, an emerging antibiotic target in M. tuberculosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czudnochowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glickman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/581447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two accessory proteins govern MmpL3 mycolic acid transport in mycobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/583153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The menstrual cycle is a primary contributor to cyclic variation in women’s mood, behavior, and vital signs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/583153v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Female mood, behavior, and vital signs exhibit cycles which fundamentally affect health and happiness. However, it is unclear which dimensions of mood, behavior, and vital signs vary cyclically, how cycles at different timescales compare in magnitude, and how cycles vary across countries. Here we separate female mood, behavior, and vital signs into four simultaneous cycles - daily, weekly, seasonal, and menstrual. We analyze nine mood dimensions, three behavior dimensions, and three vital signs using a dataset of 241 million observations from 3.3 million women in 109 countries. We find that the menstrual cycle is a primary contributor to cyclic variation: it is the cycle with the largest amplitude for all three vital signs, sexual activity, and 7 out of 9 dimensions of mood. The amplitude of the menstrual happiness cycle is 1.4x the amplitude of the daily cycle, 3.3x the amplitude of the weekly cycle, 2.3x the amplitude of the seasonal cycle, and 1.7x the Christmas increase in happiness. Menstrual cycle effects are directionally consistent across countries, demonstrating that they occur across cultures. Overall, our results demonstrate the primacy of the menstrual cycle and necessitate better accounting for it in clinical data and practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Althoff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The menstrual cycle is a primary contributor to cyclic variation in women’s mood, behavior, and vital signs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/583252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live-cell Imaging Analysis of Antimycin-Type Depsipeptides via Bioorthogonal Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/583252v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small-molecule natural products have been an essential source of pharmaceuticals to treat human diseases, but very little is known about their behavior inside dynamic, living human cells. Here, we demonstrate the first structure-activity-distribution study of complex natural products, the anti-cancer antimycin-type depsipeptides, using the emerging bioorthogonal Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Microscopy. Our results show that the intracellular enrichment and distribution of these compounds are driven by their potency and specific protein targets, as well as the lipophilic nature of compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seidel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porterfield, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai-Kline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live-cell Imaging Analysis of Antimycin-Type Depsipeptides via Bioorthogonal Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/587485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-shot autofocus microscopy using deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/587485v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining an in-focus image over long time scales is an essential and non-trivial task for a variety of microscopic imaging applications. Here, we present an autofocusing method that is inexpensive, fast, and robust. It requires only the addition of one or a few off-axis LEDs to a conventional transmitted light microscope. Defocus distance can be estimated and corrected based on a single image under this LED illumination using a neural network that is small enough to be trained on a desktop CPU in a few hours. In this work, we detail the procedure for generating data and training such a network, explore practical limits, and describe relevant design principles governing the illumination source and network architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinkard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babakhani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/587485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-shot autofocus microscopy using deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/591396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discrete and Continuous Cell Identities of the Adult Murine Striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/591396v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The striatum is a large brain region containing two major cell types: D1 (dopamine receptor 1) and D2 (dopamine receptor 2) expressing spiny projection neurons (SPNs). We generated a cell type atlas of the adult murine striatum using single-cell RNA-seq of SPNs combined with quantitative RNA in situ hybridization (ISH). We developed a novel computational pipeline that distinguishes discrete versus continuous cell identities in scRNA-seq data, and used it to show that SPNs in the striatum can be classified into four discrete types that reside in discrete anatomical clusters or are spatially intermingled. Within each discrete type, we find multiple independent axes of continuous cell identity that map to spatial gradients and whose genes are conserved between discrete types. These gradients correlate well to previously-mapped gradients of connectivity. Using these insights, we discovered multiple novel spatially localized region of the striatum, one of which contains patch-D2 SPNs that express Tac1, Htr7, and Th. Intriguingly, we found one subtype that strongly co-expresses both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, and uniquely expresses a rare D2 receptor splice variant. These results collectively suggest an organizational principal of neuron identity in which major neuron types can be separated into discrete classes with little overlap and no implied spatial relationship. However these discrete classes are then continuously subdivided by multiple spatial gradients of expression defining anatomical location via a combinatorial mechanism. Finally, they suggest that neuronal circuitry has a substructure at far higher resolution than is typically interrogated which is defined by the precise identity and location of a neuron.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stanley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokce, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malenka, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/591396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discrete and Continuous Cell Identities of the Adult Murine Striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/591719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cas9 nanoparticle system with truncated Cas9 target sequences on DNA repair templates enhances genome targeting in diverse human immune cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/591719v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virus-modified T cells are approved for cancer immunotherapy, but more versatile and precise genome modifications are needed for a wider range of adoptive cellular therapies1-4. We recently developed a non-viral CRISPR-Cas9 system for genomic site-specific integration of large DNA sequences in primary human T cells5. Here, we report two key improvements for efficiency and viability in an expanded variety of clinically-relevant primary cell types. We discovered that addition of truncated Cas9 target sequences (tCTS) at the ends of the homology directed repair (HDR) templates can interact with Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) to  shuttle the template and enhance targeting efficiency. Further, stabilizing the Cas9 RNPs into nanoparticles with poly(glutamic acid) improved editing, reduced toxicity, and enabled lyophilized storage without loss of activity. Combining the tCTS HDR template modifications with polymer-stabilized nanoparticles increased gene targeting efficiency and viable cell yield across multiple genomic loci in diverse cell types. This system is an inexpensive, user-friendly delivery platform for non-viral genome reprogramming that we successfully applied in regulatory T cells (Tregs), {gamma}{delta}-T cells, B cells, NK cells, and primary and iPS-derived6 hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamedov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apathy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bluestone, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puck, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szoka, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/591719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cas9 nanoparticle system with truncated Cas9 target sequences on DNA repair templates enhances genome targeting in diverse human immune cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/594895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinating Receptor Expression and Wiring Specificity in Olfactory Receptor Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/594895v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ultimate function of a neuron is determined by both its physiology and connectivity, but the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that coordinate these two features are not well understood1-4. The Drosophila Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) provide an excellent system to investigate this question. As in mammals5, each Drosophila ORN class is defined by the expression of a single olfactory receptor or a unique combination thereof, which determines their odor responses, and by the single glomerulus to which their axons target, which determines how sensory signals are represented in the brain6-10. In mammals, the coordination of olfactory receptor expression and wiring specificity is accomplished in part by olfactory receptors themselves regulating ORN wiring specificity11-13. However, Drosophila olfactory receptors do not instruct axon targeting6, 14, raising the question as to how receptor expression and wiring specificity are coordinated. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing and genetic analysis, we identified 33 transcriptomic clusters for fly ORNs. We unambiguously mapped 17 to glomerular classes, demonstrating that transcriptomic clusters correspond well with anatomically and physiologically defined ORN classes. We found that each ORN expresses ~150 transcription factors (TFs), and identified a master TF that regulates both olfactory receptor expression and wiring specificity. A second TF plays distinct roles, regulating only receptor expression in one class and only wiring in another. Thus, fly ORNs utilize diverse transcriptional strategies to coordinate physiology and connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horns, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebschull, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vacek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinating Receptor Expression and Wiring Specificity in Olfactory Receptor Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/595074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unusual metabolism and hypervariation in the genome of a Gracilibacteria (BD1-5) from an oil degrading community 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/595074v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) comprises a large monophyletic group of bacterial lineages known almost exclusively based on genomes obtained using cultivation-independent methods. Within the CPR, Gracilibacteria (BD1-5) are particularly poorly understood due to undersampling and the inherent fragmented nature of available genomes. Here, we report the first closed, curated genome of a Gracilibacteria from an enrichment experiment inoculated from the Gulf of Mexico and designed to investigate hydrocarbon degradation. The gracilibacterium rose in abundance after the community switched to dominance by Colwellia. Notably, we predict that this gracilibacterium completely lacks glycolysis, the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. It appears to acquire pyruvate, acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate via degradation of externally derived citrate, malate and amino acids and may use compound interconversion and oxidoreductases to generate and recycle reductive power. The initial genome assembly was fragmented in an unusual gene that is hypervariable within a repeat region. Such extreme local variation is rare, but characteristic of genes that confer traits under pressure to diversify within a population. Notably, the four major repeated 9-mer nucleotide sequences all generate a proline-threonine-aspartic acid (PTD) repeat. The genome of an abundant Colwellia psychrerythraea population has a large extracellular protein that also contains the repeated PTD motif. Although we do not know the host for the BD1-5 cell, the high relative abundance of the C. psychrerythraea population and the shared surface protein repeat may indicate an association between these bacteria.nnImportanceCPR bacteria are generally predicted to be symbionts due to their extensive biosynthetic deficits. Although monophyletic, they are not monolithic in terms of their lifestyles. The organism described here appears to have evolved an unusual metabolic platform not reliant on glucose or pentose sugars. Its biology appears to be centered around bacterial host-derived compounds and/or cell detritus. Amino acids likely provide building blocks for nucleic acids, peptidoglycan and protein synthesis. We resolved an unusual repeat region that would be invisible without genome curation. The nucleotide sequence is apparently under strong diversifying selection but the amino acid sequence is under stabilizing selection. The amino acid repeat also occurs in a surface protein of a coexisting bacterium, suggesting co-location and possibly interdependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieber, C. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/595074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unusual metabolism and hypervariation in the genome of a Gracilibacteria (BD1-5) from an oil degrading community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/597468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metatranscriptomic reconstruction reveals RNA viruses with the potential to shape carbon cycling in soil 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/597468v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses impact nearly all organisms on Earth, with ripples of influence in agriculture, health and biogeochemical processes. However, very little is known about RNA viruses in an environmental context, and even less is known about their diversity and ecology in the most complex microbial system, soil. Here, we assembled 48 individual metatranscriptomes from four habitats within a soil sampled over a 22-day time series: rhizosphere alone, detritosphere alone, a combination of the two, and unamended soil (four time points and three biological replicates per time point). We resolved the RNA viral community, uncovering a high diversity of viral sequences. We also investigated possible host organisms by analyzing metatranscriptome marker gene content. Based on viral phylogeny, much of the diversity was Narnaviridae that parasitize fungi or Leviviridae that infect Proteobacteria. Both host and viral communities appear to be highly dynamic, and rapidly diverged depending on experimental conditions. The viral communities were structured based on the presence of litter, while putative hosts appeared to be impacted by both the presence of litter and roots. A clear time signature from Leviviridae and their hosts indicated that viruses were replicating. With this time-resolved analysis, we show that RNA viruses are diverse, abundant and active in soil. Their replication causes host cell death, mobilizing carbon in a process that represents a largely overlooked component of carbon cycling in soil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starr, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pett-Ridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firestone, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metatranscriptomic reconstruction reveals RNA viruses with the potential to shape carbon cycling in soil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/598359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning the affinity of tandem calponin homology domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/598359v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tandem calponin homology (CH1-CH2) domains are common actin-binding domains in proteins that interact with and organize the actin cytoskeleton. Despite regions of high sequence similarity, CH1-CH2 domains can have remarkably different actin-binding properties, with disease-associated point mutants known to increase as well as decrease affinity for f-actin. To investigate features that affect CH1-CH2 affinity for f-actin in cells and in vitro, we perturbed the utrophin actin-binding domain by making point mutations at the CH1-CH2 interface, replacing the linker domain, and adding a PEG polymer to CH2. Consistent with a previous model describing CH2 as a steric negative regulator of actin binding, we find that utrophin CH1-CH2 affinity is both increased and decreased by modifications that change the effective  openness of CH1 and CH2 in solution. We also identified interface mutations that caused a large increase in affinity without changing solution  openness, suggesting additional influences on affinity. Interestingly, we also observe non-uniform sub-cellular localization of utrophin CH1-CH2 that depends on the N-terminal flanking region but not on bulk affinity. These observations provide new insights into how small sequence changes, such as those found in diseases, can affect CH1-CH2 binding properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jreij, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bausch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning the affinity of tandem calponin homology domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/599795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAi screen reveals a role for PACSIN2 and caveolins during bacterial cell-to-cell spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/599795v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes is a human bacterial pathogen that disseminates through host tissues using a process called cell-to-cell spread. This critical yet understudied virulence strategy resembles a vesicular form of intercellular trafficking that allows L. monocytogenes to move between host cells without escaping the cell. Interestingly, eukaryotic cells can also directly exchange cellular components via intercellular communication pathways (e.g. trans-endocytosis) using cell-cell adhesion, membrane trafficking, and membrane remodeling proteins. Therefore, we hypothesized that L. monocytogenes would hijack these types of host proteins during spread. Using a focused RNAi screen, we identified 22 host genes that are important for L. monocytogenes spread. We then found that caveolins (CAV1 and CAV2) and the membrane sculpting F-BAR protein PACSIN2 promote L. monocytogenes protrusion engulfment during spread, and that PACSIN2 specifically localized to protrusions. Overall, our study demonstrates that host intercellular communication pathways may be co-opted during bacterial spread and that specific trafficking and membrane remodeling proteins promote bacterial protrusion resolution.nnSummaryThe human bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes disseminates through host tissues using a process called cell-to-cell spread. In this study, Sanderlin et al., discover that host proteins that normally regulate membrane trafficking and membrane remodeling in uninfected settings are also co-opted by Listeria to promote spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanderlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vondrak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scricco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamason, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/599795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAi screen reveals a role for PACSIN2 and caveolins during bacterial cell-to-cell spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/600064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-synaptic Fish-lips Signaling Prevents Misconnections between Non-synaptic Partner Olfactory Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/600064v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of the mechanisms of neural circuit assembly is far from complete. Identification of new wiring molecules with novel mechanisms of action will provide new insights into how complex and heterogeneous neural circuits assemble during development. Here, we performed an RNAi screen for cell-surface molecules and identified the leucine-rich-repeat containing transmembrane protein, Fish-lips (Fili), as a novel wiring molecule in the assembly of the Drosophila olfactory circuit. Fili contributes to the precise targeting of both olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons as well as projection neuron (PN) dendrites. Cell-type-specific expression and genetic analyses suggest that Fili sends a trans-synaptic repulsive signal to neurites of non-partner classes that prevent their targeting to inappropriate glomeruli in the antennal lobe.nnSignificance StatementIn the fruit fly olfactory system, 50 classes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) make precise synaptic connections with 50 classes of corresponding projection neurons (PNs). Identification of wiring molecules in this circuit can provide insight into understanding neural circuit assembly. This paper reports the role of a transmembrane protein, Fish-lips (Fili), in forming specific connections in this circuit. We found that some ORN axons are repelled by Fili, which is present on dendrites of non-matching PN class, preventing them from targeting inappropriate glomeruli. Similarly, some PN dendrites are repelled by Fili expressed by non-matching ORN class for their correct targeting. Together, these results suggest that Fili mediates repulsion between axons and dendrites of non-synaptic partners to ensure precise wiring patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-synaptic Fish-lips Signaling Prevents Misconnections between Non-synaptic Partner Olfactory Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/600155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbation of the human gut microbiome by a non-antibiotic drug contributes to the resolution of autoimmune disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/600155v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The trillions of microorganisms (microbiota) found within the human gut play a critical role in shaping the immune system, yet these complex microbial communities are also highly sensitive to numerous environmental factors. While much of the focus to date has been on dietary intake, emerging data has begun to suggest that the use of pharmaceutical drugs, even those that are not considered to be antibiotics, can alter the human gut microbiota with unknown consequences for treatment outcomes. Here, we use a combination of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo methods to demonstrate that the first-line therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), methotrexate (MTX), has off-target effects on the human gut microbiota, resulting in a significant growth advantage for drug-resistant Firmicutes over the Bacteroidetes, which tend to be more sensitive. Longitudinal analyses of the gut microbiotas of RA patients revealed that MTX-induced shifts in bacterial relative abundance are associated with improved drug response and transplant experiments in gnotobiotic mice show that these shifts lead to reduced inflammation. Together, these results suggest that the mechanism-of-action of non-antibiotic drugs may be due in part to off-target effects on the gut microbiota, while providing a critical first step towards explaining long-standing differences in drug response between patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nayak, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton-Grey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubeda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scher, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/600155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbation of the human gut microbiome by a non-antibiotic drug contributes to the resolution of autoimmune disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/601559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sentinel Case of Candida auris in the Western United States Following Prolonged Occult Colonization in a Returned Traveler from India 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/601559v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast with high mortality. We report the sentinel C. auris case on the United States West Coast in a patient who relocated from India. We identified close phylogenetic relatedness to the South Asia clade and ERG11 Y132F and FKS1 S639Y mutations potentially explaining antifungal resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woodworth, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dynerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doernberg, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serpa, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/601559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sentinel Case of Candida auris in the Western United States Following Prolonged Occult Colonization in a Returned Traveler from India]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/610246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-free Vertical Tracking Microscopy: Towards Bridging Scales in Biological Oceanography 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/610246v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding key biophysical phenomena in the ocean often requires one to simultaneously focus on microscale entities, such as motile plankton and sedimenting particles, while maintaining the macroscale context of vertical transport in a highly stratified environment. This poses a conundrum: How to measure single organisms, at microscale resolution, in the lab, while allowing them to freely move hundreds of meters in the vertical direction? We present a solution in the form of a scale-free, vertical tracking microscope based on a circular "hydrodynamic-treadmill". Our technology allows us to transcend physiological and ecological scales, tracking organisms from marine zooplankton to single-cells over vertical scales of meters while resolving microflows and behavioral processes. We demonstrate measurements of sinking particles, including marine snow as they sediment tens of meters while capturing sub-particle-scale phenomena. We also demonstrate depth-patterned virtual-reality environments for novel behavioral analyses of microscale plankton. This technique offers a new experimental paradigm in microscale ocean biophysics by combining physiological-scale imaging with free movement in an ecological-scale patterned environment.nnOne sentence summaryScale-free vertical tracking microscopy captures, for the first time, untethered behavioral dynamics at cellular resolution for marine plankton.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoit du Rey, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambournac, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/610246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-free Vertical Tracking Microscopy: Towards Bridging Scales in Biological Oceanography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/631101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing architectural order with polarized light imaging and deep neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/631101v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative imaging of biological architecture with fluorescent labels is not as scalable as genomic or proteomic measurements. Here, we combine quantitative label-free imaging and deep neural networks for scalable analysis of complex structures. We reconstruct quantitative three-dimensional density, anisotropy, and orientation in live cells and tissue slices from polarization- and depth-resolved images. We report a computationally efficient variant of U-Net architecture that predicts a 3D fluorescent structure from its morphology and physical properties. We evaluate the performance of our models by predicting F-actin and nuclei in mouse kidney tissue. Further, we report label-free imaging of axon tracts and predict level of myelination in human brain tissue sections. We demonstrate the model's ability to rescue inconsistent labeling. We anticipate that the proposed approach will enable quantitative analysis of architectural order across scales of organelles to tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folkesson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/631101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing architectural order with polarized light imaging and deep neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/635185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global ecotypes in the ubiquitous marine clade SAR86 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/635185v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SAR86 is an abundant and ubiquitous heterotroph in the surface ocean that plays a central role in the function of marine ecosystems. We hypothesized that despite its ubiquity, different SAR86 subgroups may be endemic to specific ocean regions and functionally specialized for unique marine environments. However, the global biogeographical distributions of SAR86 genes, and the manner in which these distributions correlate with marine environments, have not been investigated. We quantified SAR86 gene content across globally-distributed metagenomic samples and modeled these gene distributions as a function of 51 environmental variables. We identified five distinct clusters of genes within the SAR86 pangenome, each with a unique geographic distribution associated with specific environmental characteristics. Gene clusters are characterized by strong taxonomic enrichment of distinct SAR86 genomes and partial assemblies, as well as differential enrichment of certain functional groups, suggesting differing functional and ecological roles of SAR86 ecotypes. We then leveraged our models and high-resolution, remote sensing-derived environmental data to predict the distributions of SAR86 gene clusters across the worlds oceans, creating global maps of SAR86 ecotype distributions. Our results reveal that SAR86 exhibits previously unknown, complex biogeography, and provide a framework for exploring geographic distributions of genetic diversity from other microbial clades.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoarfrost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayfach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yooseph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnosti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global ecotypes in the ubiquitous marine clade SAR86]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/626713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Chromatin-Opening Element for Stable Long-term Transgene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/626713v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term stable expression of transgenes in mammalian cells is a challenge in gene therapy, recombinant protein production, and mammalian synthetic biology due to epigenetic silencing and position effect variegation. While multiple classes of regulatory elements have been discovered and proposed to help stabilize expression, the most efficacious has been the Ubiquitous Chromatin Opening Element (UCOE), and in particular, the prototypical A2UCOE from the HNRPA2B1-CBX3 locus. We developed a feature-driven bioinformatics algorithm to discover other putative UCOEs from the human genome, and identified a novel UCOE (SRF-UCOE) that can resist transgene silencing in the methylation-prone P19 cell line. We demonstrate that a 767 bp core sequence of SRF-UCOE is modular to four common mammalian promoters. Notably, SRF-UCOE stabilizes gene expression in transduced P19 cells up to 2.4-fold better over 26 days than the existing A2UCOE by resisting constructs susceptibility to DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. Unlike existing UCOEs, SRF-UCOE lacks inherent transcriptional initiation activity, which can bolster its safe and predictable use in gene therapy constructs. We expect that expanding the set of UCOEs available will expand their utility to novel applications in gene therapy, synthetic biology, and biomanufacturing, as well as contribute to understanding their molecular mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rudina, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolke, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/626713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Chromatin-Opening Element for Stable Long-term Transgene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/626572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Click-PD: A Quantitative Method for Base-Modified Aptamer Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/626572v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base-modified aptamers that incorporate non-natural chemical moieties can achieve greatly improved affinity and specificity relative to natural DNA or RNA aptamers. However, conventional methods for generating base-modified aptamers require considerable expertise and resources. In this work, we have accelerated and generalized the process of generating base-modified aptamers by combining a click-chemistry strategy with a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based screening methodology that measures the affinity and specificity of individual aptamers at a throughput of [~]10^7 per hour. Our "click-PD" strategy offers many advantages. First, almost any chemical modification can be introduced with a commercially-available polymerase. Second, click-PD can screen vast numbers of individual aptamers based on quantitative on- and off-target binding measurements to simultaneously achieve high affinity and specificity. Finally, it requires minimal specialized equipment or reagents besides a FACS instrument which is now widely-available. Using click-PD, we generated a boronic acid-modified aptamer with [~]1 M affinity for epinephrine, a target for which no aptamer has been reported to date. We subsequently generated a mannose-modified aptamer with nanomolar affinity for the lectin concanavalin A (ConA). The strong affinity of both aptamers is fundamentally dependent upon the presence of chemical modifications, and we show that their removal essentially eliminates aptamer binding. Importantly, our ConA aptamer exhibited exceptional specificity, with minimal binding to other structurally-similar lectins. Finally, we show that our aptamer remarkable biological activity. Indeed, to the best of our knowledge, this aptamer is the most potent inhibitor of Con A-mediated hemagglutination reported to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, C. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feagin, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusuluri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csordas, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawker, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/626572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Click-PD: A Quantitative Method for Base-Modified Aptamer Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/618637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating pathogenesis with Mobile-CRISPRi 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/618637v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogens express a set of proteins required for establishing and maintaining an infection, termed virulence life-style genes (VLGs). Due to their outsized importance in pathogenesis, VLG products are attractive targets for the next generation of antimicrobials. However, precise manipulation of VLG expression in the context of infection is technically challenging, limiting our ability to understand the roles of VLGs in pathogenesis and accordingly design effective inhibitors. We previously developed a suite of gene knockdown tools that are transferred by conjugation and stably integrate into pathogen genomes that we call "Mobile-CRISPRi". Here we show the efficacy of Mobile-CRISPRi in controlling VLG expression in a murine infection model. We optimize Mobile-CRISPRi in Pseudomonas aeruginosa for use in a murine model of pneumonia by tuning the expression of CRISPRi components to avoid non-specific toxicity. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that knockdown of a VLG encoding the type III secretion system (T3SS) activator ExsA blocks effector protein secretion in culture and attenuates virulence in mice. We anticipate that Mobile-CRISPRi will be a valuable tool to probe the function of VLGs across many bacterial species and pathogenesis models.nnImportanceAntibiotic resistance is a growing threat to global health. To optimize the use of our existing antibiotics and identify new targets for future inhibitors, understanding the fundamental drivers of bacterial growth in the context of the host immune response is paramount. Historically these genetic drivers have been difficult to manipulate, as they are requisite for pathogen survival. Here, we provide the first application of Mobile-CRISPRi to study virulence life-style genes in mouse models of lung infection through partial gene perturbation. We envision the use of Mobile-CRISPRi in future pathogenesis models and antibiotic target discovery efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, J.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/618637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating pathogenesis with Mobile-CRISPRi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/617258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain endothelial cells are exquisite sensors of age-related circulatory cues 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/617258v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain endothelial cells (BECs) are key elements of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), protecting the brain from pathogens and restricting access to circulatory factors. Recent studies have demonstrated that the circulatory environment can modulate brain aging, yet, the underlying processes remain largely unknown. Given the BBBs intermediary position, we hypothesized that BECs sense, adapt to, and relay signals between the aging blood and brain. We sequenced single endothelial cells from the hippocampus--a brain region key to learning, memory, and neurogenesis-- of healthy young and aged mice as well as post-exposure to inflammatory and age-related circulatory factors. We discovered that aged capillary BECs, compared with arterial and venous cells, exhibit the greatest transcriptional changes, upregulating innate immunity, antigen presentation, TGF-{beta} signaling and oxidative stress response pathways. Remarkably, short-term infusions of aged plasma into young mice recapitulated key aspects of this aging transcriptome, while infusions of young plasma into aged mice reversed select aging signatures, essentially rejuvenating the BBB endothelium transcriptome. We identify candidate pathways mediating blood-borne brain rejuvenation by comparing age-upregulated genes with those modulated by plasma exposure. Together, these findings suggest that the transcriptional age of BECs is exquisitely sensitive to age-related circulatory cues and pinpoint the BBB itself as a promising therapeutic target to treat brain disease.nnHighlightsO_LISingle-cell RNA sequencing of brain endothelial cells (BECs) reveals transcriptional segmentation into distinct arterial, capillary, and venous identities with age and experimental interventionsnC_LIO_LIChanges with age are heterogenous across vessel segments, with aged capillaries enriched in signatures of innate immunity, TGF-{beta} and VEGF signaling, hypoxia and oxidative stressnC_LIO_LIBECs sense and respond transcriptionally to diverse circulatory cues: inflammatory, proaging, or rejuvenatingnC_LIO_LIAged plasma exposure recapitulates--and young plasma reverses--key transcriptomic signatures of normal BEC agingnC_LIO_LIBEC response to aged and young plasma reveals cell non-autonomous mechanisms of blood-brain-barrier agingnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousef, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehallier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/617258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain endothelial cells are exquisite sensors of age-related circulatory cues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/339630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weakly supervised classification of rare aortic valve malformations using unlabeled cardiac MRI sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/339630v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomedical repositories such as the UK Biobank provide increasing access to prospectively collected cardiac imaging, however these data are unlabeled which creates barriers to their use in supervised machine learning. We develop a weakly supervised deep learning model for classification of aortic valve malformations using up to 4,000 unlabeled cardiac MRI sequences. Instead of requiring highly curated training data, weak supervision relies on noisy heuristics defined by domain experts to programmatically generate large-scale, imperfect training labels. For aortic valve classification, models trained with imperfect labels substantially outperform a supervised model trained on hand-labeled MRIs. In an orthogonal validation experiment using health outcomes data, our model identifies individuals with a 1.8-fold increase in risk of a major adverse cardiac event. This work formalizes a learning baseline for aortic valve classification and outlines a general strategy for using weak supervision to train machine learning models using unlabeled medical images at scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fries, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejeda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priyanka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunnmon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chubb, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maskatia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiterau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Re, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/339630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weakly supervised classification of rare aortic valve malformations using unlabeled cardiac MRI sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/637785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compromised function of an ESCRT complex promotes endolysosomal escape of tau seeds and propagation of tau aggregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/637785v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intercellular propagation of protein aggregation is emerging as a key mechanism in the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers Disease and frontotemporal dementia. However, we lack a systematic understanding of the cellular path-ways controlling prion-like propagation. To uncover such pathways, we performed CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screens in a human cell-based model of propagation of tau aggregation. Our screens uncovered that knockdown of several components of the ESCRT machinery, including CHMP6, or CHMP2A in combination with CHMP2B (a gene linked to familial fronto-temporal dementia), promote propagation of tau aggregation. We found that knockdown of these genes caused damage to endolysosomal membranes, consistent with a role for the ESCRT pathway in endolysosomal membrane repair. Leakiness of the endolysosomal compartment significantly enhanced prion-like propagation of tau aggregation, likely by making tau seeds more available to pools of cytoplasmic tau. Together, these findings suggest that endolysosomal escape is a critical step in tau propagation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathaniel, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southworth, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinberg, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gestwicki, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compromised function of an ESCRT complex promotes endolysosomal escape of tau seeds and propagation of tau aggregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/639039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome replication dynamics of a bacteriophage and its satellite reveal strategies for parasitism and viral restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/639039v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements (PLEs) are bacteriophage satellites found in Vibrio cholerae. PLEs parasitize the lytic phage ICP1, excising from the bacterial chromosome, replicating, and mobilizing to new host cells following cell lysis. PLEs protect their host cell populations by completely restricting the production of ICP1 progeny. Previously, it was found that ICP1 replication was reduced during PLE(+) infection. Despite robustly replicating its genome, PLE produces relatively few transducing units, leading us to investigate if PLE DNA replication itself is antagonistic to ICP1 replication. Here we identify key constituents of PLE replication and assess their role in interference of ICP1. PLE encodes a RepA_N initiation factor that is sufficient to drive replication from the PLE origin of replication during ICP1 infection. In contrast to previously characterized bacteriophage satellites, expression of the PLE initiation factor was not sufficient for PLE replication in the absence of phage. Replication of PLE was necessary for interference of ICP1 DNA replication, but replication of a minimalized PLE replicon was not sufficient for ICP1 DNA replication interference. Despite restoration of ICP1 DNA replication, non-replicating PLE remained broadly inhibitory against ICP1. These results suggest that PLE DNA replication is one of multiple mechanisms contributing to ICP1 restriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome replication dynamics of a bacteriophage and its satellite reveal strategies for parasitism and viral restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/640169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methods Matter -- Standard Production Platforms For Recombinant AAV Can Produce Chemically And Functionally Distinct Vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/640169v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different manufacturing approaches have been used in the production of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). The two leading approaches are transiently transfected human HEK293 cells and live baculovirus infection of Sf9 insect cells. Unexplained differences in vector performance have been seen clinically and preclinically. Thus, we performed for the first time a highly controlled comparative production analysis varying only the host cell species but keeping all other rAAV production parameters the same. We demonstrate that host cell species is critical for determining vector potency. Given these key findings, we then sought to deeply characterize differences in rAAVs when produced by these two manufacturing platforms with multiple analytical approaches including: proteomic profiling by mass spectrometry, isoelectric focusing, cryo-EM, denaturation assays, genomic and epigenomic sequencing of packaged genomes, human cytokine profiling, and comparative functional transduction assessments in vitro and in vivo, including in humanized liver mice. Using these tools weve made two major discoveries: 1) rAAV capsids have post-translational modifications (PTMs) including glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation and deamidation, and these PTMs differ between platforms; 2) rAAV genomes are methylated during production, and these methylation marks are also differentially deposited between platforms. In addition, our data also demonstrate that host cell protein impurities differ between platforms and can have their own PTMs including potentially immunogenic N-linked glycans. We show that human-produced rAAVs are more potent than baculovirus-Sf9 vectors in various cell types in vitro (P < 0.05-0.0001), in various mouse tissues in vivo (P < 0.03-0.0001), and in human liver in vivo (P < 0.005). Collectively, our findings were reproducible across vendors, including commercial manufacturers, academic core facilities, and individual laboratory preparations. These vector differences may have clinical implications for rAAV receptor binding, trafficking, expression kinetics, expression durability, vector immunogenicity as well as cost considerations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rumachik, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poweleit, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leib, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirolia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamnes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulk, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/640169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methods Matter -- Standard Production Platforms For Recombinant AAV Can Produce Chemically And Functionally Distinct Vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/648485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design of a modular protein sense/response system 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/648485v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensing and responding to signals is a fundamental ability of living systems, but despite remarkable progress in computational design of new protein structures, there is no general approach for engineering arbitrary new protein sensors. Here we describe a generalizable computational strategy for designing sensor/actuator proteins by building binding sites de novo into heterodimeric protein-protein interfaces and coupling ligand sensing to modular actuation via split reporters. Using this approach, we designed protein sensors that respond to farnesyl pyrophosphate, a metabolic intermediate in the production of valuable compounds. The sensors are functional in vitro and in cells, and the crystal structure of the engineered binding site matches the design model with atomic accuracy. Our computational design strategy opens broad avenues to link biological outputs to new signals.nnOne Sentence SummaryAn engineering strategy to design modular synthetic signaling systems that respond to new small molecule inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritterson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loshbaugh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krivacic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pache, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollikainen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/648485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design of a modular protein sense/response system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/647511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consistent metagenome-derived metrics verify and define bacterial species boundaries 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/647511v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longstanding questions relate to the existence of naturally distinct bacterial species and genetic approaches to distinguish them. Bacterial genomes in public databases form distinct groups, but these databases are subject to isolation and deposition biases. We compared 5,203 bacterial genomes from 1,457 environmental metagenomic samples to test for distinct clouds of diversity, and evaluated metrics that could be used to define the species boundary. Bacterial genomes from the human gut, soil, and the ocean all exhibited gaps in whole-genome average nucleotide identities (ANI) near the previously suggested species threshold of 95% ANI. While genome-wide ratios of non-synonymous and synonymous nucleotide differences (dN/dS) decrease until ANI values approach [~]98%, estimates for homologous recombination approached zero at [~]95% ANI, supporting breakdown of recombination due to sequence divergence as a species-forming force. We evaluated 107 genome-based metrics for their ability to distinguish species when full genomes are not recovered. Full length 16S rRNA genes were least useful because they were under-recovered from metagenomes, but many ribosomal proteins displayed both high metagenomic recoverability and species-discrimination power. Taken together, our results verify the existence of sequence-discrete microbial species in metagenome-derived genomes and highlight the usefulness of ribosomal genes for gene-level species discrimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consistent metagenome-derived metrics verify and define bacterial species boundaries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/650895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent Features of Intermittent Transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/650895v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report statistical studies of single-cell mRNA counts from cells derived from different tissues of adult mice. By examining correlations between mRNA gene counts we find strong evidence that when genes are only observed in a small fraction of cells, this is as a consequence of intermittent transcription rather than of expression only in specialized cell types. Count statistics are used to estimate a peak transcription level for each gene, and a probability for the gene to be active in any given cell. We find that the peak transcription levels are approximately constant across different tissue types, but the gene expression probabilities may be markedly different. Both these quantities have very wide ranges of values, with a probability density function well approximated by a power law.nnAuthor summaryUsing evidence from single-cell mRNA counts, we argue that the expression of many genes in individual mouse cells is highly intermittent. Comparing cells from different tissues, we find that the peak activity of a given gene is approximately the same in all tissue types, whereas the probability of a gene being active can differ markedly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent Features of Intermittent Transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/642868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graphene-enabled, spatially controlled electroporation of adherent cells for live-cell super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/642868v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incorporation of exogenous molecules into live cells is essential for both biological research and therapeutic applications. In particular, for the emerging field of super-resolution microscopy of live mammalian cells, reliable fluorescent labeling of intracellular targets remains a challenge. Here, utilizing the unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of graphene, a single layer of bonded carbon atoms, we report a facile approach that enables both high-throughput delivery of fluorescent probes into adherent live cells and in situ super-resolution microscopy on the same device. [~]90% delivery efficiencies are achieved for free dyes and dye-tagged affinity probes, short peptides, and whole antibodies, thus enabling high-quality super-resolution microscopy. Moreover, we demonstrate excellent spatiotemporal controls, which, in combination with the ready patternablity of graphene, allow for the spatially selective delivery of two different probes for cells at different locations on the same substrate. We thus open up a new pathway to the microscopic manipulation and visualization of live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graphene-enabled, spatially controlled electroporation of adherent cells for live-cell super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/656744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gold Nanobipyramids as Second Near Infrared Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast Agents for Multiplexed In Vivo Lymphangiography 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/656744v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developing contrast-enhanced optical coherence tomography (OCT) techniques is important for specific imaging of tissue lesions, molecular imaging, cell-tracking, and highly sensitive microangiography and lymphangiography. Multiplexed OCT imaging in the second near infrared (NIR-II) window is highly desirable since it allows simultaneous imaging and tracking of multiple biological events in high resolution with deeper tissue penetration in vivo. Here we demonstrate that gold nanobipyramids can function as OCT multiplexing contrast agents, allowing the visualization of two separate lymphatic flows occurring simultaneously from different drainage basins into the same lymph node in a live mouse. Contrast-enhanced multiplexed lymphangiography of a melanoma tumor in vivo shows that the peritumoral lymphatic drainage upstream of the tumor is unidirectional, with some drainage directly into the tumor, but the lymphatic drainage from the tumor is multi-directional. We also demonstrate real-time tracking of the contrast agents draining from a melanoma tumor specifically to the sentinel lymph node of the tumor and the three-dimensional distribution of the contrast agents in the lymph node.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Si, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shevidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lautman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sledge, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Zerda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/656744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gold Nanobipyramids as Second Near Infrared Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast Agents for Multiplexed In Vivo Lymphangiography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/655324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
micrIO: An Open-Source Autosampler and Fraction Collector for Automated Microfluidic Input-Output 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/655324v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microfluidic devices are an empowering technology for many labs, enabling a wide range of applications spanning high-throughput encapsulation, molecular separations, and long-term cell culture. In many cases, however, their utility is limited by a  world-to-chip barrier that makes it difficult to serially interface samples with these devices. As a result, many researchers are forced to rely on low-throughput, manual approaches for managing device input and output (IO) of samples, reagents, and effluent. Here, we present a hardware-software platform for automated microfluidic IO (micrIO). The platform, which is uniquely compatible with positive-pressure microfluidics, comprises an  AutoSipper for input and a Fraction Collector for output. To facilitate wide-spread adoption, both are open-source builds constructed from components that are readily purchased online or fabricated from included design files. The software control library, written in Python, allows the platform to be integrated with existing experimental setups and to coordinate IO with other functions such as valve actuation and assay imaging. We demonstrate these capabilities by coupling both the AutoSipper and Fraction Collector to a microfluidic device that produces beads with distinct spectral codes, and an analysis of the collected bead fractions establishes the ability of the platform to draw from and output to specific wells of multiwell plates with no detectable cross-contamination between samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longwell, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[micrIO: An Open-Source Autosampler and Fraction Collector for Automated Microfluidic Input-Output]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/656165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-parasite transcriptional landscape of asexual development in Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/656165v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite, undergoes a complex and poorly understood developmental process that is critical for establishing a chronic infection in its intermediate hosts. Here, we applied single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) on >5,400 Toxoplasma in both tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages using three widely studied strains to construct a comprehensive atlas of cell-cycle and asexual development, revealing hidden states and transcriptional factors associated with each developmental stage. Analysis of SAG1-related sequence (SRS) antigenic repertoire reveals a highly heterogeneous, sporadic expression pattern unexplained by measurement noise, cell cycle, or asexual development. Furthermore, we identified AP2IX-1 as a transcription factor that controls the switching from the ubiquitous SAG1 to rare surface antigens not previously observed in tachyzoites. In addition, comparative analysis between Toxoplasma and Plasmodium scRNA-seq results reveals concerted expression of gene sets, despite fundamental differences in cell division. Lastly, we built an interactive data-browser for visualization of our atlas resource.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theisen, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothroyd, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/656165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-parasite transcriptional landscape of asexual development in Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/660837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into ligand efficacy and activation of the glucagon receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/660837v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The glucagon receptor family comprises Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that play a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. Receptors of this family represent important therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Despite intensive structural studies, we only have a poor understanding of the mechanism of peptide hormone-induced Class B receptor activation. This process involves the formation of a sharp kink in transmembrane helix 6 that moves out to allow formation of the nucleotide-free G protein complex. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of the glucagon receptor (GCGR), a prototypical Class B GPCR, in complex with an engineered soluble glucagon derivative and the heterotrimeric G-protein, Gs. Comparison with the previously determined crystal structures of GCGR bound to a partial agonist reveals a structural framework to explain the molecular basis of ligand efficacy that is further supported by mutagenesis data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hilger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna Kumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giehm, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathiesen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skiniotis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobilka, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/660837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into ligand efficacy and activation of the glucagon receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/662254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The murine transcriptome reveals global aging nodes with organ-specific phase and amplitude 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/662254v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is the single greatest cause of disease and death worldwide, and so understanding the associated processes could vastly improve quality of life. While the field has identified major categories of aging damage such as altered intercellular communication, loss of proteostasis, and eroded mitochondrial function1, these deleterious processes interact with extraordinary complexity within and between organs. Yet, a comprehensive analysis of aging dynamics organism-wide is lacking. Here we performed RNA-sequencing of 17 organs and plasma proteomics at 10 ages across the mouse lifespan. We uncover previously unknown linear and non-linear expression shifts during aging, which cluster in strikingly consistent trajectory groups with coherent biological functions, including extracellular matrix regulation, unfolded protein binding, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory and immune response. Remarkably, these gene sets are expressed similarly across tissues, differing merely in age of onset and amplitude. Especially pronounced is widespread immune cell activation, detectable first in white adipose depots in middle age. Single-cell RNA-sequencing confirms the accumulation of adipose T and B cells, including immunoglobulin J-expressing plasma cells, which also accrue concurrently across diverse organs. Finally, we show how expression shifts in distinct tissues are highly correlated with corresponding protein levels in plasma, thus potentially contributing to aging of the systemic circulation. Together, these data demonstrate a similar yet asynchronous inter- and intra-organ progression of aging, thereby providing a foundation to track systemic sources of declining health at old age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehallier, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseinzadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losada, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zardeneta, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palovics, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehlmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeever, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdnik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Tabula Muris Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karkanias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/662254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The murine transcriptome reveals global aging nodes with organ-specific phase and amplitude]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/653337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating Transfusion-Related Sepsis using Culture-Independent Metagenomic Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/653337v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTransfusion-related sepsis remains an important hospital infection control challenge. Investigating septic transfusion events is often restricted by the limitations of bacterial culture in terms of time requirements and low yield in the setting of prior antibiotic administration.nnMethodsIn three Gram-negative septic transfusion cases, we performed mNGS of direct clinical blood specimens in addition to standard culture-based approaches utilized for infection control investigations. Pathogen detection leveraged IDSeq, a new open-access microbial bioinformatics portal. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to assess microbial genetic relatedness and understand transmission events.nnResultsmNGS of direct clinical blood specimens afforded precision detection of pathogens responsible for each case of transfusion-related sepsis, and enabled discovery of a novel Acinetobacter species in a platelet product that had become contaminated despite photochemical pathogen reduction. In each case, longitudinal assessment of pathogen burden elucidated the temporal sequence of events associated with each transfusion-transmitted infection. We found that informative data could be obtained from culture-independent mNGS of residual platelet products and leftover blood specimens that were either unsuitable or unavailable for culture, or that failed to grow due to prior antibiotic administration. We additionally developed methods to enhance accuracy for detecting transfusion-associated pathogens sharing taxonomic similarity to contaminants commonly found in mNGS library preparations.nnConclusionsCulture-independent mNGS of blood products afforded rapid and precise assessment of pathogen identity, abundance and genetic relatedness. Together, these challenging cases demonstrated the potential for metagenomics to advance existing methods for investigating transfusion-transmitted infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyden, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Avila, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnhard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nambiar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayakawa Serpa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating Transfusion-Related Sepsis using Culture-Independent Metagenomic Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/661728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Single Cell Transcriptomic Atlas Characterizes Aging Tissues in the Mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/661728v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death1. Despite rapid advances over recent years, many of the molecular and cellular processes which underlie progressive loss of healthy physiology are poorly understood2. To gain a better insight into these processes we have created a single cell transcriptomic atlas across the life span of Mus musculus which includes data from 23 tissues and organs. We discovered cell-specific changes occurring across multiple cell types and organs, as well as age related changes in the cellular composition of different organs. Using single-cell transcriptomic data we were able to assess cell type specific manifestations of different hallmarks of aging, such as senescence3, genomic instability4 and changes in the organisms immune system2. This Tabula Muris Senis provides a wealth of new molecular information about how the most significant hallmarks of aging are reflected in a broad range of tissues and cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The Tabula Muris Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeever, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karkanias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyss-Coray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/661728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Single Cell Transcriptomic Atlas Characterizes Aging Tissues in the Mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/664656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding commensal-host communication through genetic engineering of Staphylococcus epidermidis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/664656v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Commensal skin bacteria elicit potent, antigen-specific immune responses in the skin without barrier breach or visible inflammation. While microbial modulation of immune homeostasis has profound consequences for epithelial health and inflammatory skin diseases, the mechanisms of microbe-immune crosstalk in the skin are largely unknown. A key barrier to mechanistic work has been genetic intractability of one of the most prevalent skin colonists, Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Here, we develop a novel method to create a library of mutants with defined cell envelope alterations in primary human S. epidermidis isolates. By colonizing mice with these mutants, we uncover bacterial molecules involved in the induction of defined immune signatures. Notably, we show that under conditions of physiologic colonization, S. epidermidis cell envelope glycolipids are sensed by C-type lectin receptors, likely in non-myeloid cells, in conjunction with Toll-like receptors. This combinatorial signaling determines the quality of T cell responses and results in the potential for greater specificity toward commensal microbiota than previously appreciated. Additionally, the microbial molecules required for the colonization-induced immune response are dispensable for T cells responses in a model of S. epidermidis infection, but differentially modulate innate inflammatory responses. Thus, the same microbe uses distinct sets of molecules to signal to the immune system commensal versus pathogenic behavior, and differential sensing of these microbial signals depends on host context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouladoux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurabielle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkaid, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/664656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding commensal-host communication through genetic engineering of Staphylococcus epidermidis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/666230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serological and metagenomic interrogation of cerebrospinal fluid implicates enteroviruses in pediatric acute flaccid myelitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/666230v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSince 2014, the United States has experienced a biennial spike in pediatric acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Epidemiologic evidence suggests non-polio enteroviruses (EVs) are a potential etiology, yet EV RNA is rarely detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and only inconsistently identified from the respiratory tract, serum, or stool.nnMethodsWe interrogated CSF from children with AFM (n=42) and pediatric controls with other neurologic diseases (OND) (n=58). Samples were incubated with T7 bacteriophage expressing 481,966 sixty-two amino acid peptides with a fourteen amino acid overlap tiled across all known vertebrate virus and arbovirus genomes, an adaption of the VirScan method. Antibody-bound phage were deep sequenced to quantify enriched peptides with normalized counts expressed as reads per hundred thousand (rpK). EV antibody findings were confirmed with ELISA using whole viral protein 1 (VP1) from contemporary enterovirus (EV) A71 and D68 strains. Separately, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of CSF RNA, both unbiased and with targeted enrichment for EVs, was performed.nnResultsThe most significantly enriched viral family by VirScan of CSF in AFM versus OND controls was Picornaviridae (mean rpK 11,266 versus mean rpK 950, p-adjusted < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni adjustment). Enriched Picornaviridae peptides belonged almost entirely to the genus Enterovirus. The mean EV VP1 ELISA signal in AFM (mean OD 0.51) was significantly higher than OND controls (mean OD 0.08, p-value < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test). mNGS did not detect additional enterovirus RNA in CSF.nnConclusionDespite the rare detection of EV RNA in the CNS of patients with AFM, a pan-viral serologic assay identified high levels of CSF EV antibodies in AFM CSF compared to CSF from OND controls. These results provide further evidence for a causal role of non-polio enteroviruses in AFM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schubert, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sample, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bove, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfand, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson-Kerner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nash, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamoorthy, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitnis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadford, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, T. F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nix, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldatos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messacar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konopka-Anstadt, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ob</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/666230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serological and metagenomic interrogation of cerebrospinal fluid implicates enteroviruses in pediatric acute flaccid myelitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/675165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Terasaki Spiral Ramps and Intracellular Diffusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/675165v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sheet-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells has been found to be riddled with spiral dislocations, known as  Terasaki ramps, in the vicinity of which the doubled bilayer membranes which make up ER sheets can be approximately modeled by helicoids. Here we analyze diffusion on a surface with locally helicoidal topological dislocations, and use the results to argue that the Terasaki ramps facilitate a highly efficient transport of water-soluble molecules within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Terasaki Spiral Ramps and Intracellular Diffusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/673152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Throughput Evolution of Near Infrared Serotonin Nanosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/673152v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Release and reuptake of neuromodulator serotonin, 5-HT, is central to mood regulation and neuropsychiatric disorders, whereby imaging serotonin is of fundamental importance to study the brains serotonin signaling system. We introduce a reversible near-infrared nanosensor for serotonin (nIRHT), for which synthetic molecular recognition toward serotonin is systematically evolved from ssDNA-carbon nanotube constructs generated from large libraries of 6.9 x 1010 unique ssDNA sequences. nIRHT produces a [~]200% fluorescence enhancement upon exposure to serotonin with a Kd = 6.3 {micro}M affinity. nIRHT shows selective responsivity towards serotonin over serotonin analogs, metabolites, and receptor-targeting drugs, and a 5-fold increased affinity for serotonin over dopamine. Further, nIRHT can be introduced into the brain extracellular space in acute slice, and can be used to image exogenous serotonin reversibly. Our results suggest evolution of nanosensors could be generically implemented to rapidly develop other neuromodulator probes, and that these probes can image neuromodulator dynamics at spatiotemporal scales compatible with endogenous neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/673152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Throughput Evolution of Near Infrared Serotonin Nanosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/674291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of Rosetta flexible-backbone computational protein design methods on binding interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/674291v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational design of binding sites in proteins remains difficult, in part due to limitations in our current ability to sample backbone conformations that enable precise and accurate geometric positioning of side chains during sequence design. Here we present a benchmark framework for comparison between flexible-backbone design methods applied to binding interactions. We quantify the ability of different flexible backbone design methods in the widely used protein design software Rosetta to recapitulate observed protein sequence profiles assumed to represent functional protein/protein and protein/small molecule binding interactions. The CoupledMoves method, which combines backbone flexibility and sequence exploration into a single acceptance step during the sampling trajectory, better recapitulates observed sequence profiles than the BackrubEnsemble and FastDesign methods, which separate backbone flexibility and sequence design into separate acceptance steps during the sampling trajectory. Flexible-backbone design with the CoupledMoves method is a powerful strategy for reducing sequence space to generate targeted libraries for experimental screening and selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loshbaugh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/674291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of Rosetta flexible-backbone computational protein design methods on binding interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/676866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motility induced fracture reveals a ductile to brittle crossover in the epithelial tissues of a simple animal 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/676866v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals are characterized by their movement, and their tissues are continuously subjected to dynamic force loading while they crawl, walk, run or swim1. Tissue mechanics fundamentally determine the ecological niches that can be endured by a living organism2. While epithelial tissues provide an important barrier function in animals, they are subjected to extreme strains during day to day physiological activities, such as breathing1, feeding3, and defense response4. How-ever, failure or inability to withstand to these extreme strains can result in epithelial fractures5, 6 and associated diseases7, 8. From a materials science perspective, how properties of living cells and their interactions prescribe larger scale tissue rheology and adaptive response in dynamic force landscapes remains an important frontier9. Motivated by pushing tissues to the limits of their integrity, we carry out a multi-modal study of a simple yet highly dynamic organism, the Trichoplax Adhaerens10-12, across four orders of magnitude in length (1 {micro}m to 10 mm), and six orders in time (0.1 sec to 10 hours). We report the discovery of abrupt, bulk epithelial tissue fractures ([~]10 sec) induced by the organisms own motility. Coupled with rapid healing ([~]10 min), this discovery accounts for dramatic shape change and physiological asexual division in this early-divergent metazoan. We generalize our understanding of this phenomena by codifying it in a heuristic model, highlighting the fundamental questions underlying the debonding/bonding criterion in a soft-active-living material by evoking the concept of an  epithelial alloy. Using a suite of quantitative experimental and numerical techniques, we demonstrate a force-driven ductile to brittle material transition governing the morphodynamics of tissues pushed to the edge of rupture. This work contributes to an important discussion at the core of developmental biology13-17, with important applications to an emerging paradigm in materials and tissue engineering5, 18-20, wound healing and medicine8, 21, 22.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prakash, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/676866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motility induced fracture reveals a ductile to brittle crossover in the epithelial tissues of a simple animal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/676825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating Protein Transfer Learning with TAPE 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/676825v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein modeling is an increasingly popular area of machine learning research. Semi-supervised learning has emerged as an important paradigm in protein modeling due to the high cost of acquiring supervised protein labels, but the current literature is fragmented when it comes to datasets and standardized evaluation techniques. To facilitate progress in this field, we introduce the Tasks Assessing Protein Embeddings (TAPE), a set of five biologically relevant semi-supervised learning tasks spread across different domains of protein biology. We curate tasks into specific training, validation, and test splits to ensure that each task tests biologically relevant generalization that transfers to real-life scenarios. We bench-mark a range of approaches to semi-supervised protein representation learning, which span recent work as well as canonical sequence learning techniques. We find that self-supervised pretraining is helpful for almost all models on all tasks, more than doubling performance in some cases. Despite this increase, in several cases features learned by self-supervised pretraining still lag behind features extracted by state-of-the-art non-neural techniques. This gap in performance suggests a huge opportunity for innovative architecture design and improved modeling paradigms that better capture the signal in biological sequences. TAPE will help the machine learning community focus effort on scientifically relevant problems. Toward this end, all data and code used to run these experiments are available at https://github.com/songlab-cal/tape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbeel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/676825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating Protein Transfer Learning with TAPE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/026591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of complex population histories using whole-genome sequences from multiple populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/026591v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been much interest in analyzing genome-scale DNA sequence data to infer population histories, but inference methods developed hitherto are limited in model complexity and computational scalability. Here we present an efficient, flexible statistical method, diCal2, that can utilize whole-genome sequence data from multiple populations to infer complex demographic models involving population size changes, population splits, admixture, and migration. Applying our method to data from Australian, East Asian, European, and Papuan populations, we find that the population ancestral to Australians and Papuans started separating from East Asians and Europeans about 100,000 years ago, and that the separation of East Asians and Europeans started about 50,000 years ago, with pervasive gene flow between all pairs of populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthias Steinrücken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John A. Kamm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of complex population histories using whole-genome sequences from multiple populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/672428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wide distribution of phage that infect freshwater SAR11 bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/672428v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fonsibacter (LD12 subclade) are among the most abundant bacterioplankton in freshwater ecosystems. These bacteria belong to the order Pelagibacterales (SAR11) and are related to Pelagibacter (marine SAR11) that dominate many marine habitats. Although a handful of Pelagibacter phage (Pelagiphage) have been described, no phage that infect Fonsibacter have been reported. In this study, a complete Fonsibacter genome containing a prophage was reconstructed from metagenomic data. A circularized and complete genome related to the prophage, referred to as uv-Fonsiphage-EPL, shows high similarity to marine Pelagiphage HTVC025P. Additionally, we reconstructed three complete and one draft genome of phage related to marine Pelagiphage HTVC010P, and predicted a lytic strategy. The similarity in codon usage and co-occurrence patterns of HTVC010P-related phage and Fonsibacter suggested that these phage infect Fonsibacter. Similar phage were detected in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, where Fonsibacter is also present. A search of related phage revealed the worldwide distribution of some genotypes in freshwater ecosystems, suggesting their substantial role in shaping indigenous microbial assemblages and influence on biogeochemical cycling. However, the uv-Fonsiphage-EPL and one lineage of HTVC010P-related phage have a more limited distribution in freshwater ecosystems. Based on this, and their close phylogenetic relatedness with Pelagiphage, we predict that they transitioned from saline into freshwater ecosystems comparatively recently. Overall, the findings provide insights into the genomic features of phage that infect Fonsibacter, and expand understanding of the ecology and evolution of these important bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wide distribution of phage that infect freshwater SAR11 bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/671271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral satellites exploit phage proteins to escape degradation of the bacterial host chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/671271v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage defense systems are often found on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), where they constitutively defend against invaders or are induced to respond to new assaults. Some MGEs, the phage satellites, exploit phages for their own transmission after induction, reducing phage production and protecting their hosts in the process. One such satellite in Vibrio cholerae, PLE, is triggered by the lytic phage ICP1 to excise from the chromosome, replicate, and transduce to neighboring cells, completely sabotaging phage production. Here, we found that ICP1 has evolved to possess one of two syntenic loci encoding an SF1B-type helicase, either of which PLE can exploit to directly drive PLE replication. Further, loss of PLE mobilization limits anti-phage activity due to phage-mediated degradation of the bacterial genome. Our work provides insight into the unique challenges imposed on the parasites of lytic phages and underscores the adaptions of these satellites to their ever-evolving target phage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKitterick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hays, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral satellites exploit phage proteins to escape degradation of the bacterial host chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/681676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning Interpretation of Echocardiograms 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/681676v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Echocardiography uses ultrasound technology to capture high temporal and spatial resolution images of the heart and surrounding structures and is the most common imaging modality in cardiovascular medicine. Using convolutional neural networks on a large new dataset, we show that deep learning applied to echocardiography can identify local cardiac structures, estimate cardiac function, and predict systemic phenotypes that modify cardiovascular risk but not readily identifiable to human interpretation. Our deep learning model, EchoNet, accurately identified the presence of pacemaker leads (AUC = 0.89), enlarged left atrium (AUC = 0.85), normal left ventricular wall thickness (AUC = 0.75), left ventricular end systolic and diastolic volumes(R2 = 0.73 and R2 = 0.68), and ejection fraction (R2 = 0.48) as well as predicted systemic phenotypes of age (R2 = 0.46), sex (AUC = 0.88), weight (R2 = 0.56), and height (R2 = 0.33). Interpretation analysis validates that EchoNet shows appropriate attention to key cardiac structures when performing human-explainable tasks and highlight hypothesis-generating regions of interest when predicting systemic phenotypes difficult for human interpretation. Machine learning on echocardiography images can streamline repetitive tasks in the clinical workflow, standardize interpretation in areas with insufficient qualified cardiologists, and more consistently produce echocardiographic measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghorbani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/681676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning Interpretation of Echocardiograms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/678060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping gene regulatory networks of primary CD4+ T cells using single-cell genomics and genome engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/678060v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory programs controlling the activation and polarization of CD4+ T cells are incompletely mapped and the interindividual variability in these programs remain unknown. We sequenced the transcriptomes of ~160k CD4+ T cells from 9 donors following pooled CRISPR perturbation targeting 140 regulators. We identified 134 regulators that affect T cell functionalization, including IRF2 as a positive regulator of Th2 polarization. Leveraging correlation patterns between cells, we mapped 194 pairs of interacting regulators, including known (e.g. BATF and JUN) and novel interactions (e.g. ETS1 and STAT6). Finally, we identified 80 natural genetic variants with effects on gene expression, 48 of which are modified by a perturbation. In CD4+ T cells, CRISPR perturbations can influence in vitro polarization and modify the effects of trans and cis regulatory elements on gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gate, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/678060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping gene regulatory networks of primary CD4+ T cells using single-cell genomics and genome engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/684670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graphene Quantum Dot Oxidation Governs Noncovalent Biopolymer Adsorption 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/684670v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The graphene quantum dot (GQD) is a carbon allotrope with a planar surface amenable for functionalization and nanoscale dimensions that confer photoluminescent properties. Collectively, these properties render GQDs an advantageous platform for nanobiotechnology applications, including as optical biosensors and delivery platforms. In particular, noncovalent functionalization offers a route to reversible modification and preservation of the pristine GQD substrate. However, a clear paradigm for GQD noncovalent functionalization has yet to be realized. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of noncovalent polymer adsorption to the GQD surface, with a specific focus on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). We study how GQD oxidation level affects the propensity for polymer adsorption by synthesizing and characterizing four types of GQD substrates and investigating noncovalent polymer association to these substrates. Distinct adsorption methods are developed for successful ssDNA attachment based upon the GQDs initial level of oxidation. ssDNA adsorption to the GQD is confirmed by atomic force microscopy, by inducing ssDNA desorption, and with molecular dynamics simulations. ssDNA is determined to adsorb strongly to no-oxidation GQDs, weakly to low-oxidation GQDs, and not at all for heavily oxidized GQDs. We hypothesize that high GQD oxygen content disrupts the graphitic carbon domains responsible for stacking with the aromatic ssDNA bases, thus preventing the formation of stable polymer-GQD complexes. Finally, we develop a more generic adsorption platform and assess how the GQD system is tunable by modifying both the polymer sequence and type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharmadhikari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalluri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debnath, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ham, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graphene Quantum Dot Oxidation Governs Noncovalent Biopolymer Adsorption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/688275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent Control of the Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties of Aptamer Switches 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/688275v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular switches that change their conformation upon target binding offer powerful capabilities for biotechnology and synthetic biology. In particular, aptamers have proven useful as molecular switches because they offer excellent binding properties, undergo reversible folding, and can be readily engineered into a wide range of nanostructures. Unfortunately, the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the aptamer switches developed to date are intrinsically coupled, such that high temporal resolution (i.e., switching time) can only be achieved at the cost of lower sensitivity or high background. Here, we describe a general design strategy that decouples the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of aptamer switches to achieve independent control of sensitivity and temporal resolution. We used this strategy to generate an array of aptamer switches with effective dissociation constants (KD) ranging from 10 M to 40 mM and binding kinetics ranging from 170 ms to 3 s--all generated from the same parent ATP aptamer. Our strategy is broadly applicable to other aptamers, enabling the efficient development of switches with characteristics suitable for diverse range of biotechnology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariri, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, I. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent Control of the Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties of Aptamer Switches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/687954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Label-retention expansion microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/687954v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion microscopy (ExM) increases the effective resolving power of any microscope by expanding the sample with swellable hydrogel. Since its invention, ExM has been successfully applied to a wide range of cell, tissue and animal samples. Still, fluorescence signal loss during polymerization and digestion limits molecular-scale imaging using ExM. Here we report the development of label-retention ExM (LR-ExM) with a set of trifunctional anchors that not only prevent signal loss but also enable high-efficiency labeling using SNAP and CLIP tags. We have demonstrated multicolor LR-ExM for a variety of subcellular structures. Combining LR-ExM with super-resolution Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM), we have achieved molecular resolution in the visualization of polyhedral lattice of clathrin-coated pits in situ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiple, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/687954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Label-retention expansion microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/513309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-based platform for multimodal genetic screens in human iPSC-derived neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/513309v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9-based functional genomics have transformed our ability to elucidate mammalian cell biology. However, most previous CRISPR-based screens were conducted in cancer cell lines, rather than healthy, differentiated cells. Here, we describe a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi)-based platform for genetic screens in human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We demonstrate robust and durable knockdown of endogenous genes in such neurons, and present results from three complementary genetic screens. First, a survival-based screen revealed neuron-specific essential genes and genes that improved neuronal survival upon knockdown. Second, a screen with a single-cell transcriptomic readout uncovered several examples of genes whose knockdown had strikingly cell-type specific consequences. Third, a longitudinal imaging screen detected distinct consequences of gene knockdown on neuronal morphology. Our results highlight the power of unbiased genetic screens in iPSC-derived differentiated cell types and provide a platform for systematic interrogation of normal and disease states of neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gachechiladze, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathaniel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhu, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandopulle, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/513309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-based platform for multimodal genetic screens in human iPSC-derived neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/695429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Escherichia coli 50S subunit and validation of nucleotide modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/695429v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional ribosomal RNA (rRNA) modifications are present in all organisms, but their exact functional roles and positions are yet to be fully characterized. Modified nucleotides have been implicated in the stabilization of RNA structure and regulation of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. In some instances, rRNA modifications can confer antibiotic resistance. High-resolution ribosome structures are thus necessary for precise determination of modified nucleotides positions, a task that has previously been accomplished by X-ray crystallography. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) 50S subunit at an average resolution of 2.2[A] as an additional approach for mapping modification sites. Our structure confirms known modifications present in 23S rRNA and additionally allows for localization of Mg2+ ions and their coordinated water molecules. Using our cryo-EM structure as a testbed, we developed a program for identification of post-transcriptional rRNA modifications using a cryo-EM map. This program can be easily used on any RNA-containing cryo-EM structure, and an associated Coot plugin allows for visualization of validated modifications, making it highly accessible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stojkovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myasnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujmori, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/695429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Escherichia coli 50S subunit and validation of nucleotide modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/696724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Vector Field of Single Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/696724v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq, together with RNA velocity and metabolic labeling, reveals cellular states and transitions at unprecedented resolution. Fully exploiting these data, however, requires dynamical models capable of predicting cell fate and unveiling the governing regulatory mechanisms. Here, we introduce dynamo, an analytical framework that reconciles intrinsic splicing and labeling kinetics to estimate absolute RNA velocities, reconstructs velocity vector fields that predict future cell fates, and finally employs differential geometry analyses to elucidate the underlying regulatory networks. We applied dynamo to a wide range of disparate biological processes including prediction of future states of differentiating hematopoietic stem cell lineages, deconvolution of glucocorticoid responses from orthogonal cell-cycle progression, characterization of regulatory networks driving zebrafish pigmentation, and identification of possible routes of resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our work thus represents an important step in going from qualitative, metaphorical conceptualizations of differentiation, as exemplified by Waddingtons epigenetic landscape, to quantitative and predictive theories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseinzadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Vector Field of Single Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/696328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single cell framework for multi-omic analysis of disease identifies malignant regulatory signatures in mixed phenotype acute leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/696328v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to identify the molecular determinants of human diseases, such as cancer, that arise from a diverse range of tissue, it is necessary to accurately distinguish normal and pathogenic cellular programs.1-3 Here we present a novel approach for single-cell multi-omic deconvolution of healthy and pathological molecular signatures within phenotypically heterogeneous malignant cells. By first creating immunophenotypic, transcriptomic and epigenetic single-cell maps of hematopoietic development from healthy peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells, we identify cancer-specific transcriptional and chromatin signatures from single cells in a cohort of mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) clinical samples. MPALs are a high-risk subtype of acute leukemia characterized by a heterogeneous malignant cell population expressing both myeloid and lymphoid lineage-specific markers.4, 5 Our results reveal widespread heterogeneity in the pathogenetic gene regulatory and expression programs across patients, yet relatively consistent changes within patients even across malignant cells occupying diverse portions of the hematopoietic lineage. An integrative analysis of transcriptomic and epigenetic maps identifies 91,601 putative gene-regulatory interactions and classifies a number of transcription factors that regulate leukemia specific genes, including RUNX1-linked regulatory elements proximal to CD69. This work provides a template for integrative, multi-omic analysis for the interpretation of pathogenic molecular signatures in the context of developmental origin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Granja, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathiria, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gars, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liedtke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single cell framework for multi-omic analysis of disease identifies malignant regulatory signatures in mixed phenotype acute leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/698803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HLA upregulation during dengue virus infection suppresses the natural killer cell response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/698803v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent mosquito-borne virus in the world and a major cause of morbidity in the tropics and subtropics. Upregulation of HLA class I molecules has long been considered a feature of DENV infection, yet this has not been evaluated in the setting of natural infection. Natural killer (NK) cells, an innate immune cell subset critical for mounting an early response to viral infection, are inhibited by self HLA class I, suggesting that upregulation of HLA class I during DENV infection could dampen the NK cell response. Here we addressed whether upregulation of HLA class I molecules occurs during in vivo DENV infection and, if so, whether this suppresses the NK cell response. We found that HLA class I expression was indeed upregulated during acute DENV infection across multiple cell lineages in vivo. To better understand the role of HLA class I upregulation, we infected primary human monocytes, a major target of DENV infection, in vitro. Upregulation of total HLA class I is dependent on active viral replication and is mediated in part by cytokines and other soluble factors induced by infection, while upregulation of HLA-E occurs in the presence of replication-incompetent virus. Importantly, blocking DENV-infected monocytes with a pan-HLA class I Fab nearly doubles the frequency of degranulating NK cells, while blocking HLA-E does not significantly improve the NK cell response. These findings demonstrate that upregulation of HLA class I during DENV infection suppresses the NK cell response, potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKechnie, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saenz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arauz, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanier, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Verges, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/698803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HLA upregulation during dengue virus infection suppresses the natural killer cell response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/704312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic protein granules organize kinase-mediated RAS signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/704312v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated activation of downstream effector pathways such as the RAS GTPase/MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is thought to occur exclusively from lipid membrane compartments in mammalian cells. Here, we uncover a membraneless, protein granule-based subcellular structure that can organize RTK/RAS/MAPK signaling in cancer. Chimeric (fusion) oncoproteins involving certain RTKs including ALK and RET undergo de novo higher-order assembly into membraneless cytoplasmic protein granules. These pathogenic biomolecular condensates locally concentrate the RAS activating complex GRB2/SOS1 and activate RAS in a lipid membrane-independent manner to initiate MAPK signaling. Formation of membraneless protein granules by RTK oncoproteins is both necessary and sufficient for RAS/MAPK signaling output in cells. Our findings reveal membraneless, higher-order cytoplasmic protein assembly as a distinct subcellular platform to activate RTKs and RAS GTPases and a general principle by which cells can organize oncogenic signaling.

HighlightsO_LIRTK oncoproteins can form de novo membraneless cytoplasmic protein granules
C_LIO_LIRTK protein granules activate RAS in lipid membrane-independent manner
C_LIO_LIHigher-order protein assembly is critical for oncogenic RAS/MAPK signaling
C_LIO_LIProtein granules are a distinct subcellular platform for organizing RTK signaling
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tulpule, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neel, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heslin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allegakoan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/704312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic protein granules organize kinase-mediated RAS signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/706903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
μDamID: a microfluidic approach for imaging and sequencing protein-DNA interactions in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/706903v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome regulation depends on carefully programmed protein-DNA interactions that maintain or alter gene expression states, often by influencing chromatin organization. Most studies of these interactions to date have relied on bulk methods, which in many systems cannot capture the dynamic single-cell nature of these interactions as they modulate cell states. One method allowing for sensitive single-cell mapping of protein-DNA interactions is DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID), which records a proteins DNA-binding history by methylating adenine bases in its vicinity, then selectively amplifies and sequences these methylated regions. These interaction sites can also be visualized using fluorescent proteins that bind to methyladenines. Here we combine these imaging and sequencing technologies in an integrated microfluidic platform (DamID) that enables single-cell isolation, imaging, and sorting, followed by DamID. We apply this system to generate paired single-cell imaging and sequencing data from a human cell line, in which we map and validate interactions between DNA and nuclear lamina proteins, providing a measure of 3D chromatin organization and broad gene regulation patterns. DamID provides the unique ability to compare paired imaging and sequencing data for each cell and between cells, enabling the joint analysis of the nuclear localization, sequence identity, and variability of protein-DNA interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/706903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[μDamID: a microfluidic approach for imaging and sequencing protein-DNA interactions in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/709337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional program of memory B cell activation, broadly binding anti-influenza antibodies, and bystander activation after vaccination revealed by single-cell transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/709337v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody memory protects humans from many diseases. Protective antibody memory responses require activation of transcriptional programs, cell proliferation, and production of antigen-specific antibodies, but how these aspects of the response are coordinated is poorly understood. We profiled the molecular and cellular features of the antibody response to influenza vaccination by integrating single-cell transcriptomics, longitudinal antibody repertoire sequencing, and antibody binding measurements. Single-cell transcriptional profiling revealed a program of memory B cell activation characterized by CD11c and T-bet expression associated with clonal expansion and differentiation toward effector function. Vaccination elicited an antibody clone which rapidly acquired broad high-affinity hemagglutinin binding during affinity maturation. Unexpectedly, many antibody clones elicited by vaccination do not bind vaccine, demonstrating non-specific activation of bystander antibodies by influenza vaccination. These results offer insight into how molecular recognition, transcriptional programs, and clonal proliferation are coordinated in the human B cell repertoire during memory recall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horns, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/709337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional program of memory B cell activation, broadly binding anti-influenza antibodies, and bystander activation after vaccination revealed by single-cell transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/720292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limits and constraints on mechanisms of cell-cycle regulation imposed by cell size-homeostasis measurements 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/720292v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput imaging has led to an explosion of observations regarding cell-size homeostasis across the kingdoms of life. Among bacteria, "adder" behavior in which a constant size appears to be added during each cell cycle is ubiquitous, while various eukaryotes show other size-homeostasis behaviors. Since interactions between cell-cycle progression and growth ultimately determine size-homeostasis behaviors, we developed a general model of cell proliferation to: 1) discover how the requirement of cell-size homeostasis limits mechanisms of cell-cycle control; 2) predict how features of cell-cycle control translate into size-homeostasis measurements. Our analyses revealed plausible cell-cycle control scenarios that nevertheless fail to regulate cell size, conditions that generate apparent adder behavior without underlying adder mechanisms, cell-cycle features that play unintuitive roles in causing deviations from adder, and distinguishing predictions for extended size-homeostasis statistics according to the underlying control mechanism. The model thus provides holistic insight into the mechanistic implications of cell-size homeostasis measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/720292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limits and constraints on mechanisms of cell-cycle regulation imposed by cell size-homeostasis measurements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/720532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biosurfactant production maintains viability in anoxic conditions by depolarizing the membrane in Bacillus subtilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/720532v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The presence or absence of oxygen in the environment is a strong effector of cellular metabolism and physiology. Like many eukaryotes and some bacteria, Bacillus subtilis is an obligate aerobe that primarily utilizes oxygen during respiration to generate ATP. Despite the importance of oxygen for B. subtilis survival, we know little about how oxygen is consumed during growth and how populations respond to shifts in oxygen availability. Here, we find that when oxygen was depleted from stationary phase cultures [~]90% of B. subtilis 3610 cells died and lysed due to autolysin activity; the remaining cells maintained colony-forming ability. Interestingly, the domesticated 168 strain maintained a higher optical density than 3610 during oxygen depletion due to the formation of cell-wall-less protoplasts, but the remaining, rod-shaped cells were >100-fold less viable than 3610. We discovered that the higher viability in 3610 was due to its ability to produce the antibacterial compound surfactin, as surfactin addition rescued 168 viability and also increased yield in aerobic growth. We further demonstrate that surfactin strongly depolarizes the B. subtilis membrane, and that other known membrane-potential disruptors restore viability to 168. These findings highlight the importance of surfactin for survival during oxygen-depleted conditions and demonstrate that antimicrobials normally considered harmful can instead benefit cells in stressful conditions when the terminal electron acceptor in respiration is limiting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arjes, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosa, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/720532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biosurfactant production maintains viability in anoxic conditions by depolarizing the membrane in Bacillus subtilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/717686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of the gut microbiota after antibiotics depends on host diet and environmental reservoirs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/717686v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
That antibiotics alter microbiota composition and increase infection susceptibility is well known, but their generalizable effects on the gut commensal community and dependence on environmental variables remain open questions. Here, we systematically compared antibiotic responses in gnotobiotic and conventional mice across antibiotics, microbiotas, diets, and housing status. We identify remarkable resilience, whereby a humanized microbiota recovers before drug administration ends, with transient dominance of resistant Bacteroides and taxa-asymmetric reduction in diversity. In other cases, in vitro sensitivities were not predictive of in vivo responses, underscoring the significance of host and community contexts. A fiber-deficient diet exacerbated collapse of the microbiota and delayed recovery, despite the presence of a similar core community across diets at the point of maximal disturbance. Resilience to a second ciprofloxacin treatment was observed via response reprogramming, in which species replacement after ciprofloxacin treatment established resilience to a second treatment, and also through cross housing transmission. Single-housing drastically disrupted recovery, highlighting the importance of environmental microbial reservoirs and suggesting sanitation may exacerbate the duration of antibiotic-mediated disruption. Our findings highlight the ability of the commensal microbiota to deterministically adapt to large perturbations, and the translational potential for modulating diet, sanitation, and microbiota composition during antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tropini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Treuren, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Laughlin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruss, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbottom, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of the gut microbiota after antibiotics depends on host diet and environmental reservoirs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/711853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Facile discovery of isonitrile natural products via tetrazine based click reactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/711853v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A facile method for the quick discovery and quantification of isonitrile compounds from microbial cultures was established based on the isonitrile-tetrazine click reaction. A in situ reduction further enabled bioorthogonal ligation of primary and secondary isonitriles for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Rio Flores, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twiff, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/711853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Facile discovery of isonitrile natural products via tetrazine based click reactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/712828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution microscopy unveils FIP200-scaffolded, cup-shaped organization of mammalian autophagic initiation machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/712828v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is an essential physiological process by which eukaryotic cells degrade and recycle cellular materials. Although the biochemical hierarchies of the mammalian autophagy pathway have been identified, questions remain regarding the sequence, subcellular location, and structural requirements of autophagosome formation. Here, we characterize the structural organization of key components of the mammalian autophagic initiation machinery at [~]20 nm spatial resolution via three-color, three-dimensional super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. We thus show that upon cell starvation, FIP200, a large structural protein of the ULK1 complex with no direct yeast homolog, scaffolds the formation of cup-like structures located at SEC12-enriched remodeled ER-exit sites prior to LC3 lipidation. This cup scaffold, then, provides a structural asymmetry to enforce the directional recruitment of downstream components, including the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex, WIPI2, and LC3, to the cup inside. Moreover, we provide evidence that the early autophagic machinery is recruited in its entirety to these cup structures prior to LC3 lipidation, and gradually disperses and dissociates on the outer face of the phagophore membrane during elongation. We thus shed new light on the physical process of mammalian autophagic initiation and development at the nanometer-scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution microscopy unveils FIP200-scaffolded, cup-shaped organization of mammalian autophagic initiation machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/715896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dysfunction is signaled to the integrated stress response by OMA1, DELE1 and HRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/715896v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammalian cells, mitochondrial dysfunction triggers the integrated stress response (ISR), in which eIF2 phosphorylation upregulates the transcription factor ATF4. However, how mitochondrial stress is relayed to the ISR is unknown. We found that HRI is the eIF2 kinase necessary and sufficient for this relay. Using an unbiased CRISPRi screen, we identified factors upstream of HRI: OMA1, a mitochondrial stress-activated protease, and DELE1, a little-characterized protein we found to be associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial stress stimulates the OMA1-dependent cleavage of DELE1, leading to its accumulation in the cytosol, where it interacts with HRI and activates its eIF2 kinase activity. Blockade of the OMA1-DELE1-HRI pathway is beneficial during some, but not all types of mitochondrial stress, and leads to an alternative response that induces specific molecular chaperones. Therefore, this pathway is a potential therapeutic target enabling fine-tuning of the ISR for beneficial outcomes in diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviles, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/715896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial dysfunction is signaled to the integrated stress response by OMA1, DELE1 and HRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/748160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic identification of engineered methionines and oxaziridines for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody bioconjugation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/748160v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical modification of antibodies is one of the most important bioconjugations utilized by biologists and biotechnology. To date, the field has been dominated by random modification of lysines or more site-specific labeling of cysteines, each with attendant challenges. Recently we have developed oxaziridine chemistry for highly selective and efficient sulfimide modification of methionine called redox-activated chemical tagging (ReACT). Here, we systematically scanned methionines throughout one of the most popular antibody scaffolds, trastuzumab, for antibody engineering and drug conjugation. We tested the expression, reactivities, and stabilities of 123 single engineered methionines distributed over the surface of the antibody when reacted with oxaziridine. We found uniformly high expression for these mutants and generally good reaction efficiencies with the panel of oxaziridines. Remarkably, the stability to hydrolysis of the sulfimide varied more than ten-fold depending on temperature and the site of the engineered methionine. Interestingly, the most stable and reactive sites were those that were partially buried, likely because of their reduced access to water. There was also a ten-fold variation in stability depending on the nature of the oxaziridine, which we determined was inversely correlated with the electrophilic nature of the sulfimide. Importantly, the stabilities of the best analogs and antibody drug conjugate potencies were comparable to those reported for cysteine-maleimide modifications of trastuzumab. We also found our antibody drug conjugates to be potent in a breast cancer mouse xenograft model. These studies provide a roadmap for broad application of ReACT for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody and protein bioconjugation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toste, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic identification of engineered methionines and oxaziridines for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody bioconjugation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/747030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biphasic Response of Protein Kinase A to Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Triggers Distinct Epithelial Phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/747030v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the large diversity of the proteins involved in cellular signaling, many intracellular signaling pathways converge onto one of only dozens of small molecule second messengers. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), one of these second messengers, is known to regulate activity of both Protein Kinase A (PKA) and the Extracellular Regulated Kinase (ERK), among other signaling pathways. In its role as an important cellular signaling hub, intracellular cAMP concentration has long been assumed to monotonically regulate its known effectors.

Using an optogenetictool that can introduce precise amounts of cAMP in MDCKI cells, we identify genes whose expression changes biphasically with monotonically increasing cAMP levels. By examining the behavior of PKA and ERK1/2 in the same dose regime, we find that these kinases also respond biphasically to increasing cAMP levels, with opposite phases. We reveal that this behavior results from an elaborate integration by PKA of many cellular signals triggered by cAMP. In addition to the direct activation of PKA, cAMP also modulates the activity of p38 and ERK, which then converge to inhibit PKA. These interactions and their ensuing biphasic PKA profile have important physiological repercussions, influencing the ability of MDCKI cells to proliferate and form acini. Our data, supported by computational modeling, synthesize a set of network interconnections involving PKA and other important signaling pathways into a model that demonstrates how cells can capitalize on signal integration to create a diverse set of responses to cAMP concentration and produce complex input-output relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslankoohi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/747030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biphasic Response of Protein Kinase A to Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Triggers Distinct Epithelial Phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/742320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecular cell atlas of the human lung from single cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/742320v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although single cell RNA sequencing studies have begun providing compendia of cell expression profiles, it has proven more difficult to systematically identify and localize all molecular cell types in individual organs to create a full molecular cell atlas. Here we describe droplet- and plate-based single cell RNA sequencing applied to [~]75,000 human lung and blood cells, combined with a multi-pronged cell annotation approach, which have allowed us to define the gene expression profiles and anatomical locations of 58 cell populations in the human lung, including 41 of 45 previously known cell types or subtypes and 14 new ones. This comprehensive molecular atlas elucidates the biochemical functions of lung cell types and the cell-selective transcription factors and optimal markers for making and monitoring them; defines the cell targets of circulating hormones and predicts local signaling interactions including sources and targets of chemokines in immune cell trafficking and expression changes on lung homing; and identifies the cell types directly affected by lung disease genes and respiratory viruses. Comparison to mouse identified 17 molecular types that appear to have been gained or lost during lung evolution and others whose expression profiles have been substantially altered, revealing extensive plasticity of cell types and cell-type-specific gene expression during organ evolution including expression switches between cell types. This atlas provides the molecular foundation for investigating how lung cell identities, functions, and interactions are achieved in development and tissue engineering and altered in disease and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Travaglini, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabhan, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seita, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrager, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasnow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/742320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecular cell atlas of the human lung from single cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/758557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metabolic pathway for bile acid dehydroxylation by the gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/758557v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota synthesize hundreds of molecules, many of which are known to impact host physiology. Among the most abundant metabolites are the secondary bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), which accumulate at ~500 M and are known to block C. difficile growth1, promote hepatocellular carcinoma2, and modulate host metabolism via the GPCR TGR53. More broadly, DCA, LCA and their derivatives are a major component of the recirculating bile acid pool4; the size and composition of this pool are a target of therapies for primary biliary cholangitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Despite the clear impact of DCA and LCA on host physiology, incomplete knowledge of their biosynthetic genes and a lack of genetic tools in their native producer limit our ability to modulate secondary bile acid levels in the host. Here, we complete the pathway to DCA/LCA by assigning and characterizing enzymes for each of the steps in its reductive arm, revealing a strategy in which the A-B rings of the steroid core are transiently converted into an electron acceptor for two reductive steps carried out by Fe-S flavoenzymes. Using anaerobic in vitro reconstitution, we establish that a set of six enzymes is necessary and sufficient for the 8-step conversion of cholic acid to DCA. We then engineer the pathway into Clostridium sporogenes, conferring production of DCA and LCA on a non-producing commensal and demonstrating that a microbiome-derived pathway can be expressed and controlled heterologously. These data establish a complete pathway to two central components of the bile acid pool, and provide a road map for deorphaning and engineering pathways from the microbiome as a critical step toward controlling the metabolic output of the gut microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Funabashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medema, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metabolic pathway for bile acid dehydroxylation by the gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/761890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An exploration of ambigrammatic sequences in narnaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/761890v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Narnaviruses have been described as positive-sense RNA viruses with a remarkably simple genome of [~] 3 kb, encoding only a highly conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Many narnaviruses, however, are  ambigrammatic and harbour an additional uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF) covering almost the entire length of the reverse complement strand. No function has been described for this ORF, yet the absence of stops is conserved across diverse narnaviruses, and in every case the codons in the reverse ORF and the RdRp are aligned. The > 3 kb ORF overlap on opposite strands, unprecedented among RNA viruses, motivates an exploration of the constraints imposed or alleviated by the codon alignment. Here, we show that only when the codon frames are aligned can all stop codons be eliminated from the reverse strand by synonymous single-nucleotide substitutions in the RdRp gene, suggesting a mechanism for de novo gene creation within a strongly conserved amino-acid sequence. It will be fascinating to explore what implications this coding strategy has for other aspects of narnavirus biology. Beyond narnaviruses, our rapidly expanding catalogue of viral diversity may yet reveal additional examples of this broadly-extensible principle for ambigrammatic-sequence development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Retallack, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yllanes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An exploration of ambigrammatic sequences in narnaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/748616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-driven generation of artificial yeast promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/748616v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Promoters play a central role in controlling gene regulation; however, a small set of promoters is used for most genetic construct design in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Generating and utilizing models that accurately predict protein expression from promoter sequences would enable rapid generation of novel useful promoters and facilitate synthetic biology efforts in this model organism. We measured the gene expression activity of over 675,000 unique sequences in a constitutive promoter library, and over 327,000 sequences in an inducible promoter library. Training an ensemble of convolutional neural networks jointly on the two datasets enabled very high (R2 > 0.79) predictive accuracies on multiple sequence-activity prediction tasks. We developed model-guided design strategies which yielded large, sequence-diverse sets of novel promoters exhibiting activities similar to current best-in-class sequences. In addition to providing large sets of new promoters, our results show the value of model-guided design as an approach for generating useful DNA parts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smolke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotopka, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/748616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-driven generation of artificial yeast promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/761296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corona exchange dynamics on carbon nanotubes by multiplexed fluorescence monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/761296v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noncovalent adsorption of DNA on nanoparticles has led to their widespread implementation as gene delivery tools and optical probes. Yet, the behavior and stability of DNA-nanoparticle complexes once applied in biomolecule-rich, in vivo environments remains unpredictable, whereby biocompatibility testing usually occurs in serum. Here, we demonstrate time-resolved measurements of exchange dynamics between solution-phase and adsorbed corona-phase DNA and protein biomolecules on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). We capture real-time binding of fluorophore-labeled biomolecules, utilizing the SWCNT surface as a fluorescence quencher, and apply this corona exchange assay to study protein corona dynamics on ssDNA-SWCNT-based dopamine sensors. We study exchange of two blood proteins, albumin and fibrinogen, adsorbing to and competitively displacing (GT)6 vs. (GT)15 ssDNA from ssDNA-SWCNTs. We find that (GT)15 binds to SWCNTs with a higher affinity than (GT)6 and that fibrinogen interacts with ssDNA-SWCNTs more strongly than albumin. Albumin and fibrinogen cause a 52.2% and 78.2% attenuation of the dopamine nanosensor response, coinciding with 0.5% and 3.7% desorption of (GT)6, respectively. Concurrently, the total surface-adsorbed fibrinogen mass is 168% greater than that of albumin. Binding profiles are fit to a competitive surface exchange model which recapitulates the experimental observation that fibrinogen has a higher affinity for SWCNTs than albumin, with a fibrinogen on-rate constant 1.61-fold greater and an off-rate constant 0.563-fold smaller than that of albumin. Our methodology presents a generic route to assess real-time corona exchange on nanoparticles in solution phase, and more broadly motivates testing of nanoparticle-based technologies in blood plasma rather than the more ubiquitously-tested serum conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corona exchange dynamics on carbon nanotubes by multiplexed fluorescence monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/760280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing natural killer cell function with gp41-targeting bispecific antibodies to combat HIV infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/760280v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective(s)To develop and evaluate the activity of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) to enhance NK cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against HIV-infected cells.nnDesignThese bsAbs are based on patient-derived antibodies targeting the conserved gp41 stump of HIV Env, and also incorporate a high affinity scFv targeting the activating receptor CD16 on NK cells. Overall, we expect the bsAbs to provide increased affinity and avidity over their corresponding monoclonal antibodies, allowing for improved ADCC activity against Env-expressing target cells.nnMethodsbsAbs and their corresponding mAbs were expressed in 293T cells and purified. The binding of bsAbs and mAbs to their intended targets was determined using Bio-Layer Interferometry, as well as flow cytometry-based binding assays on in vitro infected cells. The ability of these bsAbs to improve NK cell activity against HIV-infected cells was tested using in vitro co-culture assays, using flow cytometry and calcein release to analyze NK cell degranulation and target cell killing, respectively.nnResultsThe bsAbs bound gp41 with similar affinity to their corresponding mAbs, and had increased affinity for CD16. The bsAbs also bound to primary CD4 T cells infected in vitro with two different strains of HIV. In addition, the bsAbs induce increased NK cell degranulation and killing of autologous HIV-infected CD4 T cells.nnConclusionsThese bsAbs may provide a promising strategy to improve NK-mediated immune targeting of infected cells during HIV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramadoss, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/760280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing natural killer cell function with gp41-targeting bispecific antibodies to combat HIV infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/761502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A viral fusogen hijacks the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/761502v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell fusion, which is essential for tissue development and used by some viruses to form pathological syncytia, is typically driven by fusogenic membrane proteins with tall (>10 nm) ectodomains that undergo conformational changes to bring apposing membranes in close contact prior to fusion. Here we report that a viral fusogen with a short (<2 nm) ectodomain, the reptilian orthoreovirus p14, accomplishes the same task by hijacking the actin cytoskeleton. We show that the cytoplasmic domain of p14 triggers N-WASP-mediated assembly of a branched actin network, directly coupling local force generation with a short membrane-disruptive ectodomain. This work reveals that overcoming energetic barriers to cell-cell fusion does not require conformational changes of tall fusogens but can instead be driven by harnessing the host cytoskeleton.nnImpact StatementA viral fusogen drives cell-cell fusion by hijacking the actin machinery to directly couple actin assembly with a short fusogenic ectodomain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A viral fusogen hijacks the actin cytoskeleton to drive cell-cell fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/779074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota Assembly, Structure, and Dynamics Among Tsimane Horticulturalists of the Bolivian Amazon 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/779074v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the relative contributions of selective and neutral forces on human-associated microbiota assembly. Here, we characterize microbial community assembly in 52 Tsimane infant-mother pairs, using longitudinally collected stool and tongue swab samples profiled with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The Tsimane are an indigenous Bolivian population who practice infant care associated behaviors expected to increase mother-infant dispersal. Infant consumption of dairy products, vegetables, and chicha (a fermented drink inoculated with oral microbes) was significantly associated with gut microbiota composition. At both body sites, maternal microbes at higher relative abundance were more likely to be shared. Shared microbes were also higher in abundance in infants at both body sites, but decreased in average relative abundance with age and were not significantly higher by 12 months of age. Infant microbiotas were modeled using a neutral community model of assembly, which showed that the prevalence of more than two thirds of infant-colonizing microbes could be explained using neutral processes alone. The same method was applied to datasets from Finnish and Bangladeshi infants, confirming that the majority of microbes colonizing infants from different countries were neutrally distributed. Among the Tsimane infant and adult gut microbiota samples, neutral processes were less prominent in villages with more market access. These results underscore the importance of neutral processes during infant microbiota assembly, and suggest that cultural changes associated with market integration may be affecting traditional modes of microbiota assembly by decreasing the role of these neutral processes, perhaps through changes in diet, sanitation, or access to medical care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprockett, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/779074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota Assembly, Structure, and Dynamics Among Tsimane Horticulturalists of the Bolivian Amazon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/772343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muntjac chromosome evolution and architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/772343v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractDespite their recent divergence, muntjac deer show striking karyotype differences. Here we describe new chromosome-scale genome assemblies for the Chinese and Indian muntjacs, Muntiacus reevesi (2n=46) and Muntiacus muntjak (2n=6/7), and analyze their evolution and architecture. We identified six fusion events shared by both species relative to the cervid ancestor and therefore present in the muntjac common ancestor, six fusion events unique to the M. reevesi lineage, and twenty-six fusion events unique to the M. muntjak lineage. One of these M. muntjak fusions reverses an earlier fission in the cervid lineage. Although comparative Hi-C analysis revealed differences in long-range genome contacts and A/B compartment structures, we discovered widespread conservation of local chromatin contacts between the muntjacs, even near the fusion sites. A small number of genes involved in chromosome maintenance show evidence for rapid evolution, possibly associated with the dramatic changes in karyotype. Analysis of muntjac genomes reveals new insights into this unique case of rapid karyotype evolution and the resulting biological variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mudd, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bredeson, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/772343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muntjac chromosome evolution and architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/766683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linked optical and gene expression profiling of single cells at high throughput 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/766683v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for characterizing cells, but not all phenotypes of interest can be observed through gene expression alone. Linking sequencing with optical analysis has provided insight into the molecular basis behind cellular function, but current approaches have limited throughput. Here, we present a high throughput platform for linked optical and gene expression profiling of single cells. We demonstrate accurate fluorescence and gene expression measurements from thousands of cells in a single experiment and use the platform to characterize DNA and RNA changes in Jurkat cells through the cell cycle. In addition to its scalability, our integration of microfluidics and array-based molecular biology holds promise for comprehensive multi-omics profiling of single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siltanen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/766683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linked optical and gene expression profiling of single cells at high throughput]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/766899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A diet-dependent enzyme from the human gut microbiome promotes Th17 accumulation and colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/766899v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant activation of Th17 cells by the gut microbiota contributes to autoimmunity; however, the mechanisms responsible and their diet-dependence remain unclear. Here, we show that the autoimmune disease-associated gut Actinobacterium Eggerthella lenta increases intestinal Th17 cells and worsens colitis in a Rorc-dependent and strain-variable manner. A single genomic locus predicted Th17 accumulation. A gene within this locus, encoding the Cgr2 enzyme, was sufficient to increase Th17 cells. Levels of cgr2 were increased in stool from patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to healthy controls. Dietary arginine blocked E. lenta-induced Th17 cells and colitis. These results expand the mechanisms through which bacteria shape mucosal immunity and demonstrate the feasibility of dissecting the complex interactions between diet, the gut microbiota, and autoimmune disease.

One Sentence SummaryAn autoimmune disease-associated bacterium triggers disease due to a diet-dependent enzyme that regulates mucosal immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, Q. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/766899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A diet-dependent enzyme from the human gut microbiome promotes Th17 accumulation and colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/786319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-affinity human PD-1/PD-L2 complex informs avenues for small-molecule immune checkpoint drug discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/786319v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint blockade of programmed death-1 (PD-1) by monoclonal antibody drugs has delivered breakthroughs in the treatment of cancer. Nonetheless, small-molecule PD-1 inhibitors could lead to increases in treatment efficacy, safety, and global access. While the ligand-binding surface of apo-PD-1 is relatively flat, it harbors a striking pocket in the murine PD-1/PD-L2 structure. An analogous pocket in human PD-1 may serve as a small-molecule drug target, but the structure of the human complex is unknown. Because the CC' and FG loops in murine PD-1 adopt new conformations upon binding PD-L2, we hypothesized that mutations in these two loops could be coupled to pocket formation and alter PD-1s affinity for PD-L2. Here, we conducted deep mutational scanning in these loops and used yeast surface display to select for enhanced PD-L2 binding. A PD-1 variant with three substitutions binds PD-L2 with an affinity two orders of magnitude higher than that of the wild-type protein, permitting crystallization of the complex. We determined the X-ray crystal structures of the human triple-mutant PD-1/PD-L2 complex and the apo triple-mutant PD-1 variant at 2.0 [A] and 1.2 [A] resolution, respectively. Binding of PD-L2 is accompanied by formation of a prominent pocket in human PD-1, as well as substantial conformational changes in the CC' and FG loops. The structure of the apo triple-mutant PD-1 shows that the CC' loop adopts the ligand-bound conformation, providing support for allostery between the loop and pocket. This human PD-1/PD-L2 structure provide critical insights for the design and discovery of small-molecule PD-1 inhibitors.nnSignificance StatementImmune checkpoint blockade of programmed death-1 (PD-1) by monoclonal antibody drugs has transformed the treatment of cancer. Small-molecule PD-1 drugs have the potential to offer increased efficacy, safety, and global access. Despite substantial efforts such small-molecule drugs have been out of reach. We identify a prominent pocket on the ligand-binding surface of human PD-1 that appears to be an attractive small-molecule drug target. The pocket forms when PD-1 is bound to one of its ligands, PD-L2. Our high-resolution crystal structure of the human PD-1/PD-L2 complex facilitates virtual drug-screening efforts and opens additional avenues for the design and discovery of small-molecule PD-1 inhibitors. Our work provides a strategy that may enable discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of other "undruggable" protein-protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/786319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-affinity human PD-1/PD-L2 complex informs avenues for small-molecule immune checkpoint drug discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/790642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional characterization and lineage analysis of broadly neutralizing human antibodies against dengue virus identified by single B cell transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/790642v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1-4) that are spreading into new territories is an important goal of vaccine design. To delineate bNAb targets, we characterized 28 monoclonal antibodies belonging to expanded and hypermutated clonal families identified by transcriptomic analysis of single plasmablasts from DENV-infected individuals. Among these, we identified two somatically related bNAbs that potently neutralized DENV1-4. Mutagenesis studies revealed that the major recognition determinants of these bNAbs are in E protein domain I, distinct from the only known class of human bNAbs against flaviviruses with a well-defined epitope. B cell repertoire analysis from acute-phase peripheral blood suggested a memory origin and divergent somatic hypermutation pathways for these bNAbs, and a limited number of mutations was sufficient for neutralizing activity. Our study suggests multiple B cell evolutionary pathways leading to DENV bNAbs targeting a novel epitope that can be exploited for vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durham, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croote, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carabajal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doranz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albornoz, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional characterization and lineage analysis of broadly neutralizing human antibodies against dengue virus identified by single B cell transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/843631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitination modulates a protein energy landscape site-specifically with consequences for proteasomal degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/843631v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular environments modulate protein energy landscapes to drive important biology, where small perturbations are consequential for biological signaling, allostery, and other vital processes. The energetic effects of ubiquitination are interesting due to its potential influence on degradation by the 26S proteasome, which requires intrinsically flexible or unstructured initiation regions that many known proteasome substrates lack. We generated proteins with natively attached, isopeptide-linked ubiquitin in structured domains to assess the energetic changes contributed by ubiquitin and how such changes manifest at the proteasome. Ubiquitination at sensitive sites destabilizes the native structure, and thereby increases the rate of degradation for substrates containing unstructured initiation regions. Importantly, this ubiquitination can even induce those requisite regions in well-folded proteins for proteasomal engagement. Our results indicate a biophysical role of site-specific ubiquitination as a potential regulatory mechanism for energy-dependent substrate degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carroll, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitination modulates a protein energy landscape site-specifically with consequences for proteasomal degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/780593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid ordering of barcoded transposon insertion libraries of anaerobic bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/780593v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Commensal bacteria from the human intestinal microbiota play important roles in health and disease. Research into the mechanisms by which these bacteria exert their effects is hampered by the complexity of the microbiota and by the strict growth requirements of the individual species. The assembly of ordered transposon insertion libraries, in which nearly all nonessential genes have been disrupted and the strains stored as independent monocultures, would be a transformative resource for research into many microbiota members. However, assembly of these libraries must be fast and inexpensive in order to empower investigation of the large number of species that typically compose gut communities. The methods used to generate ordered libraries must also be adapted to the anaerobic growth requirements of most intestinal bacteria. We have developed a protocol to assemble ordered libraries of transposon insertion mutants that is fast, cheap, and effective for even strict anaerobes. The protocol differs from currently available methods by making use of cell sorting to order the library and barcoded transposons to facilitate the localization of ordered mutations in the library. By tracking transposon insertions using barcode sequencing, our approach increases the accuracy and reduces the time and effort required to locate mutants in the library. Ordered libraries can be sorted and characterized over the course of two weeks using this approach. We expect this protocol will lower the barrier to generating comprehensive, ordered mutant libraries for many species in the human microbiota, allowing for new investigations into genotype-phenotype relationships within this important microbial ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiver, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culver, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/780593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid ordering of barcoded transposon insertion libraries of anaerobic bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/784413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent transcriptional programs are associated with remote memory in diverse cells of the medial prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/784413v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is thought that memory is stored in  engrams, a subset of neurons that undergo learning-induced alterations. The role of gene-expression during learning and short-term memory has been studied extensively, but little is known about remote memory that can persist for a lifetime. Using long-term contextual fear memory as a paradigm, an activity-dependent transgenic model for engram-specific labeling, and single-cell transcriptomics we probed the gene-expression landscape underlying remote memory consolidation and recall in the medial prefrontal cortex. Remarkably, we find sustained activity-specific transcriptional alterations in diverse populations of neurons that persist even weeks after fear-learning and are distinct from those previously identified in learning. Out of a vast plasticity-coding space, we uncover select membrane-fusion genes that could play important roles in maintaining remote memory traces. Unexpectedly, astrocytes and microglia also acquire new persistent gene signatures upon recall of remote memory, suggesting that they actively contribute to memory circuits. Our discovery of novel distinct gene-expression programs involved in long term memory adds an important dimension of activity-dependent cellular states to existing brain taxonomy atlases and sheds light on the elusive mechanisms of remote memory storage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/784413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent transcriptional programs are associated with remote memory in diverse cells of the medial prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/785964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A T cell behavioral manifold couples speed and turning to create heterogeneity in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/785964v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells in vivo migrate primarily via undirected random walks, but it remains unresolved how these random walks generate an efficient search. Here, we use light sheet microscopy of T cells in the larval zebrafish as a model system to study motility across large populations of cells over hours in their native context. We show that cell-to-cell variability is amplified by a correlation between speed and directional persistence, generating a characteristic cell behavioral manifold that is preserved under a perturbation to cell speeds, and seen in Mouse T cells and Dictyostelium. These results suggest that there is a single variable underlying ameboid cell motility that jointly controls speed and turning. This coupling explains behavioral heterogeneity in diverse systems and allows cells to access a broad range of length scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jerison, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/785964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A T cell behavioral manifold couples speed and turning to create heterogeneity in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/786269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Cross-Validation for Single-Cell RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/786269v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing enables researchers to study the gene expression of individual cells. However, in high-throughput methods the portrait of each individual cell is noisy, representing thousands of the hundreds of thousands of mRNA molecules originally present. While many methods for denoising single-cell data have been proposed, a principled procedure for selecting and calibrating the best method for a given dataset has been lacking. We present "molecular cross-validation," a statistically principled and data-driven approach for estimating the accuracy of any denoising method without the need for ground-truth. We validate this approach for three denoising methods--principal component analysis, network diffusion, and a deep autoencoder--on a dataset of deeply-sequenced neurons. We show that molecular cross-validation correctly selects the optimal parameters for each method and identifies the best method for the dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/786269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Cross-Validation for Single-Cell RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/790493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dominant Vibrio cholerae phage exhibits lysis inhibition sensitive to disruption by a defensive phage satellite 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/790493v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts are locked in a dynamic evolutionary arms race. Phage satellites, selfish genomic islands which exploit both host bacterium and target phage, further complicate the evolutionary fray. One such tripartite system involves the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera - Vibrio cholerae, the predominant phage isolated from cholera patients - ICP1, and a phage satellite - PLE. When ICP1 infects V. cholerae harboring the integrated PLE genome, PLE accelerates host lysis, spreading the PLE while completely blocking phage production protecting V. cholerae at the population level. Here we identify a single PLE gene, lidI, sufficient to mediate accelerated lysis during ICP1 infection and demonstrate that LidI functions through disrupting lysis inhibition - an understudied outcome of phage infection when phages vastly outnumber their hosts. This work identifies ICP1-encoded holin and antiholin genes teaA and arrA respectively, that mediate this first example of lysis inhibition outside the T-even coliphages. Through lysis inhibition disruption, LidI is sufficient to limit the number of progeny phage produced from an infection. Consequently, this disruption bottlenecks ICP1 evolution as probed by recombination and CRISPR-Cas targeting assays. These studies link novel characterization of the classic phenomenon of lysis inhibition with a conserved protein in a dominant phage satellite, highlighting the importance of lysis timing during infection and parasitization, as well as providing insight into the populations, relationships, and evolution of bacteria, phages, and phage satellites in nature.nnImportanceWith increasing awareness of microbiota impacting human health comes intensified examination of, not only bacteria and the bacteriophages that prey upon them, but also the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that mediate interactions between them. Research is unveiling evolutionary strategies dependent on sensing the milieu: quorum sensing impacts phage infection, phage teamwork overcomes bacterial defenses, and abortive infections sacrifice single cells protecting populations. Yet, the first discovered environmental sensing by phages, known as lysis inhibition (LIN), has only been studied in the limited context of T-even coliphages. Here we characterize LIN in the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, Vibrio cholerae, infected by a phage ubiquitous in clinical samples. Further, we show that a specific MGE, the phage satellite PLE, collapses LIN with a conserved protein during its anti-phage program. The insights gleaned from this work add to our expanding understanding of microbial fitness in natural contexts beyond the canonical bacterial genome and into the realm of antagonistic evolution driven by phages and satellites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hays, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dominant Vibrio cholerae phage exhibits lysis inhibition sensitive to disruption by a defensive phage satellite]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/791947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Joint Model of RNA Expression and Surface Protein Abundance in Single Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/791947v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) combines unbiased single-cell transcriptome measurements with surface protein quantification comparable to flow cytometry, the gold standard for cell type identification. However, current analysis pipelines cannot address the two primary challenges of CITE-seq data: combining both modalities in a shared latent space that harnesses the power of the paired measurements, and handling the technical artifacts of the protein measurement, which is obscured by non-negligible background noise. Here we present Total Variational Inference (totalVI), a fully probabilistic end-to-end framework for normalizing and analyzing CITE-seq data, based on a hierarchical Bayesian model. In totalVI, the mRNA and protein measurements for each cell are generated from a low-dimensional latent random variable unique to that cell, representing its cellular state. totalVI uses deep neural networks to specify conditional distributions. By leveraging advances in stochastic variational inference, it scales easily to millions of cells. Explicit modeling of nuisance factors enables totalVI to produce denoised data in both domains, as well as a batch-corrected latent representation of cells for downstream analysis tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/791947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Joint Model of RNA Expression and Surface Protein Abundance in Single Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/792994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GIGYF2 and 4EHP Inhibit Translation Initiation of Defective Messenger RNAs to Assist Ribosome-Associated Quality Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/792994v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome-associated Quality Control (RQC) pathways protect cells from toxicity caused by incomplete protein products resulting from translation of damaged or problematic mRNAs. Extensive work in yeast has identified highly conserved mechanisms that lead to the degradation of the faulty mRNA and partially synthesized polypeptide. Here, we used CRISPR-Cas9-based screening to search for additional RQC strategies in mammals. We found that failed translation leads to specific silencing of translation initiation on that message. This negative feedback loop is mediated by two translation inhibitors, GIGYF2 and 4EHP. Their recruitment to defective messages can be mediated by different factors, including potentially the collision sensor ZNF598. Both model substrates and growth-based assays established that inhibition of additional rounds of translation acts in concert with known RQC pathways to prevent buildup of toxic proteins. Inability to block translation of faulty mRNAs, and subsequent accumulation of partially synthesized polypeptides, could explain the neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders observed in mice and humans with compromised GIGYF2 function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hickey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogan, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoof, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Orazio, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostova, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/792994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GIGYF2 and 4EHP Inhibit Translation Initiation of Defective Messenger RNAs to Assist Ribosome-Associated Quality Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/794875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Zero-Inflated Genes in Single-Cell Transcriptomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/794875v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In single-cell RNA sequencing data, biological processes or technical factors may induce an overabundance of zero measurements. Existing probabilistic approaches to interpreting these data either model all genes as zero-inflated, or none. But the overabundance of zeros might be gene-specific. Hence, we propose the AutoZI model, which, for each gene, places a spike-and-slab prior on a mixture assignment between a negative binomial (NB) component and a zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) component. We approximate the posterior distribution under this model using variational inference, and employ Bayesian decision theory to decide whether each gene is zero-inflated. On simulated data, AutoZI outperforms the alternatives. On negative control data, AutoZI retrieves predictions consistent to a previous study on ERCC spike-ins and recovers similar results on control RNAs. Applied to several datasets and instances of the 10x Chromium protocol, AutoZI allows both biological and technical interpretations of zero-inflation. Finally, AutoZIs decisions on mouse embyronic stem-cells suggest that zero-inflation might be due to transcriptional bursting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clivio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/794875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Zero-Inflated Genes in Single-Cell Transcriptomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/798181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane constriction and thinning by sequential ESCRT-III polymerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/798181v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRTs) mediate diverse membrane remodeling events. These activities typically require ESCRT-III proteins to stabilize negatively-curved membranes, although recent work has indicated that certain ESCRT-IIIs also participate in positive-curvature membrane shaping reactions. ESCRT-IIIs polymerize into membrane-binding filaments, but the structural basis for negative versus positive membrane curvature shaping by these proteins remains poorly understood. To learn how ESCRT-IIIs shape membranes, we determined structures of human membrane-bound CHMP1B-only, membrane-bound CHMP1B+IST1, and IST1-only filaments by electron cryomicroscopy. Our structures show how CHMP1B first polymerizes into a single-stranded helical filament, shaping membranes into moderate-curvature tubules. Subsequently, IST1 assembles a second strand upon the CHMP1B filament, further constricting the membrane tube and reducing its diameter nearly to the fission point. Each step of constriction, moreover, thins the underlying bilayer and lowers the barrier to membrane fission. Together, our structures reveal how a two-component, sequential polymerization mechanism drives membrane tubulation, tube constriction, and bilayer thinning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talledge, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasa, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vershinin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundquist, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/798181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane constriction and thinning by sequential ESCRT-III polymerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/800060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting 3D genome folding from DNA sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/800060v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In interphase, the human genome sequence folds in three dimensions into a rich variety of locus-specific contact patterns. Here we present a deep convolutional neural network, Akita, that accurately predicts genome folding from DNA sequence alone. Representations learned by Akita underscore the importance of CTCF and reveal a complex grammar underlying genome folding. Akita enables rapid in silico predictions for sequence mutagenesis, genome folding across species, and genetic variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fudenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting 3D genome folding from DNA sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/800078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of Single-Cell Phylogenies from Lineage Tracing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/800078v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pairing of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing with massively parallel single-cell readouts now enables large-scale lineage tracing. However, the rapid growth in complexity of data from these assays has outpaced our ability to accurately infer phylogenetic relationships. To address this, we provide three resources. First, we introduce Cassiopeia - a suite of scalable and theoretically grounded maximum parsimony approaches for tree reconstruction. Second, we provide a simulation framework for evaluating algorithms and exploring lineage tracer design principles. Finally, we generate the most complex experimental lineage tracing dataset to date - consisting of 34,557 human cells continuously traced over 15 generations, 71% of which are uniquely marked - and use it for benchmarking phylogenetic inference approaches. We show that Cassiopeia outperforms traditional methods by several metrics and under a wide variety of parameter regimes, and provide insight into the principles for the design of improved Cas9-enabled recorders. Together these should broadly enable large-scale mammalian lineage tracing efforts. Cassiopeia and its benchmarking resources are publicly available at www.github.com/YosefLab/Cassiopeia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khodaverdian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of Single-Cell Phylogenies from Lineage Tracing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/800169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A large inner membrane pore defines the ESX translocon 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/800169v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ESX (or Type VII) secretion systems are protein export systems in mycobacteria and many Gram-positive bacteria that mediate a broad range of functions including virulence, conjugation, and metabolic regulation. These systems translocate folded dimers of WXG100-superfamily protein substrates across the cytoplasmic membrane; however, the architecture and mechanism of translocation has remained elusive. We report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of an ESX-3 system, purified using an epitope tag inserted with recombineering into the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis. The structure reveals two large -helical membrane pores of sufficient diameter to secrete folded substrates. A complex, asymmetric, multimeric cytoplasmic domain is poised to gate and regulate the pores function. Our study provides mechanistic insights into the ESX systems and will guide structure-based design of drugs targeting this unique bacterial translocon.nnOne Sentence SummaryThe structure of the ESX-3 secretion system reveals a pore of sufficient size for the transit of folded substrates and a complex, cytoplasmic regulatory apparatus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poweleit, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czudnochowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A large inner membrane pore defines the ESX translocon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/801589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and Morphological Signatures of Chordate Development: Two Distinct Pathways, One Tunicate 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/801589v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All chordates, including urochordates such as tunicates, develop through embryogenesis. The chordate larvae of colonial tunicates metamorphose to lose all chordate structures such as notochord, neural tube, segmented musculature, and then develop by asexual reproduction [blastogenesis], whereby stem cells form tissues and organs. These two developmental pathways establish the same body axis, morphogenetic patterning and organ formation. It is unknown if this convergent morphology implies convergent cellular and molecular mechanisms, and whether the stem cells that mediate these processes differ. Using the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri, we combined transcriptome sequencing and multiple microscopy techniques to study the molecular and morphological signatures of cells at each developmental stage of embryogenesis and blastogenesis. This revealed that the molecular programs are distinct, but the blastogenic tissue-specific stem cells and embryonic precursor populations share similar molecular profiles. By comparing embryogenesis in other chordates we found shared developmental principles, highlighting transcription factors as key evolutionary conserved elements. This study establishes a platform for advancing the science of stem cell biology and regulation of development and regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kowarsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anselmi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burighel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaniolo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caicci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosental, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmeri, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voskoboynik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/801589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and Morphological Signatures of Chordate Development: Two Distinct Pathways, One Tunicate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/803460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized double emulsion flow cytometry with high-throughput single droplet isolation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/803460v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Droplet microfluidics has made large impacts in diverse areas such as enzyme evolution, chemical product screening, polymer engineering, and single-cell analysis. However, while droplet reactions have become increasingly sophisticated, phenotyping droplets by a fluorescent signal and sorting them to isolate variants-of-interest remains a field-wide bottleneck. Here, we present an optimized double emulsion workflow, sdDE-FACS, that enables high-throughput phenotyping, selection, and sorting of droplets using standard flow cytometers. Using a 130 m nozzle, we demonstrate robust post-sort recovery of intact droplets, with little to no shear-induced droplet breakage, at high sort frequency (12-14 kHz) across two industry-standard FACS instruments. We report the first quantitative plate statistics for double emulsion droplet isolation and demonstrate single droplet recovery with >70% efficiency. In addition, we establish complete downstream recovery of nucleic acids from single, sorted double emulsion droplets, an advance in droplet sorting comparable with the capabilities of single-cell FACS. This work resolves several hurdles in the field of high-throughput droplet analysis and paves the way for a variety of new droplet assays, including rare variant isolation and multiparameter single-cell analysis, marrying the full power of flow cytometry with droplet microfluidics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brower, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carswell-Crumpton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordyce, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/803460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized double emulsion flow cytometry with high-throughput single droplet isolation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/804138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconstructing the structural conservation of distantly related bacterial nucleoid-associated proteins using functional chimeras 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/804138v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) are DNA-binding proteins critical for the organization and function of the bacterial chromosome. A subclass of NAPs, including Caulobacter crescentus GapR and Escherichia coli H-NS, preferentially bind AT-rich regions of the nucleoid, but phylogenetic groups that encode GapR rarely encode H-NS. Here, utilizing genetic, biochemical, and biophysical studies of GapR in light of a recent DNA-bound crystal structure of GapR (Guo et al, 2018), we show that although evolutionarily distant, GapR and H-NS possess two regions that are structurally and functionally conserved. These regions are involved in self-association and DNA-binding, even though the two proteins oligomerize and regulate transcription differently. Functional analysis of GapR and H-NS protein chimeras identified structural elements present in H-NS but absent in GapR that rationalize differences in transcriptional regulation. In addition, we identified a sequence element unique to GapR that enables assembly into its tetrameric state. Using fluid-atomic force microscopy, we showed that GapR is capable of bridging DNA molecules in vitro. Together, these results demonstrate that two distantly related NAPs utilize evolutionarily conserved structural elements to serve specialized cellular roles via distinct mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saurabh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakatsuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/804138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconstructing the structural conservation of distantly related bacterial nucleoid-associated proteins using functional chimeras]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/805473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Development, Function, and Plasticity of the Immune Macroenvironment in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/805473v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Harnessing immune defense mechanisms has revolutionized cancer therapy, but our understanding of the factors governing immune responses in cancer remains incomplete, limiting patient benefit. Here, we use mass cytometry to define the organism-wide immune landscape in response to tumor development across five tissues in eight tumor models. Systemic immunity was dramatically altered across mouse models and cancer patients, with changes in peripheral tissues differing from those in the tumor microenvironment and taking place in phases during tumor growth. This tumor-experienced immune system mounted dampened responses to orthogonal challenges, including reduced T cell activation during viral or bacterial infection. Disruptions in T cell responses were not cell-intrinsic but rather due to reduced responses in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Promoting APC activation was sufficient to restore T cell responses to orthogonal infection. All systemic immune changes were reversed with surgical tumor resection, revealing remarkable plasticity in the systemic immune state, which contrasts with terminal immune dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment. These results demonstrate that tumor development dynamically reshapes the composition and function of the immune macroenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiam, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBarge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Development, Function, and Plasticity of the Immune Macroenvironment in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/805689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A weak link with actin organizes tight junctions to control epithelial permeability 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/805689v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vertebrates, epithelial permeability is regulated by the tight junction (TJ) formed by specialized adhesive membrane proteins, adaptor proteins, and the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the TJs critical physiological role, a molecular-level understanding of how TJ assembly sets the permeability of epithelial tissue is lacking. Here, we identify a 28-amino acid sequence in the TJ adaptor protein ZO-1 that is responsible for actin binding and show that this interaction is essential for TJ permeability. In contrast to the strong interactions at the adherens junction, we find that the affinity between ZO-1 and actin is surprisingly weak, and we propose a model based on kinetic trapping to explain how affinity could affect TJ assembly. Finally, by tuning the affinity of ZO-1 to actin, we demonstrate that epithelial monolayers can be engineered with a spectrum of permeabilities, which points to a new target for treating transport disorders and improving drug delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamkins-Indik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A weak link with actin organizes tight junctions to control epithelial permeability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/805770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D projection electrophoresis for single-cell immunoblotting 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/805770v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While immunoassays and mass spectrometry are powerful single-cell protein analysis tools, bottlenecks remain in interfacing and throughput. Here, we introduce highly parallel, synchronous, three-dimensional single-cell immunoblots to detect both cytosolic and nuclear proteins. The novel threedimensional microfluidic device is a photoactive polyacrylamide gel with a high-density microwell array patterned on one face (x-y) for cell isolation and lysis. From each microwell, single-cell lysate is  electrophoretically projected into the 3rd dimension (z-axis), separated by size, and photo-captured for immunoprobing and three-dimensional interrogation by confocal/light sheet microscopy. Design guidelines for throughput and separation performance are informed by simulation, analyses, and deconvolution postprocessing based on physics of 3D diffusion. Importantly, separations are nearly synchronous, whereas serial analyses can impart hours of delay between the first and last cell. We achieve an electrophoresis throughput of >2.5 cells/s (70X faster than serial sampling) and perform 25 immunoblots/mm2 device area (>10X increase over previous immunoblots). A straightforward device for parallel single-cell immunoblotting, projection electrophoresis promises to advance integration of protein-level profiles into the emerging single-cell atlas of genomic and transcriptomic profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grist, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourdoukoutas, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D projection electrophoresis for single-cell immunoblotting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/806885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise regulation of the relative rates of surface area and volume synthesis in dynamic environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/806885v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial cells constantly face complex environmental changes in their natural habitats. While steady-state cell size correlates with nutrient-determined growth rate, it remains unclear how cells regulate their morphology during rapid environmental changes. Here, we systematically quantified cellular dimensions throughout passage cycles of stationary-phase cells diluted into fresh medium and grown back to saturation, and found that cells exhibit characteristic dynamics in surface area to volume ratio (SA/V). SA/V dynamics were conserved across many genetic/chemical perturbations, as well as across species and growth temperatures. We developed a model with a single fitting parameter, the time delay between surface and volume synthesis, that quantitatively explained our SA/V observations, and showed that the time delay was indeed due to differential expression of volume and surface-related genes. The first division after dilution occurred at a tightly controlled SA/V, a previously unrecognized size-control mechanism highlighting the relevance of SA/V. Finally, our time-delay model successfully predicted the quantitative changes in SA/V dynamics due to altered surface area synthesis rates or time delays from translation inhibition. Our minimal model thus provides insight into how cells regulate their morphologies through differential regulation of surface area and volume synthesis and potentiates deep understanding of the connections between growth rate and cell shape in complex environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/806885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise regulation of the relative rates of surface area and volume synthesis in dynamic environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/808410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate and Complete Genomes from Metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/808410v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes are an integral component of the biological information about an organism and, logically, the more complete the genome, the more informative it is. Historically, bacterial and archaeal genomes were reconstructed from pure (monoclonal) cultures and the first reported sequences were manually curated to completion. However, the bottleneck imposed by the requirement for isolates precluded genomic insights for the vast majority of microbial life. Shotgun sequencing of microbial communities, referred to initially as community genomics and subsequently as genome-resolved metagenomics, can circumvent this limitation by obtaining metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), but gaps, local assembly errors, chimeras and contamination by fragments from other genomes limit the value of these genomes. Here, we discuss genome curation to improve and in some cases achieve complete (circularized, no gaps) MAGs (CMAGs). To date, few CMAGs have been generated, although notably some are from very complex systems such as soil and sediment. Through analysis of ~7000 published complete bacterial isolate genomes, we verify the value of cumulative GC skew in combination with other metrics to establish bacterial genome sequence accuracy. Interestingly, analysis of cumulative GC skew identified potential mis-assemblies in some reference genomes of isolated bacteria and the repeat sequences that likely gave rise to them. We discuss methods that could be implemented in bioinformatic approaches for curation to ensure that metabolic and evolutionary analyses can be based on very high-quality genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate and Complete Genomes from Metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/810234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unifying single-cell annotations based on the Cell Ontology 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/810234v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell technologies have rapidly generated an unprecedented amount of data that enables us to understand biological systems at single-cell resolution. However, joint analysis of datasets generated by independent labs remains challenging due to a lack of consistent terminology to describe cell types. Here, we present OnClass, an algorithm and accompanying software for automatically classifying cells into cell types part of the controlled vocabulary that forms the Cell Ontology. A key advantage of OnClass is its capability to classify cells into cell types not present in the training data because it uses the Cell Ontology graph to infer cell type relationships. Furthermore, OnClass can be used to identify marker genes for all the cell ontology categories, independently of whether the cells types are present or absent in the training data, suggesting that OnClass can be used not only as an annotation tool for single cell datasets but also as an algorithm to identify marker genes specific to each term of the Cell Ontology, offering the possibility of refining the Cell Ontology using a data-centric approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karkanias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/810234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unifying single-cell annotations based on the Cell Ontology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/811570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed evolution improves the catalytic efficiency of TEV protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/811570v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tobacco etch virus protease (TEV) is one of the most widely-used proteases in biotechnology because of its exquisite sequence-specificity. A limitation, however, is its slow catalytic rate. We developed a generalizable yeast-based platform for directed evolution of protease catalytic properties. Protease activity is read out via proteolytic release of a membrane-anchored transcription factor, and we temporally regulate access to TEVs cleavage substrate using a photosensory LOV domain. By gradually decreasing light exposure time, we enriched faster variants of TEV over multiple rounds of selection. Our S153N mutant (uTEV1{Delta}), when incorporated into the calcium integrator FLARE, improved the signal/background ratio by 27-fold, and enabled recording of neuronal activity in culture with 60-second temporal resolution. Given the widespread use of TEV in biotechnology, both our evolved TEV mutants and the directed evolution platform used to generate them, could be beneficial across a wide range of applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Lopez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed evolution improves the catalytic efficiency of TEV protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/811620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Chromatin Accessibility Atlas of the Developing Human Telencephalon 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/811620v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression differs between cell types and regions within complex tissues such as the developing brain. To discover regulatory elements underlying this specificity, we generated genome-wide maps of chromatin accessibility in eleven anatomically-defined regions of the developing human telencephalon, including upper and deep layers of the prefrontal cortex. We predicted a subset of open chromatin regions (18%) that are most likely to be active enhancers, many of which are dynamic with 26% differing between early and late mid-gestation and 28% present in only one brain region. These region-specific predicted regulatory elements (pREs) are enriched proximal to genes with expression differences across regions and developmental stages and harbor distinct sequence motifs that suggest potential upstream regulators of regional and temporal transcription. We leverage this atlas to identify regulators of genes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) including an enhancer of BCL11A, validated in mouse, and two functional de novo mutations in individuals with ASD in an enhancer of SLC6A1, validated in neuroblastoma cells. These applications demonstrate the utility of this atlas for decoding neurodevelopmental gene regulation in health and disease.nnSummaryTo discover regulatory elements driving the specificity of gene expression in different cell types and regions of the developing human brain, we generated an atlas of open chromatin from eleven dissected regions of the mid-gestation human telencephalon, including upper and deep layers of the prefrontal cortex. We identified a subset of open chromatin regions (OCRs), termed predicted regulatory elements (pREs), that are likely to function as developmental brain enhancers. pREs showed regional differences in chromatin accessibility, including many specific to one brain region, and were correlated with gene expression differences across the same regions and gestational ages. pREs allowed us to map neurodevelopmental disorder risk genes to developing telencephalic regions, and we identified three functional de novo noncoding variants in pREs that alter enhancer function. In addition, transgenic experiments in mouse validated enhancer activity for a pRE proximal to BCL11A, showing how this atlas serves as a resource for decoding neurodevelopmental gene regulation in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markenscoff-Papadimitriou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycki, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binyameen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>State, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Chromatin Accessibility Atlas of the Developing Human Telencephalon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/819037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-Surface Proteomic Profiling in the Fly Brain Uncovers New Wiring Regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/819037v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular interactions at the cellular interface mediate organized assembly of single cells into tissues, and thus govern the development and physiology of multicellular organisms. Here, we developed a cell-type-specific, spatiotemporally-resolved approach to profile cell-surface proteomes in intact tissues. Quantitative profiling of cell-surface proteomes of Drosophila olfactory projection neurons (PNs) in pupae and adults revealed a global down-regulation of wiring molecules and an up-regulation of synaptic molecules in the transition from developing to mature PNs. A proteome-instructed in vivo screen identified 20 new cell-surface molecules regulating neural circuit assembly, many of which belong to evolutionarily conserved protein families not previously linked to neural development. Genetic analysis further revealed that the lipoprotein receptor LRP1 cell-autonomously controls PN dendrite targeting, contributing to the formation of a precise olfactory map. These findings highlight the power of temporally-resolved in situ cell-surface proteomic profiling in discovering new regulators of brain wiring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svinkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guajardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaewsapsak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/819037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-Surface Proteomic Profiling in the Fly Brain Uncovers New Wiring Regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/820084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug resistant gut bacteria mimic a host mechanism for anticancer drug clearance 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/820084v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmaceuticals are the top predictor of inter-individual variations in gut microbial community structure1, consistent with in vitro evidence that host-targeted drugs inhibit gut bacterial growth2 and are extensively metabolized by the gut microbiome3,4. In oncology, bacterial metabolism has been implicated in both drug efficacy5,6 and toxicity7,8; however, the degree to which bacterial drug sensitivity and metabolism can be driven by conserved pathways also found in mammalian cells remains poorly understood. Here, we show that anticancer fluoropyrimidine drugs inhibit the growth of diverse gut bacterial strains by disrupting pyrimidine metabolism, as in mammalian cells. Select bacteria metabolized 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to its inactive metabolite dihydrofluorouracil (DHFU), mimicking the major host pathway for drug clearance. The preTA operon was necessary and sufficient for 5-FU inactivation in Escherichia coli, exhibited high catalytic efficiency for the reductive reaction, decreased the bioavailability and efficacy of oral fluoropyrimidine treatment in mice, and was prevalent in the gut microbiomes of colorectal cancer patients prior to and during treatment. The observed conservation of both the targets and pathways for metabolism of therapeutics across domains highlights the need to distinguish the relative contributions of human and microbial cells to drug disposition9, efficacy, and side effect profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spanogiannopoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malig, Y. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerona, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug resistant gut bacteria mimic a host mechanism for anticancer drug clearance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/820928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
northstar: leveraging cell atlases to identify healthy and neoplastic cells in transcriptomes from human tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/820928v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics is revolutionising our understanding of tissue and disease heterogeneity, yet cell type identificationl remains a partially manual task. Published algorithms for automatic cell annotation are limited to known cell types and fail to capture novel populations, especially cancer cells. We developed northstar, a computational approach to classify thousands of cells based on published data within seconds while simultaneously identifying and highlighting new cell states such as malignancies. We tested northstar on human glioblastoma and melanoma and obtained high accuracy and robustness. We collected eleven pancreatic tumors and identified three shared and five private neoplastic cell populations, offering insight into the origins of neuroendocrine and exocrine tumors. northstar is a useful tool to assign known and novel cell type and states in the age of cell atlases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berghuis, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolis di Robilant, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nong, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[northstar: leveraging cell atlases to identify healthy and neoplastic cells in transcriptomes from human tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/821132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/821132v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Food and drugs contain diverse small molecule additives (excipients) with unclear impacts on human physiology. Here, we evaluate their potential impact on intestinal absorption, screening 136 unique compounds for inhibition of the key transporter OATP2B1. We identified and validated 24 potent OATP2B1 transport inhibitors, characterized by higher molecular weight and hydrophobicity compared to poor or non-inhibitors. OATP2B1 inhibitors were also enriched for dyes, including 8 azo (R-N=N-R') dyes. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice confirmed that FD&C Red No. 40, a common azo dye excipient, inhibited drug absorption; however, the human gut microbiome inactivated azo dye excipients, producing metabolites that no longer inhibit OATP2B1 transport. These results support a beneficial role for the microbiome in limiting the unintended effects of food and drug additives in the intestine.

One Sentence SummaryFood and drug additives inhibit intestinal drug transporters, although some are inactivated by gut bacterial metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spanogiannopoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieper, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pottel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsakalozou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoichet, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomini, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbaugh, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/821132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/824086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep functional synthesis: a machine learning approach to gene functional enrichment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/824086v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene functional enrichment is a mainstay of genomics, but it relies on manually curated databases of gene functions that are incomplete and unaware of the biological context. Here we present an alternative machine learning approach, Deep Functional Synthesis (DeepSyn), which moves beyond gene function databases to dynamically infer the functions of a gene set from its associated network of literature and data, conditioned on the disease and drug context of the current experiment. Using a knowledge graph with 3,048,803 associations between genes, diseases, drugs, and functions, DeepSyn obtained accurate performance (range 0.74 AUC to 0.96 AUC) on a variety of biological applications including drug target identification, gene set functional enrichment, and disease gene prediction.

AvailabilityThe DeepSyn codebase is available on GitHub at http://github.com/wangshenguiuc/DeepSyn/ under an open source distribution license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rensi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/824086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep functional synthesis: a machine learning approach to gene functional enrichment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/833707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-based screens uncover determinants of immunotherapy response and potential combination therapy strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/833707v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells commonly develop resistance to immunotherapy by loss of antigen expression. Combinatorial treatments that increase levels of the target antigen on the surface of cancer cells have the potential to restore efficacy to immunotherapy. Here, we use our CRISPR interference and CRISPR activation-based functional genomics platform to systematically identify pathways controlling cell-surface expression of the multiple myeloma immunotherapy antigen - B cell maturation antigen, BCMA. We discovered that pharmacological inhibition of HDAC7 and the Sec61 complex increased cell-surface BCMA, including in primary patient cells. Importantly, pharmacological Sec61 inhibition enhanced the anti-myeloma efficacy of a BCMA-targeted antibody-drug conjugate. A CRISPR interference CAR-T coculture screen enabled us to identify both antigen-dependent and -independent mechanisms controlling response of myeloma cells to BCMA-targeted CAR-T cells. Thus, our study demonstrates the potential of CRISPR screens to uncover mechanisms controlling response of cancer cells to immunotherapy and to suggest potential combination therapies.

Key PointsO_LIUsing CRISPR screens, we systematically identify mechanisms increasing expression of the immunotherapy target BCMA and ADC efficacy.
C_LIO_LIWe also identify antigen-independent mechanisms regulating response of cancer cells to BCMA-CAR-T cells.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramkumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhry, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hechler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roybal, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taunton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiita, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-based screens uncover determinants of immunotherapy response and potential combination therapy strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/836312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of Ceramic Packages for Acoustically Coupled Implantable Medical Devices 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/836312v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveUltrasonic acoustic power transfer is an efficient mechanism for coupling energy to millimeter and sub-millimeter implants in the body. To date, published ultrasonically powered implants have been encapsulated with thin film polymers that are susceptible to well-documented failure modes in vivo, including water penetration and attack by the body. As with all medical implants, packaging with ceramic or metallic materials can reduce water vapor transmission and improve biostability to provide decadal device lifetime. In this paper, we evaluate methods of coupling acoustic energy to the interior of ceramic packages.

MethodsThe classic wave approach and modal expansion are used to obtain analytical expressions for acoustic transmission through two different package designs and these approaches are validated experimentally. A candidate package design is demonstrated using alumina packages and titanium lids, designed to be acoustically transparent.

ResultsBulk modes are shown to be more effective at coupling acoustic energy to a piezoelectric receiver than flexural modes. Using bulk modes, packaged motes have an overall link efficiency of roughly 10%, compared to 25% for unpackaged motes. Packaging does not have a significant effect on translational misalignment penalties, but does increase angular misalignment penalties. Passive amplitude-modulated backscatter communication is demonstrated.

ConclusionThin lids enable the use of acoustically coupled devices even with package materials of very different acoustic impedance. Significance: This work provides an analysis and method for designing packages that enable acoustic coupling with implantable medical devices, which could facilitate clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharbiz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of Ceramic Packages for Acoustically Coupled Implantable Medical Devices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/837278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface Modification Effects on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Multimodal Optical Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/837278v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical nanoscale technologies often implement covalent or noncovalent strategies for the modification of nanoparticles, whereby both functionalizations are leveraged for multimodal applications but can affect the intrinsic fluorescence of nanoparticles. Specifically, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can enable real-time imaging and cellular delivery; however, the introduction of covalent SWCNT sidewall functionalizations often attenuates SWCNT fluorescence. Herein, we leverage recent advances in SWCNT covalent functionalization chemistries that preserve the SWCNTs pristine graphitic lattice and intrinsic fluorescence and demonstrate that such covalently functionalized SWCNTs maintain fluorescence-based molecular recognition of neurotransmitter and protein analytes. We show that the covalently modified SWCNT nanosensor fluorescence response towards its analyte is preserved for certain nanosensors, presumably dependent on the steric hindrance introduced by the covalent functionalization that hinders noncovalent interactions with the SWCNT surface. We further demonstrate that these SWCNT nanosensors can be functionalized via their covalent handles to self-assemble on passivated microscopy slides, and discuss future use of these dual-functionalized SWCNT materials for multiplexed applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface Modification Effects on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Multimodal Optical Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/841098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep profiling reveals substantial heterogeneity of integration outcomes in CRISPR knock-in experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/841098v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas technologies have transformed our ability to add functionality to the genome by knock-in of payload via homology-directed repair (HDR). However, a systematic and quantitative profiling of the knock-in integration landscape is still lacking. Here, we present a framework based on long-read sequencing and an integrated computational pipeline (knock-knock) to analyze knock-in repair outcomes across a wide range of experimental parameters. Our data uncover complex repair profiles, with perfect HDR often accounting for a minority of payload integration events, and reveal markedly distinct mis-integration patterns between cell-types or forms of HDR templates used. Our analysis demonstrates that the two sides of a given double-strand break can be repaired by separate pathways and identifies a major role for sequence micro-homology in driving donor mis-integration. Altogether, our comprehensive framework paves the way for investigating repair mechanisms, monitoring accuracy, and optimizing the precision of genome engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canaj, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussmann, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodrich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeever, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandegar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep profiling reveals substantial heterogeneity of integration outcomes in CRISPR knock-in experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/848010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulating the cellular context broadly reshapes the mutational landscape of a model enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/848010v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein mutational landscapes are shaped by the cellular environment, but key factors and their quantitative effects are often unknown. Here we show that Lon, a quality control protease naturally absent in common E. coli expression strains, drastically reshapes the mutational landscape of the metabolic enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Selection under conditions that resolve highly active mutants reveals that 23.3% of all single point mutations in DHFR are advantageous in the absence of Lon, but advantageous mutations are largely suppressed when Lon is reintroduced. Protein stability measurements demonstrate extensive activity-stability tradeoffs for the advantageous mutants and provide a mechanistic explanation for Lons widespread impact. Our findings suggest possibilities for tuning mutational landscapes by modulating the cellular environment, with implications for protein design and combatting antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/848010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulating the cellular context broadly reshapes the mutational landscape of a model enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/846170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Spectral De-mixing Model for Triplex In Vivo Imaging of Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast Agents 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/846170v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to detect multiple contrast agents simultaneously would greatly enhance Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images, providing nuanced biological context to physiological structures. However, previous OCT contrast agent work has been limited to scenarios where only a single contrast agent could be robustly detected within each voxel. We present a novel spectroscopic technique for de-mixing the spectral signal from multiple OCT contrast agents within a single voxel. We validate our technique in vitro and also demonstrate in vivo imaging of three spectrally distinct gold nanobipyramids, trafficking within the lymphatic system of a live mouse. This approach opens the door to a much broader range of pre-clinical and clinical OCT applications where multiplexed labeling is desirable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shevidi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Zerda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/846170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Spectral De-mixing Model for Triplex In Vivo Imaging of Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast Agents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/847657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semi-supervised identification of cell populations in single-cell ATAC-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/847657v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell and bulk genomics assays have complementary strengths and weaknesses, and alone neither strategy can fully capture regulatory elements across the diversity of cells in complex tissues. We present CellWalker, a method that integrates single-cell open chromatin (scATAC-seq) data with gene expression (RNA-seq) and other data types using a network model that simultaneously improves cell labeling in noisy scATAC-seq and annotates cell-type specific regulatory elements in bulk data. We demonstrate CellWalkers robustness to sparse annotations and noise using simulations and combined RNA-seq and ATAC-seq in individual cells. We then apply CellWalker to the developing brain. We identify cells transitioning between transcriptional states, resolve enhancers to specific cell types, and observe that autism and other neurological traits can be mapped to specific cell types through their enhancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Przytycki, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/847657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semi-supervised identification of cell populations in single-cell ATAC-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.08.868828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity and targeted therapy-induced adaptations in lung cancer revealed by longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.08.868828v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer mortality, exhibits heterogeneity that enables adaptability, limits therapeutic success, and remains incompletely understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of metastatic lung cancer was performed using 44 tumor biopsies obtained longitudinally from 27 patients before and during targeted therapy. Over 20,000 cancer and tumor microenvironment (TME) single-cell profiles exposed a rich and dynamic tumor ecosystem. scRNAseq of cancer cells illuminated targetable oncogenes beyond those detected clinically. Cancer cells surviving therapy as residual disease (RD) expressed an alveolar-regenerative cell signature suggesting a therapy-induced primitive cell state transition, whereas those present at on-therapy progressive disease (PD) upregulated kynurenine, plasminogen, and gap junction pathways. Active T-lymphocytes and decreased macrophages were present at RD and immunosuppressive cell states characterized PD. Biological features revealed by scRNAseq were biomarkers of clinical outcomes in independent cohorts. This study highlights how therapy-induced adaptation of the multi-cellular ecosystem of metastatic cancer shapes clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maynard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoach, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotow, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haderk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urisman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolli, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesthalter, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamauchi, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeger, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Sjoberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablons, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doebele, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.08.868828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity and targeted therapy-induced adaptations in lung cancer revealed by longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/860999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A minimal CRISPR-Cas3 system for genome engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/860999v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas technologies have provided programmable gene editing tools that have revolutionized research. The leading CRISPR-Cas9 and Cas12a enzymes are ideal for programmed genetic manipulation, however, they are limited for genome-scale interventions. Here, we utilized a Cas3-based system featuring a processive nuclease, expressed endogenously or heterologously, for genome engineering purposes. Using an optimized and minimal CRISPR-Cas3 system (Type I-C) programmed with a single crRNA, large deletions ranging from 7 - 424 kb were generated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa with high efficiency and speed. By comparison, Cas9 yielded small deletions and point mutations. Cas3-generated deletion boundaries were variable in the absence of a homology-directed repair (HDR) template, and successfully and efficiently specified when present. The minimal Cas3 system is also portable; large deletions were induced with high efficiency in Pseudomonas syringae and Escherichia coli using an "all-in-one" vector. Notably, Cas3 generated bi-directional deletions originating from the programmed cut site, which was exploited to iteratively reduce a P. aeruginosa genome by 837 kb (13.5%) using 10 distinct crRNAs. We also demonstrate the utility of endogenous Cas3 systems (Type I-C and I-F) and develop an "anti-anti-CRISPR" strategy to circumvent endogenous CRISPR-Cas inhibitor proteins. CRISPR-Cas3 could facilitate rapid strain manipulation for synthetic biological and metabolic engineering purposes, genome minimization, and the analysis of large regions of unknown function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Csorgo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau-Ly, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Rifo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahendra, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/860999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A minimal CRISPR-Cas3 system for genome engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/854182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined use of metagenomic sequencing and host response profiling for the diagnosis of suspected sepsis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/854182v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCurrent diagnostic techniques are inadequate for rapid microbial diagnosis and optimal management of patients with suspected sepsis. We assessed the clinical impact of three powerful molecular diagnostic methods.

MethodsWith blood samples from 200 consecutive patients with suspected sepsis, we evaluated 1) metagenomic shotgun sequencing together with a Bayesian inference approach for contaminant sequence removal, for detecting bacterial DNA; 2) viral capture sequencing; and 3) transcript-based host response profiling for classifying patients as infected or not, and if infected, with bacteria or viruses. We then evaluated changes in diagnostic decision-making among three expert physicians by unblinding the results of these methods in a staged fashion.

ResultsMetagenomic shotgun sequencing confirmed positive blood culture results in 14 of 26 patients. In 17 of 200 patients, metagenomic sequencing and viral capture sequencing revealed organisms that were 1) not detected by conventional hospital tests within 5 days after presentation, and 2) classified as of probable clinical relevance by physician consensus. Host response profiling led at least two of three physicians to change their diagnostic decisions in 46 of 100 patients. The data suggested possible bacterial DNA translocation in 8 patients who were originally classified by physicians as noninfected and illustrate how host response profiling can guide interpretation of metagenomic shotgun sequencing results.

ConclusionsThe integration of host response profiling, metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and viral capture sequencing enhances the utility of each, and may improve the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected sepsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeganathan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khadka, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strouts, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitchcock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Multani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andermann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/854182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined use of metagenomic sequencing and host response profiling for the diagnosis of suspected sepsis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/865477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the impact of daclizumab beta on circulating natural killer cells by mass cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/865477v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Daclizumab beta is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to CD25 and selectively inhibits high-affinity IL-2 receptor signaling. As a former treatment for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS), daclizumab beta induces robust expansion of the CD56bright subpopulation of NK cells that is correlated with the drugs therapeutic effects. As NK cells represent a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes with a range of phenotypes and functions, the goal of this study was to better understand how daclizumab beta altered the NK cell repertoire to provide further insight into the possible mechanism(s) of action in RMS. We used mass cytometry to evaluate expression patterns of NK cell markers and provide a comprehensive assessment of the NK cell repertoire in individuals with RMS treated with daclizumab beta or placebo over the course of one year. Treatment with daclizumab beta significantly altered the NK cell repertoire compared to placebo treatment. As previously reported, daclizumab beta significantly increased expression of CD56 on total NK cells. Within the CD56bright NK cells, treatment was associated with multiple phenotypic changes, including increased expression of NKG2A and NKp44, and diminished expression of CD244, CD57, and NKp46. While the changes were less dramatic, CD56dim NK cells responded distinctly to daclizumab beta treatment, with higher expression of CD2 and NKG2A, and lower expression of FAS-L, HLA-DR, NTB-A, NKp30, and Perforin. Together, these data indicate that the expanded NK cells share features of both immature and mature NK cells. These findings show that daclizumab beta treatment is associated with unique changes in NK cells that may enhance their ability to kill autoreactive T cells or to exert immunomodulatory functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranganath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendrame, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontenot, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/865477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the impact of daclizumab beta on circulating natural killer cells by mass cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/860981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paralogs in the PKA regulon traveled different evolutionary routes to divergent expression in budding yeast. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/860981v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional divergence of duplicate genes, or paralogs, is an important driver of novelty in evolution. In the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there are 547 paralog gene pairs that survive from an interspecies Whole Genome Hybridization (WGH) that occurred [~]100MYA. Many WGH paralogs (or ohnologs) are known to have differential expression during the yeast Environmental Stress Response (ESR), of which Protein Kinase A (PKA) is a major regulator. While investigating the transcriptional response to PKA inhibition in S. cerevisiae, we discovered that approximately 1/6th (91) of all ohnolog pairs were differentially expressed with a striking pattern. One member of each pair tended to have low basal expression that increased upon PKA inhibition, while the other tended to have high but unchanging expression. Examination of PKA inhibition data in the pre-WGH species K. lactis and PKA-related stresses in other budding yeasts indicated that unchanging expression in response to PKA inhibition is likely to be the ancestral phenotype prior to duplication. Analysis of promoter sequences of orthologs of gene pairs that are differentially expressed in S. cerevisiae further revealed that the emergence of PKA-dependence took different evolutionary routes. In some examples, regulation by PKA and differential expression appears to have arisen following the WGH, while in others, regulation by PKA appears to have arisen in one of the two parental lineages prior to the WGH. More broadly, our results illustrate the unique opportunities presented by a WGH event for generating functional divergence by bringing together two parental lineages with separately evolved regulation into one species. We propose that functional divergence of two ohnologs can be facilitated through such regulatory divergence, which can persist even when functional differences are erased by gene conversion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heineike, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/860981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paralogs in the PKA regulon traveled different evolutionary routes to divergent expression in budding yeast.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/858118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanotopography enhances dynamic remodeling of tight junction proteins through cytosolic complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/858118v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epithelial tight junction regulates barrier function and is responsive to extracellular stimuli. Here we demonstrated that contact of synthetic surfaces with defined nanotopography at the apical surface of epithelial monolayers increased paracellular permeability of macromolecules. To monitor changes in tight junction morphology in live cells, we fluorescently tagged the scaffold protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) through CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing. Contact between cells and nanostructured surfaces destabilized junction-associated ZO-1 and promoted its arrangement into highly dynamic non-junctional cytosolic complexes that averaged [~]2 m in diameter. Junction-associated ZO-1 rapidly remodeled, and we also observed the direct transformation of cytosolic complexes into junction-like structures. Claudin-family tight junction transmembrane proteins and F-actin also were associated with these ZO-1 containing cytosolic complexes. These data suggest that the cytosolic structures are novel intermediates formed in response to nanotopographic cues that facilitate rapid tight junction remodeling in order to regulate paracellular permeability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemeth, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/858118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanotopography enhances dynamic remodeling of tight junction proteins through cytosolic complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.15.877100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CRISPR screen identifies UFMylation and TRAMP-like complexes required for hepatitis A virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.15.877100v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a positive-sense RNA virus causing acute inflammation of the liver. Here, using a genome-scale CRISPR screen in a human hepatocyte cell line, we provide a comprehensive picture of the cellular factors, which are exploited by HAV during replication. We identified genes involved in sialic acid biosynthesis and members of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor complex, corroborating their putative roles in HAV infection. Additionally, we uncovered all components of the cellular machinery for UFMylation, a ubiquitin-like protein modification. We showed that HAV translation specifically depends on UFM1 conjugation of the ribosomal protein RPL26. Furthermore, we found that components related to the yeast Trf4/5- Air1/2-Mtr4 polyadenylation (TRAMP) complex, are required for viral translation, independent of controlling HAV poly(A) tails. While the identified HAV host factors were largely distinct compared to other picornaviruses, we highlighted a surprising co-dependency of HAV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) on the TRAMP-like complex. Finally, we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of the TRAMP-like complex decreased HAV replication in hepatocyte cells and human liver organoids, thus providing a strategy for host-directed therapy of HAV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puschnik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulsuptrakul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.877100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CRISPR screen identifies UFMylation and TRAMP-like complexes required for hepatitis A virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.16.877183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crowdsourced RNA design discovers diverse, reversible, efficient, self-contained molecular sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.16.877183v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internet-based scientific communities promise a means to apply distributed, diverse human intelligence towards previously intractable scientific problems. However, current implementations have not allowed communities to propose experiments to test all emerging hypotheses at scale or to modify hypotheses in response to experiments. We report high-throughput methods for molecular characterization of nucleic acids that enable the large-scale videogame-based crowdsourcing of functional RNA sensor design, followed by high-throughput functional characterization. Iterative design testing of thousands of crowdsourced RNA sensor designs produced near-thermodynamically optimal and reversible RNA switches that act as self-contained molecular sensors and couple five distinct small molecule inputs to three distinct protein binding and fluorogenic outputs--results that surpass computational and expert-based design. This work represents a new paradigm for widely distributed experimental bioscience.

One Sentence SummaryOnline community discovers standalone RNA sensors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreasson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotrik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayment-Steele, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kladwang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portela, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington-Oguri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Players, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.877183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crowdsourced RNA design discovers diverse, reversible, efficient, self-contained molecular sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.15.877126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Tsc1 from striatal direct pathway neurons impairs endocannabinoid-LTD and enhances motor routine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.15.877126v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients frequently present with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A core diagnostic criterion for ASD is the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors, which may result from abnormal activity in striatal circuits that mediate motor learning, action selection and habit formation. Striatal control over motor behavior relies on the coordinated activity of two subtypes of principle neurons, direct pathway and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs or iSPNs, respectively), which provide the main output of the striatum. To test if altered striatal activity is sufficient to cause changes to motor behavior in the context of TSC, we conditionally deleted Tsc1 from dSPNs or iSPNs in mice and determined the consequences on synaptic function and motor learning. We find that mice with loss of Tsc1 from dSPNs, but not iSPNs, have enhanced motor routine learning in the accelerating rotarod task. In addition, dSPN Tsc1 KO mice have impaired endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD) at cortico-dSPN synapses in the dorsal striatum. Consistent with a loss of eCB-LTD, disruption of Tsc1 in dSPNs, but not iSPNs, results in a strong enhancement of corticostriatal synaptic drive. Together these findings demonstrate that within the striatum, dSPNs show selective sensitivity to Tsc1 loss and indicate that enhanced cortical activation of the striatal direct pathway is a potential contributor to altered motor behaviors in TSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benthall, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cording, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agopyan-Miu, A. H. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateup, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.877126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Tsc1 from striatal direct pathway neurons impairs endocannabinoid-LTD and enhances motor routine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.30.891549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell epigenomic atlas of the developing human brain and organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.30.891549v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic changes in chromatin accessibility coincide with important aspects of neuronal differentiation, such as fate specification and arealization and confer cell type-specific associations to neurodevelopmental disorders. However, studies of the epigenomic landscape of the developing human brain have yet to be performed at single-cell resolution. Here, we profiled chromatin accessibility of >75,000 cells from eight distinct areas of developing human forebrain using single cell ATAC-seq (scATACseq). We identified thousands of loci that undergo extensive cell type-specific changes in accessibility during corticogenesis. Chromatin state profiling also reveals novel distinctions between neural progenitor cells from different cortical areas not seen in transcriptomic profiles and suggests a role for retinoic acid signaling in cortical arealization. Comparison of the cell type-specific chromatin landscape of cerebral organoids to primary developing cortex found that organoids establish broad cell type-specific enhancer accessibility patterns similar to the developing cortex, but lack many putative regulatory elements identified in homologous primary cell types. Together, our results reveal the important contribution of chromatin state to the emerging patterns of cell type diversity and cell fate specification and provide a blueprint for evaluating the fidelity and robustness of cerebral organoids as a model for cortical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ziffra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeussler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycki, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ament, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.30.891549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell epigenomic atlas of the developing human brain and organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.10.902155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen responsive CD4+ T cell clones contribute to the HIV-1 latent reservoir 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.10.902155v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiretroviral therapy suppresses but does not cure HIV-1 infection due to the existence of a long-lived reservoir of latently infected cells. The reservoir has an estimated half-life of 44 months and is largely composed of clones of infected CD4+ T cells. The long half-life appears to result in part from expansion and contraction of infected CD4+ T cell clones. However, the mechanisms that govern this process are poorly understood. To determine whether the clones might result from, and be maintained by exposure to antigen, we measured responses of reservoir cells to a small subset of antigens from viruses that produce chronic or recurrent infections. Despite the limited panel of test antigens, clones of antigen responsive CD4+ T cells containing defective or intact latent proviruses were found in 7 out of 8 individuals studied. Thus, chronic or repeated exposure to antigen may contribute to the longevity of the HIV-1 reservoir by stimulating the clonal expansion of latently infected CD4+ T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaebler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohn, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen responsive CD4+ T cell clones contribute to the HIV-1 latent reservoir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.06.895466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein sequence design with a learned potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.06.895466v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe task of protein sequence design is central to nearly all rational protein engineering problems, and enormous effort has gone into the development of energy functions to guide design. We investigate the capability of a deep neural network model to automate design of sequences onto protein backbones, having learned directly from crystal structure data and without any human-specified priors. The model generalizes to native topologies not seen during training, producing experimentally stable designs. We evaluate the generalizability of our method to a de novo TIM-barrel scaffold. The model produces novel sequences, and high-resolution crystal structures of two designs show excellent agreement with the in silico models. Our findings demonstrate the tractability of an entirely learned method for protein sequence design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anand, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguchi, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.895466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein sequence design with a learned potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.05.895227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP hydrolysis by the SNF2 domain of the ultraspecific maintenance methylase Dnmt5 drives recognition and modification of hemimethylated DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.05.895227v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C. neoformans Dnmt5 is an ultraspecific maintenance-type CpG methyltransferase (DNMT) that mediates long-term epigenome evolution. It harbors a DNMT domain and SNF2 ATPase domain. We find that the SNF2 domain couples substrate specificity to an ATPase step that is essential for DNA methylation. Such coupling occurs independently of nucleosomes. Hemimethylated DNA preferentially stimulates ATPase activity, and mutating the Dnmt5 ATP binding pocket disproportionately reduces ATPase stimulation by hemimethylated versus unmethylated substrates. Engineered DNA substrates that stabilize a reaction intermediate by mimicking a  flipped-out conformation of the target cytosine bypass the SNF2 domains requirement for hemimethylation. This result implies that ATP hydrolysis by the SNF2 domain is coupled to base-flipping by the DNMT domain. These findings establish a new role for a SNF2 ATPase domain: controlling substrate recognition and catalysis by an adjoined enzymatic domain. This coupling may contribute to the exquisite specificity of Dnmt5 via mechanisms related to kinetic proofreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dumesic, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoddard, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catania, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narlikar, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.05.895227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP hydrolysis by the SNF2 domain of the ultraspecific maintenance methylase Dnmt5 drives recognition and modification of hemimethylated DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.04.893909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical basis of cellular multi-specificity encoded in a model molecular switch 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.04.893909v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular switches are central to signal transduction in protein interaction networks. One switch protein can independently regulate distinct cellular processes, but the molecular mechanisms enabling this functional multi-specificity remain unclear. Here we integrate system-scale cellular and biophysical measurements to study how a paradigm switch, the small GTPase Ran/Gsp1, achieves its functional multi-specificity. We make 55 targeted point mutations to individual interactions of Ran/Gsp1 and show through quantitative, systematic genetic and physical interaction mapping that Ran/Gsp1 interface perturbations have widespread cellular consequences that cluster by biological processes but, unexpectedly, not by the targeted interactions. Instead, the cellular consequences of the interface mutations group by their biophysical effects on kinetic parameters of the GTPase switch cycle, and cycle kinetics are allosterically tuned by distal interface mutations. We propose that the functional multi-specificity of Ran/Gsp1 is encoded by a differential sensitivity of biological processes to different kinetic parameters of the Gsp1 switch cycle, and that Gsp1 partners binding to the sites of distal mutations act as allosteric regulators of the switch. Similar mechanisms may underlie biological regulation by other GTPases and biological switches. Finally, our integrative platform to determine the quantitative consequences of cellular perturbations may help explain the effects of disease mutations targeting central switches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perica, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathy, C. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollikainen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.04.893909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical basis of cellular multi-specificity encoded in a model molecular switch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.23.878207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lactoferrin Reverses Methotrexate Driven Epithelial Barrier Defect by Inhibiting TGF-β Mediated Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.23.878207v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUND AND AIMSMethotrexate is an important tool in the arsenal of oncologists, gastroenterologists, and rheumatologists. At low doses it induces intestinal barrier dysfunction that may induce side effects such as gastrointestinal discomfort and liver injury. Previous studies suggest that lactoferrin can improve barrier function in a variety of contexts. This study set out to determine the mechanism of methotrexate induced barrier dysfunction and assess the effect of lactoferrin and other components of human breast milk on this dysfunction.

METHODSUsing a murine enteroid model and Caco2 spheroids, we measured flux of basolateral-administered fluorescent dextran into the lumen. Barrier dysfunction was induced using methotrexate (220 nM) or lipopolysaccharide (20 nM). Human lactoferrin was added at 0.8 mg/ml (10 {micro}M). RNAseq was performed on exposed samples.

RESULTSLactoferrin blocks methotrexate-induced barrier dysfunction in murine enteroids. Similar results were observed when barrier dysfunction was induced in Caco2 spheroids with methotrexate and LPS, but not ML7. RNAseq revealed activation of TGF-{beta} response genes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by methotrexate, which normalized in the presence of lactoferrin. TGF-{beta} receptor inhibition (RepSox) blocked methotrexate induced barrier dysfunction in Caco2 spheroids. 20 nM TGF-{beta} induced barrier dysfunction in Caco2 spheroids which was also inhibited by lactoferrin.

CONCLUSIONSMethotrexate induces barrier dysfunction by activation of an EMT program promoted by TGF-{beta} signaling and inhibited by lactoferrin. Lactoferrin is also protective of barrier function in an LPS-induced model. The likely mechanism of this effect is blockade of EMT programs induced by TGF-{beta}.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.878207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lactoferrin Reverses Methotrexate Driven Epithelial Barrier Defect by Inhibiting TGF-β Mediated Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.18.881540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The rise of diversity in metabolic platforms across the Candidate Phyla Radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.18.881540v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A unifying feature of the bacterial Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) is a limited and highly variable repertoire of biosynthetic capabilities. However, the distribution of metabolic traits across the CPR and the evolutionary processes underlying them are incompletely resolved. Here, we selected [~]1,000 genomes of CPR bacteria from diverse environments to construct a robust internal phylogeny that was consistent across two unlinked marker sets. Mapping of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and pyruvate metabolism onto the tree showed that some components of these pathways are sparsely distributed and that similarity between metabolic platforms is only partially predicted by phylogenetic relationships. To evaluate the extent to which gene loss and lateral gene transfer have shaped trait distribution, we analyzed the patchiness of gene presence in a phylogenetic context, examined the phylogenetic depth of clades with shared traits, and compared the reference tree topology with those of specific metabolic proteins. While the central glycolytic pathway in CPR is widely conserved and has likely been shaped primarily by vertical transmission, there is evidence for both gene loss and transfer especially in steps that convert glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and glycerate 3P into pyruvate. Additionally, the distribution of Group 3 and Group 4-related NiFe hydrogenases is patchy and suggests multiple events of ancient gene transfer. Overall, patterns of gene gain and loss, including acquisition of accessory traits in independent transfer events, may have been driven by shifts in host-derived resources and led to sparse but varied genetic inventories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.881540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The rise of diversity in metabolic platforms across the Candidate Phyla Radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.19.883256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coverage-dependent bias creates the appearance of binary splicing in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.19.883256v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing provides powerful insight into the factors that determine each cells unique identity, including variation in transcription and RNA splicing among diverse cell types. Previous studies led to the surprising observation that alternative splicing outcomes among single cells are highly variable and follow a bimodal pattern: a given cell consistently produces either one or the other isoform for a particular splicing choice, with few cells producing both isoforms. Here we show that this pattern arises almost entirely from technical limitations. We analyzed single cell alternative splicing in human and mouse single cell RNA-seq datasets, and modeled them with a probablistic simulator. Our simulations show that low gene expression and low capture efficiency distort the observed distribution of isoforms in single cells. This gives the appearance of a binary isoform distribution, even when the underlying reality is consistent with more than one isoform per cell. We show that accounting for the true amount of information recovered can produce biologically meaningful measurements of splicing in single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buen Abad Najar, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coverage-dependent bias creates the appearance of binary splicing in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.21.886093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal linked read sequencing reveals ecological and evolutionary responses of a human gut microbiome during antibiotic treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.21.886093v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbial communities can respond to antibiotic perturbations by rapidly altering their taxonomic and functional composition. However, little is known about the strain-level processes that drive this collective response. Here we characterize the gut microbiome of a single individual at high temporal and genetic resolution through a period of health, disease, antibiotic treatment, and recovery. We used deep, linked-read metagenomic sequencing to track the longitudinal trajectories of thousands of single nucleotide variants within 36 species, which allowed us to contrast these genetic dynamics with the ecological fluctuations at the species level. We found that antibiotics can drive rapid shifts in the genetic composition of individual species, often involving incomplete genome-wide sweeps of pre-existing variants. These genetic changes were frequently observed in species without obvious changes in species abundance, emphasizing the importance of monitoring diversity below the species level. We also found that many sweeping variants quickly reverted to their baseline levels once antibiotic treatment had concluded, demonstrating that the ecological resilience of the microbiota can sometimes extend all the way down to the genetic level. Our results provide new insights into the population genetic forces that shape individual microbiomes on therapeutically relevant timescales, with potential implications for personalized health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roodgar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garud, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avula, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancaster, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babveyh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesamoney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.21.886093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal linked read sequencing reveals ecological and evolutionary responses of a human gut microbiome during antibiotic treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.23.887604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse Aging Cell Atlas Analysis Reveals Global and Cell Type Specific Aging Signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.23.887604v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with complex molecular and cellular processes that are poorly understood. Here we leveraged the Tabula Muris Senis single-cell RNA-seq dataset to systematically characterize gene expression changes during aging across diverse cell types in the mouse. We identified aging-dependent genes in 76 tissue-cell types from 23 tissues and characterized both shared and tissue-cell-specific aging behaviors. We found that the aging-related genes shared by multiple tissue-cell types also change their expression congruently in the same direction during aging in most tissue-cell types, suggesting a coordinated global aging behavior at the organismal level. Scoring cells based on these shared aging genes allowed us to contrast the aging status of different tissues and cell types from a transcriptomic perspective. In addition, we identified genes that exhibit age-related expression changes specific to each functional category of tissue-cell types. All together, our analyses provide one of the most comprehensive and systematic characterizations of the molecular signatures of aging across diverse tissue-cell types in a mammalian system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse Aging Cell Atlas Analysis Reveals Global and Cell Type Specific Aging Signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.20.885285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaption of a Conventional ELISA to a 96-well ELISA-Array for Measuring the Antibody Responses to Influenza virus proteins, viruses and vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.20.885285v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe an adaptation of conventional ELISA methods to an ELISA-Array format using non-contact Piezo printing of up to 30 spots of purified recombinant viral fusion proteins, vaccine and virus on 96 well high-protein binding plates. Antigens were printed in 1 nanoliter volumes of protein stabilizing buffer using as little as 0.25 nanograms of protein, 2000-fold less than conventional ELISA. The performance of the ELISA-Array was demonstrated by serially diluting n=8 human post-flu vaccination plasma samples starting at a 1/1000 dilution and measuring binding to the array of Influenza antigens. Plasma polyclonal antibody levels were detected using a cocktail of biotinylated anti-human kappa and lambda light chain antibodies, followed by a Streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate and the dose-dependent signal was developed with a precipitable TMB substrate. Intra- and inter-assay precision of absorbance units among the eight donor samples showed mean CVs of 4.8% and 10.8%, respectively. The plasma could be differentiated by donor and antigen with titer sensitivities ranging from 1 x 103 to 4 x 106, IC50 values from 1 x 104 to 9 x 106, and monoclonal antibody sensitivities in the ng/mL range. Equivalent sensitivities of ELISA versus ELISA-Array, compared using plasma and an H1N1 HA trimer, were achieved on the ELISA-Array printed at 0.25ng per 200um spot and 1000ng per ELISA 96-well. Vacuum-sealed array plates were shown to be stable when stored for at least 2 days at ambient temperature and up to 1 month at 4-8{degrees}C. By the use of any set of printed antigens and analyte matrices the methods of this multiplexed ELISA-Array format can be broadly applied in translational research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waltari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carabajal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanyal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaption of a Conventional ELISA to a 96-well ELISA-Array for Measuring the Antibody Responses to Influenza virus proteins, viruses and vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.31.892075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular height measurement by cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP) 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2019.12.31.892075v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The physical dimensions of proteins and glycans on cell surfaces can critically affect cell function, for example by preventing close contact between cells and limiting receptor accessibility. However, high-resolution measurements of molecular heights on native cell membranes have been difficult to obtain. Here we present a simple and rapid method that achieves nanometer height resolution by localizing fluorophores at the tip and base of cell surface molecules and determining their separation by radially averaging across many molecules. We use this method, which we call cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP), to quantify height of key multi-domain proteins on a model macrophage and cancer cell, as well as to capture average protein and glycan heights on native cell membranes. We show that average height of a protein is significantly smaller than its contour length due to thermally driven bending and rotation on the membrane and that height strongly depends on local surface and solution conditions. We find that average height increases with cell surface molecular crowding, while it decreases with solution crowding by solutes, both of which we confirm with molecular dynamics simulations. We also use experiments and simulations to determine the height of an epitope based on the location of an antibody, which allows CSOP to profile various proteins and glycans on a native cell surface using antibodies and lectins. This versatile method for profiling cell surfaces has the potential to advance understanding of the molecular landscape of cells and its role in cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Son, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takatori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podolski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalar, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.892075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular height measurement by cell surface optical profilometry (CSOP)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.13.905356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Corona Composition and Dynamics on Carbon Nanotubes in Blood Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.13.905356v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When a nanoparticle enters a biological environment, the surface is rapidly coated with proteins to form a "protein corona". Presence of the protein corona surrounding the nanoparticle has significant implications for applying nanotechnologies within biological systems, affecting outcomes such as biodistribution and toxicity. Herein, we measure protein corona formation on single-stranded DNA wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (ssDNA-SWCNTs), a high-aspect ratio nanoparticle ideal for sensing and delivery applications, and polystyrene nanoparticles, a model nanoparticle system. The protein corona of each nanoparticle is studied in human blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. We characterize corona composition by proteomic mass spectrometry to determine abundant and differentially enriched vs. depleted corona proteins. High-binding corona proteins on ssDNA-SWCNTs include proteins involved in lipid binding and transport (clusterin and apolipoprotein A-I), complement activation (complement C3), and blood coagulation (fibrinogen). Of note, albumin is the most common blood protein (55% w/v), yet exhibits low-binding affinity towards ssDNA-SWCNTs, displaying 1300-fold lower bound concentration relative to native plasma. We investigate the role of electrostatic and entropic interactions driving selective protein corona formation, and find that hydrophobic interactions drive inner corona formation, while shielding of electrostatic interactions allows for outer corona formation. Lastly, we study real-time binding of proteins on ssDNA-SWCNTs and find relative agreement between proteins that are enriched and bind strongly, such as fibrinogen, and proteins that are depleted and bind marginally, such as albumin. Interestingly, certain proteins express contrary behavior in single-protein experiments than within the whole biofluid, highlighting the importance of cooperative mechanisms driving selective corona adsorption on the SWCNT surface. Knowledge of the protein corona composition, dynamics, and structure informs translation of engineered nanoparticles from in vitro design to effective in vivo application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinals, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crothers, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.905356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Corona Composition and Dynamics on Carbon Nanotubes in Blood Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.20.913186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of novel, clinically correlated autoantigens in the monogenic autoimmune syndrome APS1 by PhIP-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.20.913186v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of autoantigens remains a critical challenge for understanding and treating autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1), a rare monogenic form of autoimmunity, presents as widespread autoimmunity with T and B cell responses to multiple organs. Importantly, autoantibody discovery in APS1 can illuminate fundamental disease pathogenesis, and many of the antigens found in APS1 extend to common autoimmune diseases. Here, we performed proteome-wide programmable phage-display (PhIP-Seq) on sera from an APS1 cohort and discovered multiple common antibody targets. These novel autoantigens exhibit tissue-restricted expression, including expression in enteroendocrine cells and dental enamel. Using detailed clinical phenotyping, we find novel associations between autoantibodies and organ-restricted autoimmunity, including between anti-KHDC3L autoantibodies and premature ovarian insufficiency, and between anti-RFX6 autoantibodies and diarrheal-type intestinal dysfunction. Our study highlights the utility of PhIP-Seq for interrogating antigenic repertoires in human autoimmunity and the importance of antigen discovery for improved understanding of disease mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferre, E. M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheel, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandel-Brehm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quandt, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>German, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionakis, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.20.913186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of novel, clinically correlated autoantigens in the monogenic autoimmune syndrome APS1 by PhIP-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.21.911545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell metabolic analysis by mass cytometry reveals distinct transitional states of CD8 T cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.21.911545v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory T cells conventionally rely on oxidative phosphorylation and short-lived effector T cells on glycolysis. Here, we investigate how T cells arrive at these states during an immune response. In order to understand the metabolic state of rare, early activated T cells, we adapted mass cytometry to quantify metabolic regulators at single-cell resolution in parallel with cell signaling, proliferation, and effector function. We interrogated CD8 T cell activation in vitro as well as the trajectory of CD8 T cells responding to Listeria monocytogenes infection, a well-characterized in vivo model for studies of T cell differentiation. This approach revealed a unique metabolic state in early activated T cells characterized by maximal expression of glycolytic and oxidative metabolic proteins. Peak utilization of both pathways was confirmed by extracellular flux analysis. Cells in this transient state were most abundant five days post-infection before rapidly downregulating metabolic protein expression. This approach should be useful for mechanistic investigations of metabolic regulation of immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiam, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenvooren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.911545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell metabolic analysis by mass cytometry reveals distinct transitional states of CD8 T cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.22.915579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
InStrain enables population genomic analysis from metagenomic data and rigorous detection of identical microbial strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.22.915579v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coexisting microbial cells of the same species often exhibit genetic differences that can affect phenotypes ranging from nutrient preference to pathogenicity. Here we present inStrain, a program that utilizes metagenomic paired reads to profile intra-population genetic diversity (microdiversity) across whole genomes and compare populations in a microdiversity-aware manner, dramatically increasing genomic comparison accuracy when benchmarked against existing methods. We use inStrain to profile >1,000 fecal metagenomes from newborn premature infants and find that siblings share significantly more strains than unrelated infants, although identical twins share no more strains than fraternal siblings. Infants born via cesarean section harbored Klebsiella with significantly higher nucleotide diversity than infants delivered vaginally, potentially reflecting acquisition from hospital versus maternal microbiomes. Genomic loci showing diversity within an infant included variants found in other infants, possibly reflecting inoculation from diverse hospital-associated sources. InStrain can be applied to any metagenomic dataset for microdiversity analysis and rigorous strain comparison.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouma-Gregson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.915579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[InStrain enables population genomic analysis from metagenomic data and rigorous detection of identical microbial strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.22.916106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous detection of glucose and insulin in live animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.22.916106v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-time biosensors that can continuously measure circulating biomolecules in vivo would provide valuable insights into a patients health status and their response to therapeutics even when there is considerable variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics across patient populations. Unfortunately, current real-time biosensors are limited to a handful of analytes (e.g. glucose and blood oxygen) and are limited in sensitivity (high nanomolar). In this work, we describe a general approach for continuously and simultaneously measuring multiple analytes with picomolar sensitivity and sub-second temporal resolution. As exemplars, we report the simultaneous detection of glucose and insulin at picomolar concentrations in live diabetic rats. Using our system, we demonstrate the capacity to resolve inter-individual differences in the pharmacokinetic responses to insulin and discriminate profiles from different insulin formulations at a high temporal resolution. Critically, our approach is general and could be readily modified to continuously and simultaneously measure other circulating analytes in vivo by swapping the affinity reagents, thus making it a versatile tool for biomedical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poudineh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maikawa, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue Ma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamerow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beirami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuckovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.916106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous detection of glucose and insulin in live animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.23.912717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Silico Modeling of Metabolic State in Single Th17 Cells Reveals Novel Regulators of Inflammation and Autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.23.912717v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular metabolism, a key regulator of immune responses, is difficult to study with current technologies in individual cells Here, we present Compass, an algorithm to characterize the metabolic state of cells based on single-cell RNA-Seq and flux balance analysis. We applied Compass to associate metabolic states with functional variability (pathogenic potential) amongst Th17 cells and recovered a metabolic switch between glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, akin to known differences between Th17 and Treg cells, as well as novel targets in amino-acid pathways, which we tested through targeted metabolic assays. Compass further predicted a particular glycolytic reaction (phosphoglycerate mutase -- PGAM) that promotes an anti-inflammatory Th17 phenotype, contrary to the common understanding of glycolysis as pro-inflammatory. We demonstrate that PGAM inhibition leads non-pathogenic Th17 cells to adopt a pro-inflammatory transcriptome and induce autoimmunity in vivo. Compass is broadly applicable for characterizing metabolic states of cells and relating metabolic heterogeneity to other cellular phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghouani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akama-Garren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron-Harel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.912717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Silico Modeling of Metabolic State in Single Th17 Cells Reveals Novel Regulators of Inflammation and Autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.24.917971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-derived Circular RNAs Display Proviral Activities in Hepatitis C Virus - Infected Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.24.917971v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses subvert macromolecular pathways in infected host cells to aid in viral gene amplification or to counteract innate immune responses. Roles for host-encoded RNAs, including microRNAs, have been found to provide pro- and anti-viral functions. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs), that are generated by a nuclear back-splicing mechanism of pre-mRNAs, have been implicated to have roles in DNA virus-infected cells. This study examines the circular RNA landscape in uninfected and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected liver cells. Results showed that the abundances of distinct classes of circRNAs were up-regulated or down-regulated in infected cells. Identified circRNAs displayed pro-viral effects. One particular up-regulated circRNA, circPSD3, displayed a very pronounced effect on viral RNA abundances in both hepatitis C virus- and Dengue virus-infected cells. Surprisingly, circPSD3 also inhibited the cellular nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway in liver cells. Thus, enhanced abundance of circPSD3 in virus-infected cells aids in viral replication and likely contributes to the known inhibition of NMD in HCV-infected cells. Findings from the global analyses of the circular RNA landscape argue pro-, and likely, anti-viral functions are executed by circRNAs that modulate both viral gene expression as well as host pathways. Because of their long half-lives, circRNAs likely play hitherto unknown, important roles in viral pathogenesis.

Author SummaryUsually, cells are infected by one or a few virus particles that carry genomes with limited expression capacity. Thus, the expression of viral genomes has to compete with a sea of cellular components that aid in viral translation, replication and virion production. Depending on their lifestyle, viruses have evolved to avoid or to subvert cellular pathways, especially those that display anti-viral functions. Host-derived circular RNA molecules have recently been discovered in the cytoplasm of cells, although, as-of yet, few functions have been assigned to them. Here, we describe alterations in the circular RNA landscape in hepatitis C virus-infected liver cells. Up-regulated and down-regulated circular RNAs were identified, and three of the upregulated RNAs were shown to promote HCV infection. One of them, circPSD3, inhibited the cellular nonsense-mediated RNA decay that is a powerful antiviral response in infected cells. Because circular RNAs are more stable than linear RNAs, they may have important functions during viral infection, dictating the outcomes of innate immune responses and viral pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallo-Parra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadener, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böttcher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Vilaro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonchuen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somboonwiwat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnow, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.917971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-derived Circular RNAs Display Proviral Activities in Hepatitis C Virus - Infected Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.28.923235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmaceutical-grade Rigosertib is a Microtubule-destabilizing Agent 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.28.923235v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently used CRISPRi/a-based chemical-genetic screens and targeted cell biological, biochemical, and structural assays to determine that rigosertib, an anti-cancer agent in phase III clinical trials, kills cancer cells by destabilizing microtubules. In a recent manuscript, Reddy and co-workers suggest that this microtubule-destabilizing activity of rigosertib is mediated not by rigosertib itself but by a contaminating degradation product of rigosertib, ON01500, present in formulations obtained from commercial vendors (Baker et al., 2019). Here, we demonstrate that treatment of cells with pharmaceutical-grade rigosertib (>99.9% purity) results in qualitatively indistinguishable phenotypes as treatment with commercially obtained rigosertib across multiple assays. The two compounds have indistinguishable chemical-genetic interactions with genes involved in modulating the microtubule network (KIF2C and TACC3), both destabilize microtubules in cells and in vitro, and both show substantially reduced toxicity in cell lines expressing a rationally-designed mutant of tubulin (L240F TUBB mutant), in which the rigosertib binding site in tubulin is mutated. Importantly, the specificity of the L240F TUBB mutant for microtubule-destabilizing agents, which is disputed by Reddy and co-workers, was recently confirmed by an independent research group (Patterson et al., 2019). We conclude that rigosertib kills cancer cells by destabilizing microtubules, in agreement with our original findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horlbeck, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krenning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menchon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prota, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhmanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanenbaum, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmaceutical-grade Rigosertib is a Microtubule-destabilizing Agent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.30.923003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping of the nucleolar proteome reveals spatiotemporal organization related to intrinsic protein disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.30.923003v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleolus is essential for ribosome biogenesis and is involved in many other cellular functions. We performed a systematic spatiotemporal dissection of the human nucleolar proteome using confocal microscopy. In total, 1,318 nucleolar proteins were identified; 287 were localized to fibrillar components, and 157 were enriched along the nucleoplasmic border, indicating a potential fourth nucleolar subcompartment (nucleoli rim). We found 65 nucleolar proteins (36 uncharacterized) to relocate to the chromosomal periphery during mitosis. Interestingly, we observed temporal partitioning into two recruitment phenotypes: early (prometaphase) and late (after metaphase), suggesting phase-specific functions. We further show that expression of MKI67 is critical for this temporal partitioning. We provide the first proteome-wide analysis of intrinsic protein disorder for the human nucleolus and show that nucleolar proteins in general, and mitotic chromosome proteins in particular, have significantly higher intrinsic disorder level compared to cytosolic proteins. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive and essential resource of spatiotemporal expression data for the nucleolar proteome as part of the Human Protein Atlas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stenstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahdessian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuylen-Haering, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.923003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping of the nucleolar proteome reveals spatiotemporal organization related to intrinsic protein disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.03.927442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Poecivirus is present in individuals with beak deformities in seven species of North American birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.03.927442v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Avian keratin disorder (AKD), a disease characterized by debilitating beak overgrowth but with unknown etiology, has increasingly affected wild bird populations since the 1990s. We previously showed that a novel picornavirus, Poecivirus, is closely correlated with disease status in Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in Alaska. However, our knowledge of the relationship between Poecivirus and beak deformities in other species and other geographic areas remains limited. The growing geographic scope and number of species affected by AKD-like beak deformities require a better understanding of the causative agent to evaluate the population-level impacts of this epizootic. Here, we tested eight individuals from six avian species with AKD-consistent deformities for the presence of Poecivirus: Mew Gull (Larus canus), Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus), Black-billed Magpie (Pica hudsonia), Northwestern Crow (Corvus caurinus), Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), and Blackpoll Warbler (Setophaga striata); individuals were sampled in Alaska and Maine (1999-2016). We used targeted PCR followed by Sanger sequencing to test for the presence of Poecivirus in each specimen, and to obtain viral genome sequence from virus-positive host individuals. We detected Poecivirus in all individuals tested, but not in negative controls. Furthermore, we used unbiased metagenomic sequencing to test for the presence of other pathogens in six of these specimens (Hairy Woodpecker, two Northwestern Crows, two Red-breasted Nuthatches, Blackpoll Warbler). This analysis yielded additional viral sequence from several specimens, including the complete coding region of Poecivirus from one Red-breasted Nuthatch, which we confirmed via targeted PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. This study demonstrates that Poecivirus is present in individuals with AKD-consistent deformities from six avian species other than Black-capped Chickadee. While further investigation will be required to explore whether there exists a causal link between this virus and AKD, this study demonstrates that Poecivirus is not geographically restricted to Alaska, but rather occurs elsewhere in North America.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zylberberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hemert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.927442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Poecivirus is present in individuals with beak deformities in seven species of North American birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.03.932392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-evaluating the conventional wisdom about binding assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.03.932392v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analytical technologies based on binding assays have evolved substantially since their inception nearly 60 years ago, but our conceptual understanding of molecular recognition has not kept pace. Indeed, contemporary technologies such as single-molecule and digital measurements have challenged, or even rendered obsolete, core aspects of the conventional wisdom related to binding assay design. Here, we explore the fundamental principles underlying molecular recognition systems, which we consider in terms of signals generated through concentration-dependent shifts in equilibrium. We challenge certain orthodoxies related to binding-based detection assays, including the primary importance of a low KD and the extent to which this parameter constrains dynamic range and limit of detection. Lastly, we identify key principles for designing binding assays optimally suited for a given detection application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-evaluating the conventional wisdom about binding assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/684357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hubble2D6: A deep learning approach for predicting drug metabolic activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/684357v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a highly polymorphic gene whose protein product metabolizes more than 20% of clinically used drugs. Genetic variations in CYP2D6 are responsible for interindividual heterogeneity in drug response that can lead to drug toxicity and ineffective treatment, making CYP2D6 one of the most important pharmacogenes. Prediction of CYP2D6 phenotype relies on curation of literature-derived functional studies to assign a functional status to CYP2D6 haplotypes. As the number of large-scale sequencing efforts grows, new haplotypes continue to be discovered, and assignment of function is challenging to maintain. To address this challenge, we have trained a deep learning model to predict functional status of CYP2D6 haplotypes, called Hubble.2D6. We find that Hubble.2D6 predicts CYP2D6 haplotype functional status with 88% accuracy in a held out test set and explains a significant amount of the variability in in vitro functional data. Hubble.2D6 may be a useful tool for assigning function to haplotypes with uncurated function, which may be used for screening individuals who are at risk of being poor metabolizers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McInnes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangkuhl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whirl-Carrillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodahl, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hubble2D6: A deep learning approach for predicting drug metabolic activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.04.934570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Impacts on Host Transcription by ROP and GRA Effectors from the Intracellular Parasite Toxoplasma gondii 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.04.934570v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii employs a vast array of effector proteins from the rhoptry and dense granule organelles to modulate host cell biology; these effectors are known as ROPs and GRAs, respectively. To examine the individual impacts of ROPs and GRAs on host gene expression, we developed a robust, novel protocol to enrich for ultra-pure populations of a naturally occurring and reproducible population of host cells called uninfected-injected (U-I) cells, which Toxoplasma injects with ROPs but subsequently fails to invade. We then performed single cell transcriptomic analysis at 1-3 hours post-infection on U-I cells (as well as on uninfected and infected controls) arising from infection with either wild type parasites or parasites lacking the MYR1 protein, which is required for soluble GRAs to cross the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) and reach the host cell cytosol. Based on comparisons of infected and U-I cells, the hosts earliest response to infection appears to be driven primarily by the injected ROPs, which appear to induce immune and cellular stress pathways. These ROP-dependent pro-inflammatory signatures appear to be counteracted by at least some of the MYR1-dependent GRAs and may be enhanced by the MYR-independent GRAs, (which are found embedded within the PVM). Finally, signatures detected in uninfected bystander cells from the infected monolayers suggests that MYR1-dependent paracrine effects also counteract inflammatory ROP-dependent processes.

IMPORTANCEThis work performs the first transcriptomic analysis of U-I cells, captures the earliest stage of a host cells interaction with Toxoplasma gondii, and dissects the effects of individual classes of parasite effectors on host cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothroyd, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.934570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Impacts on Host Transcription by ROP and GRA Effectors from the Intracellular Parasite Toxoplasma gondii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.06.937805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Informative Gene Modules Across Modalities of Single Cell Genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.06.937805v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two fundamental aims that emerge when analyzing single-cell RNA-seq data are that of identifying which genes vary in an informative manner and determining how these genes organize into modules. Here we propose a general approach to these problems that operates directly on a given metric of cell-cell similarity, allowing for its integration with any method (linear or non linear) for identifying the primary axes of transcriptional variation between cells. Additionally, we show that when using multimodal data, our procedure can be used to identify genes whose expression reflects alternative notions of similarity between cells, such as physical proximity in a tissue or clonal relatedness in a cell lineage tree. In this manner, we demonstrate that while our method, called Hotspot, is capable of identifying genes that reflect nuanced transcriptional variability between T helper cells, it can also identify spatially-dependent patterns of gene expression in the cerebellum as well as developmentally-heritable expression signatures during embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.937805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Informative Gene Modules Across Modalities of Single Cell Genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.08.939918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding affinity and conformational preferences influence kinetic stability of short oligonucleotides on carbon nanotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.08.939918v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA-wrapped single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have found a widespread use in a variety of nanotechnology applications. Yet, the relationship between structural conformation, binding affinity and kinetic stability of these polymers on SWNTs remains poorly understood. Here, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experiments to explore this relationship for short oligonucleotides adsorbed on SWNTs. First, using classical MD simulations of oligonucleotide-(9,4)-SWNT hybrid complexes, we explored the relationship between ssDNA and ssRNA surface conformation and sequence chemistry. We screened the conformation of 36 sequences of short ssDNA and ssRNA polymers on (9,4) SWNT, where the contour lengths were selected so the polymers can, to a first approximation, wrap once around the SWNT circumference. From these screens, we identified structural motifs that we broadly classified into "rings" and "non-rings." Then, several sequences were selected for detailed investigations. We used temperature replica exchange MD calculations to compute two-dimensional free energy landscapes characterizing the conformations of select sequences. "Ring" conformations seemed to be driven primarily by sequence chemistry. Specifically, strong (n,n+2) nucleotide interactions and the ability of the polymer to form compact structures, as for example, through sharp bends in the nucleotide backbone, correlated with ring-forming propensity. However, ring-formation probability was found to be uncorrelated with free energy of oligonucleotide binding to SWNTs ({Delta}Gbind). Conformational analyses of oligonucleotides, computed free energy of binding of oligonucleotides to SWNTs, and experimentally determined kinetic stability measurements show that {Delta}Gbind is the primary correlate for kinetic stability. The probability of the sequence to adopt a compact, ring-like conformation is shown to play a secondary role that still contributes measurably to kinetic stability. For example, sequences that form stable compact rings (C-rich sequences) could compensate for their relatively lower {Delta}Gbind and exhibit kinetic stability, while sequences with strong {Delta}Gbind (such as (TG)3(GT)3) were found to be kinetically stable despite their low ring formation propensity. We conclude that the stability of adsorbed oligonucleotides is primarily driven by its free energy of binding and that if ring-like structural motifs form, they would contribute positively to stability.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/939918v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alizadehmojarad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyene, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.08.939918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding affinity and conformational preferences influence kinetic stability of short oligonucleotides on carbon nanotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.10.941203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring aptamer folding energy using a molecular clamp 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.10.941203v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Folding energy offers a useful metric for characterizing the stability and function of aptamers. However, experimentally measuring the folding energy is challenging and there is currently no general technique to measure this parameter directly. In this work, we present a simple approach for measuring aptamer folding energy. First, the aptamer is stretched under equilibrium conditions with a double-stranded DNA "molecular clamp" that is coupled to the aptamer ends. We then measure the total internal energy of stressed DNA molecules using time-lapse gel electrophoresis and compare the folding and unfolding behavior of molecular clamp-stressed molecules that incorporate either the aptamer or unstructured random single-stranded DNA in order to derive the aptamer folding energy. Using this approach, we measured a folding energy of 10.40 kJ/mol for the HD22 thrombin aptamer, which is consistent with other predictions and estimates. We also analyzed a simple hairpin structure, generating a folding energy result of 9.05 kJ/mol, consistent with the value predicted by computational models (9.24 kJ/mol). We believe our strategy offers an accessible and generalizable approach for obtaining such measurements with virtually any aptamer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.941203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring aptamer folding energy using a molecular clamp]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.10.942359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Form and function: diverse homeostatic and immunomodulatory roles of immune cells in the developing lung revealed at single cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.10.942359v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At birth, the lungs experience a sudden transition from a pathogen-free, hypoxic, fluid-filled environment to a pathogen-rich, rhythmically distended air-liquid interface. While many studies focus on adult tissue, the heterogeneity of immune cells in the perinatal lung remains unexplored. Here, we combine single cell transcriptomics with in situ hybridization to present an atlas of the murine lung immune compartment during a critical period of lung development. We show that the late embryonic lung is dominated by specialized proliferative macrophages with a surprising physical interaction with the developing vasculature. These macrophages disappear after birth and are replaced by a complex and dynamic mixture of macrophage subtypes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and lymphocytes. Detailed characterization of macrophage diversity revealed a precise orchestration of five distinct subpopulations across postnatal development to fill context-specific functions in tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and immunity. These data both broaden the putative roles for immune cells in the developing lung and provide a framework for understanding how external insults alter immune cell phenotype during a period of rapid lung growth and heightened vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Domingo-Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornfield, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvira, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.942359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Form and function: diverse homeostatic and immunomodulatory roles of immune cells in the developing lung revealed at single cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.23.911966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic and Epigenomic Regulation of Th17/Treg Balance by the Polyamine Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.01.23.911966v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular metabolism can orchestrate immune cell function. We previously demonstrated that lipid biosynthesis represents one such gatekeeper to Th17 cell functional state. Utilizing Compass, a transcriptome-based algorithm for prediction of metabolic flux, we constructed a comprehensive metabolic circuitry for Th17 cell function and identified the polyamine pathway as a candidate metabolic node, the flux of which regulates the inflammatory function of T cells. Testing this prediction, we found that expression and activities of enzymes of the polyamine pathway were enhanced in pathogenic Th17 cells and suppressed in regulatory T cells. Perturbation of the polyamine pathway in Th17 cells suppressed canonical Th17 cell cytokines and promoted the expression of Foxp3, accompanied by dramatic shift in transcriptome and epigenome, transitioning Th17 cells into a Treg-like state. Genetic and chemical perturbation of the polyamine pathway resulted in attenuation of tissue inflammation in an autoimmune disease model of central nervous system, with changes in T cell effector phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila-Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghouani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bod, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron-Harel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puleston, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soleimani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.911966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic and Epigenomic Regulation of Th17/Treg Balance by the Polyamine Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.10.942854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single mosquito metatranscriptomics recovers mosquito species, blood meal sources, and microbial cargo, including viral dark matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.10.942854v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes are major infectious disease-carrying vectors. Assessment of current and future risks associated with the mosquito population requires knowledge of the full repertoire of pathogens they carry, including novel viruses, as well as their blood meal sources. Unbiased metatranscriptomic sequencing of individual mosquitoes offers a straightforward, rapid and quantitative means to acquire this information. Here, we profile 148 diverse wild-caught mosquitoes collected in California and detect sequences from eukaryotes, prokaryotes, 24 known and 46 novel viral species. Importantly, sequencing individuals greatly enhanced the value of the biological information obtained. It allowed us to a) speciate host mosquito, b) compute the prevalence of each microbe and recognize a high frequency of viral co-infections, c) associate animal pathogens with specific blood meal sources, and d) apply simple co-occurrence methods to recover previously undetected components of highly prevalent segmented viruses. In the context of emerging diseases, where knowledge about vectors, pathogens, and reservoirs is lacking, the approaches described here can provide actionable information for public health surveillance and intervention decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnasari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas-Stapleton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Retallack, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.942854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single mosquito metatranscriptomics recovers mosquito species, blood meal sources, and microbial cargo, including viral dark matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.12.946509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No detectable alloreactive transcriptional responses during donor-multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.12.946509v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides high-dimensional measurement of transcript counts in individual cells. However, high assay costs limit the study of large numbers of samples. Sample multiplexing technologies such as antibody hashing and MULTI-seq use sample-specific sequence tags to enable individual samples (e.g., different patients) to be sequenced in a pooled format before downstream computational demultiplexing. Critically, no study to date has evaluated whether the mixing of samples from different donors in this manner results in significant changes in gene expression resulting from alloreactivity (i.e., response to non-self immune antigens). The ability to demonstrate minimal to no alloreactivity is crucial to avoid confounded data analyses, particularly for cross-sectional studies evaluating changes in immunologic gene signatures. Here, we compared the expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a single donor with and without pooling with PBMCs isolated from other donors with different blood types. We find that there was no evidence of alloreactivity in the multiplexed samples following three distinct multiplexing workflows (antibody hashing, MULTI-seq, and in silico genotyping using souporcell). Moreover, we identified biases amongst antibody hashing sample classification results in this particular experimental system, as well as gene expression signatures linked to PBMC preparation method (e.g., Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation with or without apheresis using Trima filtration).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.946509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No detectable alloreactive transcriptional responses during donor-multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.13.942896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large Freshwater Phages with the Potential to Augment Aerobic Methane Oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.13.942896v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is growing evidence that phages with unusually large genomes are common across various natural and human microbiomes, but little is known about their genetic inventories or potential ecosystem impacts. Here, we reconstructed large phage genomes from freshwater lakes known to contain bacteria that oxidize methane. Twenty-two manually curated genomes (18 are complete) ranging from 159 to 527 kbp in length were found to encode the pmoC gene, an enzymatically critical subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase, the predominant methane oxidation catalyst in nature. The phage-associated PmoC show high similarity (> 90%) and affiliate phylogenetically with those of coexisting bacterial methanotrophs, and their abundance patterns correlate with the abundances of these bacteria, supporting host-phage relationships. We suggest that phage PmoC has similar functions to additional copies of PmoC encoded in bacterial genomes, thus contribute to growth on methane. Transcriptomics data from one system showed that the phage-associated pmoC genes are actively expressed in situ. Augmentation of bacterial methane oxidation by pmoC-phages during infection could modulate the efflux of this powerful greenhouse gas into the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colenbrander Nelson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.942896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large Freshwater Phages with the Potential to Augment Aerobic Methane Oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.16.947804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interaction of crossover formation and the dynamic architecture of the synaptonemal complex during meiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.16.947804v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During meiosis, pairing between homologous chromosomes is stabilized by the assembly of a protein lattice known as the synaptonemal complex (SC). The SC ensures the formation of crossovers between homologous chromosomes and also regulates their distribution. However, how the SC regulates crossover formation remains elusive. We isolated an unusual mutation in C. elegans that disrupts crossover interference but not the assembly of the SC. This mutation alters the unique C-terminal domain of an essential SC protein, SYP-4, a likely ortholog of the vertebrate SC protein SIX6OS1. To characterize the structure of the SC in wild-type and mutant animals, we use three-dimensional STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (3D-STORM) to interrogate the molecular architecture of the SC in intact germline tissue from C. elegans. The approach enabled us to define positions of protein epitopes with respect to the 3D architecture of this complex. Using a probabilistic mapping approach to analyze super-resolution image data, we detect a marked structural transition in wild-type animals that coincides with crossover designation. We also found that our syp-4 mutant subtly perturbs SC architecture. Our findings add to growing evidence that the SC is an active material whose molecular organization contributes to chromosome-wide crossover regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Köhler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dernburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.16.947804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interaction of crossover formation and the dynamic architecture of the synaptonemal complex during meiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.18.954974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
μCB-seq: Microfluidic cell barcoding and sequencing for high-resolution imaging and sequencing of single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.18.954974v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables the investigation of complex biological processes in multicellular organisms with high resolution. However, many phenotypic features that are critical to understanding the functional role of cells in a heterogeneous tissue or organ are not directly encoded in the genome and therefore cannot be profiled with scRNA-seq. Quantitative optical microscopy has long been a powerful approach for characterizing diverse cellular phenotypes including cell morphology, protein localization, and chemical composition. Combining scRNA-seq with optical imaging has the potential to provide comprehensive single-cell analysis, allowing for functional integration of gene expression profiling and cell-state characterization. However, it is difficult to track single cells through both measurements; therefore, coupling current scRNA-seq protocols with optical measurements remains a challenge. Here, we report Microfluidic Cell Barcoding and Sequencing (CB-seq), a microfluidic platform that combines high-resolution imaging and sequencing of single cells. CB-seq is enabled by a novel fabrication method that preloads primers with known barcode sequences inside addressable reaction chambers of a microfluidic device. In addition to enabling multi-modal single-cell analysis, CB-seq improves gene detection sensitivity, providing a scalable and accurate method for information-rich characterization of single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalavadia, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.954974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[μCB-seq: Microfluidic cell barcoding and sequencing for high-resolution imaging and sequencing of single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.18.955393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcriptional landscape of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.18.955393v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is a major biothreat agent that naturally causes outbreaks in humans and horses particularly in tropical areas of the western hemisphere, for which no antiviral therapy is currently available. The host response to VEEV and the cellular factors this alphavirus hijacks to support its effective replication or evade cellular immune responses are largely uncharacterized. We have previously demonstrated tremendous cell-to-cell heterogeneity in viral RNA (vRNA) and cellular transcript levels during flaviviral infection using a novel virus-inclusive single-cell RNA-Seq approach. Here, we used this unbiased, genome-wide approach to simultaneously profile the host transcriptome and vRNA in thousands of single cells during infection of human astrocytes with the live-attenuated vaccine strain of VEEV (TC-83). Host transcription was profoundly suppressed, yet "superproducer cells" with extremely high vRNA abundance emerged during the first viral life cycle and demonstrated an altered transcriptome relative to both uninfected cells and cells with high vRNA abundance harvested at later time points. Additionally, cells with increased structural-to-nonstructural transcript ratio exhibited upregulation of intracellular membrane trafficking genes at later time points. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments confirmed pro- and antiviral activities in both vaccine and virulent VEEV infections among the products of transcripts that positively or negatively correlated with vRNA abundance, respectively. Lastly, comparison with single cell transcriptomic data from other viruses highlighted common and unique pathways perturbed by infection across evolutionary scales. This study provides a high-resolution characterization of the VEEV (TC-83)-host interplay, identifies candidate targets for antivirals, and establishes a comparative single-cell approach to study the evolution of virus-host interactions.

Author SummaryLittle is known about the host response to Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) and the cellular factors this alphavirus hijacks to support effective replication or evade cellular immune responses. Monitoring dynamics of host and viral RNA (vRNA) during viral infection at a single-cell level can provide insight into the virus-host interplay at a high resolution. Here, a single-cell RNA sequencing technology that detects host and viral RNA was used to investigate the interactions between TC-83, the vaccine strain of VEEV, with the human host during the course of infection of U-87 MG cells (human astrocytoma). Virus abundance and host transcriptome were heterogeneous across cells from the same culture. Subsets of differentially expressed genes, positively or negatively correlating with vRNA abundance, were identified and subsequently in vitro validated as candidate proviral and antiviral factors, respectively, in TC-83 and/or virulent VEEV infections. In the first replication cycle, "superproducer" cells exhibited rapid increase in vRNA abundance and unique gene expression patterns. At later time points, cells with increased structural-to-nonstructural transcript ratio demonstrated upregulation of intracellular membrane trafficking genes. Lastly, comparing the VEEV dataset with published datasets on other RNA viruses revealed unique and overlapping responses across viral clades. Overall, this study improves the understanding of VEEV-host interactions, reveals candidate targets for antiviral approaches, and establishes a comparative single-cell approach to study the evolution of virus-host interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panpradist, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muniz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcriptional landscape of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.21.959791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biased localization of actin binding proteins by actin filament conformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.21.959791v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly of actin filaments into distinct cytoskeletal structures plays a critical role in cell physiology, but how proteins localize differentially to these structures within a shared cytoplasm remains unclear. Here, we show that the actin-binding domains of accessory proteins can be sensitive to filament conformational changes. Using a combination of live cell imaging and in vitro single molecule binding measurements, we show that tandem calponin homology domains (CH1-CH2) can be mutated to preferentially bind actin networks at the front or rear of motile cells, and we demonstrate that the affinity of CH1-CH2 domain mutants varies as actin filament conformation is altered by perturbations that include stabilizing drugs, physical constraints, and other binding proteins. These findings suggest that conformational heterogeneity of actin filaments in cells could help to direct accessory binding proteins to different actin cytoskeletal structures through a biophysical feedback loop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jreij, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belardi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bausch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.959791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biased localization of actin binding proteins by actin filament conformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.23.961904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping proteolytic neo-N termini at the surface of living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.23.961904v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N terminomics is a powerful strategy for profiling proteolytic neo-N termini, but its application to cell surface proteolysis has been limited by the low relative abundance of plasma membrane proteins. Here we apply plasma membrane-targeted subtiligase variants to efficiently and specifically capture cell surface N termini in live cells. Using this approach, we sequenced 807 cell surface N termini and quantified changes in their abundance in response to stimuli that induce proteolytic remodeling of the cell surface proteome. This technology will facilitate greater understanding of extracellular protease biology and reveal neo-N termini biomarkers and targets in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weeks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrnes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.23.961904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping proteolytic neo-N termini at the surface of living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.25.960302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering novel cell types across heterogeneous single-cell experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.25.960302v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although tremendous effort has been put into cell type annotation and classification, identification of previously uncharacterized cell types in heterogeneous single-cell RNA-seq data remains a challenge. Here we present MARS, a meta-learning approach for identifying and annotating known as well as novel cell types. MARS overcomes the heterogeneity of cell types by transferring latent cell representations across multiple datasets. MARS uses deep learning to learn a cell embedding function as well as a set of landmarks in the cell embedding space. The method annotates cells by probabilistically defining a cell type based on nearest landmarks in the embedding space. MARS has a unique ability to discover cell types that have never been seen before and annotate experiments that are yet unannotated. We apply MARS to a large aging cell atlas of 23 tissues covering the life span of a mouse. MARS accurately identifies cell types, even when it has never seen them before. Further, the method automatically generates interpretable names for novel cell types. Remarkably, MARS estimates meaningful cell-type-specific signatures of aging and visualizes them as trajectories reflecting temporal relationships of cells in a tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brbic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zitnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.960302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering novel cell types across heterogeneous single-cell experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.25.964536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitive, highly multiplexed sequencing of microhaplotypes from the Plasmodium falciparum heterozygome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.25.964536v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTargeted next generation sequencing offers the potential for consistent, deep coverage of information rich genomic regions to characterize polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections. However, methods to identify and sequence these genomic regions are currently limited.

MethodsA bioinformatic pipeline and multiplex methods were developed to identify and simultaneously sequence 100 targets and applied to dried blood spot (DBS) controls and field isolates from Mozambique. For comparison, WGS data were generated for the same controls.

ResultsUsing publicly available genomes, 4465 high diversity genomic regions suited for targeted sequencing were identified, representing the P. falciparum heterozygome. For this study, 93 microhaplotypes with high diversity (median HE = 0.7) were selected along with 7 drug resistance loci. The sequencing method achieved very high coverage (median 99%), specificity (99.8%) and sensitivity (90% for haplotypes with 5% within sample frequency in DBS with 100 parasites/{micro}L). In silico analyses revealed that microhaplotypes provided much higher resolution to discriminate related from unrelated polyclonal infections than biallelic SNP barcodes.

DiscussionThe bioinformatic and laboratory methods outlined here provide a flexible tool for efficient, low-cost, high throughput interrogation of the P. falciparum genome, and can be tailored to simultaneously address multiple questions of interest in various epidemiological settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tessema, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teyssier, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydemir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simone, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colborn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saute, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aide, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.964536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitive, highly multiplexed sequencing of microhaplotypes from the Plasmodium falciparum heterozygome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.26.966911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR Screen in Regulatory T Cells Reveals Ubiquitination Modulators of Foxp3 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.26.966911v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are required to control immune responses and maintain homeostasis but are a significant barrier to anti-tumor immunity1. Conversely, Treg instability, characterized by loss of the master transcription factor Foxp3 and acquisition of pro-inflammatory properties2, can promote autoimmunity and/or facilitate more effective tumor immunity3,4. A comprehensive understanding of the pathways that regulate Foxp3 could lead to more effective Treg therapies for autoimmune disease and cancer. Despite improved functional genetic tools that now allow for systematic interrogation, dissection of the gene regulatory programs that modulate Foxp3 expression has not yet been reported. In this study, we developed a CRISPR-based pooled screening platform for phenotypes in primary mouse Tregs and applied this technology to perform a targeted loss-of-function screen of [~]490 nuclear factors to identify gene regulatory programs that promote or disrupt Foxp3 expression. We discovered several novel modulators including ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (Usp22), Ataxin 7 like 3 (Atxn7l3) and ring finger protein 20 (Rnf20). Members of the deubiquitination module of the SAGA chromatin modifying complex, Usp22 and Atxn7l3, were discovered to be positive regulators that stabilized Foxp3 expression; whereas the screen suggested Rnf20, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is a negative regulator of Foxp3. Treg-specific ablation of Usp22 in mice reduced Foxp3 protein and created defects in their suppressive function that led to spontaneous autoimmunity but protected against tumor growth in multiple cancer models. Foxp3 destabilization in Usp22-deficient Tregs could be rescued by ablation of Rnf20, revealing a reciprocal ubiquitin switch in Tregs. These results reveal novel modulators of Foxp3 and demonstrate a screening method that can be broadly applied to discover new targets for Treg immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cortez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montauti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaked, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prator, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ifergan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Gool, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bluestone, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.966911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR Screen in Regulatory T Cells Reveals Ubiquitination Modulators of Foxp3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.26.967133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint profiling of proteins and DNA in single cells reveals extensive proteogenomic decoupling in leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.26.967133v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of acute myeloid leukemia rely on DNA sequencing and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry as primary tools for disease characterization. However, leukemia tumor heterogeneity complicates integration of DNA variants and immunophenotypes from separate measurements. Here we introduce DAb-seq, a novel technology for simultaneous capture of DNA genotype and cell surface phenotype from single cells at high throughput, enabling direct profiling of proteogenomic states in tens of thousands of cells. To demonstrate the approach, we analyze the disease of three patients with leukemia over multiple treatment timepoints and disease recurrences. We observe complex genotype-phenotype dynamics that illustrate the subtlety of the disease process and the degree of incongruity between blast cell genotype and phenotype in different clinical scenarios. Our results highlight the importance of combined single-cell DNA and protein measurements to fully characterize the heterogeneity of leukemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demaree, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delley, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasudevan, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, C. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.967133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint profiling of proteins and DNA in single cells reveals extensive proteogenomic decoupling in leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.27.968297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-protein interaction mapping via MS2 or Cas13-based APEX targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.27.968297v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-protein interactions underlie a wide range of cellular processes. Improved methods are needed to systematically map RNA-protein interactions in living cells in an unbiased manner. Capitalizing on the ability of the engineered peroxidase APEX2 to identify protein interaction partners via proximity-dependent biotinylation, we used two approaches to target APEX2 to specific cellular RNAs. Both an MS2-MCP system and an engineered CRISPR-Cas13 system were able to deliver APEX2 to the human telomerase RNA hTR with high specificity. One-minute proximity biotinylation captured endogenous protein interaction partners of hTR, including more than a dozen proteins not previously linked to hTR. We validated the unexpected interaction between hTR and the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase ALKBH5. Further investigation showed that endogenous hTR is modified by m6A, which can be erased by ALKBH5, and that ALKBH5 influences both telomerase complex assembly and activity. These results highlight the ability of MS2- and Cas13-targeted APEX2 to identify novel RNA-protein interactions in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.968297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-protein interaction mapping via MS2 or Cas13-based APEX targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.28.970491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters enable specific phenotypic manipulation of resting primary natural killer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.02.28.970491v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells are capable of rapid and robust cytotoxicity, making them excellent tools for immunotherapy. However, their recalcitrance to standard transfection techniques has limited both mechanistic studies and clinical applications. Current approaches for NK cell manipulation rely on viral transduction or methods requiring NK cell activation, which can alter NK cell function. Here, we report that non-viral Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters (CARTs) efficiently transfect primary human NK cells with mRNA without relying on NK cell activation. Compared to electroporation, CARTs transfect NK cells two orders of magnitude more efficiently, better preserve cell viability, and cause minimal reconfiguration of NK cell phenotype and function. Finally, we use CARTs to generate highly cytotoxic primary human chimeric antigen receptor NK cells, indicating potential therapeutic utility of this technique. To our knowledge, CARTs represent the first efficacious transfection technique for resting primary NK cells that preserves NK cell phenotype, and can drive new biological discoveries and clinical applications of this understudied lymphocyte subset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilk, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benner, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haabeth, O. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waymouth, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wender, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.970491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters enable specific phenotypic manipulation of resting primary natural killer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.02.968818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid metagenomic characterization of a case of imported COVID-19 in Cambodia 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.02.968818v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid production and publication of pathogen genome sequences during emerging disease outbreaks provide crucial public health information. In resource-limited settings, especially near an outbreak epicenter, conventional deep sequencing or bioinformatics are often challenging. Here we successfully used metagenomic next generation sequencing on an iSeq100 Illumina platform paired with an open-source bioinformatics pipeline to quickly characterize Cambodias first case of COVID-2019.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manning, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohl, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengdoeurn, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuthy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baril, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.968818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid metagenomic characterization of a case of imported COVID-19 in Cambodia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.02.973008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ageing compromises mouse thymus function and remodels epithelial cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.02.973008v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ageing is characterised by cellular senescence, leading to imbalanced tissue maintenance, cell death and compromised organ function. This is first observed in the thymus, the primary lymphoid organ that generates and selects T cells. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning these ageing processes remain unclear. Here, we show that mouse ageing leads to less efficient T cell selection, decreased self-antigen representation and increased T cell receptor repertoire diversity. Using a combination of single-cell RNA-seq and lineage-tracing, we find that progenitor cells are the principal targets of ageing, whereas the function of mature thymic epithelial cells is compromised only modestly. Specifically, an early-life precursor cell population, retained in the mouse cortex postnatally, is virtually extinguished at puberty. Concomitantly, a medullary precursor cell quiesces, thereby impairing maintenance of the medullary epithelium. Thus, ageing disrupts thymic progenitor differentiation and impairs the core immunological functions of the thymus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ponting, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baran-Gale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhalla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo-Asensio, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deadman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holländer, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.973008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ageing compromises mouse thymus function and remodels epithelial cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.04.977157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron-infecting bacteriophage isolates inform sequence-based host range prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.04.977157v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our emerging view of the gut microbiome largely focuses on bacteria and less is known about other microbial components such as of bacteriophages (phages). Though phages are abundant in the gut, very few phages have been isolated from this ecosystem. Here, we report the genomes of 27 phages from the United States and Bangladesh that infect the prevalent human gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These phages are mostly distinct from previously sequenced phages with the exception of two, which are crAss-like phages. We compare these isolates to existing human gut metagenomes, revealing similarities to previously inferred phages and additional unexplored phage diversity. Finally, we use host tropisms of these phages to identify alleles of phage structural genes associated with infectivity. This work provides a detailed view of the guts "viral dark matter" and a framework for future efforts to further integrate isolation- and sequencing-focused efforts to understand gut-resident phages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hryckowian, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Treuren, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garlena, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.977157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron-infecting bacteriophage isolates inform sequence-based host range prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.05.976068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differentiation drives widespread rewiring of the neural stem cell chaperone network 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.05.976068v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are critical for continued cellular replacement in the adult brain. Life-long maintenance of a functional NSPC pool necessitates stringent mechanisms to preserve a pristine proteome. We find that the NSPCs chaperone network robustly maintains misfolded protein solubility and stress resilience through high levels of the ATP-dependent chaperonin TRiC/CCT. Strikingly, NSPC differentiation rewires the cellular chaperone network, reducing TRiC/CCT levels and inducing those of the ATP-independent small heat shock proteins (sHSPs). This switches the proteostasis strategy in neural progeny cells to promote sequestration of misfolded proteins into protective inclusions. The chaperone network of NSPCs is more effective than that of differentiated cells, leading to improved management of proteotoxic stress and amyloidogenic proteins. However, NSPC proteostasis is impaired by brain aging. The less efficient chaperone network of differentiated neural progeny may contribute to their enhanced susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases characterized by aberrant protein misfolding and aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vonk, W. I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainbolt, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frydman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.976068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differentiation drives widespread rewiring of the neural stem cell chaperone network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.05.979708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fronto-striatal projections regulate approach-avoidance conflict 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.05.979708v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) has been linked to approach-avoidance behavior and decision-making under conflict, key neural computations thought to be altered in anxiety disorders. However, the heterogeneity of efferent prefrontal projections has obscured identification of the specific top-down neural pathways regulating these anxiety-related behaviors. While the dmPFC-amygdala circuit has long been implicated in controlling reflexive fear responses, recent work suggests that this circuit is less important for avoidance behavior. We hypothesized that dmPFC neurons projecting to the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) represent a subset of prefrontal neurons that robustly encode and drive approach-avoidance behavior. Using fiber photometry recording during the elevated zero maze (EZM) task, we show heightened neural activity in prefrontal and fronto-striatal projection neurons, but not fronto-amydalar projection neurons, during exploration of the anxiogenic open arms of the maze. Additionally, through pathway-specific optogenetics we demonstrate that this fronto-striatal projection preferentially excites postsynaptic D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons in the DMS and bidirectionally controls avoidance behavior. We conclude that this striatal-projecting subpopulation of prefrontal neurons regulates approach-avoidance conflict, supporting a model for prefrontal control of defensive behavior in which the dmPFC-amygdala projection controls reflexive fear behavior and the dmPFC-striatum projection controls anxious avoidance behavior. Our findings identify this fronto-striatal circuit as a valuable therapeutic target for developing interventions to alleviate excessive avoidance behavior in anxiety disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loewke, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minerva, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitzer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunaydin, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.979708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fronto-striatal projections regulate approach-avoidance conflict]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.06.976126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational genomic discovery of diverse gene clusters harboring Fe-S flavoenzymes in anaerobic gut microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.06.976126v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut contains an enormous diversity of simple as well as complex molecules from highly diverse food sources as well as host-secreted molecules. This presents a large metabolic opportunity for the gut microbiota, but little is known on how gut microbes are able to catabolize this large chemical diversity. Recently, Fe-S flavoenzymes were found to be key in the transformation of bile acids, catalysing the key step in the 7-dehydroxylation pathway that allows gut bacteria to transform cholic acid (CA) into deoxycholic acid (DCA), an exclusively microbe-derived molecule with major implications for human health. While this enzyme family has also been implicated in a limited number of other catalytic transformations, little is known about the extent to which it is of more global importance in gut microbial metabolism. Here, we use large-scale computational genomic analysis to show that this enzyme superfamily has undergone a remarkable expansion in Clostridiales, and occurs throughout a diverse array of >1,000 different families of putative metabolic gene clusters. Analysis of the enzyme content of these gene clusters suggests that they encode pathways with a wide range of predicted substrate classes, including saccharides, amino acids/peptides and lipids. Altogether, these results indicate a potentially important role of this protein superfamily in the human gut, and our dataset provides significant opportunities for the discovery of novel pathways that may have significant effects on human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pascal Andreu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medema, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.976126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational genomic discovery of diverse gene clusters harboring Fe-S flavoenzymes in anaerobic gut microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.06.981712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Throughput Stool Metaproteomics: Method and Application to Human Specimens 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.06.981712v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stool-based proteomics is capable of significantly augmenting our understanding of host-gut microbe interactions. However, in comparison to competing technologies such as metagenomics and 16S rRNA sequencing, it is under-utilized due to its low throughput and the negative impact sample contaminants can have on highly sensitive mass spectrometry equipment. Here, we present a new stool proteomic processing pipeline that addresses these shortcomings in a highly reproducible and quantitative manner. Using this method, 290 samples from a dietary intervention study were processed in approximately 1.5 weeks, largely done by a single researcher. These data indicated a subtle but distinct monotonic increase in the number of significantly altered proteins between study participants on fiber- or fermented food-enriched diets. Lastly, we were able to classify study participants based on their diet-altered proteomic profiles, and demonstrated that classification accuracies of up to 89% could be achieved by increasing the number of subjects considered. Taken together, this study represents the first high throughout proteomic method for processing stool samples in a technically reproducible manner, and has the potential to elevate stool-based proteomics as an essential tool for profiling host-gut microbiome interactions in a clinical setting.

ImportanceWidely available technologies based on DNA sequencing have been used to describe the kinds of microbes that might correlate with health and disease. However, mechanistic insight might be best achieved through careful study of the dynamic proteins at the interface between the foods we eat, our microbes, and ourselves. Mass-spectrometry-based proteomics has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of this complex system but its application to clinical studies has been hampered by low-throughput and laborious experimentation pipelines. In response, we developed SHT-Pro, the first high-throughput pipeline designed to rapidly handle large stool sample sets. With it, a single researcher can process over one hundred stool samples per week for mass spectrometry analysis, roughly 10 times faster than previous methods. Since SHT-Pro is fairly simple to implement using commercially available reagents, it should be easily adaptable to large-scale clinical studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wastyk, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnenburg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.981712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Throughput Stool Metaproteomics: Method and Application to Human Specimens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.11.988022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Split-TurboID enables contact-dependent proximity labeling in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.11.988022v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proximity labeling (PL) catalyzed by promiscuous enzymes such as TurboID have enabled the proteomic analysis of subcellular regions difficult or impossible to access by conventional fractionation-based approaches. Yet some cellular regions, such as organelle contact sites, remain out of reach for current PL methods. To address this limitation, we split the enzyme TurboID into two inactive fragments that recombine when driven together by a protein-protein interaction or membrane-membrane apposition. At endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact sites, reconstituted TurboID catalyzed spatially-restricted biotinylation, enabling the enrichment and identification of >100 endogenous proteins, including many not previously linked to ER-mitochondria contacts. We validated eight novel candidates by biochemical fractionation and overexpression imaging. Overall, split-TurboID is a versatile tool for conditional and spatially-specific proximity labeling in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajeev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svinkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoudam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.988022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Split-TurboID enables contact-dependent proximity labeling in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.12.988147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A family of viral satellites manipulates invading virus gene expression and affects cholera toxin mobilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.12.988147v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many viruses possess temporally unfolding gene expression patterns aimed at subverting host defenses, commandeering host metabolism, and ultimately producing a large number of progeny virions. High throughput -omics tools, such as RNA-seq, have dramatically enhanced resolution of expression patterns during infection. Less studied have been viral satellites, mobile genomes that parasitize viruses and have far reaching effects on host-cell fitness. By performing RNA-seq on infection time courses, we have obtained the first time-resolved transcriptomes for bacteriophage satellites during lytic infection. Specifically, we have acquired transcriptomes for the lytic Vibrio cholerae phage ICP1 and all five known variants of ICP1s parasite, the Phage Inducible Chromosomal Island-Like Elements (PLEs). PLEs rely on ICP1 for both DNA replication and mobilization, and abolish production of ICP1 progeny in infected cells. We investigated PLEs impact on ICP1 gene expression and found that PLEs did not broadly restrict or reduce ICP1 gene expression. A major exception occurred in ICP1s capsid morphogenesis operon, which was downregulated by each of the PLE variants. This transcriptional manipulation, conserved among PLEs, has also evolved independently in at least one other phage satellite, suggesting that viral satellites may be under strong selective pressure to reduce the capsid expression of their larger host viruses. Surprisingly, PLEs were also found to alter the gene expression of CTX{phi}, the integrative phage that encodes cholera toxin and is necessary for virulence of toxigenic V. cholerae. One PLE, PLE1, upregulated CTX{phi} genes involved in replication and integration, and boosted CTX{phi} mobility following induction of the SOS response. Our data show that PLEs exhibit conserved manipulation of their host-phages gene expression, but divergent effects on CTX{phi}, revealing that PLEs can influence both their hosts resistance to phage and the mobility of virulence encoding elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barth, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netter, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angermeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.988147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A family of viral satellites manipulates invading virus gene expression and affects cholera toxin mobilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.13.991414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient Generation of Isogenic Primary Human Myeloid Cells using CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.13.991414v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome engineering of primary human cells with CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized experimental and therapeutic approaches to cell biology, but human myeloid-lineage cells have remained largely genetically intractable. We present a method for delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes by nucleofection directly into CD14+ human monocytes purified from peripheral blood, leading to high rates of precise gene knockout. These cells can be efficiently differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages or dendritic cells. This process yields genetically-edited cells that retain critical markers of both myeloid differentiation and phagocytic function. Genetic ablation of the restriction factor SAMHD1 increased HIV-1 infection more than fifty-fold, demonstrating the power of this system for genotype-phenotype interrogation. This fast, flexible and scalable platform can be used for genetic studies of human myeloid cells in immune signaling, inflammation, cancer immunology, host-pathogen interactions, and beyond, and could facilitate development of novel myeloid cellular therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavero, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budzik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathore, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer-Franke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouzidi, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcechowskyj, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.991414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient Generation of Isogenic Primary Human Myeloid Cells using CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.14.991018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential encoding in prefrontal cortex projection neuron classes across cognitive tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.14.991018v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics has been widely applied to classify neurons in the mammalian brain, while systems neuroscience has historically analyzed the encoding properties of cortical neurons without considering cell types. Here we examine how specific transcriptomic types of mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) projection neurons relate to axonal projections and encoding properties across multiple cognitive tasks. We found that most types projected to multiple targets, and most targets received projections from multiple types, except PFC[-&gt;]PAG (periaqueductal gray). By comparing Ca2+-activity of the molecularly homogeneous PFC[-&gt;]PAG type against two heterogeneous classes in several two-alternative choice tasks in freely-moving mice, we found that all task-related signals assayed were qualitatively present in all examined classes. However, PAG-projecting neurons most potently encoded choice in cued tasks, whereas contralateral PFC-projecting neurons most potently encoded reward context in an uncued task. Thus, task signals are organized redundantly, but with clear quantitative biases across cells of specific molecular-anatomical characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lui, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutzner, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebschull, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richman, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsome, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.991018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential encoding in prefrontal cortex projection neuron classes across cognitive tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.14.992040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational Design of Aptamer Switches with Programmable pH Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.14.992040v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aptamer switches that respond sensitively to local variations in pH could enable the development of molecular devices that greatly enhance diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy. Previous design strategies relied on inserting a known pH-sensitive DNA motif into the aptamer structure. Unfortunately, their performance was ultimately governed by the intrinsic pH-response of the inserted motif and could not be readily tuned to operate across arbitrary pH ranges. In this work, we present a general methodology for converting virtually any aptamer into a pH-responsive switch that can be modulated to undergo a strong change in affinity - in acidic, neutral, or alkaline conditions. This was achieved by inserting two orthogonal motifs that can be manipulated in parallel to tune sensitivity to different pH conditions without altering the core sequence of the aptamer itself. Using a single ATP aptamer, we achieve pH-dependent target binding and release under diverse pH conditions, producing as much as 1,000-fold pH-induced change in affinity. Importantly, we also demonstrate the novel capability to predictably engineer aptamer switches that only exhibit strong target affinity within a narrowly defined pH range. Our approach should offer a highly generalizable strategy for integrating pH-responsiveness into molecular devices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, I. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.992040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational Design of Aptamer Switches with Programmable pH Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.16.992958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the adult mouse spinal cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.16.992958v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spinal cord is a fascinating structure responsible for coordinating all movement in vertebrates. Spinal motor neurons control the activity of virtually every organ and muscle throughout the body by transmitting signals that originate in the spinal cord. These neurons are remarkably heterogeneous in their activity and innervation targets. However, because motor neurons represent only a small fraction of cells within the spinal cord and are difficult to isolate, the full complement of motor neuron subtypes remains unknown. Here we comprehensively describe the molecular heterogeneity of motor neurons within the adult spinal cord. We profiled 43,890 single-nucleus transcriptomes using fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting to enrich for spinal motor neuron nuclei. These data reveal a transcriptional map of the adult mammalian spinal cord and the first unbiased characterization of all transcriptionally distinct autonomic and somatic spinal motor neuron subpopulations. We identify 16 sympathetic motor neuron subtypes that segregate spatially along the spinal cord. Many of these subtypes selectively express specific hormones and receptors, suggesting neuromodulatory signaling within the autonomic nervous system. We describe skeletal motor neuron heterogeneity in the adult spinal cord, revealing numerous novel markers that distinguish alpha and gamma motor neurons--cell populations that are specifically affected in neurodegenerative disease. We also provide evidence for a novel transcriptional subpopulation of skeletal motor neurons. Collectively, these data provide a single-cell transcriptional atlas for investigating motor neuron diversity as well as the cellular and molecular basis of motor neuron function in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathiria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttenplan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadrach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltschmidt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.992958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the adult mouse spinal cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.20.000133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZeroCostDL4Mic: an open platform to simplify access and use of Deep-Learning in Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.20.000133v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The resources and expertise needed to use Deep Learning (DL) in bioimaging remain significant barriers for most laboratories. We present https://github.com/HenriquesLab/ZeroCostDL4Mic/wiki, a platform simplifying access to DL by exploiting the free, cloud-based computational resources of Google Colab. https://github.com/HenriquesLab/ZeroCostDL4Mic/wiki allows researchers to train, evaluate, and apply key DL networks to perform tasks including segmentation, detection, denoising, restoration, resolution enhancement and image-to-image translation. We demonstrate the application of the platform to study multiple biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamier, L. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jukkala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spahn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-perez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattila, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karinou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can Solak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krull, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchholz, T.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jug, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.000133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZeroCostDL4Mic: an open platform to simplify access and use of Deep-Learning in Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.22.002386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interaction Map Reveals Drug Targets and Potential Drug-Repurposing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.22.002386v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 respiratory disease, has infected over 290,000 people since the end of 2019, killed over 12,000, and caused worldwide social and economic disruption1,2. There are currently no antiviral drugs with proven efficacy nor are there vaccines for its prevention. Unfortunately, the scientific community has little knowledge of the molecular details of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To illuminate this, we cloned, tagged and expressed 26 of the 29 viral proteins in human cells and identified the human proteins physically associated with each using affinity-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS), which identified 332 high confidence SARS-CoV-2-human protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Among these, we identify 66 druggable human proteins or host factors targeted by 69 existing FDA-approved drugs, drugs in clinical trials and/or preclinical compounds, that we are currently evaluating for efficacy in live SARS-CoV-2 infection assays. The identification of host dependency factors mediating virus infection may provide key insights into effective molecular targets for developing broadly acting antiviral therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 and other deadly coronavirus strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhaddou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obernier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meara, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tummino, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttenhain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tutuncuoglu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foussard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polacco, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabius, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckhardt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucheray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naing, Z. Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnyk, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorba, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrio-Hernandez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Armenta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathy, C. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perica, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilla, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.002386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interaction Map Reveals Drug Targets and Potential Drug-Repurposing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.22.999243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FcRn, but not FcgRs, drives maternal-fetal transplacental transport of human IgGantibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.22.999243v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The IgG Fc domain has the capacity to interact with diverse types of receptors, including FcRn and Fc{gamma}Rs, which confer pleiotropic biological activities. Whereas FcRn regulates IgG epithelial transport and recycling, Fc effector activities, such as ADCC and phagocytosis are mediated by Fc{gamma}Rs, which upon crosslinking transduce signals that modulate the function of effector leukocytes. Despite the well-defined and non-overlapping functional properties of FcRn and Fc{gamma}Rs, recent studies have suggested that Fc{gamma}Rs mediate transplacental IgG transport, as certain Fc glycoforms were reported to be enriched in fetal circulation. To determine the contribution of Fc{gamma}Rs and FcRn to the maternal-fetal transport of IgG, we characterized the IgG Fc glycosylation in paired maternal-fetal samples from patient cohorts from Uganda and Nicaragua. No differences in IgG1 Fc glycan profiles and minimal differences in IgG2 Fc glycans were noted, whereas the presence or absence of galactose on the Fc glycan of IgG1 did not alter Fc{gamma}RIIIA or FcRn binding, half-life, or their ability to deplete target cells in Fc{gamma}R/FcRn humanized mice. Modeling maternal/fetal transport in Fc{gamma}R/FcRn humanized mice confirmed that only FcRn contributed to transplacental transport of IgG; IgG selectively enhanced for FcRn binding resulted in enhanced accumulation of maternal antibody in the fetus. In contrast, enhancing Fc{gamma}RIIIA binding did not result in enhanced maternal/fetal transport. These results argue against a role for Fc{gamma}Rs in IgG transplacental transport, suggesting Fc engineering of maternally administered antibody to only enhance FcRn binding as a means to improve maternal/fetal transport of IgG.

Significance StatementTransport of IgG antibodies from the maternal to the fetal circulation is a key process for neonatal immunity, as neonates cannot sufficiently generate IgG antibodies to reach protective levels during the first months after birth. In humans and other primates, maternal to fetal transport of IgG antibodies is largely mediated through the placental tissue. FcRn has been previously identified as the major driver of IgG transplacental transport. Here we examined whether other receptors, such as Fc{gamma}Rs, also contribute to the maternal-fetal IgG transfer. By characterizing the Fc domain structure of paired maternal-fetal IgG samples and modeling transplacental IgG transport in genetically engineered mouse strains, we determined that FcRn, but not Fc{gamma}Rs, is the major receptor that mediates transplacental IgG transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borghi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bournazos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thulin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagannathan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravetch, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.999243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FcRn, but not FcgRs, drives maternal-fetal transplacental transport of human IgGantibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.23.004093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and behavioral adaptation of Candida parapsilosis to the microbiome of hospitalized infants revealed by in situ genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.23.004093v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida parapsilosis is a common cause of invasive candidiasis, especially in newborn infants, and infections have been increasing over the past two decades. C. parapsilosis has been primarily studied in pure culture, leaving gaps in understanding of its function in microbiome context. Here, we reconstructed five unique C. parapsilosis genomes from premature infant fecal samples and analyzed their genome structure, population diversity and in situ activity relative to reference strains in pure culture. All five genomes contain hotspots of single nucleotide variants, some of which are shared by strains from multiple hospitals. A subset of environmental and hospital-derived genomes share variants within these hotspots suggesting derivation of that region from a common ancestor. Four of the newly reconstructed C. parapsilosis genomes have four to sixteen copies of the gene RTA3, which encodes a lipid translocase and is implicated in antifungal resistance, potentially indicating adaptation to hospital antifungal use. Time course metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics on fecal samples from a premature infant with a C. parapsilosis blood infection revealed highly variable in situ expression patterns that are distinct from those of similar strains in pure cultures. For example, biofilm formation genes were relatively less expressed in situ, whereas genes linked to oxygen utilization were more highly expressed, indicative of growth in a relatively aerobic environment. In gut microbiome samples, C. parapsilosis coexisted with Enterococcus faecalis that shifted in relative abundance over time, accompanied by changes in bacterial and fungal gene expression and proteome composition. The results reveal potentially medically relevant differences in Candida function in gut vs. laboratory environments, and constrain evolutionary processes that could contribute to hospital strain persistence and transfer into premature infant microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>West, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firek, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morowitz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettich, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.004093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and behavioral adaptation of Candida parapsilosis to the microbiome of hospitalized infants revealed by in situ genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.24.006874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human microglia upregulate cytokine signatures and accelerate maturation of neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.24.006874v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the brain that emerge in early development and play vital role disease states, as well as in normal development. Many fundamental questions about microglia diversity and function during human brain development remain unanswered, as we currently lack cellular-resolution datasets focusing on microglia in developing primary tissue, or experimental strategies for interrogating their function. Here, we report an integrative analysis of microglia throughout human brain development, which reveals molecular signatures of stepwise maturation, as well as human-specific cytokine-associated subtype that emerges around the onset of neurogenesis. To demonstrate the utility of this atlas, we have compared microglia across several culture models, including cultured primary microglia, pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia. We identify gene expression signatures differentially recruited and attenuated across experimental models, which will accelerate functional characterization of microglia across perturbations, species, and disease conditions. Finally, we identify a role for human microglia in development of synchronized network activity using a xenotransplantation model of human microglia into cerebral organoids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmunk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keefe, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanoff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziffra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhun, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinnis, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abla, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hengen, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human microglia upregulate cytokine signatures and accelerate maturation of neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.26.009217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-domain dynamics drive cholesterol transport by NPC1 and NPC1L1 proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.26.009217v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transport of LDL-derived cholesterol from lysosomes into the cytoplasm requires NPC1 protein; NPC1L1 mediates uptake of dietary cholesterol. We introduced single disulfide bonds into NPC1 and NPC1L1 to explore the importance of inter-domain dynamics in cholesterol transport. Using a sensitive method to monitor lysosomal cholesterol efflux, we find that NPC1s N-terminal domain need not release from the rest of the protein for efficient cholesterol export. Either introducing single disulfide bonds to constrain lumenal/extracellular domains or shortening a cytoplasmic loop abolishes transport activity by both NPC1 and NPC1L1. The widely prescribed cholesterol uptake inhibitor, Ezetimibe, blocks NPC1L1; we show that interface residues that lie at the interface between NPC1L1s three extracellular domains comprise the drugs binding site. These data support a model in which cholesterol passes through the cores of NPC1/NPC1L1 proteins; concerted movement of various domains is needed for transfer and Ezetimibe blocks transport by binding to multiple domains simultaneously.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shumate, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldwell, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elghobashi-Meinhardt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.009217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-domain dynamics drive cholesterol transport by NPC1 and NPC1L1 proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.27.012633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCITO-seq: single-cell combinatorial indexed cytometry sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.27.012633v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of DNA-barcoded antibodies to tag cell-surface molecules has enabled the use of droplet-based single cell sequencing (dsc-seq) to profile the surface proteomes of cells. Compared to flow and mass cytometry, the major limitation of current dsc-seq-based workflows is the high cost associated with profiling each cell, thus precluding its use in applications where millions of cells are required. Here, we introduce SCITO-seq, a new workflow that combines combinatorial indexing and commercially available dsc-seq to enable cost-effective cell surface proteomic sequencing of greater than 105 cells per microfluidic reaction. We demonstrate SCITO-seqs feasibility and scalability by profiling mixed species cell lines and mixed human T and B lymphocytes. To further demonstrate its applicability, we show comparable cellular composition estimates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained with SCITO-seq and mass cytometry. SCITO-seq can be extended to include simultaneous profiling of additional modalities such as transcripts and accessible chromatin or tracking of experimental perturbations such as genome edits or extracellular stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorodnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartoularos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCITO-seq: single-cell combinatorial indexed cytometry sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.30.016329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinate genomic association of transcription factors controlled by an imported quorum sensing peptide in Cryptococcus neoformans 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.30.016329v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Qsp1 is a secreted quorum sensing peptide required for virulence of the fungal meningitis pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Qsp1 functions to control cell wall integrity in vegetatively growing cells and also functions in mating. Rather than acting on a cell surface receptor, Qsp1 is imported to act intracellularly via the predicted oligopeptide transporter Opt1. Here, we identify a transcription factor network as a target of Qsp1. Using whole-genome chromatin immunoprecipitation, we find Qsp1 controls the genomic associations of three transcription factors to genes whose outputs are regulated by Qsp1. One of these transcription factors, Cqs2, is also required for the action of Qsp1 during mating, indicating that it might be a shared proximal target of Qsp1. Consistent with this hypothesis, deletion of CQS2 impacts the binding of other network transcription factors specifically to Qsp1-regulated genes. These genetic and genomic studies illuminate mechanisms by which an imported peptide acts to modulate eukaryotic gene expression.

AUTHOR SUMMARYFor many fungal pathogens, the ability to adapt to changing and diverse environments forms the basis for their ability to infect and survive inside macrophages and other niches in the human body, and these changes are accomplished by transcription factors. Many pathogenic microbes coordinate their gene expression as a function of cell density in a process known as quorum sensing. Here, in the human fungal meningitis pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, we find that an imported eukaryotic quorum sensing peptide that is important for virulence, Qsp1, controls the binding of three different transcription factors to promoters, thereby modulating the expression of Qsp1-regulated genes. This discovery reveals the mechanism for how an imported peptide affects gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Summers, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhani, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.016329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinate genomic association of transcription factors controlled by an imported quorum sensing peptide in Cryptococcus neoformans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.01.072884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust Sequence Determinants of α-Synuclein Toxicity in Yeast Implicate Membrane Binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.01.072884v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein conformations are shaped by cellular environments, but how environmental changes alter the conformational landscapes of specific proteins in vivo remains largely uncharacterized, in part due to the challenge of probing protein structures in living cells. Here, we use deep mutational scanning to investigate how a toxic conformation of -synuclein, a dynamic protein linked to Parkinsons disease, responds to perturbations of cellular proteostasis. In the context of a course for graduate students in the UCSF Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, we screened a comprehensive library of -synuclein missense mutants in yeast cells treated with a variety of small molecules that perturb cellular processes linked to -synuclein biology and pathobiology. We found that the conformation of -synuclein previously shown to drive yeast toxicity--an extended, membrane-bound helix--is largely unaffected by these chemical perturbations, underscoring the importance of this conformational state as a driver of cellular toxicity. On the other hand, the chemical perturbations have a significant effect on the ability of mutations to suppress -synuclein toxicity. Moreover, we find that sequence determinants of -synuclein toxicity are well described by a simple structural model of the membrane-bound helix. This model predicts that -synuclein penetrates the membrane to constant depth across its length but that membrane affinity decreases toward the C terminus, which is consistent with orthogonal biophysical measurements. Finally, we discuss how parallelized chemical genetics experiments can provide a robust framework for inquiry-based graduate coursework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newberry, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arhar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartoularos, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naing, Z. Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, D. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassarman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caggiano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catching, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavazos, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunsalus, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoppe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaime-Garza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumpe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martyn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Vedam, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saylor, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torosyan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wankowicz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust Sequence Determinants of α-Synuclein Toxicity in Yeast Implicate Membrane Binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.30.069690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of disease treatment mechanisms through the multiscale interactome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.30.069690v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most diseases disrupt multiple proteins, and drugs treat such diseases by restoring the functions of the disrupted proteins. How drugs restore these functions, however, is often unknown as a drugs therapeutic effects are not limited only to the proteins that the drug directly targets. Here, we develop the multiscale interactome, a powerful approach to explain disease treatment. We integrate disease-perturbed proteins, drug targets, and biological functions into a multiscale interactome network, which contains 478,728 interactions between 1,661 drugs, 840 diseases, 17,660 human proteins, and 9,798 biological functions. We find that a drugs effectiveness can often be attributed to targeting proteins that are distinct from disease-associated proteins but that affect the same biological functions. We develop a random walk-based method that captures how drug effects propagate through a hierarchy of biological functions and are coordinated by the protein-protein interaction network in which drugs act. On three key pharmacological tasks, we find that the multiscale interactome predicts what drugs will treat a given disease more effectively than prior approaches, identifies proteins and biological functions related to treatment, and predicts genes that interfere with treatment to alter drug efficacy and cause serious adverse reactions. Our results indicate that physical interactions between proteins alone are unable to explain the therapeutic effects of drugs as many drugs treat diseases by affecting the same biological functions disrupted by the disease rather than directly targeting disease proteins or their regulators. We provide a general framework for identifying proteins and biological functions relevant in treatment, even when drugs seem unrelated to the diseases they are recommended for.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zitnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leskovec, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.069690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of disease treatment mechanisms through the multiscale interactome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.28.066498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ArchR: An integrative and scalable software package for single-cell chromatin accessibility analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.28.066498v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of large-scale single-cell chromatin accessibility profiling has accelerated our ability to map gene regulatory landscapes, but has outpaced the development of robust, scalable software to rapidly extract biological meaning from these data. Here we present a software suite for single-cell analysis of regulatory chromatin in R (ArchR; www.ArchRProject.com) that enables fast and comprehensive analysis of single-cell chromatin accessibility data. ArchR provides an intuitive, user-focused interface for complex single-cell analyses including doublet removal, single-cell clustering and cell type identification, robust peak set generation, cellular trajectory identification, DNA element to gene linkage, transcription factor footprinting, mRNA expression level prediction from chromatin accessibility, and multi-omic integration with scRNA-seq. Enabling the analysis of over 1.2 million single cells within 8 hours on a standard Unix laptop, ArchR is a comprehensive analytical suite for end-to-end analysis of single-cell chromatin accessibility data that will accelerate the understanding of gene regulation at the resolution of individual cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Granja, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corces, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagdatli, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhry, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ArchR: An integrative and scalable software package for single-cell chromatin accessibility analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.28.065615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transient role of primary cilia in controlling direct versus indirect neurogenesis in the developing cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.28.065615v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the development of the cerebral cortex, neurons are generated directly from radial glial cells or indirectly via basal progenitors. The balance between these division modes determines the number and types of neurons formed in the cortex thereby affecting cortical functioning. Here, we investigate the role of primary cilia in this process. We show that a mutation in the ciliary gene Inpp5e leads to a transient increase in direct neurogenesis and subsequently to an overproduction of layer V neurons in newborn mice. Loss of Inpp5e also affects ciliary structure coinciding with increased Akt and mTOR signalling and reduced Gli3 repressor levels. Genetically re-storing Gli3 repressor rescues the decreased indirect neurogenesis in Inpp5e mutants. Overall, our analyses reveal how primary cilia determine neuronal subtype composition of the cortex by controlling direct vs indirect neurogenesis. These findings have implications for understanding cortical malformations in ciliopathies with INPP5E mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Theil, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenpusch-Theil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laclef, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colligan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider-Maunoury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.065615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transient role of primary cilia in controlling direct versus indirect neurogenesis in the developing cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.23.056978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PlanktonScope: Affordable modular imaging platform for citizen oceanography 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.23.056978v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The planktonic communities within our oceans represent one of the most diverse and understudied ecosystems on the planet. A major hurdle in describing these systems is the sheer scale of the oceans along with logistical and economic constraints associated with their sampling. This is due to the limited amount of scientifically equipped fleets and affordable equipment. Here we demonstrate a modular approach for building a versatile, re-configurable imaging platform that can be adapted to a number of field applications, specifically focusing on oceanography. By using a modular hardware/software approach for building microscopes, we demonstrate high-throughput imaging of lab and field samples while enabling rapid device reconfiguration in order to match diverse applications and the evolving needs of the sampler. The presented versions of PlanktonScope are capable of autonomously imaging 1.7 ml per minute with a 1.5 {micro}m resolution, and are built with under $400 in parts. This low cost enables new applications in laboratory settings such as the continuous imaging of suspension cultures, and in-field settings with the ability to scale up for long-term deployment on an international fleet of sailing boats enabling citizens based oceanographic research
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, C. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.056978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PlanktonScope: Affordable modular imaging platform for citizen oceanography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.19.049254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.19.049254v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, creates an urgent need for identifying molecular mechanisms that mediate viral entry, propagation, and tissue pathology. Cell membrane bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and associated proteases, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and Cathepsin L (CTSL), were previously identified as mediators of SARS-CoV2 cellular entry. Here, we assess the cell type-specific RNA expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL through an integrated analysis of 107 single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-Seq studies, including 22 lung and airways datasets (16 unpublished), and 85 datasets from other diverse organs. Joint expression of ACE2 and the accessory proteases identifies specific subsets of respiratory epithelial cells as putative targets of viral infection in the nasal passages, airways, and alveoli. Cells that co-express ACE2 and proteases are also identified in cells from other organs, some of which have been associated with COVID-19 transmission or pathology, including gut enterocytes, corneal epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, heart pericytes, olfactory sustentacular cells, and renal epithelial cells. Performing the first meta-analyses of scRNA-seq studies, we analyzed 1,176,683 cells from 282 nasal, airway, and lung parenchyma samples from 164 donors spanning fetal, childhood, adult, and elderly age groups, associate increased levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL in specific cell types with increasing age, male gender, and smoking, all of which are epidemiologically linked to COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes. Notably, there was a particularly low expression of ACE2 in the few young pediatric samples in the analysis. Further analysis reveals a gene expression program shared by ACE2+TMPRSS2+ cells in nasal, lung and gut tissues, including genes that may mediate viral entry, subtend key immune functions, and mediate epithelial-macrophage cross-talk. Amongst these are IL6, its receptor and co-receptor, IL1R, TNF response pathways, and complement genes. Cell type specificity in the lung and airways and smoking effects were conserved in mice. Our analyses suggest that differences in the cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry may be responsible for aspects of COVID-19 epidemiology and clinical course, and point to putative molecular pathways involved in disease susceptibility and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecken, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eraslan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waghray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heimberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikkema, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaishnav, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smillie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagadeesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torlai Triglia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoro, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrusivova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becavin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergenstrahle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergenstrahle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chichelnitskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuoco, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deprez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.19.049254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.16.045302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broad Host Range of SARS-CoV-2 Predicted by Comparative and Structural Analysis of ACE2 in Vertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.16.045302v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). The main receptor of SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is now undergoing extensive scrutiny to understand the routes of transmission and sensitivity in different species. Here, we utilized a unique dataset of 410 vertebrates, including 252 mammals, to study cross-species conservation of ACE2 and its likelihood to function as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor. We designed a five-category ranking score based on the conservation properties of 25 amino acids important for the binding between receptor and virus, classifying all species from very high to very low. Only mammals fell into the medium to very high categories, and only catarrhine primates in the very high category, suggesting that they are at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We employed a protein structural analysis to qualitatively assess whether amino acid changes at variable residues would be likely to disrupt ACE2/SARS-CoV-2 binding, and found the number of predicted unfavorable changes significantly correlated with the binding score. Extending this analysis to human population data, we found only rare (<0.1%) variants in 10/25 binding sites. In addition, we observed evidence of positive selection in ACE2 in multiple species, including bats. Utilized appropriately, our results may lead to the identification of intermediate host species for SARS-CoV-2, justify the selection of animal models of COVID-19, and assist the conservation of animals both in native habitats and in human care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keough, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persky, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepfli, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenning, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genereux, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swofford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nweeia, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad-Toh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teeling, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewin, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.045302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broad Host Range of SARS-CoV-2 Predicted by Comparative and Structural Analysis of ACE2 in Vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.16.045245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous lineage recording reveals rapid, multidirectional metastasis in a lung cancer xenograft model in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.16.045245v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer progression is characterized by rare, transient events which are nonetheless highly consequential to disease etiology and mortality. Detailed cell phylogenies can recount the history and chronology of these critical events - including metastatic seeding. Here, we applied our Cas9-based lineage tracer to study the subclonal dynamics of metastasis in a lung cancer xenograft mouse model, revealing the underlying rates, routes, and drivers of metastasis. We report deeply resolved phylogenies for tens of thousands of metastatically disseminated cancer cells. We observe surprisingly diverse metastatic phenotypes, ranging from metastasis-incompetent to aggressive populations. These phenotypic distinctions result from pre-existing, heritable, and characteristic differences in gene expression, and we demonstrate that these differentially expressed genes can drive invasiveness. Furthermore, metastases transit via diverse, multidirectional tissue routes and seeding topologies. Our work demonstrates the power of tracing cancer progression at unprecedented resolution and scale.

One Sentence SummarySingle-cell lineage tracing and RNA-seq capture diverse metastatic behaviors and drivers in lung cancer xenografts in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okimoto, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bivona, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.045245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous lineage recording reveals rapid, multidirectional metastasis in a lung cancer xenograft model in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.16.044867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The folding and unfolding behavior of ribonuclease H on the ribosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.16.044867v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The health of a cell depends on accurate translation and proper protein folding; misfolding can lead to aggregation and disease. The first opportunity for a protein to fold occurs during translation, when the ribosome and surrounding environment can affect the energy landscape of the nascent chain. However, quantifying these environmental effects is challenging due to the ribosomal proteins and rRNA, which preclude most spectroscopic measurements of protein energetics. We have applied two gel-based approaches, pulse proteolysis and force-peptide arrest assays, to probe the folding and unfolding pathways of RNase H ribosome-stalled nascent chains. We find that ribosome-stalled RNase H has an increased unfolding rate compared to free RNase H, which completely accounts for observed changes in protein stability and indicates that the folding rate is unchanged. Using arrest peptide-based force-profile analysis, we assayed the force generated during the folding of RNase H on the ribosome. Surprisingly, we find that population of the RNase H folding intermediate is required to generate sufficient force to release the SecM stall and that readthrough of the stall sequence directly correlates with the stability of the folding intermediate. Together, these data imply that the folding pathway of RNase H is unchanged on the ribosome. Furthermore, our data indicate that the ribosome promotes unfolding while the nascent chain is proximal to the ribosome, which may limit the deleterious effects of misfolding and assist in folding fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samelson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.044867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The folding and unfolding behavior of ribonuclease H on the ribosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.14.041772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the space of protein geometries by computational design of de novo fold families 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.14.041772v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naturally occurring proteins use a limited set of fold topologies, but vary the precise geometries of structural elements to create distinct shapes optimal for function. Here we present a computational design method termed LUCS that mimics natures ability to create families of proteins with the same overall fold but precisely tunable geometries. Through near-exhaustive sampling of loop-helix-loop elements, LUCS generates highly diverse geometries encompassing those found in nature but also surpassing known structure space. Biophysical characterization shows that 17 (38%) out of 45 tested LUCS designs were well folded, including 16 with designed non-native geometries. Four experimentally solved structures closely match the designs. LUCS greatly expands the designable structure space and provides a new paradigm for designing proteins with tunable geometries customizable for novel functions.

One Sentence SummaryA computational method to systematically sample loop-helix-loop geometries expands the structure space of designer proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the space of protein geometries by computational design of de novo fold families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.14.041525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oleic acid Induces Tissue Resident FoxP3 Regulatory T cell Lineage Stability and Suppressive Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.14.041525v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FoxP3 positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) rely on fatty acid {beta}-oxidation (FAO)-driven OXPHOS for differentiation and function. Recent data have demonstrated a role for Tregs in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis with tissue-resident Tregs possessing tissue-specific transcriptomes. However, specific signals that establish these tissue-resident Tregs programs are largely unknown. As Tregs metabolically rely on FAO, and considering the lipid-rich environments of tissues, we hypothesized that environmental lipids drive Treg homeostasis. Using human adipose tissue as a model for tissue residency, we identify oleic acid as the most prevalent free fatty acid in human adipose tissue. Mechanistically, oleic acid amplifies Treg FAO-driven OXPHOS metabolism, creating a positive feedback mechanism that induces the expression of Foxp3 and enhances phosphorylation of STAT5, which acts to stabilize the Treg lineage and increase suppressive function. Comparing the transcriptomic program induced by oleic acid to that of the pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid, we find that Tregs sorted from peripheral blood and adipose of healthy donors transcriptomically resemble the oleic acid in vitro treated Tregs, whereas Tregs obtained from the adipose tissue of relapsing-remitting MS patients more closely resemble an arachidonic acid profile. Finally, we find that oleic acid concentrations are reduced in the fat tissue of MS patients, and exposure of dysfunctional MS Tregs to oleic acid restores defects in their suppressive function. These data demonstrate the importance of fatty acids in regulating tissue inflammatory signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pompura, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPerche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Villar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oleic acid Induces Tissue Resident FoxP3 Regulatory T cell Lineage Stability and Suppressive Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.12.038604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treated HIV Infection Alters Phenotype But Not HIV-specific Function of Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.12.038604v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells are the predominant antiviral cells of the innate immune system, and may play an important role in acquisition and disease progression of HIV. While untreated HIV infection is associated with distinct alterations in the peripheral blood NK cell repertoire, less is known about how NK phenotype is altered in the setting of long-term viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART), as well as how NK memory can impact functional responses. As such, we sought to identify changes in NK cell phenotype and function using high-dimensional mass cytometry to simultaneously analyze both surface and functional marker expression of peripheral blood NK cells in a cohort of ART-suppressed, HIV+ patients and HIV-healthy controls. We found that the NK cell repertoire following IL-2 treatment was altered in individuals with treated HIV infection compared to healthy controls, with increased expression of markers including NKG2C and CD2, and decreased expression of CD244 and NKp30. Using co-culture assays with autologous, in vitro HIV-infected CD4 T cells, we identified a subset of NK cells with enhanced responsiveness to HIV-1-infected cells, but no differences in the magnitude of anti-HIV NK cell responses between the HIV+ and HIV-groups. In addition, by profiling of NK cell receptors on responding cells, we found similar phenotypes of HIV-responsive NK cell subsets in both groups. Lastly, we identified clusters of NK cells that are altered in individuals with treated HIV infection compared to healthy controls, but found that these clusters are distinct from those that respond to HIV in vitro. As such, we conclude that while chronic, treated HIV infection induces a reshaping of the IL-2-stimulated peripheral blood NK cell repertoire, it does so in a way that does not make the repertoire more HIV-specific.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blish, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.12.038604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treated HIV Infection Alters Phenotype But Not HIV-specific Function of Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.10.036442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule diffusometry reveals no catalysis-induced diffusion enhancement of alkaline phosphatase as proposed by FCS experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.10.036442v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theoretical and experimental observations that catalysis enhances the diffusion of enzymes have generated exciting implications about nanoscale energy flow, molecular chemotaxis and self-powered nanomachines. However, contradictory claims on the origin, magnitude, and consequence of this phenomenon continue to arise. Experimental observations of catalysis-enhanced enzyme diffusion, to date, have relied almost exclusively on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), a technique that provides only indirect, ensemble-averaged measurements of diffusion behavior. Here, using an Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ABEL) trap and in-solution spectroscopy (FCS), a technique that provides only indirect, ensemble-averaged measurements of diffusion behavior. Here, using an Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ABEL) trap and in-solution single-particle tracking (SPT), we show that catalysis does not increase the diffusion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at the single-molecule level, in sharp contrast to the ~20% enhancement seen in parallel FCS experiments using p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) as substrate. Combining comprehensive FCS controls, ABEL trap, surface-based single-molecule fluorescence, and Monte-Carlo simulations, we establish that pNPP-induced dye blinking at the ~10 ms timescale is responsible for the apparent diffusion enhancement seen in FCS. Our observations urge a crucial revisit of various experimental findings and theoretical models--including those of our own--in the field, and indicate that in-solution SPT and ABEL trap are more reliable means to investigate diffusion phenomena at the nanoscale.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecent experiments have suggested that the energy released by a chemical reaction can propel its enzyme catalyst (for example, alkaline phosphatase, ALP). However, this topic remains controversial, partially due to the indirect and ensemble nature of existing measurements. Here, we used recently developed single-molecule approaches to monitor directly the motions of individual proteins in aqueous solution and find that single ALP enzymes do not diffuse faster under catalysis. Instead, we demonstrate that interactions between the fluorescent dye and the enzymes substrate can produce the signature of apparent diffusion enhancement in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), the standard ensemble assay currently used to study enzyme diffusion and indicate that single-molecule approaches provide a more robust means to investigate diffusion at the nanoscale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woringer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darzacq, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule diffusometry reveals no catalysis-induced diffusion enhancement of alkaline phosphatase as proposed by FCS experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.10.036376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune factor of bacterial origin protects ticks against host microbial commensals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.10.036376v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hard ticks are blood-feeding arthropods that carry and transmit microbes to their vertebrate hosts1. Tick-borne disease cases have been on the rise over the last several decades, drawing much-needed attention to the molecular interplay between transmitted pathogens and their human hosts. However, far less is known about how ticks control their own microbes, which is critical for understanding how zoonotic transmission cycles persist. We previously found that ticks horizontally acquired an antimicrobial toxin gene from bacteria known as domesticated amidase effector 2 (dae2)2. Here we show that this effector from the tick vector Ixodes scapularis (Dae2Is) has structurally and biochemically diverged from ancestral bacterial representatives, expanding its antibacterial targeting range to include host skin microbes. Disruption of dae2Is increases the burden of skin-associated staphylococci within I. scapularis and adversely affects tick fitness, suggesting resistance of host microbes may be important for the parasitic blood-feeding lifestyle. In contrast, Dae2Is has no intrinsic ability to kill Borrelia burgdorferi, the tick-borne bacterium of Lyme disease. Our observations suggest that ticks have evolved to tolerate their own symbionts while resisting host skin commensals, which we discover are natural opportunistic pathogens of ticks. This work moves our understanding of vector biology beyond a human-centric view: just as tick commensals are pathogenic to humans, so too do our commensals pose a threat to ticks. These observations illuminate how a complex and mirrored set of interkingdom interactions between blood-feeding vectors, their hosts, and associated microbes can ultimately lead to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayes, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radkov, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarza, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lexa, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biboy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowcutt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollmer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedra, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune factor of bacterial origin protects ticks against host microbial commensals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.08.033035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress-Induced Transient Cell Cycle Arrest Coordinates Metabolic Resource Allocation to Balance Adaptive Tradeoffs 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.08.033035v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of a cell to mount a robust response to an environmental perturbation is paramount to its survival. While cells deploy a spectrum of specialized counter-measures to deal with stress, a near constant feature of these responses is a down regulation or arrest of the cell cycle. It has been widely assumed that this modulation of the cell cycle is instrumental in facilitating a timely response towards cellular adaptation. Here, we investigate the role of cell cycle arrest in the hyperosmotic shock response of the model organism S. cerevisiae by deleting the osmoshock-stabilized cell cycle inhibitor Sic1, thus enabling concurrent stress response activation and cell cycle progression. Contrary to expectation, we found that removal of stress-induced cell cycle arrest accelerated the adaptive response to osmotic shock instead of delaying it. Using a combination of time-lapse microscopy, genetic perturbations and quantitative mass spectrometry, we discovered that unabated cell cycle progression during stress enables the liquidation of internal glycogen stores, which are then shunted into the osmotic shock response to fuel a faster adaptation. Therefore, osmo-adaptation in wild type cells is delayed because cell cycle arrest diminishes the ability of the cell to tap its glycogen stores. However, acceleration of osmo-adaptation in mutant cells that do not arrest comes at the cost of acute sensitivity to a subsequent osmo-stress. This indicates that despite the ostensible advantage faster adaptation poses, there is a trade-off between the short-term benefit of faster adaptation and the vulnerability it poses to subsequent insults. We suggest that cell cycle arrest acts as a carbon flux valve to regulate the amount of material that is devoted to osmotic shock, balancing short term adaptation with long-term robustness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonny, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochanowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diether, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.033035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress-Induced Transient Cell Cycle Arrest Coordinates Metabolic Resource Allocation to Balance Adaptive Tradeoffs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.07.030569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Single-Objective Light-Sheet Microscope with 200 nm-Scale Resolution. 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.07.030569v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an Oblique Plane Microscope that uses a bespoke glass-tipped tertiary objective to improve the resolution, field of view, and usability over previous variants. Owing to its high numerical aperture optics, this microscope achieves lateral and axial resolutions that are comparable to the square illumination mode of Lattice Light-Sheet Microscopy, but in a user friendly and versatile format. Given this performance, we demonstrate high-resolution imaging of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, vimentin, the endoplasmic reticulum, membrane dynamics, and Natural Killer-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we image biological phenomena that would be otherwise challenging or impossible to perform in a traditional light-sheet microscope geometry, including cell migration through confined spaces within a microfluidic device, subcellular photoactivation of Rac1, diffusion of cytoplasmic rheological tracers at a volumetric rate of 14 Hz, and large field of view imaging of neurons, developing embryos, and centimeter-scale tissue sections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sapoznik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welf, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broadbent, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carisey, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stehbens, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanker, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arteaga, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruithoff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millett-Sikking, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiolka, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.030569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Single-Objective Light-Sheet Microscope with 200 nm-Scale Resolution.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.07.030551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDseq - An Open Source Cloud-based Pipeline and Analysis Service for Metagenomic Pathogen Detection and Monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.07.030551v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMetagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) has enabled the rapid, unbiased detection and identification of microbes without pathogen-specific reagents, culturing, or a priori knowledge of the microbial landscape. mNGS data analysis requires a series of computationally intensive processing steps to accurately determine the microbial composition of a sample. Existing mNGS data analysis tools typically require bioinformatics expertise and access to local server-class hardware resources. For many research laboratories, this presents an obstacle, especially in resource limited environments.

FindingsWe present IDseq, an open source cloud-based metagenomics pipeline and service for global pathogen detection and monitoring (https://idseq.net). The IDseq Portal accepts raw mNGS data, performs host and quality filtration steps, then executes an assembly-based alignment pipeline which results in the assignment of reads and contigs to taxonomic categories. The taxonomic relative abundances are reported and visualized in an easy-to-use web application to facilitate data interpretation and hypothesis generation. Furthermore, IDseq supports environmental background model generation and automatic internal spike-in control recognition, providing statistics which are critical for data interpretation. IDseq was designed with the specific intent of detecting novel pathogens. Here, we benchmark novel virus detection capability using both synthetically evolved viral sequences, and real-world samples, including IDseq analysis of a nasopharyngeal swab sample acquired and processed locally in Cambodia from a tourist from Wuhan, China, infected with the recently emergent SARS-CoV-2.

ConclusionThe IDseq Portal reduces the barrier to entry for mNGS data analysis and enables bench scientists, clinicians, and bioinformaticians to gain insight from mNGS datasets for both known and novel pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bourcy, C. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kislyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyenoso, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissato Cruz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohl, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.030551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDseq - An Open Source Cloud-based Pipeline and Analysis Service for Metagenomic Pathogen Detection and Monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.05.026567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Aberration Correction via Phase Diversity and Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.05.026567v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In modern microscopy imaging systems, optical components are carefully designed to obtain diffraction-limited resolution. However, live imaging of large biological samples rarely attains this limit because of sample induced refractive index inhomogeneities that create unknown temporally variant optical aberrations. Importantly, these aberrations are also spatially variant, thus making it challenging to correct over wide fields of view. Here, we present a framework for deep-learning based wide-field optical aberration sensing and correction. Our model consists of two modules which take in a set of three phase-diverse images and (i) estimate the wavefront phase in terms of its constituent Zernike polynomial coefficients and (ii) perform blind-deconvolution to yield an aberration-free image. First, we demonstrate our framework on simulations that incorporate optical aberrations, spatial variance, and realistic modelling of sensor noise. We find that our blind deconvolution achieves a 2-fold improvement in frequency support compared to input images, and our phase-estimation achieves a coefficient of determination (r2) of at least 80% when estimating astigmatism, spherical aberration and coma. Second, we show that our results mostly hold for strongly varying spatially-variant aberrations with a 30% resolution improvement. Third, we demonstrate practical usability for light-sheet microscopy: we show a 46% increase in frequency support even in imaging regions affected by detection and illumination scattering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belthangady, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Aberration Correction via Phase Diversity and Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.05.026559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive actin organization counteracts elevated membrane tension to ensure robust endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.05.026559v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) robustness under elevated membrane tension is maintained by actin assembly-mediated force generation. However, whether more actin assembles at endocytic sites in response to increased load, as has been observed in lamellipodia, has not previously been investigated. Here actin network ultrastructure at CME sites was examined under low and high membrane tension. Actin and N-WASP spatial organization indicate that actin polymerization initiates at the base of clathrin-coated pits and that the network then grows away from the plasma membrane. Actin network height at individual CME sites was not coupled to coat shape, raising the possibility that local differences in mechanical load feedback on assembly. By manipulating membrane tension and Arp2/3 complex activity we tested the hypothesis that actin assembly at CME sites increases in response to elevated load. Indeed, in response to elevated membrane tension, actin grew higher, resulting in greater coverage of the clathrin coat, and CME slowed. When membrane tension was elevated and the Arp2/3 complex was inhibited, shallow clathrin-coated pits accumulated, indicating that this adaptive mechanism is especially crucial for coat curvature generation. We propose that actin assembly increases in response to increased load to ensure CME robustness over a range of plasma membrane tensions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeneberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitarska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diz-Munoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drubin, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.05.026559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive actin organization counteracts elevated membrane tension to ensure robust endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.04.025825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular characterization of selectively vulnerable neurons in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.04.025825v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is characterized by the selective vulnerability of specific neuronal populations, the molecular signatures of which are largely unknown. To identify and characterize selectively vulnerable neuronal populations, we used single-nucleus RNA sequencing to profile the caudal entorhinal cortex and the superior frontal gyrus - brain regions where neurofibrillary inclusions and neuronal loss occur early and late in AD, respectively - from postmortem brains spanning the progression of AD-type tau neurofibrillary pathology. We identified RORB as a marker of selectively vulnerable excitatory neurons in the entorhinal cortex, and subsequently validated their depletion and selective susceptibility to neurofibrillary inclusions during disease progression using quantitative neuropathological methods. We also discovered an astrocyte subpopulation, likely representing reactive astrocytes, characterized by decreased expression of genes involved in homeostatic functions. Our characterization of selectively vulnerable neurons in AD paves the way for future mechanistic studies of selective vulnerability and potential therapeutic strategies for enhancing neuronal resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piergies, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suemoto, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraizo Leite, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualucci, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinberg, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.025825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular characterization of selectively vulnerable neurons in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.31.017434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A negative feedback loop mediated by the NR4A family of nuclear hormone receptors restrains expansion of B cells that receive signal one in the absence of signal two 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.31.017434v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ag stimulation (signal 1) triggers B cell activation and proliferation, and primes B cells to recruit, engage, and respond to T cell help (signal 2). However, failure to receive signal 2 within a defined window of time results in an abortive round of proliferation, followed by anergy or apoptosis. Although the molecular basis of T cell help has been extensively dissected, the mechanisms that restrain Ag-stimulated B cells, and enforce dependence upon co-stimulation, are incompletely understood. Nr4a1-3 encode a small family of orphan nuclear receptors that are rapidly induced by B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation, yet little is known about their function in humoral immune responses. Here we use germline and conditional loss-of-function mouse models to show that Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 play partially redundant roles to restrain both the survival and proliferation of B cells that receive signal 1 in the absence of co-stimulatory signals, and do so in part by repressing expression of BATF and consequently c-MYC. Correspondingly, Ab responses to TI-2 immunogens are enhanced in the absence of Nr4a1, but are unaltered in response to immunogens that incorporate co-stimulatory signals. Unexpectedly, we also identify a role for the NR4A family in restraining B cell access to T cell help by repressing expression of the T cell chemokines CCL3/4, as well as CD86 and ICAM1, and show that this is relevant under conditions of competition for limiting T cell help. Our studies collectively reveal a novel negative feedback loop mediated by the NR4A family that increases B cell dependence upon T cell help and restrains strongly Ag-activated B cell clones from monopolizing limiting amounts of T cell help. We speculate that this imposes B cell tolerance and dampens immunodominance to facilitate preservation of clonal diversity during an immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vykunta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noviski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huizar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zikherman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.017434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A negative feedback loop mediated by the NR4A family of nuclear hormone receptors restrains expansion of B cells that receive signal one in the absence of signal two]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.07.081752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial evolution in high osmolarity environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.07.081752v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria must maintain a cytosolic osmolarity higher than that of their environment in order to take up water. High osmolarity environments therefore present a formidable stress to bacteria. To explore the evolutionary mechanisms by which bacteria adapt to high osmolarity environments, we selected Escherichia coli in media with a variety of osmolytes and concentrations for 250 generations. Adaptation was osmolyte-dependent, with sorbitol stress generally resulting in increased fitness in conditions with higher osmolarity, while selection in high concentrations of proline resulted in increased fitness specifically on proline. Consistent with these phenotypes, sequencing of the evolved populations showed that passaging in proline resulted in specific mutations in an associated metabolic pathway that increases the ability to utilize proline for growth, while evolution in sorbitol resulted in mutations in many different genes that generally improve growth in high osmolarity conditions at the expense of growth at low osmolarity. High osmolarity decreased growth rate but increased mean cell volume compared with growth on proline as the sole carbon source, demonstrating that osmolarity-induced changes in growth rate and cell size follow an orthogonal relationship from the classical Growth Law relating cell size and nutrient quality. Isolates from a sorbitol-evolved population that capture the likely temporal sequence of mutations revealed by metagenomic sequencing demonstrate a tradeoff between growth at high and low osmolarity. Our study highlights the utility of experimental evolution for dissecting complex cellular networks and environmental interactions, particularly in the case of behaviors that can involve both specific and general metabolic stressors.

ImportanceFor bacteria, maintaining higher internal solute concentrations than the environment allows cells to take up water. As a result, survival is challenging in high osmolarity environments. To investigate how bacteria adapt to high osmolarity environments, we evolved Escherichia coli in a variety of high osmolarity solutions for hundreds of generations. We found that evolved populations adopted different strategies to improve their growth depending on the osmotic passaging condition, either generally adapting to high osmolarity conditions or better metabolizing the osmolyte as carbon source. Single-cell imaging demonstrated that enhanced fitness was coupled to faster growth, and metagenomic sequencing revealed mutations that reflect growth tradeoffs across osmolarities. Our study demonstrates the utility of long-term evolution experiments for probing adaptation during environmental stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cesar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anjur-Dietrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.081752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial evolution in high osmolarity environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.08.083337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint probabilistic modeling of paired transcriptome and proteome measurements in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.08.083337v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe paired measurement of RNA and surface protein abundance in single cells with CITE-seq is a promising approach to connect transcriptional variation with cell phenotypes and functions. However, each data modality exhibits unique technical biases, making it challenging to conduct a joint analysis and combine these two views into a unified representation of cell state. Here we present Total Variational Inference (totalVI), a framework for the joint probabilistic analysis of paired RNA and protein data from single cells. totalVI probabilistically represents the data as a composite of biological and technical factors such as limited sensitivity of the RNA data, background in the protein data, and batch effects. To evaluate totalVI, we performed CITE-seq on immune cells from murine spleen and lymph nodes with biological replicates and with different antibody panels measuring over 100 surface proteins. With this dataset, we demonstrate that totalVI provides a cohesive solution for common analysis tasks like the integration of datasets with matched or unmatched protein panels, dimensionality reduction, clustering, evaluation of correlations between molecules, and differential expression testing. totalVI enables scalable, end-to-end analysis of paired RNA and protein data from single cells and is available as open-source software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gayoso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steier, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazor, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.083337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint probabilistic modeling of paired transcriptome and proteome measurements in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.09.086264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep profiling of protease substrate specificity enabled by dual random and scanned human proteome substrate phage libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.09.086264v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteolysis is a major post-translational regulator of biology both inside and outside of cells. Broad identification of optimal cleavage sites and natural substrates of proteases is critical for drug discovery and to understand protease biology. Here we present a method that employs two genetically encoded substrate phage display libraries coupled with next generation sequencing (SPD-NGS) that allows up to 10,000-fold deeper sequence coverage of the typical 6 to 8 residue protease cleavage sites compared to state-of-the-art synthetic peptide libraries or proteomics. We applied SPD-NGS to two classes of proteases, the intracellular caspases 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8, and the ectodomains of the membrane sheddases, ADAMs 10 and 17. The first library (Lib 10AA) was used to determine substrate cleavage motifs. Lib 10AA contains a highly diverse randomized 10-mer substrate peptide sequences (109 unique members) that was displayed mono-valently on filamentous phage and bound to magnetic beads via an N-terminal biotin. The protease was allowed to cleave the SPD beads, and the released phage subjected to up to three total rounds of positive selection followed by next generation sequencing (NGS). This allowed us to identify from 104 to 105 unique cleavage sites over a 1000-fold dynamic range of NGS counts (ranging from 3-4000), and produced consensus and optimal cleavage motifs based positional sequencing scoring matrices that closely matched synthetic peptide data. A second SPD-NGS library (Lib hP) was constructed that allowed us to identify candidate human proteome sequences. Lib hP displayed virtually the entire human proteome tiled in contiguous 49AA sequences with 25AA overlaps (nearly 1 million members). After three rounds of positive selection we identified up to 104 natural linear cut sites depending on the protease and captured most of the examples previously identified by proteomics (ranging from 30 to 1500) and predicted 10 to 100-fold more. Structural bioinformatics was used to facilitate the identification of candidate natural protein substrates. SPD-NGS is rapid, reproducible, simple to perform and analyze, inexpensive, renewable, with unprecedented depth of coverage for substrate sequences. SPD-NGS is an important tool for protease biologists interested protease specificity for specific assays and inhibitors and to facilitate identification of natural protein substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ODonovan, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.086264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep profiling of protease substrate specificity enabled by dual random and scanned human proteome substrate phage libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.13.092619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Convalescent Individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.13.092619v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infected millions of people and claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. Virus entry into cells depends on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S). Although there is no vaccine, it is likely that antibodies will be essential for protection. However, little is known about the human antibody response to SARS-CoV-21-5. Here we report on 149 COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Plasmas collected an average of 39 days after the onset of symptoms had variable half-maximal neutralizing titers ranging from undetectable in 33% to below 1:1000 in 79%, while only 1% showed titers >1:5000. Antibody cloning revealed expanded clones of RBD-specific memory B cells expressing closely related antibodies in different individuals. Despite low plasma titers, antibodies to three distinct epitopes on RBD neutralized at half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) as low as single digit ng/mL. Thus, most convalescent plasmas obtained from individuals who recover from COVID-19 do not contain high levels of neutralizing activity. Nevertheless, rare but recurring RBD-specific antibodies with potent antiviral activity were found in all individuals tested, suggesting that a vaccine designed to elicit such antibodies could be broadly effective.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robbiani, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaebler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muecksch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetrulo Lorenzi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agudelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagglof, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kost, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipolla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazumyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dizon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimeliovich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartweger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisblum, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michailidis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashbrook, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltari, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huey-Tubman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koranda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatziioannou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieniasz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuss</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.092619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Convalescent Individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.14.086363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meanders as a scaling motif for understanding of floodplain soil microbiome and biogeochemical potential at the watershed scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.14.086363v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biogeochemical exports of C, N, S and H2 from watersheds are modulated by the activity of microorganisms that function over micron scales. This disparity of scales presents a substantial challenge for development of predictive models describing watershed function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that meander-bound regions exhibit patterns of microbial metabolic potential that are broadly predictive of biogeochemical processes in floodplain soils along a river corridor. We intensively sampled floodplain soils located in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the East River in Colorado and reconstructed 248 draft quality genomes representative at a sub-species level. Approximately one third of the representative genomes were detected across all three locations with similar levels of abundance, and despite the very high microbial diversity and complexity of the soils, ~15% of species were detected in two consecutive years. A core floodplain microbiome was enriched in bacterial capacities for aerobic respiration, aerobic CO oxidation, and thiosulfate oxidation with the formation of elemental sulfur. We did not detect systematic patterns of gene abundance based on sampling position relative to the river. However, at the watershed scale meander-bound floodplains appear to serve as scaling motifs that predict aggregate capacities for biogeochemical transformations in floodplain soils. Given this, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of the middle site. Overall, the most highly transcribed genes were amoCAB and nxrAB (for nitrification) followed by genes involved in methanol and formate oxidation, and nitrogen and CO2 fixation. Low soil organic carbon correlated with high activity of genes involved in methanol, formate, sulfide, hydrogen, and ammonia oxidation, nitrite oxidoreduction, and nitrate and nitrite reduction. Thus, widely represented genetic capacities did not predict in situ activity at one time point, but rather they define a reservoir of biogeochemical potential available as conditions change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matheus Carnevali, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crits-Christoph, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olm, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouskill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nico, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wainwright, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.086363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meanders as a scaling motif for understanding of floodplain soil microbiome and biogeochemical potential at the watershed scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.14.094862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Huge and variable diversity of episymbiotic CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea in groundwater ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.14.094862v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria and DPANN archaea are uncultivated, small-celled symbionts often detected in groundwater. However, variations in CPR/DPANN organism abundance, distribution, taxonomic diversity, and degree/nature of host association with groundwater chemistry remain understudied. Here, we performed genome-resolved metagenomic characterization of one agriculturally-impacted and seven pristine groundwater microbial communities in California, recovering 746 dereplicated CPR and DPANN genomes. Our finding of up to 31% CPR bacteria and 4% DPANN archaea in the pristine sites, which serve as local sources of drinking water, may hold health relevance, given growing awareness of the presence of CPR/DPANN organisms in human microbiomes and their association with disease. There is little species-level genome overlap across groundwater sites, indicating that CPR and DPANN communities are highly differentiated according to host populations and physicochemical conditions. Cryo-TEM imaging and genomic analyses indicate that CPR growth may be stimulated by attachment to the surface of host cells, and identified CPR and DPANN lineages with particularly prevalent and/or resilient host cell attachment. These results establish the huge but site-specific diversity of CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea coexisting with diverse hosts in groundwater aquifers, and raise important questions about potential impacts on human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittaker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cate, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.094862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Huge and variable diversity of episymbiotic CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea in groundwater ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.15.098012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polarized endosome dynamics engage cytosolic Par-3 and dynein during asymmetric division 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.15.098012v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric cell division (ACD), which produces two daughters with different fates, is fundamental for generating cellular diversity. In the developing embryos of both invertebrates and vertebrates, asymmetrically dividing progenitors generate daughter cells with differential activity of Notch signaling1-7, a key regulator of cell fate decisions8,9. The cell polarity regulator Par-3 is critical for establishing this Notch asymmetry1,4,6, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Here, employing in vivo time-lapse imaging in the developing zebrafish forebrain during the mitotic cycle of radial glia, the principal vertebrate neural stem cells10,11, we show that during ACD, endosomes containing the Notch ligand Delta D (Dld) undergo convergent movement toward the cleavage plane, followed by preferential segregation into the posterior (and subsequently basal) Notchhi daughter. This asymmetric segregation requires the activity of Par-3 and the dynein motor complex. Employing label-retention expansion microscopy, we further detect Par-3 in the cytosol in association with the dynein light intermediate chain 1 (DLIC1) on Dld endosomes, suggesting a direct involvement of Par-3 in dynein-mediated polarized transport of Notch signaling endosomes. Our data reveal an unanticipated mechanism by which Par-3 regulates cell fate decision by directly polarizing Notch signaling components during ACD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiple, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polarized endosome dynamics engage cytosolic Par-3 and dynein during asymmetric division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.21.109157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike interacts with dimeric ACE2 with limited intra-Spike avidity 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.21.109157v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A serious public health crisis is currently unfolding due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 viral entry depends on an interaction between the receptor binding domain of the trimeric viral Spike protein (Spike-RBD) and the dimeric human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. While it is clear that strategies to block the Spike/ACE2 interaction are promising as anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics, our current understanding is insufficient for the rational design of maximally effective therapeutic molecules. Here, we investigated the mechanism of Spike/ACE2 interaction by characterizing the binding affinity and kinetics of different multimeric forms of recombinant ACE2 and Spike-RBD domain. We also engineered ACE2 into a split Nanoluciferase-based reporter system to probe the conformational landscape of Spike-RBDs in the context of the Spike trimer. Interestingly, a dimeric form of ACE2, but not monomeric ACE2, binds with high affinity to Spike and blocks viral entry in pseudotyped virus and live SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization assays. We show that dimeric ACE2 interacts with an RBD on Spike with limited intra-Spike avidity, which nonetheless contributes to the affinity of this interaction. Additionally, we demonstrate that a proportion of Spike can simultaneously interact with multiple ACE2 dimers, indicating that more than one RBD domain in a Spike trimer can adopt an ACE2-accessible "up" conformation. Our findings have significant implications on the design strategies of therapeutic molecules that block the Spike/ACE2 interaction. The constructs we describe are freely available to the research community as molecular tools to further our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lui, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rettko, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkemo, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gramespacher, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muecksch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisblum, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbiani, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatziioannou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieniasz, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike interacts with dimeric ACE2 with limited intra-Spike avidity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.23.112979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TuNR: Orthogonal Control of Mean and Variability of Endogenous Genes in a Human Cell Line 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.23.112979v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stochastic fluctuations at the transcriptional level contribute to isogenic cell-to-cell heterogeneity in mammalian cell populations. However, we still have no clear understanding of the repercussions of this heterogeneity, given the lack of tools to independently control mean expression and variability of a gene. Here, we engineered a synthetic circuit to independently modulate mean expression and heterogeneity of transgenes and endogenous human genes. The circuit, a Tunable Noise Rheostat (TuNR), consists of a transcriptional cascade of two inducible transcriptional activators, where the output mean and variance can be modulated by two orthogonal small molecule inputs. In this fashion, different combinations of the inputs can achieve the same mean but with different population variability. With TuNR, we achieve low basal expression, over 1000-fold expression of a transgene product, and up to 7-fold induction of the endogenous gene NGFR. Importantly, for the same mean expression level, we are able to establish varying degrees of heterogeneity in expression within an isogenic population, thereby decoupling gene expression noise from its mean. TuNR is therefore a modular tool that can be used in mammalian cells to enable direct interrogation of the implications of cell-to-cell variability.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonny, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TuNR: Orthogonal Control of Mean and Variability of Endogenous Genes in a Human Cell Line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.25.115287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell analysis of human site-specific melanocyte differentiation and the decoding of developmental programs in melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.25.115287v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, epidermal melanocytes are responsible for skin pigmentation, defense against ultraviolet radiation, and the deadliest common skin cancer, melanoma. While there is substantial overlap in melanocyte development pathways between different model organisms, species dependent differences are frequent and the conservation of these processes in human skin remains unresolved1-3. Thus, the biology of developing and adult human melanocytes remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we used a single-cell enrichment and RNA-sequencing pipeline to study human epidermal melanocytes derived directly from skin, capturing transcriptomes across different anatomic sites, developmental age, sexes, and multiple skin tones. Using donor-matched skin from distinct volar and non-volar anatomic locations, we uncovered subpopulations of melanocytes exhibiting site-specific enrichment that occurs during gestation and persists through adulthood. In addition, we identified human melanocyte differentiation transcriptional programs that are distinct from gene signatures generated from model systems. Finally, we use these programs to define patterns of dedifferentiation that are predictive of melanoma prognosis. Overall, the characterization of human melanocytes fresh from skin revealed new subpopulations, human-specific transcriptional programs, and valuable insights into melanoma dedifferentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Belote, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, U. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planells-Palop, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskin, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tward, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darmanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judson-Torres, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.115287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell analysis of human site-specific melanocyte differentiation and the decoding of developmental programs in melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.25.115675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial Polyacrylamide Hydrogels for Preventing Biofouling on Implantable Biosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.25.115675v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofouling on the surface of implanted medical devices severely hinders device functionality and drastically shortens device lifetime. Poly(ethylene glycol) and zwitterionic polymers are currently considered "gold standard" device coatings to reduce biofouling. To discover novel anti-biofouling materials, we created a combinatorial library of polyacrylamide-based copolymer hydrogels and screened their ability to prevent fouling from serum and platelet-rich plasma in a high-throughput parallel assay. We found certain non-intuitive copolymer compositions exhibit superior antibiofouling properties over current gold standard materials, and employed machine learning to identify key molecular features underpinning their performance. For validation, we coated the surfaces of electrochemical biosensors with our hydrogels and evaluated their anti-biofouling performance in vitro and in vivo in rodent models. Our copolymer hydrogels preserved device function and enabled continuous measurements of a small-molecule drug in vivo better than gold standard coatings. The novel methodology we describe enables the discovery of anti-biofouling materials that can extend the lifetime of real-time in vivo sensing devices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axpe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankemeier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piunova, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubarev, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.115675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial Polyacrylamide Hydrogels for Preventing Biofouling on Implantable Biosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.28.121541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations of multiple alveolar macrophage states in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.28.121541v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the epidemics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this disease are far from being understood. Here, we characterize and classify the cellular composition within the alveolar space and peripheral blood of COPD patients and control donors using a clinically applicable single-cell RNA-seq technology corroborated by advanced computational approaches for: machine learning-based cell-type classification, identification of differentially expressed genes, prediction of metabolic changes, and modeling of cellular trajectories within a patient cohort. These high-resolution approaches revealed: massive transcriptional plasticity of macrophages in the alveolar space with increased levels of invading and proliferating cells, loss of MHC expression, reduced cellular motility, altered lipid metabolism, and a metabolic shift reminiscent of mitochondrial dysfunction in COPD patients. Collectively, single-cell omics of multi-tissue samples was used to build the first cellular and molecular framework for COPD pathophysiology as a prerequisite to develop molecular biomarkers and causal therapies against this deadly disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujii, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapellos, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudkin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reusch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Sarpong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnat-Herresthal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaguro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohnhaas, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadsworth, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, H. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte-Schrepping, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinkley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltheuner, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feisst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickten, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschenbrenner, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skowasch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schult</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations of multiple alveolar macrophage states in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.28.122242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latrophilin-2 repels Teneurin-3+ hippocampal axons during target selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.28.122242v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parallel information processing is a salient feature of complex nervous systems. For example, the medial and lateral hippocampal networks (MHN and LHN) preferentially process spatial- and object-related information, respectively. However, the mechanisms underlying parallel network assembly during development remain largely unknown. Here, we show that complementary expression of cell-surface molecules Teneurin-3 (Ten3) and Latrophilin-2 (Lphn2) in the MHN and LHN, respectively, guides the precise assembly of both the MHN and LHN. Viral-genetic perturbations in vivo demonstrate that Ten3+ axons are repelled by target-derived Lphn2, revealing that Lphn2/Ten3-mediated repulsion and Ten3/Ten3-mediated attraction cooperate to control precise target selection of MHN axons. In the LHN, Lphn2+ axons are confined to Lphn2+ targets via repulsion from Ten3+ targets. Our findings demonstrate that assembly of parallel hippocampal networks follows a  Ten3[-&gt;]Ten3, Lphn2[-&gt;]Lphn2 rule instructed by reciprocal repulsions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pederick, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingrich, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.122242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latrophilin-2 repels Teneurin-3+ hippocampal axons during target selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.29.117960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multiplexed, automated evolution pipeline enablesscalable discovery and characterization of biosensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.29.117960v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biosensors are key components in engineered biological systems, providing a means of measuring and acting upon the large biochemical space in living cells. However, generating small molecule sensing elements and integrating them into in vivo biosensors have been challenging. Using aptamer-coupled ribozyme libraries and a novel ribozyme regeneration method, we developed de novo rapid in vitro evolution of RNA biosensors (DRIVER) that enables multiplexed discovery of biosensors. With DRIVER and high-throughput characterization (CleaveSeq) fully automated on liquid-handling systems, we identified and validated biosensors against six small molecules, including five for which no aptamers were previously found. DRIVER-evolved biosensors were applied directly to regulate gene expression in yeast, displaying activation ratios up to 33-fold. DRIVER biosensors were also applied in detecting metabolite production from a multi-enzyme biosynthetic pathway. This work demonstrates DRIVER as a scalable pipeline for engineering de novo biosensors with wide-ranging applications in biomanufacturing, diagnostics, therapeutics, and synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Townshend, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzanarez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolke, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.117960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multiplexed, automated evolution pipeline enablesscalable discovery and characterization of biosensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.29.123158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SiCTeC: an inexpensive, easily assembled Peltier device for rapid temperature shifting during single-cell imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.29.123158v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell imaging, combined with recent advances in image analysis and microfluidic technologies, have enabled fundamental discoveries of cellular responses to chemical perturbations that are often obscured by traditional liquid-culture experiments. Temperature is an environmental variable well known to impact growth and to elicit specific stress responses at extreme values; it is often used as a genetic tool to interrogate essential genes. However, the dynamic effects of temperature shifts have remained mostly unstudied at the single-cell level, due largely to engineering challenges related to sample stability, heatsink considerations, and temperature measurement and feedback. Additionally, the few commercially available temperature-control platforms are costly. Here, we report an inexpensive (<$110) and modular Single-Cell Temperature Controller (SiCTeC) device for microbial imaging, based on straightforward modifications of the typical slide-sample-coverslip approach to microbial imaging, that controls temperature using a ring-shaped Peltier module and microcontroller feedback. Through stable and precise ({+/-}0.15 {degrees}C) temperature control, SiCTeC achieves reproducible and fast (1-2 min) temperature transitions with programmable waveforms between room temperature and 45 {degrees}C with an air objective. At the devices maximum temperature of 89 {degrees}C, SiCTeC revealed that Escherichia coli cells progressively shrink and lose cellular contents. During oscillations between 30 {degrees}C and 37 {degrees}C, cells rapidly adapted their response to temperature upshifts. Furthermore, SiCTeC enabled the discovery of rapid morphological changes and enhanced sensitivity to substrate stiffness during upshifts to nonpermissive temperatures in temperature-sensitive mutants of cell-wall synthesis enzymes. Overall, the simplicity and affordability of SiCTeC empowers future studies of the temperature dependence of single-cell physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knapp, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SiCTeC: an inexpensive, easily assembled Peltier device for rapid temperature shifting during single-cell imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.29.123166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SiCTeC: an inexpensive, easily assembled Peltier device for rapid temperature shifting during single-cell imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.29.123166v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell imaging, combined with recent advances in image analysis and microfluidic technologies, have enabled fundamental discoveries of cellular responses to chemical perturbations that are often obscured by traditional liquid-culture experiments. Temperature is an environmental variable well known to impact growth and to elicit specific stress responses at extreme values; it is often used as a genetic tool to interrogate essential genes. However, the dynamic effects of temperature shifts have remained mostly unstudied at the single-cell level, due largely to engineering challenges related to sample stability, heatsink considerations, and temperature measurement and feedback. Additionally, the few commercially available temperature-control platforms are costly. Here, we report an inexpensive (<$110) and modular Single-Cell Temperature Controller (SiCTeC) device for microbial imaging, based on straightforward modifications of the typical slide-sample-coverslip approach to microbial imaging, that controls temperature using a ring-shaped Peltier module and microcontroller feedback. Through stable and precise ({+/-}0.15 {degrees}C) temperature control, SiCTeC achieves reproducible and fast (1-2 min) temperature transitions with programmable waveforms between room temperature and 45 {degrees}C with an air objective. At the devices maximum temperature of 89 {degrees}C, SiCTeC revealed that Escherichia coli cells progressively shrink and lose cellular contents. During oscillations between 30 {degrees}C and 37 {degrees}C, cells rapidly adapted their response to temperature upshifts. Furthermore, SiCTeC enabled the discovery of rapid morphological changes and enhanced sensitivity to substrate stiffness during upshifts to nonpermissive temperatures in temperature-sensitive mutants of cell-wall synthesis enzymes. Overall, the simplicity and affordability of SiCTeC empowers future studies of the temperature dependence of single-cell physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knapp, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SiCTeC: an inexpensive, easily assembled Peltier device for rapid temperature shifting during single-cell imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.29.124008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection at the point-of-care: a brighter solvatochromic probe permits the detection of mycobacteria within minutes 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.29.124008v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an urgent need for point-of-care tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic methods that are fast, inexpensive, and operationally simple. Here, we report on a bright solvatochromic dye trehalose conjugate that specifically detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in minutes. 3-hydroxychromone (3HC) dyes, known to yield high fluorescence quantum yields, exhibit shifts in fluorescence intensity in response to changes in environmental polarity. We synthesized two analogs of 3HC-trehalose conjugates (3HC-2-Tre and 3HC-3-Tre) and determined that 3HC-3-Tre has exceptionally favorable properties for Mtb detection. 3HC-3-Tre-labeled mycobacterial cells displayed a 10-fold increase in fluorescence intensity compared to our previously reports on the dye 4,4-N,N-dimethylaminonapthalimide (DMN-Tre). Excitingly, we detected fluorescent Mtb cells within 10 minutes of probe treatment. Thus, 3HC-3-Tre permits rapid visualization of mycobacteria that ultimately could empower improved Mtb detection at the point-of-care in low-resource settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamariza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyser, S. G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambier, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection at the point-of-care: a brighter solvatochromic probe permits the detection of mycobacteria within minutes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.30.122077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of genetic circuit behavior requires multidimensional characterization of parts 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.30.122077v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical models can aid the design of genetic circuits, but may yield inaccurate results if individual parts are not modeled at the appropriate resolution. To illustrate the importance of this concept, we study transcriptional cascades consisting of two inducible synthetic transcription factors connected in series. Despite the simplicity of this design, we find that accurate prediction of circuit behavior requires mapping the dose responses of each circuit component along the dimensions of both its expression level and its inducer concentration. With such multidimensional characterizations, we were able to computationally explore the behavior of 16 different circuit designs. We experimentally verified a subset of these predictions and found substantial agreement. This method of biological part characterization enables the use of models to identify (un)desired circuit behaviors prior to experimental implementation, thus shortening the design-build-test cycle for more complex circuits.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.AbbreviationsiSynTFinducible synthetic transcription factorYFPyellow fluorescent proteinGEMGal4 DNA binding domain, estradiol ligand binding domain, Msn2 activating domainZ3PMZ3 DNA binding domain, progesterone ligand binding domain, Msn2 activating domainZ4EMZ4 DNA binding domain, estradiol ligand binding domain, Msn2 activating domainView Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dods, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Schiavon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.122077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate prediction of genetic circuit behavior requires multidimensional characterization of parts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.02.131060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell profiling of total RNA using Smart-seq-total 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.02.131060v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to interrogate total RNA content of single cells would enable better mapping of the transcriptional logic behind emerging cell types and states. However, current RNA-seq methods are unable to simultaneously monitor both short and long, poly(A)+ and poly(A)-transcripts at the single-cell level, and thus deliver only a partial snapshot of the cellular RNAome. Here, we describe Smart-seq-total, a method capable of assaying a broad spectrum of coding and non-coding RNA from a single cell. Built upon the template-switch mechanism, Smart-seq-total bears the key feature of its predecessor, Smart-seq2, namely, the ability to capture full-length transcripts with high yield and quality. It also outperforms current poly(A)-independent total RNA-seq protocols by capturing transcripts of a broad size range, thus, allowing us to simultaneously analyze protein-coding, long non-coding, microRNA and other non-coding RNA transcripts from single cells. We used Smart-seq-total to analyze the total RNAome of human primary fibroblasts, HEK293T and MCF7 cells as well as that of induced murine embryonic stem cells differentiated into embryoid bodies. We show that simultaneous measurement of non-coding RNA and mRNA from the same cell enables elucidation of new roles of non-coding RNA throughout essential processes such as cell cycle or lineage commitment. Moreover, we show that cell types can be distinguished based on the abundance of non-coding transcripts alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.131060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell profiling of total RNA using Smart-seq-total]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.02.130229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CaaX-like protease of cyanobacterial origin is required for complex plastid biogenesis in malaria parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>
https://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.02.130229v1?rss=1"
</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium parasites and related apicomplexans contain an essential "complex plastid" organelle of secondary endosymbiotic origin, the apicoplast. Biogenesis of this complex plastid poses a unique challenge requiring evolution of new cellular machinery. We previously conducted a mutagenesis screen for essential apicoplast biogenesis genes to discover organellar pathways with evolutionary and biomedical significance. Here we validate and characterize a gene candidate from our screen, Pf3D7_0913500. Using a conditional knockdown strain, we show that Pf3D7_0913500 depletion causes growth inhibition that is rescued by the sole essential product of the apicoplast, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), and results in apicoplast loss. Because Pf3D7_0913500 had no previous functional annotation, we name it apicoplast-minus IPP-rescued 4 (AMR4). AMR4 has an annotated CaaX Protease and Bacteriocin Processing (CPBP) domain, which in eukaryotes typically indicates a role in CaaX post-prenylation processing. Indeed, AMR4 is the only CaaX-like protease in Plasmodium parasites which are known to require protein prenylation, and we confirm that the conserved catalytic residue of AMR4 is required for its apicoplast function. However, we unexpectedly find that AMR4 does not act in a CaaX post-prenylation processing pathway in P. falciparum. Instead, we find that AMR4 is imported into the apicoplast and is derived from a cyanobacterial CPBP gene which was retained through both primary and secondary endosymbiosis. Our findings suggest that AMR4 is not a true CaaX protease, but instead acts in a conserved, uncharacterized chloroplast pathway that has been retained for complex plastid biogenesis.

ImportancePlasmodium parasites, which cause malaria, and related apicomplexans are important human and veterinary pathogens. These parasites represent a highly divergent and understudied branch of eukaryotes, and as such often defy the expectations set by model organisms. One striking example of unique apicomplexan biology is the apicoplast, an essential but non-photosynthetic plastid derived from an unusual secondary (eukaryote-eukaryote) endosymbiosis. Endosymbioses are a major driver of cellular innovation, and apicoplast biogenesis pathways represent a hotspot for molecular evolution. We previously conducted an unbiased screen for apicoplast biogenesis genes in P. falciparum to uncover these essential and innovative pathways. Here, we validate a novel gene candidate from our screen and show that its role in apicoplast biogenesis does not match its functional annotation predicted by model eukaryotes. Our findings suggest that an uncharacterized chloroplast maintenance pathway has been reused for complex plastid biogenesis in this divergent branch of pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meister, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulkoski-Gross, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.130229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CaaX-like protease of cyanobacterial origin is required for complex plastid biogenesis in malaria parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
